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-8,873,983,489,083,759,000 | who was the 26th president of the united states | Theodore Roosevelt - wikipedia Theodore Roosevelt Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Theodore Roosevelt , see Theodore Roosevelt ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Theodore Roosevelt <Td_colspan="2"> Theodore Roosevelt around 1904 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 26th President of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> In office September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1909 Vice President None ( 1901 -- 1905 ) Charles W. Fairbanks ( 1905 -- 1909 ) Preceded by William McKinley Succeeded by William Howard Taft <Th_colspan="2"> 25th Vice President of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> In office March 4 , 1901 -- September 14 , 1901 President William McKinley Preceded by Garret Hobart Succeeded by Charles W. Fairbanks <Th_colspan="2"> 33rd Governor of New York <Td_colspan="2"> In office January 1 , 1899 -- December 31 , 1900 Lieutenant Timothy L. Woodruff Preceded by Frank S. Black Succeeded by Benjamin Barker Odell Jr . <Th_colspan="2"> Assistant Secretary of the Navy <Td_colspan="2"> In office April 19 , 1897 -- May 10 , 1898 President William McKinley Preceded by William McAdoo Succeeded by Charles Herbert Allen <Th_colspan="2"> President of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners <Td_colspan="2"> In office 1895 -- 1897 Preceded by James J. Martin Succeeded by Frank Moss <Th_colspan="2"> New York State Assembly Minority Leader <Td_colspan="2"> In office January 1 , 1883 -- December 31 , 1883 Preceded by Thomas G. Alvord Succeeded by Frank Rice <Th_colspan="2"> Member of the New York State Assembly from the Manhattan 21st district <Td_colspan="2"> In office January 1 , 1882 -- December 31 , 1884 Preceded by William J. Trimble Succeeded by Henry A. Barnum <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Personal details Theodore Roosevelt Jr . ( 1858 - 10 - 27 ) October 27 , 1858 New York City , New York , U.S. January 6 , 1919 ( 1919 - 01 - 06 ) ( aged 60 ) Oyster Bay , New York , U.S. Cause of death Pulmonary embolism Resting place Youngs Memorial Cemetery , Oyster Bay , New York , U.S. Political party Republican ( 1880 -- 1911 ; 1916 -- 1919 ) Other political affiliations Progressive `` Bull Moose '' ( 1912 -- 1916 ) Spouse ( s ) Alice Lee ( m . 1880 ; d . 1884 ) Edith Carow ( m . 1886 ) Relations See Roosevelt family Children Alice , Theodore III , Kermit , Ethel , Archibald , and Quentin Parents Theodore Roosevelt Sr . Martha Stewart Bulloch Education Harvard University ( A.B. ) Columbia Law School ( J.D. ) Profession Author Conservationist Explorer Historian Naturalist Politician Soldier Awards Nobel Peace Prize ( 1906 ) Signature <Td_colspan="2"> Military career Allegiance United States of America Service / branch United States Army New York Army National Guard Years of service 1882 -- 1886 , 1898 Rank Colonel Commands held 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Battles / wars Spanish -- American War Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill Awards Medal of Honor ( Posthumously ; 2001 ) <Td_colspan="2"> This article is part of a series about Theodore Roosevelt Political positions Electoral history Early life Family The Naval War of 1812 Rough Riders Battle of San Juan Hill Governor of New York Governorship `` The Strenuous Life '' Vice President of the United States 1900 McKinley - Roosevelt campaign `` Speak softly and carry a big stick '' President of the United States Presidency First term McKinley assassination 1st inauguration Square Deal West Wing Coal strike Booker T. Washington dinner Venezuela crisis Roosevelt Corollary Second term 1904 campaign Election 2nd inauguration Conservation Antiquities Act Forest Service Pure Food and Drug Act FDA Swift & Co. v. United States Meat Inspection Act Treaty of Portsmouth Nobel Prize FBI Panama Canal Great White Fleet 1912 election Republican Convention Progressive Party Convention New Nationalism Assassination attempt Post Presidency African Expedition River of Doubt Expedition `` Citizenship in a Republic '' WWI volunteers Legacy Memorials Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( / ˈroʊzəvɛlt / ROH - zə - velt ; October 27 , 1858 -- January 6 , 1919 ) was an American statesman , author , explorer , soldier , and naturalist , who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909 . He also served as the 25th Vice President of the United States from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd Governor of New York from 1899 to 1900 . As a leader of the Republican Party during this time , he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century . His face is depicted on Mount Rushmore , alongside those of George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , and Abraham Lincoln . Roosevelt was born a sickly child with debilitating asthma , but he successfully overcame his physical health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle . He integrated his exuberant personality , vast range of interests , and world - famous achievements into a `` cowboy '' persona defined by robust masculinity . Home - schooled , he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College . His book , The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 ) , established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer . Upon entering politics , he became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans in New York 's state legislature . Following the near - simultaneous deaths of his wife and mother , he escaped to a cattle ranch in the Dakotas . Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley , but resigned from that post to lead the Rough Riders during the Spanish -- American War . Returning a war hero , he was elected Governor of New York in 1898 . After the death of Vice President Garret Hobart , the New York state party leadership convinced McKinley to accept Roosevelt as his running mate in the 1900 election , moving Roosevelt to the prestigious but powerless role of vice president . Roosevelt campaigned vigorously and the McKinley - Roosevelt ticket won a landslide victory based on a platform of peace , prosperity , and conservatism . Following McKinley 's assassination in September 1901 , Roosevelt became president at age 42 , and remains the youngest president . As a leader of the Progressive movement , he championed his `` Square Deal '' domestic policies , promising the average citizen fairness , breaking of trusts , regulation of railroads , and pure food and drugs . Making conservation a top priority , he established many new national parks , forests , and monuments intended to preserve the nation 's natural resources . In foreign policy , he focused on Central America , where he began construction of the Panama Canal . He expanded the Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States ' naval power around the globe . His successful efforts to broker the end of the Russo - Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize . He avoided the controversial tariff and money issues . Elected in 1904 to a full term , Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies , but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress . Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend , William Howard Taft , and Taft won the 1908 presidential election to succeed him . In polls of historians and political scientists , Roosevelt is generally ranked as one of the five best presidents . Frustrated with Taft 's conservatism , Roosevelt belatedly tried to win the 1912 Republican nomination . He failed , walked out , and founded a third party , the Progressive , so - called `` Bull Moose '' Party , which called for wide - ranging progressive reforms . The split allowed the Democrats to win the White House . Following his election defeat , Roosevelt led a two - year expedition to the Amazon basin , where he nearly died of tropical disease . During World War I , he criticized President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war with Germany , and his offer to lead volunteers to France was rejected . Though he had considered running for president again in 1920 , Roosevelt 's health continued to deteriorate , and he died in 1919 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and family 2 Education 3 Naval history and strategy 4 First marriage and widowerhood 5 Early political career 5.1 State Assemblyman 5.2 Presidential election of 1884 6 Cowboy in Dakota 7 Second marriage 8 Reentering public life 8.1 Civil Service Commission 8.2 New York City Police Commissioner 9 Emergence as a national figure 9.1 Assistant Secretary of the Navy 9.2 War in Cuba 9.3 Governor of New York 9.4 Vice President 10 Presidency ( 1901 -- 1909 ) 10.1 Domestic policies 10.1. 1 Trust busting and regulation 10.1. 2 Coal strike 10.1. 3 Prosecuted misconduct 10.1. 4 Railroads 10.1. 5 Pure food and drugs 10.1. 6 Conservation 10.2 Foreign policy 10.2. 1 Latin America and Panama Canal 10.3 Media 10.4 Election of 1904 10.5 Second - term troubles 11 Post-presidency 11.1 Election of 1908 11.2 Africa and Europe ( 1909 -- 1910 ) 11.3 Republican Party schism 11.4 Election of 1912 11.4. 1 Republican primaries and convention 11.4. 2 The Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) Party 11.4. 3 Assassination attempt 11.4. 4 Election results 11.5 1913 -- 1914 South American Expedition 12 Final years 13 Death 14 Writer 15 Character and beliefs 16 Political positions 17 Legacy 17.1 Persona and masculinity 18 Memorials and cultural depictions 19 Media 20 See also 21 Notes 22 References 23 Bibliography 23.1 Full biographies 23.2 Personality and activities 23.3 Domestic policies 23.4 Politics 23.5 Foreign and military policies 23.6 Historiography 23.7 Primary sources 24 External links 24.1 Official 24.2 Organizations 24.3 Libraries and collections 24.4 Media 24.5 Other Early life and family Theodore Roosevelt at age 11 Roosevelt 's coat of arms , featuring a rose bush in reference to the name : `` Roosevelt '' , which is Dutch for `` rose field '' Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27 , 1858 , at East 20th Street in New York City . He was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart `` Mittie '' Bulloch and businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr. He had an older sister , Anna ( nicknamed `` Bamie '' ) , a younger brother , Elliott , and a younger sister , Corinne . Elliott was later the father of First Lady Anna Eleanor Roosevelt , the wife of Theodore 's distant cousin , President Franklin Delano Roosevelt . His paternal grandfather was of Dutch descent ; his other ancestry included primarily Scottish and Scots - Irish , English and smaller amounts of German , Welsh , and French . Theodore Sr. was the fifth son of businessman Cornelius Van Schaack `` C.V.S. '' Roosevelt and Margaret Barnhill . Theodore 's fourth cousin , James Roosevelt I , who was also a businessman , was the father of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Mittie was the younger daughter of Major James Stephens Bulloch and Martha P. `` Patsy '' Stewart . Through the Van Schaacks , Roosevelt was a descendant of the Schuyler family . Roosevelt 's youth was largely shaped by his poor health and debilitating asthma . He repeatedly experienced sudden nighttime asthma attacks that caused the experience of being smothered to death , which terrified both Theodore and his parents . Doctors had no cure . Nevertheless , he was energetic and mischievously inquisitive . His lifelong interest in zoology began at age seven when he saw a dead seal at a local market ; after obtaining the seal 's head , Roosevelt and two cousins formed what they called the `` Roosevelt Museum of Natural History '' . Having learned the rudiments of taxidermy , he filled his makeshift museum with animals that he killed or caught ; he then studied the animals and prepared them for display . At age nine , he recorded his observation of insects in a paper entitled `` The Natural History of Insects '' . Roosevelt 's father significantly influenced him . His father was a prominent leader in New York 's cultural affairs ; he helped to found the Metropolitan Museum of Art , and had been especially active in mobilizing support for the Union during the Civil War , even though his in - laws included Confederate leaders . Roosevelt said , `` My father , Theodore Roosevelt , was the best man I ever knew . He combined strength and courage with gentleness , tenderness , and great unselfishness . He would not tolerate in us children selfishness or cruelty , idleness , cowardice , or untruthfulness . '' Family trips abroad , including tours of Europe in 1869 and 1870 , and Egypt in 1872 , shaped his cosmopolitan perspective . Hiking with his family in the Alps in 1869 , Roosevelt found that he could keep pace with his father . He had discovered the significant benefits of physical exertion to minimize his asthma and bolster his spirits . Roosevelt began a heavy regime of exercise . After being manhandled by two older boys on a camping trip , he found a boxing coach to teach him to fight and strengthen his weakened body . Roosevelt was minimally religious . He grew up in the Dutch Reformed Church , and gradually switched to attending his wife 's Episcopalian church . Biographer Edmund Morris states : When consoling bereaved people , he would awkwardly invoke ' unseen and unknown powers . ' Aside from a few clichés of Protestant rhetoric , the gospel he preached had always been political and pragmatic . He was inspired less by the Passion of Christ than by the Golden Rule -- that appeal to reason amounting , in his mind , to a worldly rather than heavenly law . Education Roosevelt 's taxidermy kit Roosevelt was mostly home schooled by tutors and his parents . Biographer H.W. Brands argued that `` The most obvious drawback to his home schooling was uneven coverage of the various areas of human knowledge '' . He was solid in geography and bright in history , biology , French , and German ; however , he struggled in mathematics and the classical languages . When he entered Harvard College on September 27 , 1876 ; his father advised : `` Take care of your morals first , your health next , and finally your studies . '' His father 's sudden death on February 9 , 1878 , devastated Roosevelt , but he eventually recovered and doubled his activities . He did well in science , philosophy , and rhetoric courses but continued to struggle in Latin and Greek . He studied biology intently and was already an accomplished naturalist and a published ornithologist ; he read prodigiously with an almost photographic memory . While at Harvard , Roosevelt participated in rowing and boxing ; he was once runner - up in a Harvard boxing tournament . Roosevelt was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi literary society , the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity , and the prestigious Porcellian Club ; he was also an editor of The Harvard Advocate . In 1880 , Roosevelt graduated Phi Beta Kappa ( 22nd of 177 ) from Harvard with an A.B. magna cum laude . Biographer Henry Pringle states : Roosevelt , attempting to analyze his college career and weigh the benefits he had received , felt that he had obtained little from Harvard . He had been depressed by the formalistic treatment of many subjects , by the rigidity , the attention to minutiae that were important in themselves , but which somehow were never linked up with the whole . After his father 's death , Roosevelt had inherited $125,000 , enough to live comfortably for the rest of his life . Roosevelt gave up his earlier plan of studying natural science and instead decided to attend Columbia Law School , moving back into his family 's home in New York City . Roosevelt was an able law student , but he often found law to be irrational ; he spent much of his time writing a book on the War of 1812 . Determined to enter politics , Roosevelt began attending meetings at Morton Hall , the 59th Street headquarters of New York 's 21st District Republican Association . Though Roosevelt 's father had been a prominent member of the Republican Party , the younger Roosevelt made an unorthodox career choice for someone of his class , as most of Roosevelt 's peers refrained from becoming too closely involved in politics . Nonetheless , Roosevelt found allies in the local Republican Party , and he defeated an incumbent Republican state assemblyman closely tied to the political machine of Senator Roscoe Conkling . After his election victory , Roosevelt decided to drop out of law school , later saying , `` I intended to be one of the governing class . '' Naval History and strategy While at Harvard , Roosevelt began a systematic study of the role played by the young United States Navy in the War of 1812 . Assisted by two uncles , he scrutinized original source materials and official U.S. Navy records . Roosevelt 's carefully researched book , published in 1882 , remains one of the most important scholarly studies of the war , complete with drawings of individual and combined ship maneuvers , charts depicting the differences in iron throw weights of cannon shot between rival forces , and analyses of the differences between British and American leadership down to the ship - to - ship level . Published in 1882 , The Naval War of 1812 was praised for its scholarship and style , and it showed Roosevelt to be a scholar of history . It remains a standard study of the war . With the publication of The Influence of Sea Power upon History , 1660 -- 1783 in 1890 , Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was immediately hailed as the world 's outstanding naval theorist by the leaders of Europe . Roosevelt paid very close attention to Mahan 's emphasis that only a nation with the world 's most powerful fleet could dominate the world 's oceans , exert its diplomacy to the fullest , and defend its own borders . He incorporated Mahan 's ideas into his views on naval strategy for the remainder of his career . First marriage and widowerhood On his 22nd birthday in 1880 , Roosevelt married socialite Alice Hathaway Lee . Their daughter , Alice Lee Roosevelt , was born on February 12 , 1884 . Two days after giving birth , Roosevelt 's wife died due to an undiagnosed case of kidney failure ( called Bright 's disease at the time ) , which had been masked by the pregnancy . In his diary , Roosevelt wrote a large ' X ' on the page and then , `` The light has gone out of my life . '' His mother , Mittie , had died of typhoid fever eleven hours earlier at 3 : 00 a.m. , in the same house . Distraught , Roosevelt left baby Alice in the care of his sister Bamie in New York City while he grieved . He assumed custody of his daughter when she was three . After the death of his wife and mother , Roosevelt focused on his work , specifically by re-energizing a legislative investigation into corruption of the New York City government , which arose from a concurrent bill proposing that power be centralized in the mayor 's office . For the rest of his life , he rarely spoke about his wife Alice and did not write about her in his autobiography . While working with Joseph Bucklin Bishop on a biography that included a collection of his letters , Roosevelt did not mention his marriage to Alice nor his second marriage to Edith Kermit Carow . Early political career Roosevelt as NY State Assemblyman , 1883 State assemblyman Roosevelt was a member of the New York State Assembly ( New York Co. , 21st D . ) in 1882 , 1883 and 1884 . He immediately began making his mark , specifically in corporate corruption issues . He blocked a corrupt effort by financier Jay Gould to lower his taxes . Roosevelt exposed suspected collusion in the matter by Judge Theodore Westbrook , and argued for and received approval for an investigation to proceed , aiming for the impeachment of the judge . The investigation committee rejected impeachment , but Roosevelt had exposed the potential corruption in Albany , and thus assumed a high and positive political profile in multiple New York publications . Roosevelt 's anti-corruption efforts helped him win re-election in 1882 by a margin greater than two - to - one , an achievement made even more impressive by the fact that Democratic gubernatorial candidate Grover Cleveland won Roosevelt 's district . With Conkling 's Stalwart faction of the Republican Party in disarray following the assassination of President James Garfield , Roosevelt won election as the Republican party leader in the state assembly . He allied with Governor Cleveland to win passage of a civil service reform bill . Roosevelt won re-election a second time , and sought the office of Speaker of the New York State Assembly , but was defeated by Titus Sheard in a 41 to 29 vote of the GOP caucus . In his final term , Roosevelt served as Chairman of the Committee on Affairs of Cities ; he wrote more bills than any other legislator . Presidential election of 1884 With numerous presidential hopefuls to choose from , Roosevelt supported Senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont , a colorless reformer . The state GOP preferred the incumbent president , New York City 's Chester Arthur , who was known for passing the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act . Arthur , at the time , was suffering from Bright 's disease , unknown to the public , and out of duty he did not contest his own nomination . Roosevelt fought hard and succeeded in influencing the Manhattan delegates at the state convention in Utica . He then took control of the state convention , bargaining through the night and outmaneuvering the supporters of Arthur and James G. Blaine ; he gained a national reputation as a key person in New York State . Roosevelt attended the 1884 GOP National Convention in Chicago and gave a speech convincing delegates to nominate African American John R. Lynch , an Edmunds supporter , to be temporary chair . Roosevelt fought alongside the Mugwump reformers ; however , Blaine , having gained support from Arthur 's and Edmunds ' delegates , won the nomination by 541 votes on the fourth ballot . In a crucial moment of his budding political career , Roosevelt resisted the demand of the Mugwumps that he bolt from Blaine . He bragged about his one small success : `` We achieved a victory in getting up a combination to beat the Blaine nominee for temporary chairman ... To do this needed a mixture of skill , boldness and energy ... to get the different factions to come in ... to defeat the common foe . '' He was also impressed by an invitation to speak before an audience of ten thousand , the largest crowd he had addressed up to that date . Having gotten a taste of national politics , Roosevelt felt less aspiration for advocacy on the state level ; he then retired to his new `` Chimney Butte Ranch '' on the Little Missouri River . Roosevelt refused to join other Mugwumps in supporting Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York and the Democratic nominee in the general election . He debated the pros and cons of staying loyal with his political friend , Henry Cabot Lodge . After Blaine won the nomination , Roosevelt had carelessly said that he would give `` hearty support to any decent Democrat '' . He distanced himself from the promise , saying that it had not been meant `` for publication '' . When a reporter asked if he would support Blaine , Roosevelt replied , `` That question I decline to answer . It is a subject I do not care to talk about . '' In the end , he realized that he had to support Blaine to maintain his role in the GOP , and he did so in a press release on July 19 . Having lost the support of many reformers , Roosevelt decided to retire from politics and move to North Dakota . Cowboy in Dakota Theodore Roosevelt as Badlands hunter in 1885 . New York studio photo . Roosevelt moved West following the 1884 presidential election , and he built a second ranch named Elkhorn , which was thirty - five miles ( 56 km ) north of the boomtown of Medora , North Dakota . Roosevelt learned to ride western style , rope and hunt on the banks of the Little Missouri . Though he earned the respect of the authentic cowboys , they were not overly impressed . However , he identified with the herdsman of history , a man he said possesses , `` few of the emasculated , milk - and - water moralities admired by the pseudo-philanthropists ; but he does possess , to a very high degree , the stern , manly qualities that are invaluable to a nation '' . He reoriented , and began writing about frontier life for national magazines ; he also published three books -- Hunting Trips of a Ranchman , Ranch Life and the Hunting - Trail , and The Wilderness Hunter . Roosevelt brought his desire to address the common interests of citizens to the west . He successfully led efforts to organize ranchers to address the problems of overgrazing and other shared concerns ; his work resulted in the formation of the Little Missouri Stockmen 's Association . He was also compelled to coordinate conservation efforts and was able to form the Boone and Crockett Club , whose primary goal was the conservation of large game animals and their habitats . After the uniquely severe US winter of 1886 -- 87 wiped out his herd of cattle and those of his competitors , and with it over half of his $80,000 investment , Roosevelt returned to the East . Though his finances suffered from the experience , Roosevelt 's time in the West helped remove the stigma of an ineffectual intellectual that could have hampered his political career . Second marriage On December 2 , 1886 , Roosevelt married his childhood and family friend , Edith Kermit Carow . Roosevelt was deeply troubled that his second marriage had taken place so soon after the death of his first wife , and he faced resistance from his sisters . Nonetheless , the couple married at St George 's , Hanover Square in London , England . The couple had five children : Theodore `` Ted '' III in 1887 , Kermit in 1889 , Ethel in 1891 , Archibald in 1894 , and Quentin in 1897 . The couple also raised Roosevelt 's daughter from his first marriage , Alice , who often clashed with her stepmother . Reentering public life Upon Roosevelt 's return to New York in 1886 , Republican leaders quickly approached him about running for mayor of New York City . Roosevelt accepted the nomination despite having little hope of winning the race against United Labor Party candidate Henry George and Democratic candidate Abram Hewitt . Roosevelt campaigned hard for the position , but Hewitt won with 41 % ( 90,552 votes ) , taking the votes of many Republicans who feared George 's radical policies . George was held to 31 % ( 68,110 votes ) , and Roosevelt took third place with 27 % ( 60,435 votes ) . Fearing that his political career might never recover , Roosevelt turned his attention to writing The Winning of the West , a historical work tracking the westward movement of Americans ; the book was a great success for Roosevelt , earning favorable reviews and selling numerous copies . Civil Service Commission After Benjamin Harrison unexpectedly defeated Blaine for the presidential nomination at the 1888 Republican National Convention , Roosevelt gave stump speeches in the Midwest in support of Harrison . On the insistence of Henry Cabot Lodge , President Harrison appointed Roosevelt to the United States Civil Service Commission , where he served until 1895 . While many of his predecessors had approached the office as a sinecure , Roosevelt vigorously fought the spoilsmen and demanded enforcement of civil service laws . The New York Sun then described Roosevelt as `` irrepressible , belligerent , and enthusiastic '' . Roosevelt frequently clashed with Postmaster General John Wanamaker , who handed out numerous patronage positions to Harrison supporters , and Roosevelt 's attempt to force out several postal workers damaged Harrison politically . Despite Roosevelt 's support for Harrison 's reelection bid in the presidential election of 1892 , the eventual winner , Grover Cleveland , reappointed him to the same post . Roosevelt 's close friend and biographer , Joseph Bucklin Bishop , described his assault on the spoils system : The very citadel of spoils politics , the hitherto impregnable fortress that had existed unshaken since it was erected on the foundation laid by Andrew Jackson , was tottering to its fall under the assaults of this audacious and irrepressible young man ... Whatever may have been the feelings of the ( fellow Republican party ) President ( Harrison ) -- and there is little doubt that he had no idea when he appointed Roosevelt that he would prove to be so veritable a bull in a china shop -- he refused to remove him and stood by him firmly till the end of his term . New York City Police Commissioner In 1894 , a group of reform Republicans approached Roosevelt about running for Mayor of New York again ; he declined , mostly due to his wife 's resistance to being removed from the Washington social set . Soon after he declined , he realized that he had missed an opportunity to reinvigorate a dormant political career . He retreated to the Dakotas for a time ; his wife Edith regretted her role in the decision and vowed that there would be no repeat of it . NYC Police Commissioner Roosevelt walks the beat with journalist Jacob Riis in 1894 -- Illustration from Riis ' autobiography . William Lafayette Strong , a reform - minded Republican , won the 1894 mayoral election and offered Roosevelt a position on the board of the New York City Police Commissioners . Roosevelt became president of the board of commissioners and radically reformed the police force . Roosevelt implemented regular inspections of firearms and annual physical exams , appointed recruits based on their physical and mental qualifications rather than political affiliation , established Meritorious Service Medals , and closed corrupt police hostelries . During his tenure , a Municipal Lodging House was established by the Board of Charities , and Roosevelt required officers to register with the Board ; he also had telephones installed in station houses . In 1894 , Roosevelt met Jacob Riis , the muckraking Evening Sun newspaper journalist who was opening the eyes of New Yorkers to the terrible conditions of the city 's millions of poor immigrants with such books as How the Other Half Lives . Riis described how his book affected Roosevelt : When Roosevelt read ( my ) book , he came ... No one ever helped as he did . For two years we were brothers in ( New York City 's crime - ridden ) Mulberry Street . When he left I had seen its golden age ... There is very little ease where Theodore Roosevelt leads , as we all of us found out . The lawbreaker found it out who predicted scornfully that he would `` knuckle down to politics the way they all did '' , and lived to respect him , though he swore at him , as the one of them all who was stronger than pull ... that was what made the age golden , that for the first time a moral purpose came into the street . In the light of it everything was transformed . Roosevelt made a habit of walking officers ' beats late at night and early in the morning to make sure that they were on duty . He made a concerted effort to uniformly enforce New York 's Sunday closing law ; in this , he ran up against boss Tom Platt as well as Tammany Hall -- he was notified that the Police Commission was being legislated out of existence . Roosevelt chose to defer rather than split with his party . As Governor of New York State , he would later sign an act replacing the Police Commission with a single Police Commissioner . Emergence as a National figure Assistant Secretary of the Navy In the 1896 presidential election , Roosevelt backed Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed for the Republican nomination , but William McKinley won the nomination and defeated William Jennings Bryan in the general election . Roosevelt opposed Bryan 's free silver platform , viewing many of Bryan 's followers as dangerous fanatics , and Roosevelt gave campaign speeches for McKinley . Urged by Congressman Henry Cabot Lodge , President McKinley appointed Roosevelt as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897 . Secretary of the Navy John D. Long was more concerned about formalities than functions , was in poor health , and left many major decisions to Roosevelt . Influenced by Alfred Thayer Mahan , Roosevelt called for a build - up in the country 's naval strength , particularly the construction of battleships . Roosevelt also began pressing his national security views regarding the Pacific and the Caribbean on McKinley , and was particularly adamant that Spain be ejected from Cuba . He explained his priorities to one of the Navy 's planners in late 1897 : I would regard war with Spain from two viewpoints : first , the advisability on the grounds both of humanity and self - interest of interfering on behalf of the Cubans , and of taking one more step toward the complete freeing of America from European dominion ; second , the benefit done our people by giving them something to think of which is not material gain , and especially the benefit done our military forces by trying both the Navy and Army in actual practice . On February 15 , 1898 , the Maine exploded in the harbor of Havana , Cuba , killing hundreds of crew members . While Roosevelt and many other Americans blamed Spain for the explosion , McKinley sought a diplomatic solution . Without approval from Long or McKinley , Roosevelt sent out orders to several naval vessels , directing them to prepare for war . George Dewey , who had received an appointment to lead the Asiatic Squadron with the backing of Roosevelt , later credited his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay to Roosevelt 's orders . After finally giving up hope of a peaceful solution , McKinley asked Congress to declare war upon Spain , beginning the Spanish -- American War . Col. Theodore Roosevelt War in Cuba Main article : Rough Riders With the beginning of the Spanish -- American War in late April 1898 , Roosevelt resigned from his post as Assistant Secretary of the Navy . Along with Army Colonel Leonard Wood , he formed the First US Volunteer Cavalry Regiment . His wife and many of his friends begged Roosevelt to remain in his post in Washignton , but Roosevelt was determined to see battle . When the newspapers reported the formation of the new regiment , Roosevelt and Wood were flooded with applications from all over the country . Referred to by the press as the `` Rough Riders '' , the regiment was one of many temporary units active only for the duration of the war . The regiment trained for several weeks in San Antonio , Texas , and in his autobiography Roosevelt wrote that his prior experience with the New York National Guard had been invaluable , in that it enabled him to immediately begin teaching his men basic soldiering skills . The Rough Riders used some standard issue gear and some of their own design , purchased with gift money . Diversity characterized the regiment , which included Ivy Leaguers , professional and amateur athletes , upscale gentlemen , cowboys , frontiersmen , Native Americans , hunters , miners , prospectors , former soldiers , tradesmen , and sheriffs . The Rough Riders were part of the cavalry division commanded by former Confederate general Joseph Wheeler , which itself was one of three divisions in the V Corps under Lieutenant General William Rufus Shafter . Roosevelt and his men landed in Daiquiri , Cuba , on June 23 , 1898 , and marched to Siboney . Wheeler sent parts of the 1st and 10th Regular Cavalry on the lower road northwest and sent the `` Rough Riders '' on the parallel road running along a ridge up from the beach . To throw off his infantry rival , Wheeler left one regiment of his Cavalry Division , the 9th , at Siboney so that he could claim that his move north was only a limited reconnaissance if things went wrong . Roosevelt was promoted to colonel and took command of the regiment when Wood was put in command of the brigade . The Rough Riders had a short , minor skirmish known as the Battle of Las Guasimas ; they fought their way through Spanish resistance and , together with the Regulars , forced the Spaniards to abandon their positions . Colonel Roosevelt and the Rough Riders after capturing Kettle Hill along with members of the 3rd Volunteers and the regular Army black 10th Cavalry Under his leadership , the Rough Riders became famous for the charge up Kettle Hill on July 1 , 1898 , while supporting the regulars . Roosevelt had the only horse , and rode back and forth between rifle pits at the forefront of the advance up Kettle Hill , an advance that he urged despite the absence of any orders from superiors . He was forced to walk up the last part of Kettle Hill , because his horse had been entangled in barbed wire . The victories came at a cost of 200 killed and 1,000 wounded . Roosevelt commented on his role in the battles : `` On the day of the big fight I had to ask my men to do a deed that European military writers consider utterly impossible of performance , that is , to attack over open ground an unshaken infantry armed with the best modern repeating rifles behind a formidable system of entrenchments . The only way to get them to do it in the way it had to be done was to lead them myself . '' In August , Roosevelt and other officers demanded that the soldiers be returned home . Roosevelt always recalled the Battle of Kettle Hill ( part of the San Juan Heights ) as `` the great day of my life '' and `` my crowded hour '' . In 2001 , Roosevelt was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions ; he had been nominated during the war , but Army officials , annoyed at his grabbing the headlines , blocked it . After returning to civilian life , Roosevelt preferred to be known as `` Colonel Roosevelt '' or `` The Colonel '' , though `` Teddy '' remained much more popular with the public , even though Roosevelt openly despised that moniker . Men working closely with Roosevelt customarily called him `` Colonel '' or `` Theodore '' . Governor of New York After leaving Cuba in August 1898 , the Rough Riders were transported to a camp at Montauk Point , Long Island , where Roosevelt and his men were briefly quarantined due to the War Department 's fear of spreading yellow fever . Shortly after Roosevelt 's return to the United States , Republican Congressman Lemuel E. Quigg , a lieutenant of party boss Tom Platt , asked Roosevelt to run in the 1898 gubernatorial election . Platt disliked Roosevelt personally , feared that he would oppose Platt 's interests in office , and was reluctant to propel Roosevelt to the forefront of national politics . But Platt also needed a strong candidate due to the unpopularity of the incumbent Republican governor , Frank S. Black , and Roosevelt agreed to become the nominee and to try not to `` make war '' with the Republican establishment once in office . Roosevelt defeated Black in the Republican caucus by a vote of 753 to 218 , and faced Democrat Augustus Van Wyck , a well - respected judge , in the general election . Roosevelt campaigned vigorously on his war record , winning the election by a margin of just one percent . As governor , Roosevelt learned much about ongoing economic issues and political techniques that later proved valuable in his presidency . He was exposed to the problems of trusts , monopolies , labor relations , and conservation . Chessman argues that Roosevelt 's program `` rested firmly upon the concept of the square deal by a neutral state '' . The rules for the Square Deal were `` honesty in public affairs , an equitable sharing of privilege and responsibility , and subordination of party and local concerns to the interests of the state at large '' . By holding twice - daily press conferences -- which was an innovation -- Roosevelt remained connected with his middle - class political base . Roosevelt successfully pushed the Ford Franchise - Tax bill , which taxed public franchises granted by the state and controlled by corporations , declaring that `` a corporation which derives its powers from the State , should pay to the State a just percentage of its earnings as a return for the privileges it enjoys '' . He rejected `` boss '' Thomas C. Platt 's worries that this approached Bryanite Socialism , explaining that without it , New York voters might get angry and adopt public ownership of streetcar lines and other franchises . The New York state government affected many interests , and the power to make appointments to policy - making positions was a key role for the governor . Platt insisted that he be consulted on major appointments ; Roosevelt appeared to comply , but then made his own decisions . Historians marvel that Roosevelt managed to appoint so many first - rate men with Platt 's approval . He even enlisted Platt 's help in securing reform , such as in the spring of 1899 , when Platt pressured state senators to vote for a civil service bill that the secretary of the Civil Service Reform Association called `` superior to any civil service statute heretofore secured in America '' . Chessman argues that as governor , Roosevelt developed the principles that shaped his presidency , especially insistence upon the public responsibility of large corporations , publicity as a first remedy for trusts , regulation of railroad rates , mediation of the conflict of capital and labor , conservation of natural resources and protection of the less fortunate members of society . Roosevelt sought to position himself against the excesses of large corporations on the one hand and radical movements on the other . As the chief executive of the most populous state in the union , Roosevelt was widely considered a potential future presidential candidate , and supporters such as William Allen White encouraged him to run for president . Roosevelt had no interest in challenging McKinley for the Republican nomination in 1900 , and was denied his preferred post of Secretary of War . As his term progressed , Roosevelt pondered a 1904 presidential run , but was uncertain about whether he should seek re-election as governor in 1900 . Vice President Main article : United States presidential election , 1900 In November 1899 , Vice President Garret Hobart died of heart failure , leaving an open spot on the 1900 Republican national ticket . Though Henry Cabot Lodge and others urged him to run for vice president in 1900 , Roosevelt was reluctant to take the powerless position and issued a public statement saying that he would not accept the nomination . Additionally , Roosevelt was informed by President McKinley and campaign manager Mark Hanna that he was not being considered for the role of vice president due to his actions prior to the Spanish -- American War . Eager to be rid of Roosevelt , Platt nonetheless began a newspaper campaign in favor of Roosevelt 's nomination for the vice presidency . Roosevelt attended the 1900 Republican National Convention as a state delegate and struck a bargain with Platt : Roosevelt would accept the nomination if the convention offered it to him , but would otherwise serve another term as governor . Platt asked Pennsylvania party boss Matthew Quay to lead the campaign for Roosevelt 's nomination , and Quay outmaneuvered Hanna at the convention to put Roosevelt on the ticket . Roosevelt won the nomination unanimously . Roosevelt proved highly energetic and an equal match for Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan 's famous barnstorming style of campaigning . In a whirlwind campaign that displayed his energy to the public , Roosevelt made 480 stops in 23 states . He denounced the radicalism of Bryan , contrasting it with the heroism of the soldiers and sailors who fought and won the war against Spain . Bryan had strongly supported the war itself , but he denounced the annexation of the Philippines as imperialism , which would spoil America 's innocence . Roosevelt countered that it was best for the Filipinos to have stability and the Americans to have a proud place in the world . With the nation basking in peace and prosperity , the voters gave McKinley an even larger victory than that which he had achieved in 1896 . After the campaign , Roosevelt took office as vice president in March 1901 . The office of Vice President was a powerless sinecure and did not suit Roosevelt 's aggressive temperament . Roosevelt 's six months as Vice President were uneventful , and Roosevelt presided over the Senate for a mere four days before it adjourned . On September 2 , 1901 , Roosevelt first publicized an aphorism that thrilled his supporters at the Minnesota State Fair : `` Speak softly and carry a big stick , and you will go far . '' Presidency ( 1901 -- 1909 ) File : ROOSEVELT , Theodore - President ( BEP engraved portrait ). jpg BEP engraved portrait of Roosevelt as President Main article : Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt On September 6 , President McKinley was attending the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo , New York when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz . Roosevelt was vacationing in Vermont , and traveled to Buffalo to visit McKinley in the hospital . It appeared that McKinley would recover , so Roosevelt resumed his vacation in the Adirondacks . When McKinley 's condition worsened , Roosevelt began the trip to Buffalo . McKinley died on September 14 , and Roosevelt was informed while he was in North Creek ; he continued on to Buffalo and was sworn in at the Ansley Wilcox House . As there was no formally designated order of succession for the post in the event that a president resigned , became incapacitated , or died ( the Twenty - fifth Amendment would not be drafted and ratified until the 1960s ) , Roosevelt served his first term without a vice president . McKinley 's supporters were nervous about the new president , and Hanna was particularly bitter that the man he had opposed so vigorously at the convention had succeeded McKinley . Roosevelt assured party leaders that he intended to adhere to McKinley 's policies , and he retained McKinley 's Cabinet . Nonetheless , Roosevelt sought to position himself as the party 's undisputed leader , seeking to bolster the role of the president and position himself for the 1904 election . Shortly after taking office , Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dinner at the White House . To his dismay , this sparked a bitter , and at times vicious , reaction across the heavily segregated South . Roosevelt reacted with astonishment and protest , saying that he looked forward to many future dinners with Washington . Upon further reflection , Roosevelt wanted to ensure that this had no effect on political support in the South , and further dinner invitations to Washington were avoided ; their next meeting was scheduled as typical business at 10 : 00am instead . Domestic policies Official White House portrait by John Singer Sargent Trust busting and regulation For his aggressive use of the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act , compared to his predecessors , Roosevelt became mythologized as the `` trust - buster '' ; but in reality he was more of a trust regulator . Roosevelt viewed big business as a necessary part of the American economy , and sought only to prosecute the `` bad trusts '' that restrained trade and charged unfair prices . He brought 44 antitrust suits , breaking up the Northern Securities Company , the largest railroad monopoly ; and regulating Standard Oil , the largest oil and refinery company . Presidents Benjamin Harrison , Grover Cleveland , and William McKinley combined prosecuted only 18 anti-trust violations under the Sherman Antitrust Act . Bolstered by his party 's success in the 1902 elections , Roosevelt proposed the creation of the United States Department of Commerce and Labor , which would include the Bureau of Corporations . While Congress was receptive to Department of Commerce and Labor , it was more skeptical of the anti-trust powers that Roosevelt sought to endow within the Bureau of Corporations . Roosevelt successfully appealed to the public to pressure Congress , and Congress overwhelmingly voted to pass Roosevelt 's version of the bill . In a moment of frustration , House Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon commented on Roosevelt 's desire for executive branch control in domestic policy - making : `` That fellow at the other end of the avenue wants everything from the birth of Christ to the death of the devil . '' Biographer Brands states , `` Even his friends occasionally wondered whether there was n't any custom or practice too minor for him to try to regulate , update or otherwise improve . '' In fact , Roosevelt 's willingness to exercise his power included attempted rule changes in the game of football ; at the Naval Academy , he sought to force retention of martial arts classes and to revise disciplinary rules . He even ordered changes made in the minting of a coin whose design he disliked , and ordered the Government Printing Office to adopt simplified spellings for a core list of 300 words , according to reformers on the Simplified Spelling Board . He was forced to rescind the latter after substantial ridicule from the press and a resolution of protest from the House of Representatives . Coal strike Main article : Coal strike of 1902 In May 1902 , anthracite coal miners went on strike , threatening a national energy shortage . After threatening the coal operators with intervention by federal troops , Roosevelt won their agreement to an arbitration of the dispute by a commission , which succeeded in stopping the strike . The accord with J.P. Morgan resulted in the miners getting more pay for fewer hours , but with no union recognition . Roosevelt said , `` My action on labor should always be considered in connection with my action as regards capital , and both are reducible to my favorite formula -- a square deal for every man . '' Roosevelt was the first president to help settle a labor dispute . Prosecuted misconduct During Roosevelt 's second year in office it was discovered there was corruption in the Indian Service , the Land Office , and the Post Office Department . Roosevelt , who had a high sense of morality and national purpose , investigated and prosecuted corrupt Indian agents who had cheated the Creeks and various tribes out of land parcels . Land fraud and speculation were found involving Oregon federal timberlands . In November 1902 , Roosevelt and Secretary Ethan A. Hitchcock forced Binger Hermann , the General Land Office Commissioner , to resign office . On November 6 , 1903 Francis J. Heney was appointed special prosecutor , and obtained 146 indictments involving an Oregon Land Office bribery ring . U.S. Senator John H. Mitchell was indicted for bribery to expedite illegal land patents , found guilty in July 1905 , and sentenced to six months in prison . More corruption was found in the Postal Department , that brought on the indictments of 44 government employees on charges of bribery and fraud . Historians generally agree that Roosevelt moved `` quickly and decisively '' to prosecute misconduct in his administration . Railroads Main article : Hepburn Act Merchants complained that some railroad rates were too high . In the 1906 Hepburn Act , Roosevelt sought to give the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to regulate rates , but the Senate , led by conservative Nelson Aldrich fought back . Roosevelt worked with the Democratic Senator Benjamin Tillman to pass the bill . Roosevelt and Aldrich ultimately reached a compromise that gave the ICC the power to replace existing rates with `` just - and - reasonable '' maximum rates , but allowed railroads to appeal to the federal courts on what was `` reasonable . '' In addition to rate - setting , the Hepburn Act also granted the ICC regulatory power over pipeline fees , storage contracts , and several other aspects of railroad operations . Pure food and drugs Roosevelt responded to public anger over the abuses in the food packing industry by pushing Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and the Pure Food and Drug Act . Though conservatives initially opposed the bill , Upton Sinclair 's The Jungle , published in 1906 , helped galvanize support for reform . The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 banned misleading labels and preservatives that contained harmful chemicals . The Pure Food and Drug Act banned food and drugs that were impure or falsely labeled from being made , sold , and shipped . Roosevelt also served as honorary president of the American School Hygiene Association from 1907 to 1908 , and in 1909 he convened the first White House Conference on the Care of Dependent Children . Conservation Main article : Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt § Conservation Of all Roosevelt 's achievements , he was proudest of his work in conservation of natural resources , and extending federal protection to land and wildlife . Roosevelt worked closely with Interior Secretary James Rudolph Garfield and Chief of the United States Forest Service Gifford Pinchot to enact a series of conservation programs that often met with resistance from Western members of Congress such as Charles William Fulton . Nonetheless , Roosevelt established the United States Forest Service , signed into law the creation of five National Parks , and signed the 1906 Antiquities Act , under which he proclaimed 18 new U.S. National Monuments . He also established the first 51 bird reserves , four game preserves , and 150 National Forests , including Shoshone National Forest , the nation 's first . The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totals approximately 230,000,000 acres ( 930,000 km ) . Roosevelt extensively used executive orders on a number of occasions to protect forest and wildlife lands during his tenure as President . By the end of his second term in office , Roosevelt used executive orders to establish 150 million acres of reserved forestry land . Roosevelt was unapologetic about his extensive use of executive orders to protect the environment , despite the perception in Congress that he was encroaching on too many lands . Eventually , Senator Charles Fulton ( R - OH ) attached an amendment to an agricultural appropriations bill that effectively prevented the president from reserving any further land . Before signing that bill into law , Roosevelt used executive orders to establish an additional 21 forest reserves , waiting until the last minute to sign the bill into law . In total , Roosevelt used executive orders to establish 121 forest reserves in 31 states . Prior to Roosevelt , only one president had issued over 200 executive orders , Grover Cleveland ( 253 ) . The first 25 presidents issued a total of 1,262 executive orders . Roosevelt issued 1,081 . Foreign policy This political cartoon depicts Theodore Roosevelt 's opposition to European influence in the Dominican Republic . In the late 1890s , Roosevelt had been an ardent imperialist , and he vigorously defended the permanent acquisition of the Philippines in the 1900 election campaign . After the rebellion ended in 1901 , he largely lost interest in the Philippines and Asian expansion in general , despite the contradictory opinion of his Secretary of War , William Howard Taft . As president , he primarily focused the nation 's overseas ambitions on the Caribbean , especially locations that had a bearing on the defense of his pet project , the Panama Canal . Roosevelt also increased the size of the navy , and by the end of his second term the United States had more battleships than any other country besides Britain . Following the Spanish -- American War , Roosevelt believed that the United States had emerged as a world power , and he sought ways to assert America 's newly - eminent position abroad . In 1905 , Roosevelt offered to mediate a treaty to end the Russo - Japanese War . The parties agreed to meet in Portsmouth , New Hampshire and they resolved the final conflict over the division of Sakhalin -- Russia took the northern half , and Japan the south ; Japan also dropped its demand for an indemnity . Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his successful efforts in bringing about the Treaty of Portsmouth . George E. Mowry concludes that Roosevelt handled the arbitration well , doing an `` excellent job of balancing Russian and Japanese power in the Orient , where the supremacy of either constituted a threat to growing America '' . Roosevelt also played a major role in mediating the First Moroccan Crisis by calling the Algeciras Conference , which averted war between France and Germany . Roosevelt 's presidency saw the strengthening of ties with Great Britain . The Great Rapprochement had begun with British support of the United States during the Spanish -- American War , and it continued as Britain withdrew its fleet from the Caribbean in favor of focusing on the rising German naval threat . In 1901 , Britain and the United States signed the Hay -- Pauncefote Treaty , abrogating the Clayton -- Bulwer Treaty , which had prevented the United States from constructing a canal connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean . The long - standing Alaska boundary dispute was settled on terms favorable to the United States , as Great Britain was unwilling to alienate the United States over what it considered to be a secondary issue . As Roosevelt later put it , the resolution of the Alaskan boundary dispute `` settled the last serious trouble between the British Empire and ourselves . '' The Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 resolved unpleasant racial tensions with Japan . Tokyo was angered over the segregation of Japanese children in San Francisco schools . The tensions were ended , but Japan also agreed not to allow unskilled workers to emigrate to the U.S. Latin America and Panama Canal In December 1902 , the Germans , British , and Italians sought to impose a naval blockade against Venezuela in order to force the repayment of delinquent loans . Roosevelt was particularly concerned with the motives of Germany 's Kaiser Wilhelm . He succeeded in getting the aggressors to agree to arbitration by a tribunal at The Hague , and averted the Venezuela Crisis of 1902 -- 1903 . The latitude granted to the Europeans by the arbiters was in part responsible for the `` Roosevelt Corollary '' to the Monroe Doctrine , which the President issued in 1904 : `` Chronic wrongdoing or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society , may in America , as elsewhere , ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation , and in the Western Hemisphere , the adherence of the United States to the Monroe doctrine may force the United States , however reluctantly , in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence , to the exercise of an international police power . '' The U.S. 's intentions to influence the area ( especially the Panama Canal construction and control ) led to the separation of Panama from Colombia in 1903 The pursuit of an isthmus canal in Central America during this period focused on two possible routes -- Nicaragua and Panama , which was then a rebellious district within Colombia . Roosevelt convinced Congress to approve the Panamanian alternative , and a treaty was approved , only to be rejected by the Colombian government . When the Panamanians learned of this , a rebellion followed , was supported by Roosevelt , and succeeded . A treaty with the new Panama government for construction of the canal was then reached in 1903 . Roosevelt received criticism for paying the bankrupt Panama Canal Company and the New Panama Canal Company $40,000,000 for the rights and equipment to build the canal . Critics charged that an American investor syndicate allegedly divided the large payment among themselves . There was also controversy over whether a French company engineer influenced Roosevelt in choosing the Panama route for the canal over the Nicaragua route . Roosevelt denied charges of corruption concerning the canal in a January 8 , 1906 message to Congress . In January 1909 , Roosevelt , in an unprecedented move , brought criminal libel charges against the New York World and the Indianapolis News known as the `` Roosevelt - Panama Libel Cases '' . Both cases were dismissed by U.S. District Courts , and on January 3 , 1911 , the U.S. Supreme Court , upon federal appeal , upheld the lower courts ' rulings . Historians are sharply critical of Roosevelt 's criminal prosecutions of the World and the News , but are divided on whether actual corruption in acquiring and building the Panama Canal took place . In 1906 , following a disputed election , an insurrection ensued in Cuba ; Roosevelt sent Taft , the Secretary of War , to monitor the situation ; he was convinced that he had the authority to unilaterally authorize Taft to deploy Marines if necessary , without congressional approval . Examining the work of numerous scholars , Ricard ( 2014 ) reports that : The most striking evolution in the twenty - first century historiography of Theodore Roosevelt is the switch from a partial arraignment of the imperialist to a quasi-unanimous celebration of the master diplomatist ... ( Regarding British relations these studies ) have underlined cogently Roosevelt 's exceptional statesmanship in the construction of the nascent twentieth - century `` special relationship '' ... The twenty - sixth president 's reputation as a brilliant diplomatist and realpolitician has undeniably reached new heights in the twenty - first century ... yet , his Philippine policy still prompts criticism . Media Building on McKinley 's effective use of the press , Roosevelt made the White House the center of news every day , providing interviews and photo opportunities . After noticing the reporters huddled outside the White House in the rain one day , he gave them their own room inside , effectively inventing the presidential press briefing . The grateful press , with unprecedented access to the White House , rewarded Roosevelt with ample coverage . Roosevelt normally enjoyed very close relationships with the press , which he used to keep in daily contact with his middle - class base . While out of office , he made a living as a writer and magazine editor . He loved talking with intellectuals , authors , and writers . He drew the line , however , at expose - oriented scandal - mongering journalists who , during his term , set magazine subscriptions soaring by their attacks on corrupt politicians , mayors , and corporations . Roosevelt himself was not usually a target , but his speech in 1906 coined the term `` muckraker '' for unscrupulous journalists making wild charges . `` The liar '' , he said , `` is no whit better than the thief , and if his mendacity takes the form of slander he may be worse than most thieves . '' The press did briefly target Roosevelt in one instance . After 1904 , he was periodically criticized for the manner in which he facilitated the construction of the Panama Canal . According to biographer Brands , Roosevelt , near the end of his term , demanded that the Justice Department bring charges of criminal libel against Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World . The publication had accused him of `` deliberate misstatements of fact '' in defense of family members who were criticized as a result of the Panama affair . Though an indictment was obtained , the case was ultimately dismissed in federal court -- it was not a federal offense , but one enforceable in the state courts . The Justice Department had predicted that result , and had also advised Roosevelt accordingly . Election of 1904 1904 election results Main article : United States presidential election , 1904 The control and management of the Republican Party lay in the hands of Ohio Senator and Republican Party chairman Mark Hanna until McKinley 's death . Roosevelt and Hanna frequently cooperated during Roosevelt 's first term , but Hanna left open the possibility of a challenge to Roosevelt for the 1904 Republican nomination . Roosevelt and Ohio 's other Senator , Joseph B. Foraker , forced Hanna 's hand by calling for Ohio 's state Republican convention to endorse Roosevelt for the 1904 nomination . Unwilling to break with the president , Hanna was forced to publicly endorse Roosevelt . Hanna and Pennsylvania Senator Matthew Quay both died in early 1904 , and with the waning of Thomas Platt 's power , Roosevelt faced little effective opposition for the 1904 nomination . In deference to Hanna 's conservative loyalists , Roosevelt at first offered the party chairmanship to Cornelius Bliss , but he declined . Roosevelt turned to his own man , George B. Cortelyou of New York , the first Secretary of Commerce and Labor . To buttress his hold on the party 's nomination , Roosevelt made it clear that anyone opposing Cortelyou would be considered to be opposing the President . The President secured his own nomination , but his preferred vice-presidential running mate , Robert R. Hitt , was not nominated . Senator Charles Warren Fairbanks of Indiana , a favorite of conservatives , gained the nomination . While Roosevelt followed the tradition of incumbents in not actively campaigning on the stump , he sought to control the campaign 's message through specific instructions to Cortelyou . He also attempted to manage the press 's release of White House statements by forming the Ananias Club . Any journalist who repeated a statement made by the president without approval was penalized by restriction of further access . Alton Brooks Parker The Democratic Party 's nominee in 1904 was Alton Brooks Parker . Democratic newspapers charged that Republicans were extorting large campaign contributions from corporations , putting ultimate responsibility on Roosevelt , himself . Roosevelt denied corruption while at the same time he ordered Cortelyou to return $100,000 of a campaign contribution from Standard Oil . Parker said that Roosevelt was accepting corporate donations to keep damaging information from the Bureau of Corporations from going public . Roosevelt strongly denied Parker 's charge and responded that he would `` go into the Presidency unhampered by any pledge , promise , or understanding of any kind , sort , or description ... '' . Allegations from Parker and the Democrats , however , had little impact on the election , as Roosevelt promised to give every American a `` square deal '' . Roosevelt won 56 % of the popular vote , and Parker received 38 % ; Roosevelt also won the Electoral College vote , 336 to 140 . Before his inauguration ceremony , Roosevelt declared that he would not serve another term . Democrats afterwards would continue to charge Roosevelt and the Republicans of being influenced by corporate donations during Roosevelt 's second term . Second - term troubles Roosevelt family at Oyster Bay , circa 1903 As his second term progressed , Roosevelt moved to the left of his Republican Party base and called for a series of reforms , most of which failed to pass Congress . Roosevelt 's influence waned as he approached the end of his second term , as his promise to forego a third term made him a lame duck and his concentration of power provoked a backlash from many Congressmen . He sought a national incorporation law ( at a time when all corporations had state charters ) , called for a federal income tax ( despite the Supreme Court 's ruling in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co . ) , and an inheritance tax . In the area of labor legislation , Roosevelt called for limits on the use of court injunctions against labor unions during strikes ; injunctions were a powerful weapon that mostly helped business . He wanted an employee liability law for industrial injuries ( pre-empting state laws ) and an eight - hour work day for federal employees . In other areas he also sought a postal savings system ( to provide competition for local banks ) , and he asked for campaign reform laws . The election of 1904 continued to be a source of contention between Republicans and Democrats . A Congressional investigation in 1905 revealed that corporate executives donated tens of thousands of dollars in 1904 to the Republican National Committee . In 1908 , a month before the general presidential election , Governor Charles N. Haskell of Oklahoma , former Democratic Treasurer , said that Senators beholden to Standard Oil lobbied Roosevelt , in the summer of 1904 , to authorize the leasing of Indian oil lands by Standard Oil subsidiaries . He said Roosevelt overruled his Secretary of Interior Ethan A. Hitchcock and granted a pipeline franchise to run through the Osage lands to the Prairie Oil and Gas Company . The New York Sun made a similar accusation and said that Standard Oil , a refinery who financially benefited from the pipeline , had contributed $150,000 to the Republicans in 1904 after Roosevelt 's alleged reversal allowing the pipeline franchise . Roosevelt branded Haskell 's allegation as `` a lie , pure and simple '' and obtained a denial from Shaw that Roosevelt had neither coerced Shaw nor overruled him . Post-presidency Roosevelt shortly after leaving office , October 1910 Election of 1908 Main article : United States presidential election , 1908 Roosevelt enjoyed being president and was still relatively youthful , but felt that a limited number of terms provided a check against dictatorship . Roosevelt ultimately decided to stick to his 1904 pledge not to run for a third term . He personally favored Secretary of State Elihu Root as his successor , but Root 's ill health made him an unsuitable candidate . New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes loomed as potentially strong candidate and shared Roosevelt 's progressivism , but Roosevelt disliked him and considered him to be too independent . Instead , Roosevelt settled on his Secretary of War , William Howard Taft , who had ably served under Presidents Harrison , McKinley , and Roosevelt in various positions . Roosevelt and Taft had been friends since 1890 , and Taft had consistently supported President Roosevelt 's policies . Roosevelt was determined to install the successor of his choice , and wrote the following to Taft : `` Dear Will : Do you want any action about those federal officials ? I will break their necks with the utmost cheerfulness if you say the word ! '' Just weeks later he branded as `` false and malicious '' ; the charge was that he was using the offices at his disposal to favor Taft . At the 1908 Republican convention , many chanted for `` four years more '' of a Roosevelt presidency , but Taft won the nomination after Henry Cabot Lodge made it clear that Roosevelt was not interested in a third term . In the 1908 election , Taft easily defeated the Democratic nominee , three - time candidate William Jennings Bryan . Taft promoted a progressivism that stressed the rule of law ; he preferred that judges rather than administrators or politicians make the basic decisions about fairness . Taft usually proved to be a less adroit politician than Roosevelt and lacked the energy and personal magnetism , along with the publicity devices , the dedicated supporters , and the broad base of public support that made Roosevelt so formidable . When Roosevelt realized that lowering the tariff would risk creating severe tensions inside the Republican Party by pitting producers ( manufacturers and farmers ) against merchants and consumers , he stopped talking about the issue . Taft ignored the risks and tackled the tariff boldly , encouraging reformers to fight for lower rates , and then cutting deals with conservative leaders that kept overall rates high . The resulting Payne - Aldrich tariff of 1909 , signed into law early in President Taft 's tenure , was too high for most reformers , and Taft 's handling of the tariff alienated all sides . While the crisis was building inside the Party , Roosevelt was touring Africa and Europe , to allow Taft to be his own man . Africa and Europe ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Roosevelt standing next to the elephant he shot on safari In March 1909 , shortly after the end of his presidency , Roosevelt left New York for the Smithsonian - Roosevelt African Expedition , a safari in east and central Africa . Roosevelt 's party landed in Mombasa , British East Africa ( now Kenya ) and traveled to the Belgian Congo ( now Democratic Republic of the Congo ) before following the Nile to Khartoum in modern Sudan . Financed by Andrew Carnegie and by his own writings , Roosevelt 's party hunted for specimens for the Smithsonian Institution and for the American Museum of Natural History in New York . The group , led by the legendary hunter - tracker RJ Cunninghame , included scientists from the Smithsonian , and was joined from time to time by Frederick Selous , the famous big game hunter and explorer . Participants on the expedition included Kermit Roosevelt , Edgar Alexander Mearns , Edmund Heller , and John Alden Loring . Roosevelt and his companions killed or trapped approximately 11,400 animals , from insects and moles to hippopotamuses and elephants . The 1,000 large animals included 512 big game animals , including six rare White rhinos . Tons of salted animals and their skins were shipped to Washington ; it took years to mount them all , and the Smithsonian shared many duplicate specimens with other museums . Regarding the large number of animals taken , Roosevelt said , `` I can be condemned only if the existence of the National Museum , the American Museum of Natural History , and all similar zoological institutions are to be condemned '' . He wrote a detailed account of the safari in the book African Game Trails , recounting the excitement of the chase , the people he met , and the flora and fauna he collected in the name of science . After his safari , Roosevelt traveled North to embark on a tour of Europe . Stopping first in Egypt , he commented favorably on British rule of the region , giving his opinion that Egypt was not yet ready for independence , paralleling his views about the Philippines ) . He refused a meeting with the Pope due to a dispute over a group of Methodists active in Rome , but met with Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria - Hungary , Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany , King George V of Great Britain , and other European leaders . In Oslo , Norway , Roosevelt delivered a speech calling for limitations on naval armaments , a strengthening of the Permanent Court of Arbitration , and the creation of a `` League of Peace '' among the world powers . He also delivered the Romanes Lecture at Oxford , in which he denounced those who sought parallels between the evolution of animal life and the development of society . Though Roosevelt attempted to avoid domestic politics during his time abroad , he met with Gifford Pinchot , who related his own disappointment with the Taft Administration . Pinchot had been forced to resign as head of the forest service after clashing with Taft 's Interior Secretary , Richard Ballinger , who had prioritized development over conservation . Roosevelt returned to the United States in June 1910 . Republican party schism Punch depicts GOP Schism between Taft and TR Roosevelt had attempted to refashion Taft into a younger version of himself , but as soon as Taft began to display his individuality , the former president expressed his disenchantment . He was offended on election night when Taft indicated that his success had been possible not just through the efforts of Roosevelt , but also his brother Charley . Roosevelt was further alienated when Taft , intent on becoming his own man , did not consult him about cabinet appointments . Roosevelt and other progressives were also dissatisfied over Taft 's conservation policies and his handling of the tariff , which had indirectly concentrated more power in the hands of conservative party leaders in Congress . Returning from Europe , Roosevelt urged progressives to take control of the Republican Party at the state and local level , and to avoid splitting the party in a way that would hand the presidency to the Democrats in 1912 . Additionally , Roosevelt expressed optimism about the Taft Administration after meeting with the president in the White House in June 1910 . In August 1910 , Roosevelt gave notable speech at Osawatomie , Kansas , which was the most radical of his career and initiated his public break with the Taft administration and the conservative Republicans . Advocating a program of `` New Nationalism '' , Roosevelt emphasized the priority of labor over capital interests , a need to more effectively control corporate creation and combination , and proposed a ban on corporate political contributions . Returning to New York , Roosevelt began a battle to take control of the state Republican party from William Barnes , Jr. , Tom Platt 's successor as the state party boss . Taft had pledged his support to Roosevelt in this endeavor , and Roosevelt was outraged when Taft 's support failed to materialize at the 1910 state convention . Roosevelt nonetheless campaigned for the Republicans in the 1910 elections , which saw the Democrats gain control of the House for the first time since the 1890s . Among the newly elected Democrats was New York state senator Franklin Delano Roosevelt , who argued that he represented his cousin 's policies better than his Republican opponent . The Republican progressives interpreted the 1910 defeats as compelling argument for the complete reorganization of the party in 1911 . Senator Robert M. La Follette Sr. of Wisconsin joined with Pinchot , William White , and California Governor Hiram Johnson to create the National Progressive Republican League ; their objectives were to defeat the power of political bossism at the state level and to replace Taft at the national level . Despite skepticism of La Follette 's new league , Roosevelt expressed general support for progressive principles . Between January and April 1911 , Roosevelt wrote a series of articles for The Outlook , defending what he called `` the great movement of our day , the progressive nationalist movement against special privilege , and in favor of an honest and efficient political and industrial democracy '' . With Roosevelt apparently uninterested in running in 1912 , La Follette declared his own candidacy in June 1911 . Roosevelt continually criticized Taft after the 1910 elections , and the break between the two men became final after the Justice Department filed an anti-trust lawsuit against US Steel in September 1911 ; Roosevelt was humiliated by this suit because he had personally approved of an acquisition that the Justice Department was now challenging . However , Roosevelt was still unwilling to run against Taft in 1912 ; he instead hoped to run in 1916 against whichever Democrat beat Taft in 1912 . Election of 1912 Main articles : U.S. presidential election , 1912 and Progressive Party ( United States , 1912 ) Roosevelt campaigning for president , 1912 Republican primaries and convention In November 1911 , a group of Ohio Republicans endorsed Roosevelt for the party 's nomination for president ; the endorsers included James R. Garfield and Dan Hanna . This was notable , as the endorsement was made by leaders of President Taft 's home state . Roosevelt conspicuously declined to make a statement requested by Garfield -- that he flatly refuse a nomination . Soon thereafter , Roosevelt said , `` I am really sorry for Taft ... I am sure he means well , but he means well feebly , and he does not know how ! He is utterly unfit for leadership and this is a time when we need leadership . '' In January 1912 , Roosevelt declared `` if the people make a draft on me I shall not decline to serve '' . Later that year , Roosevelt spoke before the Constitutional Convention in Ohio , openly identifying as a progressive and endorsing progressive reforms -- even endorsing popular review of state judicial decisions . In reaction to Roosevelt 's proposals for popular overrule of court decisions , Taft said , `` Such extremists are not progressives -- they are political emotionalists or neurotics '' . Roosevelt began to envision himself as the savior of the Republican Party from defeat in the upcoming presidential election . In February 1912 , Roosevelt announced in Boston , `` I will accept the nomination for president if it is tendered to me . I hope that so far as possible the people may be given the chance through direct primaries to express who shall be the nominee . Elihu Root and Henry Cabot Lodge thought that division of the party would lead to its defeat in the next election , while Taft believed that he would be defeated either in the Republican primary or in the general election . The 1912 primaries represented the first extensive use of the presidential primary , a reform achievement of the progressive movement . The Republican primaries in the South , where party regulars dominated , went for Taft , as did results in New York , Indiana , Michigan , Kentucky and Massachusetts . Meanwhile , Roosevelt won in Illinois , Minnesota , Nebraska , South Dakota , California , Maryland and Pennsylvania ; Roosevelt also won Taft 's home state of Ohio . These primary elections , while demonstrating Roosevelt 's continuing popularity with the electorate , were not pivotal . The final credentials of the state delegates at the national convention were determined by the national committee , which was controlled by the party leaders , headed by the incumbent president . Prior to the 1912 Republican National Convention in Chicago , Roosevelt expressed doubt about his prospects for victory , noting that Taft had more delegates and control of the credentials committee . His only hope was to convince party leaders that the nomination of Taft would hand the election to the Democrats , but party leaders were determined not to cede their leadership to Roosevelt . The credentials committee awarded almost all contested delegates to Taft , and Taft won the nomination on the first ballot . Black delegates from the South played a key role : they voted heavily for Taft and put him over the top . La Follette also helped Taft 's candidacy ; he hoped that a deadlocked convention would result in his own nomination , and refused to release his delegates to support Roosevelt . The Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) party See also : New Nationalism ( Theodore Roosevelt ) and Progressive Party ( United States , 1912 ) `` The right of the people to rule '' Excerpts from a speech given by Theodore Roosevelt at Carnegie Hall , March 12 , 1912 . Recorded August 1912 by Thomas Edison . Duration 4 : 07 . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Once his defeat at the Republican convention appeared probable , Roosevelt announced that he would `` accept the progressive nomination on a progressive platform and I shall fight to the end , win or lose '' . At the same time , Roosevelt prophetically said , `` My feeling is that the Democrats will probably win if they nominate a progressive '' . Bolting from the Republican Party , Roosevelt and key allies such as Pinchot and ( ( Albert Beveridge ) created the Progressive Party , structuring it as a permanent organization that would field complete tickets at the presidential and state level . It was popularly known as the `` Bull Moose Party '' , after Roosevelt told reporters , `` I 'm as fit as a bull moose '' . At the 1912 Progressive National Convention , Roosevelt cried out , `` We stand at Armageddon and we battle for the Lord . '' California Governor Hiram Johnson was nominated as Roosevelt 's running mate . Roosevelt 's platform echoed his 1907 -- 8 proposals , calling for vigorous government intervention to protect the people from the selfish interests : To destroy this invisible Government , to dissolve the unholy alliance between corrupt business and corrupt politics is the first task of the statesmanship of the day . This country belongs to the people . Its resources , its business , its laws , its institutions , should be utilized , maintained , or altered in whatever manner will best promote the general interest . This assertion is explicit ... Mr. Wilson must know that every monopoly in the United States opposes the Progressive party ... I challenge him ... to name the monopoly that did support the Progressive party , whether ... the Sugar Trust , the US Steel Trust , the Harvester Trust , the Standard Oil Trust , the Tobacco Trust , or any other ... Ours was the only program to which they objected , and they supported either Mr. Wilson or Mr. Taft Though many Progressive party supporters in the North were supporters of civil rights for blacks , Roosevelt did not give strong support to civil rights and ran a `` lily - white '' campaign in the South . Rival all - white and all - black delegations from four southern states arrived at the Progressive national convention , and Roosevelt decided to seat the all - white delegations . Nevertheless , he won little support outside mountain Republican strongholds . Out of nearly 1100 counties in the South , Roosevelt won two counties in Alabama , one in Arkansas , seven in North Carolina , three in Georgia , 17 in Tennessee two in Texas , one in Virginia , and none in Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi , or South Carolina . Assassination attempt The bullet - damaged speech and eyeglass case on display at the Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace On October 14 , 1912 , while campaigning in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , Roosevelt was shot by a saloonkeeper named John Flammang Schrank . The bullet lodged in his chest after penetrating his steel eyeglass case and passing through a thick ( 50 pages ) single - folded copy of the speech titled `` Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual '' , which he was carrying in his jacket . Roosevelt , as an experienced hunter and anatomist , correctly concluded that since he was not coughing blood , the bullet had not reached his lung , and he declined suggestions to go to the hospital immediately . Instead , he delivered his scheduled speech with blood seeping into his shirt . He spoke for 90 minutes before completing his speech and accepting medical attention . His opening comments to the gathered crowd were , `` Ladies and gentlemen , I do n't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot , but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose . '' Afterwards , probes and an x-ray showed that the bullet had lodged in Roosevelt 's chest muscle , but did not penetrate the pleura . Doctors concluded that it would be less dangerous to leave it in place than to attempt to remove it , and Roosevelt carried the bullet with him for the rest of his life . Election results After the Democrats nominated Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey , Roosevelt did not expect to win the general election , as Wilson had compiled a record attractive to many progressive Democrats who might have otherwise considered voting for Roosevelt . Roosevelt still campaigned vigorously , and the election developed into a two - person contest between Wilson and Roosevelt despite Taft 's presence in the race . Roosevelt respected Wilson , but the two differed on various issues ; Wilson opposed any federal intervention regarding women 's suffrage or child labor ( he viewed these as state issues ) , and attacked Roosevelt 's tolerance of large businesses . Roosevelt won 4.1 million votes ( 27 % ) , compared to Taft 's 3.5 million ( 23 % ) . Wilson gained 6.3 million votes ( 42 % of the total ) and a massive landslide in the Electoral College , with 435 electoral votes ; Roosevelt won 88 electoral votes , while Taft won 8 . Pennsylvania was the only eastern state won by Roosevelt ; in the Midwest , he carried Michigan , Minnesota , and South Dakota ; in the West , California , and Washington . Wilson 's victory represented the first Democratic presidential election victory since Cleveland 's 1892 campaign , and it was the party 's best performance in the Electoral College since 1852 . Roosevelt , meanwhile , garnered a higher share of the popular vote than any other third party presidential candidate in history . 1913 -- 1914 South American expedition Main article : Roosevelt -- Rondon Scientific Expedition A friend of Roosevelt 's , Father John Augustine Zahm , persuaded Roosevelt to participate in an expedition to South America . To finance the expedition , Roosevelt received support from the American Museum of Natural History in return for promising to bring back many new animal specimens . Roosevelt 's popular book , Through the Brazilian Wilderness describes his expedition into the Brazilian jungle in 1913 as a member of the Roosevelt - Rondon Scientific Expedition , co-named after its leader , Brazilian explorer Cândido Rondon . From left to right ( seated ) : Fr . John Augustine Zahm , Cândido Rondon , Kermit Roosevelt , Cherrie , Miller , four Brazilians , Roosevelt , Fiala . Only Roosevelt , Kermit , Cherrie , Rondon , and the Brazilians traveled down the River of Doubt . Once in South America , a new , far more ambitious goal was added : to find the headwaters of the Rio da Duvida , and trace it north to the Madeira and thence to the Amazon River . It was later renamed Roosevelt River in honor of the former President . Roosevelt 's crew consisted of his son Kermit , naturalist Colonel Rondon , George K. Cherrie , sent by the American Museum of Natural History , Brazilian Lieutenant João Lira , team physician Dr. José Antonio Cajazeira , and 16 skilled paddlers and porters . The initial expedition started somewhat tenuously on December 9 , 1913 , at the height of the rainy season . The trip down the River of Doubt started on February 27 , 1914 . During the trip down the river , Roosevelt suffered a minor leg wound after he jumped into the river to try to prevent two canoes from smashing against the rocks . The flesh wound he received , however , soon gave him tropical fever that resembled the malaria he had contracted while in Cuba fifteen years before . Because the bullet lodged in his chest from the assassination attempt in 1912 was never removed , his health worsened from the infection . This weakened Roosevelt so greatly that six weeks into the adventure , he had to be attended to day and night by the expedition 's physician and his son Kermit . By then , he could not walk because of the infection in his injured leg and an infirmity in the other , which was due to a traffic accident a decade earlier . Roosevelt was riddled with chest pains , fighting a fever that soared to 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) and at times made him delirious . Regarding his condition as a threat to the survival of the others , Roosevelt insisted he be left behind to allow the poorly provisioned expedition to proceed as rapidly as it could . Only an appeal by his son persuaded him to continue . Despite Roosevelt 's continued decline and loss of over 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) , Commander Rondon reduced the pace of the expedition to allow for his commission 's mapmaking and other geographical tasks , which required regular stops to fix the expedition 's position by sun - based survey . Upon Roosevelt 's return to New York , friends and family were startled by his physical appearance and fatigue . Roosevelt wrote , perhaps prophetically , to a friend that the trip had cut his life short by ten years . For the rest of his few remaining years , he would be plagued by flare - ups of malaria and leg inflammations so severe as to require surgery . Before Roosevelt had even completed his sea voyage home , critics raised doubts over his claims of exploring and navigating a completely uncharted river over 625 miles ( 1,006 km ) long . When he had recovered sufficiently , he addressed a standing - room - only convention organized in Washington , D.C. , by the National Geographic Society and satisfactorily defended his claims . Final years Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt in Allentown , Pennsylvania , 1914 See also : Roosevelt 's World War I volunteers Roosevelt returned to the United States in May 1914 . Though he was outraged by the Wilson Administration 's conclusion of a treaty that expressed `` sincere regret '' for the way in which the United States had acquired the Panama Canal Zone , he was impressed by many of the reforms passed under Wilson . Roosevelt made several campaign appearances for the Progressives , but the 1914 elections were a disaster for the fledgling third party . Roosevelt began to envision another campaign for president , this time with himself at the head of the Republican Party , but conservative party leaders remained opposed to Roosevelt . In hopes of engineering a joint nomination , the Progressives scheduled the 1916 Progressive National Convention at the same time as the 1916 Republican National Convention . When the Republicans nominated Charles Evans Hughes , Roosevelt declined the Progressive nomination and urged his Progressive followers to support the Republican candidate . Though Roosevelt had long disliked Hughes , he disliked Wilson even more , and he campaigned energetically for the Republican nominee . However , Wilson won the 1916 election by a narrow margin . The Progressives disappeared as a party following the 1916 election , and Roosevelt and many of his followers permanently re-joined the Republican Party . When World War I began in 1914 , Roosevelt strongly supported the Allies and demanded a harsher policy against Germany , especially regarding submarine warfare . Roosevelt angrily denounced the foreign policy of President Wilson , calling it a failure regarding the atrocities in Belgium and the violations of American rights . In 1916 , while campaigning for Hughes , Roosevelt repeatedly denounced Irish - Americans and German - Americans whom he described as unpatriotic , saying they put the interests of Ireland and Germany ahead of America 's by supporting neutrality . He insisted that one had to be 100 % American , not a `` hyphenated American '' who juggled multiple loyalties . In March 1917 , Congress gave Roosevelt the authority to raise a maximum of four divisions similar to the Rough Riders , and Major Frederick Russell Burnham was put in charge of both the general organization and recruitment . However , President Wilson announced to the press that he would not send Roosevelt and his volunteers to France , but instead would send an American Expeditionary Force under the command of General John J. Pershing . Roosevelt never forgave Wilson , and quickly published The Foes of Our Own Household , an indictment of the sitting president . Roosevelt 's youngest son , Quentin , a pilot with the American forces in France , was shot down behind German lines on July 14 , 1918 , at the age of 20 . It is said that Quentin 's death distressed Roosevelt so much that he never recovered from his loss . Roosevelt 's attacks on Wilson helped the Republicans win control of Congress in the off - year elections of 1918 . He declined a request from New York Republican to run for another gubernatorial term , but attacked Wilson 's Fourteen Points , calling instead for the unconditional surrender of Germany . He was cautiously optimistic about the proposed League of Nations , but had reservations about its impact on United States sovereignty . Roosevelt was popular enough to contest the 1920 Republican nomination , but his health was broken by 1918 due to the lingering effects of malaria . His family and supporters threw their support behind Roosevelt 's old military companion , General Leonard Wood , but Taft supporter Warren G. Harding defeated Wood on the tenth ballot of the 1920 Republican National Convention . Death Roosevelt 's grave , Oyster Bay , New York On the night of January 5 , 1919 , Roosevelt suffered breathing problems . After receiving treatment from his physician , Dr. George W. Faller , he felt better and went to bed . Roosevelt 's last words were `` Please put out that light , James '' to his family servant James Amos . Between 4 : 00 and 4 : 15 the next morning , Roosevelt died in his sleep at Sagamore Hill after a blood clot had detached from a vein and traveled to his lungs . He was sixty years old . Upon receiving word of his death , his son Archibald telegraphed his siblings : `` The old lion is dead . '' Woodrow Wilson 's vice president , Thomas R. Marshall , said that `` Death had to take Roosevelt sleeping , for if he had been awake , there would have been a fight . '' Following a private farewell service in the North Room at Sagamore Hill , a simple funeral was held at Christ Episcopal Church in Oyster Bay . Vice President Thomas R. Marshall , Charles Evans Hughes , Warren Harding , Henry Cabot Lodge , and William Howard Taft were among the mourners . The snow - covered procession route to Youngs Memorial Cemetery was lined with spectators and a squad of mounted policemen who had ridden from New York City . Roosevelt was buried on a hillside overlooking Oyster Bay . Writer Main article : Theodore Roosevelt bibliography Address to the Boys Progressive League A speech by Roosevelt as a former President <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Part of the Works of Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt was a prolific author , writing with passion on subjects ranging from foreign policy to the importance of the national park system . Roosevelt was also an avid reader of poetry . Poet Robert Frost said that Roosevelt `` was our kind . He quoted poetry to me . He knew poetry . '' As an editor of Outlook magazine , Roosevelt had weekly access to a large , educated national audience . In all , Roosevelt wrote about 18 books ( each in several editions ) , including his autobiography , The Rough Riders , History of the Naval War of 1812 , and others on subjects such as ranching , explorations , and wildlife . His most ambitious book was the four volume narrative The Winning of the West , focused on the American frontier in the 18th and early 19th centuries . Roosevelt said that the American character -- indeed a new `` American race '' ( ethnic group ) had emerged from the heroic wilderness hunters and Indian fighters , acting on the frontier with little government help . Roosevelt also published an account of his 1909 -- 10 African expedition entitled African Game Trails . In 1907 , Roosevelt became embroiled in a widely publicized literary debate known as the nature fakers controversy . A few years earlier , naturalist John Burroughs had published an article entitled `` Real and Sham Natural History '' in the Atlantic Monthly , attacking popular writers of the day such as Ernest Thompson Seton , Charles G.D. Roberts , and William J. Long for their fantastical representations of wildlife . Roosevelt agreed with Burroughs ' criticisms , and published several essays of his own denouncing the booming genre of `` naturalistic '' animal stories as `` yellow journalism of the woods '' . It was the President himself who popularized the negative term `` nature faker '' to describe writers who depicted their animal characters with excessive anthropomorphism . Character and beliefs Sagamore Hill , Roosevelt 's estate Roosevelt intensely disliked being called `` Teddy '' , and was quick to point out this fact to those who referred to him as such , though it would become widely used by newspapers during his political career . He attended church regularly . In 1907 , concerning the motto `` In God We Trust '' on money , he wrote , `` It seems to me eminently unwise to cheapen such a motto by use on coins , just as it would be to cheapen it by use on postage stamps , or in advertisements . '' He was also a member of the Freemasons and Sons of the American Revolution . Roosevelt had a lifelong interest in pursuing what he called , in an 1899 speech , `` The Strenuous Life '' . To this end , he exercised regularly and took up boxing , tennis , hiking , rowing , polo , and horseback riding . As governor of New York , he boxed with sparring partners several times each week , a practice he regularly continued as President until being hit so hard in the face he became blind in his left eye ( a fact not made public until many years later ) . Thereafter , he practiced judo , attaining a third degree brown belt ; he also continued his habit of skinny - dipping in the Potomac River during the winter . Roosevelt was an enthusiastic singlestick player and , according to Harper 's Weekly , showed up at a White House reception with his arm bandaged after a bout with General Leonard Wood in 1905 . Roosevelt was an avid reader , reading tens of thousands of books , at a rate of several per day in multiple languages . Along with Thomas Jefferson , Roosevelt was the most well - read of all American presidents . Political positions Main article : Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt On taking office , Roosevelt reassured many conservatives , stating , `` the mechanism of modern business is so delicate that extreme care must be taken not to interfere with it in a spirit of rashness or ignorance . '' The following year , Roosevelt asserted the president 's independence from business interests by opposing the merger which created the Northern Securities Company , and many were surprised that any president , much less an unelected one , would challenge powerful banker J.P. Morgan . In his last two years as president , Roosevelt became increasingly distrustful of big business , despite its close ties to the Republican Party . Roosevelt sought to replace the 19th - century laissez - faire economic environment with a new economic model which included a larger regulatory role for the federal government . He believed that 19th - century entrepreneurs had risked their fortunes on innovations and new businesses , and that these capitalists had been rightly rewarded . By contrast , he believed that 20th - century capitalists risked little but nonetheless reaped huge and , given the lack of risk , unjust , economic rewards . Without a redistribution of wealth away from the upper class , Roosevelt feared that the country would turn to radicals or fall to revolution . His Square Deal domestic program had three main goals : conservation of natural resources , control of corporations , and consumer protection . The Square Deal evolved into his program of `` New Nationalism '' , which emphasized the priority of labor over capital interests and a need to more effectively control corporate creation and combination , and proposed a ban on corporate political contributions . Legacy Roosevelt in Pennsylvania on October 26 , 1914 Historians credit Roosevelt for changing the nation 's political system by permanently placing the presidency at center stage and making character as important as the issues . His notable accomplishments include trust busting and conservationism . He is a hero to liberals for his proposals in 1907 -- 12 that presaged the modern welfare state of the New Deal Era , and put the environment on the national agenda . Conservatives admire his `` big stick '' diplomacy and commitment to military values . Dalton says , `` Today he is heralded as the architect of the modern presidency , as a world leader who boldly reshaped the office to meet the needs of the new century and redefined America 's place in the world . '' However , liberals have criticized him for his interventionist and imperialist approach to nations he considered `` uncivilized '' . Conservatives reject his vision of the welfare state and emphasis on the superiority of government over private action . Historians typically rank Roosevelt among the top five presidents . Persona and masculinity 1910 cartoon shows Roosevelt 's multiple roles from 1899 to 1910 Dalton says Roosevelt is remembered as , `` one of the most picturesque personalities who has ever enlivened the landscape '' . His friend , historian Henry Adams , proclaimed : Roosevelt , more than any other man ... showed the singular primitive quality that belongs to ultimate matter -- the quality that medieval theology assigned to God -- he was pure act . Recent biographers have stressed Roosevelt 's personality . Cooper compared him with Woodrow Wilson , and discovered that both of them played the roles of warrior and priest . Dalton stressed Roosevelt 's strenuous life . Sarah Watts examined the desires of the `` Rough Rider in the White House '' . Brands calls Roosevelt `` the last romantic '' , arguing that his romantic concept of life emerged from his belief that `` physical bravery was the highest virtue and war the ultimate test of bravery '' . Roosevelt as the exemplar of American masculinity has become a major theme . As president , he repeatedly warned men that they were becoming too office - bound , too complacent , too comfortable with physical ease and moral laxity , and were failing in their duties to propagate the race and exhibit masculine vigor . French historian Serge Ricard says , `` the ebullient apostle of the Strenuous Life offers ideal material for a detailed psycho - historical analysis of aggressive manhood in the changing socio - cultural environment of his era ; McKinley , Taft , or Wilson would perhaps inadequately serve that purpose '' . He promoted competitive sports and the Boy Scouts of America , founded in 1910 , as the way forward . Brands shows that heroic displays of bravery were essential to Roosevelt 's image and mission : What makes the hero a hero is the romantic notion that he stands above the tawdry give and take of everyday politics , occupying an ethereal realm where partisanship gives way to patriotism , and division to unity , and where the nation regains its lost innocence , and the people their shared sense of purpose . Memorials and cultural depictions Main articles : Memorials to Theodore Roosevelt and Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt 's face on Mount Rushmore Roosevelt was included with Presidents George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , and Abraham Lincoln at the Mount Rushmore Memorial , designed in 1927 with the approval of Republican President Calvin Coolidge . For his gallantry at San Juan Hill , Roosevelt 's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor . In the late 1990s , Roosevelt 's supporters again recommended the award . On January 16 , 2001 , President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill , Cuba , during the Spanish -- American War . The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt : the USS Theodore Roosevelt ( SSBN - 600 ) , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982 , and the USS Theodore Roosevelt ( CVN - 71 ) , an aircraft carrier that has been on active duty in the Atlantic Fleet since 1986 . On November 18 , 1956 , the United States Postal Service released a 6 ¢ Liberty Issue postage stamp honoring Roosevelt . A 32 ¢ stamp was issued on February 3 , 1998 , as part of the Celebrate the Century stamp sheet series . In 2008 , Columbia Law School awarded a law degree to Roosevelt , posthumously making him a member of the class of 1882 . Roosevelt 's `` Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick '' ideology is still quoted by politicians and columnists in different countries -- not only in English , but also in translations to various other languages . Another lasting , popular legacy of Roosevelt is the stuffed toy bears -- teddy bears -- named after him following an incident on a hunting trip in Mississippi in 1902 . Roosevelt has been portrayed in films and television series such as Brighty of the Grand Canyon , The Wind and the Lion , Rough Riders , My Friend Flicka , and Law of the Plainsman . Robin Williams portrayed Roosevelt in the form of a wax mannequin that comes to life in Night at the Museum and its sequels Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian and Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . In 2017 , it was announced that Leonardo DiCaprio will portray Roosevelt in a biopic to be directed by Martin Scorsese . Media Theodore Roosevelt was one of the first presidents whose voice was recorded for posterity . Several of his recorded speeches survive . A 4.6 - minute voice recording , which preserves Roosevelt 's lower timbre ranges particularly well for its time , is among those available from the Michigan State University libraries ( this is the 1912 recording of The Right of the People to Rule , recorded by Edison at Carnegie Hall ) . The audio clip sponsored by the Authentic History Center includes his defense of the Progressive Party in 1912 , wherein he proclaims it the `` party of the people '' -- in contrast with the other major parties . Play media Parade for the school children of San Francisco , down Van Ness Avenue Play media Collection of film clips of Roosevelt Roosevelt goes for a ride in Arch Hoxsey 's plane in October 1910 See also Biography portal Military of the United States portal United States Army portal North America portal Electoral history of Theodore Roosevelt First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt List of United States political appointments across party lines Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library US Presidents on US postage stamps List of Presidents of the United States List of Presidents of the United States , sortable by previous experience Notes Jump up ^ His last name is , according to Roosevelt himself , `` pronounced as if it was spelled ' Rosavelt . ' That is in three syllables . The first syllable as if it was ' Rose . ' '' References Jump up ^ Hart , Albert B. ; Ferleger , Herbert R ( 1989 ) . `` Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia '' ( CD - ROM ) . Theodore Roosevelt Association . pp. 534 -- 35 . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Murray , Robert K ; Blessing , Tim H ( 2004 ) . Greatness in White House . Pennsylvania State U.P. pp. 8 -- 9 , 15 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Joseph ( October 1 , 2010 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt , 26th and 32nd Presidents of the United States , American Heraldry Society , archived from the original on December 30 , 2008 Jump up ^ Morris 1979 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Schriftgiesser , Karl ( 1942 ) . The Amazing Roosevelt Family , 1613 -- 1942 . Wildred Funk , Inc . Jump up ^ James Patrick Byrne ; Philip Coleman ; Jason Francis King . Ireland and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History . p. 848 . Jump up ^ Vought , Hans P. ( 2004 ) . The Bully Pulpit and the Melting Pot : American Presidents and the Immigrant , 1897 -- 1933 . Macon , Georgia : Mercer University Press . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 86554 - 8870 . Jump up ^ Putnam 1958 , ch 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Genealogy of the Oyster Bay Roosevelts . Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/trfamily.html Accessed March 14 , 2015 Jump up ^ McCullough 1981 , pp. 93 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Putnam 1958 , pp. 23 -- 27 . Jump up ^ TR 's Legacy -- The Environment , PBS , retrieved March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1913 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Putnam 1958 , pp. 63 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Thayer 1919 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Arnaldo Testi , `` The gender of reform politics : Theodore Roosevelt and the culture of masculinity . '' Journal of American History 81.4 ( 1995 ) : 1509 -- 1533 . online Jump up ^ Edmund Morris ( 2010 ) . Colonel Roosevelt . Random House . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Sanabria , Santa ( June 26 , 2011 ) . `` Mounted in New Jersey '' . The Hudson Reporter . Jump up ^ Brands ( 1998 ) . T.R. : The Last Romantic . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Edward P. Kohn ( 2013 ) . Heir to the Empire City : New York and the Making of Theodore Roosevelt . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 80 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Clark , Suzanne ( 2000 ) . `` Cold Warriors : Manliness on Trial in the Rhetoric of the West '' . SIU Press . Jump up ^ Henry F. Pringle ( 1931 ) . Theodore Roosevelt . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 110 -- 12 , 123 -- 33 . quote p. 126 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1913 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Morris 1979 , p. 565 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Michael J. ( April 2002 ) . `` The Lasting Influence of Theodore Roosevelt 's Naval War of 1812 '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Naval History . 1 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Karsten , `` The Nature of ' Influence ' : Roosevelt , Mahan and the Concept of Sea Power . '' American Quarterly 23 # 4 ( 1971 ) : 585 -- 600 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Richard W. Turk , The Ambiguous Relationship : Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan ( 1987 ) online Jump up ^ Carl Cavanagh Hodge , `` The Global Strategist : The Navy as the Nation 's Big Stick '' , in Serge Ricard , ed. , A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt ( 2011 ) pp 257 -- 73 Jump up ^ Stephen G. Rabe , Theodore Roosevelt , the Panama Canal , and the Roosevelt Corollary : Sphere of Influence Diplomacy `` , in Ricard , ed. , A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt ( 2011 ) pp 274 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` TR Center -- ImageViewer '' . Jump up ^ `` TR Center -- ImageViewer '' . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Nathan ( 1992 ) . Theodore Roosevelt , A Life . William Morrow & Co . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Morris 1979 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Edward P. Kohn , `` Theodore Roosevelt 's Early Political Career : The Making of an Independent Republican and Urban Progressive '' in Ricard , A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt ( 2011 ) pp : 27 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 134 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 138 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 140 -- 142 . Jump up ^ `` Mr Sheard to be Speaker '' , The New York Times , January 1 , 1884 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 153 . Jump up ^ Edward P. Kohn , `` ' A Most Revolting State of Affairs ' : Theodore Roosevelt 's Aldermanic Bill and the New York Assembly City Investigating Committee of 1884 '' , American Nineteenth Century History ( 2009 ) 10 # 1 pp : 71 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Putnam , 413 -- 24 Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Putnam , 445 -- 50 Jump up ^ Pringle 1956 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Putnam , 445 Jump up ^ Putnam , 467 Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 161 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1902 ) . Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail . Century . pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Morrisey , Will ( 2009 ) . The Dilemma of Progressivism : How Roosevelt , Taft , and Wilson Reshaped the American Regime of Self - Government . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6618 - 7 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Morris 1979 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Roosevelt the Rancher '' . nps.gov . National Park Service . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . The blow proved disastrous for Roosevelt , who lost over half of his $80,000 investment , the equivalent of approximately $1.7 million today . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Thayer 1919 , pp. 4 , 6 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 181 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Rice , Sir Cecil Spring ( 1929 ) , Gwynn , S , ed. , The Letters and Friendships , London : Constable & Co , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 193 -- 194 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1992 , pp. 183 -- 185 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Arthur G. ( 2011 ) . The Everything Theodore Roosevelt Book : The Extraordinary Life of an American Icon . Adams Media . pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 197 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1992 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 203 . 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Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 310 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2001 , pp. 157 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1992 , p. 267 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 325 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , p. 261 , 268 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , p. 271 -- 272 . Jump up ^ `` The World of 1989 : The Spanish - American War ; Rough Riders '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , p. 272 - 274 . Jump up ^ Samuels 1997 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 2014 ) . Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography . Auckland , New Zealand : The Floating Press . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77653 - 337 - 4 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1898 ) , `` III '' , The Rough Riders , Bartleby , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Samuels 1997 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Matuz , Roger ( 2004 ) . The Handy Presidents Answer Book . Canton , MI : Visible Ink Press . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 308 -- 310 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 310 -- 311 . 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Jump up ^ Chessman , G Wallace ( 1952 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt 's Campaign Against the Vice-Presidency '' , Historian , 14 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 90 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1952. tb00132. x . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 346 . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Alison ( 2009 ) . Theodore Roosevelt . Infobase Publishing . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 354 -- 356 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 422 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Edmund Morris , Theodore Rex p58 ^ Jump up to : Ruddy 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 365 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Schweikart , Larry ( 2009 ) . American Entrepreneur : The Fascinating Stories of the People Who Defined Business in the United States . AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 378 -- 379 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 379 -- 381 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 552 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 553 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Harbaugh , William Henry ( 1963 ) , Power and Responsibility : Theodore Roosevelt , pp. 165 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 450 -- 83 . 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Jump up ^ Douglas Brinkley , The Wilderness Warrior : Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Executing the Constitution : Putting the President Back Into the Constitution . State University of New York Press . 2006 . p. 53 . ISBN 9780791481905 . ^ Jump up to : Dodds , Graham ( 2013 ) . Take up Your Pen . University of Pennsylvania . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4511 - 0 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Dodds , Graham ( 2013 ) . Take up Your Pen . University of Pennsylvania . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4511 - 0 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Executive Orders '' . UCSB . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 615 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 384 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 382 -- 383 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 530 -- 39 . Jump up ^ George E. Mowry , `` The First Roosevelt '' , The American Mercury , ( November 1946 ) quote at p 580 online Jump up ^ Eugene P. Trani , The Treaty of Portsmouth : An Adventure in American Diplomacy ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 450 -- 451 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 387 -- 388 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 399 -- 400 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 397 -- 398 . Jump up ^ Gould 2011 , pp. 249 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 464 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 482 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Chambers 1974 , pp. 209 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Chambers 1974 , pp. 213 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Chambers 1974 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 570 . Jump up ^ Serge Ricard , `` The State of Theodore Roosevelt Studies '' `` H - Diplo Essay # 116 '' Oct. 24 2014 Jump up ^ Rouse , Robert ( March 15 , 2006 ) . `` Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference -- 93 years young ! '' . American Chronicle . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Arthur ; Weinberg , Lila Shaffer ( 1961 ) . The Muckrakers . 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Jump up ^ `` President Roosevelt 's African Trip '' . Science . 28 ( 729 ) : 876 -- 77 . December 18 , 1908 . JSTOR 1635075 . PMID 17743798 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 28.729. 876 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roosevelt African Expedition Collects for SI '' . Smithsonian Institution Archives . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ George A. Cevasco & Richard P. Harmond ( 2009 ) . Modern American Environmentalists : A Biographical Encyclopedia . JHU Press . p. 444 . Jump up ^ O'Toole 2005 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1910 ) . African Game Trails . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 505 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 505 -- 509 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1992 , pp. 511 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 506 -- 507 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 503 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 665 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 502 -- 503 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 512 -- 513 . ^ Jump up to : Brands 1997 , p. 675 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 515 -- 516 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 517 . 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Jump up ^ Cannon , Carl M ( 2003 ) , The Pursuit of Happiness in Times of War , Rowman & Littlefield , p. 142 , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2592 - 9 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , Patricia ( June 25 , 2006 ) . `` The War of 1912 '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1913 , XV . The Peace of Righteousness , Appendix B . Jump up ^ Thayer 1919 , Chapter XXII , pp. 25 -- 31 . Jump up ^ George E. Mowry , `` The South and the Progressive Lily White Party of 1912 . '' Journal of Southern History 6 # 2 ( 1940 ) : 237 -- 247 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , `` The Negro as a Factor in the Campaign of 1912 . '' Journal of Negro History 32 # 1 ( 1947 ) : 81 -- 99 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , `` Theodore Roosevelt and the South in 1912 . '' North Carolina Historical Review 2333 ( 1946 ) : 313 -- 324 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Edgar Eugene Robinson , The Presidential Vote 1896 -- 1932 ( 1947 ) , pp 65 -- 127 . Jump up ^ `` Artifacts '' . Museum . Wisconsin Historical Society . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Medical History of American Presidents '' . Doctor Zebra . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt '' , Detroit Free Press , History buff . Jump up ^ `` Roosevelt Timeline '' . Theodore Roosevelt . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 529 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 529 -- 530 . Jump up ^ Lewis L. Gould , Four Hats in the Ring : The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics ( Univ . Press of Kansas , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Dexter , Jim ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` How third - party candidates affect elections '' . CNN . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1914 ) , Through the Brazilian Wilderness ( facsimile ) ( 1st ed . ) , S4u languages . ^ Jump up to : Millard , The river of doubt : Theodore Roosevelt 's darkest journey ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Marx , Rudolph ( October 31 , 2011 ) , The Health of The President : Theodore Roosevelt , Health guidance . ^ Jump up to : `` Theodore Roosevelt Dies Suddenly at Oyster Bay Home ; Nation Shocked , Pays Tribute to Former President ; Our Flag on All Seas and in All Lands at Half Mast '' . The New York Times . January 1919 . Jump up ^ Thayer 1919 , pp. 4 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 539 -- 540 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 548 -- 549 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 550 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 552 -- 553 . Jump up ^ McGeary , M. Nelson ( July 1959 ) . `` Gifford Pinchot 's Years of Frustration , 1917 -- 1920 '' . The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 83 ( 3 ) : 327 . JSTOR 20089210 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 749 -- 51 , 806 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1917 ) , The Foes of Our Own Household , p. 347 Jump up ^ `` Enroll Westerners for Service in War ; Movement to Register Men of That Region Begun at the Rocky Mountain Club . Headed by Major Burnham . John Hays Hammond and Others of Prominence Reported to be Supporting Plan '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . March 13 , 1917 . p. 11 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Will Not Send Roosevelt ; Wilson Not to Avail Himself of Volunteer Authority at Present '' . New York Times . May 19 , 1917 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1917 ) , The Foes of Our Own Household Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 781 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Cramer , CH ( 1961 ) , Newton D. Baker , pp. 110 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Dalton ( 2002 ) p. 507 Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 562 -- 564 . Jump up ^ Pietrusza , David . 1920 : The Year of the Six Presidents ( 2007 ) , pp. 55 -- 71 ( on Roosevelt 's prospective candidacy ) , 167 -- 75 ( on Wood and his support by Roosevelt 's family ) . Jump up ^ Manners , William ( 1969 ) , TR and Will : A Friendship that Split the Republican Party , New York : Harcourt , Brace & World . ^ Jump up to : Morris 2010 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ Morris 2010 , pp. 554 , 556 -- 557 . Jump up ^ Morris 2010 , pp. 554 , 557 . Jump up ^ `` '' Light gone out '' -- TR at the Library of Congress -- Jefferson 's Legacy : The Library of Congress Review `` . IgoUgo . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 2006 ) . An Autobiography . Echo Library . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4068 - 0155 - 2 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1904 ) . The Rough Riders . New York : The Review of Reviews Company . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1900 ) . The Naval War of 1812 . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Jump up ^ Richard Slotkin , `` Nostalgia and progress : Theodore Roosevelt 's myth of the frontier '' . American Quarterly ( 1981 ) 33 # 5 pp : 608 -- 637 . online Jump up ^ Carson , Gerald ( February 1971 ) , `` Roosevelt and the ' nature fakers ' '' , American Heritage Magazine , 22 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the SAR '' , About , SAR . Jump up ^ Thayer 1919 , Chapter XVII , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Shaw , KB ; Maiden , David ( 2006 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt '' , Biographies , Inc well , retrieved March 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Amberger , J Christoph ( 1998 ) , Secret History of the Sword Adventures in Ancient Martial Arts , ISBN 1 - 892515 - 04 - 0 . Jump up ^ Burton , David H ( 1988 ) , The Learned Presidency , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2015 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2015 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Gary Murphy in `` Theodore Roosevelt , Presidential Power and the Regulation of the Market '' in Serge Ricard , ed . A companion to Theodore Roosevelt ( 2011 ) pp 154 - 72 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 2001 ) pp. 430 - 431 , 436 Jump up ^ Klopfenstein , Mark , The Progressive Era ( 1900 - 1920 ) ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Dalton 2002 , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` Impact and Legacy '' , Biography , American President , The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy '' , T Roosevelt , PBS . Jump up ^ Dalton 2002 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Adams , Henry ( 1918 ) . The Education of Henry Adams : An Autobiography . p. 417 . Jump up ^ Cooper 1983 . Jump up ^ Dalton 2002 . Jump up ^ Watts 2003 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. x . Jump up ^ Testi 1995 . Jump up ^ D.G. Daniels , `` Theodore Roosevelt and Gender Roles '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 1996 ) 26 # 3 pp 648 -- 665 Jump up ^ Dorsey , Leroy G ( 2013 ) , `` Managing Women 's Equality : Theodore Roosevelt , the Frontier Myth , and the Modern Woman '' , Rhetoric & Public Affairs , 16 ( 3 ) : 425 , doi : 10.1353 / rap. 2013.0037 . Jump up ^ Ricard , Serge ( 2005 ) , `` Review '' , The Journal of Military History , 69 ( 2 ) : 536 -- 37 , doi : 10.1353 / jmh. 2005.0123 . Jump up ^ Boy Scouts Handbook ( original ed . ) . Boy Scouts of America . 1911 . pp. 374 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Domek , Tom ; Hayes , Robert E. ( 2006 ) . Mt . Rushmore and Keystone . Charleston , SC : Arcadia Publishing . Jump up ^ Fite , Gibert C. ( 2003 ) . Mount Rushmore . Mount Rushmore History Association . ISBN 0 - 9646798 - 5 - X . Jump up ^ Woodall , James R. ( 2010 ) . Williams - Ford Texas A and M University Military History : Texas Aggie Medals of Honor : Seven Heroes of World War Ii . Texas A&M University Press . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Up 1900s Celebrate The Century Issues '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . January 1 , 1998 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Presidents Roosevelt Awarded Posthumous J.D.s '' ( Press release ) . Public Affairs Office , Columbia University . September 25 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2015 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` My Friend Flicka '' . Classic Television Archives . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Law of the Plainsman '' . imdb.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio & Martin Scorsese Ride Again On Teddy Roosevelt Pic At Paramount '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent Voice Library ( audio clips ) , Michigan State University , retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MSU '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1913 ) . Youngman , Elmer H , ed . Progressive Principles . New York : Progressive National Service . p. 215 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Bibliography Full Biographies Brands , Henry William ( 1997 ) , TR : The Last Romantic ( full biography ) , New York : Basic Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06958 - 3 , OCLC 36954615 . Chessman , G Wallace ( 1965 ) , Governor Theodore Roosevelt : The Albany Apprenticeship , 1898 -- 1900 Cooper , John Milton ( 1983 ) , The Warrior and the Priest : Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt ( dual scholarly biography ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 94751 - 1 . Dalton , Kathleen ( 2002 ) , Theodore Roosevelt : A Strenuous Life ( full scholarly biography ) , ISBN 0 - 679 - 76733 - 9 . Gould , Lewis L ( 2012 ) , Theodore Roosevelt , 105 pp , very short biography by leading scholar . Harbaugh , William Henry ( 1963 ) , The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt ( full scholarly biography ) . Miller , Nathan ( 1992 ) , Theodore Roosevelt : A Life , William Morrow & Co . Morris , Edmund ( 1979 ) , The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt , 1 . To 1901 ; Pulitzer prize for Volume 1 . Morris , Edmund ( 2001 ) , Theodore Rex , 2 . To 1909 Morris , Edmund ( 2010 ) , Colonel Roosevelt , 3 . Pringle , Henry F ( 1956 ) ( 1932 ) , Theodore Roosevelt ( full scholarly biography ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Putnam , Carleton ( 1958 ) , Theodore Roosevelt ( biography ) , I : The Formative Years , only volume published , to age 28 . Samuels , Peggy ( 1997 ) , Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan : The Making of a President , Texas A&M UP . Thayer , William Roscoe ( 1919 ) , Theodore Roosevelt : an intimate biography , Houghton Mifflin . Personality and activities Bishop , Joseph Bucklin ( 2007 ) , Theodore Roosevelt 's Letters to His Children , Wildside Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 434 - 48394 - 2 . DiSilvestro , Roger ( 2011 ) , Theodore Roosevelt in the Badlands : A Young Politician 's Quest in the American West , Walker & Co , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1721 - 4 , archived from the original on March 26 , 2011 . Fehn , Bruce ( 2005 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt and American Masculinity '' , Magazine of History , 19 ( 2 ) : 52 -- 59 , ISSN 0882 - 228X , doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 19.2. 52 Provides a lesson plan on TR as the historical figure who most exemplifies the quality of masculinity . Gluck , Sherwin ( 1999 ) , TR 's Summer White House , Oyster Bay . Chronicles the events of TR 's presidency during the summers of his two terms . Greenberg , David ( 2011 ) , `` Beyond the Bully Pulpit '' , Wilson Quarterly , 35 ( 3 ) : 22 -- 29 . The president 's use of publicity , rhetoric and force of personality . Millard , Candice ( 2005 ) , River of Doubt : Theodore Roosevelt 's Darkest Journey ; his deadly 1913 -- 14 trip to the Amazon . McCullough , David ( 1981 ) , Mornings on Horseback : The Story of an Extraordinary Family , a Vanished Way of Life and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt , Simon & Schuster , best seller ; to 1886 . -- -- -- ( 2001 ) ( 1981 ) , Mornings on Horseback , The Story of an Extraordinary Family , a Vanished Way of Life , and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt ( popular biography ) , to 1884 . O'Toole , Patricia ( 2005 ) , When Trumpets Call : Theodore Roosevelt after the White House , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 684 - 86477 - 0 . 494 pp . Renehan , Edward J ( 1998 ) , The Lion 's Pride : Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War , Oxford University Press , examines TR and his family during the World War I period . Testi , Arnaldo ( 1995 ) , `` The Gender of Reform Politics : Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity '' , Journal of American History , 81 ( 4 ) : 1509 -- 33 , doi : 10.2307 / 2081647 . Thompson , J Lee ( 2010 ) , Theodore Roosevelt Abroad : Nature , Empire , and the Journey of an American President , Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10277 - 4 , 240 pp. TR in Africa & Europe , 1909 -- 10 Watts , Sarah ( 2003 ) , Rough Rider in the White House : Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Desire . 289 pp . Yarbrough , Jean M ( 2012 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and the American Political Tradition , University Press of Kansas , 337 pp ; TR 's political thought and its significance for republican self - government . Domestic policies Brinkley , Douglas ( 2009 ) . The Wilderness Warrior : Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America . New York : HarperCollins . online review ; another online review Cutright , P.R. ( 1985 ) Theodore Roosevelt : The making of a Modern Conservationist ( U of Illinois Press . ) Dorsey , Leroy G ( 1997 ) , `` The Frontier Myth and Teddy Roosevelt 's Fight for Conservation '' , in Gerster , Patrick ; Cords , Nicholas , Myth America : A Historical Anthology , II , St. James , NY : Brandywine Press , ISBN 1 - 881089 - 97 - 5 . Gould , Lewis L ( 2011 ) , The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt ( 2nd ed . ) , standard history of his domestic and foreign policy as president . Bakari , Mohamed El - Kamel . `` Mapping the ' Anthropocentric - ecocentric'Dualism in the History of American Presidency : The Good , the Bad , and the Ambivalent . '' Journal of Studies in Social Sciences 14 , no . 2 ( 2016 ) . Keller , Morton , ed. ( 1967 ) , Theodore Roosevelt : A Profile ( excerpts from TR and from historians ) . Murphey , William ( March 2013 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt and the Bureau of Corporation : Executive - Corporate Cooperation and the Advancement of the Regulatory State '' , American Nineteenth Century History , 14 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 111 , doi : 10.1080 / 14664658.2013. 774983 . Redekop , Benjamin . ( 2015 ) . `` Embodying the Story : The Conservation Leadership of Theodore Roosevelt '' . Leadership ( 2015 ) DOI : 10.1177 / 1742715014546875 online Swanson , Ryan A ( 2011 ) , `` ' I Never Was a Champion at Anything ' : Theodore Roosevelt 's Complex and Contradictory Record as America 's ' Sports President ' '' , Journal of Sport History , 38 ( 3 ) : 425 -- 46 . Zacks , Richard ( 2012 ) , Island of Vice : Theodore Roosevelt 's Doomed Quest to Clean Up Sin - Loving New York . Politics Blum , John Morton ( 1954 ) , The Republican Roosevelt , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , OCLC 310975 . How TR did politics . Chace , James ( 2004 ) , 1912 : Wilson , Roosevelt , Taft , and Debs : The Election That Changed the Country , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 0394 - 4 , 323 pp . Chambers , John W. ( 1974 ) , Woodward , C. Vann , ed. , Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct , New York , New York : Delacorte Press , pp. 207 -- 237 , ISBN 0 - 440 - 05923 - 2 Gould , Lewis L ( 2008 ) , Four Hats in the Ring : The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics ( by a leading scholar ) . Haverkamp , Michael ( 2001 ) , `` Rossevelt and Taft : How the Republican Vote Split in Ohio in 1912 '' , Ohio History , 110 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 35 . Kohn , Edward P ( Spring 2006 ) , `` A Necessary Defeat : Theodore Roosevelt and the New York Mayoral Election of 1886 '' , New York History , 87 : 205 -- 27 . -- -- -- ( 2006 ) , `` Crossing the Rubicon : Theodore Roosevelt , Henry Cabot Lodge , and the 1884 Republican National Convention '' , Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era , 5 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 45 , doi : 10.1017 / s1537781400002851 . Leuchtenberg , William E. ( 2015 ) , The American President : From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton , Oxford University Press Milkis , Sidney M ( 2009 ) , Theodore Roosevelt , the Progressive Party , and the Transformation of American Democracy , Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . 361 pp . Mowry , George E ( 1939 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt and the Election of 1910 '' , The Mississippi Valley Historical Review , 25 ( 4 ) : 523 -- 34 , JSTOR 1892499 , doi : 10.2307 / 1892499 . -- -- -- ( 1946 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement . Focus on 1912 -- -- -- ( 1954 ) , The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America , 1900 -- 1912 ( general survey of era ) . Powell , Jim ( 2006 ) , Bully Boy : The Truth About Theodore Roosevelt 's Legacy , Crown Forum , ISBN 0 - 307 - 23722 - 2 . Attacks TR policies from conservative / libertarian perspective . Ruddy , Daniel ( 2016 ) , Theodore the Great : Conservative Crusader , Washington D.C. : Regnery History , ISBN 978 - 1 - 62157 - 441 - 5 Foreign and military policies Beale , Howard K ( 1956 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power ( standard history of his foreign policy ) . Hendrix , Henry J ( 2009 ) , Theodore Roosevelt 's Naval Diplomacy : The US Navy & the Birth of the American Century . Holmes , James R ( 2006 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and World Order : Police Power in International Relations . 328 pp . Jones , Gregg ( 2012 ) , Honor in the Dust : Theodore Roosevelt , War in the Philippines , and the Rise and Fall of America 's Imperial Dream Marks III , Frederick W ( 1979 ) , Velvet on Iron : The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt . McCullough , David ( 1977 ) , The Path between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 -- 1914 . Oyos , Matthew ( 2011 ) , `` Courage , Careers , and Comrades : Theodore Roosevelt and the United States Army Officer Corps '' , Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era , 10 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 58 , doi : 10.1017 / s1537781410000022 . On TR 's controversial reforms . Ricard , Serge ( 2006 ) , `` The Roosevelt Corollary '' , Presidential Studies Quarterly , 36 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 26 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2006. 00283. x . -- -- -- ( 2008 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt : Imperialist or Global Strategist in the New Expansionist Age ? '' , Diplomacy and Statecraft , 19 ( 4 ) : 639 -- 57 , doi : 10.1080 / 09592290802564379 . Rofe , J Simon ( 2008 ) , `` ' Under the Influence of Mahan ' : Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt and their Understanding of American National Interest '' , Diplomacy and Statecraft , 19 ( 4 ) : 732 -- 45 , doi : 10.1080 / 09592290802564536 . -- -- -- ; Thompson , John M ( 2011 ) , `` Internationalists in Isolationist times -- Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt and a Rooseveltian Maxim '' , Journal of Transatlantic Studies , 9 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 62 , doi : 10.1080 / 14794012.2011. 550773 . Tilchin , William N ( 1997 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire : A Study in Presidential Statecraft Tilchin , William N ; Neu , Charles E , eds. ( 2006 ) , Artists of Power : Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , and Their Enduring Impact on US Foreign Policy , Praeger . 196 pp . Historiography Dalton , Kathleen . `` Changing interpretations of Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive era . '' in Christopher M. Nichols and Nancy C. Unger , eds A Companion to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era ( 2017 ) : 296 -- 307 . Grantham , Dewey W. , Jr . `` Theodore Roosevelt in American Historical Writing , 1945 -- 1960 . '' Mid-America 43 # 1 ( January 1961 ) : 3 -- 35 . Ricard , Serge . `` The State of Theodore Roosevelt Studies '' H - Diplo Essay No. 116 24 October 2014 online Ricard , Serge , ed. ( 2011 ) , A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt , excerpt and text search , 28 new essays by scholars ; focus on historiography . online Tilchin , William , `` The Rising Star of Theodore Roosevelt 's Diplomacy : Major Studies from Beale to the Present . '' Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal 15 # 3 ( Summer 1989 ) : 2 -- 24 . Primary sources Kohn , Edward P. , ed . A Most Glorious Ride : The Diaries of Theodore Roosevelt , 1877 -- 1886 ( State University of New York Press , 2015 ) , 284 pp . Bishop , ed. , Joseph Bucklin ( 1920 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and His Time Shown in His Own Letters vol. 1 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ; vol 2 Roosevelt , Theodore ; Roosevelt , Kermit ( 1926 ) , East of the Sun and West of the Moon , New York : Scribner Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1889 ) , The Winning of the West , I , New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons -- -- -- ( 1913 ) , Autobiography , New York : Macmillan . -- -- -- ( 1917 ) , The Foes of Our Own Household , New York : George H. Doran , LCCN 17025965 -- -- -- ( 1926 ) , The Works ( National ed . ) , 20 vol. ; 18,000 pages containing most of TR 's speeches , books and essays , but not his letters ; a CD - ROM edition is available ; some of TR 's books are available online through Project Bartleby -- -- -- ( 1941 ) , Hart , Albert Bushnell ; Ferleger , Herbert Ronald , eds. , Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia , Roosevelt 's opinions on many issues ; online version at Theodore Roosevelt . -- -- -- ( 1951 -- 1954 ) , Morison , Elting E ; Blum , John Morton ; Chandler , Alfred D jr , eds. , The Letters ( annotated ed . ) , 8 vols . Very large . -- -- -- ( 1967 ) , Harbaugh , William , ed. , The Writings ( one - volume selection of speeches and essays ) . -- -- -- ( 1968 ) , Roosevelt , Archibald , ed. , Theodore Roosevelt on Race , Riots , Reds , Crime , Probe -- -- -- ( 1999 ) ( 1913 ) , An Autobiography , Bartleby . -- -- -- ( 1999 ) ( 1882 ) , The Naval War of 1812 Or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans , New York : The Modern Library , ISBN 0 - 375 - 75419 - 9 . -- -- -- ( 2001 ) , Brands , HW , ed. , The Selected Letters -- -- -- ( 2004 ) , Auchincloss , Louis , ed. , Theodore Roosevelt , The Rough Riders and an Autobiography , Library of America , ISBN 978 - 1 - 931082 - 65 - 5 . -- -- -- ( 2004 ) , Auchincloss , Louis , ed. , Letters and Speeches , Library of America , ISBN 978 - 1 - 931082 - 66 - 2 . -- -- -- . `` Books and speeches '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . -- -- -- , Original Handwritten and Typed Letters , Notes , and Documents , Shapell Manuscript Foundation . External links Find more aboutTheodore Rooseveltat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Official White House biography Organizations Boone and Crockett Club Theodore Roosevelt Association Libraries and collections Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University Theodore Roosevelt Collection , at the Houghton Library , Harvard University Julian L. Street Papers on Theodore Roosevelt , at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library , Princeton University Doris A. and Lawrence H. Budner Collection on Theodore Roosevelt at the DeGolyer Library , Southern Methodist University Theodore Roosevelt 's journalism at The Archive of American Journalism Theodore Roosevelt American Museum of Natural History Works by Theodore Roosevelt at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Theodore Roosevelt at Internet Archive Works by Theodore Roosevelt at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Media `` Theodore Roosevelt collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . `` Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt '' , from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits , September 3 , 1999 `` Writings of Theodore Roosevelt '' from C - SPAN 's American Writers : A Journey Through History Other United States Congress . `` Theodore Roosevelt ( id : R000429 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt : A Resource Guide -- Library of Congress Theodore Roosevelt , Nobel Peace Prize ( 1906 ) Theodore Roosevelt at DMOZ Henderson , Daniel . Great - heart ; The Life Story of Theodore Roosevelt ( 1919 ) at Project Gutenberg Theodore Roosevelt on IMDb Appearances on C - SPAN <Th_colspan="2"> Theodore Roosevelt <Td_colspan="2"> 26th President of the United States , 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States , 1901 33rd Governor of New York , 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy , 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner , 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman , 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguiration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service , United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address , 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace , boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` I have just been shot '' ( 1912 speech ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election , 1898 Republican National Convention , 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election , 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt , Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly , and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) <Td_colspan="2"> ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Category <Th_colspan="2"> Offices and distinctions <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> New York Assembly Preceded by William J. Trimble New York State Assembly New York County , 21st District 1882 -- 1884 Succeeded by Henry A. Barnum <Th_colspan="3"> Political offices Preceded by Thomas G. Alvord Minority Leader in the New York State Assembly 1883 Succeeded by Frank Rice Preceded by William McAdoo Assistant Secretary of the Navy 1897 -- 1898 Succeeded by Charles Herbert Allen Preceded by Frank S. Black Governor of New York 1899 -- 1900 Succeeded by Benjamin Barker Odell Jr . Preceded by Garret Hobart Vice President of the United States 1901 Succeeded by Charles W. Fairbanks Preceded by William McKinley President of the United States 1901 -- 1909 Succeeded by William Howard Taft <Th_colspan="3"> Party political offices Preceded by Garret Hobart Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States 1900 Succeeded by Charles W. Fairbanks Preceded by William McKinley Republican nominee for President of the United States 1904 Succeeded by William Howard Taft New political party Progressive nominee for President of the United States 1912 Party disbanded <Th_colspan="3"> Awards and achievements Preceded by Bertha von Suttner Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1906 Succeeded by Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Louis Renault <Th_colspan="3"> Honorary titles Preceded by Grover Cleveland Oldest living President of the United States 1908 -- 1909 Succeeded by William Howard Taft <Th_colspan="2"> Articles related to Theodore Roosevelt <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Presidents of the United States ( list ) <Td_colspan="2"> George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Q. Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William H. 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Van Rensselaer Broome Tayler Clinton Tayler Swift Tayler Root Tallmadge Pitcher P. Livingston Dayan Throop Stebbins Oliver E. Livingston Tracy Bradish Dickinson Gardiner Lester Fish Patterson Church Raymond Selden Campbell Floyd - Jones Alvord Woodford Beach Robinson Dorsheimer Hoskins Hill McCarthy Jones Sheehan Saxton Woodruff Higgins Bruce Raines Chanler White Cobb Conway Glynn Wagner Schoeneck Walker Wood Lusk Lunn Lowman Corning Lehman Bray Poletti Hanley Wallace Hanley Moore Wicks Mahoney DeLuca Wilson Anderson Krupsak Cuomo DelBello Anderson Lundine McCaughey Donohue Paterson Bruno Skelos Smith Espada Ravitch Duffy Hochul <Td_colspan="3"> Italics indicate acting officeholders <Th_colspan="3"> United States Department of the Navy Secretaries Cabinet level Stoddert Smith Hamilton Jones Crowninshield S Thompson Southard Branch L. 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Roosevelt Edison Compton Bard Hensel Kenney Andrews Koehler Askins Fogler Post -- 1954 Financial Management and Comptroller Installations and Environment Manpower and Reserve Affairs Research , Development and Acquisitions General Counsel of the Navy defunct : Air Installations and Logistics Material Research and Development Research , Engineering and Systems Shipbuilding and Logistics <Th_colspan="2"> United States Republican Party Chairpersons of the RNC Morgan Raymond Ward Claflin Morgan Chandler Cameron Jewell Sabin Jones Quay Clarkson Carter Hanna Payne Cortelyou New Hitchcock Hill Rosewater Hilles Wilcox Hays Adams Butler Work Huston Fess Sanders Fletcher Hamilton Martin Walsh Spangler Brownell Reece Scott Gabrielson Summerfield Roberts Hall Alcorn T.B. Morton Miller Burch Bliss R. 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Gage ( 1901 -- 02 ) Leslie M. Shaw ( 1902 -- 07 ) George B. Cortelyou ( 1907 -- 09 ) Secretary of War Elihu Root ( 1901 -- 04 ) William H. Taft ( 1904 -- 08 ) Luke E. Wright ( 1908 -- 09 ) Attorney General Philander C. Knox ( 1901 -- 04 ) William H. Moody ( 1904 -- 06 ) Charles J. Bonaparte ( 1906 -- 09 ) Postmaster General Charles Emory Smith ( 1901 -- 02 ) Henry C. Payne ( 1902 -- 04 ) Robert J. Wynne ( 1904 -- 05 ) George B. Cortelyou ( 1905 -- 07 ) George von L. Meyer ( 1907 -- 09 ) Secretary of the Navy John D. Long ( 1901 -- 02 ) William H. Moody ( 1902 -- 04 ) Paul Morton ( 1904 -- 05 ) Charles J. Bonaparte ( 1905 -- 06 ) Victor H. Metcalf ( 1906 -- 08 ) Truman H. Newberry ( 1908 -- 09 ) Secretary of the Interior Ethan A. Hitchcock ( 1901 -- 07 ) James R. Garfield ( 1907 -- 09 ) Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson ( 1901 -- 09 ) Secretary of Commerce and Labor George B. Cortelyou ( 1903 -- 04 ) Victor H. Metcalf ( 1904 -- 06 ) Oscar S. Straus ( 1906 -- 09 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A.M.F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951 -- 1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel - Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr . 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ ( declined award ) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976 -- 2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso ( 14th Dalai Lama ) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae - jung 2001 -- present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons <Th_colspan="2"> Hall of Fame for Great Americans <Td_colspan="2"> John Adams John Quincy Adams Jane Addams Louis Agassiz Susan B. 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McClintock Buckey O'Neill Seth Bullock John Campbell Greenway John Avery McIlhenny Allyn K. Capron Jr . Allyn K. Capron Sr . George Curry Woodbury Kane Thomas H. Rynning Enlisted men George G. McMurtry Chris Madsen Hamilton Fish Thomas Grindell Henry Barrett Billy McGinty Juan Alamia Frank Frantz Craig Wadsworth Henry Nash Ben Daniels Frank Knox Robert Wrenn Engagements Spanish -- American War Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill Siege of Santiago Memorials Rough Riders Memorial Buckey O'Neill Cabin Bucky O'Neill Monument Bronco Buster Theodore Roosevelt Monument Assemblage Film The Rough Riders ( 1927 film ) Teddy , the Rough Rider ( 1940 film ) Rough Riders ( 1997 mini-series ) See also Buckhorn Saloon Arizona Rangers Three Guardsmen Canyon Diablo Train Robbery Tiburón Island Tragedy Roosevelt 's World War I volunteers The Lost Battalion <Th_colspan="3"> Teddy bears Bear manufacturers Build - A-Bear Workshop Chad Valley J.K. 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8,926,595,669,256,328,000 | who led the reign of terror in france | Reign of Terror - Wikipedia Reign of Terror Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution . For other uses , see Reign of Terror ( disambiguation ) . `` The Terror '' redirects here . For other uses , see The Terror ( disambiguation ) . Nine emigrés are executed by guillotine , 1793 Heads of aristocrats , on pikes The Reign of Terror or The Terror ( French : la Terreur ) is the label given by some historians to a period during the French Revolution . Several historians consider the `` reign of terror '' to have begun in 1793 , placing the starting date at either 5 September , June or March ( birth of the Revolutionary Tribunal ) , while some consider it to have begun in September 1792 ( September Massacres ) , or even July 1789 ( when the first beheadings took place ) , but there is a general consensus that it ended with the fall of Robespierre in July 1794 . Between June 1793 and the end of July 1794 , there were 16,594 official death sentences in France , of which 2,639 were in Paris . However , the total number of deaths in France was much higher , owing to death in imprisonment , suicide and casualties in foreign and civil war . Contents ( hide ) 1 Barère and Robespierre glorify `` terror '' 2 Major events during ' the terror ' 3 Thermidorian Reaction 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 6.1 Primary sources 6.2 Secondary sources 6.3 Historiography 7 External links Barère and Robespierre glorify `` Terror '' ( edit ) See also : History of France § Counter-revolution subdued ( July 1793 -- April 1794 ) Bertrand Barère . There was a sense of emergency among leading politicians in France in the summer of 1793 between the widespread civil war and counter-revolution . Mr. Barère exclaimed on 5 September 1793 in the Convention : `` Let 's make terror the order of the day ! '' They were determined to avoid street violence such as the September Massacres of 1792 by taking violence into their own hands as an instrument of government . Maximilien Robespierre , member of the Committee of Public Safety . Robespierre in February 1794 in a speech explained the necessity of terror : If the basis of popular government in peacetime is virtue , the basis of popular government during a revolution is both virtue and terror ; virtue , without which terror is baneful ; terror , without which virtue is powerless . Terror is nothing more than speedy , severe and inflexible justice ; it is thus an emanation of virtue ; it is less a principle in itself , than a consequence of the general principle of democracy , applied to the most pressing needs of the patrie ( homeland , fatherland ) . Some historians argue that such terror was a necessary reaction to the circumstances . Others suggest there were also other causes , including ideological and emotional . Major events during ' the Terror ' ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : History of France § Revolutionary France ( 1789 -- 1799 ) , and France § Revolutionary France ( 1789 -- 1799 ) On 10 March 1793 the National Convention created the Revolutionary Tribunal . Among those charged by the tribunal , about a half were acquitted ( though the number dropped to about a quarter after the enactment of the Law of 22 Prairial ) . Among people who were condemned , about 8 % were aristocrats , 6 % clergy , 14 % middle class , and 72 % were workers or peasants . In March rebellion broke out in the Vendée in response to mass conscription , which developed into a civil war that lasted until after the Terror . On 6 April the Committee of Public Safety was created , which gradually became the de facto war - time government . On 2 June , the Parisian sans - culottes surrounded the National Convention , calling for administrative and political purges , a low fixed price for bread , and a limitation of the electoral franchise to sans - culottes alone . With the backing of the national guard , they persuaded the convention to arrest 29 Girondist leaders . In reaction to the imprisonment of the Girondin deputies , some thirteen departments started the Federalist revolt against the National Convention in Paris , which was ultimately crushed . On 24 June , the convention adopted the first republican constitution of France , the French Constitution of 1793 . It was ratified by public referendum , but never put into force . On 13 July the assassination of Jean - Paul Marat -- a Jacobin leader and journalist -- resulted in a further increase in Jacobin political influence . Georges Danton , the leader of the August 1792 uprising against the king , was removed from the committee . On July 27 , 1793 , Robespierre became part of the Committee of Public Safety . The execution of the Girondins . On 23 August , the National Convention decreed the Leveé en masse , `` The young men shall fight ; the married man shall forge arms and transport provisions ; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals ; the children shall turn all lint into linen ; the old men shall betake themselves to the public square in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic . '' On 9 September , the convention established paramilitary forces , the `` revolutionary armies '' , to force farmers to surrender grain demanded by the government . On 17 September , the Law of Suspects was passed , which authorized the imprisonment of vaguely defined `` suspects '' . This created a mass overflow in the prison systems . On 29 September , the convention extended price fixing from grain and bread to other essential goods , and also fixed wages . On 10 October , the Convention decreed that `` the provisional government shall be revolutionary until peace . '' On 24 October , the French Republican Calendar was enacted . The trial of the Girondins started on the same day and they were executed on 31 October . The execution of Olympe de Gouges , feminist writer close to the Girondins Anti-clerical sentiments increased during 1793 and a campaign of dechristianization occurred . On 10 November ( 20 Brumaire Year II of the French Republican Calendar ) , the Hébertists organized a Festival of Reason . On 14 Frimaire ( 5 December 1793 ) was passed the Law of Frimaire , which gave the central government more control over the actions of the representatives on mission . On 16 Pluviôse ( 4 February 1794 ) , the National Convention decreed that slavery be abolished in all of France and French colonies . On 8 and 13 Ventôse , ( 26 February and 3 March ) Saint - Just proposed decrees to confiscate the property of exiles and opponents of the revolution , known as the Ventôse Decrees . By the end of 1793 , two major factions had emerged , both threatening the Revolutionary Government : the Hébertists , who called for an intensification of the Terror and threatened insurrection , and the Dantonists , led by Georges Danton , who demanded moderation and clemency . The Committee of Public Safety took actions against both . The major Hébertists were tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal and executed on 24 March . The Dantonists were arrested on 30 March , tried on 3 to 5 April and executed on 5 April . On 20 Prairial ( 8 June ) was celebrated across the country the Festival of the Supreme Being , which was part of the Cult of the Supreme Being , a deist national religion . On 22 Prairial ( 10 June ) , the National Convention passed a law proposed by Georges Couthon , known as the Law of 22 Prairial , which simplified the judicial process and greatly accelerated the work of the Revolutionary Tribunal . With the enactment of the law , the number of executions greatly increased , and the period from this time to the Thermidorian Reaction became known as `` The Grand Terror '' . On 8 Messidor ( 26 June ) , the French army won the Battle of Fleurus , which marked a turning point in France 's military campaign and undermined the necessity of wartime measures and the legitimacy of the Revolutionary Government . Thermidorian reaction ( edit ) Main article : Thermidorian Reaction The execution of Maximilien Robespierre The fall of Robespierre was brought about by a combination of those who wanted more power for the Committee of Public Safety ( and a more radical policy than he was willing to allow ) and the moderates who completely opposed the revolutionary government . They had , between them , made the Law of 22 Prairial one of the charges against him , so that , after his fall , to advocate terror would be seen as adopting the policy of a convicted enemy of the republic , putting the advocate 's own head at risk . Between his arrest and his execution , Robespierre may have tried to commit suicide by shooting himself , although the bullet wound he sustained , whatever its origin , only shattered his jaw . Alternatively , he may have been shot by the gendarme Merda . The great confusion that arose during the storming of the municipal Hall of Paris , where Robespierre and his friends had found refuge , make it impossible to be sure of the wound 's origin . In any case , Robespierre was guillotined the next day . The reign of the standing Committee of Public Safety was ended . New members were appointed the day after Robespierre 's execution , and limits on terms of office were fixed ( a quarter of the committee retired every three months ) . The Committee 's powers were gradually eroded . See also ( edit ) Bals des victimes Tricoteuse Drownings at Nantes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Reign of Terror '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2015 ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Linton , Marisa . `` The Terror in the French Revolution '' ( PDF ) . Kingston University . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ The dates July 1789 , September 1792 , March 1793 as starting date for the Reign of Terror ( French : la Terreur ) are given in the French Wikipedia , referring to source : Jean - Clément Martin , La Terreur , part maudite de la Révolution ( ' The Terror , the cursed part of the Revolution ' ) , coll . Découvertes Gallimard ( n ° 566 ) , Paris : Gallimard , 2010 , p. 14 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Linton , Marisa ( August 2006 ) . `` Robespierre and the terror : Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history . '' . History Today . 8 ( 56 ) : 23 . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 7 ( p. 175 -- 203 ) : The federalist revolt , the Vendée , and the start of the Terror ( summer -- fall 1793 ) . Jump up ^ ( in French ) ' 30 août 1793 -- La terreur à l'ordre du jour ! ' Website Vendéens & Chouans . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Halsall , Paul ( 1997 ) . `` Maximilien Robespierre : On the Principles of Political Morality , February 1794 '' . Fordham University . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mathiez , Albert . La Révolution Française . Librairie Armand Colin . ISBN 978 - 7 - 100 - 07058 - 4 . Jump up ^ Furet , Francois . A Deep - rooted Ideology as Well as Circumstance , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Tackett , Timothy ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) . The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution . Belknap Press : An Imprint of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674736559 . Jump up ^ `` French Revolution '' . History.com . The History Channel . Retrieved 24 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones , Peter . The French Revolution 1787 -- 1804 . Pearson Education , 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` Maximilien Robespierre Biography , Facts , & Execution '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Merriman , John ( 2004 ) . `` Thermidor '' ( 2nd ed . ) . A history of modern Europe : from the Renaissance to the present , p 507 . W.W. Norton & Company Ltd . ISBN 0 - 393 - 92495 - 5 Further reading ( edit ) Primary sources ( edit ) Cléry , Jean - Baptiste ; Henry Essex Edgeworth ( 1961 ) ( 1798 ) . Sidney Scott , ed . Journal of the Terror . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . OCLC 3153946 . Secondary sources ( edit ) Andress , David ( 2006 ) . The Terror : The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 27341 - 3 . Baker , Keith M. François Furet , and Colin Lucas , eds. ( 1987 ) The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture , vol. 4 , The Terror ( London : Pergamon Press , 1987 ) Beik , William ( August 2005 ) . `` The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration : Review Article '' . Past and Present. 188 : 195 -- 224 . doi : 10.1093 / pastj / gti019 . Censer , Jack , and Lynn Hunt ( 2001 ) . Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution . University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . Hunt , Lynn ( 1984 ) . Politics , Culture , and Class in the French Revolution . Berkeley : University of California Press . Gough , Hugh . The terror in the French revolution ( London : Macmillan , 1998 ) Hibbert , Christopher ( 1981 ) . The Days of the French Revolution . New York : Quill - William Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 16978 - 7 . Kerr , Wilfred Brenton ( 1985 ) . Reign of Terror , 1793 -- 1794 . London : Porcupine Press . ISBN 0 - 87991 - 631 - 1 . Linton , Marisa ( August 2006 ) . `` Robespierre and the terror : Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history , ( Maximilien Robespierre ) ( Biography ) '' . History Today . 8 ( 56 ) : 23 . Linton , Marisa , Choosing Terror : Virtue , Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution ( Oxford University Press , 2013 ) . Loomis , Stanley ( 1964 ) . Paris in the Terror . New York : Dorset Press . ISBN 0 - 88029 - 401 - 9 . Moore , Lucy ( 2006 ) . Liberty : The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 720601 - 1 . Steel , Mark ( 2003 ) . Vive La Revolution . London : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0806 - 4 . Reviewed by Adam Thorpe in The Guardian , 23 December 2006 . Palmer , R.R. ( 2005 ) . Twelve Who Ruled : The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12187 - 7 . Schama , Simon ( 1989 ) . Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 678 -- 847 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 55948 - 7 . Scott , Otto ( 1974 ) . Robespierre , The Fool as Revolutionary -- Inside the French Revolution . Windsor , New York : The Reformer Library . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887690 - 05 - 8 . Shulim , Joseph I. `` Robespierre and the French Revolution , '' American Historical Review ( 1977 ) 82 # 1 pp. 20 -- 38 in JSTOR Soboul , Albert . `` Robespierre and the Popular Movement of 1793 -- 4 '' , Past and Present , No. 5 . ( May 1954 ) , pp. 54 -- 70 . in JSTOR Sutherland , D.M.G. ( 2003 ) The French Revolution and Empire : The Quest for a Civic Order pp 174 -- 253 Wahnich , Sophie ( 2016 ) . In Defence of the Terror : Liberty or Death in the French Revolution ( Reprint ed . ) . Verso . ISBN 978 - 1784782023 . Reviewed by Ruth Scurr in The Guardian , 17 August 2012 Weber , Caroline. ( 2003 ) Terror and Its Discontents : Suspect Words in Revolutionary France online Historiography ( edit ) Kafker , Frank , James M. Lauz , and Darline Gay Levy ( 2002 ) . The French Revolution : Conflicting Interpretations . Malabar , FL : Krieger Publishing Company . Rudé , George ( 1976 ) . Robespierre : Portrait of a Revolutionary Democrat . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 60128 - 4 . A Marxist political portrait of Robespierre , examining his changing image among historians and the different aspects of Robespierre as an ' ideologue ' , as a political democrat , as a social democrat , as a practitioner of revolution , as a politician and as a popular leader / leader of revolution , it also touches on his legacy for the future revolutionary leaders Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French Revolution . `` The Terror '' from In Our Time ( BBC Radio 4 ) <Th_colspan="2"> French Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Capture of San Pietro and Sant'Antioco ( 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Influential thinkers <Td_colspan="2"> Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cultural impact <Td_colspan="2"> La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution GND : 4361185 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&oldid=801415022 '' Categories : 1793 events of the French Revolution 1794 events of the French Revolution French First Republic Anti-Catholicism in France Persecution of Christians Police misconduct in France Political and cultural purges Political repression in France Terrorism People killed in the French Revolution Revolution terminology Politicides Terrorist incidents in France Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles with French - language external links Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Commons category without a link on Wikidata Use dmy dates from February 2012 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 14 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Reign of Terror
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-190,124,716,159,344,640 | the miranda warning explains a person's rights under the | Miranda warning - wikipedia Miranda warning Page of the manuscript written by Chief Justice Earl Warren regarding the Miranda v. Arizona decision . This page established the basic requirements of the `` Miranda warning '' . Law enforcement in the United States Law Courts Corrections Separation of Powers Legislative Executive Judicial Jurisdiction Federal State County Local Tribal Topics Criminal Procedure Civil Procedure Police Rank Uniforms decorations Police vehicles Ethics Probable cause Miranda Rights Plea Bargain Arrest warrants Citizens arrest Open carry Deadly force Militarization of police Police Reform Body camera D.A.R.E. Capital punishment Federal Prosecution US Attorney General US Attorney State attorney general State Prosecutor District Attorney Law Enforcement Agencies Federal State and Local Corrections Types of Agency Interdependent Highway Patrol Park Police Campus police Capitol Police Armed Forces Indian Police Mint Police Treasury Police Coast Guard Internal Affairs Special Police Homeland Security Drug enforcement DOJ Border Protection Secret Service Military Police U.S. National Guard Types of Agent Civilian Officer Patrol officer Informant Detective SWAT K - 9 Unit sniper Sheriff Bailiff County detective State Trooper Game wardens Tribal Officer Indian agent Lighthorse Correction officer Warden Parole officer Probation officer Park Ranger National Park Ranger U.S. Postal Inspector Federal Air Marshal US Deputy Marshal Court Security Officer Deputy Marshal Inspector Special agent Secret agent Crime Terrorism Criminology In the United States , the Miranda warning is a type of notification customarily given by police to criminal suspects in police custody ( or in a custodial interrogation ) advising them of their right to silence ; that is , their right to refuse to answer questions or provide information to law enforcement or other officials . These rights are often referred to as Miranda rights . The purpose of such notification is to preserve the admissibility of their statements made during custodial interrogation in later criminal proceedings . A typical Miranda warning can read as follows : You have the right to remain silent . Anything you say will be used against you in a court of law . You have the right to have an attorney . If you can not afford one , one will be appointed to you by the court . With these rights in mind , are you still willing to talk with me about the charges against you ? The Miranda warning is part of a preventive criminal procedure rule that law enforcement are required to administer to protect an individual who is in custody and subject to direct questioning or its functional equivalent from a violation of his or her Fifth Amendment right against compelled self - incrimination . In Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) , the Supreme Court held that the admission of an elicited incriminating statement by a suspect not informed of these rights violates the Fifth Amendment and the Sixth Amendment right to counsel , through the incorporation of these rights into state law . Thus , if law enforcement officials decline to offer a Miranda warning to an individual in their custody , they may interrogate that person and act upon the knowledge gained , but may not use that person 's statements as evidence against them in a criminal trial . Contents 1 Origin and development of Miranda rights 2 The warnings 2.1 Circumstances triggering the Miranda requisites 2.2 Use in various U.S. state jurisdictions 3 The six rules 3.1 Application of the prerequisites 4 Waiver 5 Assertion 6 Exceptions 6.1 Public safety exception 7 Consequences of violation 7.1 Procedural requirements 8 Related doctrines 8.1 Massiah Doctrine 8.1. 1 Commencement of adversarial criminal proceedings 8.1. 2 Deliberate elicitation of information from the defendant by governmental agents 8.1. 3 Miranda and Massiah compared 8.2 The voluntariness standard 8.3 State constitutional challenges 8.4 State statutory challenges 9 Confusion regarding use 9.1 Exemption for interrogations conducted by undercover agents 9.2 Report of warnings being given to detainees in Afghanistan 10 Equivalent rights in other countries 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Origin and development of Miranda rights ( edit ) A U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) Border Patrol agent reading the Miranda rights to a suspect The concept of `` Miranda rights '' was enshrined in U.S. law following the 1966 Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court decision , which found that the Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights of Ernesto Arturo Miranda had been violated during his arrest and trial for armed robbery , kidnapping , and rape of a mentally handicapped young woman ( Miranda was subsequently retried and convicted , based primarily on his estranged ex-partner , who had been tracked down by the original arresting officer via Miranda 's own parents , suddenly claiming that Miranda had confessed to her when she had visited him in jail ; Miranda 's lawyer later confessed that he ' goofed ' the trial ) . The circumstances triggering the Miranda safeguards , i.e. Miranda rights , are `` custody '' and `` interrogation '' . Custody means formal arrest or the deprivation of freedom to an extent associated with formal arrest . Interrogation means explicit questioning or actions that are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response . The Supreme Court did not specify the exact wording to use when informing a suspect of his / her rights . However , the Court did create a set of guidelines that must be followed . The ruling states : ... The person in custody must , prior to interrogation , be clearly informed that he / she has the right to remain silent , and that anything the person says will be used against that person in court ; the person must be clearly informed that he / she has the right to consult with an attorney and to have that attorney present during questioning , and that , if he / she is indigent , an attorney will be provided at no cost to represent him / her . In Berkemer v. McCarty ( 1984 ) , the Supreme Court decided that a person subjected to custodial interrogation is entitled to the benefit of the procedural safeguards enunciated in Miranda , regardless of the nature or severity of the offense of which he is suspected or for which he was arrested . As a result , American English developed the verb Mirandize , meaning `` read the Miranda rights to '' a suspect ( when the suspect is arrested ) . Notably , the Miranda rights do not have to be read in any particular order , and they do not have to precisely match the language of the Miranda case as long as they are adequately and fully conveyed ( California v. Prysock , 453 U.S. 355 ( 1981 ) ) . In Berghuis v. Thompkins ( 2010 ) , the Supreme Court held that unless a suspect expressly states that he or she is invoking this right , subsequent voluntary statements made to an officer can be used against them in court , and police can continue to interact with ( or question ) the alleged criminal . The warnings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Every U.S. jurisdiction has its own regulations regarding what , precisely , must be said to a person arrested or placed in a custodial situation . The typical warning states : You have the right to remain silent and refuse to answer questions . Anything you say may be used against you in a court of law . You have the right to consult an attorney before speaking to the police and to have an attorney present during questioning now or in the future . If you can not afford an attorney , one will be appointed for you before any questioning if you wish . If you decide to answer questions now without an attorney present , you will still have the right to stop answering at any time until you talk to an attorney . Knowing and understanding your rights as I have explained them to you , are you willing to answer my questions without an attorney present ? The courts have since ruled that the warning must be `` meaningful '' , so it is usually required that the suspect be asked if they understand their rights . Sometimes , firm answers of `` yes '' are required . Some departments and jurisdictions require that an officer ask `` do you understand ? '' after every sentence in the warning . An arrestee 's silence is not a waiver , but on June 1 , 2010 , the Supreme Court ruled 5 -- 4 that police are allowed to interrogate suspects who have invoked or waived their rights ambiguously , and any statement given during questioning prior to invocation or waiving is admissible as evidence . Evidence has in some cases been ruled inadmissible because of an arrestee 's poor knowledge of English and the failure of arresting officers to provide the warning in the arrestee 's language . While the exact language above is not required by Miranda , the police must advise the suspect that : they have the right to remain silent ; anything the suspect does say can and may be used against them in a court of law ; they have the right to have an attorney present before and during the questioning ; and they have the right , if they can not afford the services of an attorney , to have one appointed , at public expense and without cost to them , to represent them before and during the questioning . There is no precise language that must be used in advising a suspect of their Miranda rights . The point is that whatever language is used the substance of the rights outlined above must be communicated to the suspect . The suspect may be advised of their rights orally or in writing . Also , officers must make sure the suspect understands what the officer is saying , taking into account potential education levels . It may be necessary to `` translate '' to the suspect 's level of understanding . Courts have ruled this admissible as long as the original waiver is said and the `` translation '' is recorded either on paper or on tape . The Supreme Court has resisted efforts to require officers to more fully advise suspects of their rights . For example , the police are not required to advise the suspect that they can stop the interrogation at any time , that the decision to exercise the right can not be used against the suspect , or that they have a right to talk to a lawyer before being asked any questions . Nor have the courts required to explain the rights . For example , the standard Miranda right to counsel states You have a right to have an attorney present during the questioning . Police are not required to explain that this right is not merely a right to have a lawyer present while the suspect is being questioned . The right to counsel includes : the right to talk to a lawyer before deciding whether to talk to police , if the defendant decides to talk to the police , the right to consult with a lawyer before being interrogated , the right to answer police only through an attorney . Circumstances triggering the Miranda requisites ( edit ) The circumstances triggering the Miranda safeguards , i.e. Miranda warnings , are `` custody '' and `` interrogation '' . Custody means formal arrest or the deprivation of freedom to an extent associated with formal arrest . Interrogation means explicit questioning or actions that are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response . Suspects in `` custody '' who are about to be interrogated must be properly advised of their Miranda rights -- namely , the Fifth Amendment right against compelled self incrimination ( and , in furtherance of this right , the right to counsel while in custody ) . The Sixth Amendment right to counsel means that the suspect has the right to consult with an attorney before questioning begins and have an attorney present during the interrogation . The Fifth Amendment right against compelled self incrimination is the right to remain silent -- the right to refuse to answer questions or to otherwise communicate information . The duty to warn only arises when police officers conduct custodial interrogations . The Constitution does not require that a defendant be advised of the Miranda rights as part of the arrest procedure , or once an officer has probable cause to arrest , or if the defendant has become a suspect of the focus of an investigation . Custody and interrogation are the events that trigger the duty to warn . Use in various U.S. state jurisdictions ( edit ) Police detectives read the Miranda rights to a fugitive felon , 1984 ( photography : J. Ross Baughman ) Some jurisdictions provide the right of a juvenile to remain silent if their parent or guardian is not present . Some departments in New Jersey , Nevada , Oklahoma , and Alaska modify the `` providing an attorney '' clause as follows : We have no way of giving you a lawyer , but one will be appointed for you , if you wish , if and when you go to court . Even though this sentence may be somewhat ambiguous to some laypersons , who can , and who have actually interpreted it as meaning that they will not get a lawyer until they confess and are arraigned in court , the U.S. Supreme Court has approved of it as an accurate description of the procedure in those states . In states bordering Mexico , including Texas , New Mexico , Arizona , and California , suspects who are not United States citizens are given an additional warning : If you are not a United States citizen , you may contact your country 's consulate prior to any questioning . Some states including Virginia require the following sentence , ensuring that the suspect knows that waiving Miranda rights is not a one - time absolute occurrence : You can decide at any time from this moment on to terminate the interview and exercise these rights . California , Texas , New York , Florida , Illinois , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , Washington and Pennsylvania also add the following questions , presumably to comply with the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations : Question 1 : Do you understand each of these rights I have explained to you ? Question 2 : Having these rights in mind , do you wish to talk to us now ? An affirmative answer to both of the above questions waives the rights . If the suspect responds `` no '' to the first question , the officer is required to re-read the Miranda warning , while saying `` no '' to the second question invokes the right at that moment ; in either case the interviewing officer or officers can not question the suspect until the rights are waived . Generally , when defendants invoke their Fifth Amendment right against self - incrimination and refuse to testify or submit to cross-examination at trial , the prosecutor can not indirectly punish them for the exercise of a constitutional right by commenting on their silence and insinuating that it is an implicit admission of guilt . Since Miranda rights are simply a judicial gloss upon the Fifth Amendment which protects against coercive interrogations , the same rule also prevents prosecutors from commenting about the post-arrest silence of suspects who invoke their Miranda rights immediately after arrest . However , neither the Fifth Amendment nor Miranda extend to pre-arrest silence , which means that if a defendant takes the witness stand at trial ( meaning he just waived his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent ) , the prosecutor can attack his credibility with his pre-arrest silence ( based on his failure to immediately turn himself in and confess to the things he voluntarily testified about at trial ) . Under the Uniform Code of Military Justice , Article 31 provides for the right against compelled self - incrimination . Interrogation subjects under Army jurisdiction must first be given Department of the Army Form 3881 , which informs them of the charges and their rights , and the subjects must sign the form . The United States Navy and United States Marine Corps require that all arrested personnel be read the `` rights of the accused '' and must sign a form waiving those rights if they so desire ; a verbal waiver is not sufficient . It has been discussed whether a Miranda warning -- if spoken or in writing -- could be appropriately given to disabled persons . For example , `` the right to remain silent '' means little to a deaf individual and the word `` constitutional '' may not be understood by people with only an elementary education . In one case , a deaf murder suspect was kept at a therapy station until he was able to understand the meaning of the Miranda warning and other judicial proceedings . The six rules ( edit ) The Miranda rule applies to the use of testimonial evidence in criminal proceedings that is the product of custodial police interrogation . The Miranda right to counsel and right to remain silent are derived from the self - incrimination clause of the Fifth Amendment . Therefore , for Miranda to apply , six requirements must be fulfilled : 1 . Evidence must have been gathered . If the suspect did not make a statement during the interrogation the fact that he was not advised of his Miranda rights is of no importance . Nor can the state offer evidence that the defendant asserted his rights -- that he refused to talk . 2 . The evidence must be testimonial . Miranda applies only to `` testimonial '' evidence as that term is defined under the Fifth Amendment . For purposes of the Fifth Amendment , testimonial statements mean communications that explicitly or implicitly relate a factual assertion ( an assertion of fact or belief ) or disclose information . The Miranda rule does not prohibit compelling a person to engage in non-assertive conduct that is incriminating or may produce incriminating evidence . Thus , requiring a suspect to participate in identification procedures such as giving handwriting or voice exemplars , fingerprints , DNA samples , hair samples , and dental impressions is not within the Miranda rule . Such physical or real evidence is non-testimonial and not protected by the Fifth Amendment self - incrimination clause . On the other hand , certain non-verbal conduct may be testimonial . For example , if the suspect nodded their head up and down in response to the question `` did you kill the victim '' , the conduct is testimonial , is the same as saying `` yes I did '' , and Miranda would apply . 3 . The evidence must have been obtained while the suspect was in custody . The evidence must have been obtained while the suspect was in custody . This limitation follows from the fact that Miranda 's purpose is to protect suspects from the compulsion inherent in the police - dominated atmosphere attendant to arrest . Custody means either that the suspect was under arrest or that his freedom of movement was restrained to an extent `` associated with a formal arrest '' . A formal arrest occurs when an officer , with the intent to make an arrest , takes a person into custody by the use of physical force or the person submits to the control of an officer who has indicated his intention to arrest the person . Telling a person he is `` under arrest '' is sufficient to satisfy this requirement even though the person may not be otherwise physically restrained . Absent a formal arrest , the issue is whether a reasonable person in the suspect 's position would have believed that he was under `` full custodial '' arrest . Applying this objective test , the Court has held Miranda does not apply to roadside questioning of a stopped motorist or to questioning of a person briefly detained on the street -- a Terry stop . Even though neither the motorist nor the pedestrian is free to leave , this interference with the freedom of action is not considered actual arrest or its functional equivalent for purposes of the Fifth Amendment . The court has similarly held that a person who voluntarily comes to the police station for purposes of questioning is not in custody and thus not entitled to Miranda warnings particularly when the police advise the suspect that he is not under arrest and free to leave . 4 . The evidence must have been the product of interrogation . The evidence must have been the product of interrogation . A defendant who seeks to challenge the admissibility of a statement under Miranda must show that the statement was `` prompted by police conduct that constituted ' interrogation ' '' . A volunteered statement by a person in custody does not implicate Miranda . In Rhode Island v. Innis , the Supreme Court defined interrogation as express questioning and `` any words or actions on the part of the police ( other than those normally attendant to arrest and custody ) that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the suspect '' . Thus , a practice that the police `` should know is reasonably likely to evoke an incriminating response from a suspect ... amounts to interrogation '' . For example , confronting the suspect with incriminating evidence may be sufficiently evocative to amount to interrogation because the police are implicitly communicating a question : `` How do you explain this ? '' On the other hand , `` unforeseeable results of police words or actions '' do not constitute interrogation . Under this definition , routine statements made during the administration of sobriety tests would not implicate Miranda . For example , a police officer arrests a person for impaired driving and takes him to the police station to administer an intoxilyzer test . While at the station the officer also asks the defendant to perform certain psycho - physical tests such as the walk and turn , one leg stand or finger to nose test . It is standard practice to instruct the arrestee on how to perform the test and to demonstrate the test . ( Note that the police will not tell the person that they have the right to refuse to perform the test , and the refusal can not be used in evidence against them , nor can they be in any way punished for refusing to perform it , same as the police will not tell someone that they may refuse to perform a roadside sobriety test without penalty ) . An incriminating statement made by an arrestee during the instruction , `` I could n't do that even if I was sober '' , would not be the product of interrogation . Similarly , incriminating statements made in response to requests for consent to search a vehicle or other property are not considered to be the product of interrogation . 5 . The interrogation must have been conducted by state - agents . To establish a violation of the defendant 's Fifth Amendment rights , the defendant must show state action , so the interrogation must have been conducted by state - agents . If the interrogation was conducted by a person known by the suspect to be a law enforcement officer the state action requirement is unquestionably met . On the other hand , where a private citizen obtains a statement there is no state action regardless of the custodial circumstances surrounding the statement . A confession obtained through the interrogation by an undercover police officer or a paid informant does not violate Miranda because there is no coercion , no police dominated atmosphere if the suspect does not know that they are being questioned by the police . Private security guards and `` private '' police present special problems . They are generally not regarded as state - agents . However , an interrogation conducted by a police officer moonlighting as a security guard may well trigger Miranda 's safeguards since an officer is considered to be `` on duty '' at all times . 6 . The evidence must be offered by the state during a criminal prosecution . The evidence is being offered during a criminal proceeding . Under the exclusionary rule , a Miranda - defective statement can not be used by the prosecution as substantive evidence of guilt . However , the Fifth Amendment exclusionary rule applies only to criminal proceedings . In determining whether a particular proceeding is criminal , the courts look at the punitive nature of the sanctions that could be imposed . Labels are irrelevant . The question is whether the consequences of an outcome adverse to the defendant could be characterized as punishment . Clearly a criminal trial is a criminal proceeding since if convicted the defendant could be fined or imprisoned . However , the possibility of loss of liberty does not make the proceeding criminal in nature . For example , commitment proceedings are not criminal proceedings even though they can result in long confinement because the confinement is considered rehabilitative in nature and not punishment . Similarly , Miranda does not apply directly to probation revocation proceedings because the evidence is not being used as a basis for imposing additional punishment . Application of the prerequisites ( edit ) Assuming that the six requirements are present and Miranda applies , the statement will be subject to suppression unless the prosecution can demonstrate : that the suspect was advised of their Miranda rights and that the suspect voluntarily waived those rights or that the circumstances fit an exception to the Miranda rule . The defendant may also be able to challenge the admissibility of the statement under provisions of state constitutions and state criminal procedure statutes . It is important to note that immigrants who live in the United States illegally are also protected and should receive their Miranda warnings as well when being interrogated or placed under arrest . `` Aliens receive constitutional protections when they have come within the territory of the United States and ( have ) developed substantial connections with this country '' . The Fifth Amendment right to counsel , a component of the Miranda Rule , is different from the Sixth Amendment right to counsel . In the context of the law of confessions the Sixth Amendment right to counsel is defined by the Massiah Doctrine ( Massiah v. United States , 377 U.S. 201 ( 1964 ) ) . Waiver ( edit ) Simply advising the suspect of their rights does not fully comply with the Miranda rule . The suspect must also voluntarily waive their Miranda rights before questioning can proceed . An express waiver is not necessary . However , most law enforcement agencies use written waiver forms . These include questions designed to establish that the suspect expressly waived their rights . Typical waiver questions are `` Do you understand each of these rights ? '' and `` Understanding each of these rights , do you now wish to speak to the police without a lawyer being present ? '' The waiver must be `` knowing and intelligent '' and it must be `` voluntary '' . These are separate requirements . To satisfy the first requirement the state must show that the suspect generally understood their rights ( right to remain silent and right to counsel ) and the consequences of forgoing those rights ( that anything they said could be used against them in court ) . To show that the waiver was `` voluntary '' the state must show that the decision to waive the rights was not the product of police coercion . If police coercion is shown or evident , then the court proceeds to determine the voluntariness of the waiver under the totality of circumstances test focusing on the personal characteristics of the accused and the particulars of the coercive nature of the police conduct . The ultimate issue is whether the coercive police conduct was sufficient to overcome the will of a person under the totality of the circumstances . As noted previously , courts traditionally focused on two categories of factors in making this determination : ( 1 ) the personal characteristics of the suspect and ( 2 ) the circumstances attendant to the waiver . However , the Supreme Court significantly altered the voluntariness standard in the case of Colorado v. Connelly . In Connelly , the Court held that `` Coercive police activity is a necessary predicate to a finding that a confession is not ' voluntary ' within the meaning of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . '' The Court has applied this same standard of voluntariness in determining whether a waiver of a suspect 's Fifth Amendment Miranda rights was voluntary . Thus , a waiver of Miranda rights is voluntary unless the defendant can show that their decision to waive their rights and speak to the police was the product of police misconduct and coercion that overcame the defendant 's free will . After Connelly , the traditional totality of circumstances analysis is not even reached unless the defendant can first show such coercion by the police . Under Connelly , a suspect 's decisions need not be the product of rational deliberations . In addition to showing that the waiver was `` voluntary '' , the prosecution must also show that the waiver was `` knowing '' and `` intelligent '' . Essentially this means the prosecution must prove that the suspect had a basic understanding of their rights and an appreciation of the consequences of forgoing those rights . The focus of the analysis is directly on the personal characteristics of the suspect . If the suspect was under the influence of alcohol or other drugs , or suffered from an emotional or mental condition that substantially impaired their capacity to make rational decisions , the courts may well decide that the suspect 's waiver was not knowing and intelligent . A waiver must also be clear and unequivocal . An equivocal statement is ineffective as a waiver and the police may not proceed with the interrogation until the suspect 's intentions are made clear . The requirement that a waiver be unequivocal must be distinguished from situations in which the suspect made an equivocal assertion of their Miranda rights after the interrogation began . Any post-waiver assertion of a suspect 's Miranda rights must be clear and unequivocal . Any ambiguity or equivocation will be ineffective . If the suspect 's assertion is ambiguous , the interrogating officers are permitted to ask questions to clarify the suspect 's intentions , although they are not required to . In other words , if a suspect 's assertion is ambiguous , the police may either attempt to clarify the suspect 's intentions or they may simply ignore the ineffective assertion and continue with the interrogation . The timing of the assertion is significant . Requesting an attorney prior to arrest is of no consequence because Miranda applies only to custodial interrogations . The police may simply ignore the request and continue with the questioning ; however , the suspect is also free to leave . Assertion ( edit ) If the defendant asserts his right to remain silent all interrogation must immediately stop and the police may not resume the interrogation unless the police have `` scrupulously honored '' the defendant 's assertion and obtain a valid waiver before resuming the interrogation . In determining whether the police `` scrupulously honored '' the assertion the courts apply a totality of the circumstances test . The most important factors are the length of time between termination of original interrogation and commencement of the second and a fresh set of Miranda warnings before resumption of interrogation . The consequences of assertion of Sixth Amendment right to counsel are stricter . The police must immediately cease all interrogation and the police can not reinitiate interrogation unless counsel is present ( merely consulting with counsel is insufficient ) or the defendant of his own volition contacts the police . If the defendant does reinitiate contact , a valid waiver must be obtained before interrogation may resume . In Berghuis v. Thompkins ( 2010 ) , the Supreme Court declared in a 5 -- 4 decision that criminal defendants who have been read their Miranda rights ( and who have indicated they understand them and have not already waived them ) , must explicitly state during or before an interrogation begins that they wish to be silent and not speak to police for that protection against self - incrimination to apply . If they speak to police about the incident before invoking the Miranda right to remain silent , or afterwards at any point during the interrogation or detention , the words they speak may be used against them if they have not stated they do not want to speak to police . Those who oppose the ruling contend that the requirement that the defendant must speak to indicate his intention to remain silent further erodes the ability of the defendant to stay completely silent about the case . This opposition must be put in context with the second option offered by the majority opinion , which allowed that the defendant had the option of remaining silent , saying : `` Had he wanted to remain silent , he could have said nothing in response or unambiguously invoked his Miranda rights , ending the interrogation . '' Thus , having been `` Mirandized '' , a suspect may avow explicitly the invocation of these rights , or , alternatively , simply remain silent . Absent the former , `` anything ( said ) can and will be used against ( the defendant ) in a court of law '' . Exceptions ( edit ) Assuming that the six factors are present , the Miranda rule would apply unless the prosecution can establish that the statement falls within an exception to the Miranda rule . The three exceptions are : the routine booking question exception the jail house informant exception and the public safety exception . Arguably only the last is a true exception -- the first two can better be viewed as consistent with the Miranda factors . For example , questions that are routinely asked as part of the administrative process of arrest and custodial commitment are not considered `` interrogation '' under Miranda because they are not intended or likely to produce incriminating responses . Nonetheless , all three circumstances are treated as exceptions to the rule . The jail house informant exception applies to situations where the suspect does not know that he is speaking to a state - agent ; either a police officer posing as a fellow inmate , a cellmate working as an agent for the state or a family member or friend who has agreed to cooperate with the state in obtaining incriminating information . Public safety exception ( edit ) The `` public safety '' exception is a limited and case - specific exception , allowing certain unadvised statements ( given without Miranda warnings ) to be admissible into evidence at trial when they were elicited in circumstances where there was great danger to public safety ; thus , the Miranda rule provides some elasticity . The public safety exception derives from New York v. Quarles ( 1984 ) , a case in which the Supreme Court considered the admissibility of a statement elicited by a police officer who apprehended a rape suspect who was thought to be carrying a firearm . The arrest took place during the middle of the night in a supermarket that was open to the public but apparently deserted except for the clerks at the checkout counter . When the officer arrested the suspect , he found an empty shoulder holster , handcuffed the suspect , and asked him where the gun was . The suspect nodded in the direction of the gun ( which was near some empty cartons ) and said , `` The gun is over there '' . The Supreme Court found that such an unadvised statement was admissible in evidence because `` ( i ) na kaleidoscopic situation such as the one confronting these officers , where spontaneity rather than adherence to a police manual is necessarily the order of the day , the application of the exception we recognize today should not be made to depend on post hoc findings at a suppression hearing concerning the subjective motivation of the police officer '' . Thus , the jurisprudential rule of Miranda must yield in `` a situation where concern for public safety must be paramount to adherence to the literal language of the prophylactic rules enunciated in Miranda '' . Under this exception , to be admissible in the government 's direct case at a trial , the questioning must not be `` actually compelled by police conduct which overcame his will to resist '' , and must be focused and limited , involving a situation `` in which police officers ask questions reasonably prompted by a concern for the public safety '' . In 2010 , the Federal Bureau of Investigation encouraged agents to use a broad interpretation of public safety - related questions in terrorism cases , stating that the `` magnitude and complexity '' of terrorist threats justified `` a significantly more extensive public safety interrogation without Miranda warnings than would be permissible in an ordinary criminal case '' , continuing to list such examples as : `` questions about possible impending or coordinated terrorist attacks ; the location , nature and threat posed by weapons that might pose an imminent danger to the public ; and the identities , locations , and activities or intentions of accomplices who may be plotting additional imminent attacks '' . A Department of Justice spokesman described this position as not altering the constitutional right , but as clarifying existing flexibility in the rule . Prosecutors initially argued for this exception to be applied to the 16 - hour interrogation of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in connection with the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings . However , the exception was not considered by the court because the prosecutors later decided not to use any of that evidence in their case against Tsarnaev . The New York Court of Appeals upheld the exception in a 2013 murder case , People v Doll , where a man with blood on his clothes was detained and questioned . The window of opportunity for the exception is small . Once the suspect is formally charged , the Sixth Amendment right to counsel would attach and surreptitious interrogation would be prohibited . The public safety exception applies where circumstances present a clear and present danger to the public 's safety and the officers have reason to believe that the suspect has information that can end the emergency . Consequences of violation ( edit ) Assuming that a Miranda violation occurred -- the six factors are present and no exception applies -- the statement will be subject to suppression under the Miranda exclusionary rule . That is , if the defendant objects or files a motion to suppress , the exclusionary rule would prohibit the prosecution from offering the statement as proof of guilt . However , the statement can be used to impeach the defendant 's testimony . Further , the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine does not apply to Miranda violations . Therefore , the exclusionary rule exceptions , attenuation , independent source and inevitable discovery , do not come into play , and derivative evidence would be fully admissible . For example , suppose the police continue with a custodial interrogation after the suspect has asserted his right to silence . During his post-assertion statement the suspect tells the police the location of the gun he used in the murder . Using this information the police find the gun . Forensic testing identifies the gun as the murder weapon , and fingerprints lifted from the gun match the suspect 's . The contents of the Miranda - defective statement could not be offered by the prosecution as substantive evidence , but the gun itself and all related forensic evidence could be used as evidence at trial . Procedural requirements ( edit ) Although the rules vary by jurisdiction , generally a person who wishes to contest the admissibility of evidence on the grounds that it was obtained in violation of his constitutional rights must comply with the following procedural requirements : The defendant must file a motion . The motion must be in writing . The motion must be filed before trial . The motion must allege the factual and legal grounds on which the defendant seeks suppression of evidence . The motion must be supported by affidavits or other documentary evidence . The motion must be served on the state . Failure to comply with a procedural requirement may result in summary dismissal of the motion . If the defendant meets the procedural requirement , the motion will normally be considered by the judge outside the presence of the jury . The judge hears evidence , determines the facts , makes conclusions of law and enters an order allowing or denying the motion . Related doctrines ( edit ) In addition to Miranda , confession may be challenged under the Massiah Doctrine , the Voluntariness Standard , Provisions of Federal and State rules of criminal procedure and State Constitutional provisions . Massiah Doctrine ( edit ) The Massiah Doctrine ( established by Massiah v. United States ) prohibits the admission of a confession obtained in violation of the defendant 's Sixth Amendment right to counsel . Specifically , the Massiah rule applies to the use of testimonial evidence in criminal proceedings deliberately elicited by the police from a defendant after formal charges have been filed . The events that trigger the Sixth Amendment safeguards under Massiah are ( 1 ) the commencement of adversarial criminal proceedings and ( 2 ) deliberate elicitation of information from the defendant by governmental agents . The Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant a right to counsel in all criminal prosecutions . The purposes of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel are to protect a defendant 's right to a fair trial and to assure that the adversarial system of justice functions properly by providing competent counsel as an advocate for the defendant in his contest against the `` prosecutorial forces '' of the state . Commencement of adversarial criminal proceedings ( edit ) The Sixth Amendment right `` attaches '' once the government has committed itself to the prosecution of the case by the initiation of adversarial judicial proceedings `` by way of formal charge , preliminary hearing , indictment , information or arraignment '' . Determining whether a particular event or proceeding constitutes the commencement of adversarial criminal proceedings requires both an examination of the rules of criminal procedure for the jurisdiction in which the crime is charged and the Supreme Courts cases dealing with the issue of when formal prosecution begins . Once adversarial criminal proceedings commence the right to counsel applies to all critical stages of the prosecution and investigation . A critical stage is `` any stage of the prosecution , formal or informal , in court or out , where counsel 's absence might derogate from the accused 's right to a fair trial '' . Government attempts to obtain incriminating statement related to the offense charged from the defendant by overt interrogation or surreptitious means is a critical stage and any information thus obtained is subject to suppression unless the government can show that an attorney was present or the defendant knowingly , voluntarily and intelligently waived his right to counsel . Deliberate elicitation of information from the defendant by governmental agents ( edit ) Deliberate elicitation is defined as the intentional creation of circumstances by government agents that are likely to produce incriminating information from the defendant . Clearly express questioning ( interrogation ) would qualify but the concept also extends to surreptitious attempts to acquire information from the defendant through the use of undercover agents or paid informants . The definition of `` deliberate elicitation '' is not the same as the definition of `` interrogation '' under the Miranda rule . Miranda interrogation includes express questioning and any actions or statements that an officer would reasonably foresee as likely to cause an incriminating response . Massiah applies to express questioning and any attempt to deliberately and intentionally obtain incriminating information from the defendant regarding the crime charged . The difference is purposeful creation of an environment likely to produce incriminating information ( Massiah ) and action likely to induce an incriminating response even if that was not the officer 's purpose or intent ( Miranda ) . The Sixth Amendment right to counsel is offense - specific -- the right only applies to post-commencement attempts to obtain information relating to the crime charged . The right does not extend to uncharged offenses if factually related to the charged crime . As noted , information obtained in violation of the defendant 's Sixth Amendment right to counsel is subject to suppression unless the government can establish that the defendant waived his right to counsel . The waiver must be knowing , intelligent and voluntary . A valid Miranda waiver operates as a waiver of Sixth Amendment right . Miranda and Massiah compared ( edit ) Constitutional basis : Miranda is based on the Sixth Amendment right to counsel and the Fifth Amendment right to remain silent . Massiah is based on the Sixth Amendment right to counsel . Attachment : Miranda : Custody + interrogation ( charging status irrelevant ) . Massiah : Formally charged + deliberate elicitation ( custodial status irrelevant ) . Scope : a . Miranda applies to custodial interrogation by known governmental agents . Surreptitious acquisition of incriminating information allowed . a . Massiah applies to overt and surreptitious interrogation . b . Miranda is not offense specific . b . Massiah is offense specific . c . Miranda : interrogation + `` functional equivalent '' c . Massiah : interrogation + `` deliberate elicitation '' Waiver : Both Miranda and Massiah rights may be waived . Assertion : In each case , the assertion must be clear and unequivocal . The effects of assertion are not identical . For purposes of Miranda , the police must immediately cease the interrogation and can not resume interrogating the defendant about any offense charged or uncharged unless counsel is present or defendant initiates contact for purposes of resuming interrogation and valid waiver obtained . Because Massiah is offense - specific , an assertion of the sixth amendment right to counsel requires the police to cease interrogating the defendant about any charged offense . Apparently the police could continue questioning the defendant about uncharged crimes assuming that the defendant was not in custody . The defendant 's remedy would be to leave or to refuse to answer questions . Remedy for violation : The remedy for violation of Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights to counsel is identical : the statements and testimonial information are subject to suppression . Derivative evidence is not subject to suppression under Miranda -- fruit of poisonous tree doctrine may apply to Massiah violation . Both Miranda and Massiah defective statements can be used for impeachment purposes . Exceptions : The primary exceptions to Miranda are ( 1 ) the routine booking questions exception ( 2 ) the jail house informant exception and ( 3 ) the public safety exception . In Moulton v. Maine the Supreme Court refused to recognize a public safety exception to the Massiah rule . Massiah allows for the use of jail house informants provided the informants serve merely as `` passive listeners '' . The voluntariness standard ( edit ) The voluntariness standard applies to all police interrogations regardless of the custodial status of the suspect and regardless of whether the suspect has been formally charged . The remedy for a violation of the standard is complete suppression of the statement and any evidence derived from the statement . The statement can not be used as either substantive evidence of guilt or to impeach the defendant 's testimony . The reason for the strictness is the common law 's aversion to the use of coerced confessions because of their inherent unreliability . Further the rights to be free from coerced confession can not be waived nor is it necessary that the victim of coercive police conduct assert his right . In considering the voluntariness standard one must consider the Supreme Court 's decision in Colorado v. Connelly . Although federal courts ' application of the Connelly rule has been inconsistent and state courts have often failed to appreciate the consequences of the case , Connelly clearly marked a significant change in the application of the voluntariness standard . Before Connelly the test was whether the confession was voluntary considering the totality of the circumstances . `` Voluntary '' carried its everyday meaning : the confession had to be a product of the exercise of the defendant 's free will rather than police coercion . After Connelly the totality of circumstances test is not even triggered unless the defendant can show coercive police conduct . Questions of free will and rational decision making are irrelevant to a due process claim unless police misconduct existed and a causal connection can be shown between the misconduct and the confession . State constitutional challenges ( edit ) Every state constitution has articles and provision guaranteeing individual rights . In most cases the subject matter is similar to the federal bill of rights . Most state courts interpretation of their constitution is consistent with the interpretation federal court 's of analogous provisions of the federal constitution . With regard to Miranda issues , state courts have exhibited significant resistance to incorporating into their state jurisprudence some of the limitations on the Miranda rule that have been created by the federal courts . As a consequence a defendant may be able to circumvent the federal limitation on the Miranda rule and successfully challenge the admissibility under state constitutional provisions . Practically every aspect of the Miranda rule has drawn state court criticism . However the primary point of contention involve the following limitations on the scope of the Miranda rule : ( 1 ) the Harris exception ( 2 ) the Burbine rule and ( 3 ) the Fare rule . State statutory challenges ( edit ) In addition to constitutionally based challenge , states permit a defendant to challenge the admissibility of a confession on the grounds that the confession was obtained in violation of a defendant 's statutory rights . For example , North Carolina Criminal Procedure Act permits a defendant to move to suppress evidence obtained as a result of a `` substantial '' violation of the provision of the North Carolina Rules of Criminal Procedure . Confusion regarding use ( edit ) Due to the prevalence of American television programs and motion pictures in which the police characters frequently read suspects their rights , it has become an expected element of arrest procedure -- in the 2000 Dickerson decision , Chief Justice William Rehnquist wrote that Miranda warnings had `` become embedded in routine police practice to the point where the warnings have become part of our national culture '' . While arrests and interrogations can legally occur without the Miranda warning being given , this procedure would generally make the arrestee 's pre-Miranda statements inadmissible at trial . ( However , pursuant to the plurality opinion in United States v. Patane , physical evidence obtained as a result of pre-Miranda statements may still be admitted . There was no majority opinion of the Court in that case . ) In some jurisdictions , a detention differs at law from an arrest , and police are not required to give the Miranda warning until the person is arrested for a crime . In those situations , a person 's statements made to police are generally admissible even though the person was not advised of their rights . Similarly , statements made while an arrest is in progress before the Miranda warning was given or completed are also generally admissible . Because Miranda applies only to custodial interrogations , it does not protect detainees from standard booking questions such as name and address . Because it is a protective measure intended to safeguard the Fifth Amendment right against self - incrimination , it does not prevent the police from taking blood without a warrant from persons suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol . ( Such evidence may be self - incriminatory , but are not considered statements of self - incrimination . ) If an inmate is in jail and invoked Miranda on one case , it is unclear whether this extends to any other cases that they may be charged with while in custody . For example : a subject is arrested , charged with cattle rustling , and is held in county jail awaiting trial . He invoked his Miranda rights on the cow case . While in custody , he is involved in a fight where a staff member loses his ability to walk . He speaks to the custodial staff regarding the fight without staff first invoking Miranda . It is unclear if this statement is admissible because of the original Miranda statement . Many police departments give special training to interrogators with regard to the Miranda warning ; specifically , how to influence a suspect 's decision to waive the right . For instance , the officer may be required to specifically ask if the rights are understood and if the suspect wishes to talk . The officer is allowed , before asking the suspect a question , to speak at length about evidence collected , witness statements , etc . The officer will then ask if the suspect wishes to talk , and the suspect is then more likely to talk in an attempt to refute the evidence presented . Another tactic commonly taught is never to ask a question ; the officer may simply sit the suspect down in an interrogation room , sit across from him and do paperwork , and wait for the suspect to begin talking . These tactics are intended to mitigate the restrictions placed on law officers against compelling a suspect to give evidence , and have stood up in court as valid lawful tactics . Nevertheless , such tactics are condemned by legal rights groups as deceptive . Exemption for interrogations conducted by undercover agents ( edit ) In Illinois v. Perkins , 496 U.S. 292 ( 1990 ) , the United States Supreme Court held that undercover officers do not have to give suspects a Miranda warning prior to asking questions that may elicit incriminating responses . In this case , an undercover agent posed as an inmate and carried on a 35 - minute conversation with another inmate that he suspected of committing a murder that was being investigated . During this conversation , the suspect implicated himself in the murder that the undercover agent was investigating . The Supreme Court came to this conclusion despite the government 's admission that a custodial interrogation had been conducted by a government agent . Report of warnings being given to detainees in Afghanistan ( edit ) Beginning in 2009 , some detainees captured in Afghanistan have been read their Miranda rights by the FBI , according to Congressman Michael Rogers of Michigan , who claims to have witnessed this himself . According to the Justice Department , `` There has been no policy change nor blanket instruction for FBI agents to Mirandize detainees overseas . While there have been specific cases in which FBI agents have Mirandized suspects overseas at both Bagram and in other situations , in order to preserve the quality of evidence obtained , there has been no overall policy change with respect to detainees . '' Equivalent rights in other countries ( edit ) Main article : Right to silence Whether arising from their constitutions , common law , or statute , many nations recognize a defendant 's right to silence . Those rights may be considerably more limited than those available to U.S. criminal defendants under the Miranda ruling . See also ( edit ) Arrest Civil rights Criminal justice Garrity Warning Joe Jacquot Kalkines Warning Right to silence Uniform Code of Military Justice United States constitutional criminal procedure Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 2004 United States Supreme Court ruling Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada upheld state `` stop - and - identify '' laws , allowing police in those jurisdictions engaging in a Terry stop to require biographical information such as name and address , without arresting suspects or providing them Miranda warnings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lief , Michael S. ; Caldwell , H. Mitchell ( 2006 - 08 - 29 ) . The Devil 's Advocates : Greatest Closing Arguments in Criminal Law . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780743246682 . Jump up ^ Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ `` Mirandize '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language . Houghton Mifflin Company . 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ California v. Prysock , 453 U.S. 355 ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ `` Typical reading of Miranda rights '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . August 29 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Bravin , Jess ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Justices Narrow Miranda Rule '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Einesman , Floralynn ( 1999 ) . `` Confessions and Culture : The Interaction of Miranda and Diversity '' . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 90 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 48 ( p. 41 ) . JSTOR 1144162 . NCJ 182327 . Jump up ^ State and Federal courts have consistently rejected challenges to Miranda warnings on grounds that defendant was not advised of additional rights . See , e.g. , United States v. Coldwell , 954 F. 2d 496 ( 8th Cir. 1992 ) For example , police are not required to advise a suspect that if he decides to answer questions without an attorney present , he still has the right to stop answering at any time until he talks to an attorney . Note that the Miranda warnings are not part of the arrest procedure . There is no constitutional requirement that the officer advise the defendant of their Miranda rights when they place the defendant under arrest . Jump up ^ California v. Prysock , 453 U.S. 355 , 101 S. Ct. 2806 , 69 L. Ed . 2d 696 ( 1981 ) ; Brown v. Crosby , 249 F. Supp . 2d 1285 ( S.D. Fla. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Duckworth v. Eagan , 492 U.S. 195 , 109 S. Ct. 2875 , 106 L. Ed . 2d 166 ( 1989 ) While a `` talismanic incantation '' of the exact language of the original Miranda warnings is not required , ( Bloom and Brodin , Criminal Procedure , 5th ed . ( Aspen 2006 ) 268 ) deviations and omission can result in suppression of the statement . Jump up ^ U.S. v. Labrada - Bustamante , 428 F. 3d 1252 ( 9th Cir. 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Gregory Declue , Oral Miranda warnings : A checklist and a model presentation , The Journal of Psychiatry & Law ( 2007 ) at 421 . Jump up ^ Duckworth v. Eagan , 492 U.S. 195 ( 1989 ) ( upholding use of sentence by Hammond , Indiana police ) . Jump up ^ `` What Are Miranda Rights Miranda Ruling '' . Livescience.com. April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Police and Law Enforcement -- Google Books . Books.google.com.au . May 3 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` When Stopped By Police You Must Assert Your Rights Clearly or Risk Waiving Them ... - The Law Office Of Vincent W Davis And Associates '' . vincentwdavis.com . November 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miranda warning Definition at Lawyerment Online Dictionary of Legal Terms '' . Dictionary.lawyerment.com . June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` What Are Your Miranda Rights '' . ExpertLaw. 2017 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miranda Rights and Police Questioning '' . Thelaw.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.una.edu/police/docs/forms/miranda.pdf Jump up ^ Griffin v. California , 380 U.S. 609 ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Wainwright v. Greenfield , 474 U.S. 284 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Jenkins v. Anderson , 447 U.S. 231 ( 1980 ) . Jump up ^ Article 31 . Jump up ^ Vernon , McCay ; Steinberg , Annie G. ; Montoya , Louise A. ( 1999 ) . `` Deaf Murderers : Clinical and Forensic Issues '' . Behavioural Sciences and the Law . 17 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 516 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1099 - 0798 ( 199910 / 12 ) 17 : 4 < 495 : : AID - BSL361 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Miranda rule is not an element of a valid arrest . The Fifth Amendment does not require an officer to give an arrestee his Miranda rights as part of the arrest procedure . The Miranda rights are triggered by custody and interrogation . At the time the Supreme Court decided Miranda the Fifth Amendment had already been applied to the states in Malloy v. Hogan , 378 U.S. 1 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Note that post warning silence can not be used as evidence of guilt or to impeach the defendant 's trial testimony . Doyle v. Ohio , 426 U.S. 610 ( 1976 ) . ^ Jump up to : Pennsylvania v. Muniz , 496 U.S. 582 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Doe v. United States , 487 U.S. 201 ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ See also United States v. Wade , 388 U.S. 218 ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ See Adams and Blinka , Pretrial Motions in Criminal Prosecutions , 2d ed . ( Lexis ) 331 n . 203 citing United States v. Daughenbaugh , 49 F. 3d 171 , 173 ( 5th Cir. 1995 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Mitchell , 556 F. 2d 382 ( 6th Cir. 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania v. Muniz , 496 U.S 582 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ See Schmerber v. California , 384 U.S. 757 , 761 n . 5 ( 1966 ) . Jump up ^ Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436 ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ Stansbury v. California , 114 S. Ct. 1526 ( 1994 ) ; New York v. Quarles , 467 U.S. 649 , 655 ( 1984 ) . Some courts phrased the requirement as the defendant did not believe that he was `` free to leave '' . This standard is comparable to the detention standard for purposes of the fourth amendment -- not the functional arrest standard for purposes of the fifth amendment . Jump up ^ Adams & Blinka , Pretrial Motions in Criminal Prosecutions , 2d ed . ( LEXIS 1998 ) at 306 . Jump up ^ In deciding whether a person is in `` constructive custody '' the courts use a totality of the circumstances test . Factors frequently examined include the location of the interrogation the force used to stop or detain the suspect the number officer and police vehicles involved whether the officers were in uniform whether the officers were visibly armed the tone of officer 's voice whether the suspect was told they were free to leave the length of the detention and / or interrogation whether the suspect was confronted with incriminating evidence and whether the accused was the focus of the investigation . Jump up ^ See Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 ( 1984 ) ( brief roadside investigatory detention is not custody ) and California v. Beheler , 463 U.S. 1121 ( 1983 ) ( per curiam ) . Jump up ^ Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ Miranda is not offense or investigation - specific . Therefore , absent a valid waiver , a person in custody can not be interrogated about the offense they are held in custody for , or any other offense . Jump up ^ Rhode Island v. Innis , 446 U.S. 291 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Imwinkelried and Blinka , Criminal Evidentiary Foundations , 2d ed . ( Lexis 2007 ) ISBN 1 - 4224 - 1741 - 7 at 620 . Jump up ^ See Edwards v. Arizona , 451 U.S. 477 ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ See Adams and Blinka , Pretrial Motions in Criminal Prosecutions , 2d ed . ( Lexis 1998 ) 331 n . 204 citing United States v. Smith , 3 F. 3d. 1088 ( 7th Cir. 1993 ) Jump up ^ Escobedo v. Illinois , 378 U.S. 478 ( 1964 ) ; Illinois v. Perkins , 110 S. Ct. 2394 ( 1990 ) . See also Latzer , State Constitutions and Criminal Justice , ( Greenwood Press 1991 ) , citing Walter v. United States , 447 U.S. 649 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ See Latzer , State Constitutions and Criminal Justice , 97 n . 86 ( Goodwood Press 1991 ) quoting Kamisar , LaFave & Israel , Basic Criminal Procedure 598 ( 6th ed. 1986 ) `` whatever may lurk in the heart or mind of the fellow prisoner ... , if it is not ' custodial police interrogation ' in the eye of the beholder , then it is not ... interrogation within the meaning of Miranda '' . Jump up ^ See Commonwealth v. Leone , 386 Mass . 329 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ The Fifth Amendment applies only to compelled statements used in criminal proceedings Jump up ^ Other bases for exclusion include that the confession was the product of an unconstitutional arrest ( See Brown v. Illinois , 422 U.S. 590 ( 1975 ) ; Dunaway v. New York , 442 U.S. 200 ( 1979 ) ) , the confession was obtained in violation of the defendant 's sixth amendment right to counsel or the confession was involuntary under the due process clause of the fifth and fourteenth amendments . Jump up ^ Einesman , F : `` Confessions and Culture : The Interaction of Miranda and Diversity '' , p. 9 . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 1999 . Jump up ^ Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. at 475 Jump up ^ United States v. Melanson , 691 F. 2d 579 ( 1st Cir . ) , cert . denied , 454 U.S. 856 ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ 479 U.S. 157 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ 479 U.S. at 166 . Jump up ^ Bloom and Brodin , Criminal Procedure 2nd ed . ( Little Brown 1986 ) 250 . Jump up ^ Moran v. Burbine , 475 U.S. Jump up ^ Davis v. United States , 512 U.S. 452 ( 1994 ) ^ Jump up to : Davis v. United States ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ `` Once warnings have been given , the subsequent procedure is clear . If the individual indicates in any manner , at any time prior to or during questioning , that he wishes to remain silent , the interrogation must cease . At this point , he has shown that he intends to exercise his Fifth Amendment privilege ; any statement taken after the person invokes his privilege can not be other than the product of compulsion , subtle or otherwise . Without the right to cut off questioning , the setting of in - custody . '' Michigan v. Moseley , 423 U.S. 96 ( 1975 ) quoting Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436 ( 1966 ) at 384 U.S. 473 -- 74 . Note the defendant 's assertion of their fifth amendment right to silence can not be used as substantive evidence of guilt or to impeach the defendant 's testimony . Doyle v. Ohio Jump up ^ A request to speak to a third person who is not an attorney does not invoke right to counsel . Fare v. Michael C. , 442 U.S. 707 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ The Supreme Court has agreed to hear Maryland v. Shatzer to determine how long the protections afforded by the Edwards rule last . Tackling Edwards v. Arizona One More Time Jump up ^ The statement of the defendant is admissible when offered by the state as substantive evidence of guilt as an admission of a party opponent . This exception or exemption from the hearsay rules is not available to the defendant -- the defendant must resort to some other exception if he attempts to offer his own statement into evidence . Further if the defendant is successful in offering his own statement as substantive evidence , then the defendant is the hearsay declarant and the state can impeach the defendant as it would any other witness including the use of potentially devastating evidence of prior convictions . Jump up ^ See Pennsylvania v. Muniz , 496 U.S. 582 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ New York v. Quarles , 467 U.S. 649 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ See Illinois v. Perkins , 496 U.S. 292 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Stigall , Dan E. ( 2009 ) . Counterterrorism and the Comparative Law of Investigative Detention . Amherst , NY : Cambria . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60497 - 618 - 2 . Jump up ^ New York v. Quarles , 467 U.S. 649 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ Benoit , Carl A . `` The ' Public Safety ' Exception to Miranda '' Archived April 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , FBI law enforcement bulletin , February 2011 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ savage , Charlie ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Delayed Miranda Warning Ordered for Terror Suspects '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ https://cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/2902472/tsarnaev1.0.pdf Jump up ^ Lopez , German ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` The Dzhokhar Tsarnaev Boston Marathon bombing trial , explained '' . Jump up ^ https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-mad-1_13-cr-10200/pdf/USCOURTS-mad-1_13-cr-10200-6.pdf Jump up ^ `` People v Doll , NY Slip . Op. 06726 ( 2013 ) '' . NYCourts.gov . New York State Unified Court System . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamins , Barry ; Murray , Warren J. ( 16 December 2015 ) . LexisNexis AnswerGuide New York Criminal Procedure . LexisNexis . ISBN 1632845563 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ United States v. Massiah , 377 U.S. 201 ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ New York v. Quarles , 467 U.S. 649 , 655 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ A common misconception is that a violation of a defendant 's constitutional rights warrants dismissal of the charges . Generally , a violation of a defendant 's constitutional rights will not result in dismissal of the charges unless the defendant can show that the violation was especially egregious . Jump up ^ The statement must be `` voluntary '' under the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments . An involuntary statement can not be used for any purpose . Jump up ^ Note that if the seizure of the defendant violated the fourth amendment any confession that resulted from the seizure would be subject to suppression . For example , an officer stops a defendant because the officer has a `` gut feeling '' that the defendant is driving while impaired . After the stop the officer asks the defendant if he had been drinking and the defendant says : `` Yes '' . The officer then arrests the defendant and takes him to the law enforcement center to administer a breathalyzer test . While in the breathalyzer room the officer asks the defendant the questions on his alcohol influence report . The defendant 's responses are incriminating . Under this scenario because the initial stop was unconstitutional all evidence that resulted from the stop would be subject to suppression . Jump up ^ Evidence includes physical evidence , confessions and identification evidence . Derivative evidence may also be excluded . See Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 12 ( b ) , 41 ( e ) and 41 ( f ) respectively . Jump up ^ Most motions to suppress are based on violations of Fourth , Fifth , and Sixth Amendments and the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments . ^ Jump up to : NC Defender Manual , Suppression Motions ( NC School of Government 2002 ) Jump up ^ Fed . R. Crim . P. 12 allows motions to be made orally or in writing in the court 's discretion . But many courts have local rules of practice requiring written motions . Jump up ^ Adams & Blinka , Pretrial Motions in Criminal Prosecutions , 2ed . ( Lexis 1998 ) at 5 . Jump up ^ Adams & Blinka , Pretrial Motions in Criminal Prosecutions , 2nd ed . ( Lexis 1998 ) at 7 . citing United States v. Maldonado , 42 F. 3rd 906 ( 5th Cir. 1995 ) The defendant should state with some specificity the legal grounds on which he challenges the admissibility of the evidence and should assert all available grounds . Failure to assert a ground may be treated as waiver . The defendant must also assert facts that show that a substantial claim exists . The assertion must be specific , detailed , definite and nonconjectural . Adams & Blinka , Pretrial Motions in Criminal Prosecutions , 2nd ed . ( Lexis 1998 ) at 7 . citing United States v. Calderon , 77 F. 3rd 6 , 9 ( 1st Cir. 1996 ) Conclusory statements such as the defendant was `` coerced '' or `` under duress '' carry little weight . Jump up ^ North Carolina requires that the affidavit be based on first hand knowledge or on information and belief . If information and belief , the affiant must state the source of his information and the reason for his belief that it is true . Attorney are reluctant for the defendant be the affiant . Although statements from the defendant in support of a motion to suppress can not be used as substantive evidence of guilt , the statements can be used to impeach the defendant 's testimony . Jump up ^ See Fed Rules of Evidence 104 ( a ) & ( b ) Jump up ^ United States v. Gouveia , 467 U.S. 180 , 187 -- 88 , 104 S. Ct. 2292 , 2297 , 81 L. Ed. 2d 146 ( 1984 ) . `` In a line of constitutional cases in this Court stemming back to the Court 's landmark opinion in Powell v. Alabama , 287 U.S. 45 , it has been firmly established that a person 's Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment right to counsel attaches only at or after the time that adversary judicial proceedings have been initiated against him . See Powell v. Alabama , supra ; Johnson v. Zerbst , 304 U.S. 458 ; Hamilton v. Alabama , 368 U.S. 52 ; Gideon v. Wainwright , 372 U.S. 335 ; White v. Maryland , 373 U.S. 59 ; Massiah v. United States , 377 U.S. 201 ; United States v. Wade , 388 U.S. 218 ; Gilbert v. California , 388 U.S. 263 ; Coleman v. Alabama , 399 U.S. 1 . '' `` ... ( W ) hile members of the Court have differed as to the existence of the right to counsel in the contexts of some of the above cases , all of those cases have involved points of time at or after the initiation of adversary judicial criminal proceedings -- whether by way of formal charge , preliminary hearing , indictment , information , or arraignment . '' Jump up ^ Michigan v. Jackson , 475 U.S. 625 , 632 ( 1986 ) ; see also Brewer v. Williams , 430 U.S. 387 , 398 ( 1977 ) . In Maine v. Moulton the court stated `` By its very terms , it becomes applicable only when the government 's role shifts from investigation to accusation . For it is only then that the assistance of one versed in the intricacies ... of law , '' ibid. , is needed to assure that the prosecution 's case encounters `` the crucible of meaningful adversarial testing '' . The Sixth Amendment right to counsel does not attach until such time as the `` government has committed itself to prosecute , and ... the adverse positions of government and defendant have solidified ... ' '' Kirby v. Illinois , 406 U.S. 689 ( 1972 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Wade , 388 U.S. 218 , 226 , 87 S. Ct. 1926 , 1932 , 18 L. Ed. 2d 1149 ( 1967 ) ; see also , United States v. Hidalgo , 7 F. 3d 1566 ( 11th Cir. 1993 ) . Under the critical stage analysis , virtually every phase of the criminal trial is a critical stage . Additionally courts have generally held that pretrial hearings regarding conditions of pretrial release and suppression of evidence are considered critical stages . Smith v. Lockhart , 923 F. 2d 1314 ( 8th Cir. 1991 ) on the other hand courts have generally held that certain pre-trial post accusation investigative procedures are not critical stages . Analysis of fingerprints , blood samples , clothing , hair , handwriting , and voice samples have all been ruled to be noncritical stages . FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin , ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Brewer v. Williams , 97 S. Ct. 1232 ( 1977 ) `` That the incriminating statements were elicited surreptitiously in the Massiah case , and otherwise here , is constitutionally irrelevant . See ibid. ; McLeod v. Ohio , 381 U.S. 356 ; United States v. Crisp , 435 F. 2d 354 , 358 ( CA7 ) '' Jump up ^ Illinois v. Perkins , 496 U.S. 292 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Massiah does not prohibit the government 's use of a cellmate as a `` silent listening post '' -- a person who is simply placed in a position to hear any incriminating statements the defendant might make about the charged offense but who does not do anything to coax or induce the defendant to talk about the charged crime . Kuhlmann v. Wilson , 477 U.S. 436 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ McNeil v. Wisconsin , 111 S. Ct. 2204 ( 1991 ) . Lower federal courts has extended the Sixth Amendment right to counsel to factually related offenses . In Texas v. Cobb , the Supreme Court made clear that the right to counsel applied only to the crime charged and did not apply to attempts to gather information about `` other offenses ' closely related factually ' to the charged offense '' . Texas v. Cobb , 121 S. Ct. 1335 ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Texas v. Cobb , 121 S. Ct. 1335 ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Brewer v. Williams , 430 U.S. 387 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Mathis v. United States , 391 U.S. 1 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ See McNeil v. Wisconsin , 501 U.S. 171 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Under Michigan v. Jackson , a defendant 's request for counsel at a preliminary hearing constituted an assertion of his sixth amendment right to counsel . However , Michigan v. Jackson was overruled by Montejo v. Louisiana . Jump up ^ Fellers v. United States , 124 S. Ct. 1019 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ 474 U.S. 159 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ The due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments provide another basis for challenging the admissibility of confessions . The test is whether the statement was `` voluntary '' . A statement is not voluntary if it was the product of police misconduct . That is a due process claim requires that the defendant establish that there was police misconduct and that this misconduct induced the confession . The `` voluntariness '' test is implicated in any police interrogation -- neither Miranda `` custody '' or Massiah `` commencement of formal criminal proceedings '' is a necessary conditions ( state action is required ) . Further , there are no issues of waiver or assertion . Finally the remedy is complete -- an involuntary statement can not be used for any purpose . Jump up ^ Originally Miranda was regarded as a `` prophylactic '' rule -- the rule itself was not a constitutional right but a `` judicially -- created enforcement mechanism '' devised to protect the underlying constitutional rights . In Dickerson v. United States , the Court `` constitutionalized '' the Miranda rule -- although the decision did not perforce change the rule concerning the use of a Miranda - defective statement for impeachment purposes . Jump up ^ Colorado v. Connelly , 479 U.S. 157 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ See Mincey v. Arizona , 437 U.S. 385 ( 1978 ) ; Greenwald v. Wisconsin , 390 U.S. 519 , 390 U.S. 521 ( 1968 ) ( `` Considering the totality of these circumstances , we do not think it credible that petitioner 's statements were the product of his free and rational choice '' ) ; Reck v. Pate , 367 U.S. 433 , 367 U.S. 440 ( 1961 ) ( `` If ( a defendant 's will was overborne ) , the confession can not be deemed ' the product of a rational intellect and a free will ' '' ) Jump up ^ See e.g. , Culombe v. Connecticut , 367 U.S. 568 , 367 U.S. 583 ( 1961 ) ( `` ( A ) n extrajudicial confession , if it was to be offered in evidence against a man , must be the product of his own free choice '' ) Jump up ^ Bloom & Brodin , Criminal Procedure ( Aspen 1996 ) at 247 . Jump up ^ Bloom & Brodin , Criminal Procedure ( Aspen 1996 ) Jump up ^ Latzer , State Constitutions and Criminal Justice ( Greenwood 1991 ) Jump up ^ Id . at 2 . This similarity is hardly surprising since the federal constitution and many state constitutions had common sources the state constitutions of some of the more important states such as Virginia . Jump up ^ Id . at 89 -- 91 . Jump up ^ In Harris the United States Supreme Court allowed a Miranda - defective statement to be used to impeach the trial testimony of a defendant . Note the Harris rule does not permit the use of a statement that fails to meet the voluntariness standards of the due process clause to be used for any purpose . The basis for the distinction is that a Miranda - defective statement does not raise the questions of unreliability as does an involuntary statement . Jump up ^ In Moran v. Burbine , 475 U.S. 412 ( 1986 ) the Court held that officers are not required to tell a suspect in custody that third parties had retained an attorney for the suspect . The failure of the police to inform the suspect of this fact did not render the waiver involuntary . Burbine decision was not well - received by the state courts . Six states specifically rejected the Burbine rule . Jump up ^ id . at 91 -- 98 . The specific holding in Fare was that a juvenile 's request to have his probation officer present during an interrogation was not an invocation of the juvenile 's right to counsel . The Supreme Court stated that juveniles were essentially to be treated the same as adults for the purposes of Miranda . Many states adopted special rules concerning police interrogation of juveniles not true Jump up ^ Dickerson v. United States 530 U.S. 428 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Prof. James Duane and Officer George Bruch -- Fifth Amendment Lecture at Regent University . Jump up ^ `` Supreme.justia.com '' . Supreme.justia.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Lawmaker Says Obama Administration Ordered FBI to Read Rights to Detainees '' . FOXNews.com . June 11 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Rights for Terrorists '' . The Weekly Standard . June 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gray , Anthony ( Fall 2013 ) . `` The Right to Silence : Using American and European Law to Protect a Fundamental Right '' ( PDF ) . New Criminal Law Review . 16 ( 4 ) : 527 -- 567 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Warning Equivalents Abroad '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Coldrey , J. ( 1990 ) . `` The Right to Silence Reassessed '' . 74 Victorian Bar News 25 . Coldrey , J. ( 1991 ) . `` The Right to Silence : Should it be curtailed or abolished ? '' , 20 Anglo - American Law Review 51 . `` Rehnquist 's legacy '' The Economist . July 2 -- 8 , 2005 . p. 28 . Stevenson , N. ( 1982 ) . `` Criminal Cases in the NSW District Court : A Pilot Study '' . In J. Basten , M. Richardson , C. Ronalds and G. Zdenkowski ( eds . ) , The Criminal Injustice System . Sydney : Australian Legal Workers Group ( NSW ) and Legal Service Bulletin . `` The Miranda Warning '' . The U.S. Constitution Online . N.p. , n.d. Web . November 4 , 2012 . < http://www.usconstitution.net/miranda.html > . External links ( edit ) Do n't Talk to the Police -- Lecture by Professor James Duane of the Regent University School of Law and Officer George Bruch from the Virginia Beach police department . Miranda Rights and Illegal Immigrants on Real Law Radio -- Host Bob DiCello discusses the Miranda rights of illegal immigrants in Arizona with author , Gary L. Stuart on the legal news talk radio program , Real Law Radio ( Saturday , May 8 , 2010 ) . Shahzad and Miranda Rights Prof. Orin Kerr <Th_colspan="2"> Criminal procedure ( investigation ) Criminal investigation Arguido Arrest Arrest warrant Consent search Exigent circumstance Knock - and - announce Miranda warning Pretextual stop Probable cause Search and seizure Search of persons Search warrant Suspect Terry stop Reasonable suspicion Detention Right to silence Criminal prosecution Adversarial system Bail Bill of attainder Criminal jurisdiction Deferred prosecution agreement Ex post facto law Extradition Grand jury Habeas corpus Indictment Inquisitorial system Nolle prosequi Precognition Statute of limitations Charges and pleas Alford plea Arraignment Information Indictment Nolo contendere Plea Plea bargain Peremptory plea Presentence investigation Related areas Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence Legal abuse <Td_colspan="2"> Criminal justice portal Law portal Wiktionary Wikibooks Wikiquote WikiSource Wikinews Wikiversity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda_warning&oldid=866507049 '' Categories : United States criminal investigation law Miranda warning case law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2010 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 19 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Miranda warning
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-3,636,850,766,790,729,700 | what is the excited state of an electron | Excited state - wikipedia Excited state Jump to : navigation , search After absorbing energy , an electron may jump from the ground state to a higher energy excited state . Excitations of copper 3d orbitals on the CuO2 - plane of a high Tc superconductor ; The ground state ( blue ) is x2 - y2 orbitals ; the excited orbitals are in green ; the arrows illustrate inelastic x-ray spectroscopy In quantum mechanics , an excited state of a system ( such as an atom , molecule or nucleus ) is any quantum state of the system that has a higher energy than the ground state ( that is , more energy than the absolute minimum ) . Excitation is an elevation in energy level above an arbitrary baseline energy state . In physics there is a specific technical definition for energy level which is often associated with an atom being raised to an excited state . The temperature of a group of particles is indicative of the level of excitation ( with the notable exception of systems that exhibit negative temperature ) . The lifetime of a system in an excited state is usually short : spontaneous or induced emission of a quantum of energy ( such as a photon or a phonon ) usually occurs shortly after the system is promoted to the excited state , returning the system to a state with lower energy ( a less excited state or the ground state ) . This return to a lower energy level is often loosely described as decay and is the inverse of excitation . Long - lived excited states are often called metastable . Long - lived nuclear isomers and singlet oxygen are two examples of this . Contents ( hide ) 1 Atomic excitation 2 Perturbed gas excitation 3 Calculation of excited states 4 Excited state absorption 5 Reaction 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Atomic excitation ( edit ) A simple example of this concept comes by considering the hydrogen atom . The ground state of the hydrogen atom corresponds to having the atom 's single electron in the lowest possible orbit ( that is , the spherically symmetric `` 1s '' wavefunction , which , so far , has demonstrated to have the lowest possible quantum numbers ) . By giving the atom additional energy ( for example , by the absorption of a photon of an appropriate energy ) , the electron is able to move into an excited state ( one with one or more quantum numbers greater than the minimum possible ) . If the photon has too much energy , the electron will cease to be bound to the atom , and the atom will become ionized . After excitation the atom may return to the ground state or a lower excited state , by emitting a photon with a characteristic energy . Emission of photons from atoms in various excited states leads to an electromagnetic spectrum showing a series of characteristic emission lines ( including , in the case of the hydrogen atom , the Lyman , Balmer , Paschen and Brackett series . ) An atom in a high excited state is termed a Rydberg atom . A system of highly excited atoms can form a long - lived condensed excited state e.g. a condensed phase made completely of excited atoms : Rydberg matter . Hydrogen can also be excited by heat or electricity . Perturbed gas excitation ( edit ) A collection of molecules forming a gas can be considered in an excited state if one or more molecules are elevated to kinetic energy levels such that the resulting velocity distribution departs from the equilibrium Boltzmann distribution . This phenomenon has been studied in the case of a two - dimensional gas in some detail , analyzing the time taken to relax to equilibrium . Calculation of excited states ( edit ) Excited states are often calculated using coupled cluster , Møller -- Plesset perturbation theory , multi-configurational self - consistent field , configuration interaction , and time - dependent density functional theory . Excited state absorption ( edit ) The excitation of a system ( an atom or molecule ) from low - energy excited state to a high - energy excited state with the absorption of a photon is called excited state absorption ( ESA ) . Excited state absorption is possible only when an electron has been already excited from the ground state to a lower excited state . The excited state absorption is usually an undesired effect , but it can be useful in upconversion pumping . The excited state absorption measurements are done using pump - probe techniques . However , it is not easy to measure them compared to ground - state absorption and in some cases complete bleaching of the ground state is required to measure excited state absorption . Reaction ( edit ) A further consequence is reaction of the atom in the excited state , as in photochemistry . Excited states give rise to chemical reaction . See also ( edit ) Rydberg formula Stationary state Repulsive state References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hehre , Warren J. ( 2003 ) . A Guide to Molecular Mechanics and Quantum Chemical Calculations ( PDF ) . Irvine , California : Wavefunction , Inc . ISBN 1 - 890661 - 06 - 6 . Jump up ^ Glaesemann , Kurt R. ; Govind , Niranjan ; Krishnamoorthy , Sriram ; Kowalski , Karol ( 2010 ) . `` EOMCC , MRPT , and TDDFT Studies of Charge Transfer Processes in Mixed - Valence Compounds : Application to the Spiro Molecule '' . The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 114 ( 33 ) : 8764 -- 8771 . doi : 10.1021 / jp101761d . PMID 20540550 . Jump up ^ Dreuw , Andreas ; Head - Gordon , Martin ( 2005 ) . `` Single - Reference ab Initio Methods for the Calculation of Excited States of Large Molecules '' . Chemical Reviews . 105 ( 11 ) : 4009 -- 37 . doi : 10.1021 / cr0505627 . PMID 16277369 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Peter J. ; Werner , Hans - Joachim ( 1992 ) . `` Internally contracted multiconfiguration - reference configuration interaction calculations for excited states '' . Theoretica Chimica Acta. 84 : 95 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01117405 . Jump up ^ Foresman , James B. ; Head - Gordon , Martin ; Pople , John A. ; Frisch , Michael J. ( 1992 ) . `` Toward a systematic molecular orbital theory for excited states '' . The Journal of Physical Chemistry . 96 : 135 . doi : 10.1021 / j100180a030 . Jump up ^ Glaesemann , Kurt R. ; Gordon , Mark S. ; Nakano , Haruyuki ( 1999 ) . `` A study of FeCO+ with correlated wavefunctions '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 1 ( 6 ) : 967 -- 975 . Bibcode : 1999PCCP ... 1 ... 967G . doi : 10.1039 / a808518h . Jump up ^ ( url = https://www.rp-photonics.com/excited_state_absorption.html ) Jump up ^ Dolan , Giora ; Goldschmidt , Chmouel R ( 1976 ) . `` A new method for absolute absorption cross-section measurements : rhodamine - 6G excited singlet - singlet absorption spectrum '' . Chemical Physics Letters. 39 ( 2 ) : 320 -- 322 . Bibcode : 1976CPL ... 39 ... 320D . doi : 10.1016 / 0009 - 2614 ( 76 ) 80085 - 1 . External links ( edit ) NASA background information on ground and excited states <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Quantum mechanics Background Introduction History timeline Glossary Classical mechanics Old quantum theory Fundamentals Bra -- ket notation Casimir effect Complementarity Density matrix Energy level ground state excited state degenerate levels Vacuum state Zero - point energy QED vacuum QCD vacuum Hamiltonian Operator Quantum coherence Quantum decoherence Measurement Quantum Quantum realm Quantum system Quantum state Quantum number Quantum entanglement Quantum superposition Quantum nonlocality Quantum tunnelling Quantum levitation Quantum fluctuation Quantum annealing Quantum foam Quantum noise Heisenberg uncertainty principle Spontaneous parametric down - conversion Von Neumann entropy Spin Scattering theory Symmetry in quantum mechanics Symmetry breaking Spontaneous symmetry breaking Wave propagation Quantum interference Wave function Wave function collapse Wave -- particle duality Matter wave Qubit Qutrit Observable Probability distribution Formulations Formulations Heisenberg Interaction Matrix mechanics Schrödinger Path integral formulation Phase space Equations Dirac Klein -- Gordon Pauli Rydberg Schrödinger Interpretations Interpretations Bayesian Consistent histories Copenhagen de Broglie -- Bohm Ensemble Hidden variables Many - worlds Objective collapse Quantum logic Relational Stochastic Transactional Cosmological Experiments Afshar Bell 's inequality Cold Atom Laboratory Davisson -- Germer Delayed choice quantum eraser Double - slit Franck -- Hertz experiment Leggett -- Garg inequality Mach - Zehnder inter . Elitzur -- Vaidman Popper Quantum eraser Schrödinger 's cat Quantum suicide and immortality Stern -- Gerlach Wheeler 's delayed choice Science Quantum Bayesianism Quantum biology Quantum calculus Quantum chemistry Quantum chaos Quantum cognition Quantum cosmology Quantum differential calculus Quantum dynamics Quantum evolution Quantum geometry Quantum group Quantum measurement problem Quantum mind Quantum probability Quantum stochastic calculus Quantum spacetime Technology Quantum algorithms Quantum amplifier Quantum cellular automata Quantum finite automata Quantum electronics Quantum logic gates Quantum clock Quantum channel Quantum bus Quantum circuit Phase qubit Matrix isolation Quantum dot Quantum dot display Quantum dot solar cell Quantum dot cellular automaton Quantum dot single - photon source Quantum dot laser Quantum well Quantum computing Timeline Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Quantum error correction Quantum imaging Quantum image processing Quantum information Quantum key distribution Quantum machine Quantum machine learning Quantum metamaterial Quantum metrology Quantum network Quantum neural network Quantum optics Quantum programming Quantum sensors Quantum simulator Quantum teleportation Quantum levitation Time travel Quantum complexity theory Extensions Quantum statistical mechanics Relativistic quantum mechanics Fractional quantum mechanics Quantum field theory Axiomatic quantum field theory Quantum field theory in curved spacetime Thermal quantum field theory Topological quantum field theory Local quantum field theory Conformal field theory Two - dimensional conformal field theory Liouville field theory History Quantum gravity <Td_colspan="2"> Portal : Physics Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excited_state&oldid=843521654 '' Categories : Quantum mechanics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių La . lojban . 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2. Energy levels and excitation
3. Emission of photons from excited atoms
4. Calculation of excited states in quantum mechanics
5. Excited state absorption and its applications |
5,602,093,153,925,050,000 | who sings the song getting to know you | Getting to Know You ( song ) - wikipedia Getting to Know You ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Getting to Know You '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song from The King and I Published 1951 Songwriter ( s ) Oscar Hammerstein II Composer ( s ) Richard Rodgers `` Getting to Know You '' is a show tune from the 1951 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I. It was first sung by Gertrude Lawrence in the original Broadway production and later by Marni Nixon who dubbed for Deborah Kerr in the 1956 film adaptation . In the show , Anna , a British schoolteacher who has been hired as a governess , sings the song as she strikes up a warm and affectionate relationship with the children and the wives of the King of Siam . This song is one of the cases during the Rodgers and Hammerstein partnership when Rodgers re-used a melody he had written for an earlier show and then discarded . In this case the melody was a tune he wrote for South Pacific , called `` Suddenly Hungry and Sad '' , which he originally intended for the character of Nellie to sing but replaced it with the song `` ( I 'm in Love with ) a Wonderful Guy '' . Mary Martin , the star of South Pacific , who had proposed that Rodgers should cast Yul Brynner as the King , reminded Rodgers of this tune , and so Hammerstein wrote new lyrics to it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable recordings 2 Other film appearances 3 References 4 External links Notable recordings ( edit ) Julie Andrews - included in the album The King and I ( 1992 ) . Barbara Cook - included in the album The King and I ( Studio Cast , 1964 ) . Bing Crosby - recorded April 9 , 1951 with Victor Young and His Orchestra . Sharon , Lois & Bram - for their album Friends Forever ( 1998 ) . Doris Day - included in her album With a Smile and a Song ( 1964 ) Deborah Kerr , Marni Nixon & Children 's Chorus - The King And I ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 1956 ) . Gertrude Lawrence - part of the Broadway cast recording The King and I. ( 1951 ) . Johnny Mathis - for his album Romantically ( 1963 ) . NRBQ - included on their album Brass Tacks ( 2014 ) . Elaine Paige - included in the album The King and I : 2000 London Cast Recording ( 2000 ) . Leon Redbone sang the song in ads for the Chevrolet Geo . Della Reese - in the album A Date with Della Reese at Mr. Kelly 's in Chicago ( 1958 ) . Dinah Shore - a 1951 single release for RCA Victor ( catalog No. 47 - 4286 ) . James Taylor - for the charity CD For Our Children ( 1991 ) . Andy Williams - included in his album Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein ( 1958 ) . Nancy Wilson - included in her album Broadway -- My Way ( 1964 ) . Other film appearances ( edit ) 1978 The One and Only . 1991 The Addams Family 2003 Unconditional Love - performed by Julie Andrews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` allmusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 45cat.com '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) In Hammerstein 's Words , ' Something Wonderful ' - http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=98538331 <Th_colspan="2"> Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair ( 1945 ) Oklahoma ! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair ( 1962 ) The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live ! Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event <Th_colspan="2"> Margaret Landon 's Anna and the King of Siam Characters Anna Leonowens Mongkut , King of Siam Prince Chulalongkorn Louis T. Leonowens Films Anna and the King of Siam ( 1946 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) The King and I ( 1999 ) Anna and the King ( 1999 ) TV Anna and the King Stage The King and I ( musical ) Songs `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' Albums Original cast recording ( 1951 ) London cast recording ( 1953 ) jazz version by The Mastersounds ( 1957 ) Julie Andrews and Ben Kingsley album ( 1992 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Getting_to_Know_You_(song)&oldid=805873326 '' Categories : 1951 songs Songs with music by Richard Rodgers Songs with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Andy Williams songs Songs from The King and I Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with unknown value for type Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 05 : 02 . About Wikipedia | 1. "Getting to Know You" - song from The King and I
2. Rodgers and Hammerstein musical
3. Gertrude Lawrence and Marni Nixon
4. Reused melody from South Pacific
5. Notable recordings of the song |
2,627,059,801,526,950,400 | who is known as a father of indian cricket | M Suryanarayan - wikipedia M Suryanarayan This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> M. Suryanarayan <Td_colspan="2"> 1 February 1930 Madras Presidency , India India Nationality Indian Occupation Indian cricketer M. Suryanarayan ( 1930 -- 2010 ) was an Indian first - class cricketer who was born on February 1 , 1930 during Madras presidency . M. Suryanarayan is the first son of M. Baliah Naidu and the Grandson of Buchi Babu Naidu who is also known as the ' Father of South Indian Cricket ' the doyen of Madras Cricket . He was also a member of the First Ranji Trophy triumph team of Tamilnadu in 1954 - 1955 , which the Madras team won against Holkar . He was a right - handed batsman and a right - arm medium bowler . The Hindu describing his Cricket , once said : `` His batting resembles very closely that of his father - dashing and carefree - and his cover - drive , a joy to watch , has amazing impetus ... '' And it added that he had `` enriched Madras sport as his father had '' . His only younger brother M.M Kumar represented in the Ranji Trophy . The First Ranji Trophy Triumph Team of Tamilnadu in 1954 - 1955 Contents 1 Career 2 Later life 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) M. Suryanarayan was a stylish right - hand middle order batsman who played off and cover drives in particularly elegant fashion . A stalwart of Madras cricket in the forties and fifties , ` Suri ' as he was popularly known , played 11 matches for the state in the Ranji Trophy and earned selection for the Indian team for the fifth and final ` Test ' against the SJOC team at Lucknow in 1953 - 54 . Suryanarayan proved his mettle by scoring two unbeaten half - centuries against bowlers of the class of Frank Worrell , Fazal Mahmood , Amir Elahi , Khan Mohamed , Loxton , Peter Loader , and Jim McConnel . He Captained Madras and Mysore at the highest levels , besides scoring three centuries before lunch in first - class cricket in Madras and Bangalore . He won the All - India University Tennis Doubles title , Partnering Ramanathan Krishnan , and played in the qualifying rounds of the doubles tournament at Wimbledon . He also won several titles in Table tennis and golf in South Indian Competitions . Tamilnadu Test Cricketers gathers in front of the historic MCC Pavilion Later life ( edit ) M. Suryanarayan followed in his father 's footsteps in many ways . He was a natural at all ball games . M. Suryanarayan did a University of Madras Science degree from Presidency College , then moved into the British Indian world of commerce in Madras and Bangalore before going into business on his own . He also spent some years abroad promoting Indian handlooms on behalf of the Government of India . He published a book written by Suri & Raja ( ed ) , Buchi Babu ( Father of Madras Cricket ) and his sporting clan , 1993 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` M Suryanarayan India Cricket Team Official Cricket Profiles PCB '' . Pcb.com.pk . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` M Suryanarayan '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Buchi Babu clan -- masters of sport from cricket to golf '' . Wisdenindia.com. 2015 - 08 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . External links ( edit ) M. Suryanarayan at ESPNcricinfo M. Suryanarayan at CricketArchive ( subscription required ) ^ C. Ramaswami , My reminiscences , The Sunday Standard ( undated ) , reproduced in Suri & Raja ( ed ) , Buchi Babu ( Father of Madras Cricket ) and his sporting clan , 1993 . V Ramnarayan , Mosquitos and other Jolly Rovers `` CHAPTER - II : FORMATION OF TNCA '' ( PDF ) . Shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Suryanarayan&oldid=826692373 '' Categories : 1930 births 2010 deaths Hindus cricketers Indian cricketers India Test cricketers Tamil Nadu cricketers Tamil sportspeople Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 14 : 32 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. M. Suryanarayan - Indian cricketer
2. First Ranji Trophy triumph team of Tamilnadu
3. Stylish right-hand middle order batsman
4. All-India University Tennis Doubles title
5. Buchi Babu Naidu - Father of South Indian Cricket |
-5,718,161,131,054,476,000 | what is the first step in basic life support | Basic life support - Wikipedia Basic life support For techniques and equipment for keeping a patient alive longer term , see life support . emergency medical care by first responder This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( January 2011 ) Basic life support ( BLS ) is a level of medical care which is used for victims of life - threatening illnesses or injuries until they can be given full medical care at a hospital . It can be provided by trained medical personnel , including emergency medical technicians , paramedics , and by qualified bystanders . Contents 1 Background 2 United States 2.1 Chain of survival 2.2 BLS for Healthcare Providers Course 2.3 Adult BLS sequence 2.4 Drowning 2.5 Hypothermia 2.6 Choking 3 United Kingdom 3.1 Adult 3.2 Adult choking 4 Other countries 5 References Background ( edit ) Many countries have guidelines on how to provide basic life support ( BLS ) which are formulated by professional medical bodies in those countries . The guidelines outline algorithms for the management of a number of conditions , such as cardiac arrest , choking and drowning . BLS does not include the use of drugs or invasive skills , and can be contrasted with the provision of Advanced Life Support ( ALS ) . Firefighters , lifeguards , and police officers are often required to be BLS certified . BLS skills are also appropriate for many other professions , such as daycare providers , teachers and security personnel and social workers especially working in the hospitals and ambulance drivers . CPR provided in the field increases the time available for higher medical responders to arrive and provide ALS care . An important advance in providing BLS is the availability of the automated external defibrillator or AED . This improves survival outcomes in cardiac arrest cases . Basic life support promotes adequate blood circulation in addition to breathing through a clear airway : Circulation : providing an adequate blood supply to tissue , especially critical organs , so as to deliver oxygen to all cells and remove metabolic waste , via the perfusion of blood throughout the body . Airway : the protection and maintenance of a clear passageway for gases ( principally oxygen and carbon dioxide ) to pass between the lungs and the atmosphere . Breathing : inflation and deflation of the lungs ( respiration ) via the airway These goals are codified in mnemonics such as ABC and CAB . The American Heart Association ( AHA ) endorses CAB in order to emphasize the primary importance of chest compressions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation . Healthy people maintain the CABs by themselves . In an emergency situation , due to illness ( medical emergency ) or trauma , BLS helps the patient ensure his or her own CABs , or assists in maintaining for the patient who is unable to do so . For airways , this will include manually opening the patients airway ( Head tilt / Chin lift or jaw thrust ) or possible insertion of oral ( Oropharyngeal airway ) or nasal ( Nasopharyngeal airway ) adjuncts , to keep the airway unblocked ( patent ) . For breathing , this may include artificial respiration , often assisted by emergency oxygen . For circulation , this may include bleeding control or cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) techniques to manually stimulate the heart and assist its pumping action . United States ( edit ) Basic Life Support Emergency Medical Services in the United States is generally identified with Emergency Medical Technicians - Basic ( EMT - B ) . However , the American Heart Association 's BLS protocol is designed for use by laypeople , as well as students and others certified first responder , and to some extent , higher medical function personnel . It includes cardiac arrest , respiratory arrest , drowning , and foreign body airway obstruction ( FBAO , or choking ) . EMT - B is the highest level of healthcare provider that is limited to the BLS protocol ; higher medical functions use some or all of the Advanced Cardiac Life Support ( ACLS ) protocols , in addition to BLS protocols . Chain of survival ( edit ) The medical algorithm for providing basic life support to adults in the USA was published in 2005 in the journal Circulation by the American Heart Association . The AHA uses a four - link `` chain of survival '' to illustrate the steps needed to resuscitate a collapsed victim : Early recognition of the emergency and activation of emergency medical services Early bystander CPR , so as not to delay treatment until arrival of EMS Early use of a defibrillator Early advanced life support and post-resuscitation care Bystanders with training in BLS can perform the first three of the four steps . The AHA - recommended steps for resuscitation are known as DRS CABCDE : Check for Danger Check for a Response Send or shout for help C directs rescuers to first attend to Catastrophic haemorrhage ( life - threatening bleeding ) and to stop the bleeding if possible . A directs rescuers to open the Airway and look into the mouth for obvious obstruction . Also to apply a ' head tilt chin lift ' or ' jaw thrust ' to open the airway . B directs rescuers to check Breathing for 10 seconds by listening for breath at the patients nose and mouth and observe the chest for regular rising and falling breathing movements . C directs rescuers to maintain Circulation which may be through administration of chest compressions for Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation ( CPR ) . D directs rescuers to identify Disabilities ( e.g. diabetic or any allergies ) , Damage ( identify broken bones or any minor bleeding ) , Devices ( including use of AED devices available and follow prompts ) and Dry ( if casualty is very wet , an AED device will pass current through body surface water and will harm the casualty ) . E directs rescuers to take the environment into consideration for weather , location and crowds . If the patient is unresponsive and not breathing , the responder begins CPR with chest compressions at a rate of 120 beats per minute in cycles of 30 chest compressions to 2 breaths . If responders are unwilling or unable to perform rescue breathing , they are to perform compression - only CPR , because any attempt at resuscitation is better than no attempt . For children , for whom the main cause of cardiac arrest is from breathing related issues , 5 initial rescue breaths is highly advised followed by the same 30 - 2 cycles . BLS for healthcare providers course ( edit ) According to the American Heart Association , in order to be certified in BLS , a student must take an online or in - person course . However , an online BLS course must be followed with an in - person skills session in order to obtain a certification issued by The American Heart Association . Adult BLS sequence ( edit ) C-A-B is recommended in the new AHA EU guidelines so as to ensure the blood supply to the vital organs and to prevent degeneration of the brain cells . Keeping these facts as such follow the sequence introduced by AHA guidelines 2010 recommendations C-A-B should be followed in learning and teaching BLS . Ensure that the scene is safe . Assess the victim 's level of consciousness by asking loudly and shaking at the shoulders `` Are you okay ? '' and scan chest for breathing movement visually . If no response call for help by shouting for an ambulance and ask for an AED . Assess :* If the patient is breathing normally , and pulse is present then the patient should be placed in the recovery position and monitored . Transport if required , or wait for the EMS to arrive and take over . If patient is not breathing assess pulse at the carotid on your side for an adult , at the brachial for a child and infant for 6 seconds and not more than 10 seconds ; begin immediately with chest compressions at a rate of 30 chest compressions in 18 seconds followed by two rescue breaths in 4 seconds each lasting for 2 second . If the victim has no suspected cervical spine trauma , open the airway using the head - tilt / chin - lift maneuver ; if the victim has suspected neck trauma , the airway should be opened with the jaw - thrust technique . If the jaw - thrust is ineffective at opening / maintaining the airway , a very careful head - tilt / chin - lift should be performed . Blind finger - sweeps are strongly discouraged and should never be performed , as they may push foreign objects further into the airway . This procedure has been discarded from current practice as this may push the foreign body down the airway and increase chances of an obstruction . Continue chest compression at a rate of 100 compressions per minute for all age groups , allowing chest to recoil in between . For adults push up to 2 - 2.4 inches , ie , 6 cm and for child up to 2 inches , ie , 5 cm . For infants 1 - 1.5 inches , ie , 4 cm or 1 / 3 of the chest diameter antero - posteriorly . Keep counting aloud . Press hard and fast maintaining the rate of at about 100 / minute . Allow recoil of chest fully between each compression . In adults , irrespective of the number or rescuers , for every 30 chest compressions give two rescue breaths and in child victim , give 2 breaths per 30 compression if only 1 rescuer is present , but 2 breaths per 15 compressions in case where there are 2 rescuers . Continue for five cycles or two minutes before re-assessing pulse . Attempt to administer two artificial ventilations using the mouth - to - mouth technique , or a bag - valve - mask ( BVM ) . The mouth - to - mouth technique is no longer recommended , unless a face shield is present . Verify that the chest rises and falls ; if it does not , reposition ( i.e. re-open ) the airway using the appropriate technique and try again . If ventilation is still unsuccessful , and the victim is unconscious , it is possible that they have a foreign body in their airway . Begin chest compressions , stopping every 30 compressions , re-checking the airway for obstructions , removing any found , and re-attempting ventilation . If the ventilations are successful , assess for the presence of a pulse at the carotid artery . If a pulse is detected , then the patient should continue to receive artificial ventilations at an appropriate rate and transported immediately . Otherwise , begin CPR at a ratio of 30 : 2 compressions to ventilation 's at 100 compressions / minute for 5 cycles . After 5 cycles of CPR , the BLS protocol should be repeated from the beginning , assessing the patient 's airway , checking for spontaneous breathing , and checking for a spontaneous pulse as per new protocol sequence C-A-B . Laypersons are commonly instructed not to perform re-assessment , but this step is always performed by healthcare professionals ( HCPs ) . If an AED is available it should be activated immediately and its directives followed and ( if indicated ) , call for clearance before defibrillation / shock should be performed . If defibrillation is performed , begin chest compression immediately after shock . BLS protocols continue until ( 1 ) the patient regains a pulse , ( 2 ) the rescuer is relieved by another rescuer of equivalent or higher training ( see patient abandonment ) , ( 3 ) the rescuer is too physically tired to continue CPR , or ( 4 ) the patient is pronounced dead by a medical doctor or other approved healthcare provider . At the end of five cycles of CPR , always perform assessment via the AED for a shockable rhythm , and if indicated , defibrillate , and repeat assessment before doing another five cycles . Drowning ( edit ) Rescuers should provide CPR as soon as an unresponsive victim is removed from the water . In particular , rescue breathing is important in this situation . A lone rescuer is typically advised to give CPR for a short time before leaving the victim to call emergency medical services . Since the primary cause of cardiac arrest and death in drowning and choking victims is hypoxia , it is more important to provide rescue breathing as quickly as possible in these situations , whereas for victims of VF cardiac arrest chest compressions and defibrillation are more important . Hypothermia ( edit ) In unresponsive victims with hypothermia , the breathing and pulse should be checked for 30 to 45 seconds as both breathing and heart rate can be very slow in this condition . If cardiac arrest is confirmed , CPR should be started immediately . Wet clothes should be removed , and the victim should be insulated from wind . CPR should be continued until the victim is assessed by advanced care providers . Choking ( edit ) Choking can occur from foreign body airway obstruction . Rescuers should intervene in victims who show signs of severe airway obstruction , such as a silent cough , cyanosis , or inability to speak or breathe . If a victim is coughing forcefully , rescuers should not interfere with this process . If a victim shows signs of severe airway obstruction , abdominal thrusts should be applied in rapid sequence until the obstruction is relieved . If this is not effective , chest thrusts can also be used . Chest thrusts can also be used in obese victims or victims in late pregnancy . Abdominal thrusts should not be used in infants under 1 year of age due to risk of causing injury . If a victim becomes unresponsive he should be lowered to the ground , and the rescuer should call emergency medical services and initiate CPR . When the airway is opened during CPR , the rescuer should look into the mouth for an object causing obstruction , and remove it if it is evident . United Kingdom ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2011 ) Adult BLS guidelines in the United Kingdom were also published in 2005 by the Resuscitation Council ( UK ) , based on the 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations ( CoSTR ) published in November 2005 . Adult ( edit ) Ensure the safety of the victim , the rescuer , and any bystanders . Check the victim for a response by gently shaking the victim 's shoulders and asking loudly `` Are you all right ? '' If the victim responds , leave him in the position in which he was found provided there is no further danger , try to find out what is wrong with him and get help if needed , and reassess him regularly . If the victim does not respond , turn him on to his back and open the airway using the head - tilt / chin - lift . Shout for help . Look , listen and feel for normal breathing for no more than 10 seconds . If the victim is breathing normally , turn him into the recovery position and get help . Continue to check for breathing . If the victim is not breathing normally , call for an ambulance . These guidelines differ from previous versions in a number of ways : They allow the rescuer to diagnose cardiac arrest if the victim is unresponsive and not breathing normally . Rescuers are taught to give chest compressions in the center of the chest , rather than measuring from the lower border of the sternum . Rescue breaths should be given over 1 second rather than 2 seconds . For an adult victim , the initial 2 rescue breaths should be omitted , so that 30 chest compressions are given immediately after a cardiac arrest has been diagnosed . These changes were introduced to simplify the algorithm , to allow for faster decision making and to maximize the time spent giving chest compressions ; this is because interruptions in chest compressions have been shown to reduce the chance of survival . It is also acknowledged that rescuers may either be unable , or unwilling , to give effective rescue breaths ; in this situation , continuing chest compressions alone is advised , although this is only effective for about 5 minutes . Adult choking ( edit ) Assess the severity of airway obstruction . If the victim is able to speak and cough effectively , the obstruction is mild . If the victim is unable to speak or cough effectively , or is unable to breathe or is breathing with a wheezy sound , the airway obstruction is severe . If the victim has signs of mild airway obstruction , encourage him to continue coughing ; do nothing else . If the victim has signs of severe airway obstruction , and is conscious , give up to 5 back blows ( sharp blows between the shoulder blades with the victim leaning well forwards ) . Check to see if the obstruction has cleared after each blow . If 5 back blows fail to relieve the obstruction , give up to 5 abdominal thrusts , again checking if each attempt has relieved the obstruction . If the obstruction is still present , and the victim still conscious , continue alternating 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts . If the victim becomes unconscious , lower him to the ground , call an ambulance , and begin CPR . Other countries ( edit ) The term BLS is also used in some non-English speaking countries ( e.g. in Italy ) for the education of first responders . Spain : SVB ( soporte vital básico ) Belgium : aide médicale urgente ( `` emergency medical assistance '' ) / EHBO ( eerste hulp bij ongelukken , `` first aid '' ) Brazil : SBV ( Suporte básico de vida ) France : PSE 1 & PSE 2 ( Premiers Secours en Equipe niveaux 1 & 2 ) , `` First Aid as part of a team , '' level 2 includes stretchering and teamwork , ( former CFAPSE before 2007 Certificat de Formation aux Activités des Premiers Secours en Equipe , `` Training certificate for first aid teamwork '' ) Poland : Podstawowe zabiegi resuscytacyjne / KPP ( Kwalifikowana pierwsza pomoc ) Portugal : SBV ( Suporte Básico de Vida ) Germany : Lebensrettende Sofortmaßnahmen ( basic life support ) Romania : SVB ( support vital de bază ) Netherlands : BLS ( `` first aid '' is referred to as EHBO ( Eerste hulp bij ongelukken ) ) Turkey : TYD ( temel yaşam desteği , `` basic life support '' ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Public - access defibrillation and survival after out - of - hospital cardiac arrest '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 351 ( 7 ) : 637 -- 46 . 2004 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa040566 . PMID 15306665 . Jump up ^ Khalid , U. ; Juma , A A. ( 2010 ) . `` Paradigm shift : ' ABC ' to ' CAB ' for cardiac arrests '' . Scandinavian Journal of Trauma , Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine . 18 : 59 . doi : 10.1186 / 1757 - 7241 - 18 - 59 . PMC 2992496 . PMID 21078163 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care '' . Circulation. 112 ( 24 Suppl ) : IV -- 19 -- 34 . December 2005 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 105.166553 . PMID 16314375 . Jump up ^ 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science , Part 5 : Adult Basic Life Support Jump up ^ http://savingchicagocpr.com/Chicago/bls-for-healthcare-providers/ Jump up ^ Resuscitation Council ( UK ) Adult Basic Life Support ( 2005 ) Archived 2005 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` European Resuscitation Council guidelines and CoSTR documents '' . erc.edu . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Eftestøl T , Sunde K , Steen PA ( May 2002 ) . `` Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out - of - hospital cardiac arrest '' . Circulation. 105 ( 19 ) : 2270 -- 3 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. cir. 0000016362.42586. fe . PMID 12010909 . Jump up ^ Hallstrom A , Cobb L , Johnson E , Copass M ( May 2000 ) . `` Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth - to - mouth ventilation '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 342 ( 21 ) : 1546 -- 53 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM200005253422101 . PMID 10824072 . Jump up ^ Nozioni primo soccorso BLS Archived October 28 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Italian ) , PDF document ( 12p , 912 Kb ) <Th_colspan="2"> Emergency medical services <Td_colspan="2"> Paramedicine Basic life support Advanced life support People Certified first responder ( CFR ) Combat medic Emergency medical dispatcher ( EMD ) Emergency medical responder ( EMR ) Emergency medical technician ( EMT ) Advanced Emergency Medical Technician ( AEMT ) Paramedic Medical director Vehicles Air medical services Ambulance history Ambulance bus Blood bike Combination car Light horse field ambulance Motorcycle ambulance Nontransporting EMS vehicle Water ambulance Casualty lifting and movement Kendrick Extrication Device Litter Spinal board Scoop stretcher Spinal precautions Stretcher Vacuum mattress Weevac 6 Other Ambulance station Rescue squad Search and rescue Related fields Aviation medicine Diving medicine Emergency medicine Military medicine Wilderness medicine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_life_support&oldid=854209159 '' Categories : Emergency medical services Emergency medicine courses Emergency life support Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Articles needing cleanup from January 2011 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how - to sections Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2011 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Polski ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 17 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Basic life support
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4,282,228,879,447,956,000 | where did the term sudden death come from | Sudden death ( sport ) - wikipedia Sudden death ( sport ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For the actual death of players in sport , see Sudden cardiac death of athletes . In a sport or game , sudden death ( also sudden - death overtime or a sudden - death round ) is a form of competition where play ends as soon as one competitor is ahead of the others , with that competitor becoming the winner . Sudden death is typically used as a tiebreaker when a contest is tied at the end of the normal playing time or the completion of the normal playing task . An alternative tiebreaker method is to play a reduced version of the original ; for example , in association football 30 minutes of extra time ( overtime ) after 90 minutes of normal time , or in golf one playoff round ( 18 holes ) after four standard rounds ( 72 holes ) . Sudden - death playoffs typically end more quickly than these reduced replays . Reducing the variability of the event 's duration assists those scheduling television time and team travel . Fans may see sudden death as exciting and suspenseful , or they may view the format as insufficiently related to the sport played during regulation time ; for example , prior to 2012 , the National Football League ( American football ) used a sudden - death rule for overtime play . In those situations , a team possessing the ball need only kick a field goal to end the game in their favor , negating the additional benefit that typically comes with scoring a touchdown . Sudden death provides a victor for the contest without a specific amount of time being required . It may be called `` next score wins '' or similar , although in some games , the winner may result from penalization of the other competitor for a mistake . Sudden death may instead be called sudden victory to avoid the mention of death and serious disease , particularly in sports with a high risk of physical injury . This variant became one of announcer Curt Gowdy 's idiosyncrasies in 1971 when the AFC divisional championship game between the Kansas City Chiefs and Miami Dolphins went into overtime . North American professional sports using a sudden - death method of settling a tied game include the modified version now employed by the National Football League , the National Hockey League and , also in a modified sense , the PGA Tour ( golf ) . Baseball uses a unique method of tie - breaking that incorporates elements of sudden death . In some goal - scoring games sudden - death extra time may be given in which the first goal scored wins ; in association football it is called the golden goal , although this has not been recognised since it was abolished from the Laws of the Game in 2004 by FIFA . In baseball , a winning run scored by the home team in an extra inning is often referred to as a walk - off , as the players can immediately walk off the field . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ice hockey 2 American football 2.1 National Football League 2.2 Arena football 3 Golf 4 Baseball and softball 5 Basketball 6 Association football 7 Rugby league 8 Rugby union 9 Tennis and volleyball 10 Badminton 11 Fencing 12 Computer gaming 13 Board games 14 Game shows 15 Professional wrestling 16 Judo 17 Mixed martial arts 18 References 19 Bibliography 20 See also Ice Hockey ( edit ) Sudden - death overtime has traditionally been used in playoff and championship games in hockey . It has been used in the National Hockey League throughout the league 's history . The first NHL game with sudden - death overtime was game four of the 1919 Stanley Cup Finals . Currently , the NHL , American Hockey League , and ECHL also use the sudden - death system in their regular seasons , playing a five - minute overtime period when the score is tied at the end of regulation time . In 2000 , the AHL reduced the teams to four players each during the five - minute overtime . ( But any two - man advantage is administered with five - on - three play rather than four - on - two . ) The ECHL and NHL both changed to the four - on - four overtime format in 2001 , with the International Olympic Committee following by no later than 2010 . By 2015 the NHL went to the three - on - three format . In the SPHL , a class A minor league , the overtime is three - on - three , with the team that would be on the power play given a fourth , and a fifth attacker respectively instead , and any penalty in the final two minutes results in a penalty shot instead of a power play . If neither team scores during this period , the teams use a penalty - shot shootout , consisting of three players in the NHL or five players in the minor leagues , to determine the winner . In the NHL , if no team wins this shootout , a 1 - by - 1 , sudden - death shootout ensues . No player may shoot twice until every non-goaltender on the bench has taken a shot . During championship playoffs , however , all games are played to a conclusion resulting in a victory for one team and a loss for the other . These are true sudden - death games , which have gone on into as many as six additional full 20 - minute periods with five players , instead of the five - minute period with at least three players . IIHF hockey uses a penalty - shot shootout for gold medal games if neither team scores after one 20 - minute , sudden - death overtime period . The shootout is decided in best - of - 5 rounds , then round by round ( in other words , if one team scores in the 6th round or beyond and the other fails , the game ends , unlike most professional leagues ) , and players can shoot as many times as the team desires ( first 5 rounds are done in order , then reversely thereafter ; may use new or same players ) . ( There is a 5 - minute overtime in round - robin games ( 10 minutes in elimination / bronze medal games ) , plus the best - of - 5 - round ( best - of - 3 rounds in round robin ) shootout procedure in elimination / bronze medal games . ) American football ( edit ) Sudden death has been perceived as a particularly poor fit for gridiron football because the process gives an inherent advantage to the team who gains possession of the ball : they can score and end the game immediately ( even by driving a relatively short distance into field goal range and then kicking a field goal ) , but the team on defense can not ( other than through far rarer scoring strategies such as the pick - six or the safety ) score immediately . All organized forms of American football have abolished pure sudden death for overtime as of the 2011 season . Most levels of the game , including high school football and college football , never used it , instead either allowing ties to stand or using alternatives like the Kansas Playoff . The National Football League was an exception ; the league used pure sudden death in its playoffs beginning in 1940 and in regular season matchups starting in 1974 , finally modifying its process for playoffs in 2010 and then regular season games in 2011 . National football League ( edit ) Originally , all National Football League games tied at the end of regulation time ended as a tie . Late in the 1940 season , NFL President Carl Storck announced that sudden death periods would be authorized for any playoff game needed to decide either division title . It was emphasized that this did not apply to the final championship game , which would crown co-champions in the event of a tie . Commissioner Elmer Layden approved a similar arrangement for the 1941 season , with the same limitation . In the years when it was within the rules , the NFL Championship Game only ended in a tie in the 1958 NFL Championship Game . It did n't occur in the Super Bowl until Super Bowl LI ( 51 ) . Sudden death overtime was finally approved for the NFL championship game in 1946 and remains in effect now . The first playoff game requiring overtime was the 1958 NFL Championship Game . In 1974 , the NFL adopted a 15 - minute sudden - death overtime period for regular - season games ; by 2017 it was cut to 10 minutes . The game ended as a tie if neither team scores in overtime . When a team gets near the end zone , it typically tried to kick a field goal . An overtime game can also be won by scoring a touchdown ( in such an event , the extra point is not attempted ) . This usually happened on a play that began with field position far enough away from the end zone to make a field goal difficult if not impossible , but it can also result from a team choosing not to attempt a field goal until reaching fourth down , even if the team enters an easy field goal range ; this strategy only works if the team can maintain possession of the ball and does not fumble the ball away , throw an interception or lose enough yardage to back out of field goal range . Only thrice has an overtime game been won by a safety . In recent years , sportscasters have referred to such scoring plays as `` walk - offs , '' as both teams can walk off the field after the play . Since the 2010 - 11 playoffs , in the post-season each team was to get one possession to score in overtime , unless the team receiving the kickoff scored a touchdown or if the defensive team scored a touchdown or safety on the same possession . True sudden death rules applied if both teams have had their initial possession and the game remains tied . This rule did not actually come into use during the 2010 playoffs , with the first overtime game under the new rules not occurring until 2011 , with the Denver Broncos scoring a long touchdown on their first play from scrimmage against the Pittsburgh Steelers , but nonetheless the rule was adopted for the start of the 2012 regular season shortly afterwards . It was adopted to counter the criticism that the outcome of overtime games was very frequently decided by the coin toss , as the team which won it usually attempted only enough offensive action to maneuver into field goal range and seldom made a real effort to score a touchdown . This means that the only remaining difference between regular season and post-season overtime rules is that in the post-season play will continue indefinitely for a team to score and win the game , whereas in the regular season games still tied after one full overtime period will continue to be allowed to end in a tie . For information on games that have taken a long time under sudden death , see Overtime . Arena football ( edit ) In arena football , each team is allowed one overtime possession in the first overtime , after which whoever is ahead is the winner . If the score is still tied , however , true sudden death rules apply thereafter . ( A similar , modified sudden death format , with a 10 - minute limit , was used in the NFL Europa League . ) This rule was implemented in the 2007 season ; prior to this , the league used extra time , a fixed seven and one - half minute extra period ; if the game was still tied at this point , it was recorded as a tied game . This was later changed to a fifteen - minute maximum modified sudden death as above , but with a definite conclusion after one overtime period , again a tied game being recorded if the score was still equal . ( Only one tied game was recorded under each of the two prior overtime rules . ) Since the beginning of the 2007 season , all Arena football games , both regular season and playoff , have been played to a victorious conclusion . Any succeeding overtime periods are true sudden death periods . Exception applies to first game of the semifinal series , where there is no overtime , and the game may end tied . Golf ( edit ) In individual match play , players level after the regulation 18 or 36 holes will play extra holes in sudden death . In team tournaments , players may gain half a point each for a tie rather than play sudden death ; this is the case in the Ryder Cup , for example . In the Presidents Cup , there was provision for a single - player sudden death shootout if the entire competition ended in a tie . When this came to pass in 2003 , the tiebreak was unfinished at dusk . There was no provision for an extra day 's play , and both team captains agreed to declare the match tied and share the trophy . Traditionally , professional stroke play golf tournaments ending in a tie were played off the next day with an eighteen - hole match . Modern considerations such as television coverage and the tight travel schedule of most leading golfers have led to this practice being almost entirely abandoned , and in all but the most important tournaments , the champion is determined by sudden death . All players tied after the completion of regulation play are taken to a predetermined hole , and then play it and others in order as needed . If at least two players are tied , player ( s ) who score higher on a hole than the other competitors is / are immediately eliminated , and those still tied continue play until one remaining player has a lower score for a hole than any of the others remaining , who is declared the winner . Of the four men 's major championships , only The Masters uses a sudden - death playoff format , first used in 1979 . The U.S. Open still uses an 18 - hole playoff at stroke play on the day after the main tournament , with sudden - death if two ( or more ) contestants remain tied after 18 holes . First used in 1989 , The Open Championship uses a four - hole total - stroke playoff , while the PGA Championship uses a three - hole total - stroke playoff , first used in 2000 . The PGA Championship introduced the sudden - death playoff to the majors in 1977 and used it seven times through 1996 . Sudden death is used if a tie exists at the end of the scheduled playoff . Baseball and softball ( edit ) Baseball and softball are not true sudden - death sports , but they have one comparable situation . Baseball and softball games can not end until both teams have had an equal number of turns at bat , unless further play ( by the home team if they lead after 8 ⁄ innings ) can not affect the outcome . In the final scheduled inning ( typically , in professional and advanced amateur leagues the ninth inning , but usually the seventh for youth leagues and softball , and the sixth for leagues for subteens such as Little League ) , if the visitors complete their turn at bat and still trail the hosts , the game ends . If the visitors lead or the game is tied , the hosts take their `` last ups '' at bat . If the hosts should exceed the visitors ' score , the game ends at the conclusion of the play on which the hosts take this insurmountable lead . ( If the final scheduled inning ends in a tie , multiple extra innings are played with the same implications as the final scheduled inning . ) The ability to bat last is an advantage of being the home team . It is said that `` visitors must play to win ; hosts need only play to tie '' because tying forces an extra inning . A tied game in the bottom of the final scheduled inning puts pressure on the visitors . For example , with a runner on third base and fewer than two outs , the visitors can not afford even to get certain types of out that would let the game - ending run score after the out . A scoring play that ends the game is called a walk - off , because after the runner scores the winning run everyone can walk off the field . A walk - off home run is an exception to the rule stated above ; the game does not end when the winning run scores , but continues until the batter and all runners score ( provided they run the bases correctly ) . Basketball ( edit ) Basketball does not traditionally employ sudden death to decide games ; it instead uses multiple five - minute overtime periods to determine the result of games tied after regulation play . The entire overtime is played ; if the game remains tied , this procedure is repeated . The NBA Summer League , a developmental summer league , employs sudden death basketball after the first overtime . The rules state Double overtime & thereafter is sudden death ( first team to score a point wins ) . In the first sudden death professional basketball game , Devin Ebanks hit a game winner with 45 seconds elapsed for the D - League Select team , beating the summer league Atlanta Hawks . Another form of basketball does employ a sudden - death overtime . 3x3 , a formalized version of the half - court three - on - three game , uses an untimed overtime period that ends by rule once either team has scored 2 points . In this form of the sport , shots taken from behind the `` three - point '' arc are worth 2 points and all other shots are worth 1 point . Association football ( edit ) Main article : Golden goal Sudden death has a controversial history in association football . Important matches were traditionally resolved by replaying the entire match , however in the era of television and tight travel schedules this is often impracticable . Replays are still used in some major competitions ( like the FA Cup ) . In many matches , if the score is tied after the full 90 minutes , a draw results ; however , if one team must be eliminated , some form of tie - breaking must occur . Originally , two 15 - minute halves of a.e.t. extra time were held and if the teams remained equal at the end of the halves , kicks from the penalty mark are held . To try to decrease the chances of requiring kicks from the penalty mark , the IFAB , the world law making body of the sport , experimented with new rules . The golden goal rule transformed the overtime periods into sudden death until the periods were over , where shootouts would occur . As this became unpopular , the silver goal rule was instituted , causing the game to end if the scores were not equal after the first 15 - minute period as well as the second . The silver goal has also fallen into disrepute so UEFA Euro 2004 was the last event to use it ; after which the original tie - breaking methods were restored . The main criticism of golden goal is the quickness of ending the game , and the pressure on coaches and players . Once a goal is scored , the game is over and the opponent can not attempt to answer the goal within the remaining time . Therefore , teams would place more emphasis on not conceding a goal rather than scoring a goal , and many golden goal extra time periods remained scoreless . In NCAA collegiate play in the United States , however , sudden death , adopted in 1999 for all championship play in addition to regular season play , remains . In 2005 , the Division II Women 's Championship game ended in sudden death as a goal was scored three minutes into the overtime to end the championship match. ( 1 ) Sudden death is also prevalent in youth play , for the safety of players . If the teams are still tied after the initial allocated number in the penalty shoot - out , the game goes to sudden - death penalties , where each team takes a further one penalty each , repeated until only one team scores , resulting in the winning of the game . Rugby League ( edit ) Further information : List of National Rugby League golden point games Drawn National Rugby League premiership and State of Origin series games are subject to sudden death extra time after 80 minutes of play , called the golden point . Golden point consists of two five - minute halves , with the teams swapping ends at the end of the first half . Any score ( try , penalty goal , or field goal ) in golden point wins the game for the scoring team - no conversion is attempted if a try is the winning score . In the NRL , the victor in golden point receives two competition points , the loser none . In the event that no further scoring occurs , the game is drawn , and each team receives one point each . Rugby union ( edit ) In the knockout stages of rugby competitions , most notably the Rugby World Cup , a match drawn after 80 minutes does not proceed immediately to sudden death conditions . Two 10 - minute extra time periods are played first , if scores are level after 100 minutes then the rules call for a single sudden - death period of 10 minutes to be played . If the sudden - death extra time period results in no scoring a kicking competition is used to determine the winner . However , no match in the history of the Rugby World Cup has ever gone past 100 minutes into a sudden - death extra time period . Tennis and volleyball ( edit ) In contrast with the usual sudden - death procedure of awarding the victory to the next side to score , tennis and volleyball require that the margin of victory be two . A volleyball game tied at the target score continues until one team 's score exceeds the other 's by two points . The traditional requirement that a tennis set be won by two games sometimes resulted in men 's five - set matches lasting over six hours ( including an 8 - hour 11 - minute set at Wimbledon ) or , in women 's / doubles ' three - set matches , lasting over three hours , which is a major disruption to a television schedule . To shorten matches , sets tied at six games each can now be broken by a single tiebreaker game . This is awarded to the first player to score seven points . The winner must lead the loser by two points , so tiebreaker games can become lengthy in their own right . Tiebreakers are not used in major tournaments in the final set , except at the US Open & the Olympics . Badminton ( edit ) In badminton , if a set is tied at 29 - all , golden point is played ; whoever scores this point wins it . Fencing ( edit ) An individual fencing bout lasts for five touches in a poule match , or 15 touches in a direct elimination ( DE ) match in all three weapons ( épée , foil , and sabre . Although sabre bouts rarely go to full - time , the same time frames apply ) Matches are also timed ( three minutes for a poule match , and three periods of three minutes for a DE ) . If neither fencer has reached five or 15 points within the time limit , the leading fencer is deemed the winner . However , if the fencers are tied after the allotted time , one minute of extra time is added . Before resuming the bout , one fencer is randomly awarded `` priority '' . The first fencer to score a valid hit within extra time wins the match ; if no valid hits are scored within the time , that fencer with priority is declared the victor . In the normal course of a match , there is a de facto sudden death situation if both fencers are tied at four ( or 14 ) touches each . The final hit is called `` la belle '' . The fencers may salute each other before playing for the final point . Computer gaming ( edit ) Sudden death also occurs in computer gaming when both teams have the same score and a method of breaking a tie is needed . For example , in a Capture the Flag area for Quake III Arena , when neither team has scored , or if no team leads , a sudden death match will decide who will be the victor . All the teams have to do is get the flag and deliver it to the base one time only in order to win automatically . Sometimes , players share a handicap in order to end the game faster ; for example , in a Super Smash Bros. sudden death match , players fight beginning at 300 % damage , amplifying how much they are knocked back to the extent that most attacks will KO them in a single blow . In games where the players normally would respawn , like Team Fortress 2 , sudden death often means that respawning is disabled and the last team standing wins . Board games ( edit ) In board games such as chess where there is a time limit , `` sudden death '' refers to a requirement that all the remaining moves , rather than a fixed number of moves , be played within the remaining time allotted . This ensures an upper limit for how long games can last . Some games are played with an immediate sudden death time control , others have one or more regular time controls before the sudden death control . Game shows ( edit ) In most international versions of the game show Duel , if two contestants do not cover the correct answer to a regular question when the duel is in process , the duel goes to a sudden death question called a `` Shootout '' . For this sudden death question , the contestants who are participating get 4 new chips each , and there are no accelerators or presses available . If only one contestant answers correctly , the contestant who has the answer wins . If both contestants get the answer correct , the contestant who covered fewer choices wins , but if both contestants do not cover the correct answer to the shootout question , they are both eliminated ( that happens automatically if both contestants are wrong during the duel in international versions that do not have sudden death ) . In a situation in which both contestants covered the same number of choices during sudden death , both contestants win the duel , and one of the contestants , picked at random , must leave the show . In some instances , if a winner can not be determined on the question ( regardless if both contestants tie or would be eliminated ) , multiple Shootouts may occur until a winner is determined . In that case , the tie - breakers that do not determine a winner may be edited out of the final broadcast . In the game show BrainSurge , the last two players standing will match pictures . When someone gets one wrong , host Jeff Sutphen declares the game to be in `` sudden death territory '' . At that point , the next person to make a valid match wins the game . In The Weakest Link , if the final round of questions ends in a tie ( usually after three or five questions ) , the players will go into a sudden death round . If a player successfully answers a question and the opponent does not in the round , the player answering correctly wins . If both miss or are successful in a round , they go to another question . Again , tie - breakers that do not produce a winner may be edited out of the final broadcast . On Wheel of Fortune , in the relatively rare event of a tie , the tied contestants square off in a Toss - Up round . The player solving the puzzle correctly goes on to the bonus round . Previously , in the event of a tie , initially the game was declared a draw and the bonus round was not played with the two players returning for a second episode . In later years before the Toss - Up was installed , a second speed - up round between the two players was played . On Jeopardy ! & Sports Jeopardy ! , the players who are tied for the lead with a score of at least $1 after `` Final Jeopardy ! '' participate in a final sudden - death answer in a pre-determined category . Whoever gives the correct question is the champion ; if all three contestants answer incorrectly , the procedure is repeated . The contestants can not win by `` default '' when the opponent gives an incorrect question , thereby having to give the correct question . This has only happened in tournament play ; since the 2014 rule change in regular play , it has never occurred . Prior to 2014 , regular play tied games stayed tied , with all contestants involved in the tie returning the next day . The rule was abolished after an increasing number of drawn games in Season 30 and 31 . If all three players have a zero score , it is a triple loss and three new contestants play the next episode . Note that the loser of a tied game in tournament play is still eligible for a wild card in either the second round or the final round ( if a triple loss occurs in the second round , a wild card is added ) with the score at the end of Final Jeopardy ! On The Price Is Right , if a Showcase Showdown is tied , the players will spin the wheel once ; the higher score wins . If the spin is a tie , the procedure is repeated until a winner is found . In case of a Bonus Spin spinoff , only the first spin is a bonus spin . No bonuses are awarded for subsequent rounds . On Match Game ( since 1990 ) , should a tie occur after a tiebreaker round , the two contestants engage in a fill - in question . Whoever matched first off a celebrity won the chance to play the Super Match . Match Game PM also had this tie - breaker format should a tie occur after three rounds were played . Since the current US version began in 1999 , Family Feud has used a single sudden question in certain situations . The 1999 - 2003 four - round format matches that end tied after four rounds are sent to a sudden - death playoff . The two families send the fifth member for a face - off . Since the 2003 - 2004 season , if neither family scores 300 after four rounds ( three in 2009 - 10 ) , the same playoff is implemented . The family must give the answer most frequently provided by the survey to win . Many other game shows feature a sudden - death playoff ; usually , the next player to answer a question correctly wins . Often , the rules of sudden death provide that in the event a wrong answer is given , the opposing team wins ( for instance , the radio quiz show Ask Me Another utilizes this format ) , even though wrong answers may otherwise not be penalized . Occasionally , the format is a numeric question , with the player making the closer guess winning . Professional wrestling ( edit ) Sudden death in wrestling is most commonly seen in Real Canadian Wrestling tournament matches , in which a victor must be decided . This happens in the case of a double knockout or double countout . In the United States , Sudden Death rules occurs mainly in an Iron Man match when there is a tie after the time limit have expired . ( Most notably at Wrestlemania XII when the match between Shawn Michaels and Bret Hart ended 0 - 0 after the 60 minute limit ) An example that invoked sudden death occurred in the 2005 Royal Rumble . John Cena and Batista were left , and both men 's feet touched the ground at the same time . A comparable draw leading to sudden death might happen if the shoulders of a wrestler applying a submission move are on the mat . Judo ( edit ) In the case of a tie in competition judo , the match proceeds to Golden Score , another form of Sudden Death . Sudden Death in competition Judo consists of a 5 minute long match , during which the first competitor to achieve a score is awarded the match . Penalties in Judo award points to the other competitor , making fair - play of absolute importance . If no victor is decided in Golden Score , the match is decided based on a Referee 's Decision . A Referee 's Decision is a vote amongst the Referee and both Judges of the match . Mixed martial arts ( edit ) In mixed martial arts competitions that consist of an even number of rounds , a type of sudden death is sometimes used in the event that each competitor wins an equal number of points . This is not a true sudden death that ends on the first point scored , since MMA competitions do not generally score individual points . Rather , it is a final round of combat , the winner of which is declared the winner of the match . This particular rule , known as `` Sudden Victory '' , has been commonly seen in previous seasons of the reality television show The Ultimate Fighter when the competition has consisted of two rounds . A sudden victory round rule was also implemented in the tournament to decide Ultimate Fighting Championship 's first Flyweight Champion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ New York Times , November 19 , 1940 . Novel Plan Adopted to Decide Play - Offs , p. 22 Jump up ^ New York Times , April 30 , 1946 . Danzig , Allison , Pro Giants To Play Seven Home Games , p. 27 . Jump up ^ New York Times , December 18 , 1948 , Cards And Eagles Evenly Matched , p. 17 . Jump up ^ New York Times , December 11 , 1950 , Sudden Death Overtime For Play - Off Contests , p. 33 Jump up ^ Gifford and Richmond , pg. 210 Jump up ^ Brennan , Christine ( 2003 - 11 - 25 ) . `` Els - Woods playoff unable to settle Presidents Cup '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Championship : history '' . PGA of America . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Summer League introduces sudden death basketball '' . Jump up ^ `` 3x3 : Rules of the game '' . FIBA . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ rugbybworldcup.com . `` Rugby World Cup '' . www.rugbyworldcup.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Handricks , Maggie ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sudden death round on tap for UFC 's flyweight tournament '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Gifford , Frank and Richmond , Peter , The Glory Game : How the 1958 NFL Championship Changed Football Forever Harper Collins e-books ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 171659 - 1 See also ( edit ) Tiebreaker Overtime ( sports ) Penalty shootout Single elimination tournament , where losing a match means exiting the tournament Variations of Cassino ( card game ) that provide that points are scored immediately and can end a tie game in the middle of a round Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudden_death_(sport)&oldid=841623874 '' Categories : Competition Terminology used in multiple sports Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 00 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Sudden death in sports
2. Tiebreaker methods in sports
3. Sudden death overtime in ice hockey
4. Sudden death in American football
5. Sudden death in golf and baseball |
-1,632,072,142,867,584,300 | who plays matt landry on when calls the heart | Mark Humphrey ( actor ) - Wikipedia Mark Humphrey ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Mark Humphrey Mark Adrian Humphrey ( 1960 - 12 - 27 ) December 27 , 1960 ( age 57 ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Nationality Canadian Occupation Actor Years active 1985 -- present Website http://www.markhumphrey.com/ Mark Adrian Humphrey ( born December 27 , 1960 in Vancouver , British Columbia ) is a Canadian actor best known for the role of Jake Antonelli in the Canadian television series E.N.G. In 1988 he made his feature film debut in the film Iron Eagle II as Captain Matt Cooper , Doug Masters ' ( Jason Gedrick ) surviving best friend . Humphrey has been featured in other films and in several television movies . In 2005 he starred in Living With the Enemy with Sarah Lancaster . In 2006 he starred in The Wives He Forgot with Molly Ringwald as a handsome amnesiac . In 2007 he appeared in Still Small Voices with Catherine Bell . Humphrey has also appeared in numerous television series . In 2009 Humphrey appeared in the Canadian dramatic series Paradise Falls , and the television movies Encounter with Danger with Shannen Doherty , and Hostile Makeover with Maggie Lawson . He appeared in the 2010 feature film Summer Eleven . In 2015 Humphrey joined the cast of the Hallmark Channel series When Calls the Heart as mysterious preacher Frank Hogan . Humphrey appeared in the 2005 independent film Cruel But Necessary with his ex-wife Wendel Meldrum and their son Luke Humphrey . Biography ( edit ) Humphrey was born in Vancouver , British Columbia to parents Jack and Sidney Humphrey . His family relocated to Toronto , Ontario in 1967 , where his father , Jack Humphrey , worked as a producer for CBC Radio and Television . After graduating from high school , Humphrey moved to New York City to study acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute . Humphrey spent five years in New York , later returning to Toronto , and eventually relocating to California . Humphrey has four siblings . His three brothers , John , Paul , and Andy , are professional musicians . His sister , Lesley , is a former Ford model . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` E.N.G. Canadian Drama , '' . Museum.tv . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` E.N.G. Cast Photo , '' . Broadcasting-History.ca . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Eagle II Review '' . Variety . December 31 , 1987 . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Eagle II , '' . MovieStillDB.com . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Wild , Diane ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` Paradise Falls Season 3 , '' . TV-Eh.com . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Wang , K.L. Connie ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Humphrey : When Calls the Heart 's Newest Blessing , '' . Parade Magazine . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Actor Mark Humphrey , `` When Calls the Heart '' , `` . My Devotional Thoughts . February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Glen ( September 2007 ) . `` Small Project Fed Director 's Soul , '' . The Vancouver Province . Archived from the original on 17 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Mark Humphrey on IMDb E.N.G. Cast Photo Link at the Broadcast History Site SNAC : w6b03d1g VIAF : 268538658 This article about a Canadian actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Humphrey_(actor)&oldid=831778290 '' Categories : 1960 births Living people Male actors from Vancouver Actors Studio alumni Canadian male film actors Canadian male television actors Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni Canadian actor stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Български Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 04 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Mark Humphrey - Canadian actor
2. Role of Jake Antonelli in E.N.G.
3. Film debut in Iron Eagle II
4. Appeared in Living With the Enemy and The Wives He Forgot
5. Joined the cast of When Calls the Heart as Frank Hogan |
-8,874,030,737,731,326,000 | who plays the judge's mother on cedar cove | Cedar Cove ( TV series ) - wikipedia Cedar Cove ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Cedar Cove <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Drama Romance Developed by Bruce Graham Written by Debbie Macomber ( Book ) Starring Andie MacDowell Dylan Neal Teryl Rothery Sarah Smyth Brennan Elliott Corey Sevier Bruce Boxleitner Barbara Niven Composer ( s ) Mario Vaira Country of origin United States Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 36 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Ron French Carl Binder Caroline Moore Dan Wigutow Stephen Harmaty Sue Tenney Debbie Macomber Andie MacDowell Harvey Kahn Michael M. Scott Producer ( s ) Connie Dolphin Lisa Towers Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 76 minutes ( pilot ) ; 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Unity Pictures Group <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Hallmark Channel Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release July 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 20 ) -- September 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 26 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Cedar Cove is an American - Canadian drama television series on the Hallmark Channel that aired for three seasons from July 20 , 2013 , to September 26 , 2015 . Based on author Debbie Macomber 's book series of the same name , Cedar Cove focused on Municipal Court Judge Olivia Lockhart 's professional and personal life and the townsfolk surrounding her . It was the network 's first - ever original scripted series . On December 1 , 2015 , it was announced that the series was cancelled and would not be renewed for a fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Production 3.1 Setting and filming 3.2 Book to television deviation 4 Reception 5 Episodes 6 International distribution 7 Home media release 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Cedar Cove is a quaint , picturesque town on an island in Puget Sound in Washington state . Its residents are old fashioned in their values , neighbors on the most part trying to help neighbors , and people not locking their doors in their trust of their neighbors . The moral center and compass of the town is Olivia Lockhart , the bicycle riding , scarf wearing municipal court judge who grew up in the town . Regardless of her being the focus for many in town , Olivia 's life has not been issue - free , she long ago having gone through a divorce from her physician ex-husband , the dissolution of their marriage largely due to the accidental drowning death of their son , Jordan , when he was thirteen , that incident from which they as a couple could not recover . Also affected was Jordan 's twin sister , Justine , now a young woman , who has been struggling to find her place in life ever since . Much like the town is being pulled in different directions , such as by cutthroat developer Warren Saget , Olivia is often pulled in different directions , personally and professionally , which one day may take her away from Cedar Cove . In the former category is her search for love . Through it all , she acts as supporter and supportee to her friends and family , including librarian Grace Sherman , her best friend since they were children . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main Cast ( edit ) Andie MacDowell as Olivia Lockhart , Cedar Cove Municipal Court judge Dylan Neal as Jack Griffith , editor of the local newspaper , the Cedar Cove Chronicle , an admitted recovering alcoholic , and Olivia 's love interest Teryl Rothery as Grace Sherman , Olivia 's librarian best friend Sarah Smyth as Justine Lockhart , Olivia 's artistic daughter who is an insecure person , largely because of the death of her twin brother Jordan when they were thirteen and the resulting dissolution of her parents ' marriage Brennan Elliott as Warren Saget , a cutthroat Cedar Cove land developer Bruce Boxleitner and Barbara Niven as Bob and Peggy Beldon , a married couple and owners of the local bed & breakfast , ' Thyme and Tide ' , Timothy Webber as Moon , the aged hippie proprietor of Moon 's , a cafe / knick - knack store Corey Sevier as Seth Gunderson , Justine 's high school boyfriend who , now a commercial fisher , returns to town in hopes of renewing their relationship together . Was portrayed by Greyston Holt in the pilot episode . ( seasons 1 & 2 ) Paula Shaw as Charlotte Jeffers , Olivia 's headstrong mother ( season 1 ) Delilah ( voiceover only ) , a nationally syndicated radio host who provides quotes and inspirational passages as the host of her radio show in - universe in a fictional sense . These set up some of the plot devices which occur throughout each episode . ( season 1 ) Elyse Levesque as Maryellen Sherman , Grace 's daughter ( seasons 1 & 3 , recurring season 2 ) Sebastian Spence as Cliff Harting , a rancher . He was estranged from his father , once famous country singer Tom Harting , at the time of Tom 's death . ( seasons 2 & 3 , recurring season 1 ) Tom Stevens as Eric Griffith , Jack 's irresponsible son who blames much of that irresponsibility on the fact that he had no male role model growing up ( season 2 , recurring seasons 1 & 3 ) Jesse Hutch as Luke Bailey , an ex-Navy SEAL suffering from PTSD ( seasons 2 & 3 ) Emily Tennant as Cecilia Rendall , a high school friend of Justine 's ( season 2 , recurring season 3 ) . Portrayed by Katharine Isabelle in the series ' pilot . Cameron Bancroft as Will Jeffers , Olivia 's philandering brother ( season 3 , recurring seasons 1 & 2 ) Cindy Busby as Rebecca Jennings , the young , ambitious assistant district attorney ( season 3 , recurring season 2 ) Rebecca Marshall as Alex Baldwin , a ranch hand , ex-stockbroker and recovering alcoholic ( season 3 , recurring season 2 ) Colin Ferguson as Paul Watson , the new DA ( season 3 ) Tom Butler as Buck Saget , Warren 's wealthy businessman father ( season 3 ) Recurring Cast ( edit ) Charlie Carrick as John Bowman , an artist and chef , who served jail time for a crime committed by his brother , and who ends up as Maryellen 's love interest . Portrayed by Giles Panton beginning in season 3 . Hayley Sales as Shelly , Eric 's folk singing girlfriend Mike Dopud as Roy Mcafee , a private investigator Jesse Moss as Ian Rendall , Cecilia 's military husband Garry Chalk as Cedar Cove Sheriff Troy Davis ( seasons 1 & 2 ) Matreya Fedor as Allison Weston , a high school student who volunteers at the library ( seasons 1 & 2 ) Andrew Airlie as Stan Lockhart , Olivia 's ex-husband and Justine 's father , who left the family following the death of their son Jordan , Justine 's twin brother . He is a Seattle - based physician , and is remarried . ( season 1 ) Julia Benson as Jeri Drake , a journalist and one of Jack 's ex-wives ( seasons 2 & 3 ) Chris William Martin as Anthony , the district attorney ( season 2 & 3 ) Sarah - Jane Redmond as Corrie Mcafee , Roy 's wife ( season 3 ) Anna Van Hooft as Linnette Mcafee , Roy & Corrie 's daughter , a Physician Assistant ( season 3 ) Andrew Francis as Derek , Seth 's fisher friend ( season 3 ) Tara Wilson as Gloria Ashton , the daughter Roy and Corrie gave up for adoption ( season 3 ) Laura Mennell as Kelly , Warren 's estranged wife ( season 3 ) Bruce Dawson as David , the hands - on owner of the Seattle Chronicle ( season 3 ) Production ( edit ) Setting and Filming ( edit ) Although filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , the setting for the series ( both book and television ) is based on Port Orchard , Washington , producer / writer Debbie Macomber 's summer residence . `` Cedar Cove '' is the community of Deep Cove in North Vancouver , BC . Macomber stated that she tried to get the series filmed in Washington . `` We did get tax incentives ( for filmmakers ) back but the problem is we do n't have the infrastructure Canada does , '' she said . With the announcement of the July 19 , 2014 , premiere date for the second season , Hallmark also announced that Sue Tenney , executive producer and writer for 7th Heaven , would take over as series showrunner . Book to television deviation ( edit ) In the book series , Grace 's husband is disturbed by his actions in the Vietnam War and commits suicide , but , for the television series , Macomber revealed that the network considered that `` too heavy '' of a storyline . Instead , Grace arrives home from vacation to announce her husband is divorcing her . Reception ( edit ) Cedar Cove was given `` generally favorable '' reviews at the Metacritic website , based on the aggregate score of 62 out of 100 from ten critics . The Wall Street Journal 's Nancy DeWolf Smith called the series `` relaxing , '' adding that it is `` as burden - free as a day on the beach with an umbrella , a book and a breeze . '' Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times commented , `` Despite a certain built - in B&B preciousness , Cedar Cove evokes certain splendid shows of another time and place , including the late - great ' Family ' and the longtime Irish hit ' Ballykissangel . ' '' The New York Times 's Neil Genzlinger commented that the `` able '' cast `` makes it stand out from the stream of interchangeable Hallmark movies that aim for the same tone and audience . '' Ellen Gray of the Philadelphia Daily News commented on the difference between Hallmark 's standard fare and Cedar Cove , `` While ( Hallmark ) movies are often forced to rush headlong toward their happy endings , a series can take more time . And in ( the ) four subsequent episodes I 've seen , the stories and characters get to breathe a bit . '' The New York Post 's Linda Stasi stated , `` It ai n't brain surgery and nobody 's going to win any Emmys , but that 's not why fans watch Hallmark . '' David Hinckley of New York 's Daily News stated , `` From the early evidence ... there 's every indication a Hallmark series will be the same sort of television comfort food as a Hallmark movie . '' The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 's Rob Owen called the series `` comfortable , uncomplicated , unchallenging entertainment , '' adding , `` which makes it ideal for Hallmark 's brand . Fans of Hallmark 's movies will enjoy it ; viewers who want to be more engaged and absorbed by a program may be bored . '' Brian Lowry of Variety stated , `` There 's still a distinction to be drawn between ' light ' and ' weightless , ' which is roughly where this new show registers -- in part because the Olivia - Jack relationship is the only aspect with any resonance . '' Ratings for Cedar Cove made Hallmark the top cable channel for its time slot on Saturdays . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Cedar Cove episodes During the course of the series , 36 episodes of Cedar Cove aired over three seasons . <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> July 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 20 ) October 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> July 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 19 ) October 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 04 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 11 <Td_colspan="1"> July 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 18 ) September 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 26 ) International distribution ( edit ) The show began airing in the United Kingdom on 5 USA from February 9 , 2014 . The second season aired in the UK from May through June 2015 in a series of feature - length episodes , each consisting of two standard episodes . The show began airing in Turkey on Dizimax Drama on 5 March 2014 . The show began airing in Greece on NovaCinema 1 , NovaCinemaHD on June 4 , 2014 . The show began airing in Germany on Sat. 1 Emotions on March 18 , 2014 , and aired Tuesdays at 8 p.m. The free - TV premiere took place on January 6 , 2015 on the German Disney Channel . The show began airing in Italy on Rai1 on July 1 , 2015 , and airs Wednesdays at 9 p.m. Series 2 was shown immediately afterwards , starting on 18 August 2015 airing on Tuesday and Wednesday nights in blocks of three episodes , finishing on 26 August 2015 . In Brazil , it began to appear in the Brazilian cable channel Mais Globosat on January 23 , 2018 . Home media release ( edit ) On July 15 , 2014 , Cinedigm ( under license from Hallmark ) released the first season of Cedar Cove in a three - disc DVD set . On July 14 , 2015 , the second season was also released in a three - disc DVD set . A three - disc DVD set of the third and final season was released on March 15 , 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Andie Macdowell and Dylan Neal Star In `` Debbie Macomber 's Cedar Cove '' , a Hallmark Channel Original Series World Premiere on July 20 , the Network 's First - Ever Series `` . The Futon Critic . March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cedar Cove : TV Show Cancelled by Hallmark ; No Season Four '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Hallmark Channel Reaffirms Series Order To ' Cedar Cove ' Starring Andie MacDowell '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Being Human ' & ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Add Actors , ' Cedar Coves ' Books Co-Lead '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Teryl Rothery Added to Cast of Series Regulars in Hallmark Channel 's First - Ever Primetime Series , `` Debbie Macomber 's Cedar Cove , '' Two - Hour World Premiere July 20 `` . The Futon Critic. April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Boxleitner Added to Cast as Series Regular in Hallmark Channel 's `` Debbie Macomber 's Cedar Cove '' `` . The Futon Critic . May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Niven Added to Cast As Series Regular in Hallmark Channel 's `` Debbie Macomber 's Cedar Cove '' `` . The Futon Critic . May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Raisler , Carrie ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Cedar Cove '' . A.V. Club . AVClub.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Too all who have sent me notes commenting on hearing my voice on the radio in the new Hallmark series , `` Cedar Cove '' , thank you for noticing ... '' Delilah Facebook page . 28 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Owens , Rob ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Hallmark takes a trip to ' Debbie Macomber 's Cedar Cove ' '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Filming List '' . British Columbia Film Commission . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel 's First - Ever Primetime Series `` Debbie Macomber 's Cedar Cove '' Begins Production on Second Season March 2014 `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . January 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Debbie Macomber 's Cedar Cove : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeWolf Smith , Nancy ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` That Incredible Lightness of Being '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Television review : Small - town life has its moments in ' Cedar Cove ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Dialing Down the Adrenaline in a Town With a Laid - Back Judge '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gray , Ellen ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Project Runway ' returns to save the unicorns '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` The jury 's out on ' Cedar Cove , ' but at least it 's predictable '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Debbie Macomber 's Cedar Cove , ' TV review '' . Daily News . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( July 14 , 2013 ) . `` Tuned In : Hallmark 's debut scripted series likely to please the network 's regular viewers '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Review : `` Debbie Macomber 's Cedar Cove '' `` . Variety . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Elavsky , Cindy ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Celebrity Extra '' . King Features . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` 5USA acquires UK rights to Hallmark 's Cedar Cove -- Sets premiere of February 9th '' . TVWise.co.uk . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ( in Turkish ) Jump up ^ Cedar Cove novamedia.gr Archived 2014 - 07 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Greek ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Krei , Alexander ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` Disney Channel startet mit neuen Serien ins Jahr '' . DWDL.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ panorama.it ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ televisionando.it ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Cedar Cove -- Based on Debbie Macomber 's Books , Andie MacDowell Leads ' Season 1 ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Cedar Cove -- HallMark 's ' Season 2 ' DVDs , Starring Andie MacDowell , Are Planned '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Cedar Cove - Season 3 : The Final Season is Planned for DVD Hallmark / Cinedigm to release it in mid-March '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Cedar Cove on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Hallmark Channel original programming Original programming Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Movies List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Hallmark Hall of Fame movie list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cedar_Cove_(TV_series)&oldid=825782677 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2013 American television series debuts 2015 American television series endings 2010s Canadian drama television series 2013 Canadian television series debuts 2015 Canadian television series endings English - language television programs Television series produced in Vancouver Television shows set in Washington ( state ) Hallmark Channel shows 2010s American romance television series Canadian romance television series Hidden categories : Articles with Turkish - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Greek - language external links Articles with Italian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 11 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Cedar Cove TV series
2. Hallmark Channel
3. Debbie Macomber
4. Olivia Lockhart
5. Small town drama |
-597,157,194,827,193,200 | who plays taylor forrester on bold and the beautiful | Katherine Kelly Lang - Wikipedia Katherine Kelly Lang <Th_colspan="2"> Katherine Kelly Lang <Td_colspan="2"> Lang at the 2013 Monte - Carlo Television Festival Katherine Kelly Wegeman ( 1961 - 07 - 25 ) July 25 , 1961 ( age 57 ) Hollywood , California , U.S. Other names Kelly Lang Occupation Actress Years active 1979 -- present Known for The Bold and the Beautiful as Brooke Logan Spouse ( s ) Skott Snider ( m . 1989 ; div. 1995 ) Alex D'Andrea ( m . 1997 ; div. 2014 ) Children Parent ( s ) Keith R. Wegeman ( father ) Judith Lang ( mother ) Katherine Kelly Lang ( born Katherine Kelly Wegeman ; July 25 , 1961 ) is an American actress best known for playing Brooke Logan on the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful . Contents 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Personal life ( edit ) She was born in Hollywood , California and graduated from Beverly Hills High School . She is the daughter of Olympic ski jumper Keith R. Wegeman and actress Judith Lang and the granddaughter of Oscar - winning cinematographer Charles Lang . Lang was divorced twice . She is the mother of three children : Jeremy Skott Snider ( born 1990 ) , Julian Lang Snider ( born 1992 ) , Zoe Katrina D'Andrea ( born 1997 ) , and has a stepdaughter , Danyelle D'Andrea ( born 1991 ) . On November 11 , 2012 , it was announced that Lang had filed for divorce , citing irreconcilable differences after 15 years of marriage . The divorce was finalized in June 2014 . Career ( edit ) Lang 's first credit role was a movie called Skatetown , U.S.A. ( 1979 ) , with Scott Baio , Maureen McCormick and Patrick Swayze . That was followed by guest roles in various television series such as the short - lived The Powers of Matthew Star and Masquerade and the long - running Riptide , Happy Days , The Fall Guy and HBO 's 1st & Ten . Lang starred in the 1996 movie Subliminal Seduction . In 1985 , Lang appeared in three music videos : Alabama 's `` There 's No Way '' ( where she played the love interest of Alabama lead singer Randy Owen ) , and The Beach Boys ' `` Getcha Back '' and its sequel `` It 's Gettin ' Late '' . In 1987 , she was offered the role of blue - collar Brooke Logan on the soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful , and has been an integral part of the program ever since . Her love affair with Ridge Forrester ( played by Ronn Moss ) has been a key story arc for over 20 years , and a love triangle among Brooke , Ridge , and Taylor ( Hunter Tylo ) stretched across an entire decade . The show 's 5,000 th episode included only the four core characters : Brooke , Ridge , Stephanie and Eric . As of February 2015 , Lang is one of only two actors to be on The Bold and the Beautiful throughout the series . The other is John McCook , who portrays Eric Forrester . She appeared as Brooke on The Young and the Restless in 1999 , interacting with Eric Braeden ( Victor ) , Peter Bergman ( Jack ) , and Eileen Davidson ( Ashley ) . Lang previously appeared on The Young and the Restless as Gretchen in 1981 , and returned to the soap , for a brief stint , in July 2007 . Her work as Brooke has been recognized with seven Soap Opera Digest Award nominations , beginning in 1991 and most recently in 2005 . Crystal Chappell won a Daytime Emmy Award along with Lang , Hillary B. Smith and Galen Gering in the Outstanding Drama Series : New Approach category for producing Venice : The Series . In 2016 , Lang made an appearance as herself in the Australian soap opera Neighbours . Filmography ( edit ) List of acting performances in film and television Year Title Role Notes 1979 Skatetown , U.S.A. Allison Movie 1981 The Young and the Restless Gretchen Brooke Logan Guest role ; 1999 , 2007 1982 Desperate Lives Mary Movie The Bold and the Beautiful Brooke Logan Series regular ; 1987 -- present The Night Stalker Denise Movie 1995 Till the End of the Night Diana Davenport Movie Subliminal Seduction Deb Danver Television movie 2016 Neighbours Herself Guest role 2016 Have You Been Paying Attention ? Herself Guest Quiz Master Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Ref Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Soap Opera Actress The Bold and the Beautiful Won 1991 Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Soap Opera Actress Won Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Heroine Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Story Line ( shared with John McCook ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Best Wedding ( shared with John McCook ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star Nominated 1995 Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Soap Opera Actress Won Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Soap Couple ( shared with Ronn Moss ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Love Story ( shared with Hunter Tylo and Ronn Moss ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Favorite Storyline ( shared with Winsor Harmon ) Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Heroine Nominated 2002 Daytime Emmy Award for America 's Favorite Couple Special Fan Award ( shared with Sean Kanan ) Nominated 2003 Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Daytime Drama Nominated TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Couple ( shared with Ronn Moss ) Won TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Female Won TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Storyline ( shared with Ronn Moss and Jennifer Finnigan ) Won 2006 TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Couple ( shared with Ronn Moss ) Won TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards for Most Popular Female Actor Won 2013 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( July 25 , 2015 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( July 25 ) '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Bold and the Beautiful Cast : Katherine Kelly Lang '' . CBS . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight on Katherine Kelly Lang '' . Soap Opera Weekly . February 27 , 2007 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Stephanie ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` B&B Star Files For Divorce '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Beautiful Occasion '' . Soap Opera Weekly . February 13 , 2007 . pp. 30 -- 31 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ICYMI Katherine Kelly Lang and John McCook Interview '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Profile , community.ew.com , June 23 , 2014 ; accessed April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautfiul 's Katherine Kelly Lang has filmed a guest role in Neighbours '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Awards List '' . BoldandBeautiful.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . EmmyOnline.org . National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Katherine Kelly Lang . Katherine Kelly Lang on IMDb BNF : cb14196311p ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 0071 9155 VIAF : 10059331 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Kelly_Lang&oldid=854696040 '' Categories : 1961 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Hollywood , Los Angeles American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Use American English from August 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from August 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 04 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Katherine Kelly Lang - American actress
2. The Bold and the Beautiful - CBS soap opera
3. Brooke Logan - Character played by Katherine Kelly Lang
4. Personal life and career of Katherine Kelly Lang
5. Awards and nominations for Katherine Kelly Lang |
1,331,105,399,534,396,200 | when did tony pena play for the cardinals | Tony Peña - wikipedia Tony Peña For other people named Tony Peña , see Tony Peña ( disambiguation ) . This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Peña and the second or maternal family name is Padilla . <Th_colspan="2"> Tony Peña <Td_colspan="2"> Peña in 2012 <Td_colspan="2"> Catcher / Manager <Td_colspan="2"> Born : ( 1957 - 06 - 04 ) June 4 , 1957 ( age 61 ) Monte Cristi , Dominican Republic <Td_colspan="2"> Batted : Right Threw : Right <Th_colspan="2"> MLB debut <Td_colspan="2"> September 1 , 1980 , for the Pittsburgh Pirates <Th_colspan="2"> Last MLB appearance <Td_colspan="2"> September 28 , 1997 , for the Houston Astros <Th_colspan="2"> MLB statistics Batting average . 260 Home runs 107 Runs batted in 708 Managerial record 198 -- 285 Winning % . 410 <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Teams <Td_colspan="2"> As player Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1980 -- 1986 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Boston Red Sox ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Cleveland Indians ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago White Sox ( 1997 ) Houston Astros ( 1997 ) As manager Kansas City Royals ( 2002 -- 2005 ) As coach New York Yankees ( 2006 -- 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards <Td_colspan="2"> 5 × All - Star ( 1982 , 1984 -- 1986 , 1989 ) World Series champion ( 2009 ) 4 × Gold Glove Award ( 1983 -- 1985 , 1991 ) AL Manager of the Year ( 2003 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Member of the Caribbean <Th_colspan="2"> Baseball Hall of Fame Induction 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Antonio Francisco Peña Padilla ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈtoni ˈpeɲa ) ; born June 4 , 1957 ) is a Dominican former professional baseball player , manager and current coach . He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball for the Pirates , Cardinals , Red Sox , Indians , White Sox , and Astros . After his playing career , Peña was the manager of the Kansas City Royals between 2002 and 2005 . He was most recently the first base coach for the New York Yankees . A four - time Gold Glove Award winner , Peña was known for his defensive abilities as well as his unorthodox squat behind home plate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Playing career 2 Career statistics 3 Coaching and managerial career 4 Personal life 5 Managerial record 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Playing career ( edit ) Peña was signed by the Pittsburgh Pirates as an amateur free agent in 1975 . Originally an outfielder , he did n't start playing as a catcher until 1977 while playing in the minor leagues . As a catcher , Peña adopted an unorthodox squat behind the plate when there were no runners on base , extending his left leg straight out while squatting on his right leg . He did this in order to help his pitchers keep their pitches low in the strike zone . In 1979 while playing for the Buffalo Bisons , Peña hit for a . 313 batting average along with 34 home runs and 97 runs batted in . The following year with the Portland Beavers he posted a . 323 batting average with a . 367 on - base percentage before making his major league debut at the age of 23 with the Pirates on September 1 , 1980 . In 1981 , Peña platooned alongside Steve Nicosia , hitting for an impressive . 300 batting average in 66 games and finished in sixth place in the 1981 National League Rookie of the Year Award . In 1982 , he took over as the Pirates full - time catcher and had a . 340 batting average on the first of July , helping him earn a spot as a reserve for the National League team in the 1982 All - Star Game . He finished the year with a . 296 batting average . While he committed 16 errors , he finished second among National League catchers in assists and third in putouts and caught stealing percentage . Peña had one of his best seasons in 1983 , posting career - highs with a . 301 batting average and 15 home runs as the Pirates improved to finish in second place in the National League Eastern Division . He led National League catchers with 976 putouts and finished second to Gary Carter with a . 992 fielding percentage , earning him his first Gold Glove Award . Peña also finished 12th in voting for the 1983 National League Most Valuable Player Award . After the 1983 season , the Pirates went into a period of decline , finishing in last place for three consecutive years between 1984 and 1986 . Although his offensive statistics tapered off , Peña continued to be productive defensively during this period , leading National League catchers in assists , putouts and baserunners caught stealing in 1984 and , again leading the league in assists and baserunners caught stealing in 1985 , winning two more Gold Glove Awards and two more All - Star selections in the process . When Peña broke the 100 assists barrier in 1985 , he joined Johnny Bench , Jim Sundberg and Gary Carter as the only catchers to have more than 100 assists in a season since the end of the Second World War . In a 1986 poll of major league managers , Peña was selected as the best throwing catcher in the major leagues . In November 1986 , Peña led a team of major league All - Stars to victory over a team of Japanese All - Stars and , was chosen as the most valuable player of the American team . Before the start of the following season , with Peña nearing the end of his contract , the Pirates made a decision to trade him rather than lose him through free agency . On April 1 , 1987 , Peña was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals for Andy Van Slyke and Mike LaValliere . Three games into his Cardinals ' career , he suffered a broken left thumb in a game against his former team , the Pirates . He missed more than a month and returned to post a career - low batting average of . 214 . Nevertheless , the Cardinals won the National League Eastern Division crown with Peña rebounding to post a . 381 batting average in the 1987 National League Championship Series as , the Cardinals defeated the San Francisco Giants . In the 1987 World Series against the Minnesota Twins he produced 9 hits with 4 runs batted in as the Cardinals lost in a seven - game series . In 1988 , Peña recovered with a . 263 batting average along with 10 home runs and 51 runs batted in . He also led National League catchers with a . 994 fielding percentage and was second in putouts and third in assists . In 1989 he earned his fifth All - Star selection and , once again led the league 's catchers with a . 997 fielding percentage , committing only 2 errors in 134 games . In November 1989 , Peña was granted free agency and signed a contract to play for the Boston Red Sox . With the Red Sox in 1990 , he led American League catchers in games played , range factor , putouts and finished second in assists and in fielding percentage . His performance earned him the Gold Glove Award , making him only the second catcher after Bob Boone to earn a Gold Glove in both the American and National Leagues . The Red Sox won the American League Eastern Division pennant before eventually losing to the Oakland Athletics in the 1990 American League Championship Series . In October 1993 , Peña again filed for free agency and signed to play for the Cleveland Indians . Although his batting statistics were n't as strong as his earlier career , Peña was still valued for his strong defensive skills as a catcher . He proved invaluable for the Indians in 1994 as a substitute for the injury - prone starting catcher , Sandy Alomar , Jr. , while posting a . 296 batting average with a . 341 on - base percentage . He caught the majority of the Indians ' games in 1995 as they made it all the way to the 1995 World Series before losing to the Atlanta Braves . Peña 's batting average dropped to . 195 in 1995 and , he once again filed for free agency at the end of the season , signing a contract with the Chicago White Sox . He played with the White Sox until August 1997 when he was traded to the Houston Astros . At the end of the year , he retired as a player at the age of 40 . Career statistics ( edit ) In an eighteen - year major league career , Peña played in 1,988 games , accumulating 1,687 hits in 6,489 at bats for a . 260 career batting average along with 107 home runs , 708 runs batted in and a . 309 on - base percentage . He ended his career with a . 991 fielding percentage . He led his league five times in putouts and twice in fielding percentage , assists , range factor and in baserunners caught stealing . A five - time All - Star , he won four Gold Glove Awards during his career . Peña 's 1,950 games played as a catcher rank him sixth on the all - time list . His 156 career double plays ranks fifth all - time among major league catchers . In 2011 , Peña was inducted into the Triple - A Buffalo Bisons Hall of Fame along with Cleveland Indians broadcaster Jim Rosenhaus . In 2016 , he was inducted into the Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame . Coaching and managerial career ( edit ) Tony Peña in 2008 In 1999 , Peña became the manager of the New Orleans Zephyrs and in 2001 he led them to a first - place finish in the East Division of the Pacific Coast League . He also led Águilas Cibaeñas of the Dominican Winter Baseball League to two domestic championships in 1998 and 2000 , and also led them to the 2001 Caribbean Series title . Peña was hired by the Kansas City Royals in 2002 to replace Tony Muser ( John Mizerock had served as interim manager ) . Peña led the 2003 Royals to a seven - game lead in the American League Central Division by mid-season before settling into a third - place finish in with a record of 83 -- 79 . It was the Royals ' first season with a winning record since the strike - shortened 1994 season . Peña was rewarded with the 2003 American League Manager of the Year Award . Peña 's Royals were less successful in 2004 , finishing in last place in the Central Division of the American League with 104 losses . He resigned as manager of the Royals after a loss to the Toronto Blue Jays on May 10 , 2005 , as the Royals had the worst record in the American League at 8 -- 25 . He was replaced by interim manager Bob Schaefer . On November 3 , 2005 , Peña was named first base coach of the New York Yankees . On October 21 , 2007 , the Yankees announced that Peña would interview to replace Joe Torre as manager . However , the Yankees chose to hire former catcher Joe Girardi to manage the team instead . Peña remained as the Yankees first base coach in 2008 , before shifting to the role he played as bench coach from 2009 -- 2014 . He assumed the role of Yankees first base coach once more when they hired Joe Espada as the third base coach for the 2015 season and shifted former Yankees third base coach Rob Thomson to the role of current Yankees bench coach . Peña was considered a candidate to replace Terry Francona as the manager of the Red Sox in 2011 before the job went to Bobby Valentine . In 2012 , Valentine was fired as Red Sox manager after just one year , and Peña was interviewed to be the Red Sox manager . In 2013 , Peña was named the manager of the Dominican Republic National Baseball Team for the World Baseball Classic . Armed with a roster that included Jose Reyes , Robinson Canó , Nelson Cruz , Edwin Encarnación , Fernando Rodney , and many others , the Dominican team stormed through the WBC with an 8 - 0 record , culminating in a championship with a 3 - 0 victory over Puerto Rico . They were the first team in WBC history to go undefeated throughout the tournament . Personal life ( edit ) Peña is married to Amaris and they have three children . He is the father of pitcher Tony Francisco Peña ( mistakenly known as `` Tony , Jr. or just as TJ '' ) , and St. Louis Cardinals catcher Francisco Peña . Peña 's daughter , Jennifer Amaris , won Miss RD USA 2007 and represented the Dominican Community in the USA in Miss Dominican Republic 2008 and came in sixth place . His brother , Ramón Peña , pitched with the Detroit Tigers organization . Managerial record ( edit ) As of January 2 , 2015 Team From To <Th_colspan="3"> Regular season record <Th_colspan="3"> Post -- season record Win % Win % Kansas City Royals 2002 2005 198 285 . 410 <Td_colspan="3"> DNQ <Th_colspan="3"> Total 198 285 . 410 0 0 -- See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Dominican Republic portal Biography portal List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a catcher leaders List of Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tony Pena Statistics '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wilner , Barry ( April 1985 ) . These Are Best Defensive Players In Big Leagues . Baseball Digest . Books.Google.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bucs ' Pena Finds His Niche On The Ground '' . Observer - Reporter . Associated Press . June 16 , 1982 . p. 11 . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tony Pena Minor League Statistics '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 Pittsburgh Pirates '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 National League Rookie of the Year Award balloting '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Tony Pena batting log '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 All Star Game '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 National League Fielding Leaders '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 National League Fielding Leaders '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Gold Glove Award Winners '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Most Valuable Player Award Balloting '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 National League Fielding Leaders '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 National League Fielding Leaders '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly League Leaders & Records for Assists as Catchers '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacCarl , Neil ( February 1986 ) . 1985 Best of Everything Major League Poll . Baseball Digest . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. major leaguers finish Japanese visit '' . Gainesville Sun . Associated Press . November 10 , 1986 . p. 5 . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Is Pirates ' Pena on trading block ? '' . Observer - Reporter . Associated Press . May 30 , 1986 . p. 5 . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates trade Tony Pena to Cardinals '' . Gainesville Sun . Associated Press . April 2 , 1987 . p. 6 . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Injury mars Tony Pena 's homecoming '' . Rome News - Tribune . Associated Press . April 12 , 1987 . p. 10 . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Tony Pena Batting Log '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tony Pena post-season statistics '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 World Series '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 National League Fielding Leaders '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 National League Fielding Leaders '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 American League Fielding Leaders '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Letters To The Editor . Baseball Digest . February 2001 . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 American League Championship Series '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vass , George ( November 1994 ) . These Are the Majors ' Top Comeback Players of ' 94 . Baseball Digest . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 Cleveland Indians '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Defensive Games as Catchers '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Career Double Plays '' . The Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Pena , Jim Rosenhaus Elected to Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alou , Polonia , Peña y Berroa : al Salón de la Fama de Serie del Caribe '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario Libre . February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Pena minor league managing record '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Pacific Coast League standings '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Combative Pena gets job as KC manager '' . Bangor Daily News . Associated Press . May 16 , 2002 . p. 6 . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` McKeon , Pena win manager of year honors '' . USA Today . November 12 , 2003 . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pena quits as Kansas City manager '' . USA Today . May 11 , 2005 . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pena named Yankees ' first base coach '' . mlb.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Girardi , Mattingly , Pena invited to interview with Yanks '' . October 22 , 2007 . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Girardi expected to accept Yankees ' offer '' . Retrieved October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees announce 2009 coaching staff '' . mlb.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox seek to expand their choices '' . boston.com . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sox interview Hale , talking to Jays about Farrell '' . boston.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dominican Republic wins World Baseball Classic '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daughter of Tony Peña is crowned External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tony Peña . Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) , or Retrosheet <Th_colspan="3"> Sporting positions Preceded by Roy White Mick Kelleher New York Yankees First Base Coach 2006 -- 2008 2015 -- 2017 Succeeded by Mick Kelleher Reggie Willits Preceded by Rob Thomson New York Yankees Bench Coach 2009 -- 2014 Succeeded by Rob Thomson <Th_colspan="2"> National League Catcher Gold Glove Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1958 : Crandall 1959 : Crandall 1960 : Crandall 1961 : Roseboro 1962 : Crandall 1963 : Edwards 1964 : Edwards 1965 : Torre 1966 : Roseboro 1967 : Hundley 1968 : Bench 1969 : Bench 1970 : Bench 1971 : Bench 1972 : Bench 1973 : Bench 1974 : Bench 1975 : Bench 1976 : Bench 1977 : Bench 1978 : Boone 1979 : Boone 1980 : Carter 1981 : Carter 1982 : Carter 1983 : Peña 1984 : Peña 1985 : Peña 1986 : Davis 1987 : LaValliere 1988 : Santiago 1989 : Santiago 1990 : Santiago 1991 : Pagnozzi 1992 : Pagnozzi 1993 : Manwaring 1994 : Pagnozzi 1995 : Johnson 1996 : Johnson 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Johnson 1999 : Lieberthal 2000 : Matheny 2001 : Ausmus 2002 : Ausmus 2003 : Matheny 2004 : Matheny 2005 : Matheny 2006 : Ausmus 2007 : Martin 2008 : Molina 2009 : Molina 2010 : Molina 2011 : Molina 2012 : Molina 2013 : Molina 2014 : Molina 2015 : Molina 2016 : Posey 2017 : Barnhart <Th_colspan="2"> American League Catcher Gold Glove Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1958 : Lollar 1959 : Lollar 1960 : Battey 1961 : Battey 1962 : Battey 1963 : Howard 1964 : Howard 1965 : Freehan 1966 : Freehan 1967 : Freehan 1968 : Freehan 1969 : Freehan 1970 : Fosse 1971 : Fosse 1972 : Fisk 1973 : Munson 1974 : Munson 1975 : Munson 1976 : Sundberg 1977 : Sundberg 1978 : Sundberg 1979 : Sundberg 1980 : Sundberg 1981 : Sundberg 1982 : Boone 1983 : Parrish 1984 : Parrish 1985 : Parrish 1986 : Boone 1987 : Boone 1988 : Boone 1989 : Boone 1990 : Alomar , Jr . 1991 : Peña 1992 : Rodríguez 1993 : Rodríguez 1994 : Rodríguez 1995 : Rodríguez 1996 : Rodríguez 1997 : Rodríguez 1998 : Rodríguez 1999 : Rodríguez 2000 : Rodríguez 2001 : Rodríguez 2002 : Molina 2003 : Molina 2004 : Rodríguez 2005 : Varitek 2006 : Rodríguez 2007 : Rodríguez 2008 : Mauer 2009 : Mauer 2010 : Mauer 2011 : Wieters 2012 : Wieters 2013 : Pérez 2014 : Pérez 2015 : Pérez 2016 : Pérez 2017 : Maldonado <Th_colspan="2"> American League Manager of the Year Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1983 : La Russa 1984 : Anderson 1985 : Cox 1986 : McNamara 1987 : Anderson 1988 : La Russa 1989 : Robinson 1990 : Torborg 1991 : Kelly 1992 : La Russa 1993 : Lamont 1994 : Showalter 1995 : Piniella 1996 : Oates & Torre 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Torre 1999 : Williams 2000 : Manuel 2001 : Piniella 2002 : Scioscia 2003 : Peña 2004 : Showalter 2005 : Guillén 2006 : Leyland 2007 : Wedge 2008 : Maddon 2009 : Scioscia 2010 : Gardenhire 2011 : Maddon 2012 : Melvin 2013 : Francona 2014 : Showalter 2015 : Banister 2016 : Francona 2017 : Molitor <Th_colspan="2"> Sporting News Manager of the Year Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1936 : McCarthy 1937 : McKechnie 1938 : McCarthy 1939 : Durocher 1940 : McKechnie 1941 : Southworth 1942 : Southworth 1943 : McCarthy 1944 : Sewell 1945 : Bluege 1946 : Dyer 1947 : Harris 1948 : Meyer 1949 : Stengel 1950 : Rolfe 1951 : Durocher 1952 : Stanky 1953 : Stengel 1954 : Durocher 1955 : Alston 1956 : Tebbetts 1957 : Hutchinson 1958 : Stengel 1959 : Alston 1960 : Murtaugh 1961 : Houk 1962 : Rigney 1963 : Alston 1964 : Keane 1965 : Mele 1966 : Bauer 1967 : D. Williams 1968 : Smith 1969 : Hodges 1970 : Murtaugh 1971 : Fox 1972 : Tanner 1973 : Mauch 1974 : Virdon 1975 : Dar . Johnson 1976 : Ozark 1977 : Weaver 1978 : Bamberger 1979 : Weaver 1980 : Virdon 1981 : Martin 1982 : Herzog 1983 : La Russa 1984 : Frey 1985 : Cox 1986 : McNamara & Lanier 1987 : Anderson & Rodgers 1988 : La Russa & Leyland 1989 : Robinson & Zimmer 1990 : Torborg & Leyland 1991 : Kelly & Cox 1992 : La Russa & Leyland 1993 : Oates & Cox 1994 : Showalter & Alou 1995 : Hargrove & Baylor 1996 : Oates & Bochy 1997 : Dav . Johnson & Baker 1998 : Torre & Bochy 1999 : J. Williams & Cox 2000 : Manuel & Baker 2001 : Piniella & Bowa 2002 : Scioscia & Cox 2003 : Peña & Cox 2004 : Gardenhire , Showalter , & Cox 2005 : Guillén & Cox 2006 : Leyland & Girardi 2007 : Wedge & Melvin 2008 : Maddon & González 2009 : Scioscia & Tracy 2010 : Gardenhire & Black 2011 : Maddon & Gibson 2012 : Showalter & Dav . Johnson 2013 : Farrell & Hurdle 2014 : Scioscia & M. Williams 2015 : Molitor & Collins 2016 : Francona & Roberts <Th_colspan="2"> Kansas City Royals managers <Td_colspan="2"> Joe Gordon ( 1969 ) Charlie Metro ( 1970 ) Bob Lemon ( 1970 -- 1972 ) Jack McKeon ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1975 -- 1979 ) Jim Frey ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Dick Howser ( 1981 -- 1986 ) Mike Ferraro ( 1986 ) Billy Gardner ( 1987 ) John Wathan ( 1987 -- 1991 ) Bob Schaefer ( 1991 ) Hal McRae ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Bob Boone ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Tony Muser ( 1997 -- 2002 ) John Mizerock ( 2002 ) Tony Peña ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Bob Schaefer ( 2005 ) Buddy Bell ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Trey Hillman ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Ned Yost ( 2010 -- ) <Th_colspan="2"> New York Yankees 2009 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 2 Derek Jeter 11 Brett Gardner 13 Alex Rodriguez 14 Eric Hinske 17 Jerry Hairston Jr . 18 Johnny Damon 19 Ramiro Peña 20 Jorge Posada 24 Robinson Canó 25 Mark Teixeira 26 José Molina 29 Francisco Cervelli 30 David Robertson 33 Nick Swisher 34 A.J. Burnett 41 Chad Gaudin 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Dámaso Marte 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Freddy Guzmán 48 Phil Coke 52 CC Sabathia 53 Melky Cabrera 55 Hideki Matsui ( World Series MVP ) 62 Joba Chamberlain 65 Phil Hughes 91 Alfredo Aceves 99 Brian Bruney <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 27 Joe Girardi Bench coach 56 Tony Peña First base coach 50 Mick Kelleher Third base coach 59 Rob Thomson Hitting coach 54 Kevin Long Pitching coach 58 Dave Eiland Bullpen coach 57 Mike Harkey <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series <Th_colspan="2"> Dominican Republic roster -- 2013 World Baseball Classic -- Champions <Td_colspan="2"> 2 Erick Aybar 4 Miguel Tejada 7 José Reyes 10 Edwin Encarnación 13 Hanley Ramírez 14 Moisés Sierra 17 Nelson Cruz 20 Octavio Dotel 21 Samuel Deduno 22 Eury Pérez 24 Robinson Canó 25 Francisco Peña 30 Alejandro De Aza 31 Alfredo Simón 32 Ricardo Nanita 36 Juan Cedeño 37 Edinson Vólquez 40 Kelvin Herrera 41 Carlos Santana 44 Santiago Casilla 45 Ángel Castro 48 José Veras 51 Wandy Rodríguez 52 Leury García 56 Fernando Rodney 64 Pedro Strop 65 Atahualpa Severino 75 Lorenzo Barceló <Td_colspan="2"> Manager Tony Peña Pitching Coach Bill Castro Coach José Canó Coach Félix Fermín Coach Denny González Coach Alfredo Griffin Coach Juan Samuel <Th_colspan="2"> Dominican Republic roster -- 2017 World Baseball Classic -- 5th place <Td_colspan="2"> 2 Jean Segura 3 Manny Machado 5 Jonathan Villar 6 Starling Marte 7 José Reyes 18 Carlos Martínez 19 José Bautista 21 Samuel Deduno 22 Robinson Canó 23 Nelson Cruz 25 Gregory Polanco 27 Jeurys Familia 29 Adrián Beltré 35 Welington Castillo 36 Edinson Vólquez 37 Álex Colomé 38 Wily Peralta 41 Carlos Santana 45 Enny Romero 48 Mel Rojas Jr . 50 Héctor Neris 56 Fernando Rodney 58 Fernando Abad 68 Dellin Betances 70 Jumbo Díaz 74 Hansel Robles 76 César Valdez 86 Alberto Rosario -- Santiago Casilla -- Bartolo Colón -- Johnny Cueto -- Edgar Garcia -- Iván Nova -- Bryan Rodriguez -- Luis Severino <Td_colspan="2"> Manager Tony Peña Coach José Canó Coach 10 Bill Castro Coach Denny González Coach Alfredo Griffin Coach Junior Noboa Coach Juan Samuel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Tony_Peña&oldid = 848967674 '' Categories : 1957 births Living people Águilas Cibaeñas players Boston Red Sox players Buffalo Bisons ( minor league ) players Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Caribbean Series players Charleston Patriots players Chicago White Sox players Cleveland Indians players Dominican Republic baseball coaches Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States Gold Glove Award winners Gulf Coast Braves players Houston Astros players Kansas City Royals managers Latin American people of African descent Louisville Redbirds players Major League Baseball bench coaches Major League Baseball catchers Major League Baseball first base coaches Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic Manager of the Year Award winners Minor league baseball managers National League All - Stars New York Yankees coaches People from Monte Cristi Province Pittsburgh Pirates players Portland Beavers players Salem Pirates players Shreveport Captains players St. Louis Cardinals players World Baseball Classic managers Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 15 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Tony Peña - Dominican baseball player and manager
2. Major League Baseball career and statistics
3. Defensive abilities and unorthodox squat behind home plate
4. Managerial career with the Kansas City Royals
5. Personal life and family connections |
5,337,036,413,262,047,000 | the function of the valves in the chest is what | Heart sounds - wikipedia Heart sounds Jump to : navigation , search Normal heart sounds Normal heart sounds as heard with a stethoscope <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . 72 BPM Heart sound Front of thorax , showing surface relations of bones , lungs ( purple ) , pleura ( blue ) , and heart ( red outline ) . The locations of best auscultation for each heart valve are labeled with `` M '' , `` T '' , `` A '' , and `` P '' . First heart sound : caused by atrioventricular valves - Mitral ( M ) and Tricuspid ( T ) . Second heart sound caused by semilunar valves -- Aortic ( A ) and Pulmonary / Pulmonic ( P ) . Diagram showing relations of opened heart to front of thoracic wall . Ant . Anterior segment of tricuspid valve . A O. Aorta . A.P. Anterior papillary muscle . In . Innominate artery . L.C.C. Left common carotid artery . L.S. Left subclavian artery . L.V. Left ventricle . P.A. Pulmonary artery . R.A. Right atrium . R.V. Right ventricle . V.S. Ventricular septum . Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it . Specifically , the sounds reflect the turbulence created when the heart valves snap shut . In cardiac auscultation , an examiner may use a stethoscope to listen for these unique and distinct sounds that provide important auditory data regarding the condition of the heart . In healthy adults , there are two normal heart sounds , often described as a lub and a dub ( or dup ) , that occur in sequence with each heartbeat . These are the first heart sound ( S ) and second heart sound ( S ) , produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves , respectively . In addition to these normal sounds , a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs , adventitious sounds , and gallop rhythms S and S . Heart murmurs are generated by turbulent flow of blood , which may occur inside or outside the heart . Murmurs may be physiological ( benign ) or pathological ( abnormal ) . Abnormal murmurs can be caused by stenosis restricting the opening of a heart valve , resulting in turbulence as blood flows through it . Abnormal murmurs may also occur with valvular insufficiency ( regurgitation ) , which allows backflow of blood when the incompetent valve closes with only partial effectiveness . Different murmurs are audible in different parts of the cardiac cycle , depending on the cause of the murmur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Primary heart sounds 2 Extra heart sounds 3 Murmurs 3.1 Effects of breathing 3.2 Interventions that change murmurs 4 Other abnormal sounds 5 Surface anatomy 6 Recording heart sounds 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links Primary heart sounds ( edit ) Normal heart sounds are associated with heart valves closing : S ( edit ) The first heart sound , or S , forms the `` lub '' of `` lub - dub '' and is composed of components M ( mitral valve closure ) and T ( tricuspid valve closure ) . Normally M precedes T slightly . It is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular valves , i.e. tricuspid and mitral ( bicuspid ) , at the beginning of ventricular contraction , or systole . When the ventricles begin to contract , so do the papillary muscles in each ventricle . The papillary muscles are attached to the cusps or leaflets of the tricuspid and mitral valves via chordae tendineae ( heart strings ) . When the papillary muscles contract , the chordae tendineae become tense and thereby prevent the backflow of blood into the lower pressure environment of the atria . The chordae tendineae act a bit like the strings on a parachute , and allow the leaflets of the valve to balloon up into the atria slightly , but not so much as to evert the cusp edges and allow back flow of blood . It is the pressure created from ventricular contraction that closes the valve , not the papillary muscles themselves . The contraction of the ventricle begins just prior to AV valves closing and prior to the semilunar valves opening . The sudden tensing of the chordae tendineae and the squeezing of the ventricles against closed semilunar valves , sends blood rushing back toward the atria , and the parachute - like valves catch the rush of blood in their leaflets causing the valve to snap shut . The S1 sound results from reverberation within the blood associated with the sudden block of flow reversal by the valves . The delay of T1 even more than normally causes the split S1 which is heard in a right bundle branch blockage . The second heart sound , or S , forms the `` dub '' of `` lub - dub '' and is composed of components A ( aortic valve closure ) and P ( pulmonary valve closure ) . Normally A precedes P especially during inspiration where a split of S can be heard . It is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves ( the aortic valve and pulmonary valve ) at the end of ventricular systole and the beginning of ventricular diastole . As the left ventricle empties , its pressure falls below the pressure in the aorta . Aortic blood flow quickly reverses back toward the left ventricle , catching the pocket - like cusps of the aortic valve , and is stopped by aortic valve closure . Similarly , as the pressure in the right ventricle falls below the pressure in the pulmonary artery , the pulmonary valve closes . The S sound results from reverberation within the blood associated with the sudden block of flow reversal . Splitting of S2 , also known as physiological split , normally occurs during inhalation because the decrease in intrathoracic pressure increases the time needed for pulmonary pressure to exceed that of the right ventricular pressure . A widely split S2 can be associated with several different cardiovascular conditions , including left bundle branch block , pulmonary stenosis , and atrial septal defect . Extra heart sounds ( edit ) The rarer extra heart sounds form gallop rhythms and are heard in both normal and abnormal situations . Main article : Third heart sound Rarely , there may be a third heart sound also called a protodiastolic gallop , ventricular gallop , or informally the `` Kentucky '' gallop as an onomatopoeic reference to the rhythm and stress of S1 followed by S2 and S3 together ( S1 = Ken ; S2 = tuck ; S3 = y ) . `` lub - dub - ta '' or `` slosh - ing - in '' If new , indicates heart failure or volume overload . It occurs at the beginning of diastole after S2 and is lower in pitch than S1 or S2 as it is not of valvular origin . The third heart sound is benign in youth , some trained athletes , and sometimes in pregnancy but if it re-emerges later in life it may signal cardiac problems , such as a failing left ventricle as in dilated congestive heart failure ( CHF ) . S3 is thought to be caused by the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by blood rushing in from the atria . The reason the third heart sound does not occur until the middle third of diastole is probably that during the early part of diastole , the ventricles are not filled sufficiently to create enough tension for reverberation . It may also be a result of tensing of the chordae tendineae during rapid filling and expansion of the ventricle . In other words , an S3 heart sound indicates increased volume of blood within the ventricle . An S3 heart sound is best heard with the bell - side of the stethoscope ( used for lower frequency sounds ) . A left - sided S3 is best heard in the left lateral decubitus position and at the apex of the heart , which is normally located in the 5th left intercostal space at the midclavicular line . A right - sided S3 is best heard at the lower - left sternal border . The way to distinguish between a left and right - sided S3 is to observe whether it increases in intensity with inhalation or exhalation . A right - sided S3 will increase on inhalation , while a left - sided S3 will increase on exhalation . S3 can be a normal finding in young patients but is generally pathologic over the age of 40 . The most common cause of pathologic S3 is congestive heart failure . Main article : Fourth heart sound S4 when audible in an adult is called a presystolic gallop or atrial gallop . This gallop is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle . `` ta - lub - dub '' or `` a-stiff - wall '' It is a sign of a pathologic state , usually a failing or hypertrophic left ventricle , as in systemic hypertension , severe valvular aortic stenosis , and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . The sound occurs just after atrial contraction at the end of diastole and immediately before S1 , producing a rhythm sometimes referred to as the `` Tennessee '' gallop where S4 represents the `` Ten - '' syllable . It is best heard at the cardiac apex with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position and holding his breath . The combined presence of S3 and S4 is a quadruple gallop , also known as the `` Hello - Goodbye '' gallop . At rapid heart rates , S3 and S4 may merge to produce a summation gallop , sometimes referred to as S7 . Atrial contraction must be present for production of an S4 . It is absent in atrial fibrillation and in other rhythms in which atrial contraction does not precede ventricular contraction . Murmurs ( edit ) Auscultogram from normal and abnormal heart sounds . Heart murmurs are produced as a result of turbulent flow of blood strong enough to produce audible noise . They are usually heard as a whooshing sound . The term murmur only refers to a sound believed to originate within blood flow through or near the heart ; rapid blood velocity is necessary to produce a murmur . Most heart problems do not produce any murmur and most valve problems also do not produce an audible murmur . Murmurs can be heard in many situations in adults without major congenital heart abnormalities : Regurgitation through the mitral valve is by far the most commonly heard murmur , producing a pansystolic / holosystolic murmur which is sometimes fairly loud to a practiced ear , even though the volume of regurgitant blood flow may be quite small . Yet , though obvious using echocardiography visualization , probably about 20 % of cases of mitral regurgitation do not produce an audible murmur . Stenosis of the aortic valve is typically the next most common heart murmur , a systolic ejection murmur . This is more common in older adults or in those individuals having a two - leaflet , not a three - leaflet , aortic valve . Regurgitation through the aortic valve , if marked , is sometimes audible to a practiced ear with a high quality , especially electronically amplified , stethoscope . Generally , this is a very rarely heard murmur , even though aortic valve regurgitation is not so rare . Aortic regurgitation , though obvious using echocardiography visualization , usually does not produce an audible murmur . Stenosis of the mitral valve , if severe , also rarely produces an audible , low frequency soft rumbling murmur , best recognized by a practiced ear using a high quality , especially electronically amplified , stethoscope . Other audible murmurs are associated with abnormal openings between the left ventricle and right heart or from the aortic or pulmonary arteries back into a lower pressure heart chamber . Gradations of Murmurs ( Defined based on use of an acoustic , not a high - fidelity amplified electronic stethoscope ) Grade Description Grade 1 Very faint , heard only after listener has `` tuned in '' ; may not be heard in all positions . Only heard if the patient `` bears down '' or performs the Valsalva maneuver . Grade 2 Quiet , but heard immediately after placing the stethoscope on the chest . Grade 3 Moderately loud . Grade 4 Loud , with palpable thrill ( a tremor or vibration felt on palpation ) Grade 5 Very loud , with thrill . May be heard when stethoscope is partly off the chest . Grade 6 Very loud , with thrill . May be heard with stethoscope entirely off the chest . Though several different cardiac conditions can cause heart murmurs , the murmurs can change markedly with the severity of the cardiac disease . An astute physician can sometimes diagnose cardiac conditions with some accuracy based largely on the murmur , related physical examination , and experience with the relative frequency of different heart conditions . However , with the advent of better quality and wider availability of echocardiography and other techniques , heart status can be recognized and quantified much more accurately than formerly possible with only a stethoscope , examination , and experience . Another advantage to the use of the echocardiogram is that the devices can be hand held . Effects of breathing ( edit ) Inhalation decreases intrathoracic pressure which allows more venous blood to return to the right heart ( pulling blood into the right side of the heart via a vacuum - like effect ) . Therefore , right - sided heart murmurs generally increase in intensity with inhalation . The decreased ( more negative ) intrathoracic pressure has an opposite effect on the left side of the heart , making it harder for the blood to exit into circulation . Therefore , left - sided murmurs generally decrease in intensity during inhalation . Increasing venous blood return to the right side of the heart by raising a patient 's legs to a 45 - degree while lying supine produces similar effect which occurs during inhalation . Inhalation can also produce a non-pathological split S2 which will be heard upon auscultation . With exhalation , the opposite haemodynamic changes occur : left - sided murmurs generally increase in intensity with exhalation . Interventions that change murmurs ( edit ) Main article : Heart murmur There are a number of interventions that can be performed that alter the intensity and characteristics of abnormal heart sounds . These interventions can differentiate the different heart sounds to more effectively obtain a diagnosis of the cardiac anomaly that causes the heart sound . Other abnormal sounds ( edit ) Clicks -- Heart clicks are short , high - pitched sounds that can be appreciated with modern non-invasive imaging techniques . Rubs -- The pericardial friction rub can be heard in pericarditis , an inflammation of the pericardium , the sac surrounding the heart . This is a characteristic scratching , creaking , high - pitched sound emanating from the rubbing of both layers of inflamed pericardium . It is the loudest in systole , but can often be heard at the beginning and at the end of diastole . It is very dependent on body position and breathing , and changes from hour to hour . Surface anatomy ( edit ) The aortic area , pulmonic area , tricuspid area and mitral area are areas on the surface of the chest where the heart is auscultated . Heart sounds result from reverberation within the blood associated with the sudden block of flow reversal by the valves closing . Because of this , auscultation to determine function of a valve is usually not performed at the position of the valve , but at the position to where the sound waves reverberate . Aortic valve ( to aorta ) right second intercostal space upper right sternal border Pulmonary valve ( to pulmonary trunk ) left second intercostal space upper left sternal border Erb 's point Left third intercostal space left sternal border Tricuspid valve ( to right ventricle ) left fourth , fifth intercostal spaces lower left sternal border Mitral valve ( to left ventricle ) left fifth intercostal space left midclavicular line Recording heart sounds ( edit ) Using electronic stethoscopes , it is possible to record heart sounds via direct output to an external recording device , such as a laptop or MP3 recorder . The same connection can be used to listen to the previously recorded auscultation through the stethoscope headphones , allowing for more detailed study of murmurs and other heart sounds , for general research as well as evaluation of a particular patient 's condition . See also ( edit ) Pulse Physical examination Precordial examination Benign pediatric heart murmur Iambic pentameter , a metre in poetry which follows a similar rhythm to the human heartbeat Pulsatile tinnitus - hearing a heartbeat sound in one or both ears Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://depts.washington.edu/physdx/heart/tech2.html Jump up ^ https://depts.washington.edu/physdx/heart/tech2.html Jump up ^ `` thrill '' . Medline Plus Medical Dictionary . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Lenny ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) , `` Heart doctors are listening for clues to the future of their stethoscopes '' , Washington Post . External links ( edit ) University of Michigan Heart Sound and Murmur Library . Auscultation Assistant . UCLA Heart Sounds - Heart Murmurs . practicalclinicalskills.com <Th_colspan="2"> Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell <Th_colspan="2"> Medical examination and history taking Medical history Chief complaint History of the present illness Systems review Nursing assessment Allergies Medications Past medical history Surgical history Family history Social history Psychiatric history Progress notes Mnemonics SAMPLE OPQRST SOAP COASTMAP Physical examination General / IPPA Inspection Auscultation Palpation Percussion Vital signs Temperature Heart rate Blood pressure Respiratory rate HEENT Oral mucosa TM Eyes ( Ophthalmoscopy , Swinging - flashlight test ) Hearing ( Weber , Rinne ) Respiratory Respiratory sounds Cyanosis Clubbing Cardiovascular Precordial examination Peripheral vascular examination Heart sounds Other Jugular venous pressure Abdominojugular test Carotid bruit Ankle - brachial pressure index Abdominal Digestive Liver span Rectal Murphy 's sign Bowel sounds Urinary Murphy 's punch sign Extremities / Joint Back ( Straight leg raise ) Knee ( McMurray test ) Hip Wrist ( Tinel sign , Phalen maneuver ) Shoulder ( Adson 's sign ) GALS screen Neurological Mental state Mini -- mental state examination Cranial nerve examination Upper limb neurological examination Neonatal Apgar score Ballard Maturational Assessment Gynecological Well - woman examination Vaginal examination Breast examination Cervical motion tenderness Assessment and plan Medical diagnosis Differential diagnosis <Th_colspan="2"> Symptoms and signs relating to the cardiovascular system ( R00 -- R03 , 785 ) Chest pain Referred pain Angina Aerophagia Auscultation Heart sounds Split S2 S3 S4 Gallop rhythm Heart murmur Systolic Diastolic Continuous Pericardial friction rub Heart click Bruit carotid Pulse Tachycardia Bradycardia Pulsus tardus et parvus Pulsus paradoxus doubled Pulsus bisferiens Dicrotic pulse Pulsus bigeminus Pulsus alternans Pulse deficit Vascular disease Gangrene Other Palpitations Apex beat Cœur en sabot Jugular venous pressure Cannon A waves Hyperaemia Shock Cardiogenic Hypovolemic Distributive Septic Neurogenic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_sounds&oldid=830133817 '' Categories : Cardiology Audible medical signs Symptoms and signs : Cardiac Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Svenska ไทย 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 23 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Heart sounds
2. Normal heart sounds
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8,872,492,824,986,982,000 | who has won more awards taylor swift or beyonce | American Music Award - wikipedia American Music Award Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> American Music Awards <Td_colspan="2"> American Music Awards of 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Logo as of 2016 Awarded for favorite artists chosen in an online voting Country United States First awarded Website theamas.com Most recent American Music Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2016 November 19 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Award Artist of the Year New Artist of the Year Winner Bruno Mars Niall Horan <Td_colspan="2"> Previous Artist of the Year Ariana Grande Artist of the Year Bruno Mars The American Music Awards ( AMAs ) is an annual American music awards show , created by Dick Clark in 1973 for ABC when the network 's contract to air the Grammy Awards expired . Unlike the Grammys , which are awarded on the basis of votes by members of the Recording Academy , the AMAs are determined by a poll of the public and fans , who can vote through the AMAs website . The award statuette is manufactured by New York firm Society Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and overview 1.1 Conception 1.2 Hosts 2 Ceremonies 3 Categories 3.1 Current award categories 3.2 Past award categories 4 Most wins 4.1 Most wins in a single ceremony 4.2 Most wins by category 5 Special awards 5.1 Award of Merit 5.2 International Artist Award of Excellence 5.3 Icon Award 5.4 Dick Clark Award for Excellence 5.5 Award of Achievement 5.6 Lifetime Achievement Award 5.7 Artist of the Decade 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History and overview ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) The AMAs was created by Dick Clark in 1973 to compete with the Grammy Awards after the move of that year 's show to Nashville , Tennessee led to CBS picking up the Grammy telecasts after its first two in 1971 and 1972 were broadcast on ABC . Michael Jackson and Donny Osmond co-hosted the first award show with Rodney Allen Rippy and Ricky Segall in 1974 . In 2014 , American network Telemundo acquired the rights to produce a Spanish - language version of the American Music Awards and launched the Latin American Music Awards in 2015 . While the Grammy Awards are awarded based on votes by members of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences , the AMAs are determined by a poll of music buyers and the public . The American Music Awards have nominations based on sales , airplay , activity on social networks , and video viewing . Before 2010 had nominations based only on sales and airplay and nominated every work , even if old . The Grammys have nominations based on vote of the Academy and only nominate a work from their eligibility period that changes often . Hosts ( edit ) The first hosts for the first telecast of the AMAs were Helen Reddy , Roger Miller , and Smokey Robinson . Helen Reddy not only hosted the show but also became the first female artist to win an AMA for Favorite Pop / Rock Female artist . For the first decade or so , the AMAs had multiple hosts , each representing a genre of music . For instance , Glen Campbell would host the country portion ( Campbell , in fact , has co-hosted the AMAs more times than any other host or co-host ) , while other artists would co-host to represent his / her genre . In recent years , however , there has been one single host . In 1991 , Keenen Ivory Wayans became the first Hollywood actor to host the AMAs . From its inception in 1973 until 2003 , the AMAs have been held in mid - to late - January , but were moved to November ( usually the Sunday before Thanksgiving ) beginning in 2003 so as not to further compete with other major awards shows ( such as the Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Awards ) and allows for ABC to have a well - rated awards show during November sweeps . For the 2008 awards , Jimmy Kimmel hosted for the fourth consecutive year . In 2009 -- 2012 , there was no host for the first time in history . Instead , the AMAs followed the Grammys ' lead in having various celebrities give introductions . However , rapper Pitbull hosted the 2013 ceremony and 2014 ceremony . Jennifer Lopez hosted the 2015 show . Gigi Hadid and Jay Pharoah hosted the 2016 show . Tracee Ellis Ross hosted the show in 2017 . Between 2012 and 2014 , as part of a marketing strategy for Samsung , the American Music Awards used the lock screen wallpaper of Samsung Galaxy series mobile phone handsets rather than envelopes to reveal winners . A magnetic screen cover on each phone kept the wallpaper image with the winner 's name secret until opened . The Billboard Music Awards , also an ABC awards show produced by Dick Clark Productions , also used Samsung Galaxy handsets to reveal winners . Traditional envelopes returned during DCP 's 2015 music awards ceremonies . Ceremonies ( edit ) # Date Host Venue 01 19 February 1974 Donny Osmond , Michael Jackson , Rodney Allen Rippy and Ricky Segall Earl Carroll Theatre 02 18 February 1975 Santa Monica Civic Auditorium 03 31 January 1976 04 31 January 1977 Glen Campbell , Helen Reddy , Lou Rawls and Electric Light Orchestra 05 16 January 1978 David Soul , Glen Campbell and Natalie Cole 06 12 January 1979 Donna Summer , Glen Campbell and Helen Reddy 07 18 January 1980 ABC Studios 08 30 January 1981 Crystal Gayle , Mac Davis and Teddy Pendergrass 09 25 January 1982 Donna Summer , Glen Campbell and Lionel Richie Shrine Auditorium 10 17 January 1983 Aretha Franklin 11 16 January 1984 Lionel Richie 12 28 January 1985 13 27 January 1986 Diana Ross 14 26 January 1987 Diana Ross 15 25 January 1988 Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , Mick Fleetwood , Robin Gibb and Whitney Houston 16 30 January 1989 Anita Baker , Debbie Gibson , Kenny Rogers and Rod Stewart 17 22 January 1990 Alice Cooper , Anita Baker , Gloria Estefan , Naomi Judd and Wynonna Judd 18 28 January 1991 Keenen Ivory Wayans 19 27 January 1992 MC Hammer 20 25 January 1993 Bobby Brown , Gloria Estefan and Wynonna Judd 21 07 February 1994 Meat Loaf , Reba McEntire and Will Smith 22 30 January 1995 Queen Latifah , Tom Jones , Lorrie Morgan 23 29 January 1996 Sinbad 24 27 January 1997 Sinbad 25 26 January 1998 Drew Carey 26 11 January 1999 Brandy & Melissa Joan Hart 27 17 January 2000 Norm Macdonald 28 08 January 2001 Britney Spears and LL Cool J 29 09 January 2002 Jenny McCarthy and Sean Combs 30 13 January 2003 Jack Osbourne , Kelly Osbourne , Ozzy Osbourne and Sharon Osbourne 31 16 Novemver 2003 Jimmy Kimmel 32 14 November 2004 Jimmy Kimmel 33 22 November 2005 Cedric the Entertainer 34 21 November 2006 Jimmy Kimmel 35 18 November 2007 Jimmy Kimmel Microsoft Theater 36 23 November 2008 Jimmy Kimmel 37 22 November 2009 38 21 November 2010 39 20 November 2011 40 18 November 2012 41 24 November 2013 Pitbull 42 23 November 2014 Pitbull 43 22 November 2015 Jennifer Lopez 44 20 November 2016 Gigi Hadid and Jay Pharoah 45 19 November 2017 Tracee Ellis Ross Categories ( edit ) Current award categories ( edit ) Award Year Artist of the Year 1996 , 2001 -- 2002 , 2003 ( November ) -- present New Artist of the Year 2004 -- present Collaboration of the Year 2015 -- present Video of the Year 2016 -- present Tour of the Year 2016 -- present Top Soundtrack 1996 -- 2003 ( January ) , 2007 -- 2010 , 2013 -- present Favorite Male Artist -- Pop / Rock 1974 -- present Favorite Female Artist -- Pop / Rock 1974 -- present Favorite Duo or Group -- Pop / Rock 1974 -- present Favorite Album -- Pop / Rock 1974 -- present Favorite Song -- Pop / Rock 1974 -- 1995 , 2016 -- present Favorite Male Artist -- Soul / R&B 1974 -- present Favorite Female Artist -- Soul / R&B 1974 -- present Favorite Album -- Soul / R&B 1974 -- present Favorite Song -- Soul / R&B 1974 -- 1995 , 2016 -- present Favorite Male Artist -- Country 1974 -- present Favorite Female Artist -- Country 1974 -- present Favorite Duo or Group -- Country 1974 -- present Favorite Album -- Country 1974 -- present Favorite Song -- Country 1974 -- 1995 , 2016 -- present Favorite Artist -- Rap / Hip - Hop 1989 -- present Favorite Album -- Rap / Hip - Hop 1989 -- 1992 , 2003 ( January ) -- present Favorite Song -- Rap / Hip - Hop 2016 -- present Favorite Artist -- Adult Contemporary 1992 -- present Favorite Artist -- Alternative 1995 -- present Favorite Artist -- Latin 1996 -- present Favorite Artist -- Contemporary Inspirational 2002 -- present Favorite Artist -- Electronic Dance Music 2012 -- present Past award categories ( edit ) Award Year Single of the Year 2013 -- 2015 Fan 's Choice Award 2003 ( January ) -- 2003 ( November ) Favorite Pop / Rock Video 1984 -- 1988 Favorite Pop / Rock Male Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Pop / Rock Female Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Pop / Rock Band / Duo / Group Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Pop / Rock New Artist 1989 -- 2003 Favorite Soul / R&B Band / Duo / Group 1974 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 2006 , 2009 Favorite Soul / R&B Video 1984 -- 1988 Favorite Soul / R&B Male Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Soul / R&B Female Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Soul / R&B Band / Duo / Group Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Soul / R&B New Artist 1989 -- 2003 Favorite Country Video 1984 -- 1988 Favorite Country Male Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Country Female Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Country Band / Duo / Group Video Artist 1985 -- 1987 Favorite Country New Artist 1989 -- 2003 Favorite Disco Male Artist 1979 Favorite Disco Female Artist 1979 Favorite Disco Band / Duo / Group 1979 Favorite Disco Album 1979 Favorite Disco Song 1979 Favorite Heavy Metal / Hard Rock Artist 1989 -- 1997 Favorite Heavy Metal / Hard Rock Album 1989 -- 1992 Favorite Heavy Metal / Hard Rock New Artist 1990 -- 1993 Favorite Rap / Hip - Hop Band / Duo / Group 2003 ( January ) -- 2008 Favorite Rap / Hip - Hop New Artist 1990 -- 1994 Favorite Dance Artist 1990 -- 1992 Favorite Dance Song 1990 -- 1992 Favorite Dance New Artist 1990 -- 1992 Favorite Adult Contemporary Album 1992 -- 1994 Favorite Adult Contemporary New Artist 1992 -- 1994 Most wins ( edit ) The record for most American Music Awards won is held by Michael Jackson , who has amassed twenty - four awards . The record for most American Music Awards won by a group belongs to Alabama , who have collected twenty - three awards . For a female artist , the record for most American Music Awards won belongs to singer Whitney Houston who has won twenty - one awards . 24 wins Michael Jackson 23 wins Alabama 22 wins Whitney Houston 19 wins Kenny Rogers Taylor Swift 17 wins Garth Brooks 15 wins Justin Bieber Reba McEntire Lionel Richie 12 wins Willie Nelson Rihanna Carrie Underwood 11 wins Janet Jackson Tim McGraw Stevie Wonder 10 wins Mariah Carey Randy Travis 9 wins Boyz II Men Olivia Newton - John Luther Vandross 8 wins Beyoncé The Black Eyed Peas Eminem Bruno Mars Usher 6 wins Destiny 's Child Linkin Park Nicki Minaj Prince Will Smith Justin Timberlake 5 wins Pearl Jam Katy Perry Shakira 4 wins Creed Drake Guns N ' Roses 3 wins Dr. Dre Green Day Jay - Z Jennifer Lopez NSYNC Red Hot Chili Peppers Spice Girls Most wins in a single ceremony ( edit ) The record for the most American Music Awards won in a single year is held by Michael Jackson ( in 1984 ) and Whitney Houston ( in 1994 ) , each with 8 awards to their credit ( including the Award of Merit , with which both artists were honored in the respective years ) . Michael Jackson 8 ( 1984 ) Whitney Houston 8 ( 1994 ) Most wins by category ( edit ) The following list shows the artists with most wins in each category , adapted from the AMAs official website . Artist of the Year : Taylor Swift ( 3 wins ) Song of the Year : Kenny Rogers ( 5 wins ) The Song of the Year record holder accounts for all previous single category winners . Favorite Male Artist -- Pop / Rock : ( Tie ) Barry Manilow , Eric Clapton , Michael Bolton , Michael Jackson and Justin Bieber ( 3 wins each ) Favorite Female Artist -- Pop / Rock : ( Tie ) Olivia Newton - John and Whitney Houston ( 4 wins each ) Favorite Duo or Group -- Pop / Rock : ( Tie ) Aerosmith , The Black Eyed Peas , Hall & Oates and One Direction ( 3 wins each ) Favorite Album -- Pop / Rock : Michael Jackson and Justin Bieber ( 3 wins ) Favorite Male Artist -- Country : Garth Brooks ( 8 wins ) Favorite Female Artist -- Country : Reba McEntire ( 10 wins ) Favorite Duo or Group -- Country : Alabama ( 17 wins ) Favorite Album -- Country : Kenny Rogers , Carrie Underwood ( 5 wins ) Favorite Artist -- Rap / Hip - Hop : Eminem ( 4 wins ) The Favorite Artist -- Rap / Hip - Hop record holder accounts for all previous Favorite Female Artist -- Rap / Hip - Hop and Favorite Male Artist -- Rap / Hip - Hop category winners . Favorite Album -- Rap / Hip - Hop : Nicki Minaj ( 3 wins ) Favorite Male Artist -- Soul / R&B : Luther Vandross ( 7 wins ) Favorite Female Artist -- Soul / R&B : Rihanna ( 6 wins ) Favorite Album -- Soul / R&B : Michael Jackson ( 4 wins ) Favorite Artist -- Alternative Rock : Linkin Park ( 6 wins ) Favorite Artist -- Adult Contemporary : Celine Dion ( 4 wins ) Favorite Artist -- Latin Music : Enrique Iglesias ( 7 wins ) Favorite Artist -- Contemporary Inspirational : Casting Crowns ( 4 wins ) Favorite Artist -- Electronic Dance Music : ( Tie ) Calvin Harris and The Chainsmokers ( 2 wins each ) Special Awards ( edit ) Award of Merit ( edit ) Main article : American Music Award of Merit The American Music Award of Merit has been awarded to thirty two artists , the latest being Sting ( 2016 ) . International Artist Award of Excellence ( edit ) The International Artist Award of Excellence has been awarded to seven artists : Michael Jackson ( 1993 ) Rod Stewart ( 1994 ) Led Zeppelin ( 1995 ) Bee Gees ( 1997 ) Aerosmith ( 2001 ) Beyoncé ( 2007 ) Whitney Houston ( 2009 ) Icon Award ( edit ) The AMAs ' producer Larry Klein stated : `` The first - ever Icon Award was created to honor an artist whose body of work has made a profound influence over pop music on a global level . '' Rihanna ( 2013 ) Dick Clark Award for Excellence ( edit ) At the 2014 award ceremony , the Dick Clark Award for Excellence was given for the first time . Taylor Swift ( 2014 ) Award of Achievement ( edit ) Main article : American Music Award for Achievement Michael Jackson ( 1989 ) Prince ( 1990 ) Mariah Carey ( 2000 and 2008 ) Katy Perry ( 2011 ) Lifetime Achievement Award ( edit ) Diana Ross ( 2017 ) Artist of the decade ( edit ) 90s : Garth Brooks ( 2000 ) In 2000 , the year Brooks won the award , the AMAs held a poll to elect the Artist of the Decade for each previous decade of the Rock & Roll era . According to some sources , the result of this poll is not counted in the total of AMAs won by these artists . The results were Elvis Presley ( 1950s ) , The Beatles ( 60s ) , Stevie Wonder ( 70s ) and Michael Jackson ( 80s ) . See also ( edit ) Latin American Music Award References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Perebinossoff , Philippe ; et al. ( 2005 ) . Programming for TV , radio , and the Internet . Elsevier . p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` VOTING FAQs '' ( PDF ) . the amas . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Telemundo Will Produce a Spanish - Language American Music Awards in 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobo , Leila ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` First - Ever Latin American Music Awards Headed to Telemundo '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift , Michael Jackson dominate American Music Awards nominations ( UPDATED ) '' . Los Angeles Times . October 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem , Bieber outscore Lady Gaga in AMA nods '' . Reuters . October 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnson Jr. , Billy ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Lady Gaga Snubbed at American Music Awards Nominations '' . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Lopez to Host and Perform at the 2015 American Music Awards American Music Awards . Theamas.com . Retrieved on October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy Note 2 Used To Announce Winners at AMAs '' . Newsbroadcast.co.uk . November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 AMERICAN MUSIC AWARD NOMINEE STATISTICS '' . dick clark productions . October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 AMERICAN MUSIC AWARD NOMINEE STATISTICS '' . TheAMAs.com . The American Music Awards . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Music Award of Merit '' . The AMAs . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` International Artist Award '' . The AMAs . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna to receive ' AMA Icon Award ' '' . billboard.com . November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift to Receive First Ever Dick Clark Award for Excellence at the 2014 AMAs '' . The AMAs . dick clark productions , inc . November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Database '' . The Amas . Jump up ^ `` American Music Awards : List of winners '' . CNN . January 18 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Lauryn Hill , Backstreet Boys , DMX Honored With American Music Awards '' . MTV . January 18 , 2000 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` List of American Music Awards winners '' . Sun Journal . January 18 , 2000 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Santana wins top album honors at American Music Awards '' . Times Daily . January 18 , 2000 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . 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5,259,140,948,403,461,000 | what is the green room in the white house | Green Room ( White House ) - wikipedia Green Room ( White House ) Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Green Room looking northeast during the administration of Bill Clinton . On top of the mantelpiece a French Empire mantel clock depicting Hannibal . White House State Floor showing the location of the Green Room . McKim , Mead , and White renovation of the Green Room in 1904 during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt . The Green Room in 1964 , looking northeast , showing decor adopted during the administration of John F. Kennedy , and with a chandelier substitution made at the request of new first lady Lady Bird Johnson . The Green Room is one of three state parlors on the first floor of the White House , the home of the President of the United States . It is used for small receptions and teas . During a state dinner , guests are served cocktails in the three state parlors before the president , first lady , and a visiting head of state descend the Grand Staircase for dinner . The room is traditionally decorated in shades of green . The room is approximately 28 by 22.5 feet ( 8.5 by 6.9 m ) . It has six doors , which open into the Cross Hall , East Room , South Portico , and Blue Room . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early decor 2 1902 Roosevelt renovation 2.1 Coolidge refurbishment 2.2 Kennedy refurbishment 2.3 Nixon refurbishment 2.4 Laura Bush refurbishment 3 Usage 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) Early decor ( edit ) Descriptions of the Green Room 's furnishings before the 1814 fire are limited . Following the 1816 rebuilding , inventories suggest the room initially contained French Empire items bought by President James Madison . Throughout most of the 19th century , the room was decorated in a series of revival styles . 1902 Roosevelt renovation ( edit ) In 1902 , President Theodore Roosevelt selected the architectural firm of McKim , Mead & White to make extensive structural changes to the White House and redecorate most of its rooms . For the Green Room , the firm decided to mimic an 1820s - style parlor or drawing room in the French Empire style . An 1817 fireplace mantel was removed from the State Dining Room and used in the Green Room , displacing its original mantel . The door moldings , which dated from the James Monroe administration , were retained . Coolidge refurbishment ( edit ) In 1924 , First Lady Grace Coolidge undertook a refurbishment of the White House . Coolidge appointed a group of wealthy patrons of the arts , many of whom were knowledgeable in Colonial and Early American furniture and art , to locate historic furnishings and raise money for the renovation . A split emerged in the committee between those who wished to implement a Colonial Revival style room and those who wished to preserve the 1902 Beaux - Arts decor . The dispute became public , and President Calvin Coolidge ordered the renovation stopped . Work resumed with a different committee in 1926 , and the room redecorated in Colonial Revival and Federal furniture . Coolidge replaced the heavily patterned floral wall covering with a simple green silk velvet . The Renaissance Revival - style mantel ( likely installed in 1852 ) was replaced by a French Empire mantel purchased by President Monroe in 1819 . Although the some period antiques were found and placed in the room , most of the furniture were reproductions . A suite of reproduction French Directoire upholstered chairs and white - painted caned reproduction English Regency furniture replaced a suite of overstuffed Turkish style sofas and chairs . Over the next 37 years , subsequent presidents mostly maintained the Green Room as Coolidge left it , with only minor alterations . One significant change was made after the White House was gutted and renovated under President Harry S. Truman in 1952 . When the Green Room was decorated after the renovation , the walls were covered in a green silk damask in the style of Robert Adam ( manufactured by American fabrics firm Scalamandré ) . The window treatments and drapes used the same fabric , with the window treatments covering the window moldings . Kennedy refurbishment ( edit ) In 1961 , First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy began a major refurbishment of the White House that included the Green Room . Her renovation was technically overseen by an advisory Committee on Fine Arts made up of museum professionals as well as wealthy individuals interested in antiques . American antiques autodidact Henry Francis du Pont ( an expert in Federal furniture ) led this committee . Mrs. Kennedy also brought in French interior designer Stéphane Boudin ( an advocate of French interior design ) and his company , Maison Jansen , to oversee the refurbishment . Although du Pont and Boudin often competed with one another for control of redecoration of a space in the White House , the Green Room represents an area where they cooperated more closely . This was because the Green Room had a long history as a Federal - style room , an area in which du Pont and his committee were experts . The Green Room was the first room in the White House to be redesigned almost completely with the input of the committee . Du Pont and Boudin did disagree over the wall covering . Du Pont proposed a green - on - green stripe , while Boudin desired a more subdued , moss - colored silk with a moiré pattern . Jacqueline Kennedy chose Boudin 's fabric in spring 1962 . After the Scalamandré fabric company proved unable to reproduce the moiré silk with the quality desired by Kennedy , the French firm of Tassinari et Châtel was chosen to manufacture the fabric . The window treatments were another area of disagreement between du Pont and Boudin . Du Pont wanted the window treatments inside the window frame , to expose the moldings . Boudin felt this made the room appear too tall . After the two discussed the issue in early 1961 , du Pont 's view won out . But in late 1962 , Boudin removed these window treatments and implemented one he had used many times before in many different homes : Straight panels to hide the side moldings , with a Baroque Revival flat panel to cover the top molding and rods . The fabric used was the same Boudin had selected for the wall covering , but trimmed with a French - made decorative silver tape . Several significant pieces of antique furniture were acquired and placed in the room by du Pont . Among these were card tables , `` Martha Washington '' chairs , a secretary ( by Baltimore furniture maker Joseph Burgess ) , side chairs , a sofa ( formerly owned by Daniel Webster ) , settees ( from Massachusetts ) , urn stands , and work tables . Many items of furniture were reupholstered in white . Du Pont chose a white cotton with delicate embroidered vines in green and gold for the Massachusetts settees , and an ivory silk with multicolored flowers for the Webster sofa . The various chairs were covered in either a white damask with a medallion pattern , a green - on - white silk brocade ( inspired by Robert Adam ) , or a buff , green , or gold silk of contemporary design and weave . With the new window and wall upholstery in place by early 1963 , Boudin suggested upholstering all the furniture in the room in green . But for reasons which are unclear , he only changed one item , a Louis XVI - style armchair acquired in 1963 . It was covered in a leather the same shade of green as the walls . Artwork in the room was generally selected by Boudin , primarily because the frames used reflected the Federal style of the Green Room . These paintings included John Frederick Kensett 's 1853 Niagara Falls , Théobald Chartran 's 1902 portrait of Edith Roosevelt , and Alvin Fisher 's 1849 Indian Guides . Smaller still lifes were used to frame the larger pictures . A late 18th - century English Axminster carpet in a Neoclassical pattern was donated by an anonymous individual and placed on the floor . This carpet incorporated as its central motif an architectural medallion surrounded by rosettes . The borders featured anthemion in shades of taupe , sage , and pink . The Green Room became President John F. Kennedy 's favorite . After Kennedy 's assassination , the Kennedy family donated Claude Monet 's 1897 Morning on the Seine , Good Weather , to the White House . It was hung in the Green Room . When Aaron Shikler finished President Kennedy 's official portrait in 1970 , it , too , was hung in the Green Room . Nixon refurbishment ( edit ) Many changes occurred during the Nixon administration under the direction of First Lady Pat Nixon . Clement Conger , the new White House curator appointed during the Nixon administration , had completed substantial Chippendale and Neoclassical interiors at the United States Department of State . In the Green Room , as well as in the Blue and Red rooms , Conger addressed correcting the generic traditional plaster moldings put in place during the Truman reconstruction , installing historically accurate crown moldings and ceiling medallions . Conger commissioned Edward Vason Jones and David Byers to design new drapes of striped cream , green , and coral silk satin . Conger and Jones cited illustrations shown in an early 19th - century pattern book belonging to the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities ( now called Historic New England ) . Coral and gilt ornamental cornices were constructed and installed above the windows . They were topped by hand - carved , gilded American eagles with outspread wings , a favorite decorative motif of the Federal period . The cornices are similar to those in the library of the Miles Brewton House in Charleston , South Carolina , and the South Drawing Room of the Sir John Soane House in London in the United Kingdom . Scalamandré produced a copy of the Kennedy - era moss green silk to be rehung on the walls . Conger also added several major pieces by Scottish - born New York cabinetmaker Duncan Phyfe . They include a pair of work tables , side chairs with scroll arms , two card tables , and a pair of window benches . These replaced the more delicate Federal - era furniture approved by du Pont and Mrs. Kennedy . On the west wall above a Duncan Phyfe sofa , Conger hung a pair of gilded girandole `` bullseye '' wall sconces . Laura Bush refurbishment ( edit ) The Green Room was refurbished during the summer of 2007 by First Lady Laura Bush with advisement from the Committee for the Preservation of the White House , Bush family interior designer Ken Blasingame , and White House curator William Allman . The refurbishment retained most of the Nixon - era Conger and Jones design . Walls were again hung in silk , but this time in a more vertical and largely scaled moiré pattern and a darker shade . The coral color in the upholstered chairs and in the striped drapery fabric was intensified to a more vibrant shade bordering on vermilion . The drapery recreates Edward Vason Jones ' 1971 design but with the more intense vermilion in the silk and the painted cornice . The drapery design was simplified by removing four large tassels but retained the large bobble - fringe of the Nixon - era design . The green Turkish Kilim carpet installed in the Nixon administration was replaced by a new rug woven in the Savonnerie style of France . It is somewhat similar in design to an antique Savonnerie acquired for the Red Room by Stéphane Boudin . As a part of the refurbishment the painting The Builders by Jacob Lawrence was acquired by the White House Acquisition Trust . The Builders and Sand Dunes at Sunset , Atlantic City by Henry Ossawa Tanner were at that time the only two paintings by African - American artists in the White House permanent collection . Usage ( edit ) The room was intended by architect James Hoban to be the `` Common Dining Room . '' Thomas Jefferson used it as a dining room and covered the floor with a green - colored canvas for protection . It was in the Green Room that William Wallace Lincoln , the third son of President Abraham Lincoln , was embalmed following his death ( most likely from typhoid ) . Grace Coolidge displayed what some considered risqué Art Deco sculpture in the room and used the room for small parties with friends . Eleanor Roosevelt entertained Amelia Earhart in the Green Room . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Historians James Abbott and Elaine Rice note that du Pont and Boudin worked in almost total isolation . It was common for Boudin to revise du Pont 's alterations without telling anyone except for Jacqueline Kennedy . Jump up ^ The Kennedy administration was very sensitive to the political uproar which would have occurred had the public known that a French interior decorator and the French firms he was associated with were refurbishing the White House . Tassinari et Châtel 's role as the manufacturer of the silk was hidden , and many historians continued for several decades to mistakenly assume that Scalamandré produced it . Jump up ^ Boudin had used the same window treatment a few years before in the Green Room at Leeds Castle in Kent , England . He would replicate the Baroque Revival panel for use on a bench in the White House 's Queens ' Bedroom . Jump up ^ The chair was a high - backed , upholstered Sheraton style chair first manufactured in 1790 and named for the former First Lady as a marketing technique . Jump up ^ Du Pont wanted a much more delicate lady 's writing desk used in the room , but Boudin insisted on the Burgess secretary . It was later discovered that the lady 's desk was a late - 1800s reproduction and unsuitable for the White House . Citations Jump up ^ Abbott & Rice 1998 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott & Rice 1998 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Abbott & Rice 1998 , pp. 16 , 90 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott & Rice 1998 , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott & Rice 1998 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Abbott & Rice 1998 , pp. 21 - 24 . Jump up ^ Abbott & Rice 1998 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Abbott & Rice 1998 , pp. 5 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott & Rice 1998 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Abbott & Rice 1998 , pp. 95 - 96 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott & Rice 1998 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Dreppard 1948 , pp. 142 - 143 . Jump up ^ Abbott & Rice 1998 , pp. 91 - 92 . Jump up ^ Abbott & Rice 1998 , pp. 91 - 93 . Jump up ^ Abbott & Rice 1998 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Abbott & Rice 1998 , pp. 97 - 98 . Jump up ^ Abbott & Rice 1998 , pp. 98 - 99 . Jump up ^ Abbott & Rice 1998 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Jacqueline ( September 20 , 2007 ) . `` Green Room Makeover Incorporates A Colorful Past '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White House Acquires Tanner painting http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/102296.html Bibliography ( edit ) Abbott , James A. ; Rice , Elaine M. ( 1998 ) . Designing Camelot : The Kennedy White House Restoration . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold . ISBN 0442025327 . Dreppard , Carl William ( 1948 ) . Handbook of Antique Chairs . New York : Doubleday & Company . Further reading ( edit ) Abbott , James A . A Frenchman in Camelot : The Decoration of the Kennedy White House by Stéphane Boudin . Boscobel Restoration Inc. : 1995 . ISBN 0 - 9646659 - 0 - 5 . Clinton , Hillary Rodham . An Invitation to the White House : At Home with History . Simon & Schuster : 2000 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85799 - 5 . Monkman , Betty C. The White House : The Historic Furnishing & First Families . Abbeville Press : 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0624 - 2 . Seale , William . The President 's House . White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society : 1986 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 28 - 1 . Seale , William , The White House : The History of an American Idea . White House Historical Association : 1992 , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 85 - 0 . West , J.B. with Mary Lynn Kotz . Upstairs at the White House : My Life with the First Ladies . Coward , McCann & Geoghegan : 1973 . SBN 698 - 10546 - X . The White House : An Historic Guide . White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society : 2001 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 79 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Green Room . White House Web site White House Museum 's Green Room page , with many historical pictures Death Of Willie Lincoln <Th_colspan="3"> White House Complex <Td_colspan="3"> White House Executive Residence Basement Basement Chief Floral Designer Ground floor China Room collection Office of the Curator Diplomatic Reception Room Library Map Room Vermeil Room State floor Blue Room Cross Hall East Room Entrance Hall Family Dining Room Grand Staircase Green Room Red Room South Portico State Dining Room Chief Usher Second floor Center Hall Dressing Room East Bedroom East Sitting Hall Family Kitchen Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room President 's Bedroom President 's Dining Room Private Sitting Room Queens ' Bedroom Queens ' Sitting Room Treaty Room Truman Balcony West Bedroom West Sitting Hall Yellow Oval Room Third floor Center Hall Diet Kitchen Linen Room Music Room Sun Room Work - out Room West Wing Cabinet Room Executive Office Oval Office Oval Office Study Press Briefing Room Roosevelt Room Situation Room East Wing Office of the First Lady Graphics and Calligraphy Office Presidential Emergency Operations Center White House Family Theater Social Secretary Visitors Office White House Military Office Grounds The Ellipse Jacqueline Kennedy Garden Lafayette Square North Lawn President 's Park Rose Garden South Lawn White House to Treasury Building tunnel Annex Eisenhower Executive Office Building New Executive Office Building White House Conference Center Blair House Trowbridge House Presidential Townhouse Nearby streets 15th Street 17th Street Constitution Avenue E Street East Executive Avenue H Street NW Hamilton Place Jackson Place Madison Place Pennsylvania Avenue State Place West Executive Avenue Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 51.15 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 11.16 '' W / 38.8975417 ° N 77.0364333 ° W / 38.8975417 ; - 77.0364333 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Room_(White_House)&oldid=801460748 '' Categories : Rooms in the White House Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français עברית Latina Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 20 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Green Room - White House
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703,492,359,230,121,500 | what are the biggest corporations in the world | List of largest companies by revenue - wikipedia List of largest companies by revenue Jump to : navigation , search This list comprises the world 's largest businesses by consolidated revenue as of 2016 , according to the Fortune Global 500 tally . The list is limited to 35 companies , all of which have annual revenues exceeding $100 billion US dollars . The availability and reliability of up - to - date information on prior state - owned companies is limited and varies from country to country ; thus , this list may be incomplete . This list is shown in U.S. dollars , but many of the companies on it prepare their accounts in other currencies . The dollar value of their revenue may change substantially in a short period of time due to exchange rate fluctuations . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of largest companies by revenue 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List of largest companies by revenue ( edit ) State - owned enterprise Rank Name Industry Revenue ( USD millions ) Revenue growth Employees Country Headquarters CEO Ref Walmart General merchandisers $485,873 6999800000000000000 ♠ 0.8 % 2,300,000 Bentonville , Arkansas Doug McMillon State Grid Utilities $315,199 2999560000000099999 ♠ 4.4 % 926,067 Beijing Shu Yinbiao Sinopec Group Petroleum refining $267,518 2999090000000000000 ♠ 9.1 % 713,288 Beijing Wang Yupu China National Petroleum Petroleum refining $262,573 2998877000000000000 ♠ 12.3 % 1,512,048 Beijing Wang Yilin Toyota Motor vehicles and parts $254,694 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7.7 % 364,445 Toyota , Aichi Akio Toyoda 6 Volkswagen Group Automotive $240,264 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 626,715 Wolfsburg Matthias Müller 7 Royal Dutch Shell Petroleum refining $240,033 2998882000000000000 ♠ 11.8 % 89,000 The Hague Ben van Beurden 8 Berkshire Hathaway Conglomerate $223,604 7000610000000000000 ♠ 6.1 % 367,700 Omaha , Nebraska Warren Buffett 9 Apple Computers , consumer electronics , and entertainment $215,639 2999230000000099999 ♠ 7.7 % 116,000 Cupertino , California Tim Cook 10 Exxon Mobil Petroleum refining $205,004 2998833000000000000 ♠ 16.7 % 72,700 Irving , Texas Darren Woods 11 McKesson Healthcare $198,533 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 % 64,500 San Francisco , California John Hammergren 12 BP Petroleum refining $186,606 2998826009999900000 ♠ 17.4 % 74,500 London Bob Dudley 13 United Health Healthcare $184,840 7001177000000000000 ♠ 17.7 % 230,000 Minnetonka , Minnesota Stephen Hemsley 14 CVS Health Healthcare $177,526 7001158000000000000 ♠ 15.8 % 204,000 Woonsocket , Rhode Island Larry Merlo 15 Samsung Electronics Electronics and electrical equipment $173,957 2999800000000000000 ♠ 2.0 % 325,000 Suwon Oh - Hyun Kwon 16 Glencore Mining and crude oil production $173,883 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 % 93,123 Baar Ivan Glasenberg 17 Daimler Automotive $169,483 7000220000000000000 ♠ 2.2 % 282,488 Stuttgart Dieter Zetsche 18 General Motors Automotive $166,380 7000920000000099999 ♠ 9.2 % 225,000 Detroit , Michigan Mary Barra 19 AT&T Telecommunications $163,786 7001116000000000000 ♠ 11.6 % 268,540 Dallas , Texas Randall L. Stephenson 20 Exor Diversified financials $154,894 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 302,562 Turin John Elkann 21 Ford Motor Company Automotive $151,800 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 201,000 Dearborn , Michigan James Hackett 22 Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Financial services $147,675 7001117000000000000 ♠ 11.7 % 461,749 Beijing Yi Huiman 23 AmerisourceBergen Pharmaceuticals $146,850 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8.0 % 18,500 Chesterbrook , Pennsylvania Steven H. Collis 24 China Construction Engineering Construction $144,505 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 % 263,915 Beijing Guan Qing 25 AXA Financial services $143,722 7001112000000000000 ♠ 11.2 % 97,707 Paris Thomas Buberl 26 Amazon Internet $135,987 7001271000000000000 ♠ 27.1 % 341,400 Seattle , Washington Jeff Bezos 27 Foxconn Electronics $135,129 2999570000000000000 ♠ 4.3 % 724,772 New Taipei Terry Gou 28 China Construction Bank Financial services $135,093 2999130000000000000 ♠ 8.7 % 362,482 Beijing Wang Zuji 29 Honda Automotive $129,198 7000620000000000000 ♠ 6.2 % 211,915 Tokyo Takahiro Hachigo 30 Total Oil and gas $127,925 2998892000000000000 ♠ 10.8 % 102,168 Courbevoie Patrick Pouyanné 31 General Electric Conglomerate $126,661 2999019999999999999 ♠ 9.8 % 295,000 Boston , Massachusetts John Flannery 32 Verizon Telecommunications $125,980 2999570000000000000 ♠ 4.3 % 160,900 New York City Lowell McAdam 33 Japan Post Conglomerate $122,990 7000360000000000000 ♠ 3.6 % 248,384 Tokyo Masatsugu Nagato 34 Allianz Financial services $122,196 3000400000000000000 ♠ 0.6 % 140,253 Munich Oliver Bäte 35 Cardinal Health Pharmaceuticals $121,546 7001185000000000000 ♠ 18.5 % 37,300 Dublin , Ohio George S. Barrett See also ( edit ) Forbes Global 2000 Forbes 500 List of companies by employees List of corporations by market capitalization List of wealthiest organizations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Walmart '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Grid Corporation of China '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sinopec Group '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China National Petroleum '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Motor '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Volkswagen - Germany '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Dutch Shell '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Berkshire Hathaway '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exxon Mobil '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McKesson '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BP '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UnitedHealth Group '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CVS Health '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Electronics '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glencore '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daimler '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Motors '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXOR Group '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Industrial & Commercial Bank of China '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AmerisourceBergen '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China State Construction Engineering '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AXA '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hon Hai Precision Industry '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China Construction Bank '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Motor '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Electric '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Post Holdings '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allianz '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinal Health '' . Fortune . Global 500 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Fortune Global 500 List <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Extreme wealth Concepts Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High - net - worth individual UHNWI National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Individuals Wealthiest historical figures Wealthiest Americans Female billionaires Wealthiest families Wealthiest animals Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Wealthiest organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization See also Business magnate Business oligarch Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Philanthropy The Giving Pledge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue&oldid=826668872 '' Categories : Lists of companies by revenue Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Română Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 11 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. List of largest companies by revenue
2. Fortune Global 500
3. State-owned enterprise
4. Walmart
5. General merchandisers |
6,760,848,546,733,137,000 | radio free roscoe cast where are they now | Radio Free Roscoe - wikipedia Radio Free Roscoe This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Radio Free Roscoe <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Teen comedy , Teen drama Created by Will McRobb Douglas McRobb Starring Nathan Carter Ali Mukaddam Nathan Stephenson Kate Todd Theme music composer Jono Grant Opening theme `` Radio Free Roscoe Theme '' Ending theme `` Radio Free Roscoe Theme '' ( Instrumental ) ( some episodes ) Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 52 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Steven DeNure Neil Court Beth Stevenson Producer ( s ) John A. Delmage Brent Piaskoski Running time 20 -- 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Decode Entertainment <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Family ( Canada ) The N ( U.S. ) Original release 1 August 2003 -- 27 May 2005 <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Radio Free Roscoe is a Canadian television series filmed in Toronto , Ontario . The show was produced by Decode Entertainment , and it first aired on 1 August 2003 on Family , in Canada . It has also been dubbed in French ( as required for Canadian federally funded TV shows ) in the province of Quebec and aired on Vrak . The show was later aired on The N in the United States , where the show received funding for a second season . The series ended on 27 May 2005 because The N decided to stop funding the show , and Family , along with Decode Entertainment , could not fill the gap in the production budget . The show was shown on Family until 2007 , when it was replaced . In early 2008 , The N began rebroadcasting reruns . The pilot was first filmed in New Jersey , with an entirely different cast . At that time , the show was going to be based in Nutley , New Jersey and was titled Radio Free Nutley . The show was never picked up until Decode Entertainment decided to move production to Toronto and change the cast and title of the show . However , the show was still set in suburban New Jersey . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 2.3 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Media releases 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Awards 5.2 Nominations 6 International syndication 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Four teens in the suburban New Jersey town of Roscoe start attending Henry Roscoe High School . There , they are fed up with their school 's radio station , `` Cougar Radio '' , dictating unto the masses how to live , plus the rather overbearing Principal Waller , who seems to favor the popular students , so they create their own pirate radio station called Radio Free Roscoe . Lily Randall , Ray Brennan and Robbie McGrath are old friends , and find a friend in Travis Strong when they form the radio station . Each of them make a radio name to conceal their identity . In their time at Roscoe High , the four friends confront challenges , such as when Ray ( `` Pronto '' ) has a crush on Lily ( `` Shady Lane '' ) , when Lily and Travis ( `` Smog '' ) date briefly , and during other love interests between the members of RFR and their schoolmates , such as Lily and River Pierce , Travis and Parker Haynes , and Ray and Grace . Cougar Radio and life at Roscoe High gets more complicated when Robbie ( `` Question Mark '' ) falls for the Cougar Radio DJ , Kim Carlisle . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Note : each member of Radio Free Roscoe uses a pseudonym that is only used when broadcasting their radio show , so they can remain anonymous ( this is represented in quotation marks ) . Ray `` Pronto '' Brennan -- Al Mukadam Robbie `` Question Mark '' McGrath -- Nathan Stephenson Lily `` Shady Lane '' Randall -- Kate Todd Travis `` Smog '' Strong / Miss Communication -- Nathan Carter Supporting cast ( edit ) Kim Carlisle -- Genelle Williams Principal Daniel Waller -- Hamish McEwan Mickey Stone -- Kenny Robinson Audrey Quinlan -- Ashley Newbrough Ted -- David Rendall Ed -- Garen Boyajian Parker Haynes -- Victoria Nestorowicz ( Season 2 ) Megan -- Hillary Kourkoutis ( Season 2 ) Bridget -- Lara Amersey ( Season 2 ) River Pierce -- Steve Belford ( Season 2 ) Grace Sutter -- Julia Alexander ( Season 2 ) The final two episodes of the series ( `` Dance Around the Truth '' and `` The Last Dance '' ) included all of the main and supporting cast , excluding Bridget ( although she is mentioned ) and Audrey . All members of RFR have been , at some point , part of Cougar Radio . Travis considered joining in Episode One . Ray joined Cougar Radio because he did n't like concealing himself behind his persona `` Pronto '' . Kim Carlisle convinced Robbie to join . Lily joined River Pierce to get air time for her band . Regardless of the rational basis , none of the RFR members departs permanently . Guest stars ( edit ) Tracey Hoyt -- Miss Emily Mitchell Ray Mukaddam -- Tim Brennan Lauren Collins -- Blaire Skye Sweetnam -- Sydney DeLuca Jake Epstein -- Jackson Torrence Aubrey Graham -- RFR caller The Meligrove Band -- Themselves The Trews -- Themselves The Pettit Project -- Themselves The Rocket Summer -- Himself ( Voice ) Dan Koch -- Himself ( Voice ) Mukundan Jr -- Himself Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Radio Free Roscoe episodes There are a total of 52 episodes . On Family , the episodes aired as two seasons , and on The N the episodes aired as four seasons , although both channels have aired all 52 episodes . Media releases ( edit ) There are two official Radio Free Roscoe products . Radio Free Roscoe : Season One - Greatest Hits -- DVD compilation , VSC Corporation ( Video Services Corp . ) Radio Free Roscoe , Volume 1 -- CD compilation Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) 2004 New York Festivals : World Medal ( Silver ) for Television Programming & Promotion -- Teen Programs ( Ages 13 -- 17 ) . 2005 Gemini Awards : Best Children 's or Youth Fiction Program or Series : Radio Free Roscoe ( p . Steven Denure , Neil Court , John Delmage , Douglas McRobb , Will McRobb , Brent Piaskoski , Beth Stevenson . Decode Entertainment Inc . ) Nominations ( edit ) 2004 Young Artists Awards Nominated David Rendall ( Radio Free Roscoe ) for Best Performance in a Television Series , Recurring Young Actor . 2004 Parents ' Foundation Parents ' Choice Awards : Recommended Television Series Winner : Radio Free Roscoe . 2004 Gemini Awards Nominations : Best Children 's or Youth Fiction Program or Series : Radio Free Roscoe ( p . Steven Denure , Neil Court , John Delmage , Douglas McRobb , Will McRobb , Brent Piaskoski , Beth Stevenson . Decode Entertainment Inc . ) Best Performance in a Children 's or Youth Program or Series : Ali Mukaddam ( for `` The Awful Truth '' ) . Best Sound in a Dramatic Series : Radio Free Roscoe -- Justin Drury and Ric Jurgens ( for `` There Will Be No Encore Tonight '' ) International syndication ( edit ) RFR is currently in syndication on these stations : Country / Region Channel Australia ABC ( now moved to ABC2 ) Latin America Boomerang United States The N Poland TVP2 Russia Teen TV Italy Rai Gulp and Rai 2 Canada BBC Kids Family Channel Family Chrgd Portugal Panda Biggs RFR was formerly syndicated on these stations : Country / Region Channel Language Canada VRAK.TV French Brazil Boomerang Brazilian Portuguese Poland ZigZap Polish United Kingdom Nickelodeon UK English France France 2 and Canal J French Finland YLE TV2 English ( with Finnish subtitles ) Israel Arutz HaYeladim English ( with Hebrew subtitles ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Radio Free Roscoe Radio Free Roscoe official website Active Fan Forum RFR at The-n.com Radio Free Roscoe at Family.ca Radio Free Roscoe at Decode.tv Radio Free Roscoe at epguides.com Radio Free Roscoe on IMDb Radio Free Roscoe at TV.com PopGurls interviews with Nathan Carter , and Kate Todd <Th_colspan="2"> Radio Free Roscoe Main characters Travis Strong Ray Brennan Robbie McGrath Lily Randall Supporting characters Parker Haynes Megan Bridget River Pierce Audrey Quinlan Related Episode list RFR , Vol. 1 Season 1 Hits <Th_colspan="2"> The N / TeenNick original series Current TeenNick Top 10 ( 2012 -- present ) Former About a Girl ( 2007 -- 08 ) Alien Dawn ( 2014 ) A Walk In Your Shoes ( 2003 -- 04 ) The Assistants ( 2009 ) Beyond the Break ( 2006 -- 09 ) The Best Years ( 2007 -- 09 ) Bucket and Skinner 's Epic Adventures ( 2012 - 13 ) Degrassi ( 2002 -- 15 ) Gigantic ( 2010 -- 12 ) Girls v. Boys ( 2003 -- 05 ) Hollywood Heights ( 2012 -- 13 ) House of Anubis ( 2013 ) Instant Star ( 2004 -- 08 ) LOL with The N ( 2003 ) Miracle 's Boys ( 2005 ) The Nightlife ( 2010 ) O'Grady ( 2004 -- 06 ) Queen Bees ( 2008 ) Radio Free Roscoe ( 2003 -- 10 ) The N 's Student Body ( 2008 ) South of Nowhere ( 2005 -- 08 ) Sponk ! ( 2000 - 2003 ) Whistler ( 2006 -- 08 ) Unaired original series Sugarless What Goes On <Th_colspan="2"> Family original series <Td_colspan="2"> Katie and Orbie ( 1994 - 2002 ) Franklin ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Mentors ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Henry 's World ( 2002 -- 03 ) Radio Free Roscoe ( 2003 -- 05 ) King ( 2003 -- 05 ) Darcy 's Wild Life ( 2004 -- 06 ) Franny 's Feet ( 2004 -- 11 ) Naturally , Sadie ( 2004 -- 07 ) Life with Derek ( 2005 -- 09 ) The Latest Buzz ( 2007 -- 10 ) Overruled ! ( 2009 -- 10 ) Baxter ( 2010 -- 11 ) Connor Undercover ( 2010 -- 11 ) Debra ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) Wingin ' It ( 2010 -- 12 ) Really Me ( 2011 -- 13 ) What 's Up Warthogs ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Next Step ( 2013 -- ) Lost & Found Music Studios ( 2015 - 2017 ) Backstage ( 2016 -- ) Massive Monster Mayhem ( 2017 - ) <Td_colspan="2"> Family Chrgd Family Jr . Télémagino DHX Media Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Free_Roscoe&oldid=855952532 '' Categories : 2000s Canadian comedy - drama television series 2003 Canadian television series debuts 2005 Canadian television series endings Canadian children 's comedy television series English - language television programs Family Channel shows Television series by DHX Media Fictional radio stations Canadian Screen Award - winning television programs Canadian high school television series The N channel shows Pirate radio Radio Free Roscoe Canadian teen drama television series Television shows set in New Jersey Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2010 All articles lacking sources TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 23 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Radio Free Roscoe: Canadian television series
2. Teen comedy and drama
3. Filmed in Toronto, Ontario
4. Aired on Family and The N networks
5. Four teens create their own pirate radio station |
-6,348,700,933,018,802,000 | who has won back to back nba mvp awards | NBA Most Valuable player award - wikipedia NBA Most Valuable player award This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 July 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) National Basketball Association awards and honors Championship O'Brien Trophy Brown Trophy ( defunct ) Individual awards All - Star Game MVP Bill Russell Finals MVP Coach of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Executive of the Year J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Community Assist Award Most Improved Player Most Valuable Player Rookie of the Year Sixth Man of the Year Sportsmanship Award Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Honors All - NBA Team All - Rookie Team All - Defensive Team The National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given since the 1955 -- 56 season to the best performing player of the regular season . The winner receives the Maurice Podoloff Trophy , which is named in honor of the first commissioner ( then president ) of the NBA , who served from 1946 until 1963 . Until the 1979 -- 80 season , the MVP was selected by a vote of NBA players . Since the 1980 -- 81 season , the award is decided by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada , each of whom casts a vote for first to fifth place selections . Each first - place vote is worth 10 points ; each second - place vote is worth seven ; each third - place vote is worth five , fourth - place is worth three and fifth - place is worth one . Starting from 2010 , one ballot was cast by fans through online voting . The player with the highest point total wins the award . As of June 2017 , the current holder of the award is Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder . Every player who has won this award and has been eligible for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has been inducted . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar won the award a record six times . Both Bill Russell and Michael Jordan won the award five times , while Wilt Chamberlain and LeBron James won the award four times . Russell and James are the only players to have won the award four times in five seasons . Moses Malone , Larry Bird and Magic Johnson each won the award three times , while Bob Pettit , Karl Malone , Tim Duncan , Steve Nash and Stephen Curry have each won it twice . Only two rookies have won the award : Wilt Chamberlain in the 1959 -- 60 season and Wes Unseld in the 1968 -- 69 season . Hakeem Olajuwon of Nigeria , Tim Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands , Steve Nash of Canada and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only MVP winners considered `` international players '' by the NBA . Stephen Curry in 2015 -- 16 is the only player to have won the award unanimously . Shaquille O'Neal in 1999 -- 2000 and LeBron James in 2012 -- 13 are the only two players to have fallen one vote shy of a unanimous selection , both receiving 120 of 121 votes . The most recent winner , Russell Westbrook , is the first to have played for a team that failed to win at least 50 regular - season games since the 1982 -- 83 season . Every player to have won the award has made at least one appearance as a player in the NBA Finals , with the exceptions of Steve Nash and Derrick Rose . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 2 Multi-time winners 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Winners Bill Russell ( left ) won the award five times in his NBA career . Wilt Chamberlain ( center ) won the award four times in his career . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar won the award a record - setting six times in his career . Michael Jordan won the award five times in his career . LeBron James is a four - time NBA MVP . Tim Duncan , of the San Antonio Spurs , won back - to - back Most Valuable Player awards in the ' 01 - 02 and ' 02 - 03 seasons . Derrick Rose became the youngest player to ever win the award at age 22 . Stephen Curry won back - to - back MVP awards in the ' 14 - 15 and ' 15 - 16 seasons . Russell Westbrook is the reigning MVP . Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes player whose team won championship that year Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player had been named MVP at that time Team ( X ) Denotes the number of times a player from this team had won at that time Season Player Position Nationality Team 1955 -- 56 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * Forward United States St. Louis Hawks 1956 -- 57 Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * Guard United States Boston Celtics 1957 -- 58 Russell , Bill Bill Russell * Center United States Boston Celtics ( 2 ) 1958 -- 59 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * ( 2 ) Forward United States St. Louis Hawks ( 2 ) 1959 -- 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * Center United States Philadelphia Warriors 1960 -- 61 Russell , Bill Bill Russell * ( 2 ) Center United States Boston Celtics ( 3 ) 1961 -- 62 Russell , Bill Bill Russell * ( 3 ) Center United States Boston Celtics ( 4 ) 1962 -- 63 Russell , Bill Bill Russell * ( 4 ) Center United States Boston Celtics ( 5 ) 1963 -- 64 Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * Guard United States Cincinnati Royals 1964 -- 65 Russell , Bill Bill Russell * ( 5 ) Center United States Boston Celtics ( 6 ) 1965 -- 66 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 2 ) Center United States Philadelphia 76ers 1966 -- 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 3 ) Center United States Philadelphia 76ers ( 2 ) 1967 -- 68 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 4 ) Center United States Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) 1968 -- 69 Unseld , Wes Wes Unseld * Center / Forward United States Baltimore Bullets 1969 -- 70 Reed , Willis Willis Reed * Center United States New York Knicks 1970 -- 71 Aaa Lew Alcindor * Center United States Milwaukee Bucks 1971 -- 72 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 2 ) Center United States Milwaukee Bucks ( 2 ) 1972 -- 73 Cowens , Dave Dave Cowens * Center United States Boston Celtics ( 7 ) 1973 -- 74 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 3 ) Center United States Milwaukee Bucks ( 3 ) 1974 -- 75 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * Forward / Center United States Buffalo Braves 1975 -- 76 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 4 ) Center United States Los Angeles Lakers 1976 -- 77 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 5 ) Center United States Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 1977 -- 78 Walton , Bill Bill Walton * Center United States Portland Trail Blazers 1978 -- 79 Malone , Moses Moses Malone * Center United States Houston Rockets 1979 -- 80 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 6 ) Center United States Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) 1980 -- 81 Erving , Julius Julius Erving * Forward United States Philadelphia 76ers ( 4 ) 1981 -- 82 Malone , Moses Moses Malone * ( 2 ) Center United States Houston Rockets ( 2 ) 1982 -- 83 Malone , Moses Moses Malone * ( 3 ) Center United States Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) 1983 -- 84 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * Forward United States Boston Celtics ( 8 ) 1984 -- 85 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * ( 2 ) Forward United States Boston Celtics ( 9 ) 1985 -- 86 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * ( 3 ) Forward United States Boston Celtics 910 ! Boston Celtics ( 10 ) 1986 -- 87 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers ( 4 ) 1987 -- 88 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * Guard United States Chicago Bulls 1988 -- 89 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * ( 2 ) Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers ( 5 ) 1989 -- 90 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * ( 3 ) Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers ( 6 ) 1990 -- 91 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) Guard United States Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) 1991 -- 92 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) Guard United States Chicago Bulls ( 3 ) 1992 -- 93 Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * Forward United States Phoenix Suns 1993 -- 94 Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * Center Nigeria Houston Rockets ( 3 ) 1994 -- 95 Robinson , David David Robinson * Center United States San Antonio Spurs 1995 -- 96 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 4 ) Guard United States Chicago Bulls ( 4 ) 1996 -- 97 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * Forward United States Utah Jazz 1997 -- 98 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 5 ) Guard United States Chicago Bulls ( 5 ) 1998 -- 99 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * ( 2 ) Forward United States Utah Jazz ( 2 ) 1999 -- 00 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * Center United States Los Angeles Lakers ( 7 ) 2000 -- 01 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers ( 6 ) 2001 -- 02 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan Forward / Center United States San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) 2002 -- 03 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan ( 2 ) Forward / Center United States San Antonio Spurs ( 3 ) 2003 -- 04 Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett Forward / Center United States Minnesota Timberwolves 2004 -- 05 Nash , Steve Steve Nash Guard Canada Phoenix Suns ( 2 ) 2005 -- 06 Nash , Steve Steve Nash ( 2 ) Guard Canada Phoenix Suns ( 3 ) 2006 -- 07 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ Forward Germany Dallas Mavericks 2007 -- 08 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers ( 8 ) 2008 -- 09 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers 2009 -- 10 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ ( 2 ) Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) 2010 -- 11 Rose , Derrick Derrick Rose ^ Guard United States Chicago Bulls ( 6 ) 2011 -- 12 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ ( 3 ) Forward United States Miami Heat 2012 -- 13 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ ( 4 ) Forward United States Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2013 -- 14 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ Forward United States Oklahoma City Thunder 2014 -- 15 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ Guard United States Golden State Warriors ( 2 ) 2015 -- 16 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ ( 2 ) Guard United States Golden State Warriors ( 3 ) 2016 -- 17 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ Guard United States Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2 ) Multi-time winners Rank Player Team ( s ) Awards Years Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Milwaukee Bucks ( 3 ) / Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) 6 1971 , 1972 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 Bill Russell Boston Celtics 5 1958 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 1996 , 1998 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) / Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) 1960 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) / Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 6 Moses Malone Houston Rockets ( 2 ) / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 1979 , 1982 , 1983 Larry Bird Boston Celtics 1984 , 1985 , 1986 Magic Johnson Los Angeles Lakers 1987 , 1989 , 1990 9 Bob Pettit St. Louis Hawks 1956 , 1959 Karl Malone Utah Jazz 1997 , 1999 Tim Duncan San Antonio Spurs 2002 , 2003 Steve Nash Phoenix Suns 2005 , 2006 Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 2015 , 2016 See also National Basketball Association portal Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award NBA Development League Most Valuable Player Award NOTES Jump up ^ The official title of the position was President until 1967 when it was changed to Commissioner . ^ Jump up to : Hakeem Olajuwon was born in Nigeria , but became a naturalized United States citizen in 1993 . He was the first ever international player to win the award . ^ Jump up to : Although Duncan was born in the U.S. Virgin Islands and is a United States citizen , the NBA considers him an international player . ^ Jump up to : Steve Nash , who was born in South Africa , was raised in Canada . Jump up ^ Allen Iverson received the only other first - place vote in 2000 , while Carmelo Anthony received the only other first - place vote in 2013 . Jump up ^ Except for seasons affected by lockouts , when the schedule was shortened from the norm of 82 games . Karl Malone won in 1998 -- 99 when Utah was 37 -- 13 in 50 games , which projected to 60 wins in 82 games . James won in 2011 -- 12 when the Miami Heat were 46 -- 20 in 66 games , which projected to 57 wins . ^ Jump up to : Before the 1971 -- 72 season , Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Jump up ^ Malone , at 35 years and 284 days old at the end of the regular season , is the oldest MVP in NBA history . Jump up ^ Rose , at 22 years and 191 days old at the end of the regular season , is the youngest MVP in NBA history . References General `` Most Valuable Player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . `` Most Valuable Player Award Winners '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . `` NBA MVP -- Maurice Podoloff Trophy -- Marc Mellon Sculpture Studio '' . Retrieved January 19 , 2002 . Specific Jump up ^ Monroe , Mike . `` The Commissioners '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron receives 116 first - place votes '' . ESPN.com . May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Valuable Player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Michael ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James wins 4th MVP award '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Unseld '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hakeem Olajuwon Bio : 1992 - 93 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved August 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Players from around the world : 2005 - 2006 Season '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPeek , Jeramie . `` The Canadian Kid '' . NBA.com ( from Fastbreak Magazine of Sept. / Oct. 1996 ) . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Who is the leading MVP candidate ? '' . ESPN.com . March 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Jan ( April 22 , 1990 ) . `` NBA NOTES : Charles Barkley Running a Slick Campaign for MVP '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Karl Malone 1998 - 99 game log '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose 2010 - 11 game log '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> NBA Most Valuable Player Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_Most_Valuable_Player_Award&oldid=792560799 '' Categories : National Basketball Association awards National Basketball Association lists Awards established in 1956 Most valuable player awards 1956 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2017 , at 07 : 15 . 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4,579,147,281,423,397,400 | in which kingdom the bahubali series mainly set | Baahubali : the Beginning - Wikipedia Baahubali : the Beginning Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Split long sections of prose into paragraphs . Copy edit , and grammatical corrections are required as well . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Baahubali : The Beginning <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by S.S. Rajamouli Produced by Shobu Yarlagadda Prasad Devineni Written by K.V. Vijayendra Prasad Screenplay by K.V. Vijayendra Prasad S.S. Rajamouli Story by K.V. Vijayendra Prasad Starring Prabhas Rana Daggubati Anushka Shetty Tamannaah Ramya Krishnan Sathyaraj Nassar Music by M.M. Keeravani Cinematography K.K. Senthil Kumar Edited by Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao Production company Arka Media Works Distributed by Telugu : Arka Media Works Tamil : Studio Green UV Creations Sri Thenandal Films Release date 10 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 10 ) Running time 158 minutes ( Telugu ) 159 minutes ( Tamil ) Country India Language Telugu Tamil Budget ₹ 180 crore Box office ₹ 650 crore Baahubali : The Beginning ( stylized as bãhubali ; English : The One with Strong Arms : The Beginning ) , also known by the initialism BBTB , is an Indian epic historical fiction film directed by S.S. Rajamouli . The film was produced by Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni and was shot as a bilingual in Telugu and Tamil . The film stars Prabhas , Rana Daggubati , Anushka Shetty , and Tamannaah in the lead roles , with Ramya Krishnan , Sathyaraj , and Nassar in supporting roles . The first of two cinematic parts , The Beginning is a tale of the lost rightful heir of the fictional kingdom of Mahishmati , who learns about his true identity while falling in love with a rebellious warrior , who ( among with her group ) intends to rescue the former queen of Mahismati . The film was conceived by Rajamouli 's father K.V. Vijayendra Prasad , who randomly told him a story about Sivagami , a woman who carries a baby in her hand while crossing a river , and a few years later about Kattapa , which intrigued Rajamouli . His fascination with mythology and the tales of Amar Chitra Katha comics further fueled his interest in the story . However , it took the writers three months to finalise the final draft . The soundtrack and background score were composed by M.M. Keeravani while the cinematography , production design , and VFX were handled by K.K. Senthil Kumar , Sabu Cyril and V. Srinivas Mohan respectively . The film was made on a budget of ₹ 180 crore ( ~ $27.9 million ) , making it the most expensive Indian film at its time of release . The film opened worldwide on 10 July 2015 , garnering critical acclaim and record breaking box office success . With the worldwide box office gross of ₹ 6.5 billion ( ~ $100.9 million ) , it became the highest - grossing film in India and the third - highest grossing Indian film worldwide , and the highest - grossing South Indian film at the time of its release . Its Hindi dubbed version also broke several records by becoming the highest grossing dubbed film in India . Both budget and box office records since has been surpassed by its sequel , Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion . The Beginning is the highest grossing Indian film of 2015 and the fourth highest grossing Indian film of all time . It received several accolades . It won the National Film Award for Best Special Effects and Best Feature Film , becoming the first Telugu film to win the award . At the 63rd Filmfare Awards South , the Telugu version won five awards from ten nominations , including Best Film , Best Director for Rajamouli and Best Supporting Actress for Krishnan . The Beginning became the first Indian film to be nominated for Saturn Awards , receiving five nominations at the 42nd ceremony , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Supporting Actress for Tamannaah . The film 's second and final cinematic part was released on 28 April 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Visual effects 3.2 Kilikili language 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Re-release 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Distribution 6 Critical reception 7 Box office 7.1 India 7.2 Overseas 8 Accolades 9 Sequel 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot In the ancient kingdom of Mahismati , Sivagami ( Ramya Krishnan ) emerges from a cave while carrying a baby . She kills two soldiers pursuing her and attempts to wade towards a village across a raging river , but fails and falls in . She clutches a branch , before pleading to the Supreme Lord Parameshvar that `` Mahendra Baahubali must live ! '' and holds the baby in one hand above her head before dying . Local villagers notice the baby and rescue it . Sanga ( Rohini ) and her husband name the infant Sivudu and raise him as their own son . The villagers seal the staircase leading up the waterfall , fearing that someone may come to take away the child . Sivudu ( Prabhas ) grows up to be a strong , adventurous young man who tries to climb the waterfall , with minimal success . After carrying a stone Shiva lingam to the waterfalls , he finds a wooden mask on the ground . Driven to find the owner of the mask , he attempts to climb the waterfall again and succeeds . After his ascent , Sivudu discovers that the mask belongs to Avantika ( Tamannaah ) , a rebellious warrior of a group engaged in guerrilla warfare against Emperor Bhallaladeva ( Rana Daggubati ) of Mahismati . The group , led by Devasena 's brother ( Balireddy Pruthviraj ) , intends to rescue their former queen Devasena ( Anushka Shetty ) who has been imprisoned in the kingdom for the past twenty - five years . Avantika is given the opportunity to rescue the queen . Avantika falls in love with Sivudu after finding out that he climbed the waterfall for her . Sivudu pledges to help her in her mission and sneaks into Mahishmati to rescue Devasena . Sivudu rescues Devasena and flees with her , but is chased down by Bhallaladeva 's son , Bhadra ( Adivi Sesh ) and the king 's royal slave warrior Kattappa ( Sathyaraj ) . After Sivudu beheads Bhadra , Kattappa drops his weapon , realizing that Sivudu is Mahendra Baahubali , the son of late king Amarendra Baahubali . Kattappa narrates the story of Amarendra 's past . Amarendra 's mother had died giving birth to him , while his father had died long before that . His uncle Bijjaladeva ( Nassar ) was deemed unfit to rule due to his crooked nature , however he believes he was denied the throne due to the fact that one of his arms is disabled . Bijjaladeva 's wife Sivagami assumed control of the kingdom with Kattappa 's assistance until a new king could be selected . Amarendra Baahubali was brought up together with Bijjaladeva and Sivagami 's son , his cousin Bhallaladeva . Both young men were trained in arts , science , disguise , politics , and warfare , but they had different approaches towards kingship . Amarendra Baahubali was gracious to everyone , and was loved by the people . Bhallaladeva was violent and achieved his goals by any means possible . It was then discovered that Mahismathi was about to be attacked by an army of savages called Kalakeyas . Bijjaladeva proposed that the prince who killed Inkoshi , the king of Kalakeyas , would be the future king of Mahismati and the chief minister agrees . Sivagami , nevertheless , said that it was prince 's duty to protect and defend their country and orders that Mahismati 's war resources be distributed fairly among the two men . Bijjaladeva used his guile to make sure Bhallaladeva got the maximum war resources . The Kalakeyas were given an opportunity to change their minds . The Kalakeya king Inkoshi rejected Queen Sivagami 's offer and insulted her by saying he will have children with her . An enraged Sivagami said she wants Inkoshi brought to her alive , but with his limbs chopped off , so that she could feed him to the vultures . During the battle , the Kalakeyas used a dirty tactic of using the prisoners of Mahismati as shields . Bhallaladeva plowed through the line of innocent prisoners with his chariot which had blades turning and killed them . Amarendra , on the other hand , caused them to fall down and attacked the Kalakeyas behind them , thus saving the prisoners . When it seems that Mahishmati would end up being defeated , Amarendra inspired his soldiers to fight back and they ended up crushing the enemy . While Amarendra defeated Inkoshi and was about to obey the words of Sivagami by chopping off his limbs , Bhallaladeva swung his weapon from a distance and killed him . Despite Bhallaladeva being the one to kill Inkoshi , Sivagami announced Amarendra Baahubali as the new emperor because of his courage and leadership and also because of the fact that he shielded and protected his own countrymen throughout the war . After the flashback , when asked about Amarendra 's current whereabouts , a tearful Kattappa reveals that Amarendra is dead , and that he is the one who killed him . Cast I was about 7 years old when I started reading comics called ' Amar Chitra Katha ' that are published in India . They 're not about a superhero , but they encompass all the stories of India , the folklore , the mythology , everything . But most of these stories are about Indian historical figures . I was fascinated by the forts , the battles , the kings , I not only used to read those stories but I kept telling those stories to my friends in my own way . -- Rajamouli , on the inspiration for making Baahubali . Main article : List of Baahubali characters Prabhas as Amarendra Baahubali and Mahendra Baahubali alias Sivudu ( Telugu ) / Shivu ( Tamil ) Rana Daggubati as Bhallaladeva ( Telugu ) / Pallvalathevan in ( Tamil ) Anushka Shetty as Devasena ( Telugu ) / Thevasenai ( Tamil ) Ramya Krishnan as Rajamatha ( Queen Mother ) Sivagami ( Telugu ) / Shivakami ( Tamil ) Tamannaah as a rebel warrior Avantika ( Telugu and Tamil ) Sathyaraj as Kattappa ( Telugu and Tamil ) , as a royal slave and warrior Nassar as Bijjaladeva ( Telugu ) / Pingalathevan ( Tamil ) Rohini as Sanga ( Telugu and Tamil ) Meka Ramakrishna as Jayasena , leader of the rebel group and the King of Kunthala Kingdom Tanikella Bharani as Swamiji Adivi Sesh as Bhadra ( Telugu and Tamil ) , son of Bhallaladeva Prabhakar as king of the Kalakeyas Inkoshi ( Telugu ) / Inkhozhi ( Tamil ) Sudeep as Aslam Khan S.S. Rajamouli as spirit seller Nora Fatehi as dancer in green blouse Scarlett Mellish Wilson as dancer in orange blouse Sneha Upadhyay ( cameo ) as dancer in blue blouse Rakesh Varre as Bhallaladeva 's friend Teja Kakumanu as Sakethudu Bharani as Marthanda Subbaraya Sharma Adatya as Raj Guru John Kokken as Kalki Brothers Gabriela Bertante Production Characters in the movie - Bhallaladeva , Baahubali , Kattappa and Avantika Baahubali : The Beginning was produced in Tollywood , the center of Telugu language films in India . As of July 2015 , the film series was considered the most expensive in India . In February 2011 , S.S. Rajamouli announced that Prabhas will star in his upcoming movie . In January 2013 , he announced that the working title as Baahubali and the actual film production started at Rock Gardens in Kurnool on 6 July 2013 . The waterfall scenes in the film were shot at Athirappilly Falls in Kerala , huge sets for the Mahishmati kingdom were constructed at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad and the snow episodes in the film were shot in Bulgaria . The screen writer , K.V. Vijayendra Prasad who wrote stories for most of Rajamouli 's films once again penned the story for Baahubali . The film boasts of one year pre production work where in 15,000 story board sketches for the film were created which is highest for any Indian Film till date . More than 90 percent of the film had visually enhanced shots and according to the producer , more than 600 VFX artists worked for the film from 18 facilities around the world led by Makuta VFX and Firefly in Hyderabad , Prasad Studios in Hyderabad and Chennai , Annapurna Studios in Hyderabad , Tau Films in Malaysia , and Dancing Digital Animation and Macrograph in South Korea . Makuta VFX which had prior experience of working with S.S. Rajamouli was chosen as principal visual effects studio . The cinematography of the movie was done by KK Senthil Kumar for 380 days using Arri Alexa XT camera with Master Prime lens marking Rajamouli 's first film using digital camera . Most of the film was shot in ARRIRAW format in 4 : 3 aspect ratio while ARRIRAW 16.9 was used for slow motion shots at 120 fps . Open Gate format , which can use the full 3.4 K sensor in the camera to produce frames larger than the standard ARRIRAW format was tapped in to get the maximum image quality in VFX shots . For the first time in Indian movies , 4K movie print was rendered with an aspect ratio of 1 : 1.88 as compared to Cinemascope at 1 : 2.35 to get the best cinematic experience in screens that support the 4K projection claimed the Producer . Sabu Cyril , production designer for the film created 10,000 different kinds of weaponry ranging from swords , helmets and armors required for the soldiers . To make the swords light weight Carbon - fibre was used instead of steel , the same material used in manufacture of Helicopter blades claimed the art director . 3D printing technology was used to create the head of 100 foot Bhallaladeva 's character in the movie and flexi foam was used to create amours to make them light weight and to have the look of leather . V. Srinivas Mohan was chosen as visual effects supervisor and Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao was the Editor . PM Satheesh was the sound designer and Peter Hein was responsible for the action sequences . The costume designers were Rama Rajamouli and Prasanthi Tipirneni . The line producer was M.M. Srivalli . Visual effects National Award Winner V. Srinivas Mohan was roped in as Visual effects supervisor for Baahubali . The film boasts of 90 % CGI work which accounts for 2500 VFX shots . Makuta VFX which is based out of Hyderabad was chosen as principal visual effects studio and was responsible for more than 50 % of the computer - generated imagery in the film . The majority of work done by Makuta involved bringing the 1500 foot mystical waterfall to life , creating enormous mountains and huge landscapes including the kingdom of Mahishmati , with its massive temples and courtyards . Creating the mammoth waterfall took nearly 2 years as Makuta has to deal with a lot of complexity in fluid dynamics and simulations . Each frame involving the water fall sequence was treated as creating a new set and employed a different set of methodology claims Makuta . Firefly Creative Studio which is also based out of Hyderabad worked primarily on the avalanche and the war sequences which accounts for nearly 25 minutes of the film . Firefly Creative was also involved in creating underwater VFX shots and in establishing backstories for Kalakeya characters . Tau Films from Malaysia was responsible for creating the CGI bison , while Prasad EFX from Hyderabad was responsible for some shots in pre and post battle episodes involving digital multiplication . Prasad was also responsible for creating a 3D image of Kattappa and mapping his head on to a duplicate actor in one of the scenes . Srushti VFX from Hyderabad was involved in digitally creating some of the shots in the war sequence along with Firefly studios . Annapurna Studios from Hyderabad was chosen as digital intermediate partner for the film which is responsible for generating the digital feed with the best color and audio for editing . For the first time in Indian movies , Academy Color Encoding System workflows were implemented along with Infinitely Scalable Information Storage keeping in mind the mammoth scale of digitally enhanced shots in the film . Arka Media Works , production company of Baahubali , teamed up with AMD to use the state of the art FirePro GPUs W9100 and W8100 during the post production of the film which are capable of rendering 4K content in real time and are considered the best in Industry to date . Reacting to media reports on the same VFX team for Baahubali and Jurassic World , producer Shobu Yarlagadda denied outright any such collaboration , calling such claims an internet rumor . In an interview with Quartz , the co-founder of Makuta VFX stated , `` Most of Baahubali was developed in Hyderabad , home to Tollywood , and used local talent . It was principally a homegrown feature produced by homegrown talent . '' Kilikili language The fictional language Kilikili ( also referred to as Kiliki ) used as the language of the Kalakeyas - a ferocious warrior tribe , was created by Madhan Karky for the film . It is said to be the first fictitious language to be created for an Indian film character . While Karky was pursuing PhD in Australia , he took up a part - time job of teaching and baby - sitting children . During one such interaction , he thought it would be fun to create a new language that could be easily grasped . Basic words were first made up and opposites were represented by word reversals - me was min and you was nim . The language which introduced 100 new words was called `` Click '' to highlight its simplicity . This formed the foundation for Kiliki . Kilikili consists of at least 750 words and more than 40 concrete grammar rules It was designed to be an intuitive language - Karky said he used hard consonants and soft consonants depending on the nature of the word 's meaning . The language was created keeping in mind that the Kalakeya warriors had to be portrayed as terrifying brutes . The language sounds the same in all the versions - Telugu , Tamil , Hindi and Malayalam - of Baahubali . Music Main article : Baahubali : The Beginning ( soundtrack ) Rajamouli 's cousin M.M. Keeravani composed the music for this film and the sound supervision is done by Kalyan Koduri . Release The film released on 10 July 2015 in 4,000 screens worldwide in Telugu , Tamil , Hindi and Malayalam languages . A record number of 1600 screens in Telugu , 1500 screens in Hindi , 350 in Tamil and 225 screens in Malayalam were booked for the release . The film was released in USA a day earlier by BlueSky Cinemas in 135 screens . A premier show was also held on 9 July at Prasads IMAX Hyderabad . The film 's release in Kerala was hindered amidst a close down by a section of theatres over the piracy issue of Malayalm film Premam and released only in few theatres . The Telugu version of the film was presented by K. Raghavendra Rao , Tamil version by K.E. Gnanavel Raja , Sri Thenandal Films and UV Creations , Karan Johar presented the Hindi version and Global United Media presented the Malayalam theatrical version . International version of the film which is 20 mins shorter than the original one , done by Vincent Tabaillon was screened at Busan International Film Festival . Producers of the film have planned to release the film in China in over 5000 screens in November 2015 by E Stars Films . Baahubali will be the biggest release in China for an Indian film , beating PK which was released on 22 May 2015 . The film is also set to release in Japan . Twin Co which is a leading distributor for international films in Japan has acquired the rights for screening of the film . The producer Shobu Yarlagadda who struck the deal at Busan Asian Film Market also revealed his plans to release the movie in Latin America , Germany and European countries . MVP Entertainment is set to release the movie in Thailand , Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , Myanmar , and Timor - Leste countries . Sun Distribution acquired the distribution rights of the movie in Latin American countries while Creative Century Entertainment got the rights for Taiwan . In Korea , the movie is scheduled to be released via Entermode Corp . Arka International , which is the sales arm for International release has made arrangements to release the movie in Germany and 70 other territories . The Tamil version of the film faced a controversy relating to a word used in the film . On 22 July 2015 , activists of Dalit group Puratchi Pulikal Iyakkam hurled petrol bombs outside the ' Tamil , Jaya ' multiplex in Madurai screening the Tamil version of the film . Dalit group Puratchi Pulikal Iyakkam protested against the movie featuring a line Pagadaikku Pirandhavan , words considered derogatory against dalits as they are contemptuous terms used by caste Hindus to address members of the Arunthathiyar Dalit sub-caste . Dialogue Writer of Tamil version , Madhan Karky issued an apology for offending Dalits . Re-release As the sequel Baahubali : The Conclusion was released on 28 April 2017 , the producers and distributors re-released the first part ( Hindi ) again on 7 April 2017 . The film was screened at various film festivals like Open Cinema Strand of Busan International Film Festival , Indian Film Festival The Hague , Sitges Film Festival in Spain , Utopiales Film Festival in France , Golden Horse Film Festival in Taipei , Taiwan , Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival in Estonia , L'Etrange International Film Festival in Paris , Five Flavours Film Festival in Poland , Hawaii International Film Festival in Honolulu , Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival in Brussels , Belgium , Cannes Film Festival in France , Transilvania International Film Festival in Romania , Le Grand Rex in Paris , Kurja Polt Horror Film Festival , Festival de Lacamo , 8th BRICS summit , and the 2016 Indian Panorama section of the International Film Festival of India , Goa . The international version of the film was released in China , Japan , Korea , Taiwan , Indonesia , Thailand , Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , Myanmar , Philippines , Timor - Leste along with some European and Latin American countries . Marketing Marketing of the film started 2 years before the shoot by S.S. Rajamouli with the audition campaign in Facebook and YouTube . A number of short promotional Making - of videos were released on ArkaMediaworks YouTube channel and the team unveiled first look posters and videos featuring the film 's lead stars on the occasions of their birthdays . The film used an augmented reality application to play the trailer on smart phones and tablets . The crown used by the character of Baahubali in the film was exhibited at Comic Con , Hyderabad as a part of the film 's promotion . A cosplay event was held in which chosen winners were given a chance to visit the sets of the film . The film 's unit also launched a WhatsApp messenger to give regular updates about the film to the subscribers . On 22 July 2015 , Guinness World Records approved the poster created during the audio launch of Baahubali in Kochi on 27 June 2015 as the world 's largest poster . The poster has an area of 4,793.65 m2 ( 51,598.21 ft2 ) and it was achieved by Global United Media Company Pvt Ltd . ( This record has since been broken with a 5,969.61 m2 poster for the film MSG - 2 The Messenger . ) A special skit was performed by the Baahubali team for the event named Memu Saitham to help the victims affected by Cyclone Hudhud . After the film 's release , an interactive quiz was conducted by marketing team on storygag allowing users to find out which Baahubali movie character they were . Producers are also has planning to create a film museum at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad which will showcase the weapons , armours and costumes used by actors in the film which is first of its kind for any Indian movie till date . Museum is expected to be ready before or right after the release of Baahubali : The Conclusion . The film 's website hosts merchandise which includes apparels , accessories and film 's collectibles . It is also one of the films featured in BBC 's documentary on 100 Years of Indian cinema directed by Sanjeev Bhaskar . Distribution In early July 2014 , the film first part 's Karnataka and Ceded ( Rayalaseema ) region distribution rights were sold to a prominent distributor for ₹ 23 crore ( US $3.6 million ) out of which the Ceded region , which included Kadapa , Kurnool , Anantapur , Chittoor and Bellary areas , the rights alone fetched ₹ 14 crore ( US $2.2 million ) At the same time , the film 's Nizam region theatrical distribution rights were purchased by Dil Raju for an amount of ₹ 25 crore ( US $3.9 million ) . only for the first part . Though he did not confirm the price , Dil Raju said in an interview to Deccan Chronicle that he purchased the first part 's Nizam region rights and added that he would acquire the rights of the second part also for this region . BlueSky Cinemas , Inc. acquired the theatrical screening and distribution rights in United States and Canada . Critical reception Critics praised the film for its direction , technical values , and the actors ' performances . Lisa Tsering based on The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` The story has been told many times before -- a child is born destined for greatness and as a man vanquishes the forces of evil -- but in the confident hands of accomplished South Indian director S.S. Rajamouli the tale gets potent new life in Baahubali : The Beginning . '' Allan Hunter , writing for Screen Daily noted that `` The broad brushstrokes storytelling and the director 's over-fondness for slow - motion sequences are among the film 's failings but this is still a rousing film , easily accessible epic . There 's rarely a dull moment in Baahubali : The Beginning , part one of a gung - ho , crowd - pleasing Telugu - language epic that has been shattering box - office records throughout India . '' Mike McCahill of The Guardian rated the film four stars out of five , praising the film , `` Rajamouli defers on the latter for now , but his skilful choreography of these elements shucks off any cynicism one might carry into Screen 1 : wide - eyed and wondrous , his film could be a blockbuster reboot , or the first blockbuster ever made , a reinvigoration of archetypes that is always entertaining , and often thrilling , to behold . '' Suprateek Chatterjee of The Huffington Post wrote , `` However , all said and done , Baahubali : The Beginning is a remarkable achievement . What Rajamouli has pulled off here , despite its flaws , is nothing short of a miracle , especially when you take into account India 's notoriously risk - averse filmmaking environment and when the film ends on a tantalising cliffhanger ( paving the way for Baahubali : The Conclusion , due to release next year ) , one ca n't help but applaud his singularly brave vision . As the cliché goes , a journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step , but it does n't really matter if that first step is shaky as long as it lands firmly and confidently . '' Deepanjana Pal of Firstpost wrote , `` This battle is Rajamouli 's tour de force . It 's elaborate , well - choreographed and has some breathtaking moments . Prabhas and Dagubatti are both in their elements as the warriors who approach warfare in two distinctive styles . The outcome of the battle is no surprise , but there are enough clever tactics and twists to keep the audience hooked . The biggest surprise , however , lies in the film 's final shot , which gives you a glimpse into the sequel that will come out next year . And it 's good enough to make you wish 2016 was here already . '' Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV India rated the film with three stars out of five and stated , `` The spectacular universe that the film conjures up is filled with magic , but the larger - than - life characters that populate its extraordinary expanse do not belong to any known mythic landscape . To that extent , Baahubali , driven by the titular superhero who pulls off mind - boggling feats both in love and in war , throws up many a surprise that is n't altogether meaningless . '' Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express praised the film : `` Right from its opening frames , ' Baahubali ' holds out many promises : of adventure and romance , love and betrayal , valour and weakness . And it delivers magnificently on each of them . This is full - tilt , fully - assured filmmaking of a very high order . ' Baahubali ' is simply spectacular . '' IN her review for The Hindu , Sangeetha Devi Dundoo wrote , `` The war formations that form a chunk of the latter portions of the film are the best we 've seen in Indian cinema so far . These portions are spectacular and show the technical finesse of the cinematographer ( K.K. Senthil Kumar ) and the visual effects teams . The waterfall , the mystical forests and water bodies above the cliffs and the lead pair escaping an avalanche all add to the spectacle . Give into its magic , without drawing comparisons to Hollywood flicks . '' Sukanya Varma of Rediff gave the film four out of five stars , calling it ' mega , ingenious and envelope pushing ! ' . Critic Archita Kashyap based at Koimoi also gave the same ratings , `` Be it the war sequences , or sword fighting ; or a visual spectacle , or pure entertainment it is worth a watch . Kudos to the dedication of SS Rajamouli and his leading men , Prabhas and Rana , for spending years putting this film together . Actually , in its imagination and Indianness , Baahubali might just be a whole new start . '' Rachit Gupta of Filmfare gave the film four stars ( out of 5 ) and summarised , `` Baahubali is truly an epic experience . Had the story not been so jaded , this would 've gone into the history books as an all - time classic . But that 's not the case . It has its set of storytelling flaws , but even those are overshadowed by Rajamouli 's ideas and execution . This is definitely worthy of being India 's most expensive film . It 's a definite movie watching experience . '' Suparna Sharma of Deccan Chronicle praised the second half of the film , writing , `` Rajamouli has reserved all the grander and grandstanding for later , after interval . That 's when the film stands up and begins to strut like an epic . '' Suhani Singh of India Today pointed out that the film is best enjoyed keeping logic at bay . She added , `` SS Rajamouli and his team put up a fascinating wild , wild east adventure . It takes pluck to conceive a world like the one seen in Baahubali and to pull it off on a level which is on par with the international standards . The almost 45 - minute - long battle sequence at the end is not just one of the biggest climaxes , but also the action spectacle rarely seen in Indian cinema . And if Rajamouli can present another one like that in part 2 , then he is on course to register his name in cinema 's history books . We ca n't wait to revisit Mahishmati kingdom . '' Critical reception penned by Shubha Shetty Saha for Mid Day rates the film with four stars out of film , exclaiming , `` While watching Baahubali , you might have to periodically pick up your jaw off the floor . Because this is not merely a movie , it is an unbelievably thrilling fantasy ride . '' The review extends praising the aspects , `` It is to the director 's credit that every aspect of the film -- action , mind - boggling set design and choreography -- lives up to this epic film of gigantic scale . The choreography in the song that has Shiva disrobing Avantika to get her in touch with her feminine side , is an absolute gem . '' Box Office See also : List of highest - grossing Indian films Baahubali : The Beginning on the first day of its release collected ₹ 75 crore ( US $12 million ) worldwide which was the highest opening ever for an Indian film until Kabali surpassed it in 2016 by earning ₹ 87.5 crore ( US $14 million ) . The film collected ₹ 15 crore ( US $2.3 million ) alone from United States on its first day . First weekend collections stood around ₹ 162 crore ( US $25 million ) worldwide from all its versions , the third biggest ever for an Indian film . The film grossed around ₹ 255 crore ( US $40 million ) worldwide in the first week of its release . It became the first South Indian film to gross ₹ 300 crore ( US $47 million ) worldwide , reaching there in 9 days , and subsequently grossed ₹ 401 crore ( US $63 million ) worldwide in 15 days . And has successfully crossed ₹ 500 crore ( US $78 million ) mark in 24 days . By the end of 50 days , the film grossed an approximate ₹ 595 crore ( US $93 million ) crore worldwide , based on estimates from International Business Times . Overall collections of the film stood at ₹ 650 crore ( US $100 million ) as of today . Baahubali : The Beginning grossed ₹ 518 crore ( US $81 million ) in all languages in India alone , and became the highest - grossing movie in India surpassing the gross of PK ( 2015 ) of ₹ 440 crore ( US $69 million ) from India . India Baahubali : The Beginning opened to 100 percent occupancy in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and close to 70 percent occupancy in Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Karnataka . It grossed around ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.8 million ) on its first day of release in India from all four versions ( Telugu , Tamil , Malayalam and Hindi ) . The Hindi version earned around ₹ 5 crore ( US $780,000 ) nett which was the highest opening for any film dubbed into Hindi . Baahubali grossed ₹ 49.48 crore ( US $7.7 million ) on the first day in India . The Hindi version grossed around ₹ 19.5 crore ( US $3.0 million ) nett in the first weekend . The Telugu version alone earned around ₹ 65 crore ( US $10 million ) nett in first weekend in India . The film , from all its versions , earned almost ₹ 100 crore ( US $16 million ) nett in its first weekend . It had the fourth biggest opening weekend ever in India . The Hindi version collected around ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.2 million ) nett in its first week . Baahubali : The Beginning grossed more than ₹ 178 crore ( US $28 million ) nett from all its versions in India in the first week . It added a further ₹ 45 crore ( US $7.0 million ) nett in its second weekend to take its total to around ₹ 224 crore ( US $35 million ) nett in ten days . The Hindi version grossed over ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.2 million ) nett in the Mumbai circuit . Overseas The film collected around ₹ 20 crore ( US $3.1 million ) in its first day from the international markets . The film opened on the ninth spot for its weekend , collecting around US $3.5 million with a per - screen average of $15,148 . The film debuted in the ninth position for the US and Canadian box office collecting $4,630,000 for three days and $3,250,000 for the weekend of 10 -- 12 July 2015 Baahubali : The Beginning grossed £ 66,659 from its Telugu version in United Kingdom and Ireland and A $194,405 from its Tamil version in Australia in till its second weekend ( 17 -- 19 July 2015 ) . The film also grossed MYR 663,869 in Malaysia from its Tamil version . The film grossed US $540,000 on its opening weekend in China . It has grossed a total of CN ¥ 7.49 million ( ₹ 7.78 crore ) in the country . The film totally earned $10.94 million at the overseas box office . Accolades Main article : List of accolades received by Baahubali : The Beginning At the 63rd National Film Awards , The Beginning won the Best Feature Film , becoming the first Telugu film to win the award , and Best Special Effects . At the 63rd Filmfare Awards South , the Telugu version won five awards from ten nominations , including Best Film , Best Director for Rajamouli and Best Supporting Actress for Krishnan . Both the Tamil and Telugu versions won several awards in their respective categories , including Best Film , Best Director for Rajamouli , and Best Supporting Actress for Krishnan at the 1st IIFA Utsavam . The Beginning became the first Indian film to be nominated for Saturn Awards , receiving five nominations at the 42nd ceremony , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Supporting Actress for Tamannaah . 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Jump up ^ SS Rajamouli 's ' Baahubali ' mints Rs 60 cr on day one , becomes highest opener Archived 23 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... The Indian Express ( 12 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide Opening Weekends -- Baahubali Fourth '' . Box Office India . 14 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` SS Rajamouli 's Baahubali Makes Rs 325Crores in 10 Days '' . NDTV NEWS. 19 July 2015 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan 's Bajrangi Bhaijaan establishes Indian dominance as Baahubali breaks more records '' . Archived from the original on 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ India 's ' Baahubali ' Punches Out 401 Crore / $62.6 Million Gross In 15 Days Archived 26 September 2015 at Archive - It . Forbes.com ( 25 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ ' Baahubali ' 4th Weekend Box Office Collection : Prabhas Film Crosses Rs 500 - Crore Mark in 24 Days Archived 6 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Ibtimes.co.in ( 3 August 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ ' Baahubali ' ( Bahubali ) Completes 50 - Day Run in 600 + Theatres in India : SS Rajamouli Sets Another New Record Archived 1 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Ibtimes.co.in ( 30 August 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bahubali 2 Becomes Highest Grosser Of All Time In Five Days Archived 4 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Why Business Of Dubbed Tamil Telugu Not Included Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( 14 August 2015 ) . `` Oops ... ' PK ' Is Not Actually India 's Top - Grossing Movie Ever '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Another Major Benchmark For Bahubali 2 - The Conclusion '' . Jump up ^ ' Baahubali ' creates history , rakes in Rs 50 crore on its opening day Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis Archived 13 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Dnaindia.com ( 11 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Baahubali Smashes Records With Historic Rs 50 Crores on Opening Day -- NDTV Movies Archived 14 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Movies.ndtv.com ( 11 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top Openings India - All Films All Languages '' . Archived from the original on 26 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baahubali Scores In Hindi -- Near 100 Crore In All Formats '' . Box Office India . 13 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Baahubali Hindi Trends Like 100 Cr Film On Weekdays Archived 20 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Box Office India . 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali All India First Week Territorial Breakdown '' . Box Office India . 21 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Boxoffice . Boxofficeindia.com ( 31 July 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bahubali displays might at box office , becomes highest opener of 2015 '' . Business Standard . 11 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` July 10 -- 12 , 2015 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 19 April 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Canada Box Office '' . The New York Times . Newyork. 13 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Bajrangi Bhaijaan ' a runaway hitBox Office Overseas Report Archived 23 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : Jackie Chan 's ' Skiptrace ' Leaps to $60 Million Opening '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 26 July 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 巴 霍 巴 利 王 : 开端 ( 2016 ) '' . cbooo.cn ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rao , Ch Sushil ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Magnum opus Baahubali : Best film of the year '' . Deccan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 30 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Baahubali ( Bahubali ) 2 ' release date revealed '' . International Business Times . 8 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 September 2016 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . External links Official website Baahubali : The Beginning on IMDb Baahubali : The Beginning at Rotten Tomatoes Baahubali : The Beginning at Box Office Mojo Baahubali : The Beginning at Bollywood Hungama <Th_colspan="2"> National Film Award for Best Feature Film 1953 -- 1960 Shyamchi Aai ( 1953 ) Mirza Ghalib ( 1954 ) Pather Panchali ( 1955 ) Kabuliwala ( 1956 ) Do Aankhen Barah Haath ( 1957 ) Sagar Sangamey ( 1958 ) Apur Sansar ( 1959 ) Anuradha ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bhagini Nivedita ( 1961 ) Dada Thakur ( 1962 ) Shehar Aur Sapna ( 1963 ) Charulata ( 1964 ) Chemmeen ( 1965 ) Teesri Kasam ( 1966 ) Hatey Bazarey ( 1967 ) Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne ( 1968 ) Bhuvan Shome ( 1969 ) Samskara ( 1970 ) Seemabaddha ( 1971 ) Swayamvaram ( 1972 ) Nirmalyam ( 1973 ) Chorus ( 1974 ) Chomana Dudi ( 1975 ) Mrigayaa ( 1976 ) Ghatashraddha ( 1977 ) No Award ( 1978 ) Shodh ( 1979 ) Akaler Shandhaney ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Dakhal ( 1981 ) Chokh ( 1982 ) Adi Shankaracharya ( 1983 ) Damul ( 1984 ) Chidambaram ( 1985 ) Tabarana Kathe ( 1986 ) Halodhia Choraye Baodhan Khai ( 1987 ) Piravi ( 1988 ) Bagh Bahadur ( 1989 ) Marupakkam ( 1990 ) Agantuk ( 1991 ) Bhagwat Gita ( 1992 ) Charachar ( 1993 ) Unishe April ( 1994 ) Kathapurushan ( 1995 ) Lal Darja ( 1996 ) Thaayi Saheba ( 1997 ) Samar ( 1998 ) Vanaprastham ( 1999 ) Shantham ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Dweepa ( 2001 ) Mondo Meyer Upakhyan ( 2002 ) Shwaas ( 2003 ) Page 3 ( 2004 ) Kaalpurush ( 2005 ) Pulijanmam ( 2006 ) Kanchivaram ( 2007 ) Antaheen ( 2008 ) Kutty Srank ( 2009 ) Adaminte Makan Abu ( 2010 ) Deool and Byari ( 2011 ) Paan Singh Tomar ( 2012 ) Ship of Theseus ( 2013 ) Court ( 2014 ) Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) Kaasav ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Filmfare Award for Best Telugu Film 1961 -- 1980 Nartanasala ( 1963 ) Mooga Manasulu ( 1964 ) Antastulu ( 1965 ) Aastiparulu ( 1966 ) Chadarangam ( 1967 ) Sudigundalu ( 1968 ) Bangaru Panjaram ( 1969 ) Dharma Daata ( 1970 ) Tehsildar Gari Ammayi ( 1971 ) Pandanti Kapuram ( 1972 ) Jeevana Tarangalu ( 1973 ) O Seeta Katha ( 1974 ) Jeevana Jyothi ( 1975 ) Soggadu ( 1976 ) Adavi Ramudu ( 1977 ) Mana Voori Pandavulu ( 1978 ) Gorintaku ( 1979 ) 1981 -- 2000 Maa Bhoomi ( 1980 ) Saptapadi ( 1981 ) Meghasandesam ( 1982 ) Neti Bharatam ( 1983 ) Swati ( 1984 ) Pratighatana ( 1985 ) Repati Pourulu ( 1986 ) Padamati Sandhya Ragam ( 1987 ) Swarnakamalam ( 1988 ) Siva ( 1989 ) Sathruvu ( 1990 ) Seetharamaiah Gari Manavaralu ( 1991 ) Gharana Mogudu ( 1992 ) Matru Devo Bhava ( 1993 ) Aame ( 1994 ) Shubha Sankalpam ( 1995 ) Ninne Pelladata ( 1996 ) Sindhooram ( 1997 ) Antahpuram ( 1998 ) Raja ( 1999 ) Nuvve Kavali ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Nuvvu Nenu ( 2001 ) Santosham ( 2002 ) Okkadu ( 2003 ) Varsham ( 2004 ) Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana ( 2005 ) Bommarillu ( 2006 ) Happy Days ( 2007 ) Gamyam ( 2008 ) Magadheera ( 2009 ) Vedam ( 2010 ) Dookudu ( 2011 ) Eega ( 2012 ) Attarintiki Daredi ( 2013 ) Manam ( 2014 ) Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) Pelli Choopulu ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Baahubali Films The Beginning ( 2015 ) The Conclusion ( 2017 ) Soundtrack The Beginning `` Dheevara '' `` Manohari '' The Conclusion `` Saahore Baahubali '' `` Hamsa Naava '' `` Oka Praanam '' TV series The Lost Legends ( 2017 animated ) Novel The Rise of Sivagami ( 2017 ) Graphic novel Battle of the Bold ( 2017 ) Game Baahubali : The Game ( 2017 ) Characters Bhallaladeva Accolades The Beginning Related Mahishmati Kalakeyas <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> S.S. Rajamouli Films directed Student No. 1 ( 2001 ) Simhadri ( 2003 ) Sye ( 2004 ) Chhatrapati ( 2005 ) Vikramarkudu ( 2006 ) Yamadonga ( 2007 ) Magadheera ( 2009 ) Maryada Ramanna ( 2010 ) Rajanna ( 2011 ) Eega ( 2012 ) Baahubali : The Beginning ( 2015 ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( 2017 ) Produced only Andala Rakshasi ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baahubali:_The_Beginning&oldid=804791996 '' Categories : 2015 films Baahubali Indian films 2010s action films High fantasy films Indian action films Indian epic films Indian war films Multilingual films Telugu - language films Tamil - language films Fictional - language films 2010s Telugu - language films 2010s Tamil - language films Films featuring an item number Films set in ancient India Films shot in Chalakudy Film scores by M.M. Keeravani National Film Award ( India ) winners Films directed by S.S. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Baahubali: The Beginning
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-1,917,054,289,673,327,400 | what is the significance of the chinese zodiac | Chinese zodiac - wikipedia Chinese zodiac Jump to : navigation , search For the 2012 film , see CZ12 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Chinese zodiac <Td_colspan="2"> Chinese 生肖 <Td_colspan="2"> Hanyu Pinyin shēngxiào <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Transcriptions <Th_colspan="2"> Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin shēngxiào <Th_colspan="2"> Wu Romanization sen 平 - siau 去 <Th_colspan="2"> Hakka Romanization sensiau <Th_colspan="2"> Yue : Cantonese Jyutping saang - ciu <Th_colspan="2"> Southern Min Hokkien POJ singsiàu <Th_colspan="2"> Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC săng - ngáu <Th_colspan="2"> Alternative Chinese name Chinese 屬相 <Td_colspan="2"> Hanyu Pinyin shǔxiàng <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Transcriptions <Th_colspan="2"> Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin shǔxiàng <Th_colspan="2"> Wu Romanization zoh 入 - sian 平 <Th_colspan="2"> Yue : Cantonese Jyutping suk - soeng <Th_colspan="2"> Southern Min Hokkien POJ sio̍ksiùnn <Td_colspan="2"> The Chinese zodiac is a classification scheme that assigns an animal and its reputed attributes to each year in a repeating 12 - year cycle . The 12 - year cycle is an approximation to the 11.86 - year orbital period of Jupiter , the largest planet of the Solar System . It and its variations remain popular in East Asian countries including China , Japan , South Korea and Taiwan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Signs 3 Chinese calendar 3.1 Years 3.2 Months and solar terms 3.3 Day 4 Compatibility 5 Four Pillars 6 Four Animal Trines 6.1 First Trine 6.2 Second Trine 6.3 Third Trine 6.4 Fourth Trine 7 Zodiac origin stories 7.1 The Great Race 8 Problems with English translation 9 Chinese zodiac in other countries 9.1 Asia 9.2 Bulgars , Huns and Turkic people 9.2. 1 Torè calendar 10 Gallery 11 See also 12 References 13 Sources 14 External links Name ( edit ) The Chinese zodiac is called 生肖 or Shēngxiào in Mandarin . Identifying this scheme using the generic term `` zodiac '' reflects several superficial similarities to the Western zodiac : both have time cycles divided into 12 parts , each labels at least the majority of those parts with names of animals , and each is widely associated with a culture of ascribing a person 's personality or events in his or her life to the supposed influence of the person 's particular relationship to the cycle . Nevertheless , there are major differences which render the term inaccurate : the animals of the Chinese zodiac are not associated with constellations spanned by the ecliptic plane . The Chinese 12 - part cycle corresponds to years , rather than months . The Chinese zodiac is represented by 12 animals , whereas some of the signs in the Western zodiac are not animals , despite the implication of the Greek etymology of the zodiac . Signs ( edit ) A stone carving of the Chinese zodiac . The zodiac traditionally begins with the sign of the Rat . The following are the twelve zodiac signs ( each with its associated Earthly Branch ) in order and their characteristics . Wood , Fire , Earth , Metal , and Water as nature five elements . Rat -- 鼠 ( 子 ) ( Yang , 1st Trine , Fixed Element Water ) Ox -- 牛 ( 丑 ) ( Yin , 2nd Trine , Fixed Element Earth ) Tiger -- 虎 ( 寅 ) ( Yang , 3rd Trine , Fixed Element Wood ) Rabbit -- 兔 ( 卯 ) ( Yin , 4th Trine , Fixed Element Wood ) Dragon -- 龍 ( 辰 ) ( Yang , 1st Trine , Fixed Element Earth ) Snake -- 蛇 ( 巳 ) ( Yin , 2nd Trine , Fixed Element Fire ) Horse -- 馬 ( 午 ) ( Yang , 3rd Trine , Fixed Element Fire ) Goat -- 羊 ( 未 ) ( Yin , 4th Trine , Fixed Element Earth ) Monkey -- 猴 ( 申 ) ( Yang , 1st Trine , Fixed Element Metal ) Rooster -- 雞 ( 酉 ) ( Yin , 2nd Trine , Fixed Element Metal ) Dog -- 狗 ( 戌 ) ( Yang , 3rd Trine , Fixed Element Earth ) Pig -- 豬 ( 亥 ) ( Yin , 4th Trine , Fixed Element Water ) In Chinese astrology the animal signs assigned by year represent what others perceive you as being or how you present yourself . It is a common misconception that the animals assigned by year are the only signs and many Western descriptions of Chinese astrology draw solely on this system . In fact , there are also animal signs assigned by month ( called inner animals ) , by day ( called true animals ) and hours ( called secret animals ) . The Earth is all 12 signs , 5 seasons . While a person might appear to be a Dragon because they were born in the year of the Dragon , they might also be a Snake internally , an Ox truly , and a Goat secretively . A conflict between a person 's zodiac sign and how they live is known as Tai Sui or kai sui . Chinese calendar ( edit ) Main article : Chinese calendar Years ( edit ) Main article : Sexagenary cycle Within the Four Pillars , the year is the pillar representing information about the person 's family background and society or relationship with their grandparents . The person 's age can also be easily deduced from the sign of the person , the current sign of the year and the person 's perceived age ( teens , mid 20 's , 40 's and so on ) . For example , a person who is a Tiger is either 12 , 24 , 36 or 48 years old in 2010 , the year of the Tiger . In 2011 , the year of the Rabbit , that person is one year older . The following table shows the 60 - year cycle matched up to the Gregorian calendar for the years 1924 -- 2043 ( see sexagenary cycle article for years 1804 -- 2043 ) . The sexagenary cycle begins at lichun about February 4 according to some astrological sources . Year Associated Element Heavenly Stem Earthly Branch Associated Animal Year 1924 -- 1983 1984 -- 2043 Feb 05 1924 -- Jan 23 1925 Yang Wood 甲 子 Rat Feb 02 1984 -- Feb 19 1985 Jan 24 1925 -- Feb 12 1926 Yin Wood 乙 丑 Ox Feb 20 1985 -- Feb 08 1986 Feb 13 1926 -- Feb 01 1927 Yang Fire 丙 寅 Tiger Feb 09 1986 -- Jan 28 1987 Feb 02 1927 -- Jan 22 1928 Yin Fire 丁 卯 Rabbit Jan 29 1987 -- Feb 16 1988 5 Jan 23 1928 -- Feb 09 1929 Yang Earth 戊 辰 Dragon Feb 17 1988 -- Feb 05 1989 6 Feb 10 1929 -- Jan 29 1930 Yin Earth 己 巳 Snake Feb 06 1989 -- Jan 26 1990 7 Jan 30 1930 -- Feb 16 1931 Yang Metal 庚 午 Horse Jan 27 1990 -- Feb 14 1991 8 Feb 17 1931 -- Feb 05 1932 Yin Metal 辛 未 Goat Feb 15 1991 -- Feb 03 1992 9 Feb 06 1932 -- Jan 25 1933 Yang Water 壬 申 Monkey Feb 04 1992 -- Jan 22 1993 10 Jan 26 1933 -- Feb 13 1934 Yin Water 癸 酉 Rooster Jan 23 1993 -- Feb 09 1994 11 Feb 14 1934 -- Feb 03 1935 Yang Wood 甲 戌 Dog Feb 10 1994 -- Jan 30 1995 12 Feb 04 1935 -- Jan 23 1936 Yin Wood 乙 亥 Pig Jan 31 1995 -- Feb 18 1996 13 Jan 24 1936 -- Feb 10 1937 Yang Fire 丙 子 Rat Feb 19 1996 -- Feb 06 1997 14 Feb 11 1937 -- Jan 30 1938 Yin Fire 丁 丑 Ox Feb 07 1997 -- Jan 27 1998 15 Jan 31 1938 -- Feb 18 1939 Yang Earth 戊 寅 Tiger Jan 28 1998 -- Feb 15 1999 16 Feb 19 1939 -- Feb 07 1940 Yin Earth 己 卯 Rabbit Feb 16 1999 -- Feb 04 2000 17 Feb 08 1940 -- Jan 26 1941 Yang Metal 庚 辰 Dragon Feb 05 2000 -- Jan 23 2001 18 Jan 27 1941 -- Feb 14 1942 Yin Metal 辛 巳 Snake Jan 24 2001 -- Feb 11 2002 19 Feb 15 1942 -- Feb 04 1943 Yang Water 壬 午 Horse Feb 12 2002 -- Jan 31 2003 20 Feb 05 1943 -- Jan 24 1944 Yin Water 癸 未 Goat Feb 01 2003 -- Jan 21 2004 21 Jan 25 1944 -- Feb 12 1945 Yang Wood 甲 申 Monkey Jan 22 2004 -- Feb 08 2005 22 Feb 13 1945 -- Feb 01 1946 Yin Wood 乙 酉 Rooster Feb 09 2005 -- Jan 28 2006 23 Feb 02 1946 -- Jan 21 1947 Yang Fire 丙 戌 Dog Jan 29 2006 -- Feb 17 2007 24 Jan 22 1947 -- Feb 09 1948 Yin Fire 丁 亥 Pig Feb 18 2007 -- Feb 06 2008 25 Feb 10 1948 -- Jan 28 1949 Yang Earth 戊 子 Rat Feb 07 2008 -- Jan 25 2009 26 Jan 29 1949 -- Feb 16 1950 Yin Earth 己 丑 Ox Jan 26 2009 -- Feb 13 2010 27 Feb 17 1950 -- Feb 05 1951 Yang Metal 庚 寅 Tiger Feb 14 2010 -- Feb 02 2011 28 Feb 06 1951 -- Jan 26 1952 Yin Metal 辛 卯 Rabbit Feb 03 2011 -- Jan 22 2012 29 Jan 27 1952 -- Feb 13 1953 Yang Water 壬 辰 Dragon Jan 23 2012 -- Feb 09 2013 30 Feb 14 1953 -- Feb 02 1954 Yin Water 癸 巳 Snake Feb 10 2013 -- Jan 30 2014 31 Feb 03 1954 -- Jan 23 1955 Yang Wood 甲 午 Horse Jan 31 2014 -- Feb 18 2015 32 Jan 24 1955 -- Feb 11 1956 Yin Wood 乙 未 Goat Feb 19 2015 -- Feb 07 2016 33 Feb 12 1956 -- Jan 30 1957 Yang Fire 丙 申 Monkey Feb 08 2016 -- Jan 27 2017 34 Jan 31 1957 -- Feb 17 1958 Yin Fire 丁 酉 Rooster Jan 28 2017 -- Feb 15 2018 35 Feb 18 1958 -- Feb 07 1959 Yang Earth 戊 戌 Dog Feb 16 2018 -- Feb 04 2019 36 Feb 08 1959 -- Jan 27 1960 Yin Earth 己 亥 Pig Feb 05 2019 -- Jan 24 2020 37 Jan 28 1960 -- Feb 14 1961 Yang Metal 庚 子 Rat Jan 25 2020 -- Feb. 11 2021 38 Feb 15 1961 -- Feb 04 1962 Yin Metal 辛 丑 Ox Feb 12 2021 -- Jan 31 2022 39 Feb 05 1962 -- Jan 24 1963 Yang Water 壬 寅 Tiger Feb 01 2022 -- Jan 21 2023 40 Jan 25 1963 -- Feb 12 1964 Yin Water 癸 卯 Rabbit Jan 22 2023 -- Feb 09 2024 41 Feb 13 1964 -- Feb 01 1965 Yang Wood 甲 辰 Dragon Feb 10 2024 -- Jan 28 2025 42 Feb 02 1965 -- Jan 20 1966 Yin Wood 乙 巳 Snake Jan 29 2025 -- Feb 16 2026 43 Jan 21 1966 -- Feb 08 1967 Yang Fire 丙 午 Horse Feb 17 2026 -- Feb 05 2027 44 Feb 09 1967 -- Jan 29 1968 Yin Fire 丁 未 Goat Feb 06 2027 -- Jan 25 2028 45 Jan 30 1968 -- Feb 16 1969 Yang Earth 戊 申 Monkey Jan 26 2028 -- Feb 12 2029 46 Feb 17 1969 -- Feb 05 1970 Yin Earth 己 酉 Rooster Feb 13 2029 -- Feb 02 2030 47 Feb 06 1970 -- Jan 26 1971 Yang Metal 庚 戌 Dog Feb 03 2030 -- Jan 22 2031 48 Jan 27 1971 -- Feb 14 1972 Yin Metal 辛 亥 Pig Jan 23 2031 -- Feb 10 2032 49 Feb 15 1972 -- Feb 02 1973 Yang Water 壬 子 Rat Feb 11 2032 -- Jan 30 2033 50 Feb 03 1973 -- Jan 22 1974 Yin Water 癸 丑 Ox Jan 31 2033 -- Feb 18 2034 51 Jan 23 1974 -- Feb 10 1975 Yang Wood 甲 寅 Tiger Feb 19 2034 -- Feb 07 2035 52 Feb 11 1975 -- Jan 30 1976 Yin Wood 乙 卯 Rabbit Feb 08 2035 -- Jan 27 2036 53 Jan 31 1976 -- Feb 17 1977 Yang Fire 丙 辰 Dragon Jan 28 2036 -- Feb 14 2037 54 Feb 18 1977 -- Feb 06 1978 Yin Fire 丁 巳 Snake Feb 15 2037 -- Feb 03 2038 55 Feb 07 1978 -- Jan 27 1979 Yang Earth 戊 午 Horse Feb 04 2038 -- Jan 23 2039 56 Jan 28 1979 -- Feb 15 1980 Yin Earth 己 未 Goat Jan 24 2039 -- Feb 11 2040 57 Feb 16 1980 -- Feb 04 1981 Yang Metal 庚 申 Monkey Feb 12 2040 -- Jan 31 2041 58 Feb 05 1981 -- Jan 24 1982 Yin Metal 辛 酉 Rooster Feb 01 2041 -- Jan 21 2042 59 Jan 25 1982 -- Feb 12 1983 Yang Water 壬 戌 Dog Jan 22 2042 -- Feb 09 2043 60 Feb 13 1983 -- Feb 01 1984 Yin Water 癸 亥 Pig Feb 10 2043 -- Jan 29 2044 Months and solar terms ( edit ) Main article : Solar term Within the Four Pillars , the month is the pillar representing information about the person 's parents or childhood . Many Chinese astrologers consider the month pillar to be the most important one in determining the circumstances of one 's adult life . The 12 animals are also linked to traditional Chinese agricultural calendar , which runs alongside the better known Lunar calendar . Instead of months , this calendar is divided into 24 two week segments known as Solar Terms . Each animal is linked to two of these solar terms for a period similar to the Western month . Unlike the 60 year Lunar calendar , which can vary by as much as a month in relation to the Gregorian calendar , the agricultural calendar varies by only one day , beginning on the Gregorian calendar on February 3 or 4 every year . Again unlike the cycle of the lunar years , which begins with the Rat , the agricultural calendar begins with the Tiger as it is the first animal of spring . Around summer days are longer than winter days , because it occurs differences of perihelion and aphelion . As each sign is linked to a month of the solar year , it is thereby also linked to a season . Each of the elements is also linked to a season ( see above ) , and the element that shares a season with a sign is known as that sign 's fixed element . In other words , that element is believed to impart some of its characteristics to the sign concerned . The fixed element of each sign applies also to the year and hour signs , and not just the monthly sign . It is important to note that the fixed element is separate from the cycle of elements which interact with the signs in the 60 - year cycle . Season Lunar month Fixed element Solar longitude Solar term Gregorian date Approx . Western zodiac Spring 1st -- 寅 ( yin ) Tiger Wood 314 ° 立春 lìchūn Feb 4 -- Feb 19 Aquarius 329 ° 雨水 yǔshuǐ Feb 20 -- Mar 5 Pisces 2nd -- 卯 ( mao ) Rabbit Wood 344 ° 啓蟄 qǐzhé ( 驚蟄 jīngzhé ) Mar 6 -- Mar 20 359 ° 春分 chūnfēn Mar 21 -- Apr 4 Aries 3rd -- 辰 ( chen ) Dragon Wood 14 ° 清明 qīngmíng Apr 5 -- Apr 20 29 ° 穀雨 gǔyǔ Apr 21 -- May 4 Taurus Summer 4th -- 巳 ( si ) Snake Fire 44 ° 立夏 lìxià May 5 -- May 21 59 ° 小滿 xiǎomǎn May 22 -- Jun 5 Gemini 5th -- 午 ( wu ) Horse Fire 74 ° 芒種 mángzhòng Jun 6 -- Jun 21 89 ° 夏至 xiàzhì Jun 22 -- Jul 6 Cancer 6th -- 未 ( wei ) Goat Fire 104 ° 小暑 xiǎoshǔ Jul 7 -- Jul 22 119 ° 大暑 dàshǔ Jul 23 -- Aug 6 Leo Autumn 7th -- 申 ( shen ) Monkey Metal 134 ° 立秋 lìqiū Aug 7 -- Aug 22 149 ° 處暑 chùshǔ Aug 23 -- Sep 7 Virgo 8th -- 酉 ( you ) Rooster Metal 164 ° 白露 báilù Sep 8 -- Sep 23 181 ° 秋分 qiūfēn Sep 24 -- Oct 7 Libra 9th -- 戌 ( xu ) Dog Metal 194 ° 寒露 hánlù Oct 8 -- Oct 23 211 ° 霜降 shuāngjiàng Oct 24 -- Nov 6 Scorpio Winter 10th -- 亥 ( hai ) Pig Water 224 ° 立冬 lìdōng Nov 7 -- Nov 22 244 ° 小雪 xiǎoxuě Nov 23 -- Dec 6 Sagittarius 11th -- 子 ( zi ) Rat Water 251 ° 大雪 dàxuě Dec 7 -- Dec 21 271 ° 冬至 dōngzhì Dec 22 -- Jan 5 Capricorn 12th -- 丑 ( chou ) Ox Water 284 ° 小寒 xiǎohán Jan 6 -- Jan 20 299 ° 大寒 dàhán Jan 21 -- Feb 3 Aquarius Day ( edit ) 4 pillars calculator can determine the zodiac animal of the day . Chinese animal signs rule over days of the week , too . The term for them is `` True Animals '' . If your astrologer wishes to prepare a chart , it is essential he or she knows the animals of your day of birth . Given there are only seven days of the week and 12 animals , there is some repetition or doubling up . The animals for each day are as follows : Monday : Goat Tuesday : Dragon , Pig Wednesday : Horse , Rooster Thursday : Rat Friday : Rabbit , Snake , Dog Saturday : Ox , Tiger Sunday : Monkey Compatibility ( edit ) As the Chinese zodiac is derived according to the ancient Five Elements Theory , every Chinese Sign is composed of five elements with relations , among those elements , of interpolation , interaction , over-action , and counter-action -- believed to be the common law of motions and changes of creatures in the universe . Different people born under each animal sign supposedly have different personalities , and practitioners of Chinese astrology consult such traditional details and compatibilities to offer putative guidance in life or for love and marriage . Chinese Zodiac Compatibility Grid Sign Best Match Match No Match Rat Rat , Dragon , Monkey Snake , Rooster , Ox , Pig , Rabbit , Goat , Dog , Tiger Horse Ox Ox , Snake , Rooster Dragon , Monkey , Rat , Dog , Tiger , Horse , Pig , Rabbit Goat Tiger Tiger , Dog , Horse Pig , Rabbit , Goat , Snake , Rooster , Ox , Dragon , Rat Monkey Rabbit Rabbit , Pig , Goat Dog , Tiger , Horse , Dragon , Monkey , Rat , Snake , Ox Rooster Dragon Dragon , Monkey , Rat Snake , Rooster , Ox , Pig , Rabbit , Goat , Tiger , Horse Dog Snake Snake , Rooster , Ox Dragon , Monkey , Rat , Dog , Tiger , Horse , Rabbit , Goat Pig Horse Horse , Dog , Tiger Pig , Rabbit , Goat , Snake , Rooster , Ox , Dragon , Monkey Rat Goat Goat , Pig , Rabbit Dog , Tiger , Horse , Dragon , Monkey , Rat , Snake , Rooster Ox Monkey Monkey , Dragon , Rat Snake , Rooster , Ox , Pig , Rabbit , Goat , Dog , Horse Tiger Rooster Rooster , Snake , Ox Dragon , Monkey , Rat , Dog , Tiger , Horse , Pig , Goat Rabbit Dog Dog , Tiger , Horse Pig , Rabbit , Goat , Snake , Rooster , Ox , Monkey , Rat Dragon Pig Pig , Rabbit , Goat Dog , Tiger , Horse , Dragon , Monkey , Rat , Rooster , Ox Snake Four Pillars ( edit ) Main article : Four Pillars of Destiny The Four Pillars method can be traced back to the Han dynasty ( 201 BC -- 220 AD ) , and is still much used in Feng shui astrology and general analysis today . The Four Pillars or Columns chart is called such as the Chinese writing causes it to fall into columns . Each pillar or column contains a stem and a branch -- and each column relates to the year , month , day and hour of birth . The first column refers to the year animal and element , the second to the month animal and element , the third to the day animal and element , and the last to the hour animal and element . Within the ' Four Pillars ' , the Year column purports to provide information about one 's ancestor or early age , and the Month column about one 's parents or growing age . The Day column purports to offer information about oneself ( upper character ) and one 's spouse ( lower character ) or adult age , and the Hour column about children or late age . Four animal trines ( edit ) See : Astrological aspect # Trine First trine ( edit ) The first trine consists of the Rat , Dragon and Monkey . These three signs are said to be intense and powerful individuals capable of great good , who make great leaders but are rather unpredictable . The three are said to be intelligent , magnanimous , charismatic , charming , authoritative , confident , eloquent and artistic , but can be manipulative , jealous , selfish , aggressive , vindictive or deceitful . Second trine ( edit ) The second trine consists of the Ox , Snake and Rooster . These three signs are said to possess endurance and application , with slow accumulation of energy , meticulous at planning but tending to hold fixed opinions . The three are said to be intelligent , hard - working , modest , industrious , loyal , philosophical , patient , goodhearted and morally upright , but can also be self - righteous , egotistical , vain , judgmental , narrow - minded or petty . Third trine ( edit ) The third trine consists of the Tiger , Horse and Dog . These three signs are said to seek true love , to pursue humanitarian causes , to be idealistic and independent but tending to be impulsive . The three are said to be productive , enthusiastic , independent , engaging , dynamic , honorable , loyal and protective , but can also be rash , rebellious , quarrelsome , anxious , disagreeable or stubborn . Fourth trine ( edit ) The fourth trine consists of the Rabbit , Goat and Pig . These three signs are said to have a calm nature and somewhat reasonable approach ; they seek aesthetic beauty and are artistic , well - mannered and compassionate , yet detached and resigned to their condition . The three are said to be caring , self - sacrificing , obliging , sensible , creative , empathetic , tactful and prudent , but can also be naive , pedantic , insecure , selfish , indecisive or pessimistic . Zodiac origin stories ( edit ) There are many stories and fables to explain the beginning of the zodiac . Since the Han Dynasty , the 12 Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day . However , for the sake of entertainment and convenience , they have been replaced by the 12 animals . The 24 hours are divided into 12 periods , and a mnemonic refers to the behaviour of the animals : Earthly Branches may refer to a double - hour period . In the latter case it is the center of the period ; for instance , 马 ( Horse ) means noon or a period from 11 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 p.m. . Rat ( Zishi ) : 23 : 00 to 00 : 59 . This is the time when Rats are most active in seeking food . Rats also have a different number of digits on front and hind legs , thus earning Rat the symbol of `` turn over '' or `` new start '' . Ox ( Choushi ) : 01 : 00 to 02 : 59 . This is the time when Oxen begin to chew the cud slowly and comfortably . Tiger ( Yinshi ) : 03 : 00 to 04 : 59 . This is the time when Tigers hunt their prey more and show their ferocity . Rabbit ( Maoshi ) : 05 : 00 to 06 : 59 . This is the time when the Jade Rabbit is busy pounding herbal medicine on the Moon according to the tale . Dragon ( Chenshi ) : 07 : 00 to 08 : 59 . This is the time when Dragons are hovering in the sky to give rain . Snake ( Sishi ) : 09 : 00 to 10 : 59 . This is the time when Snakes are leaving their caves . Horse ( Wushi ) : 11 : 00 to 12 : 59 . This is the time when the sun is high overhead and while other animals are lying down for a rest , Horses are still standing . Goat ( Weishi ) : 13 : 00 to 14 : 59 . This is the time when Goats eat grass and urinate frequently . Monkey ( Shenshi ) : 15 : 00 to 16 : 59 . This is the time when Monkeys are lively . Rooster ( Youshi ) : 17 : 00 to 18 : 59 . This is the time when Roosters begin to get back to their coops . Dog ( Xushi ) : 19 : 00 to 20 : 59 . This is the time when Dogs carry out their duty of guarding the houses . Pig ( Haishi ) : 21 : 00 to 22 : 59 . This is the time when Pigs are sleeping sweetly . The great race ( edit ) An ancient folk story tells that Cat and Rat were both very bad at swimming . Although they were poor swimmers , they were both quite intelligent . To get to the meeting called by the Jade Emperor , they had to cross a river to reach the meeting place . The Jade Emperor had also decreed that the years on the calendar would be named for each animal in the order they arrived to the meeting . Cat and Rat decided that the best and fastest way to cross the river was to hop on the back of Ox . Ox , being kindhearted and naive , agreed to carry them both across . Midway across the river , Rat pushed Cat into the water . Approaching the other side , the Rat jumped off the Ox and rushed to the Jade Emperor . It was named as the first animal of the zodiac calendar . The Ox , came in second . The third one to come was the Tiger . Even though it was strong and powerful it explained to the Jade Emperor that the currents were pushing him downstream . Suddenly , from a distance came a thumping sound , and the Rabbit arrived . It explained how it crossed the river : by jumping from one stone to another in a nimble fashion . Halfway through , it almost lost the race , but it was lucky enough to grab hold of a floating log that later washed him to shore . For that , it became the fourth animal in the zodiac cycle . In fifth place was the flying Dragon . The Jade Emperor was wondering why such a swift airborne creature such as the Dragon failed to come in first . The Dragon explained that it had to stop by a village and brought rain for all the people , and therefore it was held back . Then , on its way to the finish , it saw the helpless Rabbit clinging onto a log so it did a good deed and gave a puff of breath to the poor creature so that it could land on the shore . The Jade Emperor was astonished of the Dragon 's good nature , and it was named as the fifth animal . As soon as it had done so , a galloping sound was heard , and the Horse appeared . Hidden on its hoof was the Snake , whose sudden appearance gave it a fright , thus making it fall back and giving the Snake the sixth spot , while the Horse placed seventh . After a while , the Goat , Monkey and Rooster came to the heavenly gate . With combined efforts they managed to arrive to the other side . The Rooster found a raft and the Monkey and the Goat tugged and pulled trying to get all the weeds out of the way . The Jade Emperor was pleased with their teamwork and decided to name the Goat as the eighth animal followed by the Monkey and then the Rooster . The eleventh animal placed in the zodiac cycle was the Dog . Although it should have been the best swimmer it wanted to stay in the water and play for a bit . Though his explanation for being late was because it needed a good bath after a long spell . For that , it almost did not make it to the finish line . Right when the Emperor was going to close the race , an `` oink '' sound was heard : it was the Pig . `` Lazy little Pig '' originated from this story . The Pig felt hungry in the middle of the race , so it stopped , ate something and then fell asleep . After it awoke , it finished the race in twelfth place and became the last animal to arrive . The cat eventually drowned , and did not make it in the zodiac . It is said that this is the reason cats always hunt Rats . Another folk story tells that the Rat deceived the Ox into letting it jump on its back , in order for the Ox to hear the Rat sing , before jumping off at the finish line and finishing first . In Chinese mythology , a story tells that the cat was tricked by the Rat so it could not go to the banquet . This is why the cat is not part of the Chinese zodiac . In Buddhism , legend has it that Gautama Buddha summoned all of the animals of the Earth to come before him before his departure from this Earth , but only 12 animals actually came to bid him farewell . To reward the animals who came to him , he named a year after each of them . The years were given to them in the order they had arrived . The twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac were developed in the early stages of Chinese civilization , over hundreds of years before it developed into the current version ; it is difficult to investigate its real origins . Most historians agree that the cat is not included , as they had not yet been introduced to China from India , with the arrival of Buddhism . Problems with English translation ( edit ) Due to confusion with synonyms during translation , some of the animals depicted by the English words did not exist in ancient China . For example , 羊 can mean Goat , ram or sheep . Similarly , 鼠 Rat can also be translated as mouse , as there are no distinctive words for the two genera in Chinese . Further , 豬 Pig is sometimes translated to boar after its Japanese name , and 牛 plainly means Ox and Cow , and not water buffalo , 水牛 . 雞 Rooster may mean Chicken . However , Rooster is the most commonly used one among all the synonyms , same for 羊 , 鼠 , etc . Chinese zodiac in other countries ( edit ) The Chinese zodiac signs are also used by cultures other than Chinese . For one example , they usually appear on Korean New Year and Japanese New Year 's cards and stamps . The United States Postal Service and those of several other countries issue a `` Year of the ____ '' postage stamp each year to honor this Chinese heritage . The Chinese lunar coins , depicting the zodiac animals , inspired the Canadian Silver Maple Leaf coins , as well as varieties from Australia , Korea , and Mongolia . The Chinese zodiac is an internationally popular theme , available from many of the world 's government and private mints . The Chinese zodiac is also used in some other Asian countries that have been under the cultural influence of China . However , some of the animals in the zodiac may differ by country . Asia ( edit ) Further information : Burmese zodiac The Korean zodiac is essentially identical to the Chinese zodiac , but the Sino - Korean word 양 ( yang ) normally refers specifically to a sheep in the Korean language ( where a native Korean word 염소 yeomso is used to mean `` Goat '' ) , although the Chinese source of the loanword yang may refer to any goat - antelope . The Japanese zodiac includes the Sheep ( hitsuji ) instead of the Goat ( which would be yagi ) , and the Wild boar ( inoshishi , i ) instead of the Pig ( buta ) . The Japanese have , since 1873 , celebrated the beginning of the new year on January 1 as per the Gregorian calendar . The Vietnamese zodiac is almost identical to the Chinese zodiac except the second animal is the Water Buffalo instead of the Ox , and the fourth animal is the Cat instead of the Rabbit . The Cham zodiac uses the same animals and order as the Chinese zodiac , but replaces the Monkey with the turtle ( known locally as kra ) . Similarly the Malay zodiac is identical to the Chinese but replaces two of the animals with the turtle ( kura - kura ) and mousedeer ( kancil ) . One of the replaced animals is always the Rabbit , the other being either the Pig or Monkey . The Thai zodiac includes a nāga in place of the Dragon and begins , not at Chinese New Year , but either on the first day of fifth month in Thai lunar calendar , or during the Songkran festival ( now celebrated every 13 -- 15 April ) , depending on the purpose of the use . Bulgars , huns and turkic people ( edit ) The European Huns used the Chinese zodiac . This common Chinese - Turkic Zodiac was in use in Balkan Bulgaria well into the Bulgars ' adoption of Slavic languages and Orthodox Christianity . Following is the Hunnish or Bulgarian Pagan zodiac calendar , distinctive from the Greek zodiac but much in conformity with the Chinese one : Torè calendar ( edit ) Names of years Kuzgé -- ( Year of ) Saravana - Rat Shiger ( Syger ) -- Ox Kuman ( Imén ) Ügur -- Tiger , Myachè Ügur -- Tiger Taushan -- Rabbit Samar -- Dragon Birgün ( Bergen , Birig , Baradj ) -- Dragon Dilan -- Snake Tykha -- Horse Téké -- Goat Bichin , Michin -- Monkey Tavuk -- Rooster ( also written tağuk -- ğ is pronounced as v in Turk . verbs döğmek and öğmek ) It -- Dog Shushma -- Pig ( many mistake it as boar though ) ( Turk. , Russ . `` Kaban '' -- Translator 's Note , also cognate of Turkish şişman , `` fat '' ) In Kazakhstan , an animal cycle similar to the Chinese is used , but the Dragon is substituted by a snail ( Kazakh : улу ) , and Tiger appears as a leopard ( Kazakh : барыс ) . In Mongolia , 12 year beasts are called `` Арван хоёр жил '' meaning `` 12 years '' Hulgana - Хулгана - Rat Ukher - Үхэр - Ox Bar - Бар - Tiger Tuulai - Туулай - Rabbit Luu - Луу - Dragon Mogoi - Могой - Snake Mori - Морь - Horse Honi - Хонь - Goat Bichin , Michin , Mechin - Бич / Мич , Бичин , Мичин , Мэчин - Monkey Tahiya - Тахиа - Rooster Nohoi - Нохой - Dog Gahai - Гахай - Pig In Kyrgyz 12 - year cycle is called `` Мүчөл '' , words for Tiger , Dragon and Monkey are only used in 12 - year cycle . Chychkan - Чычкан - Mouse Uy - Уй - Cow Bars - Барс - Tiger Koyon - Коён - Rabbit Uluu - Улуу - Dragon Jylan - Жылан - Snake Jylky - Жылкы - Horse Koy - Кой - Sheep Mechin - Мечин - Monkey Took - Тоок - Chicken It - Ит - Dog Donuz - Доңуз - Wild boar Gallery ( edit ) A chart indicating good and bad bloodletting days and when to guard against demons . Detail : The chart contains a sme ba ( 9 figures symbolizing the elements in geomancy ) in the center with the Chinese pa - kua ( 8 trigrams ) surrounded by 12 animals of months and years . Soyombo and several Buddhist , tengrist and Chinese zodiac symbols in a wall mosaic . Twelve Chinese zodiac jade figurines . Capital Museum , Beijing , China . See also ( edit ) China portal Earthly Branches Astrology and science Chinese New Year References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dr Zai , J. Taoism and Science : Cosmology , Evolution , Morality , Health and more . Ultravisum , 2015 . Jump up ^ Theodora Lau , The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes , pp. 2 -- 8 , 30 -- 5 , 60 -- 4 , 88 -- 94 , 118 -- 24 , 148 -- 53 , 178 -- 84 , 208 -- 13 , 238 -- 44 , 270 -- 78 , 306 -- 12 , 338 -- 44 , Souvenir Press , New York , 2005 Jump up ^ `` '' Almanac '' `` lunar '' zodiac beginning of spring as the boundary dislocation ? -- China Network `` . 16 February 2009 . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.traditionalfengshui.co.za/fourpillarssoftware.htm Jump up ^ `` Chinese Compatibility Matching '' . Jan 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Zodiac Animal Signs Compatibility '' . yourchineseastrology.com/ . Jump up ^ chinesefortunecalendar.com Jump up ^ The 12 Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 十 二 生肖 , Drake University , retrieved October 11 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Annotated Bibliography Plan : Chinese Astrology , University of Hawai'i , retrieved October 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Japanese Zodiac Signs and Symbols '' . japanesezodiac.org/. 5 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' งู ใหญ่ - พญานาค - มังกร '' รู้จัก 3 สัญลักษณ์ ปี `` มะโรง '' `` . ประชาชาติ ธุรกิจ. 5 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` การ เปลี่ยน วัน ใหม่ การ นับ วัน ทาง โหราศาสตร์ ไทย การ เปลี่ยน ปี นักษัตร โหราศาสตร์ ดู ดวง ทํานาย ทาย ทัก '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 03 . Sources ( edit ) Shelly H. Wu. ( 2005 ) . Chinese Astrology . Publisher : The Career Press , Inc . ISBN 1 - 56414 - 796 - 7 External links ( edit ) `` The Year of the Rooster : On Seeing '' `` The Year of the Rooster , On Eating , Injecting , Imbibing & Speaking '' `` 2016 : The Golden Monkey , A Year to Remember '' `` The Dragon Raises its Head 龍 抬頭 '' `` From the Year of the Ape to the Year of the Monkey '' ( on use of Zodiac figures for political criticism ) Media related to Chinese Zodiac at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> Chinese zodiac <Td_colspan="2"> Rat Ox Tiger Rabbit Dragon Snake Horse Goat Monkey Rooster Dog Pig <Th_colspan="3"> East Asia Countries China ( Hong Kong Macau ) Japan Korea ( North South ) Mongolia Taiwan Ethnic groups Han Joseon Mongols Yamato Culture Age reckoning Architecture Art Blepharoplasty Buddhism Calligraphy Chopsticks Cinema Cuisine Cultural sphere Decorative knotwork Dragon Gardens Gothic typeface Han characters Hell money Hip - and - gable roof Languages Literature Mādhyamaka Music Music industry Mythology Philosophy Religion Scripts Seal Sino - Xenic pronunciations Stereotypes Surnames Yellow fever Zodiac Environment East Asia Climate Partnership Monsoon Rainy season Flora Politics and economics China -- Japan -- South Korea trilateral summit Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia Capitalism East Asia Summit East Asian Bureau of Economic Research East Asian Community Four Asian Tigers Human rights in East Asia Ports Stock exchanges History Archaeology Archaeological cultures Bronze Age Iron Age Former countries Sports EAFF East Asian Championship East Asian Football Federation East Asian Games East Asian Judo Championships Education Association of East Asian Research Universities CrossAsia East Asian Bureau of Economic Research East Asian Economic Review East Asia Image Collection East Asian Institute East Asia Law Review East Asian studies Journal of East Asian Studies Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute Society for Cultural Interaction in East Asia Military Horses in East Asian warfare Miyamoto Musashi Sun Tzu The Art of War The Book of Five Rings Science and technology Needham Research Institute Printing Swords Traditional medicine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_zodiac&oldid=831470566 '' Categories : Astrology by tradition Chinese astrology Chinese calendars Chinese culture East Asian culture Cultural lists Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2013 Articles containing Kazakh - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Euskara Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche 文言 吴语 粵語 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 19 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Chinese zodiac
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-2,911,759,687,902,653,400 | what is the cache on a hard drive mean | Disk buffer - wikipedia Disk buffer Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with page cache . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On this hard disk drive , the controller board contains a RAM integrated circuit used for the disk buffer . A 500 GB hard disk drive with a 16 MB buffer In computer storage , disk buffer ( often ambiguously called disk cache or cache buffer ) is the embedded memory in a hard disk drive ( HDD ) acting as a buffer between the rest of the computer and the physical hard disk platter that is used for storage . Modern hard disk drives come with 8 to 256 MiB of such memory , and solid - state drives come with up to 1 GB of cache memory . Since the late 1980s , nearly all disks sold have embedded microcontrollers and either an ATA , Serial ATA , SCSI , or Fibre Channel interface . The drive circuitry usually has a small amount of memory , used to store the data going to and coming from the disk platters . The disk buffer is physically distinct from and is used differently from the page cache typically kept by the operating system in the computer 's main memory . The disk buffer is controlled by the microcontroller in the hard disk drive , and the page cache is controlled by the computer to which that disk is attached . The disk buffer is usually quite small , ranging between 8 and 256 MiB , and the page cache is generally all unused main memory . While data in the page cache is reused multiple times , the data in the disk buffer is rarely reused . In this sense , the terms disk cache and cache buffer are misnomers ; the embedded controller 's memory is more appropriately called disk buffer . Note that disk array controllers , as opposed to disk controllers , usually have normal cache memory of around 0.5 -- 8 GiB . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses 1.1 Read - ahead / read - behind 1.2 Speed matching 1.3 Write acceleration 1.4 Command queuing 2 Cache control from the host 2.1 Cache flushing 2.2 Force Unit Access ( FUA ) 3 See also 4 References Uses ( edit ) Read - ahead / read - behind ( edit ) When executing a read from the disk , the disk arm moves the read / write head to ( or near ) the correct track , and after some settling time the read head begins to pick up bits . Usually , the first sectors to be read are not the ones that have been requested by the operating system . The disk 's embedded computer typically saves these unrequested sectors in the disk buffer , in case the operating system requests them later . Speed matching ( edit ) The speed of the disk 's I / O interface to the computer almost never matches the speed at which the bits are transferred to and from the hard disk platter . The disk buffer is used so that both the I / O interface and the disk read / write head can operate at full speed . Write acceleration ( edit ) The disk 's embedded microcontroller may signal the main computer that a disk write is complete immediately after receiving the write data , before the data is actually written to the platter . This early signal allows the main computer to continue working even though the data has not actually been written yet . This can be somewhat dangerous , because if power is lost before the data is permanently fixed in the magnetic media , the data will be lost from the disk buffer , and the file system on the disk may be left in an inconsistent state . On some disks , this vulnerable period between signaling the write complete and fixing the data can be arbitrarily long , as the write can be deferred indefinitely by newly arriving requests . For this reason , the use of write acceleration can be controversial . Consistency can be maintained , however , by using a battery - backed memory system for caching data , although this is typically only found in high - end RAID controllers . Alternatively , the caching can simply be turned off when the integrity of data is deemed more important than write performance . Another option is to send data to disk in a carefully managed order and to issue `` cache flush '' commands in the right places , which is usually referred to as the implementation of write barriers . Command queuing ( edit ) Newer SATA and most SCSI disks can accept multiple commands while any one command is in operation through `` command queuing '' ( see NCQ and TCQ ) . These commands are stored by the disk 's embedded controller until they are completed . One benefit is that the commands can be re-ordered to be processed more efficiently , so that commands affecting the same area of a disk are grouped together . Should a read reference the data at the destination of a queued write , the to - be-written data will be returned . NCQ is usually used in combination with enabled write buffering . In case of a read / write FPDMA command with Force Unit Access ( FUA ) bit set to 0 and enabled write buffering , an operating system may see the write operation finished before the data is physically written to the media . In case of FUA bit set to 1 and enabled write buffering , write operation returns only after the data is physically written to the media . Cache control from the host ( edit ) Cache flushing ( edit ) Data that was accepted in write cache of a disk device will be eventually written to disk platters , provided that no starvation condition occurs as a result of firmware flaw , and that disk power supply is not interrupted before cached writes are forced to disk platters . In order to control write cache , ATA specification included FLUSH CACHE ( E7h ) and FLUSH CACHE EXT ( EAh ) commands . These commands cause the disk to complete writing data from its cache , and disk will return good status after data in the write cache is written to disk media . In addition , flushing the cache can be initiated at least to some disks by issuing Soft reset or Standby ( Immediate ) command . Mandatory cache flushing is used in Linux for implementation of write barriers in some filesystems ( for example , ext4 ) , together with Force Unit Access write command for journal commit blocks . Force Unit Access ( FUA ) ( edit ) Force Unit Access ( FUA ) is an I / O write command option that forces written data all the way to stable storage . FUA write commands ( WRITE DMA FUA EXT -- 3Dh , WRITE DMA QUEUED FUA EXT -- 3Eh , WRITE MULTIPLE FUA EXT -- CEh ) , in contrast to corresponding commands without FUA , write data directly to the media , regardless of whether write caching in the device is enabled or not . FUA write command will not return until data is written to media , thus data written by a completed FUA write command is on permanent media even if the device is powered off before issuing a FLUSH CACHE command . FUA appeared in the SCSI command set , and was later adopted by SATA with NCQ . FUA is more fine - grained as it allows a single write operation to be forced to stable media and thus has smaller overall performance impact when compared to commands that flush the entire disk cache , such as the ATA FLUSH CACHE family of commands . Windows ( Vista and up ) supports FUA as part of Transactional NTFS , but only for SCSI or Fibre Channel disks where support for FUA is common . It is not known whether a SATA drive that supports FUA write commands will actually honor the command and write data to disk platters as instructed ; thus , Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 instead send commands to flush the disk write cache after certain write operations . Although the Linux kernel gained support for NCQ around 2007 , SATA FUA remains disabled by default because of regressions that were found in 2012 when the kernel 's support for FUA was tested . The Linux kernel supports FUA at the block layer level . See also ( edit ) Electronics portal Hybrid array Hybrid drive References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mark Kyrnin . `` What to Look for in a Hard Drive '' . about.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . A drive 's buffer is an amount of RAM on the drive to store frequently accessed data from the drive . Jump up ^ Charles M. Kozierok ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Internal Cache ( Buffer ) Size '' . pcguide.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hitachi ( 2006 ) . Deskstar 7K80 Disk Drive Specification , 4th Edition ( Revision 1.6 ) ( 12 September 2006 ) Final . Hitachi Global Storage Technologies . pp. 99 , 130 , 131 . Jump up ^ Christoph Hellwig ; Theodore Ts'o . `` Does ext4 send FUA to flush disk cache '' . spinics.net . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Corbet ( 2010 - 08 - 18 ) . `` The end of block barriers '' . LWN.net . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Information technology - AT Attachment 8 - ATA / ATAPI Command Set ( ATA8 - ACS ) '' ( PDF ) . T13 / 1699 - D , revision 6 - a , 2008 - 09 - 06 . American National Standards Institute , Inc . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory Smith ( 2010 ) . PostgreSQL 9.0 : High Performance . Packt Publishing Ltd. p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84951 - 031 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bruce Jacob ; Spencer Ng ; David Wang ( 2010 ) . Memory Systems : Cache , DRAM , Disk . Morgan Kaufmann . p. 734 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 055384 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Deploying Transactional NTFS ( Windows ) '' . Msdn.microsoft.com. 2013 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Forced Unit Access Working Hard In IT '' . Workinghardinit.wordpress.com. 2012 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Storage related regression in linux - next 20120824 '' . 2012 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Revert `` libata : enable SATA disk fua detection on default '' `` . 2012 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Linux kernel documentation : Documentation / block / writeback_cache_control. txt '' . kernel.org. 2013 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disk_buffer&oldid=792067774 '' Categories : Computer storage devices Hard disk computer storage Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2017 , at 07 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Disk buffer in computer storage
2. Hard disk drive memory
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4. Speed matching in disk I/O
5. Write acceleration and command queuing |
-5,821,499,522,992,597,000 | where do saltwater crocodiles live in the world | Saltwater crocodile - wikipedia Saltwater crocodile <Th_colspan="2"> Saltwater crocodile Temporal range : 4.5 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg ↓ Early Pliocene -- Recent <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Crocodile at the St. Augustine Alligator Farm , Florida <Th_colspan="2"> Conservation status <Td_colspan="2"> Least Concern ( IUCN 2.3 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Order : Crocodilia Family : Crocodylidae Genus : Crocodylus Species : C. porosus <Th_colspan="2"> Binomial name <Td_colspan="2"> Crocodylus porosus Schneider , 1801 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Range of the saltwater crocodile in black The saltwater crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus ) , also known as the estuarine crocodile , Indo - Pacific crocodile , marine crocodile , sea crocodile or informally as saltie , is the largest of all living reptiles , as well as the largest riparian predator in the world . Males of this species can reach sizes up to 6.30 m ( 20.7 ft ) and possibly up to 7.0 m ( 23.0 ft ) in length . However , an adult male saltwater crocodile rarely reaches or exceeds a size of 6 m ( 19.7 ft ) weighing 1,000 to 1,200 kg ( 2,200 -- 2,600 lb ) . Females are much smaller and often do not surpass 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) . As its name implies , this species of crocodile can live in marine environments , but usually resides in saline and brackish mangrove swamps , estuaries , deltas , lagoons , and lower stretches of rivers . They have the broadest distribution of any modern crocodile , ranging from the eastern coast of India throughout most of Southeast Asia and northern Australia . The saltwater crocodile is a large and opportunistic hypercarnivorous apex predator . Most prey are ambushed and then drowned or swallowed whole . It is capable of prevailing over almost any animal that enters its territory , including other apex predators such as sharks , varieties of freshwater and marine fish including pelagic species , invertebrates such as crustaceans , various reptiles , birds and mammals , including humans . Due to their size , aggression and distribution , saltwater crocodiles are regarded as the most dangerous extant crocodilian to humans , alongside the Nile crocodile . Contents 1 Taxonomy and evolution 1.1 Possible subspecies and status as a species complex 2 Characteristics 2.1 Size 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Biology and behaviour 4.1 Hunting and diet 4.1. 1 Bite 4.2 Reproduction 5 Conservation status 6 Relationship with humans 6.1 Attacks on humans 6.2 Cultural references 6.3 Examples of large unconfirmed saltwater crocodiles 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Taxonomy and Evolution. ( edit ) Incomplete fossil records make it difficult to accurately trace the emergence of the species . The genome was fully sequenced in 2007 . The earliest fossil evidence of the species dates to around 4.0 -- 4.5 million years ago and no subspecies are known . Scientists estimate that C. porosus is an ancient species that could have diverged from 12 to 6 million years ago . Genetic research has unsurprisingly indicated that the saltwater crocodile is related relatively closely to other living species of Asian crocodile , although some ambiguity exists over what assemblage it could be considered part of based on variable genetic results . Other relatively broad - snouted species such as mugger ( C. palustris ) and Siamese crocodiles ( C. siamensis ) seem to be the most likely candidates to bear the closest relation among living species . Possible subspecies and status as a species complex ( edit ) Currently , most sources state that the saltwater crocodile does not have subspecies . However , based largely on morphological variability , some have claimed that not only are there subspecies but that C. porosus actually houses a species complex . In 1844 , S. Müller and H. Schlegel attempted to describe crocodiles from Java and Borneo as a new species which they named C. raninus , subsequently given the informal common names of the Indonesian crocodile or Bornean crocodile . According to Ross ( 1992 ) , specimens of C. raninus can reliably be distinguished both from Siamese crocodiles and true saltwater crocodiles on the basis of the number ventral scales and on the presence of four postoccipital scutes which are often absent in true saltwater crocodiles . Another attempt to derive a species came from Australia , Wells & Wellington ( 1985 ) , and was based upon large - bodied , relatively large - headed and short - tailed crocodiles from Australia . The type specimen reported for this so - called species was a crocodile nicknamed `` Sweetheart '' that was inadvertently killed in 1979 ( drowned after being overly - anesthetized in an attempt to relocate it after it had taken to attacking boats ) . However , this `` species '' , C. pethericki , has later been largely considered as a misinterpretation of the physiological changes undergone by very large male crocodiles . However , Wells and Wellington 's assertion that the Australian saltwater crocodiles may at least be distinctive enough from northern Asian saltwater crocodiles to warrant subspecies status , as could raninus from other Asian saltwater crocodiles , has been considered to possibly bear validity . Characteristics ( edit ) Saltwater crocodile skull from The Museum of Zoology , Russia . Note the considerably more slender skull of a gharial in the background . Head of a saltwater crocodile The saltwater crocodile has a wide snout compared to most crocodiles . However , it has a longer muzzle than the mugger crocodile ; its length is twice its width at the base . The saltwater crocodile has fewer armour plates on its neck than other crocodilians . On this species , a pair of ridges runs from the eyes along the centre of the snout . The scales are oval in shape and the scutes are either small compared to other species or commonly are entirely absent . In addition , an obvious gap is also present between the cervical and dorsal shields , and small , triangular scutes are present between the posterior edges of the large , transversely arranged scutes in the dorsal shield . The relative lack of scutes is considered an asset useful to distinguish saltwater crocodiles in captivity or in illicit leather trading , as well as in the few areas in the field where sub-adult or younger saltwater crocodiles may need to be distinguished from other crocodiles . The adult saltwater crocodile 's broad body contrasts with that of most other lean crocodiles , leading to early unverified assumptions the reptile was an alligator . The head is very large . The largest skull sized that could be scientifically verified was for a specimen in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle sourced to Cambodia , the skull length for this specimen was 76 cm ( 30 in ) ( female skull lengths of over 45 cm ( 18 in ) are exceptional ) , with a mandibular length of 98.3 cm ( 38.7 in ) and a maximum width across the skull ( near the base ) of 48 cm ( 19 in ) . The length of the specimen this came from is not known but based on skull - to - total - length ratios for very large saltwater crocodiles its length was presumably somewhere in the 7 m ( 23 ft 0 in ) range . Although it is the largest overall living crocodilian and reptile , other crocodilians may have a proportionately longer skull , namely the gharial ( Gavialis gangeticus ) and the false gharial ( Tomistoma schlegelii ) , skull lengths in the latter have been verified up to 84 cm ( 33 in ) ( the largest crocodilian skull verified for a living species ) , although both of these thin - snouted species have less massive skulls and considerably less massive bodies than the saltwater crocodile . The teeth are also long , with the largest teeth ( the fourth tooth from the front on the lower jaw ) having been measured at up to 9 cm ( 3.5 in ) in length . If detached from the body , the head of a very large male crocodile can reportedly weigh over 200 kg ( 440 lb ) alone , including the large muscles and tendons at the base of the skull that lend the crocodile its massive biting strength . Young saltwater crocodiles are pale yellow in colour with black stripes and spots on their bodies and tails . This colouration lasts for several years until the crocodiles mature into adults . The colour as an adult is much darker greenish - drab , with a few lighter tan or grey areas sometimes apparent . Several colour variations are known and some adults may retain fairly pale skin , whereas others may be so dark as to appear blackish . The ventral surface is white or yellow in colour on saltwater crocodiles of all ages . Stripes are present on the lower sides of their bodies , but do not extend onto their bellies . Their tails are grey with dark bands . Size ( edit ) Sweetheart , a large crocodile , at about 5.1 m ( 16 ft 9 in ) and scaled to weigh 816 kg ( 1,799 lb ) . At one point , Sweetheart led some authors to consider a separate Australian species of saltwater crocodile ( C. pethericki ) . Saltwater crocodiles are the largest extant riparian predators in the world . However , they start life fairly small . Newly hatched saltwater crocodiles measure about 28 cm ( 11 in ) long and weigh an average of 71 g ( 2.5 oz ) . This distinct contrast in size between hatchlings and adult males is one of the greatest in terrestrial vertebrates . Males reach sexual maturity around 3.3 m ( 10 ft 10 in ) at around 16 years of age , while females reach sexual maturity at 2.1 m ( 6 ft 11 in ) and 12 -- 14 years of age . The weight of a crocodile increases approximately cubically as length increases ( see square - cube law ) . This explains why individuals at 6 m ( 19 ft 8 in ) can weigh more than twice that of individuals at 5 m ( 16 ft ) . In crocodiles , linear growth eventually decreases and they start getting bulkier at a certain point . Dominant males also tend to outweigh others , as they maintain prime territories with access to better , more abundant prey . Male size : An adult male saltwater crocodile , from young adults to older individuals , ranges 3.5 to 6 m ( 11 ft 6 in to 19 ft 8 in ) in length , weighing 200 to 1,000 kg ( 440 -- 2,200 lb ) . On average , adult males range 4.3 to 4.9 m ( 14 ft 1 in to 16 ft 1 in ) in length and weigh 408 to 522 kg ( 899 -- 1,151 lb ) . However average size largely depends on the location , habitat , and human interactions , thus changes from one study to another , when figures of each study are viewed separately . In one case , Webb and Manolis ( 1989 ) attributed the average weight of adult males in Australian tidal rivers as only 240 to 350 kg ( 530 to 770 lb ) at lengths of 4 to 4.5 m ( 13 ft 1 in to 14 ft 9 in ) during the 1980s , possibly representing a reduced body mass due to the species being in recovery after decades of overhunting at that stage , as males this size would typically weigh about 100 kg ( 220 lb ) heavier . Rarely very large , aged males can exceed 6 m ( 19 ft 8 in ) in length and weigh over 1,000 kg ( 2,200 lb ) . The largest confirmed saltwater crocodile on record drowned in a fishing net in Papua New Guinea in 1979 , its dried skin plus head measured 6.2 m ( 20 ft 4 in ) long and it was estimated to have been 6.3 m ( 20 ft 8 in ) when accounting for shrinkage and a missing tail tip . However , according to evidence , in the form of skulls coming from some of the largest crocodiles ever shot , the maximum possible size attained by the largest members of this species is considered to be 7 m ( 23 ft 0 in ) . A governmental study from Australia accepts that the very largest members of the species are likely to measure 6 to 7 m ( 19 ft 8 in to 23 ft 0 in ) in length and weigh 900 to 1,500 kg ( 2,000 to 3,300 lb ) . Furthermore , a research paper on the morphology and physiology of crocodilians by the same organisation estimates that saltwater crocodiles reaching sizes of 7 m ( 23 ft 0 in ) would weigh around 2,000 kg ( 4,400 lb ) . Due to extensive poaching during the 20th century , such individuals are extremely rare today in most areas , as it takes a long time for the crocodiles to attain those sizes . Also , a possible earlier presence of particular genes may have led to such large - sized saltwater crocodiles , genes that were ultimately lost from the overall gene pool due to extensive hide and trophy hunting in the past . However , with recent restoration of saltwater crocodile habitat and reduced poaching , the number of large crocodiles is increasing , especially in Odisha . This species is the only extant crocodilian to regularly reach or exceed 5.2 m ( 17 ft 1 in ) . A large male from Philippines , named Lolong , was the largest saltwater crocodile ever caught and placed in captivity . He was 20 ft 3 in ( 6.17 m ) , and weighed 2,370 lbs ( 1,075 kg ) . Believed to have eaten two villagers , Lolong was captured on 3 September 2011 , and died in captivity on 10 February 2013 . Female size : Adult females typically measure from 2.7 to 3.1 m ( 8 ft 10 in to 10 ft 2 in ) in total length and weigh 76 to 103 kg ( 168 to 227 lb ) . The largest female on record measured about 4.3 m ( 14 ft 1 in ) in total length . Due to the extreme sexual dimorphism of the species as contrasted with the more modest size dimorphism of other species , the average length of the species is only slightly more than some other extant crocodilians at 3.8 -- 4 m ( 12 ft 6 in -- 13 ft 1 in ) . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Saltwater crocodile jumping up at Adelaide River Play media Video of a jumping crocodile at Adelaide River Saltwater crocodile sunning itself Estuarine crocodile tracks in East Timor Large crocodile in park The saltwater crocodile is one of the three crocodilians found in India , the other two being the more regionally widespread , smaller mugger crocodile and the narrow - snouted , fish - eating gharial . Apart from the eastern coast of India , the saltwater crocodile is extremely rare on the Indian subcontinent . A large population is present within the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary of Odisha and they are known to be present in smaller numbers throughout the Indian and Bangladeshi portions of the Sundarbans . The saltwater crocodile also persists in bordering Bangladesh as does the mugger and gharial . Populations are also present within the mangrove forests and other coastal areas of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India . Saltwater crocodiles were once present throughout most of the island of Sri Lanka , but remain mostly within protected areas such as Yala National Park , which also has a large population of mugger crocodiles . In northern Australia ( which includes the northernmost parts of the Northern Territory , Western Australia , and Queensland ) , the saltwater crocodile is thriving , particularly in the multiple river systems near Darwin such as the Adelaide , Mary , and Daly Rivers , along with their adjacent billabongs and estuaries . The saltwater crocodile population in Australia is estimated at 100,000 to 200,000 adults . In Australia , the species coexists with the smaller , narrow - snouted Johnston 's or freshwater crocodile ( C. johnstoni ) . Their range extends from Broome in Western Australia through the entire Northern Territory coast all the way south to Rockhampton in Queensland . The Alligator Rivers in the Arnhem Land region are misnamed due to the resemblance of the saltwater crocodile to alligators as compared to freshwater crocodiles , which also inhabit the Northern Territory . In New Guinea , they are also common , existing within the coastal reaches of virtually every river system in the country , such as the Fly River , along with all estuaries and mangroves , where they overlap in range but rarely in actuality or habitat with the rarer , less aggressive New Guinea crocodile ( C. novaeguineae ) . They are also present in varying numbers throughout the Bismarck Archipelago , the Kai Islands , the Aru Islands , the Maluku Islands and many other islands within the region , including Timor , and most islands within the Torres Strait . The saltwater crocodile was historically known to be widespread throughout Southeast Asia , but is now extinct throughout much of this range . This species has not been reported in the wild for decades in most of Indochina and is extinct in Thailand , Laos , Vietnam , and possibly Cambodia . The status of this species is critical within much of Myanmar , but a stable population of many large adults is present in the Irrawaddy Delta . Probably , the only country in Indochina still harbouring wild populations of this species is Myanmar . Although saltwater crocodiles were once very common in the Mekong Delta ( from where they disappeared in the 1980s ) and other river systems , the future of this species in Indochina is now looking grim . However , it is also the least likely of crocodilians to become globally extinct due to its wide distribution and almost precolonial population sizes in Northern Australia and New Guinea . The saltwater crocodile has been long extinct in China , where it inhabited the southern coastal areas from Fujian province in the north to the border of Vietnam . References to large crocodiles that preyed on both humans and livestock appeared during the Han and Song Dynasties , where it occurred in the lower Pearl River near present - day Hong Kong and Macau , the Han River , the Min River in the north , portions of coastal Guangxi province and Hainan Island . The presence of crocodiles in Fujian province represent the northernmost distribution of the species . The population is sporadic in Indonesia the Philippines and Malaysia , with some areas harbouring large populations ( Borneo and Sumatra , for example ) and others with very small , at - risk populations ( e.g. , Peninsular Malaysia ) . Despite the close proximity to the crocodile hotbed of northern Australia , crocodiles no longer exist in Bali . This species is also reportedly extinct on Lombok , Komodo , and most of Java . In the southern Malaysian Peninsula as well as Borneo , salwater crocodiles may co-exist with the relatively narrow - snouted false gharial ( as well as on Sumatra ) and the closely related but usually smaller Siamese crocodile ( as well as in Java ) . A small population may remain within Ujung Kulon National Park in western Java . The saltwater crocodile is also present in very limited parts of the South Pacific , with an average population in the Solomon Islands , a very small and soon - to - be-extinct population in Vanuatu ( where the population officially stands at only three ) and a decent but at - risk population ( which may be rebounding ) in Palau . They once ranged as far west as the east coast of Africa to the Seychelles Islands . These crocodiles were once believed to be a population of Nile crocodiles , but they were later proven to be C. porosus . On a beach in Darwin , Australia The saltwater crocodile has been extirpated from much of its former range within the Philippines and currently populations remain in only a few scattered locations . On the island of Mindanao the species is present within the Ligawasan Marsh and adjacent waterways in the southwest of the island and also within the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary in the eastern portion of the island , where in September 2011 a 20.24 foot / 6.17 meter saltwater crocodile , the largest reliably measured , was captured by locals following two fatal attacks . This species is also reported to be found within the mangroves of Languyan Island of the Tawi - Tawi province southwest of Mindanao and within the mangroves of Del Carmen municipality on Siargao Island northeast of Mindanao . On Luzon Island the species has been reported from three areas in the northeast : the Blos River of barangay Reina Mercedes , the Divilacan mangroves of barangay Dimasalansan and the Palanan River estuary of barangay Culasi . On the island of Palawan the species appears to remain within only the southern portion of the country and in recent years , attacks on humans have occurred within the Rio Tuba area near Bataraza on the southeast coast and from near Rizal on the southeastern coast . The species is also reported to be present within the islands of the Balabac Strait between the island of Palawan and the Malaysian Borneo state of Sabah . The status of the species within Naujan Lake on the island of Mindoro is unclear ; crocodile eye - shines have been spotted in recent years and these are believed to belong to the saltwater crocodile , but it is unknown whether a viable population remains . Because of its tendency to travel very long distances at sea , individual saltwater crocodiles have been known to appear occasionally in areas far away from their general range . Vagrant individuals have historically been reported on New Caledonia , Fiji , and in Asian waters possibly swam with Kuroshio Current , reaching such as at Iwo Jima , Hachijō - jima , Amami Ōshima , Iriomote - jima ( residences by several individuals along Urauchi River from Bakumatsu to Meiji until being hunted by locals were suggested ) , pelagic waters off Shima , Mie , Miura Peninsula , and even in the relatively frigid Sea of Japan ( thousands of miles from their native territory . ) In late 2008 - early 2009 , a handful of wild saltwater crocodiles were verified to be living within the river systems of Fraser Island , hundreds of kilometres from , and in much cooler water than , their normal Queensland range . These crocodiles did indeed migrate south to the island from northern Queensland during the warmer wet season and presumably returned to the north upon the seasonal temperature drop . Despite the surprise and shock within the Fraser Island public , this is apparently not new behaviour , and in the distant past , wild crocodiles had been reported appearing occasionally as far south as Brisbane during the warmer wet season . Saltwater crocodiles generally spend the tropical wet season in freshwater swamps and rivers , moving downstream to estuaries in the dry season , and sometimes travelling far out to sea . Crocodiles compete fiercely with each other for territory , with dominant males in particular occupying the most eligible stretches of freshwater creeks and streams . Junior crocodiles are thus forced into the more marginal river systems and sometimes into the ocean . This explains the large distribution of the animal ( ranging from the east coast of India to northern Australia ) , as well as its being found in the odd places on occasion ( such as the Sea of Japan ) . Like all crocodiles , they can survive for prolonged periods in only warm temperatures , and crocodiles seasonally vacate parts of Australia if cold spells hit . Biology and behaviour ( edit ) A saltwater crocodile off Maconacon The primary behaviour to distinguish the saltwater crocodile from other crocodiles is its tendency to occupy salt water . Though other crocodiles also have salt glands that enable them to survive in saltwater , a trait which alligators do not possess , most other species do not venture out to sea except during extreme conditions . The only other species to display regular seagoing behaviour is the American crocodile ( C. acutus ) , but the American version is still not considered to be as marine - prone as the saltwater crocodile . As its alternate name `` sea - going crocodile '' implies , this species travels between areas separated by sea , or simply relies on the relative ease of travelling through water in order to circumvent long distances on the same land mass , such as Australia . In a similar fashion to migratory birds using thermal columns , saltwater crocodiles use ocean currents to travel long distances . In a study , 20 crocodiles were tagged with satellite transmitters ; 8 of these crocodiles ventured out into open ocean , in which one of them travelled 590 km ( 370 mi ) along the coast -- from the North Kennedy River on eastern coast of Far North Queensland , around Cape York Peninsula , to the west coast in the Gulf of Carpentaria -- in 25 days . Another specimen , a 4.84 m ( 15 ft 11 in ) - long male , travelled 411 km ( 255 mi ) in 20 days . Without having to move around much , sometimes simply by floating , the current - riding behaviour allows for the conservation of energy . They will even interrupt their travels , residing in sheltered bays for a few days , when the current is against the desired direction of travel , until the current changes direction . Saltwater crocodiles also travel up and down in river systems , periodically . An adult saltwater crocodile swimming through a swamp . While most crocodilians are social animals sharing basking spots and food , saltwater crocodiles are more territorial and are less tolerant of their own kind ; adult males will share territory with females , but drive off rival males . Saltwater crocodiles mate in the wet season , laying eggs in a nest consisting of a mound of mud and vegetation . The female guards the nest and hatchlings from predators . Generally very lethargic , a trait which helps it survive months at a time without food , the saltwater crocodile will usually loiter in the water or bask in the sun during much of the day , preferring to hunt at night . A study of seasonal saltwater crocodile behaviour in Australia indicated that they are more active and more likely to spend time in the water during the Australian summer ; conversely , they are less active and spend relatively more time basking in the sun during the winter . Saltwater crocodiles , however , are among the most active of all crocodilians , spending more time cruising and active , especially in water . They are much less terrestrial than most species of crocodiles , spending less time on land except for basking . At times , they tend to spend weeks at sea in search of land and in some cases , barnacles have been observed growing on crocodile scales , indicative of the long periods they spend at sea . Saltwater crocodile with a GPS - based satellite transmitter attached to its head for tracking Despite their relative lethargy , saltwater crocodiles are agile predators and display surprising agility and speed when necessary , usually during strikes at prey . They are capable of explosive bursts of speed when launching an attack from the water . They can also swim at 15 to 18 mph ( 24 to 29 km / h ) in short bursts , around three times as fast as the fastest human swimmers , but when cruising , they usually go at 2 to 3 mph ( 3.2 to 4.8 km / h ) . However , stories of crocodiles being faster than a race horse for short distances across land are little more than urban legend . At the water 's edge , however , where they can combine propulsion from both feet and tail , their speed can be explosive . While crocodilian brains are much smaller than those of mammals ( as low as 0.05 % of body weight in the saltwater crocodile ) , saltwater crocodiles are capable of learning difficult tasks with very little conditioning , learning to track the migratory route of their prey as the seasons change , and may possess a deeper communication ability than currently accepted . Hunting and diet ( edit ) Feeding young adult in captivity , Western Australia Like most species in the crocodilians family , saltwater crocodiles are not fastidious in their choice of food , and readily vary their prey selection according to availability , nor are they voracious , as they are able to survive on relatively little food for a prolonged period . Because of their size and distribution , saltwater crocodiles hunt the broadest range of prey species of any modern crocodilian . The diet of hatchling , juvenile and subadult saltwater crocodiles has been subject to extensively greater scientific study than that of fully - grown crocodiles , in large part due to the aggression , territoriality and size of adults which make them difficult for biologists to handle without significant risk to safety , for both humans and the crocodiles themselves ; the main method used for capturing adult saltwater crocodiles is a huge pole with large hooks meant for shark capture which restrict the crocodile 's jaws but can cause damage to their snouts and even this is unproven to allow successful capture for crocodiles in excess of 4 m ( 13 ft 1 in ) . While for example 20th century biological studies rigorously cataloged the stomach contents of `` sacrificed '' adult Nile crocodiles in Africa , few such studies were done on behalf of saltwater crocodiles despite the plethora that were slaughtered due to the leather trade during that time period . Therefore , the diet of adults is more likely to be based on reliable eye - witness accounts . Hatchlings are restricted to feeding on smaller animals , such as small fish , frogs , insects and small aquatic invertebrates . In addition to these prey , juveniles also take a variety of freshwater and saltwater fish , various amphibians , crustaceans , molluscs , such as large gastropods and cephalopods , birds , small to medium - sized mammals , and other reptiles , such as snakes and lizards . When crocodiles obtain a length of more than 1.2 m ( 3.9 ft ) , the significance of small invertebrate prey fades in favor of small vertebrates including fish and smaller mammals and birds . The larger the animal grows , the greater the variety of its diet , although relatively small prey are taken throughout its lifetime . Among crustacean prey , large mud crabs of the genus Scylla are frequently consumed , especially in mangrove habitats . Ground - living birds , such as the emu ( Dromaius novaehollandiae ) and different kinds of water birds , especially the magpie goose ( Anseranas semipalmata ) , are the most commonly preyed upon birds , due to the increased chance of encounter . Even swift - flying birds and bats may be snatched if close to the surface of water , as well as wading birds while these are patrolling the shore looking for food , even down to the size of a common sandpiper ( Actitis hypoleucos ) . Mammalian prey of juveniles and subadults are usually as large as the smaller species of ungulates , such as the greater mouse - deer ( Tragulus napu ) and hog deer ( Hyelaphus porcinus ) . Various mammalian species including monkeys ( i.e. crab - eating macaques ( Macaca fascicularis ) , long - tailed macaques ( M. fascicularis ) & proboscis monkeys ( Nasalis larvatus ) , ) , gibbons , wallabies , mongoose , civets , jackals ( Canis ssp . ) , turtles , flying foxes ( Pteropus ssp . ) , hares ( Lepus ssp . ) , rodents , badgers , otters , fishing cats ( Prionailurus viverrinus ) and chevrotains are readily taken when encountered . A rare incidence of an adult , 2.6 m Saltwater Crocodile preying on an Indian Porcupine ( Hystrix indica ) was reported from Sri Lanka . Unlike fish , crabs and aquatic creatures , mammals and birds are usually found only sporadically in or next to water so crocodiles seem to search for places where such prey may be concentrated , i.e. the water under a tree holding a flying fox colony or spots where herds of water buffaloes feed , in order to capture small animals disturbed by the buffalo or ( if a large adult crocodile is hunting ) weaker members of the buffalo herd . Studies have shown that unlike freshwater crocodiles ( which can easily die from eating poisonous toads ) , saltwater crocodiles are partially resistant to cane toad ( Rhinella marina ) toxins and can consume them but in only small quantities and not enough to provide effective natural control for this virulent introduced pest . Large crocodiles , even the oldest males , do not ignore small species , especially those without developed escape abilities , when the opportunity arises . On the other hand , sub-adult saltwater crocodiles weighing only 8.7 to 15.8 kg ( 19 to 35 lb ) ( and measuring 1.36 to 1.79 m ( 4 ft 6 in to 5 ft 10 in ) ) have been recorded killing and eating goats ( Capra aegagrus hircus ) weighing 50 to 92 % of their own body mass in Orissa , India , so are capable of attacking large prey from an early age . It was found the diet of specimens in juvenile to subadult range , since they feed on any animals up to their own size practically no matter how small , was more diverse than that of adults which often ignored all prey below a certain size limit . C. porosus tearing apart a pig carcass for consumption Large animals taken by adult crocodiles include sambar deer ( Rusa unicolor ) , wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) , Malayan tapirs ( Tapirus indicus ) , kangaroos , humans , orangutans ( Pongo ssp . ) , dingos ( Canis lupus dingo ) , tigers ( Panthera tigris ) , and large bovines , such as banteng ( Bos javanicus ) , water buffalo ( Bubalus arnee ) , and gaur ( Bos gaurus ) . However , larger animals are taken only sporadically due to the fact only large males typically attack very large prey and large ungulates and other sizeable wild mammals are only sparsely distributed in this species ' range , outside of a few key areas such as the Sundarbans . Off - setting this , goats , water buffalo and wild boar / pigs have been introduced to many of the areas occupied by saltwater crocodiles and returned to feral states to varying degrees and thus can amply support large crocodiles . Any type of domestic livestock , such as chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) , sheep ( Ovis aries ) , pigs , horses ( Equus ferus caballus ) and cattle ( Bos primigenius taurus ) , and domesticated animals / pets may be eaten if given the opportunity . As a seagoing species , the saltwater crocodile also preys on a variety of saltwater bony fish and other marine animals , including sea snakes , sea turtles , sea birds , dugongs ( Dugong dugon ) , rays ( including large sawfish ) , and small sharks . Most witnessed acts of predation on marine animals have occurred in coastal waters or within sight of land , with female sea turtles and their babies caught during mating season when the turtles are closer to shore and bull sharks being the only largish shark with a strong propensity to patrol brackish and fresh waters . However , there is evidence that saltwater crocodiles do hunt while out in the open seas , based upon the remains of pelagic fishes that dwell only miles away from land being found in their stomachs . The hunting methods utilized by saltwater crocodiles are indistinct from any other crocodilian , with the hunting crocodile submerging and quietly swimming over to the prey before pouncing upwards striking suddenly . Unlike some other crocodilians , such as alligators and even Nile crocodiles , they are not known to have hunted on dry land . Young saltwater crocodiles are capable of breaching their entire body into the air in a single upward motion while hunting prey that may be perched on low hanging branches . While hunting rhesus macaques , crocodiles have been seen to knock the monkeys off a bank by knocking them with their tail , forcing the macaque into water for easy consumption . However , whether tail use in hunting is intentional or just an accidental benefit is not definitely clear . As with other crocodilians , their sharp , peg - like teeth are well - suited to seize and tightly grip prey , but not designed to shear flesh . Small prey are simply swallowed whole , while larger animals are forcibly dragged into deep water and drowned or crushed . Large prey is then torn into manageable pieces by `` death rolling '' ( the spinning of the crocodile to twist off hunks of meat ) or by sudden jerks of the head . Occasionally , food items will be stored for later consumption once a crocodile eats its fill , although this can lead to scavenging by interlopers such as monitor lizards . Bite ( edit ) Regression of mean body mass and bite force of C. porosus Saltwater crocodiles , even adults , can breach out of the water in upwards direction to capture food , although are most often seen to do so when coerced by bait , as seen here Saltwater crocodiles have the strongest bite of any animal today . A 4.59 m ( 15.1 ft ) - long saltwater crocodile has been confirmed as having the highest bite force ever recorded for an animal in a laboratory setting , with a bite force value of 16,414 N ( 1,673.8 kgf ) ( surpassing the previous record of 13,172 N ( 1,343.2 kgf ) made by an American alligator ( Alligator mississippinesis ) ) . Based on the regression of mean body mass and mean bite force , the bite forces of multiple crocodile species , 1,308 kg ( 2,884 lb ) individuals were estimated at 27,531 N ( 2,807.4 kgf ) to 34,424 N ( 3,510.3 kgf ) . The extraordinary bite of crocodilians is a result of their anatomy . The space for the jaw muscle in the skull is very large , which is easily visible from the outside as a bulge at each side . The nature of the muscle is extremely stiff , almost as hard as bone to the touch , such that it can appear to be the continuum of the skull . Another trait is that most of the muscle in a crocodile 's jaw is arranged for clamping down . Despite the strong muscles to close the jaw , crocodiles have extremely small and weak muscles to open the jaw . The jaws of a crocodile can be securely shut with several layers of duct tape . Reproduction ( edit ) Saltwater crocodiles go through numerous physiological changes as they mature . Pictured here is a hatchling age or baby crocodile . Seen here is a juvenile crocodile , which grows considerably in length over several years but is easily distinguished by slender build and size . A saltwater crocodile in the subadult age range at Gembira Loka Zoo , similar but not as robust and relatively small - headed compared to adults . Saltwater crocodiles mate in the wet season , when water levels are at their highest . In Australia , the male and female engage in courtship in September and October , and the female lays eggs between November and March . It is possible the rising temperatures of the wet season provoke reproductive behaviour in this species . While crocodilians generally nest every year , there have been several recorded cases of female saltwater crocodiles nesting only every other year and also records of a female attempting to produce two broods in a single wet season . The female selects the nesting site , and both parents will defend the nesting territory , which is typically a stretch of shore along tidal rivers or freshwater areas , especially swamps . Nests are often in a surprisingly exposed location , often in mud with little to no vegetation around , and thus limited protection from the sun and wind . The nest is a mound of mud and vegetation , usually measuring 175 cm ( 69 in ) long and 53 cm ( 21 in ) high , with an entrance averaging 160 cm ( 63 in ) in diameter . Some nests in unlikely habitats have occurred , such as rocky rubble or in a damp low - grass field . The female crocodile usually scratches a layer of leaves and other debris around the nest entrance and this covering is reported to produce an `` astonishing '' amount of warmth for the eggs ( coincidentally these nesting habits are similar to those of the birds known as megapodes that nest in upland areas of the same Australasian regions where saltwater crocodiles are found ) . The female typically lays from 40 to 60 eggs , but some clutches have included up to 90 . The eggs measure on average 8 by 5 cm ( 3.1 by 2.0 in ) and weigh 113 g ( 4.0 oz ) on average in Australia and 121 g ( 4.3 oz ) in India . These are relatively small , as the average female saltwater crocodile weighs around five times as much as a freshwater crocodile , but lays eggs that are only about 20 % larger in measurement and 40 % heavier than those of the smaller species . The average weight of a new hatchling in Australia is reportedly 69.4 g ( 2.45 oz ) . Although the female guards the nest for 80 to 98 days ( in extreme high and low cases from 75 to 106 days ) , the loss of eggs is often high due to flooding and occasionally to predation . As in all crocodilians , the sex of the hatchlings is determined by temperature . At 28 -- 30 degrees all hatchlings will be female , at 30 -- 32 degrees 86 % of hatchlings are male , and at 33 or more degrees predominantly female ( 84 % ) . In Australia , goannas ( Varanus giganteus ) commonly eat freshwater crocodile eggs ( feeding on up to 95 % of the clutch if discovered ) , but are relatively unlikely to eat saltwater crocodile eggs due to the vigilance of the imposing mother , with about 25 % of the eggs being lost to goannas ( less than half as many Nile crocodile eggs are estimated to be eaten by monitors in Africa ) . A majority of the loss of eggs of saltwater crocodiles occurs due to flooding of the nest hole . Wild adult female saltwater crocodile . As in all crocodilian species , the female saltwater crocodile exhibits a remarkable level of maternal care for a reptile . She excavates the nest in response to `` yelping '' calls from the hatchlings , and even gently rolls eggs in her mouth to assist hatching . The female will then carry the hatchlings to water in her mouth ( as Nile crocodile and American alligator females have been observed doing when their eggs hatch ) and remains with the young for several months . Despite her diligence , losses of baby crocodiles are heavy due to various predators and unrelated crocodiles of their own species . Only approximately 1 % of the hatchlings will survive to adulthood . By crocodilian standards , saltwater crocodile hatchlings are exceptionally aggressive to one another and will often fight almost immediately after being transported to water by their mother . The young naturally start to disperse after around 8 months , and start to exhibit territorial behaviour at around 2.5 - years - old . They are the most territorial of extant crocodilians and , due to their aggressiveness to conspecifics , from the dispersed immature stage on , they are never seen in concentrations or loose groups as are most other crocodilians . However , even females will not reach proper sexual maturity for another 10 years . Saltwater crocodiles that survive to adulthood can attain a very long lifespan , with an estimated life expectancy upwards of 70 years , and some individuals possibly exceed 100 years , although no such extreme ages have been verified for any crocodilian . While adults have few predators , baby saltwater crocodiles may fall prey to monitor lizards ( occasionally , but not commonly , the numerous goanna in Australia , and the Asian water monitor ( Varanus salvator ) further north ) , predatory fish ( especially the barramundi ( Lates calcarifer ) ) , wild boars , rats , various aquatic and raptorial birds ( e.g. black - necked storks ( Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus ) and white - bellied sea eagles ( Haliaeetus leucogaster ) ) , pythons , larger crocodiles , and many other predators . Pigs and cattle also occasionally inadvertently trample eggs and nests on occasion and degrade habitat quality where found in numbers . Juveniles may also fall prey to tigers and leopards ( Panthera pardus ) in certain parts of their range , although encounters between these predators are rare , and cats are likely to avoid areas with saltwater crocodiles . Conservation status ( edit ) Saltwater crocodile The species is considered of minimal concern for extinction . Currently , the species is listed in CITES as follows : Appendix I ( prohibiting all commercial trade in the species or its byproducts ) : All wild populations except for those of Australia , Indonesia and Papua New Guinea ; Appendix II ( commercial trade allowed with export permit ; import permits may or may not be required depending on the laws of the importing country ) : Australia , Indonesia and Papua New Guinea wild populations , plus all worldwide populations bred in captivity for commercial purposes . The saltwater crocodile was often hunted for its meat and eggs , and its skin is the most commercially valuable of any crocodilian . Unregulated hunting during the 20th century caused a dramatic decline in the species throughout its range , with the population in northern Australia reduced by 95 % by 1971 . The years from 1940 to 1970 were the peak of unregulated hunting and may have regionally caused irreparable damage to saltwater crocodile populations . The species currently has full legal protection in all Australian states and territories where it is found -- Western Australia ( since 1970 ) , Northern Territory ( since 1971 ) and Queensland ( since 1974 ) . Illegal hunting still persists in some areas , with protection in some countries being grossly ineffective , and trade is often difficult to monitor and control over such a vast range . However , many areas have not recovered ; some population surveys have shown that although young crocodiles are present , fewer than 10 % of specimens spotted are in adult size range and include no particularly large males , such as Sri Lanka or the Republic of Palau . This is indicative of both potential continued persecution and exploitation and a non-recovered breeding population . In a more balanced population , such as those from Bhitarkanika National Park or Sabah , Malaysia , 28 % and 24.2 % of specimens observed were in the adult size range of more than 3 m ( 9 ft 10 in ) . Habitat loss continues to be a major problem for the species . In northern Australia , much of the nesting habitat of the saltwater crocodile is susceptible to trampling by feral water buffalo , although buffalo eradication programs have now reduced this problem considerably . Even where large areas of suitable habitat remain , subtle habitat alterations can be a problem , such as in the Andaman Islands , where freshwater areas , used for nesting , are being increasingly converted to human agriculture . After the commercial value of crocodile skins waned , perhaps the greatest immediate challenge to implementing conservation efforts has been the occasional danger the species can pose to humans , and the resulting negative view of the crocodile . Relationship with humans ( edit ) Attacks on humans ( edit ) Of all the crocodilians , the saltwater crocodile has the strongest tendency to treat humans as prey , and has a long history of attacking humans who unknowingly venture into its territory . As a result of its power , intimidating size and speed , survival of a direct predatory attack is unlikely if the crocodile is able to make direct contact . By contrast to the American policy of encouraging a certain degree of habitat coexistence with alligators , the only recommended policy for dealing with saltwater crocodiles is to completely avoid their habitat whenever possible , as they are exceedingly aggressive when encroached upon . No Swimming sign used by Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory . Exact data on attacks are limited outside Australia , where one or two fatal attacks are reported per year . From 1971 to 2013 , the total number of fatalities reported in Australia due to saltwater crocodile attack was 106 . The low level of attacks may be due to extensive efforts by wildlife officials in Australia to post crocodile warning signs at numerous at - risk billabongs , rivers , lakes and beaches . Less - publicised attacks have been reported in Borneo , Sumatra , Eastern India ( Andaman Islands ) , and Burma . In Sarawak , Borneo , the average number of fatal attacks is reportedly 2.8 annually for the years from 2000 to 2003 . In the Northern Territory in Australia , attempts have been made to relocate saltwater crocodiles who have displayed aggressive behaviour towards humans but these have proven ineffective as the problem crocodiles are apparently able to find their way back towards their original territories . In the Darwin area from 2007 -- 2009 , 67 -- 78 % of `` problem crocodiles '' were identified as males . Many attacks in areas outside Australia are believed to go unreported , with one study positing up to 20 to 30 attacks occur every year . This number may be conservative in light of several areas where humans and saltwater crocodiles co-exist in relatively undeveloped , low - economy and rural regions , where attacks are likely to go unreported . However , claims in the past that saltwater crocodiles are responsible for thousands of human fatalities annually are likely to have been exaggerations and were probably falsified to benefit leather companies , hunting organizations and other sources which may have benefited from maximizing the negative perception of crocodiles for financial gain . Although it does not pay to underestimate such a formidable predator , one that has no reason to not view humans as prey , many wild saltwater crocodiles are normally quite wary of humans and will go out of their way to submerge and swim away from them , even large adult males , if previously subject to harassment or persecution . Some attacks on humans appear to be territorial rather than predatory in nature , with crocodiles over two years in age often attacking anything that comes into their area ( including boats ) . Humans can usually escape alive from such encounters , which comprise about half of all attacks . Non-fatal attacks usually involve crocodiles of 3 m ( 9 ft 10 in ) or less in length . Fatal attacks , more likely to be predatory in motivation , commonly involve larger crocodiles with an average estimated size of 4.3 m ( 14 ft 1 in ) . Under normal circumstances , Nile crocodiles are believed to be responsible for a considerably greater number of fatal attacks on humans than saltwater crocodiles , but this may have more to do with the fact that many people in Africa tend to rely on riparian areas for their livelihood , which is less prevalent in most of Asia and certainly less so in Australia . In the Andaman Islands , the number of fatal attacks on humans has reportedly increased , the reason inferred due to habitat destruction and reduction of natural prey . During the Japanese retreat in the Battle of Ramree Island on 19 February 1945 , saltwater crocodiles may have been responsible for the deaths of over 400 Japanese soldiers . British soldiers encircled the swampland through which the Japanese were retreating , condemning the Japanese to a night in the mangroves , which were home to thousands of saltwater crocodiles . Many Japanese soldiers did not survive this night , but their death mainly as a result of crocodile attacks has been doubted . Another reported mass attack reportedly involve a cruise in eastern India where a boat accident forced 28 people into the water where they were reportedly consumed by saltwater crocodiles . Another notorious crocodile attack was in 1985 , on ecofeminist Val Plumwood , who survived the attack . In July 2018 , a 600 - strong mob slaughtered 292 saltwater crocodiles in Papua province in Indonesia in a revenge attack after a man who encroached the sanctuary was devoured . Cultural references ( edit ) 1948 postage stamp depicting an aboriginal artwork of the saltwater crocodile According to Wondjina , the mythology of Indigenous Australians , the saltwater crocodile was banished from the fresh water for becoming full of bad spirits and growing too large , unlike the freshwater crocodile , which was somewhat revered . As such , Aboriginal rock art depicting the saltwater crocodile is rare , although examples of up to 3,000 years old can be found in caves in Kakadu and Arnhem land , roughly matching the species distribution . The species is frequently depicted in contemporary aboriginal art . The species is featured on several postage stamps , including an 1894 State of North Borneo 12 - cent stamp ; a 1948 Australian 2 shilling stamp depicting an aboriginal rock artwork of the species ; a 1966 Republic of Indonesia stamp ; a 1994 Palau 20 - cent stamp ; a 1997 Australian 22 - cent stamp ; and a 2005 1 Malaysian ringgit postage stamp . The species has featured in contemporary Australian film and television including the `` Crocodile '' Dundee series of films and The Crocodile Hunter television series . There are now several saltwater crocodile - themed parks in Australia . The crocodile is considered to be holy on Timor . According to legend , the island was formed by a giant crocodile . The Papuan people have a similar and very involved myth and traditionally the crocodile was described as a relative ( normally a father or grandfather ) . Examples of large unconfirmed saltwater crocodiles ( edit ) Large saltwater crocodiles have always attracted mainstream attention throughout the ages , and have suffered from all sorts of big fish stories and hunter tales , due to man 's desire to find the largest of any given thing . Therefore , the largest size recorded for a saltwater crocodile has always been a subject of considerable controversy . The reason behind unverified sizes is either the case of insufficient / inconclusive data or exaggeration from a folkloric point of view . This section is dedicated to examples of the largest saltwater crocodiles recorded outside scientific norms measurement and estimation , with the aim of satisfying the public interest without creating data pollution , as well as serving an educational purpose of guiding the reader to separate fact from possible fiction . Below , in descending order starting from the largest , are some examples of large unconfirmed saltwater crocodiles , recorded throughout history . A crocodile shot in the Bay of Bengal in 1840 was reported at 10.1 m ( 33 ft 2 in ) . Furthermore , this specimen was claimed to have a belly girth of 4.17 m ( 13 ft 8 in ) and a body mass estimated 3,000 kg ( 6,600 lb ) . However , the skull of this specimen was examined by Guinness Records and found to be only 66.5 cm ( 26.2 in ) in length , indicating the above size was considerably exaggerated and the animal would have probably measured no more than 5.89 m ( 19 ft 4 in ) . James R. Montgomery , who ran a plantation near to the Lower Kinabatangan Segama Wetlands in Borneo from 1926 to 1932 , claimed to have netted , killed , and examined numerous crocodiles well over 6.1 m ( 20 ft 0 in ) there , including a specimen he claims measured 10 m ( 32 ft 10 in ) . However , no one scientifically confirmed any of Montgomery 's specimens and no voucher specimens are known . A crocodile shot in Queensland in 1957 , nicknamed Krys the croc ( named after the woman that shot the crocodile in July 1957 ; Krystina Pawlowski ) , was reported to be 8.63 m ( 28 ft 4 in ) long , but no verified measurements were made and no remains of this crocodile exist . A `` replica '' of this crocodile has been made as a tourist attraction . A crocodile killed in 1823 at Jalajala on the main island of Luzon in the Philippines was reported at 8.2 m ( 26 ft 11 in ) . However the skull of the specimen is 66.5 cm ( 26.2 in ) long indicating an animal of approximately 6.1 m ( 20 ft 0 in ) . A crocodile shot in Odisha , India , was claimed to measure 7.6 m ( 24 ft 11 in ) in life , but it 's skull , when given scholarly examination , was thought to have come from a crocodile of a length no greater than 7 m ( 23 ft 0 in ) . A reported 7.6 m ( 24 ft 11 in ) crocodile was killed in the Hooghly River in the Alipore District of Calcutta . However , examinations of the animal 's skull , one of the largest skulls known to exist for the species at 75 cm ( 30 in ) long , actually indicating it could have measured 6.7 m ( 22 ft 0 in ) . In 2006 , Guinness accepted a 7.01 m ( 23 ft 0 in ) , 2,000 - kg ( 4,400 - lb ) male saltwater crocodile living within Bhitarkanika Park in Odisha . Due to the difficulty of trapping and measuring a very large living crocodile , the accuracy of these dimensions is yet to be verified . These observations and estimations have been made by park officials over the course of ten years , from 2006 to 2016 , however , regardless of the skill of the observers it can not be compared to a verified tape measurement , especially considering the uncertainty inherent in visual size estimation in the wild . In addition , this region may contain up to four other specimens measuring over 6.1 m ( 20 ft 0 in ) . S. Baker ( 1874 ) claimed that in Sri Lanka in the 1800s , specimens measuring 6.7 m ( 22 ft 0 in ) or more were commonplace . However , the largest specimen killed on the island that was considered authentic by Guinness Records was a suspected man - eater killed in the Eastern Province and measuring exactly 6 m ( 19 ft 8 in ) in length . The record size for a crocodile from Papua New Guinea to be considered authentic by Guinness was a 6.32 m ( 20 ft 9 in ) specimen shot by Herb Schweighofer in May 1966 along the northeastern coast . This specimen had a belly girth of 2.74 m ( 9 ft 0 in ) . See also ( edit ) Crocodile attack Crocodiles in India Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Crocodile Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Crocodylus porosus '' . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 1996 : e. T5668A11503588 . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 1996. RLTS. T5668A11503588. en . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , G.R. ( 1974 ) . `` The marine crocodile , Crocodylus porosus , from Ponape , Eastern Caroline Islands , with notes on food habits of crocodiles from the Palau Archipelago '' . 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Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2018/07/16/a-crocodile-killed-an-indonesian-man-so-his-village-slaughtered-nearly-300-crocodiles/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.ce8ff0065403 Jump up ^ `` Historical Feature -- Aboriginal Dreamtime Legends '' . Australianstamp.com. 5 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Fijn , N. ( 2013 ) . `` Living with crocodiles : engagement with a powerful reptilian being '' . Animal Studies Journal . 2 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 27 . Jump up ^ `` Monster croc ? Welcome to my nightmare '' . The Sunday Mail . news.com.au. 28 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Reid , Robert ( 28 November 2008 ) . `` Death of a monster '' . The Australian . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` QLD -- NORMANTON -- Home of largest Crocodile ever shot ! '' . Give An Aussie A Go . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Krys the crocodile , Normanton , Queensland : : Backyard '' . abc.net.au. 6 January 2004 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Saltwater Crocodiles , Saltwater Crocodile Pictures , Saltwater Crocodile Facts -- National Geographic '' . Animals.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guinness : India Park Home to World 's Largest Crocodile '' . UnderwaterTimes.com . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crocodilian Biology Database . FAQ '' . Crocodilian.com . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Bayliss , P. ( 1987 ) . Survey methods and monitoring within crocodile management programmes . Surrey Beatty & Sons , Chipping Norton , pages 157 -- 175 Jump up ^ Mishra , Braja Kishore ( 14 June 2006 ) . `` World 's Largest Reptile Found in India '' . ohmynews.com . External Links ( edit ) Wikispecies has information related to Crocodylus porosus Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crocodylus porosus . Fisheries Western Australia -- Estuarine Crocodile Fact Sheet Saltwater crocodiles in freedom : Authentic pictures and descriptions Comprehensive Saltwater Crocodile web site unique information , plentiful images and video presentations Saltwater crocodile calls from Dr. Britton 's crocodilian.com site Brief discussion from Dr. Britton and others discussing dromaeosaurid intelligence <Th_colspan="2"> Extant Crocodilian species <Td_colspan="2"> Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia ( unranked ) : Archosauria Superorder : Crocodylomorpha <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Family Gavialidae <Td_colspan="2"> Gavialis Gharial ( G. gangeticus ) Tomistoma False gharial ( T. schlegelii ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Family Alligatoridae <Td_colspan="2"> Alligatorinae ( Alligators ) Alligator American alligator ( A. mississippiensis ) Chinese alligator ( A. sinensis ) Caimaninae ( Caimans ) Caiman Broad - snouted caiman ( C. latirostris ) Spectacled caiman ( C. crocodilus ) Yacare caiman ( C. yacare ) Melanosuchus Black caiman ( M. niger ) Paleosuchus Cuvier 's dwarf caiman ( P. palpebrosus ) Smooth - fronted caiman ( P. trigonatus ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Family Crocodylidae ( Crocodiles ) <Td_colspan="2"> Crocodylinae Crocodylus American crocodile ( C. acutus ) Slender - snouted crocodile ( C. cataphractus ) Orinoco crocodile ( C. intermedius ) Freshwater crocodile ( C. johnsoni ) Philippine crocodile ( C. mindorensis ) Morelet 's crocodile ( C. moreletii ) Nile crocodile ( C. niloticus ) New Guinea crocodile ( C. novaeguineae ) Mugger crocodile ( C. palustris ) Saltwater crocodile ( C. porosus ) Cuban crocodile ( C. rhombifer ) Siamese crocodile ( C. siamensis ) West African crocodile ( C. suchus ) Osteolaemus Dwarf crocodile ( O. tetraspis ) <Th_colspan="2"> Related articles on alligators , caimans , crocodiles and gharials Topics Crocodilian armor Foramen of Panizza Gastralium List of crurotarsan genera Madras Crocodile Bank Trust The Croc Festival Human interaction Fatal alligator attacks Crocodile attacks Crocodile farm Crocodile tears Famous crocodiles and alligators Sewer alligator Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q182599 Wikispecies : Crocodylus porosus ADW : Crocodylus_porosus ARKive : crocodylus - porosus EoL : 454963 Fossilworks : 190802 GBIF : 2441333 iNaturalist : 26068 IRMNG : 10367648 ITIS : 174364 IUCN : 5668 NBN : NHMSYS0000375483 NCBI : 8502 Species+ : 8560 WoRMS : 344030 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saltwater_crocodile&oldid=855135738 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Crocodylidae Marine crocodylomorphs Reptiles of Southeast Asia Reptiles of Bangladesh Reptiles of Brunei Reptiles of Cambodia Reptiles of India Reptiles of Indonesia Reptiles of Malaysia Reptiles of Myanmar Reptiles of Papua New Guinea Reptiles of the Philippines Reptiles of Sri Lanka Reptiles of Thailand Reptiles of Vietnam Reptiles of Western Australia Reptiles of the Solomon Islands Fauna of Palau Fauna of the Lesser Sunda Islands Reptiles described in 1801 Extant Zanclean first appearances Pliocene reptiles of Asia Quaternary reptiles of Asia Crocodiles of Australia Crocodilians of Asia Hidden categories : EngvarB from February 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 05 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Saltwater crocodile size and characteristics
2. Distribution and habitat of saltwater crocodile
3. Hunting and diet of saltwater crocodile
4. Conservation status of saltwater crocodile
5. Relationship with humans and attacks on humans |
8,461,681,373,523,020,000 | where did the name nanaimo bar come from | Nanaimo bar - wikipedia Nanaimo bar Jump to : navigation , search Nanaimo bar <Td_colspan="2"> Alternative names Mabel bars , W.I. bars Course Dessert Place of origin Canada Region or state Nanaimo , British Columbia Main ingredients Crumb , icing , chocolate Variations Many types of crumb and icing <Td_colspan="2"> Cookbook : Nanaimo bar Media : Nanaimo bar The Nanaimo bar / nəˈnaɪmoʊˌbɑːr / is a dessert item of Canadian origin . It is a bar dessert which requires no baking and is named after the city of Nanaimo , British Columbia on Vancouver Island . It consists of three layers : a wafer and coconut crumb - base , custard flavoured butter icing in the middle and a layer of chocolate ganache on top . Many varieties exist , consisting of different types of crumb , different flavours of icing ( e.g. , mint , peanut butter , coconut , mocha ) , and different types of chocolate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Popularity 3 See also 4 References Origins ( edit ) The earliest confirmed printed copy of the recipe using the name `` Nanaimo bars '' appears in the Edith Adams ' prize cookbook ( 14th edition ) from 1953 . A copy of the book is on view at the Nanaimo museum . However , following research into the origins of Nanaimo bars , Lenore Newman writes that the same recipe was published in the Vancouver Sun earlier that same year under the name `` London Fog Bar '' . The recipe later also appears in a publication entitled His / Her Favourite Recipes , Compiled by the Women 's Association of the Brechin United Church ( 1957 ) , with the recipe submitted by Joy Wilgress , a Baltimore , Maryland , native . ( Brechin United Church is in Nanaimo . ) This recipe is also reprinted in Kim Blank 's book , Sex , Life Itself , and the Original Nanaimo Bar Recipe . In 1954 the recipe `` Mabel 's Squares '' was published in The Country Woman 's Favorite by the Upper Gloucester Women 's Institute ( New Brunswick ) . The recipe was submitted by Mrs. Harold Payne , the daughter of Mabel ( Knowles ) Scott ( 1883 - 1957 ) . The ingredients list , quantities , and fabrication closely match the recipe found on the City of Nanaimo 's website . The first printing of recipes featuring Nanaimo bar ingredients is found in the 1952 Women 's Auxiliary to the Nanaimo Hospital Cookbook , which features three nearly identical recipes that differ only slightly from the modern Nanaimo bar . They are referred to as the `` chocolate square '' or the `` chocolate slice '' . History moves to firmer ground when Vancouver caterer , chef , and Lazy Gourmet cookbook writer Susan Mendelson is credited with raising the bar to cult status and expanding its potential to include mocha and other versions . Mint flavouring created a fresh variant . Other riffs on the original led to blondies topped with white chocolate . Other unconfirmed references date the bar back to the 1930s , when it was said to be known locally as `` chocolate fridge cake '' . One modern reference even refers to the bars ' existing in nineteenth century Nanaimo . Popularity ( edit ) Close - up The popularity of the bar in Nanaimo led local residents to mobilise to have it voted `` Canada 's Favourite Confection '' in a National Post reader survey . In 1985 , Mayor Graeme Roberts initiated a contest to find the ultimate Nanaimo bar recipe . The recipe submitted by Joyce Hardcastle , a resident of Nanaimo , was unanimously selected by a panel of judges . Recipes for similar desserts are found in various places , under various names , in North America and Europe . The designation `` Nanaimo bar '' is Canadian , and appears in the Canadian Oxford Dictionary , but not in other language or dialect versions . An episode from the first season of MasterChef Canada featured an elimination challenge where competitors made desserts inspired by Nanaimo bars , chosen among three Canadian desserts . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of desserts References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nanaimo bar . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Lenore Lauri ( 2014 ) . `` Notes from the Nanaimo bar trail '' . Canadian Food Studies . 1 ( 1 ) : 10 -- 19 . doi : 10.15353 / cfs - rcea. v1i1. 11 . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ His / Her Favourite Recipes , Compiled by the Women 's Association of the Brechin United Church , p. 52 Jump up ^ Kim Blank , Sex , Life Itself , and the Original Nanaimo Bar Recipe , Umberto Press , 1999 , pp. 127 -- 29 Jump up ^ `` The Country Woman 's Favorite '' . University of Guelph , McLaughlin Library . ( Call number : TX715. 6 C687 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Country Woman 's Favorite '' . Library and Archives Canada / Bibliothèque et Archives Canada . ( Call number : TX715. 6 C6959 1954 ) . Jump up ^ `` Nanaimo Bars '' . Nanaimo Hotel . January 2005 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Matt Preston ( August 9 , 2005 ) . `` Tried Trio '' . The Age . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy never tasted so delicious '' . National Post . June 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nanaimo Bars '' . The Buccaneer Inn . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Barber , Katherine ( ed ) ( 2004 ) . The Canadian Oxford Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Don Mills , Ontario : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 541816 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.cookingchanneltv.com/shows/masterchef-canada/100/great-canadian-bake-sale.html <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Chocolate desserts Cakes Batik cake Black Forest cake Blackout cake Boston cream pie Bûche de Noël Chantilly cake Chocolate brownie Chocolate cake Chokladboll Death by Chocolate Devil 's food cake Éclair Flourless chocolate cake Fudge cake Garash cake German chocolate cake Hedgehog slice Kladdkaka Molten chocolate cake Pain au chocolat Prinzregententorte Red velvet cake Sachertorte Torta caprese Pies and tarts Chocolate creme pie Mississippi mud pie Cookies Chocolate chip cookie Chocolate salami Nanaimo bar Oreos S'mores Ice cream Chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream Chocolate ice cream Cookies and Cream Mint chocolate chip Milkshake Sundae Other Banana boat Brigadeiro Chocolate - covered bacon Chocolate - covered potato chips Chocolate crackles Chocolate pudding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanaimo_bar&oldid=837892016 '' Categories : Canadian cuisine Canadian desserts Cookies Custard desserts Chocolate desserts Nanaimo Pacific Northwest cuisine National dishes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն ਪੰਜਾਬੀ 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 17 : 16 . About Wikipedia | 1. Nanaimo bar - Canadian dessert
2. Layers of wafer, coconut crumb, custard icing, and chocolate ganache
3. Variations include different types of crumb, icing flavors, and chocolate
4. Origins traced back to 1950s, named after Nanaimo, British Columbia
5. Popular in Nanaimo and voted "Canada's Favourite Confection" |
-6,427,717,935,680,909,000 | this refers to the body or frame of a ship whose improvements helped cause the age of exploration | Early modern period - wikipedia Early modern period Further information : Early modern Europe Human history ↑ Prehistory Recorded history Ancient Earliest records Africa Americas Oceania East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Europe Postclassical Africa Americas Oceania East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Europe Modern Early modern Late modern See also Contemporary Modernity Futurology ↓ Future The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era . Although the chronological limits of the period are open to debate , the timeframe spans the period after the late portion of the post-classical age ( c. 1500 ) , known as the Middle Ages , through the beginning of the Age of Revolutions ( c. 1800 ) and is variously demarcated by historians as beginning with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , with the Renaissance period , and with the Age of Discovery ( especially with the voyages of Christopher Columbus beginning in 1492 , but also with Vasco da Gama 's discovery of the sea route to the East in 1498 ) , and ending around the French Revolution in 1789 . Historians in recent decades have argued that from a worldwide standpoint , the most important feature of the early modern period was its globalizing character . The period witnessed the exploration and colonization of the Americas and the rise of sustained contacts between previously isolated parts of the globe . The historical powers became involved in global trade , as the exchange of goods , plants , animals , and food crops extended to the Old World and the New World . The Columbian Exchange greatly affected the human environment . New economies and institutions emerged , becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the early modern period . This process began in the medieval North Italian city - states , particularly Genoa , Venice , and Milan . The early modern period also included the rise of the dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism . The European colonization of the Americas , Asia , and Africa occurred during the 15th to 19th centuries , and spread Christianity around the world . The early modern trends in various regions of the world represented a shift away from medieval modes of organization , politically and economically . Feudalism declined in Europe , while the period also included the Protestant Reformation , the disastrous Thirty Years ' War , the Commercial Revolution , the European colonization of the Americas , and the Golden Age of Piracy . By the 16th century the economy under the Ming Dynasty was stimulated by trade with the Portuguese , the Spanish , and the Dutch , while Japan engaged in the Nanban trade after the arrival of the first European Portuguese during the Azuchi - Momoyama period . Other notable trends of the early modern period include the development of experimental science , accelerated travel due to improvements in mapping and ship design , increasingly rapid technological progress , secularized civic politics , and the emergence of nation states . Historians typically date the end of the early modern period when the French Revolution of the 1790s began the `` late modern '' period . Contents 1 Early modern timeline 2 East Asia 2.1 Chinese dynasties 2.2 Japanese shogunates 2.3 Korean dynasty 3 Indian Empires 4 Southeast Asia 5 Africa and the Near East 5.1 The Ottoman Empire 5.2 North and Northeast Africa 5.3 Sub-Saharan Africa 5.4 Safavids 5.5 Uzbeks and Afghan Pashtuns 6 Europe 6.1 Renaissance and `` early modern '' 6.1. 1 Gunpowder and Firearms 6.2 European kingdoms and movements 6.2. 1 Notable individuals 6.3 Christians and Christendom 6.3. 1 End of the Crusades and Unity 6.3. 2 Inquisitions and Reformations 6.3. 3 Tsardom of Russia 6.4 Discovery and trade 6.4. 1 Mercantile capitalism 6.4. 1.1 Trade and the New Economy 6.4. 1.2 Piracy 's Golden Age 6.4. 2 European states and politics 6.4. 2.1 Absolutism 6.4. 2.2 French power 6.4. 2.3 Early English revolutions 6.4. 2.4 International balance of power 7 New World and Americas 7.1 Conquest and Americas exploration 7.2 Colonial Latin America 7.3 Colonial North America 8 Atlantic World 9 Religious trends and philosophy 9.1 Eastern philosophies 9.2 Muslim world 9.3 Protestant Reformation 9.4 Counter-Reformation and Jesuits 9.5 Humanism 9.6 17th - century philosophy 9.7 Age of Reason and the scientific revolution 10 End of early period 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early modern Timeline ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of early modern history Dates are approximate . Consult particular article for details . Early modern themes Other East Asia ( edit ) Chinese dynasties ( edit ) Around the beginning of the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , China was leading the world in mathematics as well as science . However , Europe soon caught up to China 's scientific and mathematical achievements and surpassed them . The reason behind China 's lag in advancement has speculated by many scholars . A historian named Colin Ronan claims that though there is no one specific answer , there must be a connection between China 's urgency for new discoveries being weaker than Europe 's and China 's inability to capitalize on its early advantages . Ronan believes that China 's Confucian bureaucracy and traditions led to China not having a scientific revolution , which led China to have fewer scientists who would break the existing orthodoxies , like Galileo Galilei . Despite inventing gunpowder in the 9th century , it was in Europe that the classic handheld firearms , matchlocks , were invented , with evidence of use around the 1480s . China was using the matchlocks by 1540 , after the Portuguese brought their matchlocks to Japan in the early 1500s . China during the Ming Dynasty established a bureau to maintain its calendar . The bureau was necessary because the calendars were linked to celestial phenomena and that needs regular maintenance because twelve lunar months have 344 or 355 days , so occasional leap months have to be added in order to maintain 365 days per year . In the 16th century the Ming dynasty flourished over maritime trade with the Portuguese , Spanish and Dutch Empires . The trade brought in a massive amount of silver , which China at the time needed desperately . Prior to China 's global trade , its economy ran on a paper money . However in the 14th century , China 's paper money system suffered a crisis , and by the mid-15th century , crashed . The silver imports helped fill the void left by the broken paper money system , which helps explain why the value of silver in China was twice as high as the value of silver in Spain during the end of the 16th century . The Ming Dynasty suffered an economic collapse in the seventeenth - century because of heavy inflation of silver , and the European trade depression of the 1620s . The economy sunk to the point where all of China 's trading partner cut ties with them : Philip IV restricted shipments of exports from Acapulco , the Japanese cut off all trade with Macau , and the Dutch severed connections between Gao and Macau . Cishou Temple Pagoda , built in 1576 : the Chinese believed that building pagodas on certain sites according to geomantic principles brought about auspicious events ; merchant - funding for such projects was needed by the late Ming period . The damage to the economy was compounded by the effects on agriculture of the incipient Little Ice Age , natural calamities , crop failure and sudden epidemics . The ensuing breakdown of authority and people 's livelihoods allowed rebel leaders , such as Li Zicheng , to challenge Ming authority . The Ming Dynasty fell around 1644 to the Qing Dynasty , the last ruling dynasty of China , ruling from 1644 to 1912 ( with a brief , abortive restoration in 1917 ) . During its reign , the Qing Dynasty became highly integrated with Chinese culture . Japanese shogunates ( edit ) Following contact with the Portuguese on Tanegashima Isle in 1543 , the Japanese adopted several of the technologies and cultural practices of their visitors , whether in the military area ( the arquebus , European - style cuirasses , European ships ) , religion ( Christianity ) , decorative art , language ( integration to Japanese of a Western vocabulary ) and culinary : the Portuguese introduced tempura and valuable refined sugar . The Azuchi -- Momoyama period saw the political unification that preceded the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate . Although a start date of 1573 is often given , in more broad terms , the period begins with Oda Nobunaga 's entry into Kyoto in 1568 , when he led his army to the imperial capital in order to install Ashikaga Yoshiaki as the 15th , and ultimately final , shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate , and it lasts until the coming to power of Tokugawa Ieyasu after his victory over supporters of the Toyotomi clan at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 . The Edo period from 1600 to 1868 characterized early modern Japan . The Tokugawa shogunate was a feudalist regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shōguns of the Tokugawa clan . The period gets its name from the capital city , Edo , now called Tokyo . The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle from 1603 until 1868 , when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration in the late Edo period ( often called the Late Tokugawa shogunate ) . Korean dynasty ( edit ) In 1392 , General Yi Seong - gye established the Joseon dynasty ( 1392 -- 1910 ) with a largely bloodless coup . Yi Seong - gye moved the capital of Korea to the location of modern day Seoul . The dynasty was heavily influenced by Confucianism , which also played a large role to shaping Korea 's strong cultural identity . King Sejong the Great ( 1418 -- 1450 ) , one of the only two kings in Korea 's history to earn the title of great in their posthumous titles , reclaimed Korean territory to the north and created the Korean alphabet , Hangeul . During the end of the 16th century , Korea was invaded twice by Japan , first in 1592 and again in 1597 . Japan failed both times due to Admiral Yi Sun - sin , Korea 's revered naval genius , who lead the Korean Navy using advanced metal clad ships called turtle ships . Because the ships were armed with cannons , Admiral Yi 's navy was able to demolish the Japanese invading fleets , destroying hundreds of ships in Japan 's second invasion . During the 17th century , Korea was invaded again , this time by the Manchurian , who would later take over China as the Qing Dynasty . In 1637 , King Injo was forced to surrender to the Qing forces , and was ordered to send princesses as concubine to the Qing Prince Dorgon . After invasions from Manchuria , Joseon experienced nearly 200 years of peace . However , whatever power the kingdom recovered during its isolation further waned as the 18th century came to a close , and Korea was faced with internal strife , power struggles , international pressure and rebellions at home . The Joseon dynasty declined rapidly in the late 19th century . Indian empires ( edit ) Map of the Mughal Empire On the Indian subcontinent , the Lodi dynasty ruled over the Delhi Sultanate during its last phase . The dynasty founded by Bahlul Lodi ruled from 1451 to 1526 . The dynasty 's last ruler , Ibrahim Lodhi , was defeated and killed by Babur in the first Battle of Panipat . The Vijayanagara Empire was based in the Deccan Plateau , but its power was diminished after a major military defeat in 1565 by the Deccan sultanates . The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara . The rise of the Great Mughal Empire is usually dated from 1526 , around the end of the Middle Ages . It was an Islamic Persianate imperial power that ruled most of the area as Hindustan by the late 17th and the early 18th centuries . The empire dominated South and Southwestern Asia . Southeast Asia ( edit ) At the start of the modern era , the Spice Route between India and China crossed Majapahit , an archipelagic empire based on the island of Java . It was the last of the major Hindu empires of Maritime Southeast Asia and is considered one of the greatest states in Indonesian history . Its influence extended to states in Sumatra , the Malay Peninsula , Borneo and eastern Indonesia , but the effectiveness of the influence is the subject of debate . Majapahit found itself unable to control the rising power of the Sultanate of Malacca , which grew to stretch from Muslim Malay settlements of Bukit ( Phuket ) , Setol ( Satun ) , Pantai ni ( Pattani ) bordering Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam ( Thailand ) in the north to Sumatra in the southwest . The Portuguese invaded its capital in 1511 and in 1528 the Sultanate of Johor was established by a Malaccan prince to succeed Malacca . Africa and the near East ( edit ) Main articles : Timeline of 16th - century Muslim history , Timeline of 17th - century Muslim history , and Timeline of 18th - century Muslim history The Ottoman Empire ( edit ) Main articles : Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire , Transformation of the Ottoman Empire , and Ottoman ancien régime Ottoman Empire 1481 -- 1683 During the early modern era , the Ottoman state enjoyed an expansion and consolidation of power , leading to a Pax Ottomana . This was perhaps the golden age of the Ottoman Empire . The Ottomans expanded southwest into North Africa while battling with the re-emergent Persian Shi'a Safavid Empire to the east . North and northeast Africa ( edit ) In the Saracen sphere , the Ottomans seized Egypt in 1517 and established the regencies of Algeria , Tunisia , and Tripoli ( between 1519 and 1551 ) , Morocco remaining an independent Arabized Berber state under the Sharifan dynasty . The Territory of the Adal Sultanate and its vassal states circa 1500 . In the Ethiopian Highlands , the Solomonic dynasty established itself in the 13th century . Claiming direct descent from the old Axumite royal house , the Solomonic ruled the region well into modern history . In the 16th century , Shewa and the rest of Abyssinia were conquered by the forces of Ahmed Gurey of the Adal Sultanate to the northwest . The conquest of the area by the Oromo ended in the contraction of both Adal and Abyssinia , changing regional dynamics for centuries to come . The Ajuran Empire , which was one of the largest and strongest empires in the Horn of Africa , began to decline in the 17th century , and several powerful successor states came to prominence . The Geledi Sultanate , established by Ibrahim Adeer , was a notable successor of the Ajuran Sultanate . The Sultanate reached its apex under the successive reigns of Sultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim ( reigned 1798 to 1848 ) , who successfully consolidated Geledi power during the Bardera wars , and Sultan Ahmed Yusuf , who forced regional powers such as the Omani Empire to pay tribute . The Majeerteen Sultanate was a Somali Sultanate in the Horn of Africa . Ruled by King Osman Mahamuud during its golden age , it controlled much of northern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries . The polity had all of the organs of an integrated modern state and maintained a robust trading network . Along with the Sultanate of Hobyo ruled by Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid , the Majeerteen Sultanate was eventually annexed into Italian Somaliland in the early 20th century , following the military Campaign of the Sultanates . Sub-Saharan Africa ( edit ) Further information : Dahomey , Aro Confederacy , Ashanti Empire , and History of South Africa ( 1652 -- 1815 ) The Songhai Empire took control of the trans - Saharan trade at the beginning of the modern era . It seized Timbuktu in 1468 and Jenne in 1473 , building the regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants . The empire eventually made Islam the official religion , built mosques , and brought Muslim scholars to Gao . Around the beginning of the modern era , the Benin Kingdom was an independent trading power in the southeastern coastline of West Africa , blocking the access of other inland nations to the coastal ports . Benin may have housed 100,000 inhabitants at its height , spreading over twenty - five square kilometres , enclosed by three concentric rings of earthworks . By the late 15th century Benin was in contact with Portugal . At its apogee in the 16th and 17th centuries , Benin encompassed parts of southeastern Yorubaland and the western Igbo . Safavids ( edit ) Main article : Safavid Empire The Safavid Empire was a great Shia Persianate empire after the Islamic conquest of Persia and established of Islam , marking an important point in the history of Islam in the east . The Safavid dynasty was founded about 1501 . From their base in Ardabil , the Safavids established control over all of Persia and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region , thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sassanids to establish a unified Iranian state . Problematic for the Safavids was the powerful Ottoman Empire . The Ottomans , a Sunni dynasty , fought several campaigns against the Safavids . What fueled the growth of Safavid economy was its position between the burgeoning civilizations of Europe to its west and Islamic Central Asia to its east and north . The Silk Road , which led from Europe to East Asia , revived in the 16th century . Leaders also supported direct sea trade with Europe , particularly England and The Netherlands , which sought Persian carpet , silk , and textiles . Other exports were horses , goat hair , pearls , and an inedible bitter almond hadam - talka used as a spice in India . The main imports were spice , textiles ( woolens from Europe , cotton from Gujarat ) , metals , coffee , and sugar . Despite their demise in 1722 , the Safavids left their mark by establishing and spreading Shi'a Islam in major parts of the Caucasus and West Asia . Uzbeks and Afghan Pashtuns ( edit ) Main articles : Uzbeks and Pashtun people In the 16th to early 18th centuries , Central Asia was under the rule of Uzbeks , and the far eastern portions were ruled by the local Pashtuns . Between the 15th and 16th centuries , various nomadic tribes arrived from the steppes , including the Kipchaks , Naymans , Kanglis , Khongirad , and Manguds . These groups were led by Muhammad Shaybani , who was the Khan of the Uzbeks . The lineage of the Afghan Pashtuns stretches back to the Hotaki dynasty . Following Muslim Arab and Turkic conquests , Pashtun ghazis ( warriors for the faith ) invaded and conquered much of northern India during the Lodhi dynasty and Suri dynasty . Pashtun forces also invaded Persia , and the opposing forces were defeated in the Battle of Gulnabad . The Pashtuns later formed the Durrani Empire . Europe ( edit ) Main article : Early Modern Europe European events and dates The beginning of the early modern period is not clear - cut , but is generally accepted as in the late 15th century or early 16th century . Significant dates in this transitional phase from medieval to early modern Europe can be noted : 1415 -- Conquest of Ceuta by the Portuguese 1444 -- Johannes Gutenberg 's Movable type 1453 -- Conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans 1485 -- England 's last Plantagenet king , Richard III dies 1486 -- Giovanni Pico della Mirandola publishes his `` 900 Theses '' 1492 -- Christopher Columbus leads a Spanish fleet to America . 1494 -- French king Charles VIII invaded Italy 1498 -- A Portuguese fleet , led by Vasco da Gama , arrives in India 1517 -- Reformation begins with Martin Luther 1532 -- Machiavelli 's The Prince 1543 -- Nicolaus Copernicus 's De revolutionibus 1545 -- Council of Trent is convened 1648 -- Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War . This era in Western Europe is referred to as the early modern European period and includes the Protestant Reformation , the European wars of religion , the Age of Discovery and the beginning of European colonialism , the rise of strong centralized governments , the beginnings of recognizable nation - states that are the direct antecedents of today 's states , the Age of Enlightenment , and from the associated scientific advances the first phase of the Industrial Revolution . The emergence of cultural and political dominance of the Western world during this period is known as the Great Divergence . The early modern period is taken to end with the French Revolution , the Napoleonic Wars , and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire at the Congress of Vienna . At the end of the early modern period , the British and Russian empires had emerged as world powers from the multipolar contest of colonial empires , while the three great Asian empires of the early modern period , Ottoman Turkey , Mughal India and Qing China , all entered a period of stagnation or decline . Renaissance and `` early modern '' ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The expression `` early modern '' is at times incorrectly used as a substitute for the term Renaissance . However , `` Renaissance '' is properly used in relation to a diverse series of cultural developments that occurred over several hundred years in many different parts of Europe -- especially central and northern Italy -- and it spans the transition from late medieval civilization to the opening of the early modern period . In the visual arts and architecture , the term ' early modern ' is not a common designation as the Renaissance period is clearly distinct from what came later . Only in the study of literature is the early modern period a standard designation . European music of the period is generally divided between Renaissance and Baroque . Similarly , philosophy is divided between Renaissance philosophy and the Enlightenment . In other fields , there is far more continuity through the period such as warfare and science . Gunpowder and firearms ( edit ) When gunpowder was introduced to Europe , it was immediately used almost exclusively in weapons and explosives for warfare . Though it was invented in China , gunpowder arrived in Europe already formulated for military use and European countries took advantage of it and were the first to create the classic firearms . The advances made in gunpowder and firearms was directly tied to the decline in the use of plate armor because of the inability of the armor to protect one from bullets . European Kingdoms and movements ( edit ) In the early modern period , the Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor . The first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was Otto I . The last was Francis II , who abdicated and dissolved the Empire in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars . Despite its name , for much of its history the Empire did not include Rome within its borders . The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century , beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe . The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era , but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe , this is a general use of the term . As a cultural movement , it encompassed a rebellion of learning based on classical sources , the development of linear perspective in painting , and gradual but widespread educational reform . Notable individuals ( edit ) Gutenberg reviewing a press proof ( a colored engraving created probably in the 19th century ) Johannes Gutenberg is credited as the first European to use movable type printing , around 1439 , and as the global inventor of the mechanical printing press . Nicolaus Copernicus formulated a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology ( 1543 ) , which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe . His book , De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres ) began modern astronomy and sparked the Scientific Revolution . Another notable individual was Machiavelli , an Italian political philosopher , considered a founder of modern political science . Machiavelli is most famous for a short political treatise , The Prince , a work of realist political theory . Among the notable royalty of the time , Charles the Bold , known as Charles the Bold ( or Rash ) to his enemies , he was the last Valois Duke of Burgundy , and his early death was a pivotal , if under - recognized , moment in European history . Charles has often been regarded as the last representative of the feudal spirit -- a man who possessed no other quality than a blind bravery . Upon his death , Charles left an unmarried nineteen - year - old daughter , Mary of Burgundy , as his heir . Her marriage would have enormous implications for the political balance of Europe . The Habsburg Emperor secured the match for his son , the future Maximilian I , Holy Roman Emperor , with the aid of Mary 's stepmother , Margaret . In 1477 , the territory of the Duchy of Burgundy was annexed by France . In the same year , Mary married Maximilian , Archduke of Austria , giving the Habsburgs control of the remainder of the Burgundian Inheritance . 15th century Hanging Houses in Cuenca , Spain from the Early Renaissance , and the Early modern period . Claude de Lorraine was the first Duke of Guise , from 1528 to his death . Claude distinguished himself at the battle of Marignano ( 1515 ) , and was long in recovering from the twenty - two wounds he received in the battle . In 1521 , he fought at Fuenterrabia , and Louise of Savoy ascribed the capture of the place to his efforts . In 1523 he became governor of Champagne and Burgundy , after defeating at Neufchâteau the imperial troops who had invaded this province . In 1525 he destroyed the Anabaptist peasant army , which was overrunning Lorraine , at Lupstein , near Saverne ( Zabern ) . On the return of Francis I from captivity in 1528 , Claude was made Duke of Guise in the peerage of France , though up to this time only princes of the royal house had held the title of duke and peer of France . The Guises , as cadets of the sovereign house of Lorraine and descendants of the house of Anjou , claimed precedence of the Bourbon princes of Condé and Conti . The 3rd Duke of Alba was a nobleman of importance in the early modern period , nicknamed the `` Iron Duke '' by the Protestants of the Low Countries because of his harsh rule and cruelty . Tales of atrocities committed during his military operations in Flanders became part of Dutch and English folklore , forming a central component of the Black Legend . In England , Henry VIII was the King of England and a significant figure in the history of the English monarchy . Although in the greater part of his reign he brutally suppressed the influence of the Protestant Reformation in England , a movement having some roots with John Wycliffe in the 14th century , he is more popularly known for his political struggles with Rome . These struggles ultimately led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority , the Dissolution of the Monasteries , and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England . Though Henry reportedly became a Protestant on his death - bed , he advocated Catholic ceremony and doctrine throughout his life . Royal support for the English Reformation began with his heirs , the devout Edward VI and the renowned Elizabeth I , whilst daughter Mary I temporarily reinstated papal authority over England . Henry also oversaw the legal union of England and Wales with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 -- 1542 . He is also noted for his six wives , two of whom were beheaded . Christians and Christendom ( edit ) Main articles : History of Christianity and Christendom Christianity was challenged at the beginning of the modern period with the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and later by various movements to reform the church ( including Lutheran , Zwinglian , and Calvinist ) , followed by the Counter Reformation . End of the Crusades and unity ( edit ) Battle of Vienna , 12 September 1683 The Hussite Crusades involved the military actions against and amongst the followers of Jan Hus in Bohemia ending ultimately with the Battle of Grotniki . Also known as the Hussite Wars , they were arguably the first European war in which hand - held gunpowder weapons such as muskets made a decisive contribution . The Taborite faction of the Hussite warriors were basically infantry , and their many defeats of larger armies with heavily armored knights helped effect the infantry revolution . In totality , the Hussite Crusades were inconclusive . The last crusade , the Crusade of 1456 , was organized to counter the expanding Ottoman Empire and lift the Siege of Belgrade , and was led by John Hunyadi and Giovanni da Capistrano . The siege eventually escalated into a major battle , during which Hunyadi led a sudden counterattack that overran the Turkish camp , ultimately compelling the wounded Sultan Mehmet II to lift the siege and retreat . The siege of Belgrade has been characterized as having `` decided the fate of Christendom '' . The noon bell ordered by Pope Callixtus III commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world to this day . Nearly a hundred years later , the Peace of Augsburg officially ended the idea that all Christians could be united under one church . The principle of cuius regio , eius religio ( `` whose the region is , ( it shall have ) his religion '' ) established the religious , political and geographic divisions of Christianity , and this was established in international law with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 , which legally ended the concept of a single Christian hegemony , i.e. the `` One , Holy , Catholic , and Apostolic Church '' of the Nicene Creed . Each government determined the religion of their own state . Christians living in states where their denomination was not the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will . With the Treaty of Westphalia , the Wars of Religion came to an end , and in the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 the concept of the sovereign national state was born . The Corpus Christianum has since existed with the modern idea of a tolerant and diverse society consisting of many different communities . Inquisitions and reformations ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish Inquisition , Protestant Reformation , Inquisition , and Catholic Reformation The modern Inquisition refers to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics ( or other offenders against canon law ) within the Catholic Church . In the modern era , the first manifestation was the Spanish Inquisition of 1478 to 1834 . The Inquisition prosecuted individuals accused of a wide array of crimes related to heresy , including sorcery , blasphemy , Judaizing and witchcraft , as well for censorship of printed literature . Because of its objective -- combating heresy -- the Inquisition had jurisdiction only over baptized members of the Church ( which , however , encompassed the vast majority of the population in Catholic countries ) . Secular courts could still try non-Christians for blasphemy ( most of the witch trials went through secular courts ) . The Protestant Reformation and rise of modernity in the early 16th century entailed the start of a series of changes in the Corpus Christianum . Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church with his Ninety - Five Theses , generally accepted as the beginning of the Reformation , a Christian reform movement in Europe , though precursors such as Jan Hus predate him . The Protestant movement of the 16th century occurred under the protection of the Electorate of Saxony , an independent hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire . The Elector Frederick III established a university at Wittenberg in 1502 . The Augustinian monk Martin Luther became professor of philosophy there in 1508 . At the same time , he became one of the preachers at the castle church of Wittenberg . On 31 October 1517 , Luther posted his Ninety - Five Theses on the door of the All Saints ' Church , which served as a notice board for university - related announcements . These were points for debate that criticized the Church and the Pope . The most controversial points centered on the practice of selling indulgences ( especially by Johann Tetzel ) and the Church 's policy on purgatory . The reform movement soon split along certain doctrinal lines . Religious disagreements between various leading figures led to the emergence of rival Protestant churches . The most important denominations to emerge directly from the Reformation were the Lutherans , and the Reformed / Calvinists / Presbyterians . The process of reform had decidedly different causes and effects in other countries . In England , where it gave rise to Anglicanism , the period became known as the English Reformation . Subsequent Protestant denominations generally trace their roots back to the initial reforming movements . The Diet of Worms in 1521 , presided by Emperor Charles V , declared Martin Luther a heretic and an outlaw ( although Charles V was more preoccupied with maintaining his vast empire than with arresting Luther ) . As a result of Charles V 's distractions in East Europe and in Spain , he agreed through the Diet of Speyer in 1526 to allow German princes to effectively decide themselves whether to enforce the Edict of Worms or not , for the time being . After returning to the empire , Charles V attended the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 to order all Protestants in the empire to revert to Catholicism . In response , the Protestant territories in and around Germany formed the Schmalkaldic League to fight against the Catholic Holy Roman Empire . Charles V left again to handle the advance of the Ottoman Turks . He returned in 1547 to launch a military campaign against the Schmalkaldic League and to issue an imperial law requiring all Protestants to return to Catholic practices ( with a few superficial concessions to Protestant practices ) . Warfare ended when Charles V relented in the Peace of Passau ( 1552 ) and in the Peace of Augsburg ( 1555 ) , which formalized the law that the rulers of a land decide its religion . Of the late Inquisitions in the modern era , there were two different manifestations : the Portuguese Inquisition ( 1536 -- 1821 ) the Roman Inquisition ( 1542 -- c. 1860 ) This Portuguese inquisition was a local analogue of the more famous Spanish Inquisition . The Roman Inquisition covered most of the Italian peninsula as well as Malta and also existed in isolated pockets of papal jurisdiction in other parts of Europe , including Avignon . The Catholic Reformation began in 1545 when the Council of Trent was called in reaction to the Protestant Rebellion . The idea was to reform the state of worldliness and disarray that had befallen some of the clergy of the Church , while reaffirming the spiritual authority of the Catholic Church and its position as the sole true Church of Christ on Earth . The effort sought to prevent further damage to the Church and her faithful at the hands of the newly formed Protestant denominations . Tsardom of Russia ( edit ) Main article : Tsardom of Russia In development of the Third Rome ideas , the Grand Duke Ivan IV ( the `` Awesome '' or `` the Terrible '' ) was officially crowned the first Tsar ( `` Caesar '' ) of Russia in 1547 . The Tsar promulgated a new code of laws ( Sudebnik of 1550 ) , established the first Russian feudal representative body ( Zemsky Sobor ) and introduced local self - management into the rural regions . During his long reign , Ivan IV nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates ( parts of disintegrated Golden Horde ) : Kazan and Astrakhan along the Volga River , and Sibirean Khanate in South Western Siberia . Thus by the end of the 16th century Russia was transformed into a multiethnic , multiconfessional and transcontinental state . Discovery and trade ( edit ) The Cantino planisphere ( 1502 ) , the oldest surviving Portuguese nautical chart showing the results of the explorations of Vasco da Gama to India , Columbus to Central America , Gaspar Corte - Real to Newfoundland and Pedro Álvares Cabral to Brazil . The meridian of Tordesillas , separating the Portuguese and Spanish halves of the world is also depicted The Age of Discovery was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century , during which European ships traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe . They also were in search of trading goods such as gold , silver and spices . In the process , Europeans encountered peoples and mapped lands previously unknown to them . This factor in the early European modern period was a globalizing character ; the ' discovery ' of the Americas and the rise of sustained contacts between previously isolated parts of the globe was an important historical event . The search for new routes was based on the fact that the Silk Road was controlled by the Ottoman Empire , which was an impediment to European commercial interests , and other Eastern trade routes were not available to the Europeans due to Muslim control . The ability to outflank the Muslim states of North Africa was seen as crucial to European survival . At the same time , the Iberians learnt much from their Arab neighbors . The northwestern region of Eurasia has a very long coastline , and has arguably been more influenced by its maritime history than any other continent . Europe is uniquely situated between several navigable seas , and intersected by navigable rivers running into them in a way that greatly facilitated the influence of maritime traffic and commerce . In the maritime history of Europe , the carrack and caravel both incorporated the lateen sail that made ships far more maneuverable . By translating the Arab versions of lost ancient Greek geographical works into Latin , European navigators acquired a deeper knowledge of the shape of Africa and Asia . Mercantile capitalism ( edit ) Main articles : Mercantilism and Merchant capitalism Mercantilism was the dominant school of economic thought throughout the early modern period ( from the 16th to the 18th century ) . This led to some of the first instances of significant government intervention and control over the economy , and it was during this period that much of the modern capitalist system was established . Internationally , mercantilism encouraged the many European wars of the period and fueled European imperialism . Belief in mercantilism began to fade in the late 18th century , as the arguments of Adam Smith and the other classical economists won out . The Commercial Revolution was a period of economic expansion , colonialism , and mercantilism that lasted from approximately the 16th century until the early 18th century . Beginning with the Crusades , Europeans rediscovered spices , silks , and other commodities rare in Europe . This development created a new desire for trade , which expanded in the second half of the Middle Ages . European nations , through voyages of discovery , were looking for new trade routes in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries , which allowed the European powers to build vast , new international trade networks . Nations also sought new sources of wealth . To deal with this new - found wealth , new economic theories and practices were created . Because of competing national interest , nations had the desire for increased world power through their colonial empires . The Commercial Revolution is marked by an increase in general commerce , and in the growth of non-manufacturing pursuits , such as banking , insurance , and investing . Trade and the new economy ( edit ) In the Old World , the most desired trading goods were gold , silver , and spices . Western Europeans used the compass , new sailing ship technologies , new maps , and advances in astronomy to seek a viable trade route to Asia for valuable spices that Mediterranean powers could not contest . Desired trading goods Gold fueled European exploration of the Americas . Explorers reported Native Americans in Central America , Peru , Ecuador and Colombia were to have had large amounts . Silver , valued as a precious metal , has been used to make expensive ornaments , fine jewelry , high - value tableware and utensils ( silverware ) , and currency coins . Spices were among the most luxurious products , the most common being black pepper , cinnamon ( and the cheaper alternative cassia ) , cumin , nutmeg , ginger and cloves . In terms of shipping advances , the most important developments were the creation of the carrack and caravel designs in Portugal . These vessels evolved from medieval European designs from the North Sea and both the Christian and Islamic Mediterranean . They were the first ships that could leave the relatively placid and calm Mediterranean , Baltic or North Sea and sail safely on the open Atlantic . When the carrack and then the caravel were developed in Iberia , European thoughts returned to the fabled East . These explorations have a number of causes . Monetarists believe the main reason the Age of Exploration began was because of a severe shortage of bullion in Europe . The European economy was dependent on gold and silver currency , but low domestic supplies had plunged much of Europe into a recession . Another factor was the centuries - long conflict between the Iberians and the Muslims to the south . Piracy 's Golden Age ( edit ) Main article : Golden Age of Piracy The Golden Age of Piracy is a designation given to one or more outbursts of piracy in the early modern period , spanning from the mid-17th century to the mid-18th century . The buccaneering period covers approximately the late 17th century . The period is characterized by Anglo - French seamen based on Jamaica and Tortuga attacking Spanish colonies and shipping in the Caribbean and eastern Pacific . A sailing route known as the Pirate Round was followed by certain Anglo - American pirates at the turn of the 18th century , associated with long - distance voyages from Bermuda and the Americas to rob Muslim and East India Company targets in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea . The post-Spanish Succession period extending into the early 18th century , when Anglo - American sailors and privateers left unemployed by the end of the War of the Spanish Succession turned en masse to piracy in the Caribbean , the American eastern seaboard , the West African coast , and the Indian Ocean . European states and politics ( edit ) The 15th to 18th century period is marked by the first European colonies , the rise of strong centralized governments , and the beginnings of recognizable European nation states that are the direct antecedents of today 's states . Although the Renaissance included revolutions in many intellectual pursuits , as well as social and political upheaval , it is perhaps best known for European artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo , who inspired the term `` Renaissance man '' . During the Baroque period the Thirty Years ' War in Central Europe decimated the population by up to 20 % . In 1648 , the Peace of Westphalia , consisting of the treaties of Osnabrück and Münster , signed on May 15 and October 24 , respectively , ended several wars in Europe and established the beginning of sovereign states . The treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor , Ferdinand III ( Habsburg ) , the Kingdoms of Spain , France and Sweden , the Netherlands and their respective allies among the princes and the Republican Imperial States of the Holy Roman Empire . The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern diplomatic congress . Until 1806 , the regulations became part of the constitutional laws of the Holy Roman Empire . The Treaty of the Pyrenees , signed in 1659 , ended the war between France and Spain and is often considered part of the overall accord . Absolutism ( edit ) The Age of Absolutism describes the monarchical power that was unrestrained by any other institutions , such as churches , legislatures , or social elites of the European monarchs during the transition from feudalism to capitalism . Monarchs described as absolute can especially be found in the 17th century through the 19th century . Nations that adopted Absolutism include France , Prussia , and Russia . Nobles tended to trade privileges for allegiance throughout the eighteenth century , so that the interests of the nobility aligned with that of the crown . Absolutism is characterized by the ending of feudal partitioning , consolidation of power with the monarch , rise of state power , unification of the state laws , drastic increase in tax revenue collected by the monarch , and a decrease in the influence of nobility . French power ( edit ) For much of the reign of Louis XIV , who was known as the Sun King ( French : le Roi Soleil ) , France stood as the leading power in Europe , engaging in three major wars -- the Franco - Dutch War , the War of the League of Augsburg , and the War of the Spanish Succession -- and two minor conflicts -- the War of Devolution , and the War of the Reunions . Louis believed in the Divine Right of Kings , the theory that the King was crowned by God and accountable to him alone . Consequently , he has long been considered the archetypal absolute monarch . Louis XIV continued the work of his predecessor to create a centralized state , governed from the capital to sweep away the remnants of feudalism that persisted in parts of France . He succeeded in breaking the power of the provincial nobility , much of which had risen in revolt during his minority called the Fronde , and forced many leading nobles to live with him in his lavish Palace of Versailles . Men who featured prominently in the political and military life of France during this period include Mazarin , Jean - Baptiste Colbert , Turenne , Vauban . French culture likewise flourished during this era , producing a number of figures of great renown , including Molière , Racine , Boileau , La Fontaine , Lully , Le Brun , Rigaud , Louis Le Vau , Jules Hardouin Mansart , Claude Perrault and Le Nôtre . Early English Revolutions ( edit ) Before the Age of Revolution , the English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists . The first and second civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament , while the third war saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament . The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester . The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland . Constitutionally , the wars established the precedent that an English monarch can not govern without Parliament 's consent . The English Restoration , or simply put as the Restoration , began in 1660 when the English , Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War . The Glorious Revolution of 1688 establishes modern parliamentary democracy in England . International balance of power ( edit ) The War of the Spanish Succession was a war fought between 1701 and 1714 , in which several European powers combined to stop a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under a single Bourbon monarch , upsetting the European balance of power . It was fought mostly in Europe , but it included Queen Anne 's War in North America . The war was marked by the military leadership of notable generals like the duc de Villars , the Jacobite Duke of Berwick , the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy . The Peace of Utrecht established after a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch city of Utrecht concluded between various European states helped end the War of the Spanish Succession . The representatives who met were Louis XIV of France and Philip V of Spain on the one hand , and representatives of Queen Anne of Great Britain , the Duke of Savoy , and the United Provinces on the other . The treaty enregistred the defeat of French ambitions expressed in the wars of Louis XIV and preserved the European system based on the balance of power . The Treaty of Utrecht marked the change from Spanish to British naval supremacy . New world and Americas ( edit ) Main articles : Colonialism , History of colonialism , and New World World Colonization of 1492 ( Early Modern World ) , 1550 , 1660 , 1754 ( Age of Enlightenment ) , 1822 ( Industrial revolution ) , 1885 ( European Hegemony ) , 1914 ( World War I era ) , 1938 ( World War II era ) , 1959 ( Cold War era ) and 1974 ( Recent history ) . The historical phenomenon of colonization in the modern era centres on the British Empire , but the term colonialism is normally used with reference to discontiguous overseas empires rather than contiguous land - based empires , European or otherwise . European colonisation during the 15th to 19th centuries resulted in the spread of Christianity to Sub-Saharan Africa , the Americas , Australia and the Philippines . Conquest and Americas exploration ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish colonization of the Americas and Portuguese colonization of the Americas Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas in 1492 . Subsequently , the major sea powers in Europe sent expeditions to the New World to build trade networks and colonies and to convert the native peoples to Christianity . Pope Alexander VI divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a north - south meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands ( off the west coast of Africa ) . The division was never accepted by the rulers of England or France . ( See also the Treaty of Tordesillas , which followed the papal decree . ) Colonial Latin America ( edit ) See also : New Spain , Spanish empire , and Colonial Brazil What is now called Latin America , a designation first used in the late 19th century , was claimed by Spain and Portugal . The Western Hemisphere , the New World , was divided between the two Iberian powers by the Treaty of Tordesillas in what until the late 16th - century , was an area that could be called `` Ibero - America . '' Spain called its overseas empire there `` The Indies , '' with Portugal calling its territory in South America Brazil , after the dyewood found there . Spain concentrated building its empire where there were large indigenous populations , `` Indians , '' who could be compelled to work and large deposits of precious metals , mainly silver . Both New Spain ( colonial Mexico ) and Peru fit those criteria and the Spanish crown established viceroyalties to rule those two large areas . As Spanish settlements and the economy grew in size and complexity , the Spanish established viceroyalties in the eighteenth century during administrative reforms Rio de la Plata ( southeastern South America ) and New Granada ( northern South America ) . Initially , Portuguese settlements ( Brazil ) in the coastal northeast were of lesser importance in the larger Portuguese overseas empire , where lucrative commerce and small settlements devoted to trade were established in coastal Africa , India and China . With sparse indigenous populations that could not be coerced to work and no known deposits of precious metals , Portugal sought a high - value , low - bulk export product and found it in sugarcane . Black African slave labour from Portugal 's West African possessions was imported to do the grueling agricultural work . As the wealth of the Ibero - America increased , some Western European powers ( Dutch , French , British , Danish ) sought to duplicate the model in areas that the Iberians had not settled in numbers . They seized Caribbean islands from the Spanish and transferred the model of sugar production on plantations with slave labour and settled in northern areas of North America in what are now the Eastern Seaboard of the United States and Canada . Colonial North America ( edit ) See also : New Spain , New France , New Netherland , Colonial history of the United States , and Canada under British rule North America outside the zone of Spanish settlement was a contested area in the 17th century . Spain had founded small settlements in Florida and Georgia but nowhere near the size of those in New Spain or the Caribbean islands . France , The Netherlands , and Great Britain held several colonies in North America and the West Indies from the 17th century , 100 years after the Spanish and Portuguese established permanent colonies . The British colonies in North America were founded between 1607 ( Virginia ) and 1733 ( Georgia ) . The Dutch explored the east coast of North America and began founding settlements in what they called New Netherland ( now New York State . ) . France colonized what is now Eastern Canada , founding Quebec City in 1608 . France 's loss in the Seven Years ' War resulted in the transfer of New France to Great Britain . The Thirteen Colonies , in lower British North America , rebelled against British rule in 1775 , largely due to the taxation that Great Britain was imposing on the colonies . The British colonies in Canada remained loyal to the crown , and a provisional government formed by the Thirteen Colonies proclaimed their independence on July 4 , 1776 and subsequently became the original 13 United States of America . With the 1783 Treaty of Paris ending the American Revolutionary War , Britain recognised the former Thirteen Colonies ' independence . Atlantic world ( edit ) See also : Atlantic history Waldseemüller map with joint sheets , 1507 A recent development in early modern history is the creation of Atlantic World as a category . The term generally encompasses western Europe , West Africa , North and South and America and the Caribbean islands . It seeks to show both local and regional development and the connections between the various geographical regions . Religious trends and philosophy ( edit ) Further information : History of religion and History of philosophy Eastern philosophies ( edit ) Concerning the development of Eastern philosophies , much of Eastern philosophy had been in an advanced state of development from study in the previous centuries . The various philosophies include Indian philosophy , Chinese philosophy , Iranian philosophy , Japanese philosophy , and Korean philosophy . Muslim world ( edit ) The Islamic Golden Age reached its peak in the High Middle Ages , stopped short by the Mongol invasions of the 13th century . The re-establishment of three major Muslim empires by the 16th century ( the aforementioned Ottoman Safavid and Mughal Empires ) gave rise to a Muslim cultural revival . The Safavids established Twelver Shi'a Islam as Iran 's official religion , thus giving Iran a separate identity from its Sunni neighbors . Protestant Reformation ( edit ) Main article : Protestant theology The early modern period was initiated by the Protestant Reformation and the collapse of the unity of the medieval Western Church . The theology of Calvinism in particular has been argued as instrumental to the rise of capitalism ( The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ) . Counter-Reformation and Jesuits ( edit ) Main article : Counter-Reformation The Counter-Reformation was a period of Catholic revival in response to the Protestant Reformation during the mid-16th to mid-17th centuries . The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort , involving ecclesiastical or structural reforms as well as a political dimension and spiritual movements . Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church , the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ , including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality . It also involved political activities that included the Roman Inquisition . New religious orders were a fundamental part of this trend . Orders such as the Capuchins , Ursulines , Theatines , Discalced Carmelites , the Barnabites , and especially the Jesuits strengthened rural parishes , improved popular piety , helped to curb corruption within the church and set examples that would be a strong impetus for Catholic renewal . Humanism ( edit ) Main article : Humanism Further information : Erasmus With the adoption of large - scale printing after 1500 , Italian Renaissance Humanism spread northward to France , Germany , Holland and England , where it became associated with the Protestant Reformation . In France , pre-eminent Humanist Guillaume Budé ( 1467 -- 1540 ) applied the philological methods of Italian Humanism to the study of antique coinage and to legal history , composing a detailed commentary on Justinian 's Code . Although a royal absolutist ( and not a republican like the early Italian umanisti ) , Budé was active in civic life , serving as a diplomat for Francis I and helping to found the Collège des Lecteurs Royaux ( later the Collège de France ) . Meanwhile , Marguerite de Navarre , the sister of Francis I , herself a poet , novelist and religious mystic , gathered around her and protected a circle of vernacular poets and writers , including Clément Marot , Pierre de Ronsard and François Rabelais . 17th - century philosophy ( edit ) Main article : 17th - century philosophy The philosophy of 17th - century Europe marks the departure from medieval scholasticism and the often occultist approach of Renaissance philosophy . The period was typified in Europe by the great system - builders , philosophers who presented unified systems of epistemology , metaphysics , logic , and ethics and often politics and the physical sciences as well . Immanuel Kant classified his predecessors into two schools : the rationalists and the empiricists , The three main rationalists are normally taken to have been René Descartes , Baruch Spinoza , and Gottfried Leibniz . The first great advances towards modern science were made in the mid-17th century , most notably the theory of gravity by Isaac Newton ( 1643 -- 1727 ) . Newton , Spinoza , John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) and Pierre Bayle ( 1647 -- 1706 ) were philosophers sparking the Age of Enlightenment in the following century . Age of reason and the scientific Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : Age of Enlightenment , Scientific revolution , Atheism in the Age of the Enlightenment , and Philosophical skepticism The Great Divergence is epitomized by the Age of Enlightenment ( or Age of Reason ) . The Enlightenment , starting in the 1750s , flourished until about 1790 -- 1800 , after which the emphasis on reason gave way to Romanticism 's emphasis on emotion and a Counter-Enlightenment gained force . The centre of the Enlightenment was France , where it was based in the salons and culminated in the great Encyclopédie ( 1751 -- 1772 ) , edited by Denis Diderot ( 1713 -- 1784 ) with contributions by hundreds of leading philosophes ( intellectuals ) such as Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1778 ) and Montesquieu ( 1689 -- 1755 ) . The French Enlightenment was received in Germany , notably fostered by Frederick the Great , the king of Prussia , and gave rise to a flowering of German philosophy , represented foremost by Immanuel Kant . The French and German developments were further influential in Scottish , Russian , Spanish and Polish philosophy . End of early period ( edit ) Engraved world map ( including magnetic declination lines ) by Leonhard Euler from his school atlas `` Geographischer Atlas bestehend in 44 Land - Charten '' first published 1753 in Berlin In modern history , the end of the early period falls in the late 18th century , as an Age of Revolutions dawns , beginning with those in North America and France . Subsequent important political changes occurred throughout Europe , including upheavals following the Napoleonic Wars , the redrawing of the map of Europe through the Second Treaty of Paris , the rise of new concepts of nationalism and the reorganization in military forces . The end of the early modern period is usually also associated with the Industrial Revolution , which began in Britain in the mid-18th century . See also ( edit ) Economic concepts Price revolution , Proto - globalization General concepts Renaissance , Early Modern English , Early Modern warfare , Periodization , Atlantic history , Timeline of early modern history Political powers Habsburg Spain , Habsburg Monarchy , Portuguese Empire , Dutch Republic , Early Modern Britain , Early Modern France , Early Modern Italy , Ming Dynasty , Russian Empire , Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth , Ottoman Empire , Mughal Empire , Safavid Empire References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jan De Vries , `` The limits of globalization in the early modern world . '' Economic History Review ( 2010 ) 63 # 3 pp : 710 -- 733 . Jump up ^ Christopher Alan Bayly , The birth of the modern world , 1780 -- 1914 : global connections and comparisons ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Needham , J. ( 1956 ) . Mathematics and science in china and the west . Science and Society , 20 , 320 . Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.oca.ucsc.edu/docview/1296937594?accountid=14523 Jump up ^ Bala , Arun . The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science . 1st ed . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2006 . https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.oca.ucsc.edu/lib/ucsc/detail.action?docID=308211# ^ Jump up to : Andrade , Tonio . The Gunpowder Age : China , Military Innovation , and the Rise of the West in World History , 2016 . https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.oca.ucsc.edu/lib/ucsc/detail.action?docID=4089513# Jump up ^ Elman , Benjamin A. On their own terms : science in China , 1550 - 1900 . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 2005 . https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.oca.ucsc.edu/lib/ucsc/detail.action?docID=3300298# Jump up ^ Flynn , D.O. , & Giraldez , A. ( 1995 ) . Arbitrage , china and world trade in the early modern period . Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient , 38 , 429 . Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.oca.ucsc.edu/docview/1304349602?accountid=14523 Jump up ^ Frank , Andre Gunder . ReOrient : Global Economy in the Asian Age . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1998 . http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.31038.0001.001 ( Links to an external site . ) Links to an external site . Jump up ^ Wakeman , F.E. ( 1986 ) . China and the seventeenth - century crisis . Late Imperial China , 7 ( 1 ) , 1 . Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.oca.ucsc.edu/docview/1308082978?accountid=14523 Jump up ^ Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan ( First edition , 1983 ) , section `` Azuchi - Momoyama History ( 1568 -- 1600 ) '' by George Elison , in the entry for `` history of Japan '' . Jump up ^ Lee , L. ( 2014 , Mar 21 ) . Honoring the joseon dynasty . The Wall Street Journal AsiaRetrieved from https://search-proquest-com.oca.ucsc.edu/docview/1508838378?accountid=14523 Jump up ^ Tae - gyu , K. ( 2012 , Apr 15 ) . Joseon : Korea 's confucian kingdom ( 1 ) . The Korea Times Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.oca.ucsc.edu/docview/1990220190?accountid=14523 ^ Jump up to : Tae - gyu , K. ( 2012 , May 29 ) . Joseon : Korea 's confucian kingdom ( 2 ) . The Korea Times Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.oca.ucsc.edu/docview/1990192832?accountid=14523 Jump up ^ Wakeman , Frederic E. ( 1985 ) . The Great Enterprise : The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth - century China . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520048041 . Jump up ^ L. Canfield , Robert ; Jonathan Haas ( 2002 ) . Turko - Persia in Historical Perspective . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52291 - 5 . ; p. 20 ; Jump up ^ `` Manas : History and Politics , Mughals '' . ^ Jump up to : M.C. Ricklefs , A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 , 2nd ed . Stanford : Stanford University Press , 1991 . page 19 Jump up ^ Prapantja , Rakawi , translated by Theodore Gauthier Pigeaud , Java in the 14th Century , A Study in Cultural History : The Negara - Kertagama by Pakawi Parakanca of Majapahit , 1365 AD ( The Hague , Martinus Nijhoff , 1962 ) , vol. 4 , p. 29 . 34 ; G.J. Resink , Indonesia 's History Between the Myths : Essays in Legal History and Historical Theory ( The Hague : W. van Hoeve , 1968 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Ira M. Lapidus , A History of Islamic Societies , Cambridge 1988 Jump up ^ Afghanistan : History , U.S. Department of State ( retrieved 10 October 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ A Greek mathematician , Aristarchus of Samos , had already discussed heliocentric hypotheses as early as the third century BCE . However , there is little evidence that he ever developed his ideas beyond a very basic outline ( Dreyer , 1953 , pp. 135 -- 48 ; Linton , 2004 , p. 39 ) . Jump up ^ The title was derived from his savage behavior against his enemies , and particularly from a war with France in late 1471 : frustrated by the refusal of the French to engage in open battle , and angered by French attacks on his unprotected borders in Hainault and Flanders , Charles marched his army back from the Ile - de-France to Burgundian territory , burning over two thousand towns , villages and castles on his way -- Taylor , Aline S. Isabel of Burgundy . Lanham , Md : Madison Books , c2001 , pp. 212 -- 213 Jump up ^ See Martyrdom of William Tyndale . Jump up ^ Pope Calixtus III account from 1456 to the Burgundian bishop talking about the savior of Christianity at Belgrade Archived 2009 - 04 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Medieval Sourcebook : Inquisition -- Introduction Jump up ^ this also includes black magic ( Maleficium ) . Jump up ^ Simon , Edith ( 1966 ) . Great Ages of Man : The Reformation . Time - Life Books . pp. 120 -- 121 . ISBN 0 - 662 - 27820 - 8 . Jump up ^ Frank D. McConnell . Storytelling and Mythmaking : Images from Film and Literature . Oxford University Press , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502572 - 5 ; Quote from page 78 : `` But Ivan IV , Ivan the Terrible , or as the Russian has it , Ivan Groznyi , `` Ivan the Magnificent '' or `` Ivan the Awesome , '' is precisely a man who has become a legend '' Jump up ^ Solovyov , S. ( 2001 ) . History of Russia from the Earliest Times . 6 . AST . pp. 562 -- 604 . ISBN 5 - 17 - 002142 - 9 . Jump up ^ Skrynnikov , R. ( 1981 ) . Ivan the Terrible . Academic Intl Pr . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 87569 - 039 - 4 . Jump up ^ BBC Science & Nature , Leonardo da Vinci ( Retrieved on May 12 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ BBC History , Michelangelo ( Retrieved on May 12 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer , A History of the Modern World 2nd ed. 1961 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ José C. Moya , ed . The Oxford Handbook of Latin America . New York : Oxford University Press 2011 Jump up ^ There is no known human evolution in the Western Hemisphere so all humans came on foot or boat to the vast new area . Jump up ^ James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz , Early Latin America . New York : Cambridge University Press 1983 . Jump up ^ Of note in modern Indian philosophy are the philosophers who gave contemporary meaning to traditional philosophy , such as Swami Vivekananda . Jump up ^ She was the author of Miroir de l'ame pecheresse ( The Mirror of a Sinful Soul ) , published after her death , among other devotional poetry . See also `` Marguerite de Navarre : Religious Reformist '' in Jonathan A. Reid , King 's sister -- queen of dissent : Marguerite of Navarre ( 1492 -- 1549 ) and her evangelical network ( Studies in medieval and Reformation traditions , 1573 -- 4188 ; v. 139 ) . Leiden ; Boston : Brill , 2009 . ( 2 v. : ( xxii , 795 p . ) ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 17760 - 4 ( v. 1 ) , 9789004177611 ( v. 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Kant , Immanuel : Metaphysics -- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy '' . Further reading ( edit ) Cavallo , Sandra , and Silvia Evangelisti , eds . A Cultural History of Childhood and Family in the Early Modern Age ( 2014 ) De Vries , Jan . `` The limits of globalization in the early modern world . '' Economic History Review ( 2010 ) 63 # 3 pp : 710 -- 733 . online Duara , Prasenjit et al. eds . A Companion to Global Historical Thought ( Wiley Blackwell 2014 ) Goldstone , Jack A. `` Early Modern World . '' in Sociological Worlds : Comparative and Historical Readings on Society ( 2013 ) pp : 249 + Goldstone , Jack A. Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World ( 1993 ) Goldstone , Jack A . `` The Rise of the West -- or not ? A revision to socio - economic history , '' Sociological Theory ( 2000 ) . 18 # 2 pp 173 -- 194 Lockyer , Roger . Tudor and Stuart Britain : 1485 - 1714 ( 3rd ed. 2004 ) , 576 pp excerpt Knoll , Martin , and Reinhold Reith , eds . An Environmental History of the Early Modern Period ( 2014 ) Kümin , Beat A . A cultural history of food in the early modern age ( 1600 -- 1800 ) ( Berg , 2011 ) Newman , Gerald , ed. ( 1997 ) . Britain in the Hanoverian Age , 1714 - 1837 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) online review ; 904pp ; short articles on Britain by experts Parker , Charles H. Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age , 1400 -- 1800 ( 2010 ) Pomeranz , Kenneth . The great divergence : China , Europe , and the making of the modern world economy ( Princeton University Press , 2000 ) , a highly influential statement Wong , R. Bin . China Transformed ; Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience ( Cornell U.P. , 1997 ) External links ( edit ) Internet Modern History Sourcebook , fordham.edu Websites Discussion of the medieval / modern transition from the introduction to the pioneering Cambridge Modern History ( 1902 -- 1912 ) Society for Renaissance Studies Early Modern Culture Early Modern Resources Video films Int'l Commerce , Snorkeling Camels , and The Indian Ocean Trade on YouTube : Crash Course World History # 18 -- YouTube Venice and the Ottoman Empire on YouTube : Crash Course World History # 19 -- YouTube Columbus , de Gama , and Zheng He ! 15th Century Mariners on YouTube . Crash Course : World History # 21 -- YouTube The Columbian Exchange on YouTube : Crash Course World History # 23 -- YouTube The Atlantic Slave Trade on YouTube : Crash Course World History # 24 -- YouTube The Spanish Empire , Silver , & Runaway Inflation on YouTube : Crash Course World History # 25 -- YouTube The Seven Years War on YouTube : Crash Course World History # 26 -- YouTube Tea , Taxes , and The American Revolution on YouTube : Crash Course World History # 28 -- YouTube Preceded by Postclassical Era History by period 1450 CE -- 1750 CE Succeeded by Modern history Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_period&oldid=856378819 '' Categories : Early Modern period Historical eras History of Europe by period 15th century 16th century 17th century 18th century Modern history 15th century in Europe 16th century in Europe 17th century in Europe 18th century in Europe World history Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2011 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Rumantsch Русский Scots Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams ייִדיש 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 19 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Early modern period
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1,973,816,186,603,540,500 | who has been eliminated from bigboss 2 telugu | Bigg Boss Telugu 2 - wikipedia Bigg Boss Telugu 2 <Td_colspan="4"> Bigg Boss Telugu <Td_colspan="4"> ◄ Season 2 ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Name Entry Exit Amit Day 0 Deepthi Day 0 Deepti Day 0 Ganesh Day 0 Geetha Day 0 Kaushal Day 0 Nutan Day 0 Day 53 Day 14 Pooja Day 43 Roll Day 0 Samrat Day 0 Syamala Day 0 Day 53 Day 28 Tanish Day 0 Babu Day 0 Day 63 Nandini Day 8 Day 56 Tejaswi Day 0 Day 42 Bhanu Day 0 Day 35 Kireeti Day 0 Day 21 Sanjana Day 0 Day 7 <Td_colspan="4"> Legend <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted <Td_colspan="4"> Nominated <Td_colspan="4"> House Captain <Td_colspan="4"> Immune Bigg Boss Telugu 2 is the second season of the Telugu - language version of the reality TV show Bigg Boss broadcast in India . The season premiered on June 10 , 2018 on Star Maa . Nani hosts the show . Unlike the first season , this season featured general public along with celebrities as housemates . For this season of Bigg Boss , a lavish house set has been constructed in Annapurna Studios , Jubilee Hills , Hyderabad . Contents 1 Housemates 1.1 Original entrants 1.1. 1 Celebrities 1.1. 2 Commoners 1.2 Wild - Card entrants 2 Guests 3 Voting History 3.1 Notes 4 Weekly summary 5 References 6 External Links Housemates ( edit ) Original entrants ( edit ) Celebrities ( edit ) Geetha Madhuri - Singer Amit Tiwari - Actor Deepti Nallamothu - TV9 Anchor Tanish Alladi - Actor Babu Gogineni - Indian Humanist , Rationalist and Human rights activist Bhanu Sree - Actress Roll Rida - Rapper Syamala - Anchor Kireeti Damaraju - Actor Deepthi Sunaina - Social Media Star & Actress Kaushal Manda - Actor Tejaswi Madivada - Actress Samrat Reddy - Actor & Cricketer Commoners ( edit ) Ganesh - Radio Jockey , Vijayawada . Sanjana Anne - Model , Miss Hyderabad , Miss India Participant , Vijayawada . Nutan Naidu - Social Activist , Visakhapatnam . Wild - Card entrants ( edit ) Nandini Rai - Model , Winner of Miss Andhrapradesh title of 2010 and Actress Pooja Ramachandran - Model and Actress Guests ( edit ) Week ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes Week 2 Srinivas Reddy and Vennela Kishore To promote the film Jamba Lakidi Pamba . Week 4 Sai Dharam Tej and Anupama Parameswaran To promote the film Tej I Love You Week 6 Pradeep Machiraju To inform about his new show - Pelli Choopulu Lakshmi Manchu To promote the film W / O Ram Week 8 Kamal Haasan , Pooja Kumar , Ghibran , and Shamdat Sainudeen To promote the film Vishwaroopam II Voting history ( edit ) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 15 Day 22 Day 28 House Captain No Captain Samrat Amit Roll <Td_colspan="2"> Kaushal Geetha Tanish Geetha Pooja Tanish <Td_colspan="2"> Captain 's Nomination Deepthi ( to evict ) Ganesh Geetha Ganesh Not eligible Refused to save Deepti Not eligible Kaushal Amit Not eligible Not eligible Samrat Kaushal <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="18"> Vote to : <Th_colspan="4"> Evict <Th_colspan="2"> Save <Th_colspan="2"> Evict <Th_colspan="2"> None Save <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="18"> Amit Deepthi Ganesh Kaushal House Captain Kaushal Not eligible Refused to save Bhanu Not eligible Kaushal Babu Not eligible Immune Samrat Syamala <Td_colspan="2"> Deepthi Amit Geetha Kaushal Ganesh Kireeti Syamala Not eligible Tanish Tanish Amit Roll Not eligible Not eligible Deepthi <Td_colspan="2"> Deepti Deepthi Kaushal Babu Tejaswi Bhanu Babu Nominated Deepthi Deepti Babu Ganesh Not eligible Not eligible <Td_colspan="2"> Geetha Tejaswi Ganesh Ganesh Ganesh Tanish Tejaswi Not eligible Babu House Captain Ganesh Babu House Captain Not eligible Geetha <Td_colspan="2"> Ganesh Deepthi Kaushal Kaushal Tejaswi Kireeti Kaushal Not eligible Roll Deepti Nandini Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Ganesh <Td_colspan="2"> Kaushal Kireeti Deepthi Ganesh Kireeti Bhanu Ganesh Nandini House Captain Samrat Babu Nandini Not eligible Not eligible Kaushal <Td_colspan="2"> Nutan Sanjana Kireeti Amit <Td_colspan="6"> Evicted ( Day 14 ) Exempt Not Eligible <Td_colspan="2"> Pooja <Td_colspan="7"> Not in House Exempt Not eligible House Captain Pooja <Td_colspan="2"> Roll Sanjana Nutan Nutan Ganesh Kireeti House Captain Not eligible Amit Roll Deepthi Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Ganesh <Td_colspan="2"> Samrat Deepthi Ganesh House Captain Ganesh Kireeti Kaushal Not eligible Tejaswi Samrat Deepthi Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Samrat <Td_colspan="2"> Syamala Kireeti Tanish Tejaswi Kireeti Ganesh Tejaswi Nominated <Td_colspan="3"> Evicted ( Day 28 ) Exempt Not Eligible Syamala <Td_colspan="2"> Tanish Kaushal Ganesh Nutan Ganesh Geetha Geetha Not eligible Samrat Tanish House Captain Not eligible Not eligible House Captain <Td_colspan="2"> Babu Sanjana Nutan Ganesh Deepthi Ganesh Deepti Not eligible Ganesh Roll Amit Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible <Td_colspan="8"> Evicted ( Day 63 ) Nandini Not in House Exempt Kireeti Bhanu Tejaswi Nominated Tried to save Deepti Tejaswi Kaushal Ganesh Not eligible <Td_colspan="9"> Evicted ( Day 56 ) Tejaswi Deepthi Ganesh Nutan Ganesh Deepti Kaushal Deepti Geetha Tejaswi <Td_colspan="10"> Evicted ( Day 42 ) Bhanu Kireeti Tanish Babu Kaushal Kireeti Nandini Not eligible Nandini <Td_colspan="11"> Evicted ( Day 35 ) Kireeti Deepthi Nutan Geetha Ganesh Geetha <Td_colspan="14"> Evicted ( Day 21 ) Sanjana Roll Tejaswi <Td_colspan="16"> Evicted ( Day 7 ) <Th_colspan="18"> Notes 1 , 2 , 3 4 , 5 6 7 , 8 , 9 10 , 11 12 13 , 14 15 , 16 15 <Td_colspan="2"> Nominated Deepthi Ganesh Kireeti Kaushal Nutan Sanjana Deepthi Ganesh Nutan Kaushal Babu Ganesh Kireeti Bhanu Geetha Tejaswi Tejaswi Kaushal Ganesh Syamala Nandini Deepti Babu Geetha Syamala Nandini Deepti Deepti Ganesh Bhanu Amit Deepti Roll Samrat Tejaswi Tanish Kaushal Babu Ganesh Amit Deepthi Nandini Babu Ganesh Nandini Kaushal Deepti Babu Ganesh Geetha Syamala Deepti Tanish Pooja Geetha Roll Deepthi <Td_colspan="2"> Evicted Sanjana Nutan Kireeti <Td_colspan="2"> Syamala Bhanu Tejaswi No Eviction Nandini Babu Notes ( edit ) indicates the House Captain . indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process . indicates that the Housemate was granted immunity from nominations . indicates that the Evicted housemate was re-entered the house in a special voting system . ^ Note 1 : Nominations were done in pairs . ^ Note 2 : Deepthi has been nominated directly for eviction prior to the regular nominations process by House Captain Samrat . ^ Note 3 : Nandini entered the house after nominations . Therefore , she got exempt from nominations . ^ Note 4 : Nandini granted immunity from nominations by Bigg Boss . ^ Note 5 : Face - to - face Nominations . ^ Note 6 : Three housemates with the least votes were in the danger zone . As the winners of Luxury Budget Task of Week 3 , Kaushal & Tejaswi got the Voting Power to save one of the three nominated housemates . The housemate not save was Evicted . ^ Note 7 : All Housemates are nominated but to get saved from nominations housemates have to complete the task given by Bigg Boss . Housemates who succeeded in given tasks will get saved while failed housemates will be directly nominated to face the public vote . ^ Note 8 : Bigg Boss gave a task to Deepti to get saved from nominations that she has to convince Nandini to try to convince Kaushal to self - nominate himself until the end of the season . Kaushal refused to do that to save Deepti . ^ Note 9 : As a part of the task , Ganesh had to self - nominate himself in order to save Roll . ^ Note 10 : Housemates were told to pair up , then the paired housemates had to mutually decide to save one of them from Eviction and nominate the other . ^ Note 11 : Amit was chosen by the housemates to be least talked to the housemate . As a result , he was directly nominated . But later got a secret task to save himself from Eviction . ^ Note 12 : This week voting lines were open to bring back one of the evicted housemates . Even though housemates were nominated there is no eviction . ^ Note 13 : Syamala & Nutan re-entered the house by gaining the most public votes among all evicted contestants . ^ Note 14 : Housemates had to rate themselves from number 1 being the best & number 12 being the worst . ^ Note 15 : The Guest Kamal Hassan gave Amit a special immunity for 2 weeks . ^ Note 16 : Bigg Boss plays a song , where housemates have to enter the tent house arranged in the garden area . The last person who enters the tent will be nominated . Weekly summary ( edit ) Week Entrances Geetha Madhuri , Amit Tiwari , Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish Alladi , Babu Gogineni , Bhanu Sree , Roll Rida , Syamala , Kireeti Damaraju , Deepthi Sunaina , Kaushal , Tejaswi Madivada , Samrat Reddy , Ganesh , Sanjana Anne and Nutan Naidu entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 0 . House Captain No Captain Captaincy Task BIGG BOSS MELA → Contenders : - Samrat Reddy , Bhanu Sree , Ganesh , Sanjana Anne . In this task , contenders have used some items from the stall provided in the garden area and have to advertise in a creative manner by using items from the stall . 100 tokens are given to remaining housemates to elect their captain by their performance . → Total tokens won by contenders : Ganesh 175 , Sanjana Anne 130 , Bhanu Sree 380 , and Samrat Reddy won week 2 captaincy with 395 tokens . Luxury Budget Task Cheppandi Prabhu All 16 contestants are divided into two groups . Sanjana was the head of the first team and members of the other team were given a task to play servants to her team . The ratings of the first team will play a pivotal role in the captaincy task . Housemates won 3200 points but housemates lost 600 points for not using whistle while in the task , - 200 points for sleeping daytime , and - 200 points due to Tejaswi failed her secret task given by Bigg Boss . After all deductions , housemates won 2200 points to buy Luxury Items . In Jail Sanjana Anne ( For 2 Days ) Nutan Naidu ( For 15 Hours ) Nominations Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Kireeti Damaraju Kaushal Nutan Naidu Sanjana Anne Exits Sanjana Anne was evicted on Day 7 . Week Entrances Nandini Rai entered Bigg Boss house as wild card contestant on Day 8 . House Captain Samrat Reddy , 1st captain of the House . Captaincy Task Oopiri Unnantha Varaku Contenders are Tanish , Kaushal , and Amit . The task is for the three contestants to hold on to a rope on a T stand arranged in Garden area . While the other housemates do everything and anything they can to get them to leave the hold of the rope and get off the podium . From tickling , shaving beards , dumping toothpaste to using lemon -- housemates try everything . None of them are ready to give up . Housemates decided Amit as the right person and convinced Kaushal & Tanish to leave the rope . Amit Tiwari won week 3 Captaincy Luxury Budget Task Evadura Rajyani Gelichedhi In this luxury budget task Nutan becomes the king , Deepti Nallamothu becomes the queen and Nandini is announced as the princess . They are assisted by Geetha ( chancellor ) and they will choose a team that would work for the princess . The other housemates become villagers and are asked to stay in huts set up in the garden area of the house . Round One Then two contestants come up to the activity room to compete in a task to join King 's Team . → Winners of Mud Pit tasks given by BIGG BOSS are joined King 's Team and remaining housemates became villagers who work for the princess . → King 's Team members are Amit , Samrat , Babu Gogineni , Ganesh , Bhanu , and Kireeti . → Princess Team members are Deepthi Sunaina , Tejaswi , Roll Rida , Syamala , Tanish , and Kaushal . Round Two BIGG BOSS placed one diamond in the living area which gives housemates more points to win Round two . → Losser team head will be locked in jail by winner team head . Raju Gari Malla is a task which hosted by Geetha . In this task , two teams have to get as many flowers from the pool in the garden area to make a garland. Princess Team won the task with 96 flowers . Raja Simhasanam is a task which hosted by Geetha . Nandhini ( Princess ) sits on a chair and two teams have to pull the chair to win . King 's Team won by pulling the chair to their side . BIGG BOSS announce Princess Team as a winner of round two and order Nandhini ( Princess ) to lock Nutan Naidu ( King ) , and Deepti Nallamothu ( Queen ) in jail . Round Three Princess Team have to protect the Jail Key for 8 hours which was placed in Gym area to win the luxury budget task . King 's team have to stole the key and rescue Nutan Naidu ( King ) and Deepti Nallamothu ( Queen ) to win the luxury budget task . Result Won - Princess Team In Jail Nutan Naidu for 20 hours Deepti Nallamothu for 20 hours Nominations Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Nutan Naidu Kaushal Babu Gogineni Exits Nutan Naidu Evicted on Day 14 Week House Captain Amit Tiwari Captaincy Task BiryaniVindhu Contenders : - Ganesh , Kireeti Damaraju , Roll Rida . In this task contenders have to eat biryani as much as they can before end buzzer comes . Roll Rida won week 4 captaincy by eating 13 servings of biryani . Luxury Budget Task BIGG BOSS Sugar Cane Factory Bigg Boss house became sugar cane factory . In this task , there are two teams and one quality check manager . Yellow team owner is Kaushal , Green team owner is Kireeti Damaraju and Quality check manager and chancellor of the task is Bhanu Sree . Two teams have to complete the sugar cane juice bottles order given by Bigg Boss by using sugar cane juice machines placed in the garden area and save Bigg Boss money to win . Quality check manager should check the quality and accept or reject the bottles . Level One → Order One given by Bigg Boss 25 juice bottles for both teams . Green team won with 25 bottles . → Order Two given by Bigg Boss 50 bottles . Both teams failed to complete the order . → Order Three given by Bigg Boss 100 bottles . Bigg Boss canceled the order because of green team cheating by mixing water with sugar cane juice in bottles . Level Two → Order One given by Bigg Boss 100 bottles . Both teams failed to complete the order . → Order Two given by Bigg Boss 75 bottles . Both teams completed . But the yellow team won with 77 bottles . Yellow team are with 73,000 of Bigg Boss money worker ( Tejaswi ) and 15,000 with owner after giving wages to workers while the green team lost with 53,000 of Bigg Boss money worker ( Ganesh ) and 0 money with owner after giving wages to workers . And 31,000 Bigg boss money with quality check manager ( Bhanu Sree ) . Kaushal and Tejaswi awarded with special vote power by Bigg Boss for winning luxury budget task . Result Won - Yellow Team In Jail Tanish Alladi Babu Gogineni Nominations Ganesh Kireeti Damaraju Geetha Madhuri Bhanu Sree Tejaswi Madivada Exits Kireeti Damaraju evicted on Day 21 . Week House Captain Roll Rida Captaincy Task TBA Luxury Budget Task BIGGBOSS HOSTEL Bigg Boss house became hostel . In this hostel , there are two teams . Lovers team and hostel staff team . Wardens and security guards have to prevent lovers secret meets , gift exchange and entering them into activity room . If boy met a girl and exchange their gifts hostel staff lose points . Hostel wardens : : Babu Gogineni and Geetha Madhuri Security guards : : Shyamala and Ganesh . Love Pairs : : Samrat and Tejeswi , Amit and Bhanu sree , Kaushal and Deepti Nallamothu , Roll Rida and Deepthi Sunaina , Tanish and Nandhini Rai . Lovers team won the task . They lost luxury budget points because of sleeping while task going on and taking breaks for lunch , rest . In Jail Geetha Madhuri Bigg Boss ordered Roll Rida to lock her in jail because she was talking about nominations with housemates and given punishment as she has to write Sorry Bigg Boss 100 times on wall by wearing boxing gloves . Nominations Babu Gogineni Tejaswi Madivada Geetha Madhuri Kaushal Deepti Nallamothu Ganesh Nandhini Rai Syamala Exits Syamala Week 5 House Captain Kaushal Captaincy Task BIGGBOSS inti Samskarthallu Contenders are : Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Sunaina Two contenders have to prepare their own campaigns on what reforms they are making and Propagate to each housemate and they should clarify housemates doubts . After propagations bigg boss conducted a election and all housemates have to drop their vote in ballet box arranged in garden area . Geetha Madhuri won week 6 captaincy with 11 votes . Luxury Budget Task Manchi Chedu In this luxury budget task there are two teams Manchivallu Team and Cheddavallu Team . Manchi Team : : Babu Gogineni , Roll Rida , Deepthi Sunaina , Kaushal , Nandini Rai , Deepti Nallamothu and Tanish . Chedu Team : : Tejeswi Madiwada , Samrat Reddy , Ganesh , Bhanu Sree , Amit Tiwari and Geetha Madhuri . Manchi team have to clean the things in house and they have to cook for all housemates . Chedu team try to make house dirty . Manchi team have to protect three lotus flowers and red apples for not to lose points and chedu team has to destroy those flowers and protect black apples to gain points . Apple tree was in garden area it contains red and black apples . While chedu team won the task bigg boss given 2600 amazon.in luxury budget points for good performances by both the teams and 200 points deducted due to tejaswi destroyed cleaning mop therefore housemates won 2400 amazon.in luxury budget points to buy luxury items . Result Won - Chedu Team In Jail Bhanu Sree Nominations Deepti Nallamothu Ganesh Bhanu Sree Exits Bhanu Sree Week 6 House Captain Geetha Madhuri Captaincy Task Tomato Juice Contestants : : Amit , Babu Gogineni , Tanish Luxury Budget Task BIGG BOSS BLOCKBUSTER In this luxury budget task housemates have to shoot a film . Amit as Director , Deepti nallamothu as Assistant director ( A.D ) , Roll rida as Director of photography ( DOP ) , Tejaswi madivada as choreographer , makeup man and Stylist . Level one : - Director , Assistant Director and DOP have to prepare a story and its characters . The film should be in the order like Beginning , Romance , Action , and climax . Level Two : - Auditions has to be conducted by Amit ( Director ) , Deepti Nallamothu ( A.D ) , and Roll Rida ( DOP ) in Activity Room . Remaining housemates have to give audition to get selected in a character for the film . Rejected housemates become helping crew in the film and they are not eligible for next captaincy task . In Jail None Nominations Amit ( 11 ) Deepti Roll Samrat Tejaswi Tanish Exits Tejaswi evicted on day 42 . Week 7 Entrances Pooja Ramachandran entered Bigg Boss house as wild card contestant on Day 43 House Captain Tanish Captaincy Task Move the Statue Contenders : : Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Nallamotu , Amit Tiwar , Samrat Geetha Madhuri Won the Task and became as House Captain for Week 8 . This is second time for Geetha Madhuri to be as House Captain . Luxury Budget Task Nadusthundu Nadusthundu Nadusthuneundu In this luxury budget task housemates have to divide into three teams . Each team has three members . One should swim to bring body spray bottle in the pool , one should walk from pool to standing person , and one should stand at the table . Swimming member have to bring only one fog body spray bottle at a time and has to give to their walking team member and walking member will give to their standing member and he / she will place the bottle on the table . Geetha Madhuri was chancellor for this task . Team one : - Kaushal , Deepti Nallamothu and Nandhini . Team Two : - Samrat Reddy , Tanish Alladi , Deepthi Sunaina . Team Three : - Pooja Ramachandran , Amit Tiwari , Roll Rida . Swimmers : - Kaushal , Samrat Reddy , and Pooja Ramachandran . Walkers : - Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish Alladi , and Amit Tiwari . Team one won this task and they awarded with luxury items available under the cap of the body spray bottle collected by them . In Jail None Nominations Kaushal Amit Tiwari Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Nandini Babu Gogineni Exits This week voting lines were open to bring back one of the evicted housemate . Even though housemates were nominated there is no eviction . Week 8 Entrances Syamala and Nutan Naidu Re-entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 53 . House Captain Geetha Madhuri Captaincy Task Dance with DJ Contenders : : Pooja Ramachandran , Roll Rida , Samrat In this Captaincy Task , housemates are asked to dance for the song , only one housemate for each Contenders for each song , total of five songs . and which DJ has got highest housemates danced to their song is a New Captain . Pooja Ramachandran won the task and became House captain of Week 9 . Luxury Budget Task Pirates VS Survivors In this task housemates are divided into two teams . Team One : - Deepthi Sunaina , Deepti Nallamothu , Geetha Madhuri , Pooja Ramachandran , Samrat Reddy and Roll Rida . Team Two : - Amit Tiwari , Ganesh , Babu Gogineni , Tanish , Nandini , and Kaushal . Day 1 Team one as survivors and team two as pirates . Roles are reversed on day 2 . Pirates have to attempt to drag survivors out off the plank while Survivors were supposed to hang on a plank and should n't touch the ground once stepped onto a plank . Team one won this luxury budget task by surviving three hours on planks as survivors . In Jail Geetha Madhuri Ganesh ( Kaushal used his jail card and recused ganesh from jail ) Nominations Kaushal Babu Nandini Ganesh Deepti Nallamothu Exits Nandini Rai Evicted on Day 56 . Week 9 House Captain Pooja Ramachandran Captaincy Task Raangu Rabba Rabba Contenders : - Tanish and Deepti Nallamothu There are two paint buckets and one white board in garden area . Contenders has to select one color and start painting the white board . who 's paint color is highly visible on the board will become next captain of the house . Tanish won the task and became House captain of Week 10 . Luxury Budget Task Purushulaki mahilalaki Madhya Anthima Yuddham In this task housemates are divided into two teams : - Boys Team and Girls Team . Every team has a control on any 2 places in the house . Team mates have to spend gold coins to use the area of other team . Bed room and Kitchen under the control of girls team , while living room and bath room under the control of boys team . To get more gold coins team mates have to finish some tasks given by bigg boss . The team with more coins win the task . Some Intermediate tasks : - Sharira Drudatvamtho Kudukunnadi : In this task four girls and four boys have to participate . There are two tires in the gym area . One should sit on the tire and the other to pull them from yellow mark ( Starting point ) to red mark ( End point ) . Boys team won this task and awarded with one gold coin packet . Samayaspurthitho Kudukunnadi : There are two lines and one center point in the garden area . Both teams have to decide there numbers from 1 to 4 chancellor will say one number they should try to get gold coin packet from the center point . Boys team won 3 gold coin packets . Kabaddi : Kabaddi sport in between boys team and girls team . There are five round the one with most points win the task . Boys team won this task with 4 points . Box opening : There are some locked boxes in the garden area and keys in the pool . Both the teams have to get the keys from pool and open the boxes . Each box contain one gold coin . Boys team won . Quiz to Girls : In this task quiz master is tanish and score marker is ganesh . Three girls from mahilalu team has to answer 20 out of 30 general knowledge ( GK ) questions to win gold coins . Girls lost this task by answering 16 out of 30 questions . Purushulu vantacheyaleru : In this task boys team have to cook some food ordered by bigg boss in 45 minutes to win gold coin packet . Purushulu team won this task . Mahilalu team has 325 coins . Purushulu team won this luxury budget task with 330 gold coins . In Jail None Nominations Babu Gogineni Geetha Madhuri Syamala Deepti Nallamothu Tanish Ganesh Exits Babu Gogineni Evicted on Day 63 . Week 10 House Captain Tanish Captaincy Task TBA Luxury Budget Task TBA In Jail TBC Nominations TBC Exits TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Bigg Boss Telugu 2 ' marks TV debut of Nani as host , show goes on air from June 10 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 first promo is out ; Auditions open for commoners '' . Times Of India . 2018 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Biggboss house had been constructed in Hyderabad '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Sai Dharam Tej , Anupama to appear as celebrity guests to promote Tej I Love You '' . IB Times . 2018 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 19 , 2018 : Pradeep reveals his reasons to enter the house '' . Times Of India . 20 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 next special guest : Lakshmi Manchu promotes Wife of Ram on Nani 's show '' . IB Times . 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan promotes Vishwaroopam 2 on Nani 's Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 30 , 2018 : Deepthi drags Kaushal into the elimination race '' . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 3 , 2018 : Kamal Haasan gifts Amit a two - week extension card '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 launch highlights : Geetha Madhuri , Amit Tiwari and Tejaswi Madivada among others enter Bigg Boss house '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu season 2 written update , June 15 , 2018 : Samrat becomes the first captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Day 7 : Sanjana Anne Evicted from Bigg Boss house , and Nandini Rai enter Bigg Boss house as Wild Card Contestant '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 22 , 2018 : House witnesses some ugly fights , Amit emerges as the new captain '' . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Day 14 : Nutan Naidu Evicted from Nani'sBigg Boss '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 29 , 2018 : Roll Rida is the new captain , Babu and Tanish jailed '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 27 , 2018 : Kaushal and Tejaswi win a special voting power '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Episode 22 : Kireeti Damaraju Evicted from Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , 4th elimination live updates : Nandini , Deepti saved , Syamala evicted '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 13 , 2018 : Geetha Madhuri wins a majority in captaincy race '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Bhanu Sree evicted , Nani asks her to pack bag '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 week 6 elimination : Tejaswi Madivada shown doors , Samrat Reddy is safe from eviction '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Wildcard entry of Pooja Ramachandran old fixture in house '' . IB Times . 2018 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss 2 Telugu , episode 47 : Geetha Madhuri Became captain for the second time '' . Hindustan Times . 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 ex-contestant's wildcard entry : Who should be brought back ? ( Poll ) '' . IB Times . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : No elimination from Nani 's show Nuthan Naidu , Syamala re-enter the house '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 2 , 2018 : Pooja is the new captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 3 August 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 eliminations Live updates : Nandini Rai is evicted , she drops Bigg bomb on Roll Rida '' . IB Times . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 10 , 2018 : Tanish is the new captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 11 August 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Babu Gogineni evicted ; Tanish , Ganesh , Deepthi are safe '' . IB Times . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official Website at Hotstar <Th_colspan="2"> Bigg Boss Telugu Seasons Caption N / A Edaina Jaragochu Winners Siva Balaji Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigg_Boss_Telugu_2&oldid=854770746 '' Categories : 2018 Indian television seasons Bigg Boss seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 17 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Bigg Boss Telugu 2
2. Reality TV show
3. Housemates and contestants
4. Voting history and eviction
5. Luxury budget tasks and challenges |
-4,475,362,120,236,072,000 | who is joanna in the song gimme hope joanna | Gimme Hope Jo'anna - wikipedia Gimme Hope Jo'anna Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Gimme Hope Jo'anna '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Eddy Grant <Th_colspan="2"> from the album File Under Rock B - side `` Say Hello to Fidel '' Released 1988 ( 1988 ) Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded Blue Wave Studios , Saint Philip , Barbados Genre Worldbeat , reggae Length 3 : 47 Label Parlophone , EMI Songwriter ( s ) Eddy Grant Producer ( s ) Eddy Grant <Th_colspan="2"> Eddy Grant singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Boys in the Street '' ( 1984 ) `` Gimme Hope Jo'anna '' ( 1988 ) `` Harmless Piece of Fun '' ( 1988 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Boys in the Street '' ( 1984 ) `` Gimme Hope Jo'anna '' ( 1988 ) `` Harmless Piece of Fun '' ( 1988 ) `` Gimme Hope Jo'anna '' is an anti-apartheid song written and originally released by Eddy Grant in 1988 , during the apartheid era in South Africa . The song was banned by the South African government when it was released , but was widely played in South Africa nonetheless . It reached number seven on the UK Singles Chart , becoming Grant 's first top 10 hit for more than five years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Cover versions 3 Track listings 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 References 6 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The `` Jo'anna '' of the lyrics represents not only the city of Johannesburg , but also the South African Government and its apartheid policy . Soweto is a black township near Johannesburg , known for its role in the resistance to the apartheid laws . The South African army during the apartheid era was well known for `` sneaking across the neighbours ' borders '' to fight in other neighbouring countries , most notably in the Angolan Civil War . The archbishop is Desmond Tutu , who won the Nobel Peace Prize for his opposition to apartheid . `` She 's got supporters in high up places , Who turn their heads to the city sun '' represents the unwillingness of the international community , at first , to take action against the South African government and its apartheid system . It is also a reference to a South African luxury resort by the name of Sun City . `` She even knows how to swing opinion , In every magazine and the journals '' represents propaganda in the media and the Muldergate Scandal , which involved secret government subsidization of pro-apartheid media . Eddy Grant performed a version of this song at the closing ceremony of the Indian Premier League T - 20 cricket tournament on 25 May 2009 . The song included a short reprise with the lyrics `` ... Jo'anna still runs this country '' and the rest of the reprise in present tense . Cover versions ( edit ) A cover was recorded by the South African Band , Dr. Victor and the Rasta Rebels . Argentine comedian Yayo Guridi in his ' Cantante Enmascarado ' ( The Masked Singer ) persona sang a literal Spanish translation of this song on the Argentine humorous TV show ' Sin Codificar ' on the episode that preceded the start of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Johannesburg is the city where the Argentine National Football Team played its opening match against Nigeria . German a cappella band Basta also covered this song , dedicated to Germany 's manager Joachim Löw . The song was also versioned by another two German punk bands , JBO in 1995 and Not Available in 1998 . Lou Bega also recorded a cover of this song for his album A Little Bit of 80 's . Yoplait used the melody for a commercial for their Yop yogurt drink , ' Gimme Yop , Me Mama ' . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Gimme Hope Jo'Anna '' -- 3 : 47 `` Say Hello to Fidel '' -- 4 : 41 12 '' maxi `` Gimme Hope Jo'Anna '' `` Say Hello to Fidel '' `` Living on the Frontline '' ( live version ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Italy ( Hit Parade Italia ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 ) 5 France ( SNEP ) 50 Italy ( Hit Parade Italia ) 15 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Physical sales France Silver 1988 200,000 243,000 Preceded by `` Tell It to My Heart '' by Taylor Dayne Dutch Top 40 number - one single 9 April 1988 - 7 May 1988 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Yé ké yé ké '' by Mory Kanté References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How Eddy Grant gave hope to South Africa '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Explizite lyrik '' . jbo.de . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Resistance is futile '' . notavailable.eu . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gimme Yop , Me Mama on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eddy Grant -- Gimme Hope Jo'anna '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eddy Grant -- Gimme Hope Jo'anna '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Eddy Grant -- Gimme Hope Jo'anna '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Eddy Grant -- Gimme Hope Jo'anna '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1988 '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 15 , 1988 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eddy Grant -- Gimme Hope Jo'anna '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eddy Grant -- Gimme Hope Jo'anna '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Eddy Grant -- Gimme Hope Jo'anna '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eddy Grant -- Gimme Hope Jo'anna '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ 1988 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at Archived 22 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 17 June 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` 1988 Belgian Flanders Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . ultratop.be . Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ http://top.france.free.fr/html/annuel/1988.htm Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1988 '' ( pdf ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts 1988 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ 1988 Swiss Singles Chart Hitparade.ch Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 17 June 2008 ) Jump up ^ Elia Habib , Muz hit . tubes , p. 142 ( ISBN 2 - 9518832 - 0 - X ) Jump up ^ `` Les certifications depuis 1973 , database '' ( in French ) . Infodisc . Archived from the original on 13 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 September 2010 . External links ( edit ) South Campfire Song Book - includes lyrics Sin Codificar . `` El Cantante Enmascarado singing a literal Spanish translation of Gimme Hope Jo'anna '' , America TV , Buenos Aires , 6 June 2009 . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Eddy Grant Studio albums Eddy Grant Message Man Walking on Sunshine Love in Exile My Turn to Love You Ca n't Get Enough Killer on the Rampage Going for Broke Born Tuff File Under Rock Barefoot Soldier Paintings of the Soul Soca Baptism Hearts and Diamonds Reparation Singles `` Walking on Sunshine '' `` Do You Feel My Love '' `` I Do n't Wanna Dance '' `` Electric Avenue '' `` Romancing the Stone '' `` Gimme Hope Jo'anna '' Songs `` Baby , Come Back '' `` After the Lights Go Down Low '' Related articles Discography The Equals Baby , Come Back Ice Records Ringbang <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Eddy Grant Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gimme_Hope_Jo%27anna&oldid=843224378 '' Categories : 1988 singles Eddy Grant songs Music in the movement against apartheid Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Songs against racism and xenophobia Songs about Johannesburg Opposition to apartheid in South Africa 1988 songs EMI Records singles Parlophone singles Songs written by Eddy Grant Songs about religious leaders Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles that may contain original research from June 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Eesti Español Français Italiano Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 18 : 55 . About Wikipedia | 1. Gimme Hope Jo'anna - Eddy Grant
2. Anti-apartheid song
3. South African government
4. Apartheid era
5. Johannesburg and Soweto |
-7,284,678,856,481,580,000 | from where did most immigrants to the united states come after the 1880s | History of immigration to the United States - wikipedia History of immigration to the United States Jump to : navigation , search Play media Film by Edison Studios showing immigrants disembarking from the steam ferryboat William Myers onto Ellis Island on July 9 , 1903 . The history of immigration to the United States details the movement of people to the United States starting with the first European settlements from around 1600 . Beginning around this time , British and other Europeans settled primarily on the east coast . Later Africans were imported as slaves . The United States experienced successive waves of immigration , particularly from Europe . Immigrants sometimes paid the cost of transoceanic transportation by becoming indentured servants after their arrival in the New World . Later , immigration rules became more restrictive ; the ending of numerical restrictions occurred in 1965 . Recently , cheap air travel has increased immigration from Asia and Latin America . Attitudes towards new immigrants have cycled between favorable and hostile since the 1790s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial Era 1.1 New England 1.2 Dutch 1.3 Middle colonies 1.4 Frontier 1.5 Southern Colonies 1.6 Characteristics 1.7 Irish Catholics 2 Other colonies 2.1 Spanish 2.2 French 3 Population in 1790 4 1790 to 1849 5 1850 to 1930 5.1 Demography 5.2 Destinations 5.3 New Immigration 6 1930 to 2000 6.1 Equal Nationality Act of 1934 6.2 Tydings -- McDuffie Act 6.3 Postwar immigration 6.4 1950s 6.5 Hart - Celler Act 6.6 1980s 7 Immigration summary since 1830 7.1 Historical foreign - born population by state 8 See also 8.1 Ethnic groups 9 References 10 Bibliography 10.1 Recent migrations 10.2 Historical studies 10.3 Historiography 10.4 Primary sources Colonial era ( edit ) Main articles : Colonial history of the United States , British colonization of the Americas , Thirteen Colonies , European colonization of the Americas , Indentured servant , and Nationality law in the American Colonies In 1607 the first successful English colony settled in Jamestown , Virginia . Once tobacco was found to be a profitable cash crop , many plantations were established along the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia and Maryland . Thus began the first and longest era of immigration , lasting until the American Revolution in 1775 ; during this time settlements grew from initial English toe - holds from the New World to British America . It brought Northern European immigrants , primarily of British , German , and Dutch extraction . The British ruled from the mid-17th century and they were by far the largest group of arrivals , remaining within the British Empire . Over 90 % of these early immigrants became farmers . Large numbers of young men and women came alone as indentured servants . Their passage was paid by employers in the colonies who needed help on the farms or in shops . Indentured servants were provided food , housing , clothing and training but they did not receive wages . At the end of the indenture ( usually around age 21 ) they were free to marry and start their own farms . New England ( edit ) Seeking religious freedom in the New World , one hundred English Pilgrims established a small settlement near Plymouth , Massachusetts in 1620 . Tens of thousands of English Puritans arrived , mostly from the East Anglian parts of England ( Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex ) , as well as Kent and East Sussex. , and settled in Boston , Massachusetts and adjacent areas from around 1629 to 1640 to create a land dedicated to their religion . The earliest New English colonies , Massachusetts , Connecticut , Rhode Island , and New Hampshire , were established along the northeast coast . Large scale immigration to this region ended before 1700 , though a small but steady trickle of later arrivals continued . The New English colonists were the most urban and educated of all their contemporaries , and they had many skilled farmers , tradesmen and craftsmen among them . They started the first university , Harvard , in 1635 in order to train their ministers . They mostly settled in small villages for mutual support ( nearly all of them had their own militias ) and common religious activities . Shipbuilding , commerce , agriculture , and fishing were their main sources of income . New England 's healthy climate ( the cold winters killed the mosquitoes and other disease - bearing insects ) , small widespread villages ( minimizing the spread of disease ) , and an abundant food supply resulted in the lowest death rate and the highest birth rate of any of the colonies . The Eastern and Northern frontier around the initial New England settlements was mainly settled by the descendants of the original New Englanders . Immigration to the New England colonies after 1640 and the start of the English Civil War decreased to less than 1 % ( about equal to the death rate ) in nearly all of the years prior to 1845 . The rapid growth of the New England colonies ( approximately 900,000 by 1790 ) was almost entirely due to the high birth rate ( > 3 % ) and the low death rate ( < 1 % ) per year . Dutch ( edit ) The Dutch , primarily driven by the United East Indian Company , first established settlements along the Hudson River in New York starting about 1626 . Wealthy Dutch patroons set up large landed estates along the Hudson River and brought in farmers who became renters . Others established rich trading posts to trade with Native Americans and started cities such as New Amsterdam ( now New York City ) and Albany , New York . After the British took over and renamed the colony New York , Germans ( from the Palatine ) , and Yankees ( from New England ) began arriving . Middle colonies ( edit ) Maryland , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and Delaware formed the middle colonies . Pennsylvania was settled by Quakers from Britain , followed by Ulster Scots ( Northern Ireland ) on the frontier and numerous German Protestant sects , including the German Palatines . The earlier colony of New Sweden had small settlements on the lower Delaware River , with immigrants of Swedes and Finns . These colonies were absorbed by 1676 . The middle colonies ' were scattered West of New York City ( established 1626 ; taken over by the English in 1664 ) and Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( established 1682 ) . The initially Dutch colony of New York had the most eclectic collection of residents from many different nations and prospered as a major trading and commercial center after about 1700 . From around 1680 to 1725 , the Pennsylvania colonial center was dominated by the Quakers for decades after they emigrated , mainly from the North Midlands of England . During this time , the main commercial center of Philadelphia was run mostly by prosperous Quakers , supplemented by many small farming and trading communities , with a strong German contingent located in several small towns in the Delaware River valley . Starting around 1680 , when Pennsylvania was founded , many more settlers arrived to the middle colonies . Many Protestant sects were encouraged to settle there for freedom of religion and good , cheap land . Their origins were about 60 % British and 33 % German . By 1780 , New York 's population were around 27 % descendants of Dutch settlers , about 6 % were black , and the remainder were mostly English with a wide mixture of other Europeans . New Jersey , and Delaware had a British majority , with 7 -- 11 % German - descendants , about 6 % black population , and a small contingent of the Swedish descendants of New Sweden . At this time , nearly all were at least third - generation natives . Frontier ( edit ) The colonial frontier was mainly settled from about 1717 to 1775 . These were mostly Presbyterian settlers from North England border lands , Scotland , and Ulster , fleeing hard times and religious persecution . The fourth major center of settlement was the Western frontier , located in the Western parts of Pennsylvania and in the South , which was settled during the early to late 18th century by mostly Scots - Irish , with others mostly from North England border lands . Some French Huguenots and Germans were also present . Between 250,000 and 400,000 Scotch - Irish migrated to America in the 18th century . The Scotch - Irish soon became the dominant culture of the Appalachians from Pennsylvania to Georgia . Areas where people reported ' American ' ancestry were the places where , historically , northern English , Scottish and Scotch - Irish Protestants settled : in the interior of the South , and the Appalachian region . Scotch - Irish American immigrants , were made up of people from the southernmost counties of Scotland who had initially settled in Ireland . They were heavily Presbyterian , largely self - sufficient , and generally hostile to Native Americans and Catholics . The Scotch - Irish arrived in large numbers during the early 18th century and they often preferred to settle in the back country and the frontier from Pennsylvania to Georgia , where they mingled with second generation and later English settlers . They enjoyed the very cheap land and independence from established governments common to frontier settlements . Often , the main port of entry for these immigrants was Philadelphia , after which they ( or , in many cases , their descendants ) migrated west and south . Southern colonies ( edit ) The mostly agricultural Southern English colonies initially had very high death rates for new settlers due to malaria , yellow fever , and other diseases as well as skirmishes with Native Americans . Despite this , a steady flow of new settlers , mostly from Central England and the London area , kept up population growth . Initially , the large plantations were mostly owned by friends ( mostly minor aristocrats ) of the British - appointed governors . A group of Gaelic - speaking Scottish Highlanders created a settlement at Cape Fear in North Carolina , which remained culturally distinct until the mid-18th century , at which point it was swallowed up by the dominant English - origin culture . Many settlers arrived as indentured servants who had to work off their passage with five to seven years of work for room and board , clothing , and training , but no cash wages . After their terms of indentures expired , most of the indentures settled small farms on the frontier . The Southern colonies were about 55 % British , 38 % Black , and roughly 7 % German . The Atlantic slave trade primarily ceased after 1775 and it was outlawed in 1808 , although some slaves were smuggled in afterwards . After 1630 , the initial areas of settlement had been largely cleared of Native Americans by major outbreaks of measles , smallpox , and bubonic plague beginning decades before the settlers began arriving in large numbers . The leading killer was smallpox , which arrived in the New World around 1510 -- 1530 . Characteristics ( edit ) While the thirteen colonies differentiated in how they were settled and by whom , they had many commonalities . Nearly all were settled and financed by privately organized British settlers or families using free enterprise without any significant English Royal or Parliamentary government support or input . Nearly all commercial activity was run in small , privately owned businesses with good credit both at home and in England , which was essential since they were often cash poor . Most settlements were nearly independent of British trade since they grew or made nearly everything they needed ; the average cost of imports per household was 5 -- 15 pounds per year . Most settlements were created by complete family groups with several generations often present . The population was typically rural , with close to 80 % owning the land they lived and farmed on . After 1700 , as the Industrial Revolution progressed , more of the population started to move to cities , much like what had happened in Britain . Initially , the Dutch and German Americans primarily spoke dialects brought over from Europe , while English was the main trade language . Governments and laws primarily copied the English . The only major British institution to be abandoned was the aristocracy , noted by nearly universal absence . The settlers generally established their own popularly elected governments and courts on as many levels as they could and were nearly all , within a few years , self - governing , self - supporting , and self - replicating . This self - ruling pattern became so ingrained that almost all new settlements would have their own government up and running shortly after arrival for the next 200 years . Irish Catholics ( edit ) According to the Dictionary of American History , approximately `` 50,000 to 100,000 Irishmen , over 75 percent of them Catholic , came to United States in the 1600s , while 100,000 more Irish Catholics arrived in the 1700s . '' Indentured servitude was an especially common way of affording migration , and in the 1740s the Irish made up nine out of ten indentured servants in some colonial regions . However , they numbered only 40,000 or 1.6 % of the population in 1780 , more than half in Maryland . After the colonies were initially settled , their population growth was made up almost entirely of natural growth with foreign - born immigrant populations rarely exceeding 10 % ( except in isolated instances ) . The last significant colonies to be settled primarily by immigrants were Pennsylvania ( 1680s+ ) , the Carolinas ( 1663 + ) , and Georgia ( 1732 + ) . Even here the immigrants came mostly from England and Scotland with the exception of a large Germanic contingent to Pennsylvania . Elsewhere internal American migration from other colonies provided nearly all of the settlers for each new colony or state . Populations grew by about 80 % at a 3 % `` natural '' annual growth rate sustained over a 20 - year interval . Over half of all new British immigrants in the South initially arrived as indentured servants . They were mostly poor young people who could n't find work in England and could n't afford passage to America and . In addition , about 60,000 British convicts were transported to the new British colonies in Georgia in the 18th century . Most of these so - called convicts were guilty of being very poor and out of work . `` Serious '' criminals were generally executed . Ironically , these `` convicts '' are often the only immigrants with nearly complete immigration records as other immigrants typically showed up with few or no records . Other colonies ( edit ) Spanish ( edit ) Although Spain set up a few forts in Florida , notably San Agustín ( present - day Saint Augustine ) in 1565 , they sent few settlers to Florida . Spaniards moving north from Mexico founded the San Juan on the Rio Grande in 1598 , and Santa Fe in 1607 -- 1608 . The settlers were forced to leave temporarily for 12 years ( 1680 -- 1692 ) by the Pueblo Revolt before returning . Spanish Texas lasted from 1690 to 1821 when Texas was governed as a colony which was separate from New Spain . In 1731 , Canary Islanders ( or `` Isleños '' ) arrived to establish San Antonio . The majority of the few hundred Texan and New Mexican colonizers in the Spanish colonial period were Spaniards and criollos . California , New Mexico , and Arizona all had Spanish settlements . In 1781 Spanish settlers founded Los Angeles . At the time they joined the U.S. , Californios in California numbered about 10,000 and Tejanos in Texas about 4,000 . New Mexico had 47,000 Spanish settlers in 1842 . Arizona was only thinly settled . However , not all these settlers were of European descent . As in the rest of the American colonies , new settlements were based on the casta system , and although all could speak Spanish , it was really a melting pot of whites , Natives , and mestizos . French ( edit ) In the late 17th century , French expeditions established a foothold on the Saint Lawrence River , Mississippi River , and Gulf Coast . Interior trading posts , forts , and cities were thinly spread throughout Louisiana such as Saint Louis , Baton Rouge , Sault Sainte Marie , Prairie du Rocher , and Sainte - Geneviève . The city of Detroit was the third largest settlement in New France . New Orleans expanded when several thousand French - speaking refugees from the region of Acadia ( now Nova Scotia , Canada ) made their way to Louisiana following British expulsion , settling largely in the Southwest Louisiana region now called Acadiana . Their descendants are now called Cajun and still dominate the coastal areas . It is estimated that 7,000 European immigrants settled in Louisiana during the 18th century . Population in 1790 ( edit ) The following were the countries of origin for new arrivals to the United States before 1790 . The regions marked with an asterisk were part of Great Britain . The ancestry of the 3.9 million population in 1790 has been estimated by various sources by sampling last names from the 1790 census and assigning them a country of origin . The Irish in the 1790 census were mostly Scotch - Irish . The French were primarily Huguenots . The total U.S. Catholic population in 1790 was probably less than 5 % . The Native American population inside territorial U.S. boundaries was less than 100,000 . <Th_colspan="3"> U.S. historical populations Country Immigrants before 1790 Population 1790 <Td_colspan="3"> Africa 360,000 757,000 England * 230,000 2,100,000 Ulster Scotch - Irish * 135,000 300,000 Germany 103,000 270,000 Scotland * 48,500 150,000 Ireland * 8,000 ( Incl. in Scot - Irish ) Netherlands 6,000 100,000 Wales * 4,000 10,000 France 3,000 15,000 Jewish 1,000 2,000 Sweden 500 2,000 Other 50,000 200,000 <Td_colspan="3"> British total 425,500 2,560,000 Total 950,000 3,900,000 The 1790 population reflected the approximately 50,000 Loyalists , or `` Tories '' , who immigrated to Canada at the end of the American Revolution , and the less than 10,000 others who immigrated to other British possessions including England . Of the total white population in 1790 , about 80 % was of British ancestry . In this era the population roughly doubled by natural increase every 25 years . Relentless population expansion pushed the U.S. frontier to the Pacific by 1848 . Most immigrants came long distances to settle in the U.S. However , many Irish left Canada for the U.S. in the 1840s . French Canadians who came down from Quebec after 1860 and the Mexicans who came north after 1911 found it easier to move back and forth . 1790 to 1849 ( edit ) There was relatively little immigration from 1770 to 1830 ; while there was significant emigration from the U.S. to Canada , including about 75,000 Loyalists as well as Germans and others looking for better farmland in what is now Ontario . Large scale immigration resumed in the 1830s from Britain , Ireland , Germany , and other parts of Central Europe as well as Scandinavia . Most were attracted by the cheap farmland . Some were artisans and skilled factory workers attracted by the first stage of industrialization . The Irish Catholics were primarily unskilled workers who built a majority of the canals and railroads , settling in urban areas . Many Irish went to the emerging textile mill towns of the Northeast , while others became longshoremen in the growing Atlantic and Gulf port cities . Half the Germans headed to farms , especially in the Midwest ( with some to Texas ) , while the other half became craftsmen in urban areas . Nativism took the form of political anti-Catholicism directed mostly at the Irish ( as well as Germans ) . It became important briefly in the mid-1850s in the guise of the Know Nothing party . Most of the Catholics and German Lutherans became Democrats , and most of the other Protestants joined the new Republican Party . During the Civil War , ethnic communities supported the war and produced large numbers of soldiers on both sides . Riots broke out in New York City and other Irish and German strongholds in 1863 when a draft was instituted , particularly in light of the provision exempting those who could afford payment . Based on available records , immigration totaled 8,385 in 1820 , with immigration totals gradually increasing to 23,322 by the year 1830 ; for the 1820s decade immigration more than doubled to 143,000 . Between 1831 and 1840 , immigration more than quadrupled to a total of 599,000 . These included about 207,000 Irish , starting to emigrate in large numbers following Britain 's easing of travel restrictions , and about 152,000 Germans , 76,000 British , and 46,000 French , constituting the next largest immigrant groups of the decade . Between 1841 and 1850 , immigration nearly tripled again , totaling 1,713,000 immigrants , including at least 781,000 Irish , 435,000 Germans , 267,000 British , and 77,000 French . The Irish , driven by the Potato Famine ( 1845 -- 1849 ) , emigrated directly from their homeland to escape poverty and death . The failed revolutions of 1848 brought many intellectuals and activists to exile in the U.S. Bad times and poor conditions in Europe drove people out , while land , relatives , freedom , opportunity , and jobs in the US lured them in . <Th_colspan="5"> Population and Foreign Born 1790 to 1849 Census Population , Immigrants per Decade Census Population Immigrants Foreign Born % <Td_colspan="5"> 1790 3,918,000 60,000 1800 5,236,000 60,000 1810 7,036,000 60,000 1820 10,086,000 60,000 1830 12,785,000 143,000 200,000 1.6 % 1840 17,018,000 599,000 800,000 4.7 % 1850 23,054,000 1,713,000 2,244,000 9.7 % <Th_colspan="5"> 1 . The total number immigrating in each decade from 1790 to 1820 are estimates . 2 . The number of foreign born in 1830 and 1840 decades are extrapolations . Starting in 1820 , some federal records , including ship passenger lists , were kept for immigration purposes , and a gradual increase in immigration was recorded ; more complete immigration records provide data on immigration after 1830 . Though conducted since 1790 , the census of 1850 was the first in which place of birth was asked specifically . The foreign - born population in the U.S. likely reached its minimum around 1815 , at approximately 100,000 or 1 % of the population . By 1815 , most of the immigrants who arrived before the American Revolution had died , and there had been almost no new immigration thereafter . Nearly all population growth up to 1830 was by internal increase ; around 98 % of the population was native - born . By 1850 , this shifted to about 90 % native - born . The first significant Catholic immigration started in the mid-1840s , shifting the population from about 95 % Protestant down to about 90 % by 1850 . In 1848 , the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , concluding the Mexican War , extended U.S. citizenship to approximately 60,000 Mexican residents of the New Mexico Territory and 10,000 living in California . An additional approximate 2,500 foreign born California residents also become U.S. citizens . In 1849 , the California Gold Rush attracted 100,000 would - be miners from the Eastern U.S. , Latin America , China , Australia , and Europe . California became a state in 1850 with a population of about 90,000 . 1850 to 1930 ( edit ) `` From the Old to the New World '' shows German emigrants boarding a steamer in Hamburg and arriving in New York . Harper 's Weekly , ( New York ) November 7 , 1874 Demography ( edit ) Between 1850 and 1930 , about 5 million Germans migrated to the United States , peaking between 1881 and 1885 when a million Germans settled primarily in the Midwest . Between 1820 and 1930 , 3.5 million British and 4.5 million Irish entered America . Before 1845 most Irish immigrants were Protestants . After 1845 , Irish Catholics began arriving in large numbers , largely driven by the Great Famine . After 1880 larger steam - powered oceangoing ships replaced sailing ships , which resulted in lower fares and greater immigrant mobility . Meanwhile , farming improvements in Southern Europe and the Russian Empire created surplus labor . Young people between the ages of 15 to 30 were predominant among newcomers . This wave of migration , constituting the third episode in the history of U.S. immigration , may be better referred to as a flood of immigrants , as nearly 25 million Europeans made the long trip . Italians , Greeks , Hungarians , Poles , and others speaking Slavic languages made up the bulk of this migration. 2.5 to 4 million Jews were among them . Destinations ( edit ) Each group evinced a distinctive migration pattern in terms of the gender balance within the migratory pool , the permanence of their migration , their literacy rates , the balance between adults and children , and the like . But they shared one overarching characteristic : they flocked to urban destinations and made up the bulk of the U.S. industrial labor pool , making possible the emergence of such industries as steel , coal , automotive , textile , and garment production , enabling the United States to leap into the front ranks of the world 's economic giants . Their urban destinations , numbers , and perhaps an antipathy towards foreigners , led to the emergence of a second wave of organized xenophobia . By the 1890s , many Americans , particularly from the ranks of the well - off , white , and native - born , considered immigration to pose a serious danger to the nation 's health and security . In 1893 a group formed the Immigration Restriction League , and it , along with other similarly inclined organizations , began to press Congress for severe curtailment of foreign immigration . Irish and German Catholic immigration was opposed in the 1850s by the Nativist / Know Nothing movement , originating in New York in 1843 as the American Republican Party ( not to be confused with the modern Republican Party ) . It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Catholic immigrants , who were often regarded as hostile to American values and controlled by the Pope in Rome . Active mainly from 1854 -- 56 , it strove to curb immigration and naturalization , though its efforts met with little success . There were few prominent leaders , and the largely middle - class and Protestant membership fragmented over the issue of slavery , most often joining the Republican Party by the time of the 1860 presidential election . European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers , including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland . Many Germans could see the parallels between slavery and serfdom in the old fatherland . Between 1840 and 1930 , about 900,000 French Canadians left Quebec in order to immigrate to the United States and settle , mainly in New England . Considering the fact that the population of Quebec was only 892,061 in 1851 , this was a massive exodus . 13.6 million Americans claimed to have French ancestry in the 1980 census . A large portion of them have ancestors who emigrated from French Canada , since immigration from France was low throughout the history of the United States . During the same period almost 4 million other Canadians immigrated to the U.S. In the New England states 12 % of the population can trace its ancestry back to Quebec and 10 % can trace its ancestry back to the Maritime Provinces . Shortly after the U.S. Civil War , some states started to pass their own immigration laws , which prompted the U.S. Supreme Court to rule in 1875 that immigration was a federal responsibility . In 1875 , the nation passed its first immigration law , the Page Act of 1875 , also known as the Asian Exclusion Act , outlawing the importation of Asian contract laborers , any Asian woman who would engage in prostitution , and all people considered to be convicts in their own countries . In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act . By excluding all Chinese laborers from entering the country , the Chinese Exclusion Act severely curtailed the number of immigrants of Chinese descent allowed into the United States for 10 years . The law was renewed in 1892 and 1902 . During this period , Chinese migrants illegally entered the United States through the loosely guarded U.S. - Canadian border . Illustration from Walter Crane 's Columbia 's Courtship : A Picture History of the United States in Twelve Emblematic Designs in Color with Accompanying Verses ( 1893 ) Prior to 1890 , the individual states , rather than the Federal government , regulated immigration into the United States . The Immigration Act of 1891 established a Commissioner of Immigration in the Treasury Department . The Canadian Agreement of 1894 extended U.S. immigration restrictions to Canadian ports . Late 19th Century broadside advertisement offering cheap farm land to immigrants ; few went to Texas after 1860 . The Dillingham Commission was set up by Congress in 1907 to investigate the effects of immigration on the country . The Commission 's 40 - volume analysis of immigration during the previous three decades led it to conclude that the major source of immigration had shifted from Central , Northern , and Western Europeans to Southern Europeans and Russians . It was , however , apt to make generalizations about regional groups that were subjective and failed to differentiate between distinct cultural attributes . The 1910s marked the high point of Italian immigration to the United States . Over two million Italians immigrated in those years , with a total of 5.3 million between 1880 and 1920 . About half returned to Italy , after working an average of five years in the U.S. About 1.5 million Swedes and Norwegians immigrated to the United States within this period , due to opportunity in America and poverty and religious oppression in united Sweden - Norway . This accounted for around 20 % of the total population of the kingdom at that time . They settled mainly in the Midwest , especially Minnesota and the Dakotas . Danes had comparably low immigration rates due to a better economy ; after 1900 many Danish immigrants were Mormon converts who moved to Utah . In this Rosh Hashana greeting card from the early 1900s , Russian Jews , packs in hand , gaze at the American relatives beckoning them to the United States . Over two million Jews fled the pogroms of the Russian Empire to the safety of the U.S. from 1881 -- 1924 . Mulberry Street , along which Manhattan 's Little Italy is centered . Lower East Side , circa 1900 . Over two million Central Europeans , mainly Catholics and Jews , immigrated between 1880 and 1924 . People of Polish ancestry are the largest Central European ancestry group in the United States after Germans . Immigration of Eastern Orthodox ethnic groups was much lower . Lebanese and Syrian immigrants started to settle in large numbers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . The vast majority of the immigrants from Lebanon and Syria were Christians , but smaller numbers of Jews , Muslims , and Druze also settled . Many lived in New York City 's Little Syria and in Boston . In the 1920s and 1930s , a large number of these immigrants set out West , with Detroit getting a large number of Middle Eastern immigrants , as well as many Midwestern areas where the Arabs worked as farmers . From 1880 to 1924 , around two million Jews moved to the United States , mostly seeking better opportunity in America and fleeing the pogroms of the Russian Empire . After 1934 Jews , along with any other above - quota immigration , were usually denied access to the United States . Congress passed a literacy requirement in 1917 to curb the influx of low - skilled immigrants from entering the country . Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921 , followed by the Immigration Act of 1924 , which was aimed at further restricting the Southern Europeans and Russians who had begun to enter the country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s . This ultimately resulted in precluding all `` extra '' immigration to the United States , including Jews fleeing Nazi German persecution . The Immigration Act of 1924 set quotas for European immigrants so that no more than 2 % of the 1890 immigrant stocks were allowed into America . New immigration ( edit ) The Sunday magazine of the New York World appealed to Immigrants with this 1906 cover page celebrating their arrival at Ellis Island . `` New immigration '' was a term from the late 1880s that came from the influx of Catholic and Jewish immigrants from Italy and Russia ( areas that previously sent few immigrants ) . Though the majority of immigrants came through New York , thus making the Northeast a major target of settlement , there were various efforts , such as the Galveston Movement , to redirect immigrants to other ports and disperse some of the settlement to other areas of the country . Nativists feared the new arrivals lacked the political , social , and occupational skills needed to successfully assimilate into American culture . This raised the issue of whether the U.S. was still a `` melting pot , '' or if it had just become a `` dumping ground , '' and many old - stock Americans worried about negative effects on the economy , politics , and culture . A major proposal was to impose a literacy test , whereby applicants had to be able to read and write in their own language before they were admitted . Catholicism became a leading denomination 1860 -- 1910 . St. John Cantius , one of Chicago 's `` Polish Cathedrals '' was one of the churches these new immigrants founded . 1930 to 2000 ( edit ) Restriction proceeded piecemeal over the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries , but immediately after the end of World War I ( 1914 -- 18 ) and into the early 1920s , Congress changed the nation 's basic policy about immigration . The National Origins Formula of 1921 ( and its final form in 1924 ) not only restricted the number of immigrants who might enter the United States , but also assigned slots according to quotas based on national origins . A complicated piece of legislation , it essentially gave preference to immigrants from Central , Northern and Western Europe , severely limiting the numbers from Russia and Southern Europe , and declared all potential immigrants from Asia unworthy of entry into the United States . The legislation excluded the Western Hemisphere from the quota system , and the 1920s ushered in the penultimate era of U.S. immigration history . Immigrants could and did move quite freely from Mexico , the Caribbean ( including Jamaica , Barbados , and Haiti ) , and other parts of Central and South America . This era , which reflected the application of the 1924 legislation , lasted until 1965 . During those 40 years , the United States began to admit , case by case , limited numbers of refugees . Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany before World War II , Jewish Holocaust survivors after the war , non-Jewish displaced persons fleeing Communist rule in Central Europe and Russia , Hungarians seeking refuge after their failed uprising in 1956 , and Cubans after the 1960 revolution managed to find haven in the United States when their plight moved the collective conscience of America , but the basic immigration law remained in place . Equal Nationality Act of 1934 ( edit ) This law allowed foreign - born children of American mothers and alien fathers who had entered America before the age of 18 and had lived in America for five years to apply for American citizenship for the first time . It also made the naturalization process quicker for the alien husbands of American wives . This law equalized expatriation , immigration , naturalization , and repatriation between women and men . However , it was not applied retroactively , and was modified by later laws , such as the Nationality Act of 1940 . Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( edit ) In 1934 , the Tydings -- McDuffie Act provided independence of the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 . Until 1965 , national origin quotas strictly limited immigration from the Philippines . In 1965 , after revision of the immigration law , significant Filipino immigration began , totaling 1,728,000 by 2004 . Postwar immigration ( edit ) In 1945 , the War Brides Act allowed foreign - born wives of U.S. citizens who had served in the U.S. Armed Forces to immigrate to the United States . In 1946 , The War Brides Act was extended to include the fiancés of American soldiers . In 1946 , the Luce - Celler Act extended the right to become naturalized citizens to from the newly independent nation of The Philippines and to Asian Indians . The immigration quota was set at 100 people per year . At the end of World War II , `` regular '' immigration almost immediately increased under the official national origins quota system as refugees from war torn Europe began immigrating to the U.S. After the war , there were jobs for nearly everyone who wanted one , when most women employed during the war went back into the home . From 1941 to 1950 , 1,035,000 people immigrated to the U.S. , including 226,000 from Germany , 139,000 from the UK , 171,000 from Canada , 60,000 from Mexico and 57,000 from Italy . The Displaced Persons Act of 1948 finally allowed the displaced people of World War II to start immigrating . Some 200,000 Europeans and 17,000 orphans displaced by World War II were initially allowed to immigrate to the United States outside of immigration quotas . President Harry S. Truman signed the first Displaced Persons ( DP ) act on June 25 , 1948 , allowing entry for 200,000 DPs , then followed with the more accommodating second DP act on June 16 , 1950 , allowing entry for another 200,000 . This quota , including acceptance of 55,000 Volksdeutschen , required sponsorship for all immigrants . The American program was the most notoriously bureaucratic of all the DP programs and much of the humanitarian effort was undertaken by charitable organizations , such as the Lutheran World Federation as well as other ethnic groups . Along with an additional quota of 200,000 granted in 1953 and more in succeeding years , a total of nearly 600,000 refugees were allowed into the country outside the quota system , second only to Israel 's 650,000 . 1950s ( edit ) In 1950 , after the start of the Korean War , the Internal Security Act barred admission of Communists , who might engage in activities `` which would be prejudicial to the public interest , or would endanger the welfare or safety of the United States . '' In 1950 , the invasion of South Korea by North Korea started the Korean War and left a war - ravaged Korea behind . There was little U.S. immigration due to the national origin quotas of the immigration law . Significant Korean immigration began in 1965 after revision of the law , totaling 848,000 by 2004 . In 1952 , the McCarran Walter Immigration Act affirmed the national - origins quota system of 1924 and limited total annual immigration to one - sixth of one percent of the population of the continental United States in 1920 , or 175,455 . This exempted the spouses and children of U.S. citizens and people born in the Western Hemisphere from the quota . In 1953 , the Refugee Relief Act extended refugee status to non-Europeans . In 1954 , Operation Wetback forced the return of thousands of illegal immigrants to Mexico . Between 1944 and 1954 , `` the decade of the wetback , '' the number of illegal immigrants coming from Mexico increased by 6,000 percent . It is estimated that before Operation Wetback got under way , more than a million workers had crossed the Rio Grande illegally . Cheap labor displaced native agricultural workers , and increased violation of labor laws and discrimination encouraged criminality , disease , and illiteracy . According to a study conducted in 1950 by the President 's Commission on Migratory Labor in Texas , the Rio Grande Valley cotton growers were paying approximately half of the wages paid elsewhere in Texas . The United States Border Patrol aided by municipal , county , state , federal authorities , and the military , began a quasi-military operation of the search and seizure of all illegal immigrants . Fanning out from the lower Rio Grande Valley , Operation Wetback moved Northward . Initially , illegal immigrants were repatriated through Presidio because the Mexican city across the border , Ojinaga , had rail connections to the interior of Mexico by which workers could be quickly moved on to Durango . The forces used by the government were relatively small , perhaps no more than 700 men , but were augmented by border patrol officials who hoped to scare illegal workers into fleeing back to Mexico . Ships became a preferred mode of transport because they carried illegal workers farther from the border than buses , trucks , or trains . It is difficult to estimate the number of illegal immigrants that left due to the operation -- most voluntarily . The INS claimed as many as 1,300,000 , though the number officially apprehended did not come anywhere near this total . The program was ultimately abandoned due to questions surrounding the ethics of its implementation . Citizens of Mexican descent complained of police stopping all `` Mexican looking '' people and utilizing extreme `` police - state '' methods including deportation of American - born children who were citizens by law . The failed 1956 Hungarian Revolution , before being crushed by the Soviets , forged a temporary hole in the Iron Curtain that allowed a burst of refugees to escape , bringing in 245,000 new Hungarian families by 1960 . From 1950 to 1960 , the U.S. had 2,515,000 new immigrants with 477,000 arriving from Germany , 185,000 from Italy , 52,000 new arrivals from the Netherlands , 203,000 from the UK , 46,000 from Japan , 300,000 from Mexico , and 377,000 from Canada . The 1959 Cuban revolution led by Fidel Castro drove the upper and middle classes to exile , and 409,000 families immigrated to the U.S. by 1970 . This was facilitated by the 1966 Cuban Adjustment Act , which gave permanent resident status to Cubans physically present in the United States for one year if they entered after January 1 , 1959 . Hart - Celler Act ( edit ) This all changed with passage of the Hart - Celler Act in 1965 , a by - product of the civil rights revolution and a jewel in the crown of President Lyndon Johnson 's Great Society programs . The measure had not been intended to stimulate immigration from Asia , the Middle East , Africa , and elsewhere in the developing world . Rather , by doing away with the racially based quota system , its authors had expected that immigrants would come from `` traditional '' societies such as Italy , Greece , and Portugal , places that labored under very small quotas in the 1924 law . The law replaced the quotas with preferential categories based on family relationships and job skills , giving particular preference to potential immigrants with relatives in the United States and with occupations deemed critical by the U.S. Department of Labor . After 1970 , however , following an initial influx from European countries , immigrants from places like Korea , China , India , the Philippines , and Pakistan , as well as countries in Africa became more common . 1980s ( edit ) In 1986 , the Immigration Reform and Control Act ( IRCA ) was passed , creating , for the first time , penalties for employers who hired illegal immigrants . IRCA , as proposed in Congress , was projected to give amnesty to about 1,000,000 workers in the country illegally . In practice , amnesty for about 3,000,000 immigrants already in the United States was granted . Most were from Mexico . Legal Mexican immigrant family numbers were 2,198,000 in 1980 , 4,289,000 in 1990 ( includes IRCA ) , and 7,841,000 in 2000 . Adding another 12,000,000 illegal immigrants of which about 80 % are thought to be Mexicans would bring the Mexican family total to over 16,000,000 -- about 16 % of the Mexican population . Immigration summary since 1830 ( edit ) The top ten birth countries of the foreign born population since 1830 , according to the U.S. Census , are shown below . Blank entries mean that the country did not make it into the top ten for that census , not that there is no data from that census . The 1830 numbers are from immigration statistics as listed in the 2004 Year Book of Immigration Statistics . The 1830 numbers list un-naturalized foreign citizens and does not include naturalized foreign born . The 1850 census is the first census that asks for place of birth . The historical census data can be found online in the Virginia Library Geostat Center Population numbers are in thousands . Country / Year 1830 1850 1880 1900 1930 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Austria 305 214 Bohemia 85 Canada 148 717 1,180 1,310 953 812 843 745 678 China 104 1,391 Cuba 439 608 737 952 Czechoslovakia 492 Dominican Republic 692 El Salvador 765 France 9 54 107 Germany 8 584 1,967 2,663 1,609 990 833 849 712 Hungary 245 India 2,000 Ireland 54 962 1,855 1,615 745 339 Italy 484 1,790 1,257 1,009 832 581 Korea 290 568 701 Mexico 11 13 641 576 760 2,199 4,298 7,841 Netherlands 10 Norway 13 182 336 Pakistan 724 Philippines 501 913 1,222 Poland 1,269 748 548 418 Russia / Soviet Union 424 1,154 691 463 406 Sweden 194 582 595 Switzerland 13 89 United Kingdom 27 379 918 1,168 1,403 833 686 669 640 Vietnam 543 863 Total Foreign Born 108 * 2,244 6,679 10,341 14,204 10,347 9,619 14,079 19,763 31,100 % Foreign Born 0.8 % * 9.7 % 13.3 % 13.6 % 11.6 % 5.8 % 4.7 % 6.2 % 7.9 % 11.1 % Native Born 12,677 20,947 43,476 65,653 108,571 168,978 193,591 212,466 228,946 250,321 % Native Born 99.2 % 90.3 % 86.7 % 86.4 % 88.4 % 94.2 % 95.3 % 94 % 92.1 % 88.9 % Total Population 12,785 23,191 50,155 75,994 122,775 179,325 203,210 226,545 248,709 281,421 1830 1850 1880 1900 1930 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status Fiscal Years 1820 to 2010 Year Year Year 1820 8,385 1885 395,346 1950 249,187 1825 10,199 1890 455,302 1955 237,790 1830 23,322 1895 258,536 1960 265,398 1835 45,374 1900 448,572 1965 296,697 1840 84,066 1905 1,026,499 1970 373,326 1845 114,371 1910 1,041,570 385,378 1850 369,980 1915 326,700 1980 524,295 1855 200,877 1920 430,001 1985 568,149 1860 153,640 1925 294,314 1990 1,535,872 1865 248,120 1930 241,700 1995 720,177 1870 387,203 1935 34,956 2000 841,002 1875 227,498 1940 70,756 2005 1,122,257 1880 457,257 1945 38,119 1,042,625 Historical foreign - born population by state ( edit ) Foreign - Born Population By U.S. State As a % of the Total Population ( 1850 - 2010 ) State / Territory 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 United States of America 9.7 % 13.2 % 14.4 % 13.3 % 14.8 % 13.6 % 14.7 % 13.2 % 11.6 % 8.8 % 6.9 % 5.4 % 4.7 % 6.2 % 7.9 % 11.1 % 12.9 % Alabama 1.0 % 1.3 % 1.0 % 0.8 % 1.0 % 0.8 % 0.9 % 0.8 % 0.6 % 0.4 % 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.5 % 1.0 % 1.1 % 2.0 % 3.5 % Alaska 3.6 % 2.6 % 4.0 % 4.5 % 5.9 % 6.9 % Arizona 60.1 % 39.7 % 31.5 % 19.7 % 23.9 % 24.1 % 15.1 % 7.8 % 6.3 % 5.4 % 4.3 % 6.0 % 7.6 % 12.8 % 13.4 % Arkansas 0.7 % 0.8 % 1.0 % 1.3 % 1.3 % 1.1 % 1.1 % 0.8 % 0.6 % 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.4 % 1.0 % 1.1 % 2.8 % 4.5 % California 23.5 % 38.6 % 37.5 % 33.9 % 30.3 % 24.7 % 24.7 % 22.1 % 18.9 % 13.4 % 10.0 % 8.5 % 8.8 % 15.1 % 21.7 % 26.2 % 27.2 % Colorado 7.8 % 16.6 % 20.5 % 20.4 % 16.9 % 16.2 % 12.7 % 9.6 % 6.4 % 4.6 % 3.4 % 2.7 % 3.9 % 4.3 % 8.6 % 9.8 % Connecticut 10.4 % 17.5 % 21.1 % 20.9 % 24.6 % 26.2 % 29.6 % 27.4 % 23.9 % 19.3 % 14.8 % 10.9 % 8.6 % 8.6 % 8.5 % 10.9 % 13.6 % Delaware 5.7 % 8.2 % 7.3 % 6.5 % 7.8 % 7.5 % 8.6 % 8.9 % 7.1 % 5.6 % 4.1 % 3.3 % 2.9 % 3.2 % 3.3 % 5.7 % 8.0 % District of Columbia 9.5 % 16.6 % 12.3 % 9.6 % 8.1 % 7.2 % 7.5 % 6.7 % 6.3 % 5.3 % 5.3 % 5.1 % 4.4 % 6.4 % 9.7 % 12.9 % 13.5 % Florida 3.2 % 2.4 % 2.6 % 3.7 % 5.9 % 4.5 % 5.4 % 5.6 % 4.8 % 4.1 % 4.7 % 5.5 % 8.0 % 10.9 % 12.9 % 16.7 % 19.4 % Georgia 0.7 % 1.1 % 0.9 % 0.7 % 0.7 % 0.6 % 0.6 % 0.6 % 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.6 % 0.7 % 1.7 % 2.7 % 7.1 % 9.7 % Hawaii 10.9 % 9.8 % 14.2 % 14.7 % 17.5 % 18.2 % Idaho 52.6 % 30.6 % 20.7 % 15.2 % 13.1 % 9.4 % 7.3 % 4.7 % 3.4 % 2.3 % 1.8 % 2.5 % 2.9 % 5.0 % 5.5 % Illinois 13.1 % 19.0 % 20.3 % 19.0 % 22.0 % 20.1 % 21.4 % 18.7 % 16.3 % 12.3 % 9.1 % 6.8 % 5.7 % 7.2 % 8.3 % 12.3 % 13.7 % Indiana 5.6 % 8.8 % 8.4 % 7.3 % 6.7 % 5.6 % 5.9 % 5.2 % 4.4 % 3.2 % 2.5 % 2.0 % 1.6 % 1.9 % 1.7 % 3.1 % 4.6 % Iowa 10.9 % 15.7 % 17.1 % 16.1 % 17.0 % 13.7 % 12.3 % 9.4 % 6.8 % 4.6 % 3.2 % 2.0 % 1.4 % 1.6 % 1.6 % 3.1 % 4.6 % Kansas 11.8 % 13.3 % 11.1 % 10.4 % 8.6 % 8.0 % 6.3 % 4.3 % 2.9 % 2.0 % 1.5 % 1.2 % 2.0 % 2.5 % 5.0 % 6.5 % Kentucky 3.2 % 5.2 % 4.8 % 3.6 % 3.2 % 2.3 % 1.8 % 1.3 % 0.8 % 0.6 % 0.5 % 0.6 % 0.5 % 0.9 % 0.9 % 2.0 % 3.2 % Louisiana 13.2 % 11.4 % 8.5 % 5.8 % 4.4 % 3.8 % 3.2 % 2.6 % 1.8 % 1.2 % 1.1 % 0.9 % 1.1 % 2.0 % 2.1 % 2.6 % 3.8 % Maine 5.5 % 6.0 % 7.8 % 9.1 % 11.9 % 13.4 % 14.9 % 14.0 % 12.6 % 9.9 % 8.2 % 6.2 % 4.3 % 3.9 % 3.0 % 2.9 % 3.4 % Maryland 8.8 % 11.3 % 10.7 % 8.9 % 9.0 % 7.9 % 8.1 % 7.1 % 5.9 % 4.5 % 3.7 % 3.0 % 3.2 % 4.6 % 6.6 % 9.8 % 13.9 % Massachusetts 16.5 % 21.1 % 24.2 % 24.9 % 29.4 % 30.2 % 31.5 % 28.3 % 25.1 % 19.9 % 15.4 % 11.2 % 8.7 % 8.7 % 9.5 % 12.2 % 15.0 % Michigan 13.8 % 19.9 % 22.6 % 23.7 % 26.0 % 22.4 % 21.3 % 19.9 % 17.6 % 13.1 % 9.5 % 6.8 % 4.8 % 4.5 % 3.8 % 5.3 % 6.0 % Minnesota 32.5 % 34.1 % 36.5 % 34.3 % 35.9 % 28.9 % 26.2 % 20.4 % 15.2 % 10.6 % 7.1 % 4.2 % 2.6 % 2.6 % 2.6 % 5.3 % 7.1 % Mississippi 0.8 % 1.1 % 1.4 % 0.8 % 0.6 % 0.5 % 0.5 % 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.3 % 0.4 % 0.4 % 0.4 % 0.9 % 0.8 % 1.4 % 2.1 % Missouri 11.2 % 13.6 % 12.9 % 9.8 % 8.8 % 7.0 % 7.0 % 5.5 % 4.2 % 3.0 % 2.3 % 1.8 % 1.4 % 1.7 % 1.6 % 2.7 % 3.9 % Montana 38.7 % 29.4 % 32.6 % 27.6 % 25.2 % 17.4 % 14.1 % 10.1 % 7.4 % 4.5 % 2.8 % 2.3 % 1.7 % 1.8 % 2.0 % Nebraska 22.0 % 25.0 % 21.5 % 19.1 % 16.6 % 14.8 % 11.6 % 8.7 % 6.2 % 4.4 % 2.9 % 1.9 % 2.0 % 1.8 % 4.4 % 6.1 % Nevada 30.1 % 44.2 % 41.2 % 32.1 % 23.8 % 24.1 % 20.7 % 16.6 % 10.0 % 6.7 % 4.6 % 3.7 % 6.7 % 8.7 % 15.8 % 18.8 % New Hampshire 4.5 % 6.4 % 9.3 % 13.3 % 19.2 % 21.4 % 22.5 % 20.6 % 17.8 % 13.9 % 10.9 % 7.4 % 5.0 % 4.4 % 3.7 % 4.4 % 5.3 % New Jersey 12.2 % 18.3 % 20.9 % 19.6 % 22.8 % 22.9 % 26.0 % 23.5 % 21.0 % 16.8 % 13.2 % 10.1 % 8.9 % 10.3 % 12.5 % 17.5 % 21.0 % New Mexico 3.5 % 7.2 % 6.1 % 6.7 % 7.3 % 7.0 % 7.1 % 8.3 % 5.7 % 2.9 % 2.6 % 2.3 % 2.2 % 4.0 % 5.3 % 8.2 % 9.9 % New York 21.2 % 25.8 % 26.0 % 23.8 % 26.2 % 26.1 % 30.2 % 27.2 % 25.9 % 21.6 % 17.4 % 13.6 % 11.6 % 13.6 % 15.9 % 20.4 % 22.2 % North Carolina 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.2 % 0.2 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.6 % 1.3 % 1.7 % 5.3 % 7.5 % North Dakota 44.6 % 35.4 % 27.1 % 20.4 % 15.5 % 11.6 % 7.8 % 4.7 % 3.0 % 2.3 % 1.5 % 1.9 % 2.5 % Ohio 11.0 % 14.0 % 14.0 % 12.3 % 12.5 % 11.0 % 12.6 % 11.8 % 9.8 % 7.5 % 5.6 % 4.1 % 3.0 % 2.8 % 2.4 % 3.0 % 4.1 % Oklahoma 4.4 % 2.6 % 2.4 % 2.0 % 1.3 % 0.9 % 0.8 % 0.9 % 0.8 % 1.9 % 2.1 % 3.8 % 5.5 % Oregon 7.7 % 9.8 % 12.8 % 17.5 % 18.3 % 15.9 % 16.8 % 13.7 % 11.6 % 8.3 % 5.6 % 4.0 % 3.2 % 4.1 % 4.9 % 8.5 % 9.8 % Pennsylvania 13.1 % 14.8 % 15.5 % 13.7 % 16.1 % 15.6 % 18.8 % 16.0 % 12.9 % 9.9 % 7.5 % 5.3 % 3.8 % 3.4 % 3.1 % 4.1 % 5.8 % Rhode Island 16.2 % 21.4 % 25.5 % 26.8 % 30.8 % 31.4 % 33.0 % 29.0 % 25.0 % 19.5 % 14.4 % 10.0 % 7.8 % 8.9 % 9.5 % 11.4 % 12.8 % South Carolina 1.3 % 1.4 % 1.1 % 0.8 % 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.4 % 0.4 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.5 % 0.6 % 1.5 % 1.4 % 2.9 % 4.7 % South Dakota 36.7 % 34.0 % 38.3 % 27.7 % 22.0 % 17.3 % 13.0 % 9.5 % 6.9 % 4.7 % 2.7 % 1.6 % 1.4 % 1.1 % 1.8 % 2.7 % Tennessee 0.6 % 1.9 % 1.5 % 1.1 % 1.1 % 0.9 % 0.9 % 0.7 % 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.4 % 0.4 % 0.5 % 1.1 % 1.2 % 2.8 % 4.5 % Texas 8.3 % 7.2 % 7.6 % 7.2 % 6.8 % 5.9 % 6.2 % 7.8 % 6.2 % 3.7 % 3.6 % 3.1 % 2.8 % 6.0 % 9.0 % 13.9 % 16.4 % Utah 18.0 % 31.7 % 35.4 % 30.6 % 25.5 % 19.4 % 17.6 % 13.2 % 9.5 % 6.0 % 4.5 % 3.6 % 2.8 % 3.5 % 3.4 % 7.1 % 8.0 % Vermont 10.7 % 10.4 % 14.3 % 12.3 % 13.3 % 13.0 % 14.0 % 12.6 % 12.0 % 8.8 % 7.6 % 6.0 % 4.2 % 4.1 % 3.1 % 3.8 % 4.4 % Virginia 1.6 % 2.2 % 1.1 % 1.0 % 1.1 % 1.0 % 1.3 % 1.4 % 1.0 % 0.9 % 1.1 % 1.2 % 1.6 % 3.3 % 5.0 % 8.1 % 11.4 % Washington 27.1 % 21.0 % 21.0 % 25.8 % 21.5 % 22.4 % 19.6 % 16.3 % 12.1 % 8.3 % 6.3 % 4.6 % 5.8 % 6.6 % 10.4 % 13.1 % West Virginia 3.9 % 3.0 % 2.5 % 2.3 % 4.7 % 4.2 % 3.0 % 2.2 % 1.7 % 1.3 % 1.0 % 1.1 % 0.9 % 1.1 % 1.2 % Wisconsin 36.2 % 35.7 % 34.6 % 30.8 % 30.8 % 24.9 % 22.0 % 17.5 % 13.2 % 9.2 % 6.3 % 4.3 % 3.0 % 2.7 % 2.5 % 3.6 % 4.5 % Wyoming 38.5 % 28.1 % 24.6 % 18.8 % 19.9 % 13.7 % 10.3 % 6.8 % 4.6 % 2.9 % 2.1 % 2.0 % 1.7 % 2.3 % 2.8 % See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Immigration in the United States . Anglo Demographics of the United States History of immigration to Canada Hyphenated American Guest Worker Program Melting pot Race and ethnicity in the United States Ethnic groups ( edit ) European Americans Emigration from Europe American Jews Albanian Americans Austrian Americans Baltic Americans Estonian Americans Latvian Americans Lithuanian Americans Belgian Americans British Americans English Americans Scottish Americans Welsh Americans Slavic Americans Belarusian Americans Bosnian Americans Bulgarian Americans Croatian Americans Czech Americans Macedonian Americans Montenegrin Americans Polish Americans Russian Americans Serbian Americans Slovak Americans Slovenian Americans Ukrainian Americans Dutch Americans Scandinavian Americans Danish Americans Finnish Americans Icelandic Americans Norwegian Americans Swedish Americans Swedish emigration to the United States Flemish Americans French Americans Georgian Americans German Americans Greek Americans Hispanic and Latino Americans Hungarian Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Luxembourg Americans Pennsylvania Dutch , refers to German immigrants in colonial Pennsylvania Portuguese Americans Romanian Americans Spanish Americans Swiss Americans African immigration to the United States African Americans Central Africans in the United States Horn Africans in the United States North Africans in the United States Southeast Africans in the United States Southern Africans in the United States West Africans in the United States Middle - Eastern Americans Afghan Americans Arab Americans Armenian Americans Assyrian Americans Azerbaijani Americans Iranian Americans Iraqi Americans Kurdish Americans Lebanese Americans Saudi Americans Syrian Americans Turkish Americans Asian immigration to the United States Asian Americans Bangladeshi Americans Chinese Americans Indian Americans Japanese Americans Korean Americans Pakistani Americans Filipino Americans Vietnamese Americans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bailyn , Bernard ( 1988 ) . Voyagers to the West : A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 394 - 75778 - 5 . Jump up ^ Salinger , Sharon V. ( 2000 ) . To Serve Well and Faithfully : Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania , 1682 -- 1800 . Westminster , MD : Heritage Books . ISBN 0 - 7884 - 1666 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` England County Boundaries '' . Virtualjamestown.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Virginia DeJohn ( 1992 ) . New England 's Generation : The Great Migration and the Formation of Society and Culture in the Seventeenth Century . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44764 - X . Jump up ^ Smith , Daniel Scott ( 1972 ) . `` The Demographic History of Colonial New England '' . Journal of Economic History . 32 ( 1 ) : 165 -- 83 . JSTOR 2117183 . Jump up ^ Panetta , Roger ; Shorto , Russell , eds. ( 2009 ) . Dutch New York : The Roots of Hudson Valley Culture . New York : Fordham University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 3039 - 6 . Jump up ^ Otterness , Philip ( 2007 ) . Becoming German : The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 7344 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wittke , Carl ( 1939 ) . We Who Built America : The Saga of the Immigrant . Cleveland : Press of Western Reserve University . Jump up ^ Fischer , David Hackett ( 1991 ) . Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America . Oxford University Press . pp. 3 , 419 -- 604 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , David Hackett ( 1991 ) . Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America . Oxford University Press . pp. 605 -- 782 . Jump up ^ Leyburn , James ( 1989 ) . The Scotch - Irish : A Social History . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4259 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Russel ( 1987 ) . American Indian Holocaust and Survival : A Population History : Since 1492 . U. of Oklahoma Press . pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ `` Extent of colonial settlements by 1800 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Barker , Deanna . `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' . Frontier Resources . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ All Things Considered . `` Convict Servants in the American Colonies '' . Npr.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Manuel G. Gonzales ( 2009 ) . Mexicanos : A History of Mexicans in the United States ( 2nd ed . ) . Indiana U.P. p. 51 . Jump up ^ John M. Nieto - Phillips ( 2008 ) . The Language of Blood : The Making of Spanish - American Identity in New Mexico , 1880s - 1930s . U. of New Mexico Press . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Dean Jobb , The Cajuns : A People 's Story of Exile and Triumph ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Loretto Dennis Szucs & Sandra Hargreaves Luebking , The Source : A Guidebook of American Genealogy . Jump up ^ Data From Ann Arbor , Michigan : Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research ( ICPS ) . Jump up ^ Several West African regions were the home to most African immigrants . Population from U.S. 1790 Census . Jump up ^ Germany in this time period consisted of a large number of separate countries , the largest of which was Prussia . Jump up ^ Jewish settlers from several European countries . Jump up ^ The Other category probably contains mostly English ancestry settlers ; but the loss of several states ' census records make better estimates difficult . The summaries of the 1790 and 1800 census from all states survived . Jump up ^ Total represents total immigration over the approximately 130 year span of existence of the U.S. colonies as found in the 1790 census . At the time of the American Revolution the foreign born population was estimated to be from 300,000 to 400,000 . Jump up ^ Jay P. Dolan , The Irish Americans : A History ( 2010 ) pp. 67 -- 83 Jump up ^ Welcome to The American Presidency Archived 2007 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` American Party - Ohio History Central - A product of the Ohio Historical Society '' . Ohio History Central . July 1 , 2005 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Albert Bernhardt Faust , The German Element in the United States ( 1909 ) v. 1 , p. 523 . Jump up ^ The German Cause in St. Louis Archived 2006 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chy Lung v. Freeman Jump up ^ `` Immigration '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusion '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kornel S. ( 2012 ) . Pacific Connections . University of California Press . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 27169 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ellis Island , National Park Service , October 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ Immigration Act of 1891 Archived April 17 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pula , James S. ( 1980 ) . `` American Immigration Policy and the Dillingham Commission '' . Polish American Studies . 37 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 31 . JSTOR 20148034 . Jump up ^ Zeidel , Robert F. ( 2004 ) . Immigrants , Progressives , and Exclusion Politics : The Dillingham Commission , 1900 -- 1927 . DeKalb : Northern Illinois University Press . ISBN 0 - 87580 - 323 - 7 . Jump up ^ Antonio de la Cova . `` Italian Immigrants '' . Latinamericanstudies.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Italian Immigration '' . Ailf.org . May 17 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Glynn , Irial . `` Emigration Across the Atlantic : Irish , Italians and Swedes compared , 1800 -- 1950 '' . European History Online . Jump up ^ Archdeacon , Thomas ( 1984 ) . Becoming American : An Ethnic History . New York : Free Press . pp. 112 -- 42 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 900830 - 1 . Jump up ^ Higham , John ( 1955 ) . Strangers in the Land : Patterns of American Nativism , 1860 -- 1925 . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . pp. 87 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Petit , Jeanne D. ( 2010 ) . The Men and Women We Want : Gender , Race , and the Progressive Era Literacy Test Debate . University of Rochester Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 348 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Sally Kitch ( August 6 , 2009 ) . The Specter of Sex : Gendered Foundations of Racial Formation in the United States . SUNY Press . pp. 179 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 2754 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ervin Eugene Lewis ; Merritt Madison Chambers ( 1935 ) . New Frontiers of Democracy : The Story of America in Transition . American education Press , Incorporated . Jump up ^ Richard Marback ( February 16 , 2015 ) . Generations : Rethinking Age and Citizenship . Wayne State University Press . pp. 203 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 4081 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Filipino Immigrants in the United States '' . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Digital History '' . 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Abstract of the U.S. 1950 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Harry S. Truman : Statement by the President Upon Signing the Displaced Persons Act '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` OPERATION WETBACK The Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association ( TSHA ) '' . Tshaonline.org . July 27 , 1946 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` PBS The Border '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Silvia Pedraza ( 2007 ) . Political Disaffection in Cuba 's Revolution and Exodus . Cambridge U.P. p. 299 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration Statistics Homeland Security '' . Uscis.gov . January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` University of Virginia Library '' . Fisher.lib.virginia.edu . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2010 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security Jump up ^ Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign - Born Population of the United States : 1850 - 2000 Jump up ^ Grieco , Elizabeth M. ; Trevelyan , Edward ; Larsen , Luke ; Acosta , Yesenia D. ; Gambino , Christine ; de la Cruz , Patricia ; Gryn , Tom ; Walters , Nathan ( October 2012 ) . `` The Size , Place of Birth , and Geographic Distribution of the Foreign - Born Population in the United States : 1960 to 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Population Division Working Paper No. 96 . Washington , DC : U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 20 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barkan , Elliott Robert . And Still They Come : Immigrants and American Society , 1920 to the 1990s ( 1996 ) , by leading historian Barkan , Elliott Robert , ed . A Nation of Peoples : A Sourcebook on America 's Multicultural Heritage ( 1999 ) , 600 pp ; essays by scholars on 27 groups Barone , Michael . The New Americans : How the Melting Pot Can Work Again ( 2006 ) Bayor , Ronald H. , ed . The Oxford Handbook of American Immigration and Ethnicity ( 2015 ) Bodnar , John . The Transplanted : A History of Immigrants in Urban America ( 1985 ) Dassanowsky , Robert , and Jeffrey Lehman , eds . Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America ( 2nd ed. 3 vol 2000 ) , anthropological approach to 150 culture groups ; 1974 pp Gjerde , Jon , ed . Major Problems in American Immigration and Ethnic History ( 1998 ) primary sources and excerpts from scholars . Levinson , David and Melvin Ember , eds . American Immigrant Cultures 2 vol ( 1997 ) covers all major and minor groups Meier , Matt S. and Gutierrez , Margo , eds . The Mexican American Experience : An Encyclopedia ( 2003 ) ( ISBN 0 - 313 - 31643 - 0 ) Steidl , Annemarie et al . From a Multiethnic Empire to a Nation of Nations : Austro - Hungarian Migrants in the US , 1870 -- 1940 ( Innsbruck : Studien Verlag , 2017 ) . 354 pp . Thernstrom , Stephan , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) ( ISBN 0 - 674 - 37512 - 2 ) , the standard reference , covering all major groups and most minor groups online Yans - McLaughlin , Virginia ed . Immigration Reconsidered : History , Sociology , and Politics ( 1990 ) Recent migrations ( edit ) Borjas , George J. `` Does Immigration Grease the Wheels of the Labor Market ? '' Brookings Papers on Economic Activity , 2001 Hernández , Kelly Lytle . `` The Crimes and Consequences of Illegal Immigration : A Cross-Border Examination of Operation Wetback , 1943 to 1954 , '' Western Historical Quarterly , 37 ( Winter 2006 ) , 421 -- 44 . Kemp , Paul . Goodbye Canada ? ( 2003 ) , from Canada to U.S. Khadria , Binod . The Migration of Knowledge Workers : Second - Generation Effects of India 's Brain Drain , ( 2000 ) Mullan , Fitzhugh . `` The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain . '' New England Journal of Medicine , Volume 353 : 1810 -- 18 October 27 , 2005 Number 17 Odem , Mary and William Brown . Living Across Borders : Guatemala Migrants in the U.S. South Southern Spaces , 2011 . Palmer , Ransford W. In Search of a Better Life : Perspectives on Migration from the Caribbean Praeger , 1990 . Skeldon , Ronald , and Wang Gungwu ; Reluctant Exiles ? Migration from Hong Kong and the New Overseas Chinese 1994 . Smith , Michael Peter , and Adrian Favell . The Human Face of Global Mobility : International Highly Skilled Migration in Europe , North America and the Asia - Pacific , ( 2006 ) Historical Studies ( edit ) Alexander , June Granatir . Daily Life in Immigrant America , 1870 -- 1920 : How the Second Great Wave of Immigrants Made Their Way in America ( 2nd ed . Ivan R. Dee , 2009 ) 332 pp . Archdeacon , Thomas J. Becoming American : An Ethnic History ( 1984 ) Bankston , Carl L. III and Danielle Antoinette Hidalgo , eds . Immigration in U.S. History ( 2006 ) Bergquist , James M. Daily Life in Immigrant America , 1820 -- 1870 : How the First Great Wave of Immigrants Made Their Way in America ( 2nd ed . Ivan R. Dee , 2009 ) 329 pp . Cohn , Raymond L. Mass Migration under Sail : European Immigration to the Antebellum United States ( 2009 ) 254 pp. ; emphasis on economic issues Daniels , Roger . Coming to America 2nd ed. ( 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 050577 - X Daniels , Roger . Guarding the Golden Door : American Immigration Policy and Immigrants Since 1882 ( 2005 ) Eltis , David ; Coerced and Free Migration : Global Perspectives ( 2002 ) emphasis on migration to Americas before 1800 Glynn , Irial : Emigration Across the Atlantic : Irish , Italians and Swedes compared , 1800 -- 1950 , European History Online , Mainz : Institute of European History , 2011 , retrieved : June 16 , 2011 . Handlin , Oscar . The Uprooted : The Epic Story of the Great Migrations That Made the American People ( 1951 ) , classic interpretive history ; Pulitzer prize for history Hoerder , Dirk and Horst Rössler , eds . Distant Magnets : Expectations and Realities in the Immigrant Experience , 1840 -- 1930 1993 . 312 pp Hourwich , Isaac . Immigration and Labor : The Economic Aspects of European Immigration to the United States ( 1912 ) , argues immigrants were beneficial to natives by pushing them upward Jenks , Jeremiah W. and W. Jett Lauck , The Immigrant Problem ( 1912 ; 6th ed. 1926 ) based on 1911 Immigration Commission report , with additional data Kulikoff , Allan ; From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers ( 2000 ) , details on colonial immigration LeMay , Michael , and Elliott Robert Barkan . U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and Issues : A Documentary History ( 1999 ) Miller , Kerby M. Emigrants and Exiles ( 1985 ) , influential scholarly interpretation of Irish immigration Motomura , Hiroshi . Americans in Waiting : The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States ( 2006 ) , legal history Wittke , Carl . We Who Built America : The Saga of the Immigrant ( 1939 ) , 552 pp good older history that covers major groups Historiography ( edit ) Archdeacon , Thomas J. `` Problems and Possibilities in the Study of American Immigration and Ethnic History '' , International Migration Review Vol. 19 , No. 1 ( Spring , 1985 ) , pp. 112 -- 34 in JSTOR Diner , Hasia . `` American Immigration and Ethnic History : Moving the Field Forward , Staying the Course '' , Journal of American Ethnic History , Summer 2006 , Vol. 25 Issue 4 , pp. 130 -- 41 Gabaccia , Donna . `` Immigrant Women : Nowhere at Home ? '' Journal of American Ethnic History Vol. 10 , No. 4 ( Summer , 1991 ) , pp. 61 -- 87 in JSTOR Gabaccia , Donna R. `` Do We Still Need Immigration History ? '' , Polish American Studies Vol. 55 , No. 1 ( Spring , 1998 ) , pp. 45 -- 68 in JSTOR Gerber , David A. `` Immigration Historiography at the Crossroads . '' Reviews in American History v39 # 1 ( 2011 ) : 74 -- 86 . in Project MUSE Gerber , David A. `` What 's Wrong with Immigration History ? '' Reviews in American History v 36 ( December 2008 ) : 543 -- 56 . Gjerde , Jon . `` New Growth on Old Vines -- The State of the Field : The Social History of Ethnicity and Immigration in the United States '' , Journal of American Ethnic History 18 ( Summer 1999 ) : 40 -- 65 . in JSTOR Harzig , Christiane , and Dirk Hoerder . What is Migration History ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Joranger , Terje , and Mikael Hasle . `` A Historiographical Perspective on the Social History of Immigration to and Ethnicity in the United States '' , Swedish - American Historical Quarterly , Jan 2009 , Vol. 60 Issue 1 , pp. 5 -- 24 Jung , Moon - Ho . `` Beyond These Mythical Shores : Asian American History and the Study of Race '' , History Compass , March 2008 , Vol. 6 Issue 2 , pp. 627 -- 38 Kazal , Russell A. `` Revisting Assimilation : The Rise , Fall , and Reappraisal of a Concept in American Ethnic History '' , American Historical Review Vol. 100 , No. 2 ( Apr. 1995 ) , pp. 437 -- 71 in JSTOR Kenny , Kevin . `` Twenty Years of Irish American Historiography '' , Journal of American Ethnic History , Summer 2009 , Vol. 28 Issue 4 , pp. 67 -- 75 Lederhendler , Eli . `` The New Filiopietism , or Toward a New History of Jewish Immigration to America '' , American Jewish History , March 2007 , Vol. 93 Issue 1 , pp. 1 -- 20 Meagher , Timothy J. `` From the World to the Village and the Beginning to the End and After : Research Opportunities in Irish American History '' , Journal of American Ethnic History , Summer 2009 , Vol. 28 Issue 4 , pp. 118 -- 35 in JSTOR Persons , Stow . Ethnic Studies in Chicago , 1905 -- 1945 ( 1987 ) , on Chicago school of sociology Rodriguez , Marc S. ( 2004 ) . Repositioning North American Migration History : New Directions in Modern Continental Migration , Citizenship , and Community . U. of Rochester Press . Ross , Dorothy . The Origins of American Social Science ( 1992 ) , pp. 143 -- 71 , 303 -- 89 on early sociological studies Rothman , David J. `` The Uprooted : Thirty Years Later '' , Reviews in American History 10 ( September 1982 ) : 311 -- 19 , on influence of Oscar Handlin in JSTOR Segal , Uma Anand ( 2002 ) . A Framework for Immigration : Asians in the United States . Columbia U.P. ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12082 - 1 . Stolarik , M. Mark . `` From Field to Factory : The Historiography of Slovak Immigration to the United States '' , International Migration Review , Spring 1976 , Vol. 10 Issue 1 , pp. 81 -- 102 in JSTOR Ueda , Reed ( 2011 ) . A Companion to American Immigration . Wiley . Vecoli , Rudolph J. `` Contadini in Chicago : A Critique of The Uprooted '' , Journal of American History 5 ( December 1964 ) : 404 -- 17 , critique of Handlin in JSTOR Vecoli , Rudolph J. `` ' Over the Years I Have Encountered the Hazards and Rewards that Await the Historian of Immigration , ' George M. Stephenson and the Swedish American Community '' , Swedish American Historical Quarterly 51 ( April 2000 ) : 130 -- 49 . Weinberg , Sydney Stahl , et al . `` The Treatment of Women in Immigration History : A Call for Change '' Journal of American Ethnic History Vol. 11 , No. 4 ( Summer , 1992 ) , pp. 25 -- 69 in JSTOR Primary sources ( edit ) U.S. Immigration Commission , Reports of the Immigration Commission ( 1911 ) complete set of reports Abstracts of Reports , 2 vols. ( 1911 ) ; summary of the full 42 - volume report ; see also Jenks and Lauck Reports of the Immigration Commission : Statements ( 1911 ) text of statements pro and con Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey : English translations of 120,000 pages of newspaper articles from Chicago 's foreign language press from 1855 to 1938 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Immigration to the United States and related topics Relevant colonial era , United States and international laws Colonial era Nationality law in the American Colonies Plantation Act 1740 18th century Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 19th century Naturalization Law 1802 Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) Naturalization Act 1870 Page Act ( 1875 ) Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion ( 1882 ) Scott Act ( 1888 ) Immigration Act of 1891 Geary Act ( 1892 ) 1900 -- 1949 Naturalization Act 1906 Gentlemen 's Agreement ( 1907 ) Immigration Act of 1907 Immigration Act 1917 ( Asian Barred Zone ) Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) Cable Act ( 1922 ) Immigration Act 1924 Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( 1934 ) Filipino Repatriation Act ( 1935 ) Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program ( 1942 -- 1964 ) Magnuson Act ( 1943 ) War Brides Act ( 1945 ) Luce -- Celler Act ( 1946 ) 1950 -- 1999 UN Refugee Convention ( 1951 ) Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 Refugee Act ( 1980 ) Immigration Reform and Control Act ( 1986 ) American Homecoming Act ( 1989 ) Immigration Act 1990 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) ( 1996 ) Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ( NACARA ) ( 1997 ) American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) ( 1998 ) 21st century American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) ( 2000 ) Legal Immigration Family Equity Act ( LIFE Act ) ( 2000 ) H - 1B Visa Reform Act ( 2004 ) REAL ID Act ( 2005 ) Secure Fence Act ( 2006 ) DACA ( 2012 ) Executive Order 13769 ( 2017 ) Executive Order 13780 ( 2017 ) Visas and policies Visa policy Permanent residence Visa Waiver Program Temporary protected status Asylum Green Card Lottery US - VISIT Security Advisory Opinion E-Verify Section 287 ( g ) National Origins Formula Government organizations Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol U.S. Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) Board of Immigration Appeals Supreme Court cases United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind ( 1923 ) United States v. Brignoni - Ponce ( 1975 ) Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting ( 2011 ) Related issues and events Economic impact Eugenics in the United States Guest worker program Human trafficking Human smuggling Coyotaje Immigration reform Immigration reduction Mexico -- United States barrier Labor shortage March for America Illegal immigrant population Reverse immigration 2006 protests Unaccompanied minors from Central America List of people deported from the United States Geography Mexico -- United States border Canada -- United States border United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints Proposed legislation DREAM Act ( 2001 -- 2010 ) H.R. 4437 ( 2005 ) McCain -- Kennedy ( 2005 ) SKIL ( 2006 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006 STRIVE Act ( 2007 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007 Uniting American Families Act ( 2000 -- 2013 ) Border Security , Economic Opportunity , and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 SAFE Act ( 2015 ) RAISE Act ( 2017 ) Immigration stations and points of entry Angel Island Castle Garden East Boston Ellis Island Sullivan 's Island Washington Avenue Operations `` Wetback '' ( 1954 ) `` Peter Pan '' ( 1960 -- 1962 ) `` Babylift '' ( 1975 ) `` Gatekeeper '' ( 1994 ) `` Endgame '' ( 2003 -- 2012 ) `` Front Line '' ( 2004 -- 2005 ) `` Streamline '' ( 2005 -- present ) `` Return to Sender '' ( 2006 -- 2007 ) `` Jump Start '' ( 2006 -- 2008 ) State legislation California DREAM Act ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Arizona SB 1070 ( 2010 ) Alabama HB 56 ( 2011 ) Non-governmental organizations Arizona Border Recon Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform National Immigration Forum Center for Community Change We Are America Alliance CASA of Maryland Mexica Movement Mexicans Without Borders Federation for American Immigration Reform Minuteman Project Minuteman Civil Defense Corps California Coalition for Immigration Reform Save Our State Center for Immigration Studies National Korean American Service & Education Consortium ( NAKASEC ) NumbersUSA Negative Population Growth Migration Policy Institute Utah Compact Center for Migration Studies of New York Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States&oldid=820778119 '' Categories : History of immigration to the United States History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 15 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. European settlements in the United States
2. Waves of immigration from Europe
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-4,105,163,574,638,091,300 | how many times has the constitution been amended since independence in belize | Constitution of Belize - wikipedia Constitution of Belize Jump to : navigation , search Belize This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Belize Constitution ( show ) Human rights LGBT rights Monarchy ( show ) Monarch Elizabeth II Governor - General ( list ) Colville Young Government ( show ) Prime Minister Dean Barrow Cabinet Leader of the Opposition Johnny Briceño National Assembly ( show ) Senate House of Representatives Administrative divisions ( show ) Districts Constituencies Municipalities Local government Elections ( show ) Recent elections General : 2008 2012 2015 Local : 2009 2012 2015 Political parties Foreign relations ( show ) Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions Passport Visa requirements Other countries Atlas The Constitution of Belize is the supreme law of the nation of Belize . It was signed in September 1981 with effect from that date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Preamble 1.2 Part 1 : The State and the Constitution 1.3 Part 2 : Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms 1.4 Part 3 : Citizenship 1.5 Part 4 : The Governor - General 1.6 Part 5 : The Executive 1.7 Part 6 : The Legislature 1.8 Part 7 : The Judiciary 1.9 Part 8 : The Public Service 1.10 Part 9 : Finance 1.11 Part 10 : Miscellaneous 1.12 Part 11 : Transitional Provisions 1.13 Part 12 : Repeals and Date of Commencement 1.14 Schedules 2 Creative history 3 Amendments 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The Constitution of Belize , Chapter 4 of the Laws of Belize , is divided into a preamble , 12 parts and four schedules . They are set out as below . Preamble ( edit ) According to the Constitution , the people of Belize : affirm that the Nation of Belize shall be founded upon principles which acknowledge the supremacy of God , faith in human rights and fundamental freedoms , the position of the family in a society of free men and free institutions , the dignity of the human person and the equal and inalienable rights with which all members of the human family are endowed by their Creator ; respect the principles of social justice and therefore believe that the operation of the economic system must result in the material resources of the community being so distributed as to subserve the common good , that there should be adequate means of livelihood for all , that labour should not be exploited or forced by economic necessity to operate in inhumane conditions but that there should be opportunity for advancement on the basis of recognition of merit , ability and integrity , that equal protection should be given to children regardless of their social status , and that a just system should be ensured to provide for education and health on the basis of equality ; believe that the will of the people shall form the basis of government in a democratic society in which the government is freely elected by universal adult suffrage and in which all persons may , to the extent of their capacity , play some part in the institutions of national life and thus develop and maintain due respect for lawfully constituted authority ; recognise that men and institutions remain free only when freedom is founded upon respect for moral and spiritual values and upon the rule of law ; require policies of state which protect and safeguard the unity , freedom , sovereignty and territorial integrity of Belize ; which eliminate economic and social privilege and disparity among the citizens of Belize whether by race , ethnicity , colour , creed , disability or sex ; which ensures gender equality ; which protect the rights and opinions of the individual to life , liberty , basic education , basic health , the right to vote in elections , the right to work and the pursuit of happiness ; which protect the identity of one individual , dignity and social and cultural values of Belizeans , including Belize 's indigenous peoples ; which preserve the right of the individual to the ownership of private property and the right to operate private businesses ; which prohibit the exploitation of man by man or by the state ; which ensure a just system of social security and welfare ; which protect the environment ; which promote international peace , security and co-operation among nations , the establishment of a just and equitable international economic and social order in the world with respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings among nations ; desire that their society shall reflect and enjoy the above - mentioned principles , beliefs and needs and that their Constitution should therefore enshrine and make provisions for ensuring the achievement of the same in Belize ; and say that the following shall have effect as the Constitution of Belize . Part 1 : the state and the Constitution ( edit ) What Belize is and its boundaries ; Constitution established as supreme law . Comprises sections 1 and 2 . Part 2 : protection of fundamental rights and freedoms ( edit ) Comprises sections 3 - 22 . Fundamental rights and freedoms ; rights to life , personal liberty , law , inhuman treatment , slavery and forced labour , arbitrary search and entry ; freedom of movement , conscience , expression , assembly and association ; privacy , work , racial discrimination , deprivation of property . Provisions for public emergencies , protection of detained persons under emergency laws . Enforcement . Existing laws . Interpretation and savings . Part 3 : citizenship ( edit ) Comprises sections 23 - 9 Becoming a citizen on Independence day ( September 21 ) . Born in Belize on or after . Born outside Belize on or after . Registration . Dual nationality . Legislation . Interpretation . Part 4 : the Governor - General ( edit ) Sections 30 - 35 . Establishment . Acting Governor - General . Oath . Deputy 's functions . Exercise . Information on matters of government . Part 5 : the executive ( edit ) Sections 36 - 54 . Executive authority . Prime Minister , Deputy Prime Minister , Performance of functions during absence or illness . Ministers of Government and portfolio allocation . Attorney General . Performance of ministerial functions . Cabinet . Ministers of State . Oath taken by Ministers , etc . Leader of the Opposition . Permanent Secretaries and Cabinet Secretary . Control of public prosecutions . Constitution of offices , etc . Prerogative of mercy . Procedure in capital cases . Belize Advisory Council . Part 6 : the legislature ( edit ) Largest part , covering sections 55 - 93 . Establishment , House of Representatives , Senate , Clerks to Houses , Legislative power and alteration of Constitution , Procedure and Oath , Voting , Bills and Quorums , Prorogation and Dissolution , General Elections , Elections and Boundaries Commission , electoral divisions . Part 7 : the judiciary ( edit ) Sections 94 - 104 . Establishment of Supreme Court , Court of Appeal . Supreme Court . Court of Appeal . Originally , appeals to Her Majesty in Council ; appeals to Privy Council since abolished by Belize Constitution ( Seventh Amendment ) Bill and replaced with Caribbean Court of Justice . Part 8 : the public service ( edit ) Sections 105 - 113 . Public Services Commission . Appointment of public officers and other civil servants . Discipline . Pensions . Gratuity and retirement Part 9 : finance ( edit ) Sections 114 - 120 . Consolidated Revenue Fund , Contingencies Fund . Remuneration , public debt and audit . Part 10 : miscellaneous ( edit ) Sections 121 - 131 . Code of Conduct . National Symbols . Appointments . Removal and Resignations . Consultation . National Seal . Interpretation . Part 11 : transitional provisions ( edit ) Sections 132 - 140 . Interpretation of section . Constitution 's transitional powers . Existing laws . First Governor General . Ministers , National Assembly , public officers . Courts . Alteration . Part 12 : Repeals and Date of Commencement ( edit ) Sections 141 and 142 . Commencement . Revocations . Schedules ( edit ) 1 : Definition of Belize . 2 : Alteration of Constitution ( Section 69 ) . 3 : Oath of Allegiance and Office 4 : Revocations . Creative history ( edit ) Belize in the late 1970s was engaged in a territorial dispute with Guatemala . It became increasingly clear that Belize had more international support and a stronger case , hence the talk of independence which had existed since self - government in 1963 . Repeated demands by Guatemala and the United Kingdom that Belize cede territory were rejected by Premier George Cadle Price and the ruling People 's United Party . By contrast , the newly formed Opposition United Democratic Party wanted the claim settled before proceeding to Independence . In the general elections of 1979 , the PUP won and the seeds of the Constitution would begin to fall into place . In 1980 , the United Nations and Organization of American States both called for Belize 's independence by the end of 1981 . January 31 , 1981 saw a White Paper issued by the Government that began discussions on the proposed Independence Constitution . Despite March 's hostile reception of the Heads of Agreement , a Constitutional Conference was held in April and by July the details were approved by the reigning monarch , paving the way for an Order of Independence to be issued by July 31 and debated in Parliament by August 10 . Belize became independent on September 21 , with the Constitution going into effect as of that date . Amendments ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2012 ) The constitution of Belize has been amended several times since its ratification in 1981 . It was first amended in 1985 to make changes to Belize 's citizenship requirements . The most notable of these changes was the removal of a prohibition against multiple citizenship and the introduction of an `` economic citizenship '' provision granting citizenship to `` any person who makes a substantial contribution to the economy and / or well being of Belize '' . This later provision was criticized for allowing the sale of Belizean passports to foreigners who had never resided in Belize , and was repealed in 2001 . In 2010 , the Constitution was amended to make the Caribbean Court of Justice the highest court of appeals in Belize , replacing the Privy Council . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Belize 1981 ( rev. 2001 ) '' . Constitute . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Good Bye : Belize abolishes all appeals to Privy Council '' . Dominica News Online . 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Flanz , Gisbert H. , ed . ( June 1995 ) . Constitutions of the Countries of the World . 1995 supplement . Dobbs Ferry , New York : Oceana . pp. 1 -- 4 . ISBN 0379004674 . Jump up ^ Sylvestre , Anthony ( 7 April 2011 ) . `` Dismantling Our Constitution '' . The Belize Times . Archived from the original on 15 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Full text of 1981 Belize Constitution <Th_colspan="2"> Belize articles History Pre-Columbian 1506 -- 1862 Battle of St. George 's Caye British Honduras ( 1862 -- 1981 ) Belizean -- Guatemalan territorial dispute Belize Act 1981 Belize since 1981 Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Cities Climate Conservation Fauna Flora Geology Islands Mountains Protected areas Rivers Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Attorney General Belmopan Chief Justice Constituencies Constitution Districts Elections Foreign relations Governor - General Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Local government Military Monarchy National Assembly Political parties Prime Minister Senate Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Bananas Central bank Dollar ( currency ) Energy Ports Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Demographics Education Health Prostitution Languages People Religion Social structure Culture Anthem Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Music Newspapers Public holidays Sport Symbols Television <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Index Portal <Th_colspan="3"> Constitutions of countries in the Americas <Td_colspan="3"> North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Belize&oldid=806361089 '' Categories : Belizean law Government of Belize 1981 documents Constitutions by country Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from December 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 14 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Constitution of Belize
2. Structure of the Constitution
3. Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
4. Citizenship in Belize
5. The Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary |
2,199,548,899,379,299,000 | who sang you are my one and only | My One and Only ( song ) - Wikipedia My One and Only ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` My One and Only '' is a song composed by George Gershwin , with lyrics by Ira Gershwin , written for the 1927 musical Funny Face where it was introduced by Fred Astaire , Betty Compton and Gertrude McDonald . It was originally titled `` ( What Am I Gonna Do ) If You Turn Me Down ? '' Notable recordings ( edit ) Johnny Johnson & His Statler Pennsylvanians - Victor 21113 ; Matrix BVE - 41134 ( rec . December 2 , 1927 ) Whispering Jack Smith - HMV B2863 ; Matrix Bb14510 - 3 ( rec . September 18 , 1928 ) Fred Astaire with Adele Astaire , orchestra conducted by Julian Jones , London , November 28 , 1928 ( English Columbia 5174 ) Lee Wiley - Sings the Songs of George & Ira Gershwin & Cole Porter ( 1940 ) , Legendary Song Stylist ( 1999 ) Sarah Vaughan - Sarah Vaughan Sings George Gershwin ( 1957 ) Ella Fitzgerald - Ella Sings Gershwin ( 1950 ) , Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Songbook ( 1959 ) Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Billman , Larry ( 1997 ) . Fred Astaire - A Bio-bibliography . Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 62,236 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29010 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedic Discography of Victor Recordings '' . University of California , Santa Barbara Libraries . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrews & Bayly ( 2000 ) . Catalogue of HMV `` B '' Series Records . Norfolk , England : City of London Phonograph and Gramophone Society Ltd . OCLC 47117798 . <Th_colspan="2"> George Gershwin Albums Gershwin Plays Gershwin : The Piano Rolls Ballets An American in Paris Gershwin Piano Concerto Three Preludes Who Cares ? List of stagings Operas Blue Monday ( 1922 ) Porgy and Bess ( 1935 ) Orchestral works Rhapsody in Blue ( 1924 ) Concerto in F ( 1925 ) An American in Paris ( 1928 ) Second Rhapsody ( 1931 ) Cuban Overture ( 1932 ) Strike Up the Band ( 1934 ) Hoctor 's Ballet ( 1937 ) Piano compositions Three Preludes ( 1926 ) French Ballet Class ( 1937 ) Songs `` Are n't You Kind Of Glad We Did ? '' `` ( I 've Got ) Beginner 's Luck '' `` Bidin ' My Time '' `` Blah Blah Blah '' `` Boy Wanted '' `` Boy ! What Love Has Done To Me ! '' `` But Not for Me '' `` By Strauss '' `` Clap Yo ' Hands '' `` Do It Again '' `` Doin ' Time '' `` Embraceable You '' `` Fascinating Rhythm '' `` A Foggy Day '' `` For You , For Me , For Evermore '' `` Funny Face '' `` ' The Half of It , Dearie ' Blues '' `` He Loves and She Loves '' `` How Long Has This Been Going On ? '' `` I Ca n't Be Bothered Now '' `` I Got Rhythm '' `` I Was Doing All Right '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' `` Is n't It a Pity ? '' `` Just Another Rhumba '' `` Let 's Call the Whole Thing Off '' `` Let 's Kiss and Make Up '' `` Liza ( All the Clouds 'll Roll Away ) '' `` Looking for a Boy '' `` Lorelei '' `` Love Is Here to Stay '' `` Love is Sweeping the Country '' `` Love Walked In '' `` The Man I Love '' `` My Cousin in Milwaukee '' `` My One and Only '' `` Nice Work If You Can Get It '' `` Of Thee I Sing '' `` Oh , Lady Be Good ! '' `` Oh , So Nice ! '' `` The Real American Folk Song ( is a Rag ) '' `` 'S Wonderful '' `` Sam and Delilah '' `` Slap That Bass '' `` Somebody from Somewhere '' `` Somebody Loves Me '' `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' `` Soon '' `` Stairway to Paradise '' `` Stiff Upper Lip '' `` Strike Up the Band '' `` Summertime '' `` Swanee '' `` That Certain Feeling '' `` They All Laughed '' `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' `` Things Are Looking Up '' `` Tra - la - la '' `` Treat Me Rough '' `` Walking the Dog '' `` Who Cares ? '' `` You 've Got What Gets Me '' Tribute albums Brian Wilson Reimagines Gershwin By George Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Song Book Ella Sings Gershwin Gershwin Live ! Gershwin 's World The Glory of Gershwin Ira , George and Joe Nice Work If You Can Get It Oscar Peterson Plays the George Gershwin Songbook Red Hot + Rhapsody : The Gershwin Groove Rosemary Clooney Sings the Lyrics of Ira Gershwin Related articles Gershwin Prize Ira Gershwin ( brother ) Arthur Gershwin ( brother ) Frances Gershwin ( sister ) Gershwin Theatre <Td_colspan="2"> List of compositions by George Gershwin Category : George Gershwin This article about a jazz standard or composition written in the 1920s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This pop standards - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This show tune - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_One_and_Only_(song)&oldid=766927903 '' Categories : Songs with music by George Gershwin Songs with lyrics by Ira Gershwin Fred Astaire songs Songs from Funny Face ( musical ) 1927 songs Jazz composition stubs Pop standard stubs Show tune stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 February 2017 , at 23 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "My One and Only" song
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1,415,312,250,615,194,600 | prior to the writing of the constitution in philadelphia | History of the United states Constitution - wikipedia History of the United states Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Page one of the original copy of the United States Constitution The United States Constitution was written in 1787 during the Philadelphia Convention . The old Congress set the rules the new government followed in terms of writing and ratifying the new constitution . After ratification in eleven states , in 1789 its elected officers of government assembled in New York City , replacing the Articles of Confederation government . The original Constitution has been amended twenty - seven times . The meaning of the Constitution is interpreted and extended by judicial review in the federal courts . The original parchment copies are on display at the National Archives Building . Two alternative plans were developed in Convention . The nationalist majority , soon to be called `` Federalists , '' put forth the Virginia Plan , a consolidated government based on proportional representation among the states by population . The `` old patriots , '' later called `` Anti-Federalists , '' advocated the New Jersey Plan , a purely federal proposal , based on providing each state with equal representation . The Connecticut Compromise allowed for both plans to work together . Other controversies developed regarding slavery and a Bill of Rights in the original document . The drafted Constitution was submitted to the Confederation Congress . It in turn forwarded the Constitution as drafted to the states for ratification by the Constitutional method proposed . The Federalist Papers provided background and justification for the Constitution . Some states agreed to ratify the Constitution only if the amendments that were to become the Bill of Rights would be taken up immediately by the new government , and they were duly proposed in the first session of the First Congress . Once the Confederation Congress certified that eleven states had ratified the Constitution , elections were held , the new government began on March 4 , 1789 , and the Articles Congress dissolved itself . Later Amendments address individual liberties and freedoms , federal relationships , election procedures , terms of office , expanding the electorate , ending slavery , financing government , consumption of alcohol and Congressional pay . Criticism over the life of the Constitution has centered on expanding democracy and states rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 Declaration of Independence 2 Revolutionary Congress 3 Articles of Confederation 4 Steps to a convention 4.1 Mount Vernon Conference 4.2 Constitutional reforms considered 4.3 Annapolis Convention 5 Constitutional Convention 5.1 Sessions 5.1. 1 Convening 5.1. 2 Agenda 5.1. 3 Slavery in debate 5.2 `` Great Compromise '' 5.3 Two new branches 5.4 Re-allocate power 5.4. 1 Increase Congress 5.4. 2 Limit governments 5.4. 3 Population power 5.4. 3.1 House changes 5.4. 3.2 Senate changes 5.5 Final document 6 Ratification of the Constitution 7 Amendments to the Constitution 7.1 Bill of Rights 7.2 Subsequent amendments 8 Criticism of the Constitution 8.1 Expand democracy 8.2 States ' rights 9 History of the physical document 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Footnotes 13 References 13.1 Primary sources 13.2 Scholarly studies 14 External links Declaration of Independence ( edit ) Main article : United States Declaration of Independence On June 4 , 1776 , a resolution was introduced in the Second Continental Congress declaring the union with Great Britain to be dissolved , proposing the formation of foreign alliances , and suggesting the drafting of a plan of confederation to be submitted to the respective states . Independence was declared on July 4 , 1776 ; the preparation of a plan of confederation was postponed . Although the Declaration was a statement of principles , it did not create a government or even a framework for how politics would be carried out . It was the Articles of Confederation that provided the necessary structure to the new nation during and after the American Revolution . The Declaration , however , did set forth the ideas of natural rights and the social contract that would help form the foundation of constitutional government . The era of the Declaration of Independence is sometimes called the `` Continental Congress '' period . John Adams famously estimated as many as one - third of those resident in the original thirteen colonies were patriots . Scholars such as Gordon Wood describe how Americans were caught up in the Revolutionary fervor and excitement of creating governments , societies , a new nation on the face of the earth by rational choice as Thomas Paine declared in Common Sense . Republican government and personal liberty for `` the people '' were to overspread the New World continents and to last forever , a gift to posterity . These goals were influenced by Enlightenment philosophy . The adherents to this cause seized on English Whig political philosophy as described by historian Forrest McDonald as justification for most of their changes to received colonial charters and traditions . It was rooted in opposition to monarchy they saw as venal and corrupting to the `` permanent interests of the people . '' To these partisans , voting was the only permanent defense of the people . Elected terms for legislature were cut to one year , for Virginia 's Governor , one year without re-election . Property requirements for suffrage for men were reduced to taxes on their tools in some states . Free blacks in New York could vote if they owned enough property . New Hampshire was thinking of abolishing all voting requirements for men but residency and religion . New Jersey let women vote . In some states , senators were now elected by the same voters as the larger electorate for the House , and even judges were elected to one - year terms . These `` radical Whigs '' were called the people `` out - of - doors . '' They distrusted not only royal authority , but any small , secretive group as being unrepublican . Crowds of men and women massed at the steps of rural Court Houses during market - militia - court days . Shays Rebellion is a famous example . Urban riots began by the out - of - doors rallies on the steps of an oppressive government official with speakers such as members of the Sons of Liberty holding forth in the `` people 's `` committees '' until some action was decided upon , including hanging his effigy outside a bedroom window , or looting and burning down the offending tyrant 's home . Revolutionary Congress ( edit ) The government of the First and Second Continental Congress , the period from September 1774 to March 1 , 1781 is referred to as the Revolutionary Congress . Beginning in 1777 , the substantial powers assumed by Congress `` made the league of states as cohesive and strong as any similar sort of republican confederation in history '' . The process created the United States `` by the people in collectivity , rather than by the individual states '' , because only four had state constitutions at the time of the Declaration of Independence founding the nation , and three of those were provisional . Prior to the Articles of Confederation , and the Articles Congress , the Supreme Court in Ware v. Hylton and again in Penhallow v. Doane 's Administrators , perceived Congress as exercising powers derived from the people , expressly conferred through the medium of state conventions or legislatures , and , once exercised , `` impliedly ratified by the acquiescence and obedience of the people '' . Articles of Confederation ( edit ) Main article : Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation was unanimously adopted in 1781 once Maryland agreed . Over the previous four years , it had been used by Congress as a `` working document '' to administer the early United States government , win the Revolutionary War and secure the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) with Great Britain . Lasting successes during its life prior to the Constitutional Convention included the Land Ordinance of 1785 whereby Congress promised settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains full citizenship and eventual statehood . Some historians characterize this period from 1781 to 1789 as weakness , dissension , and turmoil . Other scholars view the evidence as reflecting an underlying stability and prosperity . But signs of returning prosperity in some areas did not slow growing domestic and foreign problems . Nationalists saw that the confederation 's central government was not strong enough to establish a sound financial system , regulate trade , enforce treaties , or go to war when needed . The Congress was the sole organ of the national government , without a national court to interpret law nor an executive branch to enforce them , in the states or on individuals . Governmental functions , including declarations of war and calls for an army , were supported in some degree for some time , by each state voluntarily , or not . These newly independent states separated from Britain no longer received favored treatment at British ports . The British refused to negotiate a commercial treaty in 1785 because the individual American states would not be bound by it . Congress could not act directly upon the States nor upon individuals . It had no authority to regulate foreign or interstate commerce . Every act of government was left to the individual States . Each state levied taxes and tariffs on other states at will , which invited retaliation . Congress could vote itself mediator and judge in state disputes , but states did not have to accept its decisions . The weak central government could not back its policies with military strength , embarrassing it in foreign affairs . The British refused to withdraw their troops from the forts and trading posts in the new nation 's Northwest Territory , as they had agreed to do in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 . British officers on the northern boundaries and Spanish officers to the south supplied arms to Native American tribes , allowing them to attack American settlers . The Spanish refused to allow western American farmers to use their port of New Orleans to ship produce . Revenues were requisitioned by Congressional petition to each state . None paid what they were asked ; sometimes some paid nothing . Congress appealed to the thirteen states for an amendment to the Articles to tax enough to pay the public debt as principal came due . Twelve states agreed , Rhode Island did not , so it failed . The Articles required super majorities . Amendment proposals to states required ratification by all thirteen states , all important legislation needed 70 % approval , at least nine states . Repeatedly , one or two states defeated legislative proposals of major importance . Without taxes the government could not pay its debt . Seven of the thirteen states printed large quantities of its own paper money , backed by gold , land , or nothing , so there was no fair exchange rate among them . State courts required state creditors to accept payments at face value with a fraction of real purchase power . The same legislation that these states used to wipe out the Revolutionary debt to patriots was used to pay off promised veteran pensions . The measures were popular because they helped both small farmers and plantation owners pay off their debts . The Massachusetts legislature was one of the five against paper money . It imposed a tightly limited currency and high taxes . Without paper money veterans without cash lost their farms for back taxes . This triggered Shays Rebellion to stop tax collectors and close the courts . Troops quickly suppressed the rebellion , but nationalists like George Washington warned , `` There are combustibles in every state which a spark might set fire to . '' Steps to a Convention ( edit ) Mount Vernon conference ( edit ) Main article : Mount Vernon Conference An important milestone in interstate cooperation outside the framework of the Articles of Confederation occurred in March 1785 , when delegates representing Maryland and Virginia met in Virginia , to address navigational rights in the states 's common waterways . On March 28 , 1785 , the group drew up a thirteen - point proposal to govern the two states ' rights on the Potomac River , Pocomoke River , and Chesapeake Bay . Known as the Mount Vernon Compact ( formally titled the `` Compact of 1785 '' ) , this agreement not only covered tidewater navigation but also extended to issues such as toll duties , commerce regulations , fishing rights , and debt collection . Ratified by the legislatures of both states , the compact , which is still in force , helped set a precedent for later meetings between states for discussions into areas of mutual concern . The conference 's success encouraged James Madison to introduce a proposal in the Virginia General Assembly for further debate of interstate issues . With Maryland 's agreement , on January 21 , 1786 , Virginia invited all the states to attend another interstate meeting later that year in Annapolis , Maryland , to discuss the trade barriers between the various states . Constitutional reforms considered ( edit ) The Articles Congress received a report on August 7 , 1786 from a twelve - member `` Grand Committee '' , appointed to develop and present `` such amendments to the Confederation , and such resolutions as it may be necessary to recommend to the several states , for the purpose of obtaining from them such powers as will render the federal government adequate to '' its declared purposes . Seven amendments to the Articles of Confederation were proposed . Under these reforms , Congress would gain `` sole and exclusive '' power to regulate trade . States could not favor foreigners over citizens . Tax bills would require 70 % vote , public debt 85 % , not 100 % . Congress could charge states a late payment penalty fee . A state withholding troops would be charged for them , plus a penalty . If a state did not pay , Congress could collect directly from its cities and counties . A state payment on another 's requisition would earn annual 6 % . There would have been a national court of seven . No - shows at Congress would have been banned from any U.S. or state office . These proposals were , however , sent back to committee without a vote and were not taken up again . Annapolis Convention ( edit ) Main article : Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) The Annapolis Convention , formally titled `` A Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government '' , convened at George Mann 's Tavern on September 11 , 1786 . Delegates from five states gathered to discuss ways to facilitate commerce between the states and establish standard rules and regulations . At the time , each state was largely independent from the others and the national government had no authority in these matters . Appointed delegates from four states either arrived too late to participate or otherwise decided not attend . Because so few states were present , delegates did not deem `` it advisable to proceed on the business of their mission . '' However , they did adopt a report calling for another convention of the states to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation . They desired that Constitutional Convention take place in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 . Legislatures of seven states -- Virginia , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , North Carolina , New Hampshire , Delaware , and Georgia -- immediately approved and appointed their delegations . New York and others hesitated thinking that only the Continental Congress could propose amendments to the Articles . George Washington was unwilling to attend an irregular convention like failed Annapolis Convention . Congress then called the convention at Philadelphia . The `` Federal Constitution '' was to be changed to meet the requirements of good government and `` the preservation of the Union '' . Congress would then approve what measures it allowed , then the state legislatures would unanimously confirm whatever changes of those were to take effect . Constitutional Convention ( edit ) See also : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Independence Hall , south wing . Philadelphia Washington as Convention President Twelve state legislatures , Rhode Island being the only exception , sent delegates to convene at Philadelphia in May 1787 . While the resolution calling the Convention specified that its purpose was to propose amendments to the Articles , through discussion and debate it became clear by mid-June that the Convention would propose a Constitution with a fundamentally new design . Sessions ( edit ) The Congress of the Confederation endorsed a plan to revise the Articles of Confederation on February 21 , 1787 . It called on each state legislature to send delegates to a convention `` ' for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation ' in ways that , when approved by Congress and the states , would ' render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union . ' '' To amend the Articles into a workable government , 74 delegates from the twelve states were named by their state legislatures ; 55 showed up , and 39 eventually signed . On May 3 , eleven days early , James Madison arrived to Philadelphia and met with James Wilson of the Pennsylvania delegation to plan strategy . Madison outlined his plan in letters that ( 1 ) State legislatures each send delegates , not the Articles Congress . ( 2 ) Convention reaches agreement with signatures from every state . ( 3 ) The Articles Congress approves forwarding it to the state legislatures . ( 4 ) The state legislatures independently call one - time conventions to ratify , selecting delegates by each state 's various rules of suffrage . The Convention was to be `` merely advisory '' to the people voting in each state . <Th_colspan="3"> ( show ) Delegates to the Constitutional Convention Order Name State represented aa 1 Washington , George George Washington Virginia ab 2 Langdon , John John Langdon New Hampshire ac 3 Gilman , Nicholas Nicholas Gilman New Hampshire ad 4 Gorham , Nathaniel Nathaniel Gorham Massachusetts ae 5 King , Rufus Rufus King Massachusetts af 6 Johnson , William Samuel William Samuel Johnson Connecticut ag 7 Sherman , Roger Roger Sherman Connecticut ah 8 Hamilton , Alexander Alexander Hamilton New York ai 9 Livingston , William William Livingston New Jersey aj 10 Brearley , David David Brearley New Jersey ak 11 Paterson , William William Paterson New Jersey al 12 Dayton , Jonathan Jonathan Dayton New Jersey am 13 Franklin , Benjamin Benjamin Franklin Pennsylvania an 14 Mifflin , Thomas Thomas Mifflin Pennsylvania ao 15 Morris , Robert Robert Morris Pennsylvania ap 16 Clymer , George George Clymer Pennsylvania aq 17 FitzSimons , Thomas Thomas FitzSimons Pennsylvania ar 18 Ingersoll , Jared Jared Ingersoll Pennsylvania as 19 Wilson , James James Wilson Pennsylvania at 20 Morris , Gouverneur Gouverneur Morris Pennsylvania au 21 Read , George George Read Delaware av 22 Bedford , Jr. , Gunning Gunning Bedford , Jr . Delaware aw 23 Dickinson , John John Dickinson Delaware ax 24 Bassett , Richard Richard Bassett Delaware ay 25 Broom , Jacob Jacob Broom Delaware az 26 McHenry , James James McHenry Maryland bb 27 Jenifer , Daniel of St. Thomas Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Maryland bc 28 Carroll , Daniel Daniel Carroll Maryland bd 29 Blair , Jr. , John John Blair , Jr . Virginia be 30 Madison , Jr. , James James Madison , Jr . Virginia bf 31 Blount , William William Blount North Carolina bg 32 Spaight , Richard Dobbs Richard Dobbs Spaight North Carolina bh 33 Williamson , Hugh Hugh Williamson North Carolina bi 34 Rutledge , John John Rutledge South Carolina bj 35 Pinckney , Charles Cotesworth Charles Cotesworth Pinckney South Carolina bk 36 Pinckney , Charles Charles Pinckney South Carolina bl 37 Butler , Pierce Pierce Butler South Carolina bm 38 Few , William William Few Georgia bn 39 Baldwin , Abraham Abraham Baldwin Georgia bp Χ Gerry , Elbridge Elbridge Gerry Massachusetts bq Χ Mason , George George Mason Virginia br Χ Randolph , Edmund Edmund Randolph Virginia bs ⋈ Davie , William William Davie North Carolina bt ⋈ Ellsworth , Oliver Oliver Ellsworth Massachusetts bu ⋈ Houston , William William Houston New Jersey bv ⋈ Houstoun , William William Houstoun Georgia bw ⋈ Lansing , John John Lansing New York bx ⋈ Martin , Alexander Alexander Martin North Carolina by ⋈ Martin , Luther Luther Martin Maryland bz ⋈ McClurg , James James McClurg Virginia cc ⋈ Mercer , John John Mercer Maryland cd ⋈ Pierce , William William Pierce Georgia ce ⋈ Strong , Caleb Caleb Strong Massachusetts cf ⋈ Wythe , George George Wythe Virginia cg ⋈ Yates , Robert Robert Yates New York <Td_colspan="3"> Signed the Constitution Refused to sign the Constitution Dropped out of the convention Convening ( edit ) George Washington arrived on time , Sunday , the day before the scheduled opening . For the entire duration of the Convention , Washington was a guest at the home of Robert Morris , Congress ' financier for the American Revolution and a Pennsylvania delegate . Morris entertained the delegates lavishly . William Jackson , in two years to be the president of the Society of the Cincinnati , had been Morris ' agent in England for a time ; and he won election as a non-delegate to be the convention secretary . The nationalists organize George Washington Convention President Nathaniel Gorham , MA Chair , Cmte. of the Whole The convention was scheduled to open May 14 , but only Pennsylvania and Virginia delegations were present . The Convention was postponed until a quorum of seven states gathered on Friday the 25th . George Washington was elected the Convention president , and Chancellor ( judge ) George Wythe ( Va ) was chosen Chair of the Rules Committee . The rules of the Convention were published the following Monday . Nathaniel Gorham ( Ma ) was elected Chair of the `` Committee of the Whole '' . These were the same delegates in the same room , but they could use informal rules for the interconnected provisions in the draft articles to be made , remade and reconnected as the order of business proceeded . The Convention officials and adopted procedures were in place before the arrival of nationalist opponents such as John Lansing ( NY ) and Luther Martin ( MD ) . By the end of May , the stage was set . The Constitutional Convention voted to keep the debates secret so that the delegates could speak freely , negotiate , bargain , compromise and change . Yet the proposed Constitution as reported from the Convention was an `` innovation '' , the most dismissive epithet a politician could use to condemn any new proposal . It promised a fundamental change from the old confederation into a new , consolidated yet federal government . The accepted secrecy of usual affairs conducted in regular order did not apply . It became a major issue in the very public debates leading up to the crowd - filled ratification conventions . Despite the public outcry against secrecy among its critics , the delegates continued in positions of public trust . State legislatures chose ten Convention delegates of their 33 total for the Articles Congress that September . Agenda ( edit ) Every few days , new delegates arrived , happily noted in Madison 's Journal . But as the Convention went on , individual delegate coming and going meant that a state 's vote could change with the change of delegation composition . The volatility added to the inherent difficulties , making for an `` ever - present danger that the Convention might dissolve and the entire project be abandoned . '' Nationalist floor leaders from biggest states James Madison , VA `` Father of the Constitution '' James Wilson , PA `` unsung hero of Convention '' Although twelve states sent delegations , there were never more than eleven represented in the floor debates , often fewer . State delegations absented themselves at votes different times of day . There was no minimum for a state delegation ; one would do . Daily sessions would have thirty members present . Members came and went on public and personal business . The Articles Congress was meeting at the same time , so members would absent themselves to New York City on Congressional business for days and weeks at a time . But the work before them was continuous , even if attendance was not . The Convention resolved itself into a `` Committee of the Whole '' , and could remain so for days . It was informal , votes could be taken and retaken easily , positions could change without prejudice , and importantly , no formal quorum call was required . The nationalists were resolute . As Madison put it , the situation was too serious for despair . They used the same State House , later named Independence Hall , as the Declaration signers . The building setback from the street was still dignified , but the `` shaky '' steeple was gone . When they adjourned each day , they lived in nearby lodgings , as guests , roomers or renters . They ate supper with one another in town and taverns , `` often enough in preparation for tomorrow 's meeting . '' Delegates reporting to the Convention presented their credentials to the Secretary , Major William Jackson of South Carolina . The state legislatures of the day used these occasions to say why they were sending representatives abroad . New York thus publicly enjoined its members to pursue all possible `` alterations and provisions '' for good government and `` preservation of the Union '' . New Hampshire called for `` timely measures to enlarge the powers of Congress '' . Virginia stressed the `` necessity of extending the revision of the federal system to all its defects '' . Consolidated national v. pure `` federal '' Edmund Randolph , VA consolidated government William Paterson , NJ states and congress equal On the other hand , Delaware categorically forbade any alteration of the Articles one - state , equal vote , one - vote - only provision in the Articles Congress . The Convention would have a great deal of work to do to reconcile the many expectations in the chamber . At the same time , delegates wanted to finish their work by fall harvest and its commerce . May 29 , Edmund Randolph ( VA ) proposed the Virginia Plan that would serve as the unofficial agenda for the Convention . It was weighted toward the interests of the larger , more populous states . The intent was to meet the purposes set out in the Articles of Confederation , `` common defense , security of liberty and general welfare '' . The Virginia Plan was national , authority flowed from the people . If the people will ratify them , changes for better republican government and national union should be proposed . Much of the Virginia Plan was adopted . All the powers in the Articles transfer to the new government . Congress has two houses , the ' house ' apportioned by population . It can enact laws affecting more than one state and Congress can override a veto . The President can enforce the law . The Supreme Court and inferior courts rule on international , U.S. and state law . The Constitution is the supreme law and all state officers swear to uphold the Constitution . Every state is a republic , and new states can be admitted . The Articles Congress continued until the new system started . Amendments are possible without Congress . The Convention recommendations went to Congress , from them to the states . State legislatures set the election rules for ratification conventions , and the people `` expressly '' chose representatives to consider and decide about the Constitution . June 15 , William Patterson ( NJ ) proposed the Convention minority 's New Jersey Plan . It was weighted toward the interests of the smaller , less populous states . The intent was to preserve the states from a plan to `` destroy or annihilate '' them . The New Jersey Plan was purely federal , authority flowed from the states . Gradual change should come from the states . If the Articles could not be amended , then advocates argued that should be the report from the Convention to the states . Although the New Jersey Plan only survived three days as an alternate proposal , substantial elements of it were adopted . The articles were `` revised , corrected and enlarged '' for good government and preservation of the Union . The Senate is elected by the states , at first by the state legislatures . Congress passes acts for revenue collected directly in the states , and the rulings of state courts are reviewed by the Supreme Court . State apportionment for taxes failed , but the ' house ' is apportioned by the population count of free inhabitants and three - fifths of others originally . States can be added to the Union . Presidents appoint federal judges . Treaties entered into by Congress are the supreme law of the land . All state judiciaries are bound to enforce treaties , state laws notwithstanding . The President can raise an army to enforce treaties in any state . States treat a violation of law in another state as though it happened there . Current knowledge of drafting the Constitution comes primarily from the Journal left by James Madison , found chronologically incorporated in Max Farrand 's `` The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 '' , which included the Convention Journal and sources from other Federalists and Anti-Federalists . Scholars observe that it is unusual in world history for the minority in a revolution to have the influence that the `` old patriot '' Anti-Federalists had over the `` nationalist '' Federalists who had the support of the revolutionary army in the Society of the Cincinnati . Both factions were intent on forging a nation in which both could be full participants in the changes which were sure to come , since that was most likely to allow for their national union , guarantee liberty for their posterity , and promote their mutual long - term material prosperity . Slavery in debate ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the United States The contentious issue of slavery was too controversial to be resolved during the Convention . But it was at center stage in the Convention three times , June 7 regarding who would vote for Congress , June 11 in debate over how to proportion relative seating in the ' house ' , and August 22 relating to commerce and the future wealth of the nation . Once the Convention looked at how to proportion the House representation , tempers among several delegates exploded over slavery . When the Convention progressed beyond the personal attacks , it adopted the existing `` federal ratio '' for taxing states by three - fifths of slaves held . On August 6 , the Committee of Detail reported its proposed revisions to the Randolph Plan . Again the question of slavery came up , and again the question was met with attacks of outrage . Over the next two weeks , delegates wove a web of mutual compromises relating to commerce and trade , east and west , slave - holding and free . The transfer of power to regulate slave trade from states to central government could happen in 20 years , but only then . Later generations could try out their own answers . The delegates were trying to make a government that might last that long . Migration of the free or `` importation '' of indentures and slaves could continue by states , defining slaves as persons , not property . Long - term power would change by population as counted every ten years . Apportionment in the House would not be by wealth , it would be by people , the free citizens and three - fifths the number of other persons meaning propertyless slaves and taxed Indian farming families . In 1806 , President Thomas Jefferson sent a message to the 9th Congress on their constitutional opportunity to remove U.S. citizens from the transatlantic slave trade `` ( violating ) human rights '' . The 1807 `` Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves '' took effect the first instant the Constitution allowed , January 1 , 1808 . The United States joined the British Parliament that year in the first `` international humanitarian campaign '' . In the 1840 - 1860 era abolitionists denounced the Fugitive Slave Clause and other protections of slavery . William Lloyd Garrison famously declared the Constitution `` a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell . '' In ratification conventions , the anti-slavery delegates sometimes began as anti-ratification votes . Still , the Constitution `` as written '' was an improvement over the Articles from an abolitionist point of view . The Constitution provided for abolition of the slave trade but the Articles did not . The outcome could be determined gradually over time . Sometimes contradictions among opponents were used to try to gain abolitionist converts . In Virginia , Federalist George Nicholas dismissed fears on both sides . Objections to the Constitution were inconsistent , `` At the same moment it is opposed for being promotive and destructive of slavery ! '' But the contradiction was never resolved peaceably , and the failure to do so contributed to the Civil War . `` Great Compromise '' ( edit ) Main article : Connecticut Compromise Roger Sherman ( CT ) , although something of a political broker in Connecticut , was an unlikely leader in the august company of the Convention . But on June 11 , he proposed the first version of the Convention 's `` Great Compromise '' . It was like the proposal he made in the 1776 Continental Congress . Representation in Congress should be both by states and by population . There , he was voted down by the small states in favor of all states equal , one vote only . Now in 1787 Convention , he wanted to balance all the big - state victories for population apportionment . He proposed that in the second ' senate ' branch of the legislature , each state should be equal , one vote and no more . The motion for equal state representation in a ' senate ' failed : 6 against , 5 for . `` Men of original principles '' Luther Martin , MD if not state equality create regional nations After these defeats , the delegates who called themselves the `` old patriots '' of 1776 and the `` men of original principles '' organized a caucus in the Convention . William Paterson ( NJ ) spoke for them introducing his `` New Jersey Plan '' . Roger Sherman ( CT ) , a signer of the Declaration of Independence , was with them . Supporters explained that it `` sustained the sovereignty of the states '' , while the Edmund Randolph ( VA ) `` Virginia Plan '' erased it . The Convention had no authority to propose anything not sent up from state legislatures , and the states were not likely to adopt anything new . The `` nationalists '' answered , The Convention could not conclude anything , but it could recommend anything . `` Patriots '' said if their legislature knew anything about proposals for consolidated government , it would not have sent anyone . `` Nationalists '' countered , that it would be treason to withhold any proposal for good government when the salvation of the American republic was at stake . Three sessions after its introduction , the New Jersey Plan failed : 7 against , 3 for , 1 divided . For nearly a month there was no progress ; small states were seriously thinking of walking out of the Convention . Then June 25 , the `` original principles '' men finally won a vote . The ' senate ' would be chosen by the state legislatures , not the people , passed : 9 for , 2 against . The basis of representation for both the ' house ' and the ' senate ' re-surfaced . Sherman tried a second time to get his idea for a ' house ' on the basis of population and a ' senate ' on an equal states basis . The `` big states '' got their population ' house ' win , then his equal state ' senate ' motion was dropped without a vote . The majority adjourned `` before a determination was taken in the House . '' Luther Martin ( MD ) insisted that he would rather divide the Union into regional governments than submit to a consolidated government under the Randolph Plan . Sherman 's proposal came up again for the third time from Oliver Ellsworth ( CT ) . In the `` senate '' , the states should have equal representation . Advocates said that it could not be agreed to , the union would fall apart somehow . Big states would not be trusted , the small states could confederate with a foreign power showing `` more good faith '' . If delegates could not unite behind this here , one day the states could be united by `` some foreign sword '' . On the question of equal state representation , the Convention adjourned in the same way again , `` before a determination was taken in the House . '' . On July 2 , the Convention for the fourth time considered a `` senate '' with equal state votes . This time a vote was taken , but it stalled again , tied at 5 yes , 5 no , 1 divided . The Convention elected one delegate out of the delegation of each state onto a Committee to make a proposal ; it reported July 5 . Nothing changed over five days . July 10 , Lansing and Yates ( NY ) quit the Convention in protest over the big state majorities repeatedly overrunning the small state delegations in vote after vote . No direct vote on the basis of ' senate ' representation was pushed on the floor for another week . But the Convention floor leaders kept moving forward where they could . First the new ' house ' seat apportionment was agreed , balancing big and small , north and south . The big states got a decennial census for ' house ' apportionment to reflect their future growth . Northerners had insisted on counting only free citizens for the ' house ' ; southern delegations wanted to add property . Benjamin Franklin 's compromise was that there would be no `` property '' provision to add representatives , but states with large slave populations would get a bonus added to their free persons by counting three - fifths other persons . On July 16 , Sherman 's `` Great Compromise '' prevailed on its fifth try . Every state was to have equal numbers in the United States Senate . Washington ruled it passed on the vote 5 yes , 4 no , 1 divided . It was not that five was a majority of twelve , but to keep the business moving forward , he used precedent established in the Convention earlier . Now some of the big - state delegates talked of walking out , but none did . Debate over the next ten days developed an agreed general outline for the Constitution . Small states readily yielded on many questions . Most remaining delegates , big - state and small , now felt safe enough to chance a new plan . Two new branches ( edit ) Ruler as `` chief magistrate '' John Dickinson , DE for one - person president The Constitution innovated two branches of government that were not a part of the U.S. government during the Articles of Confederation . Previously , a thirteen - member committee had been left behind in Philadelphia when Congress adjourned to carry out the `` executive '' functions . Suits between states were referred to the Articles Congress , and treated as a private bill to be determined by majority vote of members attending that day . On June 7 , the `` national executive '' was taken up in Convention . The `` chief magistrate '' , or ' presidency ' was of serious concern for a formerly colonial people fearful of concentrated power in one person . But to secure a `` vigorous executive '' , nationalist delegates such as James Wilson ( PA ) , Charles Pinckney ( SC ) , and John Dickenson ( DE ) favored a single officer . They had someone in mind whom everyone could trust to start off the new system , George Washington . After introducing the item for discussion , there was a prolonged silence . Benjamin Franklin ( Pa ) and John Rutledge ( SC ) had urged everyone to speak their minds freely . When addressing the issue with George Washington in the room , delegates were careful to phrase their objections to potential offenses by officers chosen in the future who would be ' president ' `` subsequent '' to the start - up . Roger Sherman ( CT ) , Edmund Randolph ( VA ) and Pierce Butler ( SC ) all objected , preferring two or three persons in the executive , as had the ancient Roman Republic . Nathaniel Gorham was Chair of the Committee of the Whole , so Washington sat in the Virginia delegation where everyone could see how he voted . The vote for a one - man ' presidency ' carried 7 - for , 3 - against , New York , Delaware and Maryland in the negative . Virginia , along with George Washington , had voted yes . As of that vote for a single ' presidency ' , George Mason ( VA ) gravely announced to the floor , that as of that moment , the Confederation 's federal government was `` in some measure dissolved by the meeting of this Convention . '' First national court ( s ) Rufus King , MA district courts = flexibility The Convention was following the Randolph Plan for an agenda , taking each resolve in turn to move proceedings forward . They returned to items when overnight coalitions required adjustment to previous votes to secure a majority on the next item of business . June 19 , and it was Randolph 's Ninth Resolve next , about the national court system . On the table was the nationalist proposal for the inferior ( lower ) courts in the national judiciary . Pure 1776 republicanism had not given much credit to judges , who would set themselves up apart from and sometimes contradicting the state legislature , the voice of the sovereign people . Under the precedent of English Common Law according to William Blackstone , the legislature , following proper procedure , was for all constitutional purposes , `` the people . '' This dismissal of unelected officers sometimes took an unintended turn among the people . One of John Adams clients believed the First Continental Congress in 1775 had assumed the sovereignty of Parliament , and so abolished all previously established courts in Massachusetts . In the Convention , looking at a national system , Judge Wilson ( PA ) sought appointments by a single person to avoid legislative payoffs . Judge Rutledge ( SC ) was against anything but one national court , a Supreme Court to receive appeals from the highest state courts , like the South Carolina court he presided over as Chancellor . Rufus King ( MA ) thought national district courts in each state would cost less than appeals that otherwise would go to the ' supreme court ' in the national capital . National inferior courts passed but making appointments by ' congress ' was crossed out and left blank so the delegates could take it up later after `` maturer reflection . '' Re-allocate power ( edit ) Main article : Federalism in the United States Wikisource has original text related to this article : Constitution of the United States The Constitutional Convention created a new , unprecedented form of government by reallocating powers of government . Every previous national authority had been either a centralized government , or a `` confederation of sovereign constituent states . '' The American power - sharing was unique at the time . The sources and changes of power were up to the states . The foundations of government and extent of power came from both national and state sources . But the new government would have a national operation . To meet their goals of cementing the Union and securing citizen rights , Framers allocated power among executive , senate , house and judiciary of the central government . But each state government in their variety continued exercising powers in their own sphere . Increase Congress ( edit ) The Convention did not start with national powers from scratch , it began with the powers already vested in the Articles Congress with control of the military , international relations and commerce . The Constitution added ten more . Five were minor relative to power sharing , including business and manufacturing protections . One important new power authorized Congress to protect states from the `` domestic violence '' of riot and civil disorder , but it was conditioned by a state request . The Constitution increased Congressional power to organize , arm and discipline the state militias , to use them to enforce the laws of Congress , suppress rebellions within the states and repel invasions . But the Second Amendment would ensure that Congressional power could not be used to disarm state militias . Taxation substantially increased the power of Congress relative to the states . It was limited by restrictions , forbidding taxes on exports , per capita taxes , requiring import duties to be uniform and that taxes be applied to paying U.S. debt . But the states were stripped of their ability to levy taxes on imports , which was at the time , `` by far the most bountiful source of tax revenues '' . Congress had no further restrictions relating to political economy . It could institute protective tariffs , for instance . Congress overshadowed state power regulating interstate commerce ; the United States would be the `` largest area of free trade in the world . '' The most undefined grant of power was the power to `` make laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution '' the Constitution 's enumerated powers . Limit governments ( edit ) As of ratification , sovereignty was no longer to be theoretically indivisible . With a wide variety of specific powers among different branches of national governments and thirteen republican state governments , now `` each of the portions of powers delegated to the one or to the other ... is ... sovereign with regard to its proper objects '' . There were some powers that remained beyond the reach of both national powers and state powers , so the logical seat of American `` sovereignty '' belonged directly with the people - voters of each state . Besides expanding Congressional power , the Constitution limited states and central government . Six limits on the national government addressed property rights such as slavery and taxes . Six protected liberty such as prohibiting ex post facto laws and no religious tests for national offices in any state , even if they had them for state offices . Five were principles of a republic , as in legislative appropriation . These restrictions lacked systematic organization , but all constitutional prohibitions were practices that the British Parliament had `` legitimately taken in the absence of a specific denial of the authority . '' The regulation of state power presented a `` qualitatively different '' undertaking . In the state constitutions , the people did not enumerate powers . They gave their representatives every right and authority not explicitly reserved to themselves . The Constitution extended the limits that the states had previously imposed upon themselves under the Articles of Confederation , forbidding taxes on imports and disallowing treaties among themselves , for example . In light of the repeated abuses by ex post facto laws passed by the state legislatures , 1783 -- 1787 , the Constitution prohibited ex post facto laws and bills of attainder to protect United States citizen property rights and right to a fair trial . Congressional power of the purse was protected by forbidding taxes or restraint on interstate commerce and foreign trade . States could make no law `` impairing the obligation of contracts . '' To check future state abuses the framers searched for a way to review and veto state laws harming the national welfare or citizen rights . They rejected proposals for Congressional veto of state laws and gave the Supreme Court appellate case jurisdiction over state law because the Constitution is the supreme law of the land . The United States had such a geographical extent that it could only be safely governed using a combination of republics . Federal judicial districts would follow those state lines . Population power ( edit ) The British had relied upon a concept of `` virtual representation '' to give legitimacy to their House of Commons . It was not necessary to elect anyone from a large port city , or the American colonies , because the representatives of `` rotten boroughs '' , the mostly abandoned medieval fair towns with twenty voters , `` virtually represented '' them . Philadelphia in the colonies was second in population only to London . They were all Englishmen , supposed to be a single people , with one definable interest . Legitimacy came from membership in Parliament of the sovereign realm , not elections from people . As Blackstone explained , the Member is `` not bound ... to consult with , or take the advice , of his constituents . '' As Constitutional historian Gordon Wood elaborated , `` The Commons of England contained all of the people 's power and were considered to be the very persons of the people they represented . '' G. Morris , PA provinces forever While the English `` virtual representation '' was hardening into a theory of Parliamentary sovereignty , the American theory of representation was moving towards a theory of sovereignty of the people . In their new constitutions written since 1776 , Americans required community residency of voters and representatives , expanded suffrage , and equalized populations in voting districts . There was a sense that representation `` had to be proportioned to the population . '' The Convention would apply the new principle of `` sovereignty of the people '' both to the House of Representatives , and to the United States Senate . House changes ( edit ) Once the Great Compromise was reached , delegates in Convention then agreed to a decennial census to count the population . The Americans themselves did not allow for universal suffrage for all adults . Their sort of `` virtual representation '' said that those voting in a community could understand and themselves represent non-voters when they had like interests that were unlike other political communities . There were enough differences among people in different American communities for those differences to have a meaningful social and economic reality . Thus New England colonial legislatures would not tax communities which had not yet elected representatives . When the royal governor of Georgia refused to allow representation to be seated from four new counties , the legislature refused to tax them . The 1776 Americans had begun to demand expansion of the franchise , and in each step , they found themselves pressing towards a philosophical `` actuality of consent . '' The Convention determined that the power of the people , should be felt in the House of Representatives . For the U.S. Congress , persons alone were counted . Property was not counted . Senate changes ( edit ) The Convention found it more difficult to give expression to the will of the people in new states . What state might be `` lawfully arising '' outside the boundaries of the existing thirteen states ? The new government was like the old , to be made up of pre-existing states . Now there was to be admission of new states . Regular order would provide new states by state legislatures for Kentucky , Tennessee and Maine . But the Articles Congress had by its Northwest Ordnance presented the Convention with a new issue . Settlers in the Northwest Territory might one day constitute themselves into `` no more than five '' states . More difficult still , most delegates anticipated adding alien peoples of Canada , Louisiana and Florida to United States territory . Generally in American history , European citizens of empire were given U.S. citizenship on territorial acquisition . Should they become states ? Some delegates were reluctant to expand into any so `` remote wilderness '' . It would retard the commercial development of the east . They would be easily influenced , `` foreign gold '' would corrupt them . Western peoples were the least desirable Americans , only good for perpetual provinces . There were so many foreigners moving out west , there was no telling how things would turn out . These were poor people , they could not pay their fair share of taxes . It would be `` suicide '' for the original states . New states could become a majority in the Senate , they would abuse their power , `` enslaving '' the original thirteen . If they also loved liberty , and could not tolerate eastern state dominance , they would be justified in civil war . Western trade interests could drag the country into an inevitable war with Spain for the Mississippi River . As time wore on , any war for the Mississippi River was obviated by the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and the 1812 American victory at New Orleans . Even if there were to be western states , a House representation of 40,000 might be too small , too easy for the westerners . `` States '' had been declared out west already . They called themselves republics , and set up their own courts directly from the people without colonial charters . In Transylvania , Westsylvania , Franklin , and Vandalia , `` legislatures '' met with emissaries from British and Spanish Empires in violation of the Articles of Confederation , just as the sovereign states had done . In the Constitution as written , no majorities in Congress could break up the larger states without their consent . `` New state '' advocates had no fear of western states achieving a majority one day . For example , the British sought to curb American growth . That brought hate , then separation . Follow the same rule , get the same results . Congress has never been able to discover a better rule than majority rule . If they grow , let them rule . As they grow , they must get all their supplies from eastern businesses . Character is not determined by points of a compass . States admitted are equals , they will be made up of our brethren . Commit to right principles , even if the right way , one day , benefits other states . They will be free like ourselves , their pride will not allow anything but equality . It was at this time in the Convention that Reverend Manasseh Cutler arrived to lobby for western land sales . He brought acres of land grants to parcel out . Their sales would fund most of the U.S. government expenditures for its first few decades . There were allocations for the Ohio Company stockholders at the Convention , and for others delegates too . Good to his word , in December 1787 , Cutler led a small band of pioneers into the Ohio Valley . The provision for admitting new states became relevant at the purchase of Louisiana . It was constitutionally justifiable under the `` treaty making '' power of the federal government . The agrarian advocates sought to make the purchase of land that had never been administered , conquered , or formally ceded to any of the original thirteen states . Jefferson 's Democratic - Republicans would divide the Louisiana Purchase into states , speeding land sales to finance the federal government with no new taxes . The new populations of new states would swamp the commercial states in the Senate . They would populate the House with egalitarian Democrat - Republicans to overthrow the Federalists . Jefferson dropped the proposal of Constitutional amendment to permit the purchase , and with it , his notion of a confederation of sovereign states . Final document ( edit ) After nearly four months of debate , on September 8 , 1787 , the final text of the Constitution was set down and revised . Then , an official copy of the document was engrossed by Jacob Shallus . The effort consisted of copying the text ( prelude , articles and endorsement ) on four sheets of vellum parchment , made from treated animal skin and measuring approximately 28 inches ( 71 cm ) by 23 inches ( 58 cm ) , probably with a goose quill . Shallus engrossed the entire document except for the list of states at the end of the document , which are in Alexander Hamilton 's handwriting . On September 17 , 1787 , following a speech given by Benjamin Franklin , 39 delegates endorsed and submitted the Constitution to the Congress of the Confederation . Ratification of the Constitution ( edit ) Territorial extent of the United States , 1790 . Massachusetts ' Rufus King assessed the Convention as a creature of the states , independent of the Articles Congress , submitting its proposal to Congress only to satisfy forms . Though amendments were debated , they were all defeated . On September 28 , 1787 , the Articles Congress resolved `` unanimously '' to transmit the Constitution to state legislatures for submitting to a ratification convention according to the Constitutional procedure . Several states enlarged the numbers qualified just for electing ratification delegates . In doing so , they went beyond the Constitution 's provision for the most voters for the state legislature . Delaware , on December 7 , 1787 , became the first State to ratify the new Constitution , with its vote being unanimous . Pennsylvania ratified on December 12 , 1787 , by a vote of 46 to 23 ( 66.67 % ) . New Jersey ratified on December 19 , 1787 , and Georgia on January 2 , 1788 , both with unanimous votes . The requirement of ratification by nine states , set by Article Seven of the Constitution , was met when New Hampshire voted to ratify , on June 21 , 1788 . In New York , fully two thirds of the convention delegates were at first opposed to the Constitution . Hamilton led the Federalist campaign , which included the fast - paced appearance of The Federalist Papers in New York newspapers . An attempt to attach conditions to ratification almost succeeded , but on July 26 , 1788 , New York ratified , with a recommendation that a bill of rights be appended . The vote was close -- yeas 30 ( 52.6 % ) , nays 27 -- due largely to Hamilton 's forensic abilities and his reaching a few key compromises with moderate anti-Federalists led by Melancton Smith . Following Massachusetts 's lead , the Federalist minorities in both Virginia and New York were able to obtain ratification in convention by linking ratification to recommended amendments . A minority of the Constitution 's critics continued to oppose the Constitution . Maryland 's Luther Martin argued that the federal convention had exceeded its authority ; he still called for amending the Articles . Article 13 of the Articles of Confederation stated that the union created under the Articles was `` perpetual '' and that any alteration must be `` agreed to in a Congress of the United States , and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State '' . However , the unanimity required under the Articles made all attempts at reform impossible . Martin 's allies such as New York 's John Lansing , Jr. , dropped moves to obstruct the Convention 's process . They began to take exception to the Constitution `` as it was '' , seeking amendments . Several conventions saw supporters for `` amendments before '' shift to a position of `` amendments after '' for the sake of staying in the Union . New York Anti 's `` circular letter '' was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for `` amendments before '' . It failed in the state legislatures . Ultimately only North Carolina and Rhode Island would wait for amendments from Congress before ratifying . <Th_colspan="5"> The Constitution was ratified by the states in the following order : Date State <Th_colspan="2"> Votes Yea Nay December 7 , 1787 Delaware 30 0 December 11 , 1787 Pennsylvania 46 23 December 18 , 1787 New Jersey 38 0 January 2 , 1788 Georgia 26 0 5 January 9 , 1788 Connecticut 128 40 6 February 6 , 1788 Massachusetts 187 168 7 April 26 , 1788 Maryland 63 11 8 May 23 , 1788 South Carolina 149 73 9 June 21 , 1788 New Hampshire 57 47 10 June 25 , 1788 Virginia 89 79 11 July 26 , 1788 New York 30 27 12 November 21 , 1789 North Carolina 194 77 13 May 29 , 1790 Rhode Island 34 32 Article VII of the proposed constitution stipulated that only nine of the thirteen states would have to ratify for the new government to go into effect for the participating states . By the end of July 1788 , eleven states had ratified the Constitution , and soon thereafter , the process of organizing the new government began . On September 13 , 1788 , the Articles Congress certified that the new Constitution had been ratified by more than enough states for it to go into effect . Congress fixed the city of New York as the temporary seat of the new government and set the dates for the election of representatives and presidential electors . It also set the date for operations to begin under the new government . This occurred on March 4 , 1789 , when the First Congress convened . The membership of the new Congress was decidedly federalist . In the eleven - state ( minus North Carolina and Rhode Island ) Senate 20 were Federalist and two Anti-federalist ( both from Virginia ) . The House included 48 Federalists and 11 Anti-federalists ( from four states : Massachusetts , New York , South Carolina , and Virginia ) . On April 6 the House and Senate held a joint meeting to count the electoral vote . George Washington was unanimously elected the first president , even receiving the electoral vote of ardent anti-federalist Patrick Henry . John Adams of Massachusetts was elected vice president . Both were sworn into office on April 30 , 1789 . The business of setting up the new government was completed . Anti-Federalists ' fears of personal oppression by Congress were allayed by amendments passed under the floor leadership of James Madison during the first session of Congress . These first ten Amendments became known as the Bill of Rights . Objections to a potentially remote federal judiciary were reconciled with 13 federal courts ( 11 states , plus Maine and Kentucky ) , and three federal riding circuits out of the Supreme Court : Eastern , Middle and South . Suspicion of a powerful federal executive was answered by Washington 's cabinet appointments of once - Anti-Federalists Edmund Jennings Randolph as Attorney General and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State . What Constitutional historian Pauline Maier termed a national `` dialogue between power and liberty '' had begun anew . Amendments to the Constitution ( edit ) Since the beginning of federal operations under the Constitution in 1789 through the beginning of 2013 , approximately 11,539 proposals to amend the Constitution have been introduced in the United States Congress . Of these , thirty - three have been approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification . Twenty - seven of these amendments have been ratified and are now part of the Constitution . The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights . Prior to the Twenty - seventh Amendment , which languished for 202 years , 7 months , 12 days before being ratified ( submitted for ratification in 1789 as part of the Bill of Rights , but not ratified until 1992 ) , the Twenty - second Amendment held the record for longest time taken to successfully complete the ratification process -- 3 years , 11 months , 6 days . The Twenty - sixth Amendment holds the record for shortest time taken -- 3 months , 8 days . Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states and are not part of the Constitution . Four of these are still technically open and pending , one is closed and has failed by its own terms , and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it . The U.S. constitutional amendment process . Bill of rights ( edit ) Main article : United States Bill of Rights Wikisource has original text related to this article : United States Bill of Rights Much of opposition to the proposed Constitution within several states arose , not because the machinery of the new frame of government was considered unworkable or because strengthening the union between the 13 states viewed as undesirable . The debates in the state ratifying conventions centered around the absence of anything equivalent to the bill of rights found in several state constitutions . George Mason , a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional Convention , and the author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights , refused to sign the document because he felt it did not specifically spell out or protect individual rights sufficiently . He also opposed the constitution when it was brought before the state for ratification . He acquiesced and the convention voted narrowly to give its assent only after it was decided that a list of twenty proposed amendments be sent along with the state 's resolution of ratification . Delegates to Massachusetts ' convention had many of the same concerns , and along with its notification of approval made a request for nine alterations , the first among them being `` that it be explicitly declared that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved to the states to be exercised by them . '' New York , not to be outdone , appended a list of thirty - two requested amendments plus a lengthy statement of impressions and explanations about the new Constitution to their affirmative vote . The sharp Anti-Federalist critique of the Constitution did not abate after it became operational , and by the time the First Congress convened in March 1789 , there existed widespread sentiment in both the House and Senate in favor of making alterations . That September , Congress adopted twelve amendments and sent to the states for ratification . Ten of these were ratified by the required number of states in December 1791 and became part of the Constitution . These amendments enumerate freedoms not explicitly indicated in the main body of the Constitution , such as freedom of religion , freedom of speech , a free press , and free assembly ; the right to keep and bear arms ; freedom from unreasonable search and seizure , security in personal effects , and freedom from warrants issued without probable cause ; indictment by a grand jury for a capital or `` infamous crime '' ; guarantee of a speedy , public trial with an impartial jury ; and prohibition of double jeopardy . In addition , the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States . Subsequent amendments ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Additional amendments to the United States Constitution Amendments to the Constitution subsequent to the Bill of Rights cover a wide range of subjects . Several have added significant content to the original document . One of the most far - reaching is the Fourteenth , ratified in 1868 , which establishes a clear and simple definition of citizenship and guarantees equal treatment under the law . Also significant are the Fifteenth , Nineteenth , Twenty - fourth , and Twenty - sixth , which were enacted to extend the right to vote to persons previously considered ineligible and also to protect their exercise of that right . One Amendment , the Eighteenth , which criminalized the production , transport and sale of alcohol nationwide , was later repealed by another , the Twenty - first . Nine ratified amendments ( 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 22 , and 25 ) have explicitly superseded or modified the text of the original Constitution . Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3a Regarding how the apportionment of representatives and direct taxes among the states is determined . Superseded by the Fourteenth Amendment , Section 2 Article 1 , Section 3 , Clause 1 Regarding the senators from each state being chosen by the legislature of that state . Superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , Section 1 Article 1 , Section 3 , Clause 2 Regarding the filling of vacancies in the senate . Superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , Section 2 Article 1 , Section 4 , Clause 2 Regarding when each year the Congress must assemble . Modified by the Twentieth Amendment , Section 2 Article 1 , Section 9 , Clause 4 Regarding Congress ' restricted taxation power . Superseded by the Sixteenth Amendment Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 1b Regarding the length of the president 's and vice president 's term of office . Temporarily modified by the Twentieth Amendment , Section 1 Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 3 Regarding Electoral College voting procedures . Superseded by the Twelfth Amendment Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 5 Regarding eligibility for holding the office of president . Modified by the Twenty - second Amendment , Section 1 Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 Regarding presidential powers and duties if the presidency is vacant or if the President is unable to discharge said powers and duties . Superseded by the Twenty - fifth Amendment Article 3 , Section 2 , Clause 1 Regarding the diversity jurisdiction given to the judiciary to hear cases between a state and citizens of another state . Modified by the Eleventh Amendment Article 4 , Section 2 , Clause 3 Regarding persons held ( involuntarily ) to service or labor . Superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment , Section 1 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> α -- In 1865 , the Thirteenth Amendment rendered the formula prescribed in Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 , whereby only three - fifths of all other Persons ( slaves ) were counted when determining a state 's total population for apportionment purposes , moot de jure . Three years later , the entire first sentence of the clause was superseded by the Fourteenth Amendment , Section 2 . This later amendment however , left Congress ' taxation power unchanged , as the replacement clause in it made no mention of apportionment of direct taxes . Even so , Congress ' ability to levy taxes was still governed by Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4 of the Constitution . <Td_colspan="3"> β -- Section 1 of the Seventeenth Amendment , regarding the six - year term of office for senators , was shortened for those persons whose term as senator ended on March 4 , 1935 , 1937 , and 1939 , by the interval between January 3 and March 4 , of that year ( 61 days ) by the Twentieth Amendment , which became part of the Constitution on January 23 , 1933 and the changes made by Section 1 took effect on October 15 , 1933 . This amendment also had a de facto effect on Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 1a , for although the election was held as prescribed , the term of office for the persons elected to Congress in November 1932 , was in effect shortened by the same interval of days . <Td_colspan="3"> γ -- The term of office for the persons elected President and Vice President ( Franklin D. Roosevelt and John Nance Garner respectively ) in November 1932 , was shortened by the interval between January 20 and March 4 , 1937 ( 44 days ) , by the Twentieth Amendment . <Td_colspan="3"> δ -- The fourth sentence of the Twelfth Amendment , regarding the Vice President acting as President if the House , when the choice is theirs to make , has not elected a President by March 4 , has been superseded by the Twentieth Amendment , Section 3 . Further information : List of amendments to the United States Constitution Criticism of the Constitution ( edit ) Expand democracy ( edit ) In the early twentieth century Lochner era , the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional various state laws that limited labor contracts . The Constitution was criticized as putting the government at the beck and call of big business . More recent criticism has often been academic and limited to particular features . University of Texas law professor Sanford Levinson wonders whether it makes sense for the Connecticut Compromise to give `` Wyoming the same number of votes as California , which has roughly seventy times the population '' . Levinson thinks this imbalance causes a `` steady redistribution of resources from large states to small states . '' Levinson is critical of the Electoral College as it allows the possibility of electing presidents who do not win the majority , or even plurality , of votes . Five times in American history , presidents have been elected despite failing to win a plurality of the popular vote : 1824 ( John Quincy Adams ) , 1876 ( Rutherford B. Hayes ) , 1888 ( Benjamin Harrison ) , 2000 ( George W. Bush ) and 2016 ( Donald Trump ) . The current impeachment powers do not give the people a quick way to remove incompetent or ill presidents , in his view . Others have criticized gerrymandering . Yale professor Robert A. Dahl sees a problem with an American tendency towards worship of the Constitution itself . ( See American civil religion ) He sees aspects of American governance which are `` unusual and potentially undemocratic : the federal system , the bicameral legislature , judicial review , presidentialism , and the electoral college system . '' Levinson and Labunski and others have called for a Second Constitutional Convention , although professors like Dahl believe there is no real hope this would ever happen . French journalist Jean - Philippe Immarigeon wrote in Harper 's that the `` nearly 230 - year - old constitution stretched past the limits of its usefulness '' , and suggested key problem points were the inability to call an election when government became gridlocked , a several month period between inauguration of a president and when he or she takes office , and inability of the lower house of Congress to influence serious foreign policy decisions such as ending a war when faced with a veto . University of Virginia professor Larry Sabato advocates an amendment to organize presidential primaries . Sabato details more objections in his book A More Perfect Constitution . He opposes life tenure for Federal Court judges , including Supreme Court justices . He also writes that `` If the 26 least populated states voted as a bloc , they would control the U.S. Senate with a total of just under 17 % of the country 's population . '' Sabato further contends that the Constitution is in need of an overhaul , and argues that only a national constitutional convention can bring the document up to date and settle many of the issues that have arisen over the past two centuries . States ' rights ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John C. Calhoun In United States history , four periods of widespread Constitutional criticism have been characterized by the idea that specific political powers belong to state governments and not to the federal government -- a doctrine commonly known as states rights . At each stage , states ' rights advocates failed to develop a preponderance in public opinion or to sustain the democratic political will required to alter the generally held constitutional understanding and political practice in the United States . At its adoption among the people in the state ratification conventions , the `` men of original principles '' opposed the new national government as violating the Whig philosophy generally accepted among the original thirteen colonies in 1776 . According to this view , Congress as a legislature should be only equal to any state legislature , and only the people in each state might be sovereign . They are now referred to as the Anti-Federalists in American historiography . The proponents of `` state sovereignty '' and `` states rights '' were outvoted in eleven of thirteen state ratification conventions , then thirteen of thirteen , to `` ordain and establish '' the Constitution . During Andrew Jackson 's administration , South Carolina objected to U.S. government 's `` tariff of abominations '' collected as federal duties in Charleston Harbor . The Nullification Crisis ensued . Justification for the nullifiers was found in the U.S. Senate speeches and writings of John C. Calhoun . He defended slavery against the Constitutional provisions allowing its statutory regulation or its eventual abolition by Constitutional amendment , most notably in his Disquisition on Government . The crisis was averted when once General Jackson declared he would march a U.S. army into South Carolina and hang the first nullifier he saw from the first tree , and a new negotiated tariff , the Compromise Tariff of 1833 , satisfactory to South Carolina was enacted . Despite this , a states - rights - based defense of slavery persisted amongst Southerners until the American Civil War ; conversely , Northerners explored nullification of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 . Abraham Lincoln kept a portrait of Andrew Jackson above his desk at the War Department during efforts to defend the Constitution as understood by a national majority of people and states at that time . In the mid-19th Century during the administrations of Abraham Lincoln , Andrew Johnson and Ulysses S. Grant , the United States suffered a tragic passage through the Civil War and Reconstruction . An important survey of the philosophical and legal underpinnings of `` States Rights '' as held by secessionists and Lost Cause advocates afterwards is found in the speeches of Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government . Davis defended secession by appealing to the `` original principles '' of the Founders ' 1776 Revolutionary generation , and by expanding on William Blackstone 's doctrine of legislative supremacy . By the elections of 1872 , all states which had been admitted to the United States in accordance with the Constitution were fully represented in the U.S. Congress . Jefferson Davis Following the Supreme Court 1954 holding in Brown v. Board of Education , President Dwight D. Eisenhower used National Guard and U.S. paratroopers to enforce the rulings of the Federal Courts as they pertained to the Constitution . The `` States Rights '' doctrine was again appealed to during the mid-20th Century resistance to racial integration in the schools , notably in Arkansas ' Little Rock Nine , Alabama 's Stand in the Schoolhouse Door , and Virginia 's Massive Resistance . Public schools in every state are now racially integrated by law under the authority of the U.S. Constitution . The tradition is seen in many shorter episodes of limited minority protest against the United States . During the War of 1812 , Federalists conducted a Hartford Convention proposing New England secession during wartime to reopen trade with the declared enemy of the United States . It led to accusations of treason and the demise of the Federalist Party as a force in American politics . In 1921 , the Maryland Attorney General sued to block woman suffrage . He argued in Leser v. Garnett that state legislatures were Constitutionally the sole determiners of who should vote in what federal or state elections , and that the 19th Amendment was improper . The Supreme Court 's judicial review of the state court findings held that the 19th Amendment was Constitutional , and that it applied to the women 's right to vote in every state . Women now vote in every state under the authority of the U.S. Constitution . One exceptional example of `` states rights '' persuading overwhelming majorities in a democratic and sustained way , and so transforming the nation came in the John Adams administration . Fear had spread that radical democratic sentiment might turn subversive as it had in the French Reign of Terror . But the Federalist - sponsored Alien and Sedition Acts meant to preempt the danger led to suppression of opposition press . The political reaction in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions sparked public opposition against the Federalist policy and led to twenty - four years of Constitutionally elected Democratic - Republican Party rule through six administrations of Thomas Jefferson , James Madison and James Monroe . In the late 20th and early 21st centuries , opponents of federal laws prohibiting the sale and possession of marijuana have based their objections partially on states ' rights grounds , as have opponents of federal laws and regulations pertaining to firearms . States ' rights under the constitution has also been recently raised as an issue on a number of other occasions , most notably regarding Common Core , the Affordable Care Act , and same - sex marriage . History of the physical document ( edit ) At first , little interest was shown in the parchment object itself . Madison had custody of it as Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 9 ) but having left Washington , he had lost track of it in the years leading to his death . A publisher had access to it in 1846 for a book on the Constitution . In 1883 historian J. Franklin Jameson found the parchment folded in a small tin box on the floor of a closet at the State , War and Navy Building . In 1894 the State Department sealed the Declaration and Constitution between two glass plates and kept them in a safe . The two parchment documents were turned over to the Library of Congress by executive order , and in 1924 President Coolidge dedicated the bronze - and - marble shrine for public display of the Constitution in the main building . The parchments were laid over moisture absorbing cellulose paper , vacuum - sealed between double panes of insulated plate glass , and protected from light by a gelatin film . Although building construction of the Archives Building was completed in 1935 , in December 1941 they were moved from the Library of Congress until September 1944 , and stored at the U.S. Bullion Depository , Fort Knox , Kentucky , along with the Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address . In 1951 following a study by the National Bureau of Standards to protect from atmosphere , insects , mold and light , the parchments were re-encased with special light filters , inert helium gas and proper humidity . They were transferred to the National Archives in 1952 . Since 1952 , the `` Charters of Freedom '' have been displayed in the Rotunda of the National Archives Building . Visual inspections have been enhanced by electronic imaging . Changes in the cases led to removal from their cases July 2001 , preservation treatment by conservators , and installment in new encasements for public display in September 2003 . See also ( edit ) Constitution Day ( United States ) History of democracy List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of amendments to the United States Constitution Republicanism in the United States Second Constitutional Convention of the United States Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution Notes ( edit ) ^ The colonists , for example , claimed the right `` to life , liberty , and property '' , `` the rights , liberties , and immunities of free and natural - born subjects within the realm of England '' ; the right to participate in legislative councils ; `` the great and inestimable privilege of being tried by their peers of the vicinage , according to the course of ( the common law of England ) '' ; `` the immunities and privileges granted and confirmed to them by royal charters , or secured by their several codes of provincial laws '' ; `` a right peaceably to assemble , consider of their grievances , and petition the king . '' They further declared that the keeping of a standing army in the colonies in time of peace without the consent of the colony in which the army was kept was `` against law '' ; that it was `` indispensably necessary to good government , and rendered essential by the English constitution , that the constituent branches of the legislature be independent of each other '' ; that certain acts of Parliament in contravention of the foregoing principles were `` infringement and violations of the rights of the colonists . '' Text in C. Tansill ( ed . ) , Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States , H. Doc . No. 358 , 69th Congress , 1st sess. ( 1927 ) , 1 . See also H. Commager ( ed . ) , Documents of American History ( New York ; 8th ed. 1964 ) , 82 . ^ Text in Tansill , op . cit. , 10 . ^ Id. , 19 . ^ Id. , 21 . ^ George Mason , Edmund Randolph , James Madison , and Alexander Henderson were appointed commissioners for Virginia ; Thomas Johnson , Thomas Stone , Samuel Chase , and Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer for Maryland . ^ Text of the resolution and details of the compact may be found in Wheaton v. Wise , 153 U.S. 155 ( 1894 ) . ^ Tansill , op . cit. , 38 . ^ Id. , 39 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Historians following Charles A. Beard emphasize this aspect of the U.S. Constitution . Although An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States is discredited among modern scholars , Beard 's legacy is that the economic , financial and commercial aspects of American history are almost always included in a survey of any topic . Jump up ^ The meeting at Mount Vernon was past and prologue . All nine were leaders in the Revolution , seven served in the Continental Congress . Five attended the Constitutional Convention , one later served the new government as Attorney General , two on the Supreme Court , and two as President . In the Revolution , three served in uniform , two were judges , two merchants , one financier . Two had been immigrants . The host was George Washington , General of the Continental Army , President of the Constitutional Convention and first U.S. President . Commissioner and Virginia jurist George Mason was the `` Father of the Virginia Bill of Rights '' and attended the Constitutional Convention and the Virginia Ratification Convention . Edmund Randolph , was a Continental Army officer , member of Congress and the Constitutional Convention , would be Virginia governor and U.S. Attorney General . ( Neither Randolph nor Madison actually attended the conference ; Gov. Patrick Henry had not informed them of the date . ) James Madison , signer of the Declaration , member of Congress , `` Father of the Constitution '' at the Convention , led the Virginia Ratification Convention , `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' , and President . Alexander Henderson served during the Revolution as an officer in the Virginia militia . He was a Scottish - born merchant , the `` Father of the American chain store '' . The Maryland commissioners included jurist Thomas Johnson from England . He was the first independent Governor of Maryland and member of Congress serving on a finance committee with later Convention members Benjamin Franklin , John Dickinson and future Chief Justice John Jay . Johnson himself would be a U.S. Supreme Court Justice . Wealthy Thomas Stone was a signer of the Declaration of Independence , and championed Union when Maryland was reluctantly the last to sign the Articles of Confederation . Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer was a member of Congress who worked with Benjamin Franklin , James Madison , John Dickinson and George Washington . Jenifer was the financial administrator for Maryland who helped it recover from economic depression , and a member of the Constitutional Convention . Samuel Chase signed the Declaration of Independence and served on the U.S. Supreme Court . Jump up ^ In the event , the signed Constitution was merely forwarded to the state legislatures without amendment or endorsement . But the states did receive a recommendation that each call a ratification convention apart from the state legislature according to each state 's suffrage and timing . All but Rhode Island did so . Rhode Island and North Carolina did not join the United States until after the Constitutional government began in 1789 . Jump up ^ George Washington 's participation lent prestige to the proceedings , attracting some of the best minds in America . Some 1776 notables did not attend , such as Tom Paine , Samuel Adams , Patrick Henry , of the older generation , and Thomas Jefferson , and John Adams , of the younger . Jump up ^ In the Articles Congress , a state could not be represented on the floor until two delegates were present . The Convention quorum of seven states was met the first day with New York with two of its five delegates present that first day , New Jersey with three , Pennsylvania with four of its eight , Delaware with three of its five , Virginia with all seven , North Carolina with four of its five , and South Carolina with all four . Massachusetts and Georgia had each one delegate of their respective four present on the 25th . See Constitutional Convention for a complete listing of state delegations arrived in Philadelphia . Jump up ^ The rules of a formal body can determine outcomes . The nationalist `` Federalists '' will make a point of setting the rules to win the later ratification conventions . Their ratification strategy was to take up each article and section , with no votes on measures until completing the document . This delay suited different objectives . The intent was to persuade in Massachusetts , to accommodate in Virginia , and to await news in New York Jump up ^ In view of the Martin - Lansing `` small state '' positions and their importance in U.S. intellectual history , relative sizes of the states in 1787 can be ranked from the Constitution 's enumeration for the first House of Representatives . States free or with gradual emancipation had 35 Representatives : Pennsylvania eight . Massachusetts eight , New York six , Connecticut five , New Jersey four , New Hampshire three , Rhode Island one . States with a sizable 3 / 5 bonus for non-citizen slaves had 30 representatives at first : Virginia ten , Maryland six , North Carolina five , South Carolina five , Georgia three and Delaware one . ( See U.S. Constitution , Article I , Section 2 . ) Jump up ^ Both the British House of Commons and their North American colonial assemblies were secret . Debates of the Articles Congress were not reported . Jump up ^ Elements of Randolph 's `` Virginia Plan '' proposal as submitted were not adopted . Members of Congress did not have one term , then barred from any U.S. or state office for a number of years after . A ' senate ' was not apportioned by state taxes paid . The ' senate ' is not elected by the ' house ' from state legislature nominees . Congress does not veto state laws , and coerce noncompliant states . The ' president ' might be elected by Congress for two terms . A `` council of revision '' made up of the ' president ' and some of the ' supreme court ' could veto any act of Congress or veto of state legislature . None of these provisions were incorporated into the draft `` Constitution '' as forwarded by Congress to the states for their ratification conventions of representatives of the people voting , as each state legislature allowed . Jump up ^ Elements of Paterson 's `` New Jersey Plan '' proposal as submitted were not adopted . State courts did not interpret federal legislation , with appeals to the Supreme Court only . States in the Union can not be `` diminished '' . Presidents are one person , not three persons . Presidents can serve more than one term . A majority of state Governors can not remove a President . The rule of naturalization was not the same for every state in the 19th Century . Immigrants could become citizens and vote in northern states years before they were eligible for U.S. citizenship . Powers not expressly enumerated belong to the states was out - voted in Convention , but in the first ten amendments , the Tenth Amendment specifies powers not expressly given to the Congress reside with the states or with the people . Jump up ^ The Constitution sets up a bicameral legislature which enacts law only if there are national majorities both among ( a ) the states in the ' senate ' and ( b ) the people in the ' house ' . At the time the Constitution was ratified , it balanced states equally relative to slavery in the Senate . There were six states north of Pennsylvania , and six states south of it . Pennsylvania , the `` keystone '' state , split Senators one - one at first . After Pennsylvania abolished slavery , the next state to enter the Union in 1792 was Kentucky , which was admitted with slavery . That action maintained a `` sectional equality '' between free - soil states and slave - holding states , 7 - 7 . Then in 1850 , California was admitted as a free state , then Minnesota , Oregon and Kansas followed as free states before outbreak of the Civil War . The Constitution 's House of Representatives began nearly equal , but the decennial census reallocated power away from declining slave - economies and towards the places which supported more people . Over time , ten years at a time , under the Constitution , the state antecedents , wealth , commerce and militias matter less than the numbers of people it can sustain in its domestic economy . Jump up ^ Section 2 of Article I provides in part : `` Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states ... by adding to the whole number of free persons , including those bound to service for a term of years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three - fifths of all other persons . '' State population for U.S. representation or taxes was to exclude all numbers of untaxed Native - Americans. -- `` Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states ... by adding to the whole number of free persons , including those bound to service for a term of years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three - fifths of all other persons '' . Jump up ^ He was the son of a shoemaker , now a farmer and lawyer . Although awkward , vulgar and laughable to more polished colleagues , he was an honest political broker . The most frequent speakers on the Convention floor were Madison , Wilson , G. Morris , all nationalists . Roger Sherman of Connecticut , a small - state ' federal ' delegate , was fourth . His legislative philosophy was , `` When you are a minority , talk . When you are a majority , vote . '' Among the small - state advocates , he would make the most speeches throughout the Convention . Arriving right behind the nationalist leaders on May 30 , Sherman was reported to prefer a `` patch up '' of the existing Confederacy . Another small state delegate , George Read ( DE ) agreed with the nationalists that state legislatures were a national problem . But rather than see larger states overshadow the small , he 'd prefer to see all state boundaries erased . Big - state versus small - state antagonisms hardened early . Jump up ^ The nationalists had proposed a ' senate ' smaller than the ' house ' , but still proportioned by population : one senator for small , two senators for medium , and three senators for large population states . Sherman argued that the bicameral British Parliament had a House of Lords equal with the House of Commons to protect their propertied interests apart from the people . He was voted down , this time by the big states . Jump up ^ The most important were Lansing and Yates ( NY ) , Bedford ( DE ) , Paterson and Brearly ( NJ ) and Martin ( MD ) . Other supporters of note were Mason ( VA ) , Gerry ( MA ) , Ellsworth and Sherman ( CT ) . Jump up ^ Yates and Lansing ( NY ) would walk out July 10 . New York voted as a `` small '' state on big - state - small - state issues . It had no western frontier like Pennsylvania and Virginia , for instance . In 1787 , the Erie Canal did not tie New York to the west , and Philadelphia was still the nation 's largest commercial and banking center , followed by Boston . Jump up ^ Pierce Butler of South Carolina was generally a nationalist , representing up - country interests against the state - dominating big plantations , but on this , he switched between Resolution 7 and Resolution 8 , speaking with the small - states , supporting a two - or three - person ' presidency ' . Cromwell had started well enough , but his Interregnum turned out badly . Jump up ^ The Articles of Confederation gave Congress control of ( 1 ) the military : appoint and commission officers , build a navy , regulate uniform justice , and use privateers. ( 2 ) international relations : declare war and make peace , exchange ambassadors , enter treaties and alliances , establish admiralty courts , punish crimes on the high seas and regulate captures , and manage trade and affairs with non-state Indians . ( 3 ) commerce : value of coin , uniform standards of weights and measures , post offices , borrow money and establish courts to adjudicate issues between states . Jump up ^ McDonald lists his five `` minor powers '' as governing the federal district , punishing crimes against the law of nations , copyrights and patents , bankruptcies and counterfeiting . Jump up ^ States would lose more powers with the addition of Constitutional Amendments , the 14th will extend national Bill of Rights freedoms to states , the 15th and 19th will enlarge state citizenship , and the 18th will strip state legislatures of U.S. Senator election . Jump up ^ Property right provisions included prohibiting restrictions on slavery within the country until 1808 ; banning export duties , direct taxes , and port preference ; taxing interstate commerce , and confiscating estates . Jump up ^ Guarantees for liberty in the original Constitution included prohibiting suspension of the writ of habeas corpus except in times of rebellion or invasion , prohibiting ex post facto laws and bills of attainder , providing for impeachment of all civil officers , Jury trial in criminal cases , narrowing the definition of treason by direct action and two witnesses , and forbidding religious qualifications for national office . Jump up ^ In a republic , theory proposed that the people 's agent ( represented by the House of Representatives ) would originate money bills . No money could be spent but by legislative appropriation . Military appropriations were limited to two - years duration . There could be no dual office - holding in the national government and no titles of nobility . Jump up ^ The Articles prohibited each state from treating with foreign governments , exchanging ambassadors , grant titles of nobility , maintaining their own armies or ships of war or privateers , they were not to engage in war unless invaded , lay taxes on imports . The states under the Articles of Confederation were not to make treaties among themselves . Jump up ^ This was necessary since Blackstone held the British Parliament was restrained from ex post facto laws only in criminal matters . Jump up ^ But because the 18th Century Founders did not choose universal suffrage for representatives or for direct proposition referendums does not mean that they did not have to argue the point down and outvote their opponents . In a letter to James Sullivan , May 26 , 1776 , John Adams asked rhetorically , `` Shall we say , that every member of the community , old and young , male and female , as well as rich and poor , must consent , expressly , to every act of legislation ? '' His answer was , for 1776 , No . Jump up ^ This point was the principal reason for Maryland 's reluctance to ratify the Articles in the first place , delaying its unanimous adoption from 1777 to 1783 . Luther Martin ( MD ) stopped any spontaneously arising western claim of independent statehood by ensuring that the United States owned all the backlands ceded by the states . Jump up ^ Federalists ruled the first twelve years of government with a President by Washington and Adams . The Democratic - Republicans ruled for the next twenty - four , and arguably after one - term John Quincy Adams , for another thirty years under the Jacksonian Democrats . Jump up ^ Connecticut expanded electorate to add all town meeting voters ; Massachusetts dropped property requirements ; New Hampshire dropped certain property requirements , and added town delegates ; Rhode Island put the question to a referendum which rejected the ratification convention , the Federalist minority centered in Newport and Providence boycotted the election ; Virginia dropped `` legal and Constitutional requirements '' to expand the freehold electorate ; New York dropped property requirements , timed assembly elections at the same time , and allowed up to five sequential days of voting until the voting rolls were `` complete '' . Jump up ^ Opposition to ratification was led by Governor George Clinton ; the opposition also suggested that New York reserve the right to withdraw if the Constitution were not amended . Madison led the first session of the first Congress to propose amendments , and ten of the twelve were made Constitutional . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. , `` The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 - 1787 '' ( 1972 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 84723 - 7 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. , American Historical Association Presidential Address AHA December 28 , 1976 . Viewed June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 1987 ) ch 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 1987 ) ; Nevins ( 1924 ) Jump up ^ Jensen ( 1950 ) ^ Jump up to : Morris ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ; The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 ( 1950 ) . When Congress could borrow no more money , it sold western lands . This revenue source would grow to provide the Early Republic with half of its annual expenditures , freeing the states of national tax burdens . Jump up ^ E. James Ferguson , The Power of The Purse : A History of American Public Finance , 1776 -- 1790 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Flexner , James Thomas , George Washington and the New Nation : 1783 -- 1793 ( 1970 ) 3 : 100 Jump up ^ `` Mount Vernon Conference '' . George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Vernon Conference '' . George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ General Assembly of Maryland , 1786 Md . Laws c. 1 , Virginiaplaces.org Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court , WHARTON v. WISE , 153 U.S. 155 ( 1894 ) Jump up ^ Morris , Richard Brandon ( 1987 ) . The forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . Harper & Row . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 015733 - 3 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Proposed Amendments to the Articles of Confederation text . August 7 , 1786 Report of Continental Congress ( Journals 31 : 494 -- 98 ) . Teaching American History . Viewed December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress , 31 : 494 - 98 p. 498n , 515 , 518 . Viewed December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wright , Jr. , Robert K. ; MacGregor Jr. , Morris J. `` Appendix A : The Annapolis Convention '' . Soldier - Statesmen of the Constitution . Washington D.C : United States Army Center of Military History . p. 264 . LCCN 87001353 . CMH Pub 71 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . Oxford University Press . p. 276 . ISBN 9780195176001 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tansill , C. ( ed . ) , Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States , H. Doc . No. 358 , 69th Congress , 1st sess. ( 1927 ) , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : NARA . `` National Archives Article on the Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` National Archives Article on the Constitution '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 11 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 22 , 267 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 15 , 24 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 15 , 19 -- 20 , 54 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 23 , 41 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 50 , 52 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand 1974 , pp. 18 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . ed. , The Records of Federal Convention of 1787 , Yale University Press 1974 . ISBN 0300000804 pp. 18 -- 23 , Madison 's Journal , May 29 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . ed. , The Records of Federal Convention of 1787 , Yale University Press ISBN 0300000804 pp. 18 -- 23 , Yates ' Journal , June 16 pp. 257 -- 260 Jump up ^ Farrand 2010 , p. 242 - 245 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand 1974 , p. 242 -- 245 . Jump up ^ `` Farrand 's Records '' , viewed September 15 , 2011 . The Yale University Press reprint is ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 00080 - 1 . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School makes Madison 's Journal available online by date - link , which is particularly helpful in comparing multiple editions . Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention . A complete Gregorian Calendar for the year is available online : 1787 Calendar Archived 2011 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Madison 's Journal with errors from several sources can be found online as a searchable text and linked index edited by Gaillard Hunt ( 1903 ) . Journal of the Constitution in The Writings of James Madison , vol. IV . 1787 . Putnam Sons 1903 . In Farrand , the source documents are organized by date including those from the Convention Journal , Rufus King ( MA ) , and James McHenry ( MD ) , along with later Anti-federalists Robert Yates ( NY ) , and William Paterson ( NJ ) . Farrand corrects errors among revisions that Madison made to his Journal while in his seventies . ( Farrand , 1974 pp. v -- ix ) . The work includes additional sources , cross references in the daily notes , a general index , and an index of every clause in the Constitution throughout the debates . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 197 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress , `` House of Representatives , 9th Congress , 2nd Session '' , History of Congress , `` Importation of Slaves '' p. 241 - 242 . Viewed October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice . `` Slavery and Justice '' p. 35 . Viewed October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillip Shaw Paludan , A Covenant with Death : the Constitution , Law , and Equality in the Civil War Era ( 1975 ) pp. 2 -- 4 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 201 , 284 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ See South Carolina Declaration of Causes of Secession ( December 24 , 1860 ) , reprinted in Richard Hofstadter , Great Issues in American History . Volume II , Vintage Books ( 1958 ) , pp. 76 -- 77 ; Abraham Lincoln , Message to Congress ( July 4 , 1861 ) reprinted in Hofstadter , supra . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 ' ( 1966 , 1974 ) , Yale University Press 1937 reprint four vols . Vol . I , p. 202 Madison , Mr. Sherman 's motion June 11 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 104 , 105 , 107 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , Vol . I. p. 322 Madison , Mr. King 's motion June 19 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 227 -- 228 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , Vol . I. p. 408 Madison , on the question `` that the members of the 2nd branch be chosen by the individual legislatures . '' . June 25 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , V.I , p. 436 Journal . June 27 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , V.I , p. 460 . Journal . June 29 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 138 - 139 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 140 , 187 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , pp. 185 - 186 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 227 - 228 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 55 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , pp. 63 -- 66 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 276 -- 277 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 262 -- 263 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 262 - 263 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate , The Second Amendment -- Bearing Arms Archived December 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . in the Constitution of the United States , p. 1193 . Government Printing Office , 1995 , viewed 08 / 11 / 2011 Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 263 -- 267 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 277 - 278 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , pp. 279 -- 280 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , pp. 268 -- 269 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 271 -- 272 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 174 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 175 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 184 , 186 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 177 -- 178 , 183 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 282 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 80 -- 81 , 176 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 179 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 181 , 184 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ John R. Vile ( ed . ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Volume 1 . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 674 - 4 . Jump up ^ NARA . `` National Archives Article on the Entire Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 54 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 327 . ^ Jump up to : Maier 2010 , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 430 . Jump up ^ WikiSource . `` Articles of Confederation '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ratification Dates and Votes - The U.S. Constitution Online '' . USConstitution.net . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States of America '' . WikiSource . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 433 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 438 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 464 . Jump up ^ `` Founding Fathers : Virginia '' . FindLaw Constitutional Law Center . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Jefferson Cyclopedia '' , Thomas Jefferson & John P. Foley , Funk and Wagnalls Company , NY and London 1900 , `` Anti-Federalists , and '' p. 38 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 468 . Jump up ^ `` Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution '' . Statistics & Lists . United States Senate . Jump up ^ For dates proposed and ratified : U.S. Congress , House . The Constitution of the United States of America , As Amended , H. Doc . 102 -- 188 , 102nd Cong. , 2nd sess. , ( Washington : GPO , 1992 ) . Length of ratification process calculated : http://www.timeanddate.com/date/duration.html ^ Jump up to : James J. Kilpatrick , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : With a Summary of the Actions of the States in Ratification of the Provisions Thereof . Richmond , Virginia : Virginia Department on Constitutional Government . ^ Jump up to : `` Amendments 11 - 27 '' . Charters of Freedom : Constitution of the United States . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XII '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIV '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVI '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVII '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XX '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Article II : Executive Branch '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXV '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Phillips , The Lochner Court , Myth and Reality : Substantive Due Process from the 1890s to the 1930s ( 2001 ) , preface ^ Jump up to : Robert Justin Lipkin ( January 2007 ) . `` Our Undemocratic Constitution : Where the Constitution Goes Wrong ( And How the People Can Correct It ) '' . Widener University School of Law . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Popular vote , Electoral College vote at odds ? '' . USA Today . November 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( 2006 ) . Our Undemocratic Constitution : Where the Constitution Goes Wrong ( And How We the People Can Correct It ) . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530751 - 1 . Jump up ^ Randall Kennedy ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` Books : Randall Kennedy '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Nora Krug ( reviewer ) ( March 23 , 2008 ) . `` Radical Re-readings -- Our Undemocratic Constition : Where the Constitution Goes Wrong ( And How We the People Can Correct It ) by Sanford Levinson '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Macedo , Stephen ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Toward a More Democratic Congress ? Our Imperfect Democratic Constitution : The Critics Examined '' ( PDF ) . Boston University Law Review . 89 : 609 -- 628 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Robert A. Dahl ( February 11 , 2002 ) . `` How Democratic Is the American Constitution ? '' . Yale University Press . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Stanford Levinson Proposes a New Constitutional Convention '' . Colorado Law -- Univ. of Colorado at Boulder . January 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jean - Philippe Immarigeon , Harper 's Magazine , February 2014 issue , Dissolve Congress : A cure for constitutional crisis , Accessed Jan. 25 , 2014 , `` ... America 's institutional breakdown ... '' ^ Jump up to : Larry J. Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` An amendment is needed to fix the primary mess '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Larry J. Sabato interviewed by Policy Today 's Dan Schwartz ( 18 October 2007 ) . `` Time for a Second Constitutional Convention ? '' . Policy Today . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sabato , A More Perfect Constitution ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Tim Devaney ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) . `` States move to counter gay marriage ruling '' . TheHill . Jump up ^ Robert G. Ferris and James H. Charleton , The Signers of the Constitution ( 1986 ) p. 245 Jump up ^ Stephen Puleo , American Treasures : The Secret Efforts to Save the Declaration of Independence , the Constitution and the Gettysburg Address . Jump up ^ Ferris and Charleton , The Signers of the Constitution ( 1986 ) pp. 246 -- 48 Jump up ^ Since 1987 , inspections were enhanced by an electronic imaging monitoring system developed for NARA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California . In 1995 , conservators noticed changes in the glass encasements of the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights . Glass experts from Libby - Owens - Ford ( the original manufacturer of the encasement glass ) and the Corning Glass Museum identified signs of deterioration . Both the glass experts and the National Archives Advisory Committee on Preservation recommended that the Charters be re-encased by 2002 for document safety . ( NARA website ) Jump up ^ National Archives publication , Archives building history Archived 2012 - 01 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... Viewed August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Archives were set up by Franklin Roosevelt in 1934 . It keeps 1 -- 3 % of government documents to be kept forever . These are over 9 billion text records , 20 million photographs , 7 million maps , charts , and architectural drawings and over 365,000 reels of film . The monumental Archives Building was inadequate by the 1960s , so new facilities were built in College Park , MD . Work on electronic archives progresses . Fitzpatrick , Laura. , A Brief History of The National Archives , Thursday , May 21 , 2009 . Viewed August 19 , 2011 . Primary sources ( edit ) Bailyn , Bernard , ed . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part One : September 1787 to February 1788 ( The Library of America , 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 940450 - 42 - 9 Bailyn , Bernard , ed . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part Two : January to August 1788 ( The Library of America , 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 940450 - 64 - X Max Farrand , ed. , The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 ( 4 vols. , 1911 -- 1937 ; rev . ed. 1966 ) . Madison , James . Jonathan Elliot 's Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . Vol. 3 : Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 as Reported by James Madison . 1989 . 811 pp . Scott , James Brown , ed . James Madison 's notes of debates in the Federal convention of 1787 and their relation to a more perfect society of nations 1918 . Martin , Luther . Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 . 1838 . Pole , J.R. , ed . The Federalist Indianapolis : Hackett , 2005 . 512 pp . Jump up ^ Max Farrand ( 1911 ) . `` The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , 3 vols . '' . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1 January 1911 ) . `` The records of the Federal convention of 1787 '' . Yale university press ; ( etc. , etc . ) Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Hathi Trust . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Search : ( ( subject : '' Farrand , Max '' OR subject : `` Max Farrand '' OR creator : `` Farrand , Max '' OR creator : `` Max Farrand '' OR creator : `` Farrand , M . '' OR title : `` Max Farrand '' OR description : `` Farrand , Max '' OR description : `` Max Farrand '' ) OR ( `` 1869 - 1945 '' AND Farrand ) ) AND ( - mediatype : software ) `` . archive.org . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Search : Records Federal Convention 1787 '' . archive.org . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , James Brown ( 1 January 1918 ) . `` James Madison 's notes of debates in the Federal convention of 1787 and their relation to a more perfect society of nations '' . New York , Oxford University Press , American branch . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Scott , James Brown . `` 1787 : Madison 's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention '' . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1838 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 ( from old catalog ) '' . Cincinnati , A. Mygatt . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1821 ) . `` Secret Proceedings and Debates of the Convention Assembled at Philadelphia ... '' . Printed by Websters and Skinners . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1909 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 : for the purpose of forming the United States of America '' . Washington : Govt . Print . Off . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1844 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 : for the purpose of forming the Constitution of the United States of America '' . Louisville , Ky . : A. Mygatt . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1838 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the 1787 , : for the purpose of forming the Constitution of the United States of America '' . A. Mygatt . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Hathi Trust . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1909 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 : for the purpose of forming the United States of America '' . Govt . Print . Off . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Hathi Trust . Jump up ^ `` United States Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) ( United States . Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) ) - The Online Books Page '' . upenn.edu . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Scholarly studies ( edit ) Adair , Douglass ( author ) ; Colbourn , Trevor ( editor ) . Fame and the Founding Fathers : Writings of Douglass Adair . W.W. Norton for Institute of Early American History and Culture , 1974 ; reprint ed. , Liberty Fund , 1998 . Collection of essays by one of the most influential scholars on the intellectual origins of the Constitution . Adams , Willi Paul . The First American Constitutions . University of North Carolina Press , 1980 ; revised and expanded edition , Madison House , 2000 . Focusing on the state constitutions framed in the era of Revolutionary constitutionalism and their relationship to the Constitution of 1787 . Berkin , Carol . A Brilliant Solution : Inventing the American Constitution . 2002 . 310 pp. broad and accessible overview Bernstein , Richard B. , with Rice , Kym S. Are We to Be a Nation ? The Making of the Constitution . Harvard University Press , 1987 , 324 pp. Broad - focus overview , written for scholars and general readers alike , of the `` age of experiments in government '' spanning the period from the early 1750s through the early 1790s , and giving careful attention to the intellectual context and origins of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights . Bernstein , Richard B. Amending America : If We Love the Constitution So Much , Why Do We Keep Trying to Change It ? Times Books , 1993 ; paperback , University Press of Kansas , 1995 . 398 pp. History of the Constitution 's amending process , focusing on the links between the Constitution and American national identity and values . Bowen , Catherine ( 2010 ) ( First published 1966 ) . Miracle at Philadelphia : the story of the Constitutional Convention , May to September , 1787 . New York : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 10261 - 2 . Collier , Christopher . All Politics Is Local : Family , Friends , and Provincial Interests in the Creation of the Constitution . U. Press of New England , 2003 . 224 pp . Collier , Christopher and Collier , James Lincoln . Decision in Philadelphia : The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . 1986 . 331 pp . Currie , David P . The Constitution in Congress : Democrats and Whigs , 1829 -- 1861 . U. of Chicago Press , 2005 . 346 pp . Edling , Max . A Revolution in Favor of Government : Origins of the United States Constitution and the Making of the American State , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2003 . Jensen , Merrill . The New Nation a History of the United States During the Confederation 1781 -- 1789 , 1950 . Johnson , Allen . Union and Democracy . Houghton Mifflin Company , 1915 . Kernell , Samuel , ed . James Madison : The Theory and Practice of Republican Government . 2003 . 381 pp . Kyvig , David . Explicit & Authentic Acts : Amending the U.S. Constitution , 1776 -- 1995 . University Press of Kansas , 1996 . Bancroft - Prize - winning history of the Constitution 's amending process . Levy , Leonard W. ; Karst , Kenneth ; and Mahoney , Dennis , eds . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution 4 volumes ( 1986 ) . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86854 - 7 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1958 ) . We the People : The Economic Origins of the Constitution . University of Chicago Press . McDonald , Forrest . E Pluribus Unum : The Formation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1790 . Reprint Edition , Liberty Fund . McDonald , Forrest . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . University Press of Kansas , 1995 . McGuire , Robert A. To Form a More Perfect Union : A New Economic Interpretation of the United States Constitution . 2003 . 395 pp . Morris , Richard B . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . 1987 . 416 pp. political and economic survey of 1780s and writing of Constitution Nevins , Allan . The American States During and After the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 . 1924 ( ISBN 0 - 678 - 00510 - 9 ) Robertson , David Brian ( 2005 ) . `` Madison 's Opponents and Constitutional Design '' . American Political Science Review . 99 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 243 . doi : 10.1017 / S0003055405051622 . Tasi , Robert L. , America 's Forgotten Constitutions : Defiant Visions of Power and Community ( Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2014 ) . Wood , Gordon S . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture , 1969 . Massive , Bancroft - Prize - winning examination of the intellectual , constitutional , and political history of the new nation from the opening of the American Revolution to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution . External links ( edit ) Madison letter to Jefferson informing him of proceedings of the Constitutional Convention The Fathers of the Constitution ; a chronicle of the establishment of the Union by Max Farrand 1869 - 1945 The Framers of the Constitution : Biographical sketches by William Pierce The Federalist Papers <Th_colspan="2"> United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights <Td_colspan="2"> List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence <Td_colspan="2"> US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=797857546 '' Categories : History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) United States Constitution Legal history of the United States Constitutional history of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 15 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. United States Constitution
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7,626,452,189,423,360,000 | map of middle earth during the first age | First Age - wikipedia First Age Jump to : navigation , search The History of Arda Timeline of Arda Music of the Ainur Valian Years Years of the Lamps Years of the Trees Years of the Sun Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar First Age Second Age Third Age Fourth Age and later Final Battle In the fiction of J.R.R. Tolkien , the First Age , or First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar is the heroic period in which most of Tolkien 's early legends are set . Versions of these stories were later published in The Silmarillion , and tales from this period lend a deep sense of time and history to the later period in which the action of The Lord of the Rings takes place . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Battles 3 See also 4 References Overview ( edit ) As explained in The Silmarillion , the First Age ended with the final overthrow of Morgoth by the combined armies of Valinor and Beleriand . It covered a long period of Valian Years , followed by approximately 590 Years of the Sun . Depending on the choice of conversion factors ( among many that Tolkien used at different times ) , this translates to a period anywhere from 4,902 to 65,390 sun years . The greater number is supported by the Appendices to The Lord of the Rings and later writings , the lesser by earlier writings . The First Age was also known as the Elder Days , although this term was ( starting with the Fourth Age ) also applied to the first three Ages combined . A common misconception is that the First Age started only with the Years of the Sun , and it is sometimes referred to as the `` First Age of the Sun '' , beginning with the first rising of the Sun and continuing until Morgoth 's defeat . This interpretation is not supported by any of Tolkien 's writings , and contradicts references to the First Age being the longest age by far . Tolkien describes primarily the events that occurred in Beleriand , or in his words , `` the last six centuries of the First Age . '' These centred on a series of wars waged by the Sindar , the Noldor and the Three Houses of the Edain against the armies of Angband and the evil Men from the East . The wars had actually begun during the Years of the Trees , but continued after the arrival of the Noldor in Beleriand . There had been Elves in Beleriand for uncounted millennia , and they warred with Morgoth after his return ; but the Noldor , particularly the Sons of Fëanor , had come with the express purpose of defeating Morgoth . Battles ( edit ) The chief battles of the First Age are : The First Battle of Beleriand , otherwise unnamed , was fought before the return of the Noldor between the Sindar and the forces of Morgoth . Denethor , king of the Laiquendi , was killed during the battle , causing the Laiquendi to forsake war with Morgoth , and the Girdle of Melian was established to protect Doriath thereafter . The cities of the Falas would remain under siege until the Dagor - nuin - Giliath . The Dagor - nuin - Giliath ( Battle under the Stars , so named because it was fought before the rising of the Sun ) was fought soon after the arrival of the Noldor . Morgoth sent a raiding party from Angband to attack the Noldor encampment in Hithlum , but the Elves drove it back . Fëanor was killed . The Dagor Aglareb ( Glorious Battle ) was fought about 60 years after the return of the Noldor . Morgoth again attacked the Noldor , and again with no success . The Noldor became so bold as to besiege Angband . However , the Siege was of limited effectiveness , because the northern side of Angband was on the north side of the Ered Engrin , and was unapproachable . The Dagor Bragollach ( Battle of Sudden Flame ) began when Morgoth poured rivers of fire out of Angband , ruining the besieging Noldorin armies . The Noldor eventually mustered a defence , but their losses were severe . For instance , the green plain of Ard - galen had been permanently laid waste by the rivers of fire , and was now called Anfauglith , the Choking Dust ; and the highlands of Dorthonion , which had been inhabited by Edain , were made inhospitable . The Nírnaeth Arnoediad ( Unnumbered Tears ) was the first battle to be initiated by the Noldor . They massed an army composed of Elves , Edain , and the houses of Bór and Ulfang allied to the Sons of Fëanor . The Elves and their allies advanced very close to Angband , but Morgoth 's trickery had upset their battle plan , and Ulfang proved treacherous . The name `` Unnumbered Tears '' comes from the fact that the Elves ' last hope of victory was destroyed . The land of Hithlum was lost , the Sons of Fëanor were largely scattered , and the peoples of Beleriand had been decimated . Morgoth 's Orcs made a heap of the Elven and Mannish dead in the centre of Anfauglith . The War of Wrath took place after Eärendil sailed to Valinor and persuaded the Valar to help those whom they had forsaken . The Valar gathered an army of Maiar , Vanyar , and those Noldor who had stayed in Valinor . The Teleri refused their aid , due to an old offence dealt them by the Noldor of Beleriand , but consented to ferry the armies of the Valar in their famous ships . This battle marked the first appearance of the winged dragons , most notably Ancalagon the Black , but the Valar eventually won . Morgoth was captured , and cast out of Arda , but his lands , as well as most of Beleriand , had been destroyed and sunk under the sea in the heat of battle . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Timeline of the First Age Fall of Gondolin The Tale of Beren and Lúthien References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1955 ) , The Return of the King , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08256 - 0 Appendix B : The Tale of Years Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1994 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The War of the Jewels , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 71041 - 3 , pages 342 - 343 Jump up ^ As for example in The Encyclopedia of Arda and books by David Day , such as Tolkien : The Illustrated Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1996 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Peoples of Middle - earth , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , The Tale of Years of the Second Age , p. 172 : `` The First Age was the longest . '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 82760 - 4 <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium <Td_colspan="2"> Writings Principal works The Silmarillion The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Age&oldid=773129622 '' Categories : Middle - earth eras Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Română ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2017 , at 14 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar
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4. Morgoth's defeat
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-4,570,720,361,038,445,000 | who was mickey mouse's voice for the first 20 years | Mickey Mouse - wikipedia Mickey Mouse Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mickey Mouse ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Mickey Mouse <Td_colspan="2"> First appearance Steamboat Willie November 18 , 1928 Created by Walt Disney Ub Iwerks Voiced by Walt Disney ( 1928 -- 1947 ; 1955 -- 1962 ) Carl W. Stalling ( 1929 ) Clarence Nash ( 1934 ) Jimmy MacDonald ( 1948 -- 1976 ) Wayne Allwine ( 1977 -- 2009 ) Les Perkins ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Bret Iwan ( 2009 -- present ) Chris Diamantopoulos ( 2013 -- present ) ( see voice actors ) Developed by Floyd Gottfredson Les Clark Fred Moore <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Michael Mouse Aliases Bob Cratchit King Mickey Mickey ( Wizards of Mickey ) Species Mouse Gender Male Occupation Detective ( MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine ) Family Mickey Mouse family Significant other ( s ) Minnie Mouse Pet dog Pluto Mickey Mouse is a funny animal cartoon character and the mascot of The Walt Disney Company . He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928 . An anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts , large yellow shoes , and white gloves , Mickey is one of the world 's most recognizable characters . Mickey first appeared in the short Plane Crazy , debuting publicly in the short film Steamboat Willie ( 1928 ) , one of the first sound cartoons . He went on to appear in over 130 films , including The Band Concert ( 1935 ) , Brave Little Tailor ( 1938 ) , and Fantasia ( 1940 ) . Mickey appeared primarily in short films , but also occasionally in feature - length films . Ten of Mickey 's cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film , one of which , Lend a Paw , won the award in 1942 . In 1978 , Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Beginning in 1930 , Mickey has also been featured extensively as a comic strip character . His self - titled newspaper strip , drawn primarily by Floyd Gottfredson , ran for 45 years . Mickey has also appeared in comic books such as Disney Italy 's Topolino , MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine , and Wizards of Mickey , and in television series such as The Mickey Mouse Club ( 1955 -- 1996 ) and others . He also appears in other media such as video games as well as merchandising and is a meetable character at the Disney parks . Mickey generally appears alongside his girlfriend Minnie Mouse , his pet dog Pluto , his friends Donald Duck and Goofy , and his nemesis Pete , among others ( see Mickey Mouse universe ) . Though originally characterized as a mischievous antihero , Mickey was rebranded over time as an everyman , usually seen as a flawed , but adventurous hero . In 2009 , Disney began to rebrand the character again by putting less emphasis on his pleasant , cheerful side and reintroducing the more mischievous and adventurous sides of his personality , beginning with the video game Epic Mickey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Design 3 Animation history 3.1 Debut ( 1928 ) 3.2 Black and white films ( 1929 -- 1935 ) 3.3 Color films ( 1935 -- 1953 ) 3.4 Television and later films 4 Voice actors 5 Mickey in comics 6 Merchandising 7 Mickey at the Disney parks 8 Mickey in video games 9 Awards and honors 10 Social impact 10.1 Use in politics 10.2 Pejorative use of Mickey 's name 10.3 Parodies and criticism 11 Legal issues 11.1 Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates 11.2 Censorship 12 Filmography 12.1 Selected short films 12.2 Full - length films 12.3 Television series 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Bibliography 15 External links Origin Concept art of Mickey from early 1928 ; the sketches are the earliest known drawings of the character , from the collection of The Walt Disney Family Museum . `` I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing -- that it was all started by a mouse . '' -- Walt Disney , Disneyland ; October 27 , 1954 Mickey Mouse was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , an earlier cartoon character created by the Disney studio for Charles Mintz , a film producer who distributed product through Universal Studios . In the spring of 1928 , with the series going strong , Disney asked Mintz for an increase in the budget . But Mintz instead demanded that Walt take a 20 percent budget cut , and as leverage , he reminded Disney that Universal owned the character , and revealed that he had already signed most of Disney 's current employees to his new contract . Angrily , Disney refused the deal and returned to produce the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz . Disney was dismayed at the betrayal by his staff but determined to restart from scratch . The new Disney Studio initially consisted of animator Ub Iwerks and a loyal apprentice artist , Les Clark , who together with Wilfred Jackson were among the few who remained loyal to Walt . One lesson Disney learned from the experience was to thereafter always make sure that he owned all rights to the characters produced by his company . In the spring of 1928 , Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas . Iwerks tried sketches of various animals , such as dogs and cats , but none of these appealed to Disney . A female cow and male horse were also rejected . They would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar . A male frog was also rejected . It would later show up in Iwerks ' own Flip the Frog series . Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from a tame mouse at his desk at Laugh - O - Gram Studio in Kansas City , Missouri . In 1925 , Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt Disney . These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney . `` Mortimer Mouse '' had been Disney 's original name for the character before his wife , Lillian , convinced him to change it , and ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be . The actor Mickey Rooney claimed that , during his Mickey McGuire days , he met cartoonist Walt Disney at the Warner Brothers studio , and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse after him . This claim , however , has been debunked by Disney historian Jim Korkis , since at the time of Mickey Mouse 's development , Disney Studios had been located on Hyperion Avenue for several years , and Walt Disney never kept an office or other working space at Warner Brothers , having no professional relationship with Warner Brothers , as the Alice Comedies and Oswald cartoons were distributed by Universal . Design This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The silhouette of Mickey Mouse 's head has become an iconic image Throughout the earlier years , Mickey 's design bore heavy resemblance to Oswald , save for the ears , nose , and tail . Ub Iwerks designed Mickey 's body out of circles in order to make the character simple to animate . Disney employees John Hench and Marc Davis believed that this design was part of Mickey 's success as it made him more dynamic and appealing to audiences . Mickey 's circular design is most noticeable in his ears . In animation in the 1940s , Mickey 's ears were animated in a more realistic perspective . Later , they were drawn to always appear circular no matter which way Mickey was facing . This made Mickey easily recognizable to audiences and made his ears an unofficial personal trademark . The circular rule later created a dilemma for toy creators who had to recreate a three - dimensional Mickey . In 1938 , animator Fred Moore redesigned Mickey 's body away from its circular design to a pear - shaped design . Colleague Ward Kimball praised Moore for being the first animator to break from Mickey 's `` rubber hose , round circle '' design . Although Moore himself was nervous at first about changing Mickey , Walt Disney liked the new design and told Moore `` that 's the way I want Mickey to be drawn from now on . '' Each of Mickey 's hands has only three fingers and a thumb . Disney said that this was both an artistic and financial decision , explaining `` Artistically five digits are too many for a mouse . His hand would look like a bunch of bananas . Financially , not having an extra finger in each of 45,000 drawings that make up a six and one - half minute short has saved the Studio millions . '' In the film The Opry House ( 1929 ) , Mickey was first given white gloves as a way of contrasting his naturally black hands against his black body . The use of white gloves would prove to be an influential design for cartoon characters , particularly with later Disney characters , but also with non-Disney characters such as Bugs Bunny , Woody Woodpecker , Mighty Mouse , and Mario . Mickey 's eyes , as drawn in Plane Crazy and The Gallopin ' Gaucho , were large and white with black outlines . In Steamboat Willie , the bottom portion of the black outlines was removed , although the upper edges still contrasted with his head . Mickey 's eyes were later re-imagined as only consisting of the small black dots which were originally his pupils , while what were the upper edges of his eyes became a hairline . This is evident only when Mickey blinks . Fred Moore later redesigned the eyes to be small white eyes with pupils and gave his face a Caucasian skin tone instead of plain white . This new Mickey first appeared in 1938 on the cover of a party program , and in animation the following year with the release of The Pointer . Mickey is sometimes given eyebrows as seen in The Simple Things ( 1953 ) and in the comic strip , although he does not have eyebrows in his most recent appearances . Some of Mickey 's early appearance , particularly the gloves , and facial characteristics , evolved from blackface caricatures used in minstrel shows . Besides Mickey 's gloves and shoes , he typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front . Before Mickey was seen regularly in color animation , Mickey 's shorts were either red or a dull blue - green . With the advent of Mickey 's color films , the shorts were always red . When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts , he is often still wearing red clothing such as a red bandmaster coat ( The Band Concert , The Mickey Mouse Club ) , red overalls ( Clock Cleaners , Boat Builders ) , a red cloak ( Fantasia , Fun and Fancy Free ) , a red coat ( Squatter 's Rights , Mickey 's Christmas Carol ) , or a red shirt ( Mickey Down Under , The Simple Things ) . Animation History See also : Mickey Mouse film series Debut ( 1928 ) Mickey 's first appearance in Steamboat Willie ( 1928 ) . Disney had Ub Iwerks secretly begin animating a new cartoon while still under contract with Universal . The cartoon was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks . Iwerks was the main animator for the short and reportedly spent six weeks working on it . In fact , Iwerks was the main animator for every Disney short released in 1928 and 1929 . Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising also assisted Disney during those years . They had already signed their contracts with Charles Mintz , but he was still in the process of forming his new studio and so for the time being they were still employed by Disney . This short would be the last they animated under this somewhat awkward situation . Mickey was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short Plane Crazy , on May 15 , 1928 , but it failed to impress the audience and to add insult to injury , Walt could not find a distributor . Though understandably disappointed , Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short , The Gallopin ' Gaucho , which was also not released for lack of a distributor . Steamboat Willie was first released on November 18 , 1928 , in New York . It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks . Iwerks again served as the head animator , assisted by Johnny Cannon , Les Clark , Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy . This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton 's Steamboat Bill , Jr. , first released on May 12 of the same year . Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced , it was the first to find a distributor , and thus is considered by The Disney Company as Mickey 's debut . Willie featured changes to Mickey 's appearance ( in particular , simplifying his eyes to large dots ) that established his look for later cartoons and in numerous Walt Disney films . The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action . Fleischer Studios , headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer , had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s . However , these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film . For Willie , Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat . This precise timing is apparent during the `` Turkey in the Straw '' sequence when Mickey 's actions exactly match the accompanying instruments . Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film 's original music . This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson , Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis , but identification remains uncertain . Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie and would remain the source of Mickey 's voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons . Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946 , but Walt provided Mickey 's voice again from 1955 to 1959 for The Mickey Mouse Club television series on ABC . Audiences at the time of Steamboat Willie 's release were reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedic purposes . Sound films or `` talkies '' were still considered innovative . The first feature - length movie with dialogue sequences , The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson , was released on October 6 , 1927 . Within a year of its success , most United States movie theaters had installed sound film equipment . Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new trend and , arguably , managed to succeed . Most other cartoon studios were still producing silent products and so were unable to effectively act as competition to Disney . As a result , Mickey would soon become the most prominent animated character of the time . Walt Disney soon worked on adding sound to both Plane Crazy and The Gallopin ' Gaucho ( which had originally been silent releases ) and their new release added to Mickey 's success and popularity . A fourth Mickey short , The Barn Dance , was also put into production ; however , Mickey does not actually speak until The Karnival Kid in 1929 when his first spoken words were `` Hot dogs , Hot dogs ! '' After Steamboat Willie was released , Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat , and his popularity would grow as he was continuously featured in sound cartoons . By 1929 , Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences , and Pat Sullivan decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound as a result . Unfortunately , audiences did not respond well to Felix 's transition to sound and by 1930 , Felix had faded from the screen . Black and white films ( 1929 -- 1935 ) Mickey with Minnie Mouse in Building a Building ( 1933 ) . In Mickey 's early films he was often characterized not as a hero , but as an ineffective young suitor to Minnie Mouse . The Barn Dance ( March 14 , 1929 ) is the first time in which Mickey is turned down by Minnie in favor of Pete . The Opry House ( March 28 , 1929 ) was the first time in which Mickey wore his white gloves . Mickey wears them in almost all of his subsequent appearances and many other characters followed suit . The three lines on the back of Mickey 's gloves represent darts in the gloves ' fabric extending from between the digits of the hand , typical of glove design of the era . When the Cat 's Away ( April 18 , 1929 ) , essentially a remake of the Alice Comedy , `` Alice Rattled by Rats '' , was an unusual appearance for Mickey . Although Mickey and Minnie still maintained their anthropomorphic characteristics , they were depicted as the size of regular mice and living with a community many other mice as pests in a home . Mickey and Minnie would later appear the size of regular humans in their own setting . In appearances with real humans , Mickey has been shown to be about two to three feet high . The next Mickey short was also unusual . The Barnyard Battle ( April 25 , 1929 ) was the only film to depict Mickey as a soldier and also the first to place him in combat . The Karnival Kid ( 1929 ) was the first time Mickey spoke . Before this he had only whistled , laughed , and grunted . His first words were `` Hot dogs ! Hot dogs ! '' said while trying to sell hot dogs at a carnival . Mickey 's Follies ( 1929 ) introduced the song `` Minnie 's Yoo - Hoo '' which would become the theme song for Mickey Mouse films for the next several years . The `` Minnie 's Yoo - Hoo '' song sequence was also later reused with different background animation as its own special short shown only at the commencement of 1930s theater - based Mickey Mouse Clubs . Mickey 's dog Pluto first appeared as Mickey 's pet in The Moose Hunt ( 1931 ) after previously appearing as Minnie 's dog `` Rover '' in The Picnic ( 1930 ) . The Cactus Kid ( April 11 , 1930 ) was the last film to be animated by Ub Iwerks at Disney . Shortly before the release of the film , Iwerks left to start his own studio , bankrolled by Disney 's then - distributor Pat Powers . Powers and Disney had a falling out over money due Disney from the distribution deal . It was in response to losing the right to distribute Disney 's cartoons that Powers made the deal with Iwerks , who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio . The departure is considered a turning point in Mickey 's career , as well as that of Walt Disney . Walt lost the man who served as his closest colleague and confidant since 1919 . Mickey lost the man responsible for his original design and for the direction or animation of several of the shorts released till this point . Advertising for the early Mickey Mouse cartoons credited them as `` A Walt Disney Comic , drawn by Ub Iwerks '' . Later Disney Company reissues of the early cartoons tend to credit Walt Disney alone . Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series , and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks . As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen , Mickey 's popularity would rise , and by 1932 The Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members . At the 5th Academy Awards in 1932 , Mickey received his first Academy Award nomination , received for Mickey 's Orphans ( 1931 ) . Walt Disney also received an honorary Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse . Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphonies short the Three Little Pigs in 1933 , Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too , until 1935 , when polls showed that Popeye was more popular than Mickey . By 1934 , Mickey merchandise had earned $600,000.00 a year . In 1935 , Disney began to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs , due to administration problems . About this time , story artists at Disney were finding it increasingly difficult to write material for Mickey . As he had developed into a role model for children , they were limited in the types of gags they could make . This led to Mickey taking more of a secondary role in some of his next films allowing for more emphasis on other characters . In Orphan 's Benefit ( August 11 , 1934 ) Mickey first appeared with Donald Duck who had been introduced earlier that year in the Silly Symphonies series . The tempestuous duck would provide Disney with seemingly endless story ideas and would remain a recurring character in Mickey 's cartoons . Color films ( 1935 -- 1953 ) Mickey in The Band Concert ( 1935 ) . Mickey first appeared animated in color in Parade of the Award Nominees in 1932 , however , the film strip was created for the 5th Academy Awards ceremony and was not released to the public . Mickey 's official first color film came in 1935 with The Band Concert . The Technicolor film process was used in the film production . Here Mickey conducted the William Tell Overture , but the band is swept up by a tornado . It is said that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that , upon first seeing it , he asked the projectionist to run it again . In 1994 , The Band Concert was voted the third - greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of animation professionals . By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey , Walt would put Mickey back on top once again , and Mickey would reach popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more appeal . Also in 1935 , Walt would receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey . However , by 1938 , the more manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey , resulting in a redesign of the mouse between 1938 and 1940 that put Mickey at the peak of his popularity . The second half of the 1930s saw the character Goofy reintroduced as a series regular . Together , Mickey , Donald Duck , and Goofy would go on several adventures together . Several of the films by the comic trio are some of Mickey 's most critically acclaimed films , including Mickey 's Fire Brigade ( 1935 ) , Moose Hunters ( 1937 ) , Clock Cleaners ( 1937 ) , Lonesome Ghosts ( 1937 ) , Boat Builders ( 1938 ) , and Mickey 's Trailer ( 1938 ) . Also during this era , Mickey would star in Brave Little Tailor ( 1938 ) , an adaptation of The Valiant Little Tailor , which was nominated for an Academy Award . Mickey was redesigned by animator Fred Moore which was first seen in The Pointer ( 1939 ) . Instead of having solid black eyes , Mickey was given white eyes with pupils , a Caucasian skin colored face , and a pear - shaped body . In the 40 's , he changed once more in The Little Whirlwind , where he used his trademark pants for the last time in decades , lost his tail , got more realistic ears that changed with perspective and a different body anatomy . But this change would only last for a short period of time before returning to the one in `` The Pointer '' , with the exception of his pants . In his final theatrical cartoons in the 1950s , he was given eyebrows , which were removed in the more recent cartoons . Mickey in Fantasia ( 1940 ) . In 1940 Mickey appeared in his first feature - length film , Fantasia . His screen role as The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , set to the symphonic poem of the same name by Paul Dukas , is perhaps the most famous segment of the film and one of Mickey 's most iconic roles . The segment features no dialogue at all , only the music . The apprentice ( Mickey ) , not willing to do his chores , puts on the sorcerer 's magic hat after the sorcerer goes to bed and casts a spell on a broom , which causes the broom to come to life and perform the most tiring chore -- filling up a deep well using two buckets of water . When the well eventually overflows , Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom , leading to a near - flood . After the segment ends , Mickey is seen in silhouette shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski , who conducts all the music heard in Fantasia . Mickey has often been pictured in the red robe and blue sorcerer 's hat in merchandising . It was also featured into the climax of Fantasmic ! , an attraction at the Disney theme parks . After 1940 , Mickey 's popularity would decline until his 1955 re-emergence as a daily children 's television personality . Despite this , the character continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 ( winning his only competitive Academy Award -- with canine companion Pluto -- for a short subject , Lend a Paw ) and again from 1946 to 1952 . The last regular installment of the Mickey Mouse film series came in 1953 with The Simple Things in which Mickey and Pluto go fishing and are pestered by a flock of seagulls . Television and later films In the 1950s , Mickey became more known for his appearances on television , particularly with The Mickey Mouse Club . Many of his theatrical cartoon shorts were rereleased on television series such as Ink & Paint Club , various forms of the Walt Disney anthology television series , and on home video . Mickey returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with Mickey 's Christmas Carol , an adaptation of Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol in which Mickey played Bob Cratchit . This was followed up in 1990 with The Prince and the Pauper . Throughout the decades , Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros . ' Bugs Bunny for animated popularity . But in 1988 , the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis Disney / Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit . Disney and Warner signed an agreement stating that each character had the same amount of screen time in the scene . Similar to his animated inclusion into a live - action film on Roger Rabbit , Mickey made a featured cameo appearance in the 1990 television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World where he met Kermit the Frog . The two are established in the story as having been old friends . The Muppets have otherwise spoofed and referenced Mickey over a dozen times since the 1970s . Eventually , The Muppets were purchased by the Walt Disney Company in 2004 . Mickey in Disney 's House of Mouse ( 2001 -- 2003 ) . His most recent theatrical cartoon short was 2013 's Get a Horse ! which was preceded by 1995 's Runaway Brain , while from 1999 to 2004 , he appeared in direct - to - video features like Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas , Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers and the computer - animated Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas . Many television series have centered on Mickey , such as the ABC shows Mickey Mouse Works ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Disney 's House of Mouse ( 2001 -- 2003 ) , Disney Channel 's Mickey Mouse Clubhouse ( 2006 -- 2016 ) , and Mickey and the Roadster Racers ( 2017 -- ) . Prior to all these , Mickey was also featured as an unseen character in the Bonkers episode `` You Oughta Be In Toons '' . Mickey has recently been announced to star in two films . One is being based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort , while the other is a film idea pitched by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering on Mickey , Donald , and Goofy . Since June 28 , 2013 , Disney Channel has been airing new 3 - minute Mickey Mouse shorts , with animator Paul Rudish at the helm , incorporating elements of Mickey 's late twenties - early thirties look with a contemporary twist . Voice actors Walt Disney ( 1901 -- 1966 ) , the co-creator of Mickey Mouse and founder of The Walt Disney Company , was the original voice of Mickey . A large part of Mickey 's screen persona is his famously shy , falsetto voice . From 1928 onward , Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself , a task in which Disney took great personal pride . However , by 1946 , Disney was becoming too busy with running the studio to do regular voice work which meant he could not do Mickey 's voice anymore . It is also speculated that his cigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years . After recording the Mickey and the Beanstalk section of Fun and Fancy Free , Mickey 's voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician and actor Jimmy MacDonald . MacDonald voiced Mickey in the remainder of the theatrical shorts , and for various television and publicity projects up until his retirement in the mid-1970s , although Walt voiced Mickey again for the introductions to the original 1955 -- 1959 run of The Mickey Mouse Club TV series , the `` Fourth Anniversary Show '' episode of the Disneyland TV series that aired on September 11 , 1958 , and the Disneyland USA at Radio City Music Hall show from 1962 . Composer Carl W. Stalling was the very first person to provide lines for Mickey in the 1929 short The Karnival Kid . Clarence Nash voiced Mickey in the 1934 Disney short , The Dognapper ; around the time when it was filmed , Walt was traveling in Europe and was unavailable to record his lines for Mickey for the short . Along with Disney , J. Donald Wilson , Joe Twerp , and John Hiestand provided the voice in 1938 broadcasts of The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air . Stan Freberg voiced Mickey in the Freberg - produced record Mickey Mouse 's Birthday Party . Alan Young voiced Mickey in the Disneyland record album An Adaptation of Dickens ' Christmas Carol , Performed by The Walt Disney Players in 1974 , which it would be the first and only time that Alan Young voices him . The 1983 short film Mickey 's Christmas Carol marked the theatrical debut of Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse , who was the official voice of Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009 . Allwine once recounted something MacDonald had told him about voicing Mickey : `` The main piece of advice that Jim gave me about Mickey helped me keep things in perspective . He said , ' Just remember kid , you 're only filling in for the boss . ' And that 's the way he treated doing Mickey for years and years . From Walt , and now from Jimmy . '' In 1991 , Allwine married Russi Taylor , the voice of Minnie Mouse since 1986 . Les Perkins did the voice of Mickey in two TV specials , `` Down and Out with Donald Duck '' and `` DTV Valentine '' in the mid-1980s . Peter Renaday voiced Mickey in the 1980s Disney albums Yankee Doodle Mickey and Mickey Mouse Splashdance . He also provided his voice for The Talking Mickey Mouse toy in 1986 . Quinton Flynn briefly filled in for Allwine as the voice of Mickey in a few episodes of the first season of Mickey Mouse Works whenever Allwine was unavailable to record . Bret Iwan , a former Hallmark greeting card artist , is the current voice of Mickey . Iwan was originally cast as an understudy for Allwine due to the latter 's declining health ; however , Allwine died before Iwan could meet him , and Iwan became the new official voice for Mickey . Iwan 's early recordings in 2009 included work for the Disney Cruise Line , Mickey toys , theme parks , and also the Disney on Ice : Celebrations ! ice show . He directly replaced Allwine as Mickey for the Kingdom Hearts video game series and the series Mickey Mouse Clubhouse . His first video game voice - over of Mickey Mouse can be found on Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep , a video game for PlayStation Portable . Iwan also became the first voice actor to portray Mickey during Disney 's rebranding of the character , providing the vocal effects of Mickey in the games Epic Mickey as well as his voice in Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two and the remake of Castle of Illusion . Despite Iwan being Mickey 's primary voice actor , the character 's voice is provided by Chris Diamantopoulos in the 2013 animated series , as the producers were looking for a voice closer to Walt Disney 's portrayal of the character in order to match the vintage look of the series . Mickey in comics Main article : Mickey Mouse ( comic book ) Mickey and Horace Horsecollar from the Mickey Mouse daily strip ; created by Floyd Gottfredson and published December 1932 . Mickey first appeared in comics after he had appeared in 15 commercially successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public . Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip . Disney accepted and Mickey made his first comic strip appearance on January 13 , 1930 . The comical plot was credited to Disney himself , art to Ub Iwerks and inking to Win Smith . The first week or so of the strip featured a loose adaptation of `` Plane Crazy '' . Minnie soon became the first addition to the cast . The strips first released between January 13 , 1930 , and March 31 , 1930 , has been occasionally reprinted in comic book form under the collective title `` Lost on a Desert Island '' . Animation historian Jim Korkis notes `` After the eighteenth strip , Iwerks left and his inker , Win Smith , continued drawing the gag - a-day format ... '' In early 1930 , after Iwerks ' departure , Disney was at first content to continue scripting the Mickey Mouse comic strip , assigning the art to Win Smith . However , Disney 's focus had always been in animation and Smith was soon assigned with the scripting as well . Smith was apparently discontent at the prospect of having to script , draw , and ink a series by himself as evidenced by his sudden resignation . Disney then searched for a replacement among the remaining staff of the Studio . He selected Floyd Gottfredson , a recently hired employee . At the time Gottfredson was reportedly eager to work in animation and somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment . Disney had to assure him the assignment was only temporary and that he would eventually return to animation . Gottfredson accepted and ended up holding this `` temporary '' assignment from May 5 , 1930 , to November 15 , 1975 . Walt Disney 's last script for the strip appeared May 17 , 1930 . Gottfredson 's first task was to finish the storyline Disney had started on April 1 , 1930 . The storyline was completed on September 20 , 1930 , and later reprinted in comic book form as Mickey Mouse in Death Valley . This early adventure expanded the cast of the strip which to this point only included Mickey and Minnie . Among the characters who had their first comic strip appearances in this story were Clarabelle Cow , Horace Horsecollar , and Black Pete as well as the debuts of corrupted lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Minnie 's uncle Mortimer Mouse . The Death Valley narrative was followed by Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers , first printed between September 22 and December 26 , 1930 , which introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie 's parents . Starting with these two early comic strip stories , Mickey 's versions in animation and comics are considered to have diverged from each other . While Disney and his cartoon shorts would continue to focus on comedy , the comic strip effectively combined comedy and adventure . This adventurous version of Mickey would continue to appear in comic strips and later comic books throughout the 20th and into the 21st century . Floyd Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as Mickey Mouse Joins the Foreign Legion ( 1936 ) and The Gleam ( 1942 ) . He also created the Phantom Blot , Eega Beeva , Morty and Ferdie , Captain Churchmouse , and Butch . Besides Gottfredson artists for the strip over the years included Roman Arambula , Rick Hoover , Manuel Gonzales , Carson Van Osten , Jim Engel , Bill Wright , Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes ; writers included Ted Osborne , Merrill De Maris , Bill Walsh , Dick Shaw , Roy Williams , Del Connell , and Floyd Norman . The next artist to leave his mark on the character was Paul Murry in Dell Comics . His first Mickey tale appeared in 1950 but Mickey did not become a specialty until Murry 's first serial for Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories in 1953 ( `` The Last Resort '' ) . In the same period , Romano Scarpa in Italy for the magazine Topolino began to revitalize Mickey in stories that brought back the Phantom Blot and Eega Beeva along with new creations such as the Atomo Bleep - Bleep . While the stories at Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasized Mickey as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes , in the modern era several editors and creators have consciously undertaken to depict a more vigorous Mickey in the mold of the classic Gottfredson adventures . This renaissance has been spearheaded by Byron Erickson , David Gerstein , Noel Van Horn , Michael T. Gilbert and César Ferioli . In Europe , Mickey Mouse became the main attraction of a number of comics magazines , the most famous being Topolino in Italy from 1932 on , Le Journal de Mickey in France from 1934 on , Don Miki in Spain and the Greek Miky Maous . Mickey was the main character for the series MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine , published in Italy from 1999 to 2001 . In 2006 , he appeared in the Italian fantasy comic saga Wizards of Mickey . In 1958 , Mickey Mouse was introduced to the Arab world through another comic book called `` Sameer '' . He became very popular in Egypt and got a comic book with his name . Mickey 's comics in Egypt are licensed by Disney and were published since 1959 by `` Dar Al - Hilal '' and they were success , however Dar Al - Hilal stopped the publication in 2003 because of problems with Disney . The comics were re-released by `` Nahdat Masr '' in 2004 and the first issues were sold out in less than 8 hours . Merchandising A 1933 Ingersoll Mickey Mouse wrist watch . Since his early years , Mickey Mouse has been licensed by Disney to appear on many different kinds of merchandise . Mickey was produced as plush toys and figurines , and Mickey 's image has graced almost everything from T - shirts to lunchboxes . Largely responsible for Disney merchandising in the 1930s was Kay Kamen ( 1892 -- 1949 ) who was called a `` stickler for quality . '' Kamen was recognized by The Walt Disney Company as having a significant part in Mickey 's rise to stardom and was named a Disney Legend in 1998 . At the time of his 80th - anniversary celebration in 2008 , Time declared Mickey Mouse one of the world 's most recognized characters , even when compared against Santa Claus . Disney officials have stated that 98 % of children aged 3 -- 11 around the world are at least aware of the character . Mickey was most famously featured on wrist watches and alarm clocks , typically utilizing his hands as the actual hands on the face of the clock . The first Mickey Mouse watches were manufactured in 1933 by the Ingersoll Watch Company . The seconds were indicated by a turning disk below Mickey . The first Mickey watch was sold at the Century of Progress in Chicago , 1933 for $3.75 . Mickey Mouse watches have been sold by other companies and designers throughout the years , including Timex , Elgin , Helbros , Bradley , Lorus , and Gérald Genta The fictional character Robert Langdon from Dan Brown 's novels was said to wear a Mickey Mouse watch as a reminder `` to stay young at heart . '' In 1989 , Milton Bradley released the electronic talking game titled Mickey Says , with three modes featuring Mickey Mouse as its host . Mickey also appeared in other toys and games , including the Worlds of Wonder released The Talking Mickey Mouse . Fisher - Price has recently produced a line of talking animatronic Mickey dolls including `` Dance Star Mickey '' ( 2010 ) and `` Rock Star Mickey '' ( 2011 ) . In total , approximately 40 % of Disney 's revenues for consumer products are derived from Mickey Mouse merchandise , with revenues peaking in 1997 . Mickey at the Disney parks Minnie and Mickey at Hong Kong Disneyland ( left ) and Mickey 's house at Mickey 's Toontown ( right ) As the official Walt Disney mascot , Mickey has played a central role in the Disney parks since the opening of Disneyland in 1955 . As with other characters , Mickey is often portrayed by a non-speaking costumed actor . In this form , he has participated in ceremonies and countless parades . A popular activity with guests is getting to meet and pose for photographs with the mouse . As of the presidency of Barack Obama ( who jokingly referred to him as `` a world leader who has bigger ears than me '' ) Mickey has met every U.S. President since Harry Truman , with the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson . Mickey also features in several specific attractions at the Disney parks . Mickey 's Toontown ( Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland ) is a themed land which is a recreation of Mickey 's neighborhood . Buildings are built in a cartoon style and guests can visit Mickey or Minnie 's houses , Donald Duck 's boat , or Goofy 's garage . This is a common place to meet the characters . Mickey 's PhilharMagic ( Magic Kingdom , Tokyo Disneyland , Hong Kong Disneyland ) is a 4D film which features Mickey in the familiar role of symphony conductor . At Main Street Cinema several of Mickey 's short films are shown on a rotating basis ; the sixth film is always Steamboat Willie . Mickey plays a central role in Fantasmic ! ( Disneyland Resort , Disney 's Hollywood Studios ) a live nighttime show which famously features Mickey in his role as the Sorcerer 's Apprentice . Mickey was also a central character in the now - defunct Mickey Mouse Revue ( Magic Kingdom , Tokyo Disneyland ) which was an indoor show featuring animatronic characters . Mickey 's face currently graces the Mickey 's Fun Wheel at Disney California Adventure Park , where a figure of him also stands on top of Silly Symphony Swings . In addition to Mickey 's overt presence in the parks , numerous images of him are also subtly included in sometimes unexpected places . This phenomenon is known as `` Hidden Mickey '' , involving hidden images in Disney films , theme parks , and merchandise . Mickey in video games Main article : List of Disney video games ( Mickey Mouse Series ) Like many popular characters , Mickey has starred in many video games , including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System , Mickey Mania : The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse , Mickey 's Ultimate Challenge , and Disney 's Magical Quest on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse on the Mega Drive / Genesis , Mickey Mouse : Magic Wands ! on the Game Boy , and many others . In the 2000s , the Disney 's Magical Quest series were ported to the Game Boy Advance , while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in Disney 's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse , a Nintendo GameCube title aimed at younger audiences . Mickey plays a major role in the Kingdom Hearts series , as the king of Disney Castle and aide to the protagonist , Sora . King Mickey wields the Keyblade , a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and combat darkness . Epic Mickey , featuring a darker version of the Disney universe , was released in 2010 for the Wii . The game is part of an effort by The Walt Disney Company to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by moving away from his current squeaky clean image and reintroducing the mischievous side of his personality . Awards and honors Mickey 's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Mickey Mouse has received ten nominations for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . These are Mickey 's Orphans ( 1931 ) , Building a Building ( 1933 ) , Brave Little Tailor ( 1938 ) , The Pointer ( 1939 ) , Lend a Paw ( 1941 ) , Squatter 's Rights ( 1946 ) , Mickey and the Seal ( 1948 ) , Mickey 's Christmas Carol ( 1983 ) , Runaway Brain ( 1995 ) , and Get a Horse ! ( 2013 ) . Among these , Lend a Paw was the only film to actually win the award . Additionally , in 1932 Walt Disney received an honorary Academy Award in recognition of Mickey 's creation and popularity . In 1994 , four of Mickey 's cartoons were included in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons which listed the greatest cartoons of all time as voted by members of the animation field . The films were The Band Concert ( # 3 ) , Steamboat Willie ( # 13 ) , Brave Little Tailor ( # 26 ) , and Clock Cleaners ( # 27 ) . On November 18 , 1978 , in honor of his 50th anniversary , Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Melbourne ( Australia ) runs the annual Moomba festival street procession and appointed Mickey Mouse as their King of Moomba ( 1977 ) . Although immensely popular with children , there was controversy with the appointment : some Melburnians wanted a ' home - grown ' choice , e.g. Blinky Bill ; when it was revealed that Patricia O'Carroll ( from Disneyland 's Disney on Parade show ) was performing the mouse , Australian newspapers reported `` Mickey Mouse is really a girl ! '' Mickey was the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year 's Day 2005 . He was the first cartoon character to receive the honor and only the second fictional character after Kermit the Frog in 1996 . Social impact Use in politics In the United States , protest votes are often made in order to indicate dissatisfaction with the slate of candidates presented on a particular ballot or to highlight the inadequacies of a particular voting procedure . Since most states ' electoral systems do not provide for blank balloting or a choice of `` None of the Above '' , most protest votes take the form of a clearly non-serious candidate 's name entered as a write - in vote . Mickey Mouse is often selected for this purpose . As an election supervisor in Georgia observed , `` If ( Mickey Mouse ) does n't get votes in our election , it 's a bad election . '' The earliest known mention of Mickey Mouse as a write - in candidate dates back to the 1932 New York City mayoral elections . Mickey Mouse 's name has also been known to appear fraudulently on voter registration lists , such as in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election . Pejorative use of Mickey 's name `` Mickey Mouse '' is a slang expression meaning small - time , amateurish or trivial . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it also means poor quality or counterfeit . However , in parts of Australia it can mean excellent or very good ( rhyming slang for `` grouse '' ) . Examples of the former two of the three usages include the following : In The Godfather Part II , Fredo 's justification of betraying Michael is that his orders in the family usually were `` Send Fredo off to do this , send Fredo off to do that ! Let Fredo take care of some Mickey Mouse nightclub somewhere ! '' as opposed to more meaningful tasks . In an early episode of the 1978 -- 82 sitcom Mork & Mindy , Mork stated that Pluto was `` a Mickey Mouse planet '' , referring to the future dwarf planet having the same name as Mickey 's pet dog Pluto . Actually , the planet was named shortly before the dog was . In 1984 , just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky 's Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13 -- 4 , Gretzky was quoted as saying to a reporter , `` Well , it 's time they got their act together , they 're ruining the whole league . They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice '' . Reacting to Gretzky 's comment , Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey . In the 1993 Warner Bros. film Demolition Man , as Sylvester Stallone 's character is fighting the malfunctioning AI of his out - of - control police car , he shouts for the system to `` Brake ! Brake ! Brake now , you Mickey Mouse piece of shit ! '' In the 1996 Warner Bros. film Space Jam , Bugs Bunny derogatorily comments on Daffy Duck 's idea for the name of their basketball team , asking : `` What kind of Mickey Mouse organization would name a team ' The Ducks ? ' '' ( This also referenced the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , an NHL team that was then owned by Disney , as well as the Disney - made `` The Mighty Ducks '' movie franchise . This was referencing the Disney / Warner Brothers rivalry . ) In the United States armed forces , actions that look good but have little or no practical use ( such as the specific manner of making beds in basic training or the polishing of brass fittings on board ship ) are commonly referred to as `` Mickey Mouse work . '' In schools a `` Mickey Mouse course '' , `` Mickey Mouse major '' , or `` Mickey Mouse degree '' is a class , college major , or degree where very little effort is necessary in order to attain a good grade ( especially an A ) or one where the subject matter of such a class is not of any importance in the labor market . Musicians often refer to a film score that directly follows each action on screen as Mickey Mousing ( also mickey - mousing and mickeymousing ) . Software company Microsoft has been derogatorily called `` Mickeysoft '' . In the beginning of the 1980s , then - British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once called the European Parliament a `` Mickey Mouse parliament '' , meaning a discussion club without influence . In the British sitcom Red Dwarf , in the episode `` Quarantine '' , after the team 's substandard equipment nearly cost them their lives , Lister pointed out , `` We 're a real Mickey Mouse operation , are n't we ? '' The Cat replied , `` Mickey Mouse ? We ai n't even Betty Boop ! '' The combined road course at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway used for the F1 U.S. Grand Prix has been described by Jacques Villeneuve and other competitors as `` Mickey Mouse '' due to its slow uninteresting corners , and lack of challenging corners . Parodies and criticism Mickey Mouse 's global fame has made him both a symbol of The Walt Disney Company and of the United States itself . For this reason , Mickey has been used frequently in anti-American satire , such as the infamous underground cartoon `` Mickey Mouse in Vietnam '' ( 1969 ) . There have been numerous parodies of Mickey Mouse , such as the 2 - page parody `` Mickey Rodent '' by Will Elder ( published in Mad # 19 , 1955 ) in which the mouse walks around unshaven and jails Donald Duck out of jealousy over the duck 's larger popularity . The grotesque Rat Fink character was created by Ed `` Big Daddy '' Roth over his hatred of Mickey Mouse . In The Simpsons Movie , Bart Simpson puts a black bra on his head to mimic Mickey Mouse and says : `` I 'm the mascot of an evil corporation ! '' On the Comedy Central series South Park , Mickey is depicted as the sadistic , greedy , foul - mouthed boss of The Walt Disney Company , only interested in money . He also appears briefly with Donald Duck in the comic Squeak the Mouse by the Italian cartoonist Massimo Mattioli . In the 1969 parody novel Bored of the Rings , Mickey Mouse is satirized as Dickey Dragon . Legal issues Like all major Disney characters , Mickey Mouse is not only copyrighted but also trademarked , which lasts in perpetuity as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner . So , whether or not a particular Disney cartoon goes into the public domain , the characters themselves may not be used as trademarks without authorization . Because of the Copyright Term Extension Act of the United States ( sometimes called the ' Mickey Mouse Protection Act ' because of extensive lobbying by the Disney corporation ) and similar legislation within the European Union and other jurisdictions where copyright terms have been extended , works such as the early Mickey Mouse cartoons will remain under copyright until at least 2023 . However , some copyright scholars argue that Disney 's copyright on the earliest version of the character may be invalid due to ambiguity in the copyright notice for Steamboat Willie . The Walt Disney Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey Mouse character -- whose likeness is closely associated with the company -- with particular zeal . In 1989 , Disney threatened legal action against three daycare centers in Florida for having Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters painted on their walls . The characters were removed , and rival Universal Studios replaced them with Universal cartoon characters . Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates In 1971 , a group of underground cartoonists calling themselves the Air Pirates , after a group of villains from early Mickey Mouse films , produced a comic called Air Pirates Funnies . In the first issue , cartoonist Dan O'Neill depicted Mickey and Minnie Mouse engaging in explicit sexual behavior and consuming drugs . As O'Neill explained , `` The air pirates were ... some sort of bizarre concept to steal the air , pirate the air , steal the media .... Since we were cartoonists , the logical thing was Disney . '' Rather than change the appearance or name of the character , which O'Neill felt would dilute the parody , the mouse depicted in Air Pirates Funnies looks like and is named `` Mickey Mouse '' . Disney sued for copyright infringement , and after a series of appeals , O'Neill eventually lost and was ordered to pay Disney $1.9 million . The outcome of the case remains controversial among free - speech advocates . New York Law School professor Edward Samuels said , `` ( The Air Pirates ) set parody back twenty years . '' Censorship In 1930 , The German Board of Film Censors prohibited any presentations of the Mickey Mouse cartoon The Barnyard Battle ( 1929 ) . The animated short , which features the mouse as a kepi - wearing soldier fighting cat enemies in German - style helmets , was viewed by censors as a negative portrayal of Germany . It was claimed by the board that the film would `` reawaken the latest anti-German feeling existing abroad since the War '' . The Barnyard Battle incident did not incite wider anti-Mickey sentiment in Germany in 1930 ; however , after Adolf Hitler came to power several years later , the Nazi regime unambiguously propagandized against Disney . A mid-1930s German newspaper article read : `` Mickey Mouse is the most miserable ideal ever revealed ... Healthy emotions tell every independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filth - covered vermin , the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom , can not be the ideal type of animal ... Away with Jewish brutalization of the people ! Down with Mickey Mouse ! Wear the Swastika Cross ! '' American cartoonist and writer Art Spiegelman would later use this quote on the opening page of the second volume of his graphic novel Maus . In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas , purportedly fearing that children would be `` scared to see a ten - foot mouse in the movie theatre '' . In 1938 , based on the Ministry of Popular Culture 's recommendation that a reform was necessary `` to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution , '' the Italian Government banned foreign children 's literature except Mickey ; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the `` acknowledged artistic merit '' of Disney 's work . Actually , Mussolini 's children were fond of Mickey Mouse , so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible . In 1942 , after Italy declared war on the United States , fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories . Mickey 's stories were replaced by the adventures of Tuffolino , a new human character created by Federico Pedrocchi ( script ) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita ( art ) . After the downfall of Italy 's fascist government in 1945 , the ban was removed . Filmography Main article : List of Mickey Mouse films and appearances Mickey has been announced to star in two films . One is a live - action / CGI hybrid film based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort , while the other is a film idea pitched by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering on Mickey , Donald , and Goofy . Selected short films Steamboat Willie ( 1928 ) Plane Crazy ( 1929 ) The Karnival Kid ( 1929 ) Mickey 's Orphans ( 1931 ) Building a Building ( 1933 ) The Mad Doctor ( 1933 ) The Band Concert ( 1935 ) Thru the Mirror ( 1936 ) Moving Day ( 1936 ) Clock Cleaners ( 1937 ) Lonesome Ghosts ( 1937 ) Brave Little Tailor ( 1938 ) The Pointer ( 1939 ) The Nifty Nineties ( 1941 ) Lend a Paw ( 1941 ) Symphony Hour ( 1942 ) Squatter 's Rights ( 1946 ) Mickey and the Seal ( 1948 ) The Simple Things ( 1953 ) Mickey 's Christmas Carol ( 1983 ) Runaway Brain ( 1995 ) Get a Horse ! ( 2013 ) Full - length films Hollywood Party ( cameo , 1934 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( cameo , 1988 ) A Goofy Movie ( cameo , 1995 ) Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Mickey 's House of Villains ( 2002 ) Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers ( 2004 ) Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas ( 2004 ) Television series The Mickey Mouse Club ( 1955 -- 1959 ; 1977 -- 1979 ; 1989 -- 1994 ) Mickey Mouse Works ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Disney 's House of Mouse ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Mickey Mouse Clubhouse ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Mickey Mouse ( 2013 -- present ) Mickey and the Roadster Racers ( 2017 -- present ) See also Animation portal Cartoon portal Disney portal United States portal The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air , radio program aired in 1938 Celebration Mickey , a 2 - foot - tall ( 0.61 m ) , 100 lb ( 45 kg ) , 24 - karat gold authentic Mickey Mouse sculpture Mickey Mouse Adventures , a short - lived comic starring Mickey Mouse as the protagonist Mickey Mouse universe , the phenomenon that has spawned from the Mickey Mouse series and other related characters Mouse Museum , a Russian museum featuring artifacts and memorabilia relating to Mickey Mouse Walt Disney ( 2015 PBS film ) Mickey Mouse Protection Act January 1 , 2024 , the very first Mickey Mouse cartoon , Steamboat Willie , will pass into the public domain References Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Archives - D23 '' . Jump up ^ `` Voice of Mickey Mouse dies - ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) '' . Abc.net.au . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Brooks ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` After Mickey 's Makeover , Less Mr. Nice Guy '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2008 ) . The Animated Man : A Life of Walt Disney . University of California Press . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25619 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kenworthy , John ( 2001 ) . The Hand Behind the Mouse ( Disney ed . ) . New York . pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney : Conversations ( Conversations With Comic Artists Series ) by Kathy Merlock Jackson with Walt Disney `` ISBN 1 - 57806 - 713 - 8 page 120 Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mouse 's Magic - Tweentimes -- Indiatimes '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mouse was going to be Mortimer Mo '' . Uselessknowledge.co.za . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Albin , Kira ( 1995 ) . `` Mickey Rooney : Hollywood , Religion and His Latest Show '' . GrandTimes.com . Senior Magazine . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Korkis , Jim ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` The Mickey Rooney - Mickey Mouse Myth '' . Mouse Planet . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Korkis 2012 , pp. 157 -- 161 Jump up ^ Luling , Todd Van ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` Here 's One Thing You Did n't Know About Disney 's Origin Story '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Kindelan , Katie ( 29 November 2011 ) . `` Lost Inspiration for Mickey Mouse Discovered in England Film Archive '' . ABC News . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Suddath , Claire . `` A Brief History of Mickey Mouse . '' Time . November 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Holliss , Richard ; Brian Sibley ( 1986 ) . Walt Disney 's Mickey Mouse : His Life and Times . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 40 -- 45 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015619 - 8 . Jump up ^ Apgar , Garry ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` A Mickey Mouse Reader '' . Univ . Press of Mississippi -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Caswell , Estelle . `` Why cartoon characters wear gloves '' . Jump up ^ `` The Minstrel Show Never Faded Away '' . Jump up ^ Davis , James C. ( January 1 , 2007 ) . `` Commerce in Color : Race , Consumer Culture , and American Literature , 1893 - 1933 '' . University of Michigan Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Sammond , Nicholas ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Birth of an Industry : Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation '' . Duke University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` 1928 : Plane Crazy '' . Disney Shorts . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 : Plane Crazy '' . Disney Shorts . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Treasures - Mickey Mouse in Black and White ( 1932 ) at Amazon.com ; the product description of this Disney - produced DVD set describes Steamboat Willie as Mickey 's debut . Jump up ^ Mickey Mouse on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Felix the Cat '' . Toontracker.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Ian ( 2002 ) . `` Felix the Cat '' . St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mickey was first pictured with a real human in Fantasia in silhouette . Later a famous statue of Mickey and Walt Disney at Disneyland would maintain Mickey 's size . Jump up ^ `` Disney Shorts : 1930 : Minnie 's Yoo Hoo '' . The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Polsson , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . Chronology of Walt Disney 's Mickey Mouse ( 1930 -- 1931 ) Ken Polsson personal page . Jump up ^ Polsson , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . Chronology of Walt Disney 's Mickey Mouse ( 1932 -- 1934 ) Ken Polsson personal page . Jump up ^ DeMille , William ( November 1935 ) . `` Mickey vs. Popeye '' . The Forum . Jump up ^ Koszarski , Richard ( 1976 ) . Hollywood directors , 1914 -- 1940 , Volume 1 . Oxford University Press . ( Quotes DeMille. 1935 ) . Jump up ^ Calma , Gordan ( May 17 , 2005 ) . Popeye 's Popularity -- Article from 1935 Archived July 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . GAC Forums . ( Quotes DeMille , 1935 ) . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles . `` The Golden Age of Mickey Mouse '' . Dinsey.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Polsson , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . Chronology of the Walt Disney Company ( 1935 -- 1939 ) . Ken Polsson personal page . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Charles . `` The Golden Age of Mickey Mouse '' . Disney.com guest services . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles . `` Mickey in the Post-War Era '' . Disney.com guest services . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Brendon ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` SCOOP : Mickey Mouse 's First Feature Length Film Being Developed At Disney '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mouse 's first new short in 50 years ; iconic character gets new retro look for big return to cartoon shorts to be featured on Disney Channel , '' Don Kaplan , New York Daily News , December 3 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Your Host , Walt Disney Review '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Korkis , Jim ( 2014 ) . The Book of Mouse : A Celebration of Mickey Mouse . Theme Park Press . ISBN 0984341501 . Jump up ^ `` DisneylandRecords.com - 3811 An Adaptation Of Dickens ' Christmas Carol '' . Jump up ^ `` Dickens ' Christmas Carol by Disneyland Records - MouseVinyl.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Disney Legends -- Wayne Allwine '' . Legends.disney.go.com . May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Allwine , Voice of Mickey Mouse for 32 Years , Passes Away at Age 62 `` Disney D23 '' . D23.disney.go.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Major , B.J. `` A Disney Discography '' . Jump up ^ Character Records by Steve Burns - StartedByAMouse.com Features Section Archived March 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dave ( October 18 , 2008 ) . `` Children 's Records & More : TALKING MICKEY MOUSE READALONG BOOKS AND CASSETTES '' . Jump up ^ `` Talking Mickey Mouse Show , The ( 1986 , Toy ) Voice Cast '' . Jump up ^ Korkis , Jim . `` A New Mouse Voice In Town by Wade Sampson '' . Mouseplanet . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Disney on Ice Celebrations features Princess Tiana and Mickey 's New Voice , Bret Iwan -- The Latest '' . Laughingplace.com . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Blake ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Shorts Debut with New Voice for Mickey Mouse '' . The Rotoscopers . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Dave ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Dave Smith Reveals Where the `` 33 '' in Disneyland 's Exclusive and Famed Club 33 Comes From `` . D23 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Korkis , Jim ( August 10 , 2003 ) . `` The Uncensored Mouse '' blog ; Jim Hill Media . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mouse In Egypt ! Comic Book Guide '' . Comicbookguide.wordpress.com . March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kay Kamen at disney.com ^ Jump up to : Claire Suddath ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` A Brief History of Mickey Mouse '' . time.com . Time , Inc . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE SYDNEY TARTS : Gérald Genta '' . Thesydneytarts.blogspot.com . November 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Original Mickey Mouse Watch : 11,000 Sold in One Day & Robert Langdon 's Choice at hodinkee.com Archived October 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dance Star Mickey From Fisher - Price '' . Fisher-price.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Star Mickey From Fisher - Price '' . Fisher-price.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Auletta , Kate ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Obama Disney World Visit : President Touts Tourism , Mickey 's Big Ears During Speech '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mickey 's House and Meet Mickey at disney.com ^ Jump up to : Craig Bellamy ; Gordon Chisholm ; Hilary Eriksen ( February 17 , 2006 ) . `` Moomba : A festival for the people '' ( PDF ) . City of Melbourne . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Peter ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` Write in Mickey Mouse for President '' . Whatisfairuse.blogspot.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MM among top write - in candidates in Wichita elections '' . Nbcactionnews.com . Associated Press . January 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rigsby , G.G. ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Elvis , Mickey Mouse and God get write - in votes '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Jaime ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` If You Give a Mouse a Vote '' . The American Prospect . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vote drives defended , despite fake names -- St. Petersburg Times '' . Google.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The ACORN investigations '' . The Economist . October 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Miller , John ( 2009 ) . The lingo dictionary : of favourite Australian words and phrases . Wollombi , N.S.W. : Exisle Publishing . p. 180 . ISBN 9781921497049 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan . `` 1983 - 84 : Growing Pains Lead to Promise '' . New Jersey Devils . Retrieved March 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Demolition Man Script - transcript from the screenplay and / or Sandra Bullock , Wesley Snipes , and Sylvester Stallone movie '' . March 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Irresponsible ' Hodge under fire '' . BBC News . January 14 , 2003 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Film music '' . BBC . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . When the music is precisely synchronised with events on screen this is known as Mickey - Mousing , eg someone slipping on a banana skin could use a descending scale followed by a cymbal crash . Mickey - Mousing is often found in comedy films . Jump up ^ Forno , Richard ( November 28 , 2001 ) . `` ' Microsoft , ' No . ' Mickeysoft ' , Yes '' . InfoWarrior . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2001 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What does Mickey Mouse Have To Do With The European Parliament ? '' . EU - Oplysnigen ( Denmark ) . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved August 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hinton , Ed ( September 28 , 2001 ) . `` F1 Drivers Knock Indy '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Mickey Rodent ! '' ( Mad # 19 ) `` . Johnglenntaylor.blogspot.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Simpsons Movie ( 2007 ) -- Memorable Quotes . The Internet Movie Database ( IMDb ) Archived June 21 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on March 20 , 2008 ... Retrieved on March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Menn , Joseph ( August 22 , 2008 ) . `` Disney 's rights to young Mickey Mouse may be wrong '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Daycare Center Murals . Snopes.com , updated September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mann , Ron . Director ( 1989 ) . Comic Book Confidential . Sphinx Productions . Jump up ^ Levin , Bob ( 2003 ) . The Pirates and the Mouse : Disney 's War Against the Counterculture . Fantagraphics Books . ISBN 1 - 56097 - 530 - X . Jump up ^ The full 1929 cartoon The Barnyard Battle ( 7 : 48 ) is available for viewing on YouTube . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Times ( July 14 , 1930 ) . `` Mickey Mouse in Trouble ( German Censorship ) '' , The Times Archive ( archive.timesonline.co.uk ) . Retrieved November 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hungerford , Amy ( January 15 , 2003 ) . The Holocaust of Texts . University Of Chicago Press . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 36076 - 8 . Jump up ^ LaCapra , Dominick ( March 1998 ) . History and Memory After Auschwitz . Cornell University Press . p. 214 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8496 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Jack ( August 2 , 1992 ) . `` On language ; Mickey - Mousing '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Conner , Floyd ( 2002 ) . `` Hollywood 's Most Wanted : The Top 10 Book of Lucky Breaks , Prima Donnas , Box Office Bombs , and Other Oddities . illustrated '' . Brassey 's Inc. p. 243 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ The Times ( November 16 , 1938 ) . `` The Banning of a Mouse '' . archive.timesonline.co.uk . London : The Times Archive . p. 15 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Evening Post , Volume CXXVI , Issue 151 , December 23 , 1938 ( November 16 , 1938 ) . `` Mickey Mouse reprieved '' . paperspast . p. 16 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Francesco De Giacomo , Quando il duce salvò Topolino , IF terza serie , n . 4 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc . `` Jon Favreau enters Disney 's ' Magic Kingdom ' '' , Variety , November 10 , 2010 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : ' Mickey and the Roadster Racers ' to Debut on Disney Junior in 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Bibliography Korkis , Jim ( November 30 , 2012 ) . Who is Afraid of the Song of the South ? . Theme Park Press . ISBN 0984341552 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mickey Mouse . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mickey Mouse Disney 's Mickey Mouse character page Mickey Mouse at the INDUCKS Mickey Mouse on IMDb Mickey Mouse 's Campaign Website ( as archived on August 3 , 2008 ) Wayne Allwine -- Daily Telegraph obituary Mickey Mouse comic strip reprints at Creators Syndicate Mickey Mouse at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> Disney core universe characters Primary Mickey Mouse Minnie Mouse Pluto Goofy Donald Duck Daisy Duck Secondary Pete Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Clarabelle Cow Horace Horsecollar Huey , Dewey , and Louie Duck José Carioca Chip ' n ' Dale Panchito Pistoles Ludwig Von Drake Scrooge McDuck Magica De Spell Darkwing Duck Gladstone Gander Gyro Gearloose Flintheart Glomgold Max Goof Humphrey the Bear Jiminy Cricket Pete Junior The Phantom Blot John D. Rockerduck Julius the Cat Groups The Beagle Boys Mickey Mouse universe characters Donald Duck universe characters Duck family Clan McDuck PKNA DuckTales characters villains <Th_colspan="2"> Mickey Mouse in animation Short films Steamboat Willie The Barn Dance The Gallopin ' Gaucho Plane Crazy The Opry House When the Cat 's Away The Barnyard Battle The Karnival Kid Mickey 's Choo - Choo Mickey 's Follies The Plow Boy The Jazz Fool Wild Waves Jungle Rhythm The Haunted House The Barnyard Concert Just Mickey The Cactus Kid The Fire Fighters The Shindig The Chain Gang The Gorilla Mystery The Picnic Pioneer Days The Birthday Party Traffic Troubles The Castaway The Moose Hunt The Delivery Boy Mickey Steps Out Blue Rhythm Fishin ' Around The Barnyard Broadcast The Beach Party Mickey Cuts Up Mickey 's Orphans The Duck Hunt The Grocery Boy The Mad Dog The Barnyard Olympics Mickey 's Revue Musical Farmer Mickey in Arabia Mickey 's Nightmare Trader Mickey The Whoopee Party Touchdown Mickey The Klondike Kid The Wayward Canary Mickey 's Good Deed Building a Building The Mad Doctor Mickey 's Pal Pluto Mickey 's Mellerdrammer Ye Olden Days The Mail Pilot Mickey 's Mechanical Man Mickey 's Gala Premier Puppy Love The Steeple Chase The Pet Store Giantland Shanghaied Camping Out Playful Pluto Gulliver Mickey Mickey 's Steam Roller Orphan 's Benefit Mickey Plays Papa The Dognapper Two - Gun Mickey Mickey 's Man Friday The Band Concert Mickey 's Service Station Mickey 's Kangaroo Mickey 's Garden Mickey 's Fire Brigade Pluto 's Judgement Day On Ice Mickey 's Polo Team Orphan 's Picnic Mickey 's Grand Opera Thru the Mirror Mickey 's Rival Moving Day Alpine Climbers Mickey 's Circus Donald and Pluto Mickey 's Elephant The Worm Turns Magician Mickey Moose Hunters Mickey 's Amateurs Hawaiian Holiday Clock Cleaners Lonesome Ghosts Boat Builders Mickey 's Trailer The Whalers Mickey 's Parrot Brave Little Tailor Society Dog Show Mickey 's Surprise Party The Pointer Tugboat Mickey Pluto 's Dream House Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip The Little Whirlwind A Gentleman 's Gentleman Canine Caddy The Nifty Nineties Lend a Paw Mickey 's Birthday Party Symphony Hour Pluto and the Armadillo Squatter 's Rights Mickey 's Delayed Date Mickey Down Under Mickey and the Seal R'coon Dawg Pluto 's Party Pluto 's Christmas Tree The Simple Things Mickey 's Christmas Carol The Prince and the Pauper Runaway Brain Get a Horse ! Feature films Fantasia Fun and Fancy Free Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas Fantasia 2000 Mickey 's Magical Christmas Mickey 's House of Villains Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas TV series The Mickey Mouse Club The Mouse Factory Good Morning , Mickey ! Mickey 's Mouse Tracks Mickey Mouse and Friends Mickey Mouse Works Disney 's House of Mouse ( episodes ) Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Mickey Mouse Mickey and the Roadster Racers <Th_colspan="2"> Fantasia <Td_colspan="2"> Fantasia ( 1940 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Conductors Leopold Stokowski ( Fantasia ) Irwin Kostal ( 1982 digital re-recording ) James Levine ( Fantasia 2000 ) Segments Fantasia Toccata and Fugue in D minor The Nutcracker Suite The Sorcerer 's Apprentice The Rite of Spring Symphony No. 6 Dance of the Hours Night on Bald Mountain / Ave Maria Fantasia 2000 Symphony No. 5 Pines of Rome Rhapsody in Blue Piano Concerto No. 2 The Carnival of the Animals The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Pomp and Circumstance Marches The Firebird Suite Characters Mickey Mouse Donald Duck Daisy Duck Chernabog Yen Sid Video games Fantasia ( 1991 ) Disney Magical World ( 2013 ) Disney Infinity ( 2013 ) Fantasia : Music Evolved ( 2014 ) Related A Corny Concerto ( 1943 film ) Gumbasia ( 1955 film ) Allegro Non Troppo ( 1977 film ) Destino ( 2003 ) Lorenzo ( 2004 ) Fantasia Gardens Fantasmic ! Fantasound The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Sorcerer 's Hat Disney Fantasia : Live in Concert Kingdom Hearts Epic Mickey Once Upon a Time Ten Pieces Deems Taylor <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Category <Th_colspan="2"> Epic Mickey Video games Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Power of Illusion Production Warren Spector Junction Point Studios Universe Mickey Mouse Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Gremlins Phantom Blot Pete The Mad Doctor Ortensia <Th_colspan="2"> Creators Syndicate Comics Currently syndicated Agnes Andy Capp Archie Ask Shagg Ballard Street B.C. 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8,589,458,872,320,715,000 | where does blue ridge parkway start in nc | Blue Ridge parkway - wikipedia Blue Ridge parkway Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Blue Ridge Parkway <Td_colspan="2"> IUCN category V ( protected landscape / seascape ) <Td_colspan="2"> The parkway near Grandfather Mountain Location North Carolina & Virginia , USA Nearest city Asheville , NC & Roanoke , VA Coordinates 36 ° 31 ′ 07 '' N 80 ° 56 ′ 09 '' W / 36.51861 ° N 80.93583 ° W / 36.51861 ; - 80.93583 Coordinates : 36 ° 31 ′ 07 '' N 80 ° 56 ′ 09 '' W / 36.51861 ° N 80.93583 ° W / 36.51861 ; - 80.93583 Area 93,390 acres ( 377.9 km ) Established June 30 , 1936 Visitors 12,877,368 ( in 2013 ) Governing body National Park Service <Th_colspan="2"> Blue Ridge Parkway <Td_colspan="2"> Blue Ridge Parkway route map <Th_colspan="2"> Route information <Td_colspan="2"> Maintained by NPS Length : 469 mi ( 755 km ) Existed : June 30 , 1936 ( 1936 - 06 - 30 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Major junctions North end : US 250 in Rockfish Gap , VA US 60 in Humphreys Gap , VA US 58 in Meadows of Dan , VA US 52 in Fancy Gap , VA US 21 in Alleghany County , NC US 70 in Asheville , NC US 25 in Buncombe County , NC US 23 / US 74 in Balsam Gap , NC US 19 in Soco Gap , NC South end : US 441 in Swain County , NC <Th_colspan="2"> Location States : Virginia , North Carolina <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Highway system <Td_colspan="2"> National Parkway National Scenic Byway The Blue Ridge Parkway is a National Parkway and All - American Road in the United States , noted for its scenic beauty . The parkway , which is America 's longest linear park , runs for 469 miles ( 755 km ) through 29 Virginia and North Carolina counties , linking Shenandoah National Park to Great Smoky Mountains National Park . It runs mostly along the spine of the Blue Ridge , a major mountain chain that is part of the Appalachian Mountains . Its southern terminus is at U.S. 441 on the boundary between Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Cherokee Indian Reservation in North Carolina , from which it travels north to Shenandoah National Park in Virginia . The roadway continues through Shenandoah as Skyline Drive , a similar scenic road which is managed by a different National Park Service unit . The parkway has been the most visited unit of the National Park System every year since 1946 except three ( 1949 , 2013 , and 2016 ) . Land on either side of the road is owned and maintained by the National Park Service , and in many places parkway land is bordered by United States Forest Service property . The parkway was on North Carolina 's version of the America the Beautiful quarter in 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ecology along the parkway 3 Route description 3.1 Highlights in Virginia 3.2 Highlights in North Carolina 4 Closures 5 Major intersections 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) View south at the north end of the parkway at Rockfish Gap , Virginia Begun during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt , the project was originally called the Appalachian Scenic Highway . Most construction was carried out by private contractors under federal contracts under an authorization by Harold L. Ickes in his role as federal public works administrator . Work began on September 11 , 1935 , near Cumberland Knob in North Carolina ; construction in Virginia began the following February . On June 30 , 1936 , Congress formally authorized the project as the Blue Ridge Parkway and placed it under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service . Some work was carried out by various New Deal public works agencies . The Works Progress Administration did some roadway construction . Crews from the Emergency Relief Administration carried out landscape work and development of parkway recreation areas . Personnel from four Civilian Conservation Corps camps worked on roadside cleanup , roadside plantings , grading slopes , and improving adjacent fields and forest lands . During World War II , the CCC crews were replaced by conscientious objectors in the Civilian Public Service program . The parkway 's construction created jobs in the region , but also displaced many residents and created new rules and regulations for landowners , including requirements related to how farmers could transport crops . Residents could no longer build on their lands without permission , or develop land except for agricultural use . They were not permitted to use the parkway for any commercial travel but were required to transport equipment and materials on side roads . The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians were also affected by the parkway , which was built through their lands . From 1935 to 1940 , they resisted giving up the right - of - way through the Qualla Boundary , and they were successful in gaining more favorable terms from the U.S. government . Specifically , the revised bill `` specified the parkway route , assured the $40,000 payment for the tribe 's land , and required the state to build ( a ) regular highway through the Soco Valley '' . ( The highway referred to is part of U.S. Route 19 . ) Cherokee leaders participated in the dedications when the Cherokee sections opened in the 1950s . Construction of the parkway was complete by the end of 1966 with one notable exception . The 7.7 - mile ( 12.4 km ) stretch including the Linn Cove Viaduct around Grandfather Mountain did not open until 1987 . The project took over 52 years to complete . Ecology along the parkway ( edit ) Flowering shrubs and wildflowers dominate the parkway in the spring , including rhododendrons and dogwoods , moving from valleys to mountains as the cold weather retreats . Smaller annuals and perennials such as the daisy and aster flower through the summer . Brilliant autumn foliage occurs later in September on the mountaintops , descending to the valleys by later in October . Often in early - to - middle October and middle to late April , all three seasons can be seen simply by looking down from the cold and windy parkway to the green and warm valleys below . October is especially dramatic , as the colored leaves stand out boldly and occur mostly at the same time , unlike the flowers . Major trees include oak , hickory , and tulip tree at lower elevations and buckeye and ash in the middle , turning into conifers such as fir and spruce at the highest elevations on the parkway . Trees near ridges , peaks , and passes ( often called gaps or notches ) are often distorted and even contorted by the wind , and persistent rime ice is deposited by passing clouds in the winter . Route description ( edit ) The Blue Ridge Parkway tunnels were constructed through the rock -- one in Virginia and twenty - five in North Carolina . Sections of the parkway near the tunnels are often closed in winter . ( Due to dripping groundwater from above , freezing temperatures , and the lack of sunlight , ice often accumulates inside these areas even when the surrounding areas are above freezing . ) The highest point on the parkway ( south of Waynesville , near Mount Pisgah in North Carolina ) is 6,053 feet ( 1,845 m ) above sea level on Richland Balsam at Milepost 431 , and is often closed from November to April due to inclement weather such as snow , fog , and even freezing fog from low clouds . The parkway is carried across streams , railway ravines and cross roads by 168 bridges and six viaducts . Farm at the Humpback Rock The parkway runs from the southern terminus of Shenandoah National Park 's Skyline Drive in Virginia at Rockfish Gap to U.S. Route 441 at Oconaluftee in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park near Cherokee , North Carolina . There is no fee for using the parkway ; however , commercial vehicles are prohibited without approval from the Park Service Headquarters , near Asheville , North Carolina . The roadway is not maintained in the winter , and sections which pass over especially high elevations and through tunnels are often impassable and therefore closed from late fall through early spring . Weather is extremely variable in the mountains , so conditions and closures often change rapidly . The speed limit is never higher than 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) and lower in some sections . The parkway uses short side roads to connect to other highways , and there are no direct interchanges with Interstate Highways , making it possible to enjoy wildlife and other scenery without stopping for cross-traffic . Mileposts along the parkway start at zero at the northeast end in Virginia and count to 469 at the southern end in North Carolina . The mileposts can be found on the right - hand side of the road while traveling southbound on the parkway . Major towns and cities along the way include Waynesboro , Roanoke , and Galax in Virginia ; and in North Carolina , Boone and Asheville , where it runs across the property of the Biltmore Estate . The Blue Ridge Music Center ( also part of the park ) is located in Galax , and Mount Mitchell ( the highest point in eastern North America ) is only accessible via a state highway ( NC 128 ) from the parkway at milepost 355.4 . Highlights in Virginia ( edit ) Mabry Mill The view from Craggy Gardens on the Blue Ridge Parkway East Fork Overlook from Blue Ridge Parkway Mile 0 Rockfish Gap near Waynesboro , Virginia , is the northern end of the Blue Ridge Parkway . To the north the parkway connects directly to Skyline Drive , which winds 105 miles ( 169 km ) through Shenandoah National Park . 5 to 9.3 Humpback Rock has a self - guiding trail through a collection of old Appalachian farm buildings . A hiking trail from the parking area ( at mile 6.1 ) leads 0.75 miles ( 1.21 km ) to The Rocks , whose humped appearance gives the area its name . Greenstone self - guiding trail ( 8.8 ) . 10.7 Ravens Roost offers vistas of Torry Mountain and the Shenandoah Valley to the west . The overlook is built above a cliff , so it is frequently used for rock climbing and hang gliding . There is also a single picnic table . 16 Sherando Lake is a recreation area in George Washington National Forest 4.5 miles ( 7.2 km ) from the parkway via VA 814 . Swimming , picnicking , and camping . 29 Whetstone Ridge provided many a mountain man with a fine - grained sharpening stone . 34.4 Yankee Horse Ridge supposedly is where a hard - riding Union soldier 's horse fell and had to be shot . A reconstructed spur of an old logging railroad provides access to Wigwam Falls . 58 to 63.6 Otter Creek runs 10 miles ( 16 km ) down the Blue Ridge to the James River . Otter Lake ( 63.1 ) , fishing , trail . 63.8 The James River and Kanawha Canal is where a footbridge leads across the river to the restored canal locks and exhibits . A self - guiding trail follows the river bluff . 71 Onion Mountain 's short loop trail leads through rhododendron and mountain laurel . 83.4 Fallingwater Cascades can be seen along a 1.6 - mile ( 2.6 km ) loop trail . 84 to 87 Peaks of Otter are three mountain peaks which have been popular viewing sites since the days of Thomas Jefferson . A shuttle bus provides service to Sharp Top . 114.9 The Roanoke River Gorge is visible after a short walk . 120.4 Roanoke Mountain is a 3.7 - mile ( 6.0 km ) side trip . A one - way loop road , with steep grades , crosses over the mountain . Towed vehicles are prohibited . 129.6 Roanoke Valley Overlook gives a view of the largest city along the parkway . 154.5 Smart View is named for having `` a right smart view '' . A nearby cabin built in the 1890s is known as a spot for viewing dogwood blooms in early May . 167 to 174 Rocky Knob overlooks Rock Castle Gorge . 176.1 Mabry Mill was operated by E.B. Mabry from 1910 to 1935 . A trail leads to his gristmill , sawmill , blacksmith shop , and other exhibits. Old - time skills are demonstrated in the summer and fall . 188.8 Groundhog Mountain has a variety of rural fences : snake , Post-and - rail , picket and buck . Picnic grounds and observation tower are also nearby . 189.1 Groundhog Mountain 189.9 Aunt Orelena Puckett Cabin Exhibit was the home of an area midwife . 213 Blue Ridge Music Center near the town of Galax with concerts , music demonstrations , and a 17,000 - square - foot ( 1,600 m ) museum dedicated to anything musical , especially old - time music . Highlights in North Carolina ( edit ) Blue Ridge Parkway in autumn near Looking Glass Rock Black Balsam Knob , Graveyard Fields and Yellowstone Falls as seen at sunrise from Milepost 419 Sign marking the southern end of the Blue Ridge Parkway , near Great Smoky Mountains National Park Blue Ridge Parkway featured in the 2015 America the Beautiful Quarters series The Blue Ridge Parkway crosses the North Carolina - Virginia state line at mile 216.9 . The 1749 party that surveyed the boundary included Peter Jefferson , father of Thomas Jefferson . Mile 217.5 Cumberland Knob , at 2,885 feet ( 879 m ) , is the centerpiece of a small parkway recreation area . 218.6 Fox Hunters Paradise , down a short walking path , is where hunters could listen to their hounds baying in the valley below . 238.5 Brinegar Cabin was built by Martin Brinegar about 1880 and lived in until the 1930s when the homestead was purchased from his widow for the parkway . The original cabin stands there today . 238.5 to 244.7 Doughton Park was named for Congressman Robert L. Doughton , a staunch supporter and neighbor of the parkway . The park has many miles of hiking trails , a lodge , dinner , picnic area and a campground . 258.6 Northwest Trading Post offers crafts from North Carolina 's northwestern counties . 260.6 Jumpinoff Rock is at the end of a short woodland trail . 264.4 The Lump is a grassy knob that provides views of the forested foothills . 272 E.B. Jeffress Park has a self - guided trail to a waterfall known as the Cascades . Another trail goes to an old cabin and church . 285.1 Daniel Boone 's Trace , which Boone blazed to the West , crosses near here . 292 to 295 Moses H. Cone Memorial Park has hiking , fishing and horse trails . Flat Top Manor , the former house of Moses H. Cone , is now used as the Parkway Craft Center . 295.1 to 298 Julian Price Memorial Park , the former retreat of the insurance executive Julian Price , offers a variety of hiking trails , campground , and 47 - acre ( 190,000 m ) Price Lake . This is the only lake on the parkway on which paddling is allowed . 304.4 Linn Cove Viaduct , the last segment of the parkway built , skirts the side of Grandfather Mountain . A visitor center is located nearby and provides access to a trail under the viaduct . 308.3 Flat Rock provides views of Grandfather Mountain and Linville Valley . 316.3 Linville Falls Recreation Area provides trails with overlooks of Linville Falls and the Linville Gorge . A campground and picnic area are also provided . 331 The Museum of North Carolina Minerals interprets the state 's mineral wealth . 339.5 Crabtree Meadows & Crabtree Falls is a parkway recreation area with a picnic area , campground , giftshop and hiking trails . 349.2 Laurel Knob provides views of Grandfather Mountain , Linville Mountain , Hawksbill Mountain , and Table Rock . 355.4 Mount Mitchell State Park , reached via N.C. 128 , is the highest point east of the Mississippi River . 359.8 Walker Knob , formerly known as Balsam Gap , is located where the Black Mountains and the Great Craggy Mountains meet . 361.2 Glassmine Falls is an 800 - foot ( 240 m ) ephemeral waterfall visible from an overlook on the side of the parkway . 363.4 to 369.6 Craggy Gardens in the Great Craggy Mountains are covered with purple rhododendron in mid-to - late June . Craggy Pinnacle Trail and other trails ( 364.1 and 364.6 ) ; road to picnic area and trails ( 367.6 ) . 382 The Folk Art Center is the flagship facility of the Southern Highland Craft Guild . It offers sales and exhibits of traditional and contemporary crafts of the Appalachian region . There are interpretive programs , three galleries , a library and a book store . 384 The Blue Ridge Parkway Visitor Center is the newest attraction along the parkway . The building itself is LEED - certified The visitor center houses a 70 - seat theater showing an award - winning 24 - minute film about the region . Information and orientation services are provided by the National Park Service and the Blue Ridge National Heritage Area . Eastern National has a retail shop offering books , apparel and more . There are several exhibits , including a 22 - foot ( 6.7 m ) interactive map of the entire Blue Ridge Parkway known as the `` I - Wall '' which provides multi-media information on places to visit on and around the parkway . Other exhibits focus on the history and heritage of the parkway and western North Carolina . 408.6 Mount Pisgah was part of the Biltmore Estate . The estate became home of the first forestry school in America and the nucleus of the Pisgah National Forest . Also located here is the Pisgah Inn resort , a park service concession . 417 Looking Glass Rock is visible from many spots on the parkway starting at Mount Pisgah . 418 East Fork Overlook . Located here are the headwaters of the Pigeon River . Yellowstone Falls is a short distance away and gets its name from the yellowish moss covering the rocks . 420.2 Shining Rock Wilderness is the largest wilderness area in North Carolina , covering 18,483 acres ( 74.80 km ) , with 25 miles ( 40 km ) of trails and peaks over 6,000 ft ( 1,800 m ) . The wilderness is named for Shining Rock . 420.2 Black Balsam Knob is a grassy bald with panoramic views just outside the Shining Rock Wilderness in Pisgah National Forest . The wilderness area also includes Cold Mountain . 422.4 Devil 's Courthouse is a rugged exposed mountaintop rich in Cherokee traditions . 423.5 Herrin Knob Overlook . A hiking trail goes around Tanasee Bald and Herrin Knob . Tanasee Bald ( 423.7 ) is said to be the home of the mythical Cherokee giant Tsul ' Kalu . 431 Richland Balsam is the highest point on the parkway at 6,053 feet ( 1,845 m ) . There is a self - guiding trail that passes through a remnant spruce - fir forest . 435.7 Licklog Ridge once hosted cattlemen and their herds of cattle before it became part of the national forest . The area earns its name from the cattlemen who would place rocks of salt into logs and holes in the earth . 451.2 Waterrock Knob provides a panorama of the Great Smokies , visitor center , trail , comfort station , exhibits . 458.2 Heintooga Ridge Road runs north from the parkway 8.8 miles ( 14.2 km ) to Heintooga Overlook in Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Mile 469 The southern end of the Blue Ridge Parkway intersects with U.S. 441 in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Cherokee Reservation near Cherokee , North Carolina . Closures ( edit ) It is not unusual for small sections of the parkway to be temporarily closed to repair damage caused by the cold winter climate of the mountains or for other maintenance . Detours caused by these closures are well - marked , and are arranged to cause as little disruption as possible , though maintenance such as repaving only warrants a stop / slow switch with a one - lane only restriction . Due to serious damage in 2004 from Hurricane Frances , then again by Hurricane Ivan , many areas along the parkway were closed until the spring of 2005 , with two areas that were not fully repaired until the spring of 2006 . Major intersections ( edit ) Commonwealth / State County Location mi km Destinations Notes Virginia Augusta Rockfish Gap 0.00 0.00 <Td_colspan="1"> US 250 to I - 64 / Skyline Drive north -- Charlottesville , Waynesboro , Shenandoah National Park One - quadrant interchange plus connector road ; northern terminus of parkway ; I - 64 exit 99 Reids Gap 13.7 22.0 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 664 ( Beech Grove Road / Reeds Gap Road ) -- Waynesboro Nelson 16.0 25.7 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 814 ( Campbells Mountain Road ) to SR 56 Unpaved road 16.1 25.9 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 814 ( Love Road ) -- Sherando Lake Tye River Gap 27.1 43.6 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 56 -- Montebello , Steele 's Tavern One - quadrant interchange Rockbridge Humphreys Gap 45.5 73.2 <Td_colspan="1"> US 60 -- Buena Vista , Amherst One - quadrant interchange Amherst Otter Creek 61.3 98.7 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 130 -- Natural Bridge , Lynchburg One - quadrant interchange Bedford 63.9 102.8 <Td_colspan="1"> US 501 -- Big Island , Glasgow One - quadrant interchange Peaks of Otter 85.9 138.2 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 43 south -- Bedford North end of SR 43 overlap ; north end of VDOT maintenance of SR 43 ( southern segment ) Botetourt Powell Gap 89.0 143.2 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 618 north Bearwallow Gap 90.9 146.3 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 43 north -- Buchanan Two - quadrant interchange ; south end of SR 43 overlap ; south end of VDOT maintenance of SR 43 ( northern segment ) 105.9 170.4 <Td_colspan="1"> US 460 ( US 221 ) -- Bedford , Roanoke Two - quadrant interchange Roanoke 112.3 180.7 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 24 -- Stewartsville , Vinton , Roanoke , Booker T. Washington National Monument Two - quadrant interchange 115.2 185.4 <Td_colspan="1"> Blue Ridge Parkway Visitor Center , Virginia 's Explore Park ( Roanoke River Parkway ) 120.5 193.9 <Td_colspan="1"> Mill Mountain Park & Zoo , Historic Roanoke Star , Downtown Roanoke ( Mill Mountain Parkway ) 121.4 195.4 <Td_colspan="1"> US 220 -- Rocky Mount , Roanoke Two - quadrant interchange Adney Gap 136.0 218.9 <Td_colspan="1"> US 221 Connector road Floyd 159.3 256.4 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 860 ( Shooting Creek Road ) Former SR 109 Tuggle Gap 165.1 265.7 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 8 -- Floyd , Stuart One - quadrant interchange 174.0 280.0 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 799 ( Conner Grove Road ) former SR 102 north 174.1 280.2 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 758 ( Woodberry Road ) former SR 102 south 174.2 280.3 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 758 ( Buffalo Mountain Road ) Patrick Meadows of Dan 177.7 286.0 <Td_colspan="1"> US 58 ( via US 58 Bus . ) -- Stuart , Hillsville Parkway and US 58 grade - separated ; two - quadrant interchange with US 58 Bus . Patrick -- Carroll county line Willis Gap 192.1 309.2 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 771 ( Willis Gap Road ) Carroll 199.0 320.3 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 608 ( Lightning Ridge Road ) 199.2 320.6 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 608 ( Ranger Road ) Fancy Gap 199.4 320.9 <Td_colspan="1"> US 52 to I - 77 -- Mt . Airy , Hillsville Two - quadrant interchange Grayson Low Gap 215.7 347.1 <Td_colspan="1"> SR 89 -- Mt . Airy , Galax One - quadrant interchange North Carolina Alleghany 217.2 349.5 <Td_colspan="1"> NC 18 -- Sparta , Mt . Airy One - quadrant interchange 229.6 369.5 <Td_colspan="1"> US 21 -- Roaring Gap , Sparta Two - quadrant interchange 248.0 399.1 <Td_colspan="1"> NC 18 -- North Wilkesboro , Laurel Springs One - quadrant interchange Ashe Miller Gap 258.7 416.3 <Td_colspan="1"> Trading Post Road -- Glendale Springs Horse Gap 261.2 420.4 <Td_colspan="1"> NC 16 -- North Wilkesboro , West Jefferson Two - quadrant interchange Watauga Deep Gap 276.5 445.0 <Td_colspan="1"> US 421 -- Boone , Wilkesboro , North Wilkesboro One - quadrant interchange 280.9 452.1 <Td_colspan="1"> Old US 421 Connector road 290.8 468.0 <Td_colspan="1"> Green Hill Road 291.9 469.8 <Td_colspan="1"> US 221 / US 321 -- Blowing Rock , Boone Two - quadrant interchange Avery 294.6 474.1 <Td_colspan="1"> US 221 -- Linville , Grandfather Mountain One - quadrant interchange 312.1 502.3 <Td_colspan="1"> NC 181 -- Pineola , Morganton One - quadrant interchange 316.4 509.2 <Td_colspan="1"> Linville Falls Road -- Linville Falls 317.5 511.0 <Td_colspan="1"> US 221 -- Linville Falls Community One - quadrant interchange Mitchell Gillespie Gap 330.8 532.4 <Td_colspan="1"> NC 226 -- Spruce Pine , Marion One - quadrant interchange 333.9 537.4 <Td_colspan="1"> NC 226A -- Little Switzerland One - quadrant interchange / connector road hybrid Yancey Buck Creek Gap 344.1 553.8 <Td_colspan="1"> NC 80 -- Marion , Burnsville One - quadrant interchange Black Mountain Gap 355.4 572.0 <Td_colspan="1"> NC 128 -- Mount Mitchell State Park Buncombe Bull Gap 375.7 604.6 <Td_colspan="1"> Elk Mountain Scenic Highway -- Weaverville To Vance Birthplace Craven Gap 377.4 607.4 <Td_colspan="1"> NC 694 south ( Town Mountain Road ) Asheville 382.6 615.7 <Td_colspan="1"> US 70 ( Tunnel Road ) -- Black Mountain , Asheville Two - quadrant interchange 384.8 619.3 <Td_colspan="1"> US 74A to I ‐ 40 / I ‐ 240 -- Asheville Two - quadrant interchange 388.8 625.7 <Td_colspan="1"> US 25 -- Hendersonville , Asheville , NC Arboretum Two - quadrant interchange 393.6 633.4 <Td_colspan="1"> NC 191 to I ‐ 26 -- Asheville , Hendersonville One - quadrant interchange Henderson Elk Pasture Gap 405.6 652.7 <Td_colspan="1"> NC 151 north -- Candler Haywood Wagon Road Gap 411.8 662.7 <Td_colspan="1"> US 276 -- Brevard , Waynesville One - quadrant interchange Transylvania Beech Gap 423.3 681.2 <Td_colspan="1"> NC 215 One - quadrant interchange Haywood Balsam Gap 443.5 713.7 <Td_colspan="1"> US 74 / US 23 -- Waynesville , Sylva One - quadrant interchange Soco Gap 455.7 733.4 <Td_colspan="1"> US 19 ( Soco Road ) -- Cherokee , Maggie Valley Two - quadrant interchange Jackson Wolf Laurel Gap 458.2 737.4 <Td_colspan="1"> Balsam Mountain , Black Camp Gap , Masonic Marker ( Heintooga Ridge Road ) Swain Ravensford 469.1 754.9 <Td_colspan="1"> US 441 -- Cherokee , Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Gatlinburg Southern terminus of parkway <Td_colspan="7"> 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus See also ( edit ) U.S. Roads portal North Carolina portal Virginia portal Skyline Drive Natchez Trace Parkway Cherohala Skyway Foothills Parkway Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Though current plans for Interstate 73 take it along current US 220 at its parkway interchange . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Ridge Parkway '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Ridge Parkway '' . The Cultural Landscape Foundation . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service Visitor Use Statistics '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America the Beautiful Quarters '' . U.S. Mint . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chesto , Shawna ( Summer 2007 ) . `` The Effect of the Blue Ridge Parkway on Appalachian Farmers '' . Appalachian State University . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Anne V. ( Winter 1997 ) . `` Culture , History , and Development on the Qualla Boundary '' . Appalachian Journal . 24 ( 2 ) : 144 -- 191 . JSTOR 40933835 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jeff ( January 2015 ) . `` Road with a View : Blue Ridge Parkway '' . Civil Engineering Magazine . American Society of Civil Engineers : 42 -- 45 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Monte ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` 25 - Year - Old Linn Cove Viaduct Floats Around Grandfather Mountain '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whisnant , Anne M. ( 2006 ) . Super-Scenic Motorway : A Blue Ridge Parkway History . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 45 -- 46 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` § 5.6 Commercial vehicles '' . Code of Federal Regulations . Jump up ^ Much of the following information comes from National Park Service ( 2004 ) . Blue Ridge Parkway : North Carolina , Virginia ( Map ) . ( c. 1 : 500,000 ) . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . OCLC 86108275 . GPO : 2003 - 496 - 196 / 40572 Reprint 2004 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ USGS topos Jump up ^ Digital Confections LLC ( February 2016 ) . Blue Ridge Companion . iOS . Further reading ( edit ) Hall , Karen J. ; Friends of the Blue Ridge Parkway ( 2007 ) . Building the Blue Ridge Parkway . Images of America . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0738552879 . Whisnant , Anne Mitchell ( 2006 ) . Super-Scenic Motorway : A Blue Ridge Parkway History . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7126 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blue Ridge Parkway . KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Blue Ridge Parkway KML is from Wikidata Blue Ridge Parkway travel guide from Wikivoyage National Park Service : Blue Ridge Parkway Blue Ridge Parkway Association Blue Ridge Parkway in Virginia Driving Through Time : The Digital Blue Ridge Parkway Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NC - 42 , `` Blue Ridge Parkway , Between Shenandoah National Park & Great Smoky Mountains , Asheville , Buncombe County , NC '' , 243 photos , 26 color transparencies , 28 measured drawings , 346 data pages , 40 photo caption pages HAER No . NC - 42 - A , `` Blue Ridge Parkway , Linn Cove Viaduct , On Grandfather Mountain , Asheville , Buncombe County , NC '' , 41 data pages <Th_colspan="2"> Protected areas of Virginia Federal National Parks Shenandoah National Historical Parks , Historic Sites & Monuments Appomattox Court House NHP Arlington House Booker T. Washington NM Cedar Creek and Belle Grove NHP Claude Moore Colonial Farm Colonial NHP Cumberland Gap NHP Fort Monroe NM George Washington Birthplace NM Harpers Ferry NHP Maggie L. Walker NHS National Military Parks , Battlefields & Battlefield Parks Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania NMP Manassas NBP Petersburg NB Richmond NBP National Cemeteries Alexandria Arlington Balls Bluff City Point Cold Harbor Culpeper Danville Fort Harrison Fredericksburg Glendale Hampton Hampton VA Poplar Grove Quantico Richmond Seven Pines Staunton Winchester Yorktown National Parkways Blue Ridge Parkway George Washington Memorial Parkway National Trails Appalachian Trail Captain John Smith Chesapeake NHT Overmountain Victory NHT Potomac Heritage Trail Star - Spangled Banner NHT National Wildlife Refuges Back Bay Chincoteague Eastern Shore of Virginia Mason Neck Featherstone Fisherman Island Glenn Martin Great Dismal Swamp James River Nansemond Occoquan Bay Plum Tree Island Presquile Rappahannock River Valley Wallops Island National Forests George Washington and Jefferson USFS National Recreation Areas Mount Rogers National Recreation Area Other NPS Areas Assateague Island National Seashore Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network Prince William Forest Park Wolf Trap NP for the Performing Arts Wilderness Areas Barbours Creek James River Face Mountain Lake Priest Ramsey 's Draft Rich Hole Rough Mountain Saint Mary 's Three Ridges National Estuarine Research Reserves Chesapeake Bay State State parks Bear Creek Lake Belle Isle Biscuit Run Breaks Interstate Caledon Chippokes Plantation Claytor Lake Douthat Fairy Stone False Cape First Landing Grayson Highlands High Bridge Trail Holliday Lake Hungry Mother James River Kiptopeke Lake Anna Leesylvania Mason Neck Natural Bridge Natural Tunnel New River Trail Occoneechee Pocahontas Powhatan Sailor 's Creek Battlefield Shot Tower Shenandoah River Sky Meadows Smith Mountain Lake Southwest Virginia Museum Staunton River Staunton River Battlefield Tabb Monument Twin Lakes Westmoreland Wilderness Road York River State forests Appomattox - Buckingham Big Woods Bourassa Browne Channels Chilton Woods Conway - Robinson Crawfords Cumberland Devil 's Backbone Dragon Run Hawks Lesesne Matthews Moore 's Creek Niday Place Paul Prince Edward - Gallion Sandy Point Whitney Zoar Natural Area Preserves Antioch Pines Bethel Beach Big Spring Bog Blackwater Buffalo Mountain Bull Run Mountains Bush Mill Stream Camp Branch Wetlands Cape Charles Coastal Habitat The Cedars The Channels Cherry Orchard Bog Chestnut Creek Wetlands Chestnut Ridge Chotank Creek Chub Sandhill Cleveland Barrens Clover Hollow Cowbane Prairie Crow 's Nest Cumberland Marsh Dameron Marsh Deep Run Ponds Dendron Swamp Difficult Creek Elklick Woodlands False Cape Folly Mills Creek Fen Goshen Pass Grafton Ponds Grassy Hill Grayson Glades Hickory Hollow Hughlett Point Johnsons Creek Magothy Bay Mark 's and Jack 's Island Mount Joy Pond Mutton Hunk Fen Naked Mountain New Point Comfort North Landing River Northwest River Ogdens Cave Parkers Marsh Parramore Island Pedlar Hills Glades Pinnacle Poor Mountain Redrock Mountain Savage Neck Dunes Unthanks Cave William B. Trower Bayshore Wreck Island Wildlife Management Areas Amelia Big Survey Big Woods Briery Creek Chester F. Phelps Cavalier Chickahominy Clinch Mountain Crooked Creek Dick Cross Fairystone Farms Featherfin G. Richard Thompson Game Farm Marsh Goshen and Little North Mountain Hardware River Havens Hidden Valley Highland Hog Island Horsepen Lake James River Land 's End Mattaponi Mockhorn Island Pettigrew Powhatan Princess Anne Ragged Island Rapidan Saxis Short Hills Smith Mountain Cooperative Stewarts Creek T.M. Gathright Turkeycock Weston White Oak Mountain Other Registered Historic Places in Virginia Virginia Landmarks Register National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia Bridges National Historic Landmarks <Td_colspan="2"> Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Virginia Department of Forestry Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries Virginia Department of Historic Resources <Th_colspan="2"> Protected areas of North Carolina Federal National Parks Great Smoky Mountains National Historic Sites Carl Sandburg Home Fort Raleigh National Memorials Wright Brothers National Military Parks Guilford Courthouse National Battlefields Moores Creek National Parkways Blue Ridge Parkway ( Crabtree Falls Craggy Gardens Cumberland Knob Doughton Park E.B. Jeffress Park Julian Price Memorial Park Linville Falls Moses H. Cone Memorial Park Mount Pisgah Waterrock Knob ) National Trails Appalachian Trail Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail National Seashores Cape Hatteras Cape Lookout National Marine Sanctuary Monitor National Estuarine Research Reserve Currituck Banks Rachel Carson Masonboro Island Zeke 's Island National Forests Cherokee Croatan Nantahala Pisgah Uwharrie National Wildlife Refuges Alligator River Cedar Island Currituck Mackay Island Mattamuskeet Pea Island Pee Dee Pocosin Lakes Roanoke River Swanquarter Wilderness Areas Birkhead Mountains Catfish Lake South Ellicott Rock Joyce Kilmer - Slickrock Linville Gorge Middle Prong Pocosin Pond Pine Sheep Ridge Shining Rock Southern Nantahala Swanquarter Wilderness Study Areas Craggy Mountain Harper Creek Lost Cove Overflow Snowbird Wild and Scenic Rivers Chattooga River Horsepasture River Lumber River New River Wilson Creek State State Parks Carolina Beach Carvers Creek Chimney Rock Cliffs of the Neuse Crowders Mountain Dismal Swamp Elk Knob Eno River Fort Macon Goose Creek Gorges Grandfather Mountain Hammocks Beach Hanging Rock Haw River Jockey 's Ridge Jones Lake Lake James Lake Norman Lake Waccamaw Lumber River Mayo River Medoc Mountain Merchants Millpond Morrow Mountain Mount Mitchell New River Pettigrew Pilot Mountain Raven Rock Singletary Lake South Mountains Stone Mountain William B. Umstead State Recreation Areas Falls Lake Fort Fisher Jordan Lake Kerr Lake State Natural Areas Hemlock Bluffs Masonboro Island Mount Jefferson Occoneechee Mountain Theodore Roosevelt Weymouth Woods See also List of North Carolina State Natural Areas State Lakes Bay Tree Lake Jones Lake Lake Phelps Salters Lake Singletary Lake Lake Waccamaw White Lake State Trails Deep River French Broad River Mountains - to - Sea Yadkin River State Rivers Horsepasture River Linville River Lumber River New River State Forests Bladen Lakes DuPont Clemmons Holmes Jordan Lake Mountain Island Rendezvous Mountain Turnbull Creek Tuttle State Historic Sites Alamance Battleground Charles B. Aycock Birthplace Historic Bath Bennett Place Bentonville Battleground Brunswick Town / Fort Anderson C.S.S. Neuse and Governor Caswell Memorial Charlotte Hawkins Brown Memorial Duke Homestead Historic Edenton Fort Dobbs Fort Fisher Historic Halifax Horne Creek Living Historical Farm House in the Horseshoe North Carolina Transportation Museum President James K. Polk Historic Site Reed Gold Mine Somerset Place Stagville State Capitol Town Creek Indian Mound Tryon Palace Historic Sites & Gardens Zebulon B. Vance Birthplace Thomas Wolfe Memorial NC Coastal Reserve Kitty Hawk Woods Emily and Richardson Preyer Buckridge Buxton Woods Permuda Island Bald Head Woods Bird Island Other Nature centers List of nature centers in North Carolina Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Ridge_Parkway&oldid=810204222 '' Categories : IUCN Category V Blue Ridge Parkway Appalachian culture Historic American Engineering Record in North Carolina Historic American Engineering Record in Virginia Landmarks in North Carolina Landmarks in Virginia Southern Sixers Protected areas of the Appalachians Protected areas of Alleghany County , North Carolina Protected areas of Surry County , North Carolina Protected areas of Wilkes County , North Carolina Protected areas of Ashe County , North Carolina Protected areas of Watauga County , North Carolina Protected areas of Caldwell County , North Carolina Protected areas of Avery County , North Carolina Protected areas of Burke County , North Carolina Protected areas of McDowell County , North Carolina Protected areas of Mitchell County , North Carolina Protected areas of Yancey County , North Carolina Protected areas of Buncombe County , North Carolina Protected areas of Henderson County , North Carolina Protected areas of Transylvania County , North Carolina Protected areas of Haywood County , North Carolina Protected areas of Jackson County , North Carolina Protected areas of Swain County , North Carolina Protected areas of Floyd County , Virginia Protected areas of Franklin County , Virginia Protected areas of Patrick County , Virginia Protected areas of Carroll County , Virginia Protected areas of Roanoke County , Virginia Protected areas of Bedford County , Virginia Protected areas of Amherst County , Virginia Protected areas of Nelson County , Virginia Protected areas of Albemarle County , Virginia Protected areas of Augusta County , Virginia Transportation in Alleghany County , North Carolina Transportation in Surry County , North Carolina Transportation in Wilkes County , North Carolina Transportation in Ashe County , North Carolina Transportation in Watauga County , North Carolina Transportation in Caldwell County , North Carolina Transportation in Avery County , North Carolina Transportation in Burke County , North Carolina Transportation in McDowell County , North Carolina Transportation in Mitchell County , North Carolina Transportation in Yancey County , North Carolina Transportation in Buncombe County , North Carolina Transportation in Henderson County , North Carolina Transportation in Transylvania County , North Carolina Transportation in Haywood County , North Carolina Transportation in Jackson County , North Carolina Transportation in Swain County , North Carolina Transportation in Floyd County , Virginia Transportation in Franklin County , Virginia Transportation in Patrick County , Virginia Transportation in Carroll County , Virginia Transportation in Roanoke County , Virginia Transportation in Bedford County , Virginia Transportation in Amherst County , Virginia Transportation in Nelson County , Virginia Transportation in Albemarle County , Virginia Transportation in Augusta County , Virginia Yadkin - Pee Dee River Basin 1936 establishments in North Carolina Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Use mdy dates from July 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Infobox road temporary tracking category 1 Infobox road maps for Wikidata migration Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Français Nederlands Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 22 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Blue Ridge Parkway
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-3,107,076,244,659,352,000 | kal ki haseen mulaqat ke liye mp3 song free download | List of songs recorded by Kishore Kumar - wikipedia List of songs recorded by Kishore Kumar Jump to : navigation , search This is an alphabetical list of known Hindi songs performed by Kishore Kumar from 1946 til 1987 . Over 1500 songs are listed here . He had also sung in several other different languages which are not included here . Contents : Top 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z `` Aa Dekhe Jara '' `` Aa Gaye Hum Dildar Teri Gali Men '' `` Aa Ha Haa Naino Ke Who '' `` Aa Humsafar '' `` Aa Humsafar Pyar Ki Sej Par '' `` Aa Ja Pyare Aa Jao '' `` Aa Ja Tu Aa Ja Aji Na '' `` Aa Meri Gori Gori Jaan '' `` Aa Mohabbat Ki Basti Basayenge Hum '' `` Aa Zara Aaj To Muskura Le '' `` Aadhi Raat Ko Aankh Khuli '' `` Aadhi Ye Raat Jale '' `` Aag Laga Di Pani Mein '' `` Aage Se Dekho Peechhe Se Dekho '' `` Aai Aai Rahne Ko '' `` Aai Ghir Ghir Sawan Ke '' `` Aai Khuda Har Faisla '' `` Aaiye Aap Ko Main '' `` Aaiye Shauk Se Kahiye '' `` Aaj Bhadakti Aag Hai Dil Men '' `` Aaj Hum Tum Donon Chup Rahenge '' `` Aaj Jama Hain Kunj Gali Men '' `` Aaj Ka Din '' `` Aaj Ka Ye Din Kal Ban Jaayega '' `` Aaj Kahin Na Ja '' `` Aaj Madhosh Hua Jaye Re '' `` Aaj Mujhe Kuchh Kehna Hai '' `` Aaj Na Chhodenge '' `` Aaj Na Jane Pagal Manwa '' `` Aaj Paheli Tarikh Hai '' `` Aaj Pyare Pyare Se Lagte Hai Aap '' `` Aaj Rapat Jaayen To '' `` Aaj Rona Pada To Samjhe '' `` Aaj Suhani Raat Re '' `` Aaj Unse Pehli Mulaqat Hogi '' `` Aaja Aaja Nahin Abhi Nahin '' `` Aaja Ek Hoja '' `` Aaja Meri Jawaani Ko '' `` Aaja Raat Beeti Jaye '' `` Aaja Saathiya '' `` Aaja Tujhe Pyar Kar Loon '' `` Aaja Ya Aa Jane De Paas '' `` Aake Mil Ja '' `` Aake Seedhi Lage Dil Pe Jaise '' `` Aanewala Pal Janewala Hai '' `` Aanka Baanka Tali Talaka '' `` Aankhen Milayenge Baaten Sunayenge '' `` Aankhen Tumhari Do Jahan '' `` Aankhon Aankhon Mein Baat Hone Do '' `` Aankhon Se Girana Na '' `` Aao Aao Jaan - E-Jahan '' `` Aao Jhoomen Gaayen '' `` Aao Kanhai Mere Dham '' `` Aao Koi Baat Karen '' `` Aao Manayen Jashne Muhabbat '' `` Aao Mere Paas '' `` Aao Mere Yaaro Aao '' `` Aap Apne Nashe Mein Jeete Hai '' `` Aap Ke Kamre Mein ( Dil Mil Gaye ) '' `` Aap Ki Ankhon Mein Kuchh '' `` Aap Ki Khidmat Men '' `` Aap Ko Agar Zaroorat Hai '' `` Aap Ne Farz Nibhaya Hai '' `` Aap Sa Koi Haseen '' `` Aap Yahan Aaye Kisliye '' `` Aapke Anurodh Pe '' `` Aapse Dil Mila Ho '' `` Aararam Tararam '' `` Aari Aaja Nindiya '' `` Aashiq Hoon Baharon Ka '' `` Aasman Ke Neeche '' `` Aata Hai Aata Hai Santaclauz '' `` Aate Jate Khoobsurat Awara '' `` Aati Rahengi Baharen '' `` Aaya Hoon Main Tujhko Le Jaoonga '' `` Aaya Sanam Aaya Deewane Tera '' `` Aaye Tum Yaad Mujhe '' `` Aayega Re Aayega '' `` Aayi Aayi Main To Aayi '' `` Ab Aur Na Mujhse Sharmao '' `` Ab Bol Kya Bolta Hai '' `` Ab Chahe Maa Roothe Ya Baba '' `` Ab Jo Hoga So Hone Do '' `` Ab Ke Sawan Mein Jee Dare '' `` Ab Main Jaoon '' `` Abhi Gyarah Nahin Baje '' `` Abhi To Dua Deke Bachpan Gaya Hai '' `` Abhi To Hum Huye Jawan '' `` Achha Chalo Ji Baba Maaf Kar Do '' `` Achha To Hum Chalte Hain '' `` Achhe Bachche Nahin Rote Hain '' `` Achhi Nahin Sanam Dillagi '' `` Admi Jo Kahta Hai '' `` Ae Baba Lu Baba Lu Ba Ba '' `` Ae Bagh Ki Kaliyon Sharm Karo '' `` Ae Bandi Tum Begum Bani '' `` Ae Bhola Bhala Man Mera '' `` Ae Dil Bahek Na Jana '' `` Ae Haseeno Nazneeno '' `` Ae Hero Chal Aage Badh '' `` Ae Janeman Hans Lo Zara '' `` Aeji Kaho kya haal hai '' `` Ae Ladki Pyar Karegi '' `` Ae Lo Pyar Ke Din Aaye '' `` Ae Maa Mujhko Saugandh Teri '' `` Ae Mere Dil '' `` Ae Mere Dil Khushi Se Machal '' `` Ae Meri Topi Palat Ke Aa '' `` Ae Oh Aa Zara Mudke '' `` Ae Sagar Ki Laheron '' `` Aesi Haseen Chandni '' `` Aesi Rang De Piya '' `` Agar Dil Hamara Sheeshe Ke Badle '' `` Agar Leta Hoon Tera Naam '' `` Agar Saaz Cheda To '' `` Agar Sun Le To Ek Naghma '' `` Agar Tum Na Hote '' `` Ah Dil Kya Mahfil Hai '' `` Aha Mujhe Dard Uthe '' `` Ahista Ahista '' `` Ai Maa Mujhko Saugandh Teri '' `` Ai Mere Bete '' `` Aisa Ho To Kaisa Ho '' `` Aisa Kabhie Hua Nahin '' `` Aisa Kuchh Kare '' `` Aisa Rangeen Sama '' `` Aise Na Mujhe Tum Dekho '' `` Aise Nacho Aise Gao '' `` Aiyo Aiyo Kahdo Zamana Se '' `` Aiyo Na Maro '' `` Aiyo Re Gaya Kaam Se '' `` Aji Zara Rukiye ... '' `` Ajnabi Se Ban Ke Karo Na Kinara '' `` Ajnabi Tum Jaane Pehchane Se '' `` Albela Mausam '' `` Allah Ka Naam Le '' `` Allah Kare Maula Kare '' `` Allah Megh De Paani De '' `` Allah Qasam Ek Tum Ho '' `` Amitabh Nahin Hoon '' `` Amma Re Amma Ye To Diwana '' `` Andar Chale Aao Ji Andar '' `` Angara Hoon Main '' `` Angrezi mein kehte hain ki I Love You '' `` Ankh Meri Galati Se Lad Gai '' `` Ankh Mili Nazren Milane Ke Liye '' `` Ankh Milti Hai To '' `` Ankhe Do '' `` Ankhiyon Hi Ankhiyon Men '' `` Ankhon Ankhon Mein '' Hai Barsat '' `` Ankhon Mein Tum `` Ankhon Ko Mil Mil '' `` Ankhon Mein Kajal Hai '' `` Ankhon Mein Kya Ji '' `` Ankhon Mein To Dil Mein Tum Ho '' `` Ankhon Men Humne Aapke Sapne '' `` Ankhon Se Yaar Jo Pilaye '' `` Apna Ghar Hai Swarag Se Sunder '' `` Apna To Zamane Mein '' `` Apne Jeevan Ki Uljhan Ko '' `` Apne Pyar Ke '' `` Apni Gadi Chalti Hai '' `` Apni Mohabbat Se '' `` Apni To Jaise Taise '' `` Apno Men Main Begaanaa '' `` Are Bhai Nikal Ke Aa Ghar Se '' `` Are 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Gunjan '' `` Bhare Pade Hai Is Duniya Men '' `` Bheega Hua Aanchal '' `` Bheegi Bheegi Ankhen '' `` Bheegi Bheegi Raaton Mein '' `` Bhole O Bhole '' `` Bhole Re Sajan '' `` Bhole Shankar '' `` Bhool Gaya Sab Kuch '' `` Bhool Ho Gayee Jane De '' `` Bhor Aayi Gaya Andhiyara '' `` Bichhua Bane Piya Tere Nain '' `` Bin Phere Hum Tere '' `` Bindiya Tum Hum Se Keh Do Pyar Hai '' `` Bol Baby Bol Rock - N - Roll '' `` Bol Meri Gudiya '' `` Bolo Kya Hum Ko Doge '' `` Bombai Shahar Ki '' `` Boom Booma Boom Karega Kutum Jo '' `` Botal Khali Hone To Do '' `` Bujha Do Deepak Hoon '' `` Bullet '' `` Bum Babum Babi '' `` Bum Pam Bum Pam Pa Ra Ra '' `` Ban ke nazar dil ki zuban '' `` Ban ke nazar dil ki zuban ( sad ) `` Bataya mujhane wale na jane kab ayege '' `` Cha Cha Cha Cha Hey Hey '' `` Chahe Koi Khush Ho '' `` Chahe Raho Door Chahe Raho Paas '' `` Chahiye Thoda Pyar '' `` Chakkar Pe Chakkar '' `` Chal Chal Chal Mere Saathi '' `` Chal Dariya Mein Doob Jayen '' `` Chal Kahin Door Nikal Jayen '' `` Chal Saathi Chal '' `` Chal Sair Gulshan Ki Tujhko Karaoon `` Chal Sapnon Ke Shahar Mein '' `` Chal Shuru Ho Ja '' `` Chala Chal Lifafe '' `` Chala Jata Hoon '' `` Chali Aa Dil Tujhko Hardam Pukare '' `` Chali Re Chali Re Gori '' `` Chalo Bhool Jayen '' `` Chalo Kahin Aur Chalte Hain '' `` Chalte Chalte Mere Ye Geet Yaad Rakhna '' `` Chalti Ka Naam Zindagi '' `` Chamka Pasina Ban Ke Nagina '' `` Champavati Aaja '' `` Chana Jor Garam '' `` Chana Jor Garam Ba bu Main Laya '' `` Chanchal Man Teri Chaturai '' `` Chand Chal Tu Zara Dheeme '' `` Chand Churake Laya Hoon '' `` Chand Ke Paas Jo Sitara '' `` Chand Koi Hoga Tumsa Kahan '' `` Chand Kya Hai Roop Ka Darpan '' `` Chand Raat Tum Ho Saath '' `` Chand Roz Aur Meri Jaan '' `` Chanda Chhore Chandni '' `` Chanda Dekhe Chanda '' `` Chanda O Chanda '' `` Chanda Sitare Bindiya Tumhari '' `` Chandini Raat '' `` Chandni Chand Se Hoti Hai '' `` Chandni Raat Mein '' `` Chandni Re Jhoom ( Male ) '' `` Chandni Tu Hai Kahan '' `` Chappar Phad Ke Deta Hai '' `` Char Dinon Ki Hai Yeh Zindagani '' `` Charu Chandra Ki Chanchal Chitwan '' `` Cheyechhi Jare Ami '' `` Chhai Ghata Bijlee Kadki '' `` Chhalkao Jhum Ke Paimana '' `` Chham Chham Chhai Chhai '' `` Chham Se Tera Aana Ho '' `` Chhatri Na Khol Ud Jayegi '' `` Chhedo Na Meri Zulfen '' `` Chhod Do Aanchal Zamana Kya Kahega '' `` Chhodo Sanam '' `` Chhodo Yeh Nigahon Ka Ishara '' `` Chhota Sa Ghar Hoga '' `` Chhoti Si Yeh Duniya ( Male ) '' `` Chhoti Umar Mein '' `` Chhuk Chhuk Gaadi '' `` Chidiya ghar '' `` Chil Chil Chilla Ke '' `` Chingari Koi Bhadke To Sawan '' `` Chookar Mere Man Ko '' `` Chor Chor Chor '' `` Chor Sipahee Mein Hoti Nahin '' `` Chori Chupke '' `` Chup Ho Aaj Kaho Kya Baat Hai '' `` Chup Hoja '' `` Chupke Se Dil Dede '' `` Chura Lenge Hum Sab '' `` Come Near '' `` Come On Everybody '' `` Daal Kaise Gale '' `` Daal Roti Khao Prabhu Ke Gun Gaao '' `` Daddy Do n't Go '' `` Daddy Se Tujhko Milaoongi '' `` Daftar Ko Der Ho Gai '' `` Dakiya Daak Laya '' `` Dankeki Chot Se Elan Kar Diya '' `` Dariya Kinare Ek Bungla '' `` Dariya Mein Phenk Do Chabi '' `` Daroo Ki Botal '' `` Daru Kharab '' `` Daru Ki Botol Mein '' `` De Bhi Chuke Hum Dil Nazrana '' `` De Daru '' `` De De Pyar De '' `` Dear Sir Aap Ko '' `` Deep Diwali Ke Jhuthe '' `` Dekh Aasman Men Chand Muskuraye '' `` Dekh Sakta Hoon '' `` Dekh Tujhko Dil Ne Kaha '' `` Dekha Ek Khwab '' `` Dekha Hai Zindagi Ko '' `` Dekha Main Ne Dekha '' `` Dekha Na Haye Re '' `` Dekha Na Kaise Dara Diya '' `` Dekho Dekhoji '' `` Dekho Idhar Dekho Ae Mere Humsafar '' `` Dekho Idher Janabe Man '' `` Dekho Mera '' `` Dekho O Diwano '' `` Dekho Veer Jawanon '' `` Dekho Yeh Mere Bandhe Hath '' `` Des Chhudaye Bhes Chhudaye '' `` Deva Ho Deva '' `` Devi Kuchh To Bolo '' `` Devi Mata Rani '' `` Dhadka Dil Dil Dil '' `` Dhak Dhak Kaise Chalti Hai Gaadi '' `` Dhal Gayi Rang Mein Tere '' `` Dheere Dheere Ankh Ladi '' `` Dheere Se Jana Bagiyan Mein '' `` Dholi Dhol Zor Se Baja '' `` Dhoonda Tujhe Lakhon Mein '' `` Dil Aaj Shaayar hai Gam aaj nagma hai `` Dil Aesa Kisine Mera Toda '' `` Dil Agar Jawan Ho To '' `` Dilbar mere kab tak mujhe '' `` Dil Dhadak Raha Hai '' `` Dil Dhak Dhak Karne Laga '' `` Dil Dilse Milakar Dekho '' `` Dil Gaya Dil Gaya '' `` Dil Geet Milan Ke Gaane Laga '' `` Dil Hai Mera Dil '' `` Dil Ho Gaya Shanty Flat '' `` Dil Humne De Diya '' `` Dil Ka Nazrana Le O Dildar '' `` Dil Ka Rishta Jod Diya Hai '' `` Dil Ki Baaten Dil Hi Jane '' `` Dil Kisi Ko Jo Diya Na Ho '' `` Dil Ko Dekho '' `` Dil Kya Chahe '' `` Dil Kya Hai '' `` Dil Kya Kare Jab Kisi Se '' `` Dil Kya Mehfil Hai '' `` Dil Machal Raha Hai '' `` Dil Mein Aag Lagaye ( Male ) '' `` Dil Mein Holi Jal Rahi Hai '' `` Dil Mein Humare Kaun Samaya '' `` Dil Mein Jo Mere Sama Gayee '' `` Dil Mein Kisi Ke Pyaar Ka Jalta Hua Diya ( single stanza recorded ) '' `` Dil Mera Kho Gaya '' `` Dil Mil Gaye '' `` Dil Se Dil Ki Baat Ho Gai '' `` Dil Tera Hai Main Bhi Teri Hoon '' `` Dil Toota Kya Hai Apna '' `` Dil Yeh Kya Cheez Hai '' `` Dil Zinda Rakhne Ke Liye '' `` Dilbar Jani Chali Hawa Mastani '' `` Dildar Humare Dil Ko Tum '' `` Dillagi Ne Di Hawa '' `` Dilsey Miley Dil '' `` Dilwala Aaya Hai '' `` Dim Tana Dim '' `` Din Jawani Ke Chaar '' `` Din Maheene Saal '' `` Disco ' 82 '' `` Diwana Kar Ke Chhodoge '' `` Diwana Leke Aaya Hai '' `` Diwana Main Hoon Tera '' `` Diya Dil Tujhko Diya '' `` Diya Hai Aapne Bada Haseen Sahara '' `` Diye Jalte Hai Phool Khilte Hai '' `` Do Akalmand Huye Fikarmand '' `` Do Aur Do Paanch '' `` Do Baaten Pyar Bhari Kar Loon '' `` Do Bechare Bin Sahare '' `` Do Dil Mile '' `` Do Diwane Pyar Ke '' `` Do Mastane Do Deewane '' `` Do Panchhi Do Tinke '' `` Dooriyan Nazdikiyan Ban Gayi '' `` Doston Ki Haqeeqat '' `` Dream Girl '' `` Duje Ka Bibi '' `` Dukhi Man Mere '' `` Dulha Dulhan Ki Jodi '' `` Duniya Ek Adalat Hai '' `` Duniya Faani Bahta Paani '' `` Duniya Ke Bazar Mein '' `` Duniya Kehti Mujhko Pagal '' `` Duniya Mein Sabse Hasin '' `` Duniya Meri Jeb Mein '' `` Duniya Mujhse Kahti Hai Ki Peena '' `` Duniya O Duniya Tera Jawab Nahin '' `` Ek Ek Ho Jaaye '' `` Ek Hasina Thi Ek Diwana Tha '' `` Ek Ladki Bheegi Bhaagi Si '' `` Ek Ajnabi Haseena Se '' `` Ek Main or ek Tu '' `` Ek Poloke Ektu Dekha '' `` Ek Mehbooba Ek Mehboob Tha '' `` Gaadi Bula Rahi Hai '' `` Gaata Rahe Mera Dil '' `` Gajab Chamke Bindiya Teri '' `` Gali Gali Aur Gaon Gaon Mein '' `` Gali Gali Shor Hai '' `` Galiyon Galiyon '' `` Gana Na Aaya '' `` Ganga Ghat Ka Pani Piya Hai '' `` Ganga Ki Lahren '' `` Gangaram kanwara reh gaya '' `` Gao Re Gao '' `` Gaon Mein Hote Hanste Rote '' `` Gaon Mein Mach Gaya Shor '' `` Gayi Kaam Se Gayi Ye Ladki '' `` Ge Ge Geli Zara Timbaktu Kathmandu '' `` Geet Gata Hoon Main '' `` Geeton Men Mere Ganga Ki Dhara '' `` Gham Ka Fasana '' `` Ghar Se Chali Thi Main '' `` Ghar Se School '' `` Gharibon Ki Holi '' `` Ghoonghar Wale Baal '' `` Ghunghroo Ki Tarah Bajta Hi Raha '' `` Ghungroo Ki Tarah '' `` Gir Gaya Jhumka Girne Do '' `` Girke Sambhalte Hai Ham '' `` Gokul Ki Galiyon Ka Gwala '' `` Goli Andar Dam Bahar '' `` Goom Hai Kisi Ke Pyar Mein '' `` Gora Gora Chhora '' `` Gore Rang Pe Na Itna ghumaan kar , Gora rang do din mein kaala ho jayega '' `` Gori Gori Gaon Ki Gori Re '' `` Gori Ho Kali Ho '' `` Gori o gori chori o chori '' `` Gori o gori prem kar le '' `` Gori Tere An Gang Mein '' `` Gori Teri Jawani Pe '' `` Goriya Hamen Jeena Teri Gali Mein '' `` Goyake Chunanche Kiya Maine Pyar '' `` Gulmohar Gar Tumhara Naam Hota '' `` Gumsum Si Khoi Khoi '' `` Guni Jano Bhakt Jano '' `` Gussa Itna Haseen Hai To '' `` Guzar Jaye Din '' `` Haae Kya Soch Rahi Ho '' `` Haal Chaal Thik Thak Hai '' `` Haal Kaisa Hai Janab Ka '' `` Haal Kya Hai Dilon Ka '' `` Haal Tujhe Apni Duniya Ka '' `` Haan Pahli Bar '' `` Haare Na Insaan '' `` Hai Kismat Se Yeh Mehfil '' `` Hai Maa Khuda '' `` Hai Zamana Mere Dil Pyar Ka '' `` Ham Bechare Pyar Ke Mare '' `` Ham Bhi Rahon Men Khade Hain '' `` Ham Hain Rahi Pyar Ke '' `` Ham Kitne Nadan The Yaaron '' `` Ham Lafange Hain '' `` Ham The Woh Thi '' `` Ham To Hai Raahi Dil Ke '' `` Ham Tum Jeet Gaye '' `` Hamen Tumse Pyar Kitna ( Male ) '' `` Hamko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyar '' `` Hamne Har Ek Galat Kam Kiya Hai '' `` Hamrahi Manzil Ke Aao Chale '' `` Hans Tu Hardam Khishian Ya Gham '' `` Hanste Jana Tum '' `` Har Haseen Cheez Ka '' `` Har Kadam Par Khushi '' `` Har Koi Chahta Hai '' `` Har Saal Humne To Suna Charcha '' `` Hash De Ik Kash '' `` Hasinon Ke Chakkar Men Padna Nahin '' `` Hasino ke yeh shaam hai '' `` Hasrat Hi Rahi Hamse Bhi '' `` Hat Ja Bajoo Nahin To Uda Doonga '' `` Hath Mein Jaam Na Loon '' `` Hathon Men Kitab Balon Men Gulab '' `` Hawa Pichhle Pahar '' `` Hawaon Pe Likhdo Hawaon Ke Naam '' `` Hay Hay Yeh Nigahen '' `` Hay Marne Se Nahin Darte Hai '' `` Haye Re Haye Tera Ghunghta '' `` Haye Re Haye Yeh Dil Mera '' `` Hazaar Rahen Mud Ke Dekhin '' `` He Gori Banki Chhori '' `` He Jhoome Re Jhoome Dil Mera '' `` Hello Darling '' `` Hello Hello Kya Haal Hai '' `` Hindu Hoon Main Na Musalman '' `` Hironse Motise '' `` Ho Gaye Diwane '' `` Ho Jata Hai Pyar '' `` Ho Jaye Phir Us Din Ka Jo Wada '' `` Ho Maine Dil Diya '' `` Ho Pardesia '' `` Ho Teri Thumri Sun Sun Thak Gaye '' `` Holi Ayee Re '' `` Holi Ke Din '' `` Holi Khelat Nandalal '' `` Hone Laga Hai '' `` Honth Gulabi Kurta Lal '' `` Honton Pe Jaan '' `` Hoti Hai Kisise Jab Preet '' `` Hua Kya Agar Tu Zara Bewafa '' `` Hum Aur Tum The Saathi '' `` Hum Aur Tum Tum Aur Hum '' `` Hum Barson Baad Mile '' `` Hum Bewafa Hargeez Na Thhe ( Happy version ) '' `` Hum Bewafa Hargeez Na Thhe ( main song ) '' `` Hum Bolega To Bologe Ki Bolta Hai '' `` Hum Chup Hain '' `` Hum Do Mast Malang '' `` Hum Dono Do Premi '' `` Hum Hain Do Guru '' `` Hum Hain Ek Aur Ek Gyarah '' `` Hum Hain Jahan '' `` Hum Jaise To Dildaar Hote Hain '' `` Hum Jhooth Bolte Hain '' `` Hum Jo Mile To Sara Zamana Jale '' `` Hum Ko Mohabbat Ho Gai Hai '' `` Hum Log Hain Aese Deewane '' `` Hum Matwale Naujawan '' `` Hum Mohabbat Men Jane Kya Kar Jate '' `` Hum Nahin Jhoomte Hai '' `` Hum Premi Prem Karna Janen '' `` Hum Teenon Ki Woh Yaari '' `` Hum Tere Bina Bhi Nahin Ji Sakte '' `` Hum The Woh Thi '' `` Hum To Aap Ke Deewane Hain '' `` Hum To Be Maut Mare Gaye '' `` Hum To Ek Anari Hai '' `` Hum To Hain Darshan Abhilashi '' `` Hum To Hain Sabke Yaar '' `` Hum To Jhuk Kar Salam Karte Hai '' `` Hum To Mohabbat Karega '' `` Hum Tum Chale '' `` Hum Tum Dono Milke '' `` Hum Tum Gumsum Raat '' `` Hum Tum Jo Rahe Ek Hoke '' `` Hum Tum Se Miley Jab Se '' `` Humare Siva Tumhare Aur '' `` Humen Kya Garaz '' `` Humka Maafi Dai Do '' `` Humko To Nasha Hai Mohabbat Ka '' `` Humko To Yara Hai Teri Yari '' `` Humne Kisi Pe Dore Dalne Hain '' `` Humra Yeh Dil Jaani '' `` Humsa Na Payegi '' `` Humse Badhkar Kaun '' `` Husn Bhi Hai Udas '' `` Husn Ki Vaadiyon Mein '' `` In Haathon Se Sab Ki Gaadi '' `` Ina Meena Dika '' `` Intehan Ho Gayi Intezar Ki '' `` Ishq Ishq Ishq '' J ( edit ) `` Ja Jaldi Bhaag Ja '' `` Ja Ri Bahena Ja '' `` Jaagi Jaagi Re Jaagi '' `` Jaan Ki Kasam '' `` Jaan Meri Rooth Gayee '' `` Jaan Pehchan To Pehle Se Thi '' `` Jaan Tan Se '' `` Jaanam Zara Samne Aa '' `` Jaane Bhi Do Yaar '' `` Jaane Jaan Dhoondta Phir Raha '' `` Jaane Jigar '' `` Jaane Kab Kaise '' `` Jaane - Jahan Rootha Na Karo '' `` Jaaneman Jaaneman '' `` Jaani Jaani '' `` Jaani O Jaani '' `` Jab Chaha Yara Tumne '' `` Jab Dard Nahin Tha '' `` Jab Do Dil Takrayenge '' `` Jab Jab Hum Tumko Dekha Hai '' `` Jab Jab Tujhko Chhua '' `` Jab Se Tumko Dekha '' `` Jabse Sarkar Ne Nasbandi Tod Di '' `` Jadu Daar Gayo Re Mope '' `` Jadugar Jadoo Kar Jayega '' `` Jadugar Tere Naina '' `` Jagi Ja Tara '' `` Jagmag Jagmag Karta Nikla '' `` Jagmag Jagmag Si Mehfil '' `` Jago Sonewalo Suno Meri Kahani '' `` Jahan Bhi Gaye Hum O Mere Humdam '' `` Jahan Teri Ye Nazar '' `` Jai Bholenath Jai Ho Prabhu '' `` Jai Govindam Jai Gopalam '' `` Jai Jai Shiv Shankar '' `` Jai Janta Bhai Jai Janta '' `` Jaisa Des Waisa Bhes '' `` Jaise Ko Taisa Mila '' `` Jaiyo Na Jaiyo Na Door '' `` Jal Gai Jal Gai Yeh Jalne De '' `` Jalta Hai Jiya Mera '' `` Jamuna Ke Jal Mein '' `` Jana Hai Humen To Jahan Karar Mile '' `` Janam Janam '' `` Jane Aaj Kya Hua '' `` Jane Anjane Log Mile '' `` Jane Do Mujhe Yaron '' `` Jane Jaan Dhoondata '' `` Jane Kaisa Hai Mera Diwana '' `` Jane Kya Sochkar '' `` Jane Mujhe Kya Hua Re '' `` Jane Mujhe Tune Yeh Kya Cheez '' `` Jan - E-Janan Jao Kal Phir Aana '' `` Janeman Tum Kamal Karte Ho '' `` Janewale Sunta Ja Hamari Kahani '' `` Jani O Jaani '' `` Janoo Meri Jaan '' `` Janu Meri Jaan '' `` Jawani Jawani Jalti Hai Jawani '' `` Jawani Ka Khazana '' `` Jawani Ka Yeh Alam Hai '' `` Jawani Mere Yaara '' `` Jawani O Deewani Tu Zindabad '' `` Jee Bhar Ke Dekh Loon Main Tumhen '' `` Jee Bhar Ke Tujhe Pyar Kar Loon '' `` Jee Chahe Jee Chahe '' `` Jeena Kya Aji Pyar Bina '' `` Jeena To Hai Par Ae Dil Kahan '' `` Jeene Ka Din Mar Jane Ka Mausam '' `` Jeene Ko To Jeete Hain Sabhi '' `` Jeenewale Jeena Hai To '' `` Jeevan Bana Jeevan '' `` Jeevan Bhar Ke Liye Tu Mere Saath '' `` Jeevan Ek Path Hai '' `` Jeevan Hai Ek Sapna '' `` Jeevan Ke Din '' `` Jeevan Ke Har Mod Pe Mil Jayenge '' `` Jeevan Ke Safar Mein Rahi '' `` Jeevan Mein Tu Darna Nahin '' `` Jeevan Mitana Hai Diwanapan '' `` Jeevan Se Bhari Teri Ankhen '' `` Jeevan Se Na Haar '' `` Jhat - Pat Ghunghat Khol '' `` Jhonka Hawa Ka Jhonka '' `` Jhoom Jhoom Ke '' `` Jhoomo Tum Nacho '' `` Jhopad Patti Zindabad '' `` Jhopdi Men Charpai '' `` Jhuk Jhuk Buddhi Maa Ko '' `` Jigar Tham Lo '' `` Jijaji Meri Didi Anadi '' `` Jin Raaton Ki Bhor Nahin Hai '' `` Jina Jaroori Hai '' `` Jina Kya Aji Pyaar Bina '' `` Jinke Liye Hum '' `` Jis Dil Mein Pyar Na Ho '' `` Jise Yaar Ka Sachcha Pyar Mile '' `` Jiska Koi Nahin '' `` Jiska Mujhe Tha Intezar '' `` Jo Bhi Hua Hai Woh Pyar Men Hua '' `` Jo Ho Yaar Apna '' `` Jo Main Hota '' `` Jo Raah Chuni Tune '' `` Jo Tum Hansoge To '' `` Jo Tum Karo Main Kar Sakta Hoon '' `` Jogi Ho Jogi '' `` Jogi Jog Chhad Ke Aa Gaye '' `` Jogi O Jogi Pyar Mein Kya Hoga '' `` John Jani Janaardhan '' `` Johny Ko Maine To Jana Hai Aaj '' `` Jis mehfil mein aata hoon '' `` Kaahe Apnon Ke '' `` Kaaran Na Jane Koi '' `` Kaate Nahin Katate '' `` Kab Ke Bichhde Hue '' `` Kab Mane O Dil Ke Mastane '' `` Kab Se Khuda Main Tere Liye '' `` Kabhi Bekasi Ne Maara '' `` Kabhi Jo Bholna Chahon '' `` Kabhi Kabhi Sapna Lagta Hai '' `` Kabhi Khili Dil Ki Kali '' `` Kabhi Khole Na Tijori Ka Tala '' `` Kabhi Khul Ke Mile '' `` Kabhi Palkon Pe Ansoo '' `` Kabhi Tumne Kisi Ko Phansa '' `` Kabhie Khul Ke Mile '' `` Kabul Ki Main Naar '' `` Kagaz Kalam Davaat '' `` Kah Do Zamane Se '' `` Kahan Ja Raha Tha '' `` Kahan Kahan Kis Kis Din '' `` Kahan Tak Yeh Man Ko Andhere '' `` Kahe Apno ke kaam nahi aaye tu '' `` Kahe Ki Dosti Kahe Ki Yari '' `` Kahe Paise Pe '' `` Kahin Janab Ko Mera To Intezar '' `` Kahin Na Jaa Aaj Kahin Mat Jaa '' `` Kahiye Kahan Se Aana Hua '' `` Kaho Kahan Chale '' `` Kaho Kaise Rasta Bhool Gaye '' `` Kahtey Hain Mujhko Raja '' `` Kaisa Hai Mere Dil '' `` Kaisa Parda Hai Jalwa Jalwa Hai '' `` Kaise Din Jeevan Mein Aaye '' `` Kaise Kahen Ham '' `` Kaise Raat Beeti '' `` Kaisi Lag Rahi Hoon Main '' `` Kajra Lagake Gajra Sajake '' `` Kal Kal Jo Beeta Hai '' `` Kal Ki Haseen Mulaqat Ke Liye '' `` Kal Ki Na Karo Baat '' `` Kal Yahan Aai Thi Woh '' `` Kali Palak Teri Gori '' `` Kali Se Baharon Se Nazaron Se '' `` Kaliram Ka Dhol '' `` Kamai To Bahut Phir Bhi '' `` Kamal Hai '' `` Kamata Hoon Bahut Kuchh '' `` Kanchi Re Kanchi Re '' `` Karega Zamana Kya '' `` Karo Baaten Mulaqaten '' `` Karte Hain Hum Pyar Mr. India Se '' `` Karvaten Badalte Rahe '' `` Karwat Badal Badal Jage '' `` Karwat Badal Badal Ke '' `` Kasam Khuda Ki '' `` Kasam na lo koi hamse '' `` Kasme Vaade Nibhayenge Hum '' `` Kaun Hoon Main Kaun Ho Tum '' `` Kaun Raha Hai Kaun Rahega '' `` Kaun Sunega '' `` Kaunse Dariya Kaunse Nadiya '' `` Kehna Hai Kehna Hai '' `` Keh Doon Tumhe '' `` Kehta Hai Dil Mastana '' `` Khafa Hoon Khafa Hoon '' `` Khaike Paan Banaras Wala '' `` Khali Bottle Ki Tarah '' `` Khana Milega Pina Milega '' `` Khatoon Ki Khidmat Mein '' `` Khatta Meetha '' `` Kherishu Varishu '' `` Khilte Hain Gul Yahan '' `` Khoobsurat Hasina Jane Ja '' `` Khoobsurat Saathi Itni Baat Bata '' `` Khoon Pasine Ki Jo Milegi To Khayenge '' `` Khoye Khoye Rahe '' `` Khud Ko Samajh Na Akeli '' `` Khuda Hi Juda Kare To Kare '' `` Khudkushi Karne Ka Dil Men Irada '' `` Khullam Khulla Pyar Karenge '' `` Khush Raho Sathio '' `` Khushi Do Ghadi Ki '' `` Khwab Ho Tum Ya Koi Haqeeqat '' `` Ki Gal Hai Koi Nahin '' `` Kisi Ko Harana Kisi Ko Jitana '' `` Kisi Ko Khona Kisi Ko Pana '' `` Kisi Pehlu Se Lage Na '' `` Kiska Mahal Hai Kiska Yeh Ghar Hai '' `` Kiski Sadayen Mujhko Bulaye '' `` Kisko Chahoon Kisko Na Chahoon '' `` Kismat Ki Baat '' `` Kismet Likhnewale Par '' `` Kissi Baat Per Mein Kissi Se Khafa '' `` Kitne Sapne Kitne Arman '' `` Kitni Khoobsoorat Yeh Tasveer Hai '' `` Koi Bhi Dil Men Na Aaya Tha '' `` Koi Hamdam Na Raha '' `` Koi Haseena Jab '' `` Koi Hota Jisko Apna '' `` Koi Ladki Mujhe Kal Raat '' `` Koi Lauta De Mere Beete Huye Din '' `` Koi Na Jab Tera Sathi Ho '' `` Koi Na Koi To Sabhi Men Kami Hai '' `` Komal Madhura '' `` Kora Kagaz Tha Yeh Man Mera '' `` Koi Roko na deewane ko '' `` Krishna Krishna Bolo '' `` Kuch Humko Tumse '' `` Kuchh Bhi Kahe Duniyawale '' `` Kuchh Bhooli Huyi Yaadein '' `` Kuchh Kahne Ko Aaya Tha '' `` Kuchh Log Mohabbat Karke '' `` Kuchh Sochoon '' `` Kuchh To Log Kahenge '' `` Kuchh Tum Karo Kuchh Hum Karen '' `` Kunven Mein Kood Ke Mar Jana '' `` Kunwaron Ka Bhi Duniya Mein '' `` Kya Hua Are Kya Hua '' `` Kya Kahoon Kaun Hoon Main '' `` Kya Naam Hai Tera '' `` Kya Nazare '' `` Kya Rakha Hai Gyan Mein '' `` Kya Teri Zulfen Hai '' `` Kya Yehi Pyar Hai '' `` Ladi Najariya Ladi '' `` Ladkhadane Do Mujhe '' `` Ladki Chale Jab Sadkon Pe '' `` Ladki Hai Ya Shola '' `` Ladki Kahe Ki Bani '' `` Ladki Kese Phasai Jati Hain '' `` Ladki Nahin Bijli Hai Tu '' `` Ladki Nahin Tu Lakdi Ka Khamba Hai '' `` Ladkiwalo Ladki Tumhari Kunwari Reh Jaati '' `` Laharon Se Puchh Lo '' `` Lahron Ki Tarah Yaaden '' `` Lale Di Jaan Zara Ruk Ja '' `` Lali Mere Lal Ki Jeet '' `` Lapa Tosa Nanapa '' `` Le Jayenge Le Jayenge '' `` Lekar Hum Diwana Dil '' `` Lelo Chudiyan '' `` Likha Hai Likha Hai '' `` Likha Hai Teri Ankhon Mein '' `` Log Jal Gaye '' `` Logon Ki Zuban Pe Apna Naam '' `` Love Love Ke Matlab Prem '' `` Luk Chhip Luk Chhip Jao Na '' `` Leena o leena dil tune cheena '' `` Maa Ae Maaaaa '' `` Maa Ka Pyar '' `` Maaf Kar Do '' `` Maaf Karo Maaf Karo '' `` Maana Churaoge Badan '' `` Mach Gaya Shor '' `` Main Aaya Hoon '' `` Main Akela '' `` Main Akela Apni Dhun Men Magan '' `` Main Aur Mere Haathi '' `` Main Aur Meri Aawargi '' `` Main Bangali Chhokra '' `` Main Bhi Yehi Sochoon '' `` Main Boloon To Kya Boloon '' `` Main Dariya Hoon '' `` Main Dhal Gai Rang Men Teri '' `` Main Dhoob Jata Hun '' `` Main Ek Chor Tu Meri Rani '' `` Main Hansoon Kis Pe '' `` Main Hoon Ghoda Yeh Hai Gaadi '' `` Main Hoon Jhoom Jhoom Jhumroo '' `` Main Hoon Kismatwala Dilwala '' `` Main Hoon Rahi Mastana '' `` Main Hoon To Chhota Aadmi '' `` Main Hoon Woh Jadugar '' `` Main Husn Ka Diwana '' `` Main Jahan Chala Jaoon '' `` Main Jan Gaya Hoon '' `` Main Jis Mehfil Men '' `` Main Jogan Hoon Tu Jogi '' `` Main Kunwari Albeli '' `` Main Laila Ka Majhnu '' `` Main London Chhod Ke Aa Gaya '' `` Main Nachoon Too Bansi Baja '' `` Main Ne Dekha Tujhe '' `` Main Ne Yeh Faisla Kar Liya Hai '' `` Main Nikal Jaoonga '' `` Main Pagal Hoon '' `` Main Pyaasa Tum Sawan '' `` Main Shair Badnaam '' `` Main Sitaron Ka Tarana '' `` Main Solah Baras Ki '' `` Main Tasveer Utarta Hoon '' `` Main Tera Husband '' `` Main Tere Pyar Mein Pagal '' `` Main To Chala Jidhar Chale Rasta '' `` Main To Chala Peekar '' `` Main To Ek Pagal '' `` Main To Hoon Shreeram Avtar '' `` Main Tumse Pyar Karti Hoon '' `` Main Wahan Hoon '' `` Main Yaron Ka Hoon Yaar '' `` Maine Dekha Ek Sapna '' `` Maine Dekha Tune Dekha '' `` Maine Hi Pahli Bar Dekha Gussa '' `` Maine Jo Dil Diya '' `` Maine Kaha Zid Chhod De '' `` Maine Kuchh Khoya Hai '' `` Maine Pyar Kiya To Thik Kiya '' `` Maine Tujhe Kabhie Kuch Kaha Tha '' `` Maine Tujhe Manga '' `` Maine Tumhe Pyar Kiya Hai '' `` Maine Tumko Chaha Pehli Bar '' `` Maine Tumse Kuchh Nahin Manga '' `` Mal De Gulal '' `` Mamaji Mamaji '' `` Mamla Gadbad Hai '' `` Man Gora Tan Kala '' `` Mana Janab Ne Pukara Nahin '' `` Mana Safar Hai Mushkil '' `` Manchali O Manchali '' `` Manmani Se Hargiz Na Daro '' `` Mannu Bhai Motor Chali Pum Pum '' `` Mano Mano Ya Na Mano '' `` Manzilein Apni Jagah Hain '' `` Marne Ki Duaen Kyon Mangoon '' `` Maro Bharkar Pichkari '' `` Masti Aur Jawani Ho '' `` Masti Mein Jo Nikli Munh Se '' `` Masti Men Baithke Lagao '' `` Mat Jaa Mat Jaa '' `` Matwale Hum Matwale Tum '' `` Maujon Ki Doli Chali Re '' `` Mausam Bheega Bheega '' `` Mausam Mastana Hai '' `` Mausam Pyar Ka '' `` Meet Na Mila Re '' `` Mehboob Se '' `` Mehbooba Meri Mehbooba '' `` Meherbano Qadardano '' `` Mehfil Mein Aaj Teri Deewane '' `` Mehfil Mein Paimana Jo Laga Jhumne '' `` Mehman Nazar Ki Ban Ja '' `` Mehmanon Ko Salaam Hai Mera '' `` Mera Chhota Sa Dil Tune Chhina '' `` Mera Geet Adhura Hai '' `` Mera Jeevan Kora Kagaz '' `` Mera Jeevan Kuchh Kaam Na Aaya '' `` Mera Naam Yaro Maha Chor Hai '' `` Mere Chand Ko Chand Ne Dekha '' `` Mere Di Se '' `` Mere Dil Jhum Jhum Tu Gaaye Ja '' `` Mere Dil Mein Aaj Kya Hai '' `` Mere Dil Mein Jo Hota Hai '' `` Mere Dil Meri Jaan Jhoom Le '' `` Mere Dil Ne Tadap Ke '' `` Mere Dildaar Ka '' `` Mere Diwanepan Ki Bhi Dawa Nahin '' `` Mere Ghar Ka Kiraya Do '' `` Mere Labon Pe Chhipe '' `` Mere Liye Tu Bani '' `` Mere Meet Bata '' `` Mere Mehboob Qayamat Hogi '' `` Mere Munna Mere Chanda '' `` Mere Naina Sawan Bhadon ( Male ) '' `` Mere Naseeb Mein '' `` Mere Naseeb Mein Ae Dost '' `` Mere Pyale Mein Sharab Daal De '' `` Mere Pyase Man Ki Bahar '' `` Mere Samnewali Khidki Mein '' `` Mere Sang Sang Aaya Teri Yaadon Ka Mela '' `` Mere Sapno Ki Rani '' `` Mere Yaro Zara Munh Udhar Pher Lo '' `` Meri Baat Ki Maane Do '' `` Meri Bahena '' `` Meri Bahena O Meri Bahena '' `` Meri Bheegi Bheegi Si '' `` Meri Bhi Koi Bahena Hoti '' `` Meri Bulbul Yun Na Ho Gul '' `` Meri Dilruba Mere Paas Aa '' `` Meri Dua Hai '' `` Meri Jaan Meri Jaan Kehna Mano '' `` Meri Jaan Zara Thik Se Dekho '' `` Meri Lottery Lag Jane Wali Hai '' `` Meri Mehbooba '' `` Meri Neendon Mein Tum '' `` Meri Pahle Hi '' `` Meri Patli Kamar Men Hath Dal De '' `` Meri Pyari Behaniya '' `` Meri Tanhai Ka '' `` Meri Tarah Allah kare '' `` Meri Umar Ka Ek Ladka '' `` Meri Zindagi Ne Mujhe '' `` Mil Gai Achanak Mujhe Har Khushi '' `` Mil Gaya Humko Saathi Mil Gaya '' `` Mil Gaye Dil Mil Gaye '' `` Mile Jo Kadi Kadi '' `` Mile Kahin Do Ajnabee '' `` Mile Mile Do Badan '' `` Milegi Ek Nai Zindagi Milegi '' `` Milte Hi Nazar '' `` Milte Rahiye '' `` Mithi Mithi Ankhiyon Se '' `` Miya Razi Biwi Razi '' `` Mohabbat Bade Kaam Ki Cheez Hai '' `` Moni Aur Soni Ki Hai Jodi '' `` Moti Ho To Bandh Ke Rakh Doon '' `` Mubarak Ho '' `` Mud Mud Hum Ko Dekhta '' `` Mujhe Aisi Mili Hasina '' `` Mujhe Kho Jane Do '' `` Mujhe Meri Biwi Se Bachao '' `` Mujhe Naulakha Mangawa De Re '' `` Mujhe Puchhne Ka Yeh Haq '' `` Mujhe Rahna Hai Tere Dil Mein '' `` Mujhe Tum Yaad Karna '' `` Mujhko Agar Ijaazat Ho '' `` Mujhko Baar Baar '' `` Mujhko Kehte Hai Romeo '' `` Mujhko Thand Lag Rahi Hai '' `` Mujhse Mera Naam Na Poochho '' `` Mujhse Puchh Mere Meet '' `` Mukh Pe Jo Chhidka Pani '' `` Mukhde Pe Gesu Aa Gaye '' `` Mumbai Roke To Roke '' `` Mummy O Mummy '' `` Munna Bada Pyara Ammi Ka Dulara '' `` Muqaddar Ka Sikandar '' `` Murgiwalo Apni Murgiyan Sambhalo '' `` Murti Ganesh Ki '' `` Musafir Hoon Yaron '' `` Muskurata Hua '' `` My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves '' `` Na Aaj Tha Na Kal Tha '' `` Na Dhela Lagta Hai Na Paisa '' `` Na Hansna Mere Gham Pe '' `` Na Ho Bas Mein Tere '' `` Na Hum Pagal Hain '' `` Na Jaiyo Na Jaiyo Chhodke '' `` Na Jaiyo Pardes '' `` Na Poochho Koi Hamen '' `` Na Soyenge Na Sone Denge '' `` Na Tujhse Na Mujhse '' `` Naa Koi Dil Main Samaya '' `` Naam Mera Shankar '' `` Naam Se Kya Lena '' `` Naam - E-Ali Bolo '' `` Nach Meri Jaan Phataphat '' `` Nach More Angna Mein Munna Pyara '' `` Nadiya Se Dariya '' `` Nafrat Karne Walon Ke '' `` Nahi Nahi Abhi Nahin '' `` Nahin Chhodoge Mera Haath '' `` Nainon Mein Darpan Hai '' `` Nainon Mein Nindiya Hai '' `` Nainon Men Sapna '' `` Najariya Tir Chalaye '' `` Nakhrewali '' `` Nanha Sa Panchhi Re Tu '' `` Nari Kuch Aisan '' `` Nariyan Shahar Ki Nariyan '' `` Naujawan Naujawan '' `` Naukri Sau Ki Hazar Ki '' `` Naye Purane Saal Men '' `` Nazar Lage Na Sathiyon '' `` Nazrana Bheja Kisi Ne Pyar Ka '' `` Nazren Milake Jo Duniya Ki '' `` Nazron Se Kah Do '' `` Neele Ambar Ki '' `` Neele Neele Ambar Pe ( Male ) '' `` Neend Churake Raaton Mein '' `` Nishana Tula Disla Na '' `` No Entry '' `` Nothing Is Impossible '' `` Noorie o noorie aaj zaban khul gayi '' O ( edit ) `` O Babu Humne To Pyar Kiya Hai '' `` O Bandariya '' `` O Dada O Dada '' `` O Daddy Ji Bolo Mera Beta Ji '' `` O Gori Shehar Ki Chhori '' `` O Hasini '' `` O Jaane Jaana '' `` O Jaan - E-Man O Jaan - E-Man '' `` O Ladke Badhte Badhte Tu To '' `` O Ladki Diwani '' `` O Maa O Maa '' `` O Saharul Rimpi '' `` O Maheki Maheki Thandi Hawa '' `` O Majhi Re Apna Kinara '' `` O Manchali Kahan Chali '' `` O Mere Dil Ke Chain '' `` O Mere Mehboob '' `` O Mere Pyare Bail '' `` O Mere Raja '' `` O Mere Yaar O Mere Pyar '' `` O Meri Chhammak Chhallo '' `` O Meri Jaan '' `` O Meri Jane - Jaan '' `` O Meri Lara Loo '' `` O Meri Maina Jaisi Bahena '' `` O Meri Sharmilee '' `` O Meri Soni Meri Tamanna '' `` O Nigahe Mastana '' `` O Padosan Ki Ladki '' `` O Paise Wale Bade Insanon '' `` O Piya Piya Hum Aur Tum '' `` O Re Babuaa '' `` O Saathi Chal '' `` O Saathi Re '' `` O Tera Naam Leke '' `` Om Namah Shivae '' `` Om Shanti Om '' `` One Two Three Go '' `` Oonche Neeche Raste '' `` Oonche Sur Mein Gaaye Ja '' `` Oopar Wale Tera Jawab Nahin '' `` Ori Hawa Dheere Se Chal '' `` Oye Laila Oye Laila '' `` Oye Nakh Nakh Nakhrewali '' `` Paas Nahin Aana Door pintuNahin Jaana '' `` Pag Ghunghroo Baandh '' `` Pahle Har Maheboob '' `` Pahle Pahle Pyar Ki Mulaqaten '' `` Pahli Gali Se '' `` Paisa O Paisa '' `` Paise Bina Pyar Fizool Hai '' `` Pakdo Pakdo '' `` Pal Bhar Ke Liye '' `` Pal Pal Dil Ke Pas '' `` Palkon Ke '' `` Pallu Latke '' `` Panja Chhakka Satta '' `` Panna Ki Tamanna Hai '' `` Panthi Hoon Main Us Path Ka '' `` Papi Pet Ka Sawal Hai '' `` Pappu Ki Mummy '' `` Parbat Ke Peechhe '' `` Payalwali Dekhna '' `` Pedo Ko Gali Dene Do '' `` Peecha Tera Chodunga Na '' `` Peena Haraam Hai '' `` Peene Wale Ko Peene Ka Bahana '' `` Perdesia '' `` Permit Bina Is Jahan Mein '' `` Phir Janam Lenge Hum '' `` Phir Suhani Sham Dhali '' `` Phir Wohi Raat Hai Khwab Ki '' `` Phool Chahiye Na '' `` Phool Se Galon Pe '' `` Phoolon Ke Dere Hai '' `` Phoolon Ke Rang Se '' `` Phoolon Ki Duniya Se '' `` Phoolon Ki Tazgi Ho Tum '' `` Phoolon ki Zubaan Khoobsurat '' `` Phudak Phudak Ke Na Chal '' `` Pichhli Yaad Bhoola Do '' `` Piya Ham Saat Mulk Ka Pani '' `` Piya Hum '' `` Piya Main Hoon Patang '' `` Poochha Jo Pyar Kya Hai '' `` Prabhuji Teri Leela Aparampaar '' `` Prem Ka Rog Laga Mujhe Yeh '' `` Prem Kahani Mein '' `` Prem Se Humko Jeene Do '' `` Priye Praneshwari '' `` Pukaro Mujhe Phir Pukaro '' `` Pyar Aur Shadi '' `` Pyar Bantte Chalo '' `` Pyar Deewana Hota Hai '' `` Pyar Hi Jeene Ki Soorat Hai '' `` Pyar Hua Hai Jab Se '' `` Pyar Humein Kis Mod Pe Le Aaya '' `` Pyar Jab Na Diya Zindagi Ne Kabhi '' `` Pyar Ka Badla Mujhe '' `` Pyar Ka Dard Hai '' `` Pyar Ka Jahan Ho '' `` Pyar Ka Samay Kam Hai Jahan '' `` Pyar Ka Tohfa '' `` Pyar Ka Vada Fiffty Fiffty '' `` Pyar Kabhi Kam Na Karna Sanam '' `` Pyar Kahte Hai Jise '' `` Pyar Kar Liya To Kya '' `` Pyar Karna Nahin Aaya '' `` Pyar Karne Ka Licence '' `` Pyar Karne Ka Mausam Aaya '' `` Pyar Karne Se Pehle '' `` Pyar Ke Patang Ki Dor '' `` Pyar Ke Pehle Kadam Pe '' `` Pyar Ki Jab Koi Baat Chali '' `` Pyar Ki Vadiyan De Rahi Hai '' `` Pyar Kiye Ja '' `` Pyar Lo Pyar Do '' `` Pyar Maanga Hai Tumhi Se '' `` Pyar Main Karoonga '' `` Pyar Mein Dil Pe Maar De Goli '' `` Pyar Par Koi Bas To Nahin '' `` Pyar Pyar Pyar Pyar '' `` Pyar Se Dil Mile '' `` Pyara Pyara Sama Hai Pyar Kar Le '' Q ( edit ) `` Qasam Khao Tum Ek Baar '' `` Qusoor Teri Nazron Ka Tha '' `` Raah Pe Rahte Hain '' `` Raahi Naye Naye Rasta Naya Naya '' `` Raahi Tha Main Awara '' `` Raampur Ka Baasi Hoon '' `` Raaste Men Kal Ek Ladki Mili '' `` Raat Bheegi Jaye `` Raat Gai Baat Gai '' `` Raat Hai Baat Hai '' `` Raat Kali Ek Khawab Mein Aayi '' `` Raat Ko Aaiyega '' `` Radhe Pyar De '' `` Rafta Rafta '' `` Raju Chal Raju '' `` Ram Ka Naam Badnam Na Karo '' `` Ram Kare Babua '' `` Rama Rama Re '' `` Rand Jamake Jayenge '' `` Rang Le Aayenge '' `` Rang Ude Ude Rangon Men Dil Dooba '' `` Range Na Man Rang Mein Agan '' `` Rangrejva Tu Rang '' `` Ranjhe Ki Ankhon Mein '' `` Rasta Dekhe Tera Byakul Man Mera '' `` Raste Raste Jane Wali '' `` Red Light No Green Light '' `` Rimjhim Gire Sawan '' `` Rimjhim Rimjhim Dekरीतन कुमारho Baras Rahi '' `` Ro Na Kabhi Nahin Rona '' `` Rock - N - Roll '' `` Rocky Mera Naam '' `` Roll Roll '' `` Rona Dhona Chhod '' `` Rona Kabhi Nahin Rona '' `` Roop Ki Woh Taksaal Kahan Hai '' `` Roop Tera Mastana '' `` Roop Yeh Tera Jisne Banaya '' `` Rootho Na Sarkar '' `` Rote Hue Aate Hain Sab '' `` Rote Rote Hansna Seekho '' `` Roz Roz Rozi '' `` Ruk Ja Rokta Hai Yeh Diwana '' `` Ruk Jaana Nahin '' `` Ruk Jana O Janan '' `` Ruk Meri Rani '' `` Rungoli Sajao Re '' `` S.S. Sunny R e '' `` Sa Re Ga Ma '' `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa '' `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ma Ga Re Sa '' `` Sa Re Ke Sa Re '' `` Saagar Jaisi Aankhon Wali '' `` Saat Saheliyan '' `` Saath Mein Pyara Saathi Hai '' `` Saath Mera Chhodkar '' `` Saathi Milte Hain '' `` Sabke Aage Humko Nachaya '' `` Sachchai Chhup Nahin Sakti '' `` Sachha Pyar To Jhuk Nahin Sakta '' `` Sadiyon Se Duniya Mein '' `` Sajan Ho Sajan '' `` Sala Main To Sahab Ban Gaya '' `` Salamat Rahe Dostana Hamara '' `` Salame - Ishq Meri Jaan '' `` Sama Hai Suhana Suhana '' `` Samay Tu Dheere Dheere Chal '' `` Samay Tu Jaldi Jaldi Chal '' `` Samjhauta Ghamon Se Karlo '' `` Samne Ye Kaun Aaya '' `` Sang Mere Nikle The Sajan '' `` Sanwali Se Hai Pyar '' `` Sapna O Sapna '' `` Sapno Mein '' `` Sar Se Sarke '' `` Sara Din Sataate Ho '' `` Sara Pyar Tumhara '' `` Sara Zamana '' `` Sarakti Jaye Hai '' `` Sasu Tirath Sasura Tirath '' `` Sathiya Re '' `` Satrah Baras Ki Chhokariyan '' `` Sawan Ka Mahina Aa Gaya '' `` Seedhi Sadhi Shehzadi '' `` Seekh Lo Seekh Lo '' `` Seenay Par Rakh Kar Sar Ko '' `` Seene Mein Dil Mera Dhak Dhak '' `` Shadi Kar Ke Phans Gaya '' `` Shama Hai Suhana Suhana '' `` Shayad Meri Shadi Ka '' `` Shikwa Nahin Kisi Se '' `` Shishe Ki Umar '' `` Shokhiyon Mein Ghola Jaye '' `` Shor Mach Gaya Shor '' `` Simti Si Sharmai Si '' `` Socha Tha Kya Kya '' `` Socha Tha Maine To Ae Jaan '' `` Soi Ja Tara '' `` Son Kali Hai Tu '' `` Soorat Se Kya Pehchanoge '' `` Soti Hai Yeh Raat Sone Do '' `` Sridevi Sridevi '' `` Strepcils Voice Over & Ankhon Mein Kya Ji '' `` Strepcils Voice Over & Jane Aaj Kya Hua '' `` Strepcils Voice Over & Khullam Khulla Pyar Karenge '' `` Strepcils Voice Over & Raat Bheegi Jaye '' `` Strepcils Voice Over & Rimjhim Gire Gire Sawan '' `` Sun Bhai Baraat sunny i '' `` Sun Chache Bol Bhatije '' `` Sun Champa Sun Tara '' `` Sun Ginnya '' `` Sun Le Pyar Ki Dushman Duniya '' `` Sun Sun Sun '' `` Sun Zara Shokh Haseena '' `` Sundari Ae Hae Sundari '' `` Suniye Kahiye Kahiye '' `` Suniye Suniye '' `` Sunja Aa Thandi Hawa '' `` Suno Jana Suno Jana '' `` Suno Kaho Suna '' `` Suno Rani Tumne Der Laga Di '' `` Suno Satpalji '' `` Sunoji Tum Bade Woh Ho '' `` Super Fast Love '' `` Superman '' `` Suraj Se Ankhen Mila '' `` Surma Mera Nirala '' `` Taaqat Hai Jiske Paas '' `` Tak Dhin Tak '' `` Tak Dhum Tak Dhum '' `` Tak Zum Nacho Nashe Mein Choor '' `` Takatu Taka Tai '' `` Taki O Taki '' `` Talash Hai Ek Ladki Ki '' `` Tanha Mai Akela '' `` Tannana Tannana '' `` Tara Tera Mera Nahin Guzara '' `` Tauba Tauba Tabahi Tabahi '' `` Teen Char Panch Chhay '' `` Tera Chehra Mujhe Gulab Lage '' `` Tere Chehre me Woh Jaadu Hai '' `` Tera Husn Allah Allah '' `` Tera Ishq Hai Meri Zindagi '' `` Tera Jalwa Tauba Hai Tera Jalwa '' `` Tera Mera Juda Hona '' `` Tera Mera Mera Tera '' `` Tera Mera Pyar Shuru '' `` Tera Mujhse '' `` Tera Peechha Na Chhodunga '' `` Tera Saath Hai Kitna Pyara '' `` Tere Bagair Jane - Janan '' `` Tere Bina Main '' `` Tere Bina Zindagi Se '' `` Tere Chehre Mein Woh Jadoo Hai '' `` Tere Chehre Se Nazar Nahin '' `` Tere Chehre Se Parda Hatana '' `` Tere Gaalon Ko Choomoon '' `` Tere Humsafar Geet Hain Tere '' `` Tere Jaisa Bhai Sabko Mile '' `` Tere Jaisa Mukhda To '' `` Tere Jaisa Mukhda To Pahle '' `` Tere Jaisa Sagar Men Moti Nahin '' `` Tere Jaisa Yaar Kahan '' `` Tere Liye '' `` Tere Liye Chandi Ka Bangla '' `` Tere Liye Maine Janam Liya '' `` Tere Liye Maine Sabko Chhoda '' `` Tere Liye Mere Liye '' `` Tere Mere Milan Ki Raina '' `` Tere Mere Pyar Ki Jo Baat Chali '' `` Tere Sau Diwane '' `` Teri Duniya Se Hoke Majboor Chala '' `` Teri Jaat Kya Hai '' `` Teri Meri Dosti Ho Gai '' `` Teri Meri Meri Teri '' `` Teri Meri Meri Teri Nazar '' `` Teri Meri Shaadi Hogi '' `` Teri Payal Ki '' `` Teri Umar '' `` Teri Umar Nadan Hai '' `` Teri Zindagi Ke Ragini Par '' `` Tha Wo Bhi Kya Zamana '' `` Thandi Hawa Yeh Chandni Suhani '' `` Thoda Hai '' `` Thodi Si Jo Pee Lee Hai '' `` Thokar Mein Hai Meri Sara Zamana '' `` Tick Tick Tick Chalti Jaye Ghadi '' `` Tim Tim Chamka Jhilmil Tara '' `` Tip Tip Tip Tip Hone Lagi '' `` Tirupati Balaji '' `` To Phir Ho Jaye '' `` Tohfa Tohfa Tohfa '' `` Too Ladka Garam Masala '' `` Tota Maina Ki Kahani '' `` Touch Me '' `` Tu Hai Chanda Main Hoon Chakor '' `` Tu Hai Mere Khuda Ka Kamal '' `` Tu Hai Meri Diwani '' `` Tu Hai Vahi Dil Ne Jise '' `` Tu Jaam Liye Ja Ankhon Se '' `` Tu Jab Bhi Dekhega Mujhe '' `` Tu Jahan Jayegi '' `` Tu Jahan Main Wahan '' `` Tu Jo Bole Haan To Haan '' `` Tu Kahan Gayee Thi '' `` Tu Mera Ram Main Lakhan Tera '' `` Tu Na Mile To Ham Jogi Ban Jayenge '' `` Tu Pee Aur Jee '' `` Tu Rootha Dil Toota '' `` Tu Tu Hai Wahi '' `` Tujh Jaisi Ladli Lakhon Mein Ek '' `` Tujh Men Kya Hai Deewane '' `` Tujh Sang Preet '' `` Tujhe Chor Kahoon Ya Qatil '' `` Tujhe Dil Mein Basa '' `` Tujhse Pehle '' `` Tukur Tukur Dekha Karoon '' `` Tum Aa Gaye Ho Noor Aa Gaya '' `` Tum Badi Khubsoorat Ho '' `` Tum Bhi Chalo Hum Bhi Chale '' `` Tum Bin Jaoon Kahan '' `` Tum Chahe Humko Pasand Na Karo '' `` Tum Chale Aaye Ho Chalo Khair Hui '' `` Tum Dil Walon Ke Aage '' `` Tum Ho Haseen '' `` Tum Ho Mere Dil Ki Dhadkan '' `` Tum Ho Meri Chhaya '' `` Tum Jab Jab Samne Aate Ho '' `` Tum Jise Chaho '' `` Tum Kitni Khoobsurat Ho '' `` Tum Mere Swami '' `` Tum Meri Zindagi Mein Kuchh '' `` Tum Mile Pyar Se '' `` Tum Nahin Yahan Hum Nahin '' `` Tum Sa Haseen '' `` Tum Saath Ho Jab Apne '' `` Tum Se Badhkar '' `` Tumhare Oopar '' `` Tumhari Berukhi Se Pareshan '' `` Tumhen Dulhan Mili Humen Bhabhi '' `` Tumhi Ne Meri '' `` Tumhi Se Pyar Tumhi Se Qarar '' `` Tumhin Ho Tumhin Ho Jane - Jaan '' `` Tumko Bhi To Aisa Kuchh Hota '' `` Tumko Khush Dekh Kar '' `` Tumko Kitna Pyar Hai '' `` Tumsa Nahin Dekha '' `` Tumse Mila Tha Pyar '' `` Tumse Mile Bina '' `` Tumse Nazar Mili '' `` Tune Abhi Dekha Nahin '' `` Tune Apni Jaan '' `` Tune Hamen Kya Diya Ri Zindagi '' `` Tune Mera Dil Liya '' `` Turu Turu Turu '' `` Typewriter Tip Tip Tip '' U ( edit ) `` Uff Kitni Thandi Hai Yeh Rut '' `` Ui Amma '' `` Ulfut Mein Zamane Ki '' `` Uljhan Hazar Koi Dale '' `` Upar Zameen Neeche Aasman '' `` Uparwala Dukhion Ki Nahin Sunta Re '' `` Us Din Mujhko Bhool Na Jana '' `` Uttar Men Dekhoon To '' V ( edit ) `` Vaada Tera Vaada '' `` Vada Karo Jaanam '' `` Vallah Kya Nazara Hai '' `` Vote Na Usko Dena '' `` Wada Hai Kya Kya Hai Kasam '' `` Wada Han Wada '' `` Wada Karo Nahin Chodogi '' `` Wah Re Naujawan Aajkal Ke '' `` Wah Wah Khel Shuru Ho Gaya '' `` Wah Wah Kya Rang Hai '' `` Waqt Se Pahle '' `` Waqt Thoda Sa Abhi '' `` We Love Sunday '' `` Wo To Maine Jhooth Bola Tha '' `` Woh Aurat Hai '' `` Woh Ek Haseen Ladki '' `` Woh Ek Nigah Kya Mili '' `` Woh Hai Ek Behroopiya '' `` Woh Jharoke Se Jo Jhake '' `` Woh Jinki Nai Hai Duniya '' `` Woh Mere Peechhe Padi Huyi Hai '' `` Woh Meri Taraf Yun Chale Aa Rahe '' `` Woh Shaam Kuch Ajeeb Thi '' `` Woh Ek Dost Jo Mujko Pyara Lagta Hain '' Y ( edit ) `` Yaadon Ki Baaraat '' `` Yaadon Mein Woh '' `` Yaar Dildar Tujhe Kaisa Chahiye '' `` Yaar Hamari Baat Suno '' `` Yaar Ki Khabar Mil Gai '' `` Yaar Mila '' `` Yaaro Utho Chalo '' `` Yahan Nahin Kahoongi '' `` Yaro Nilam Karo Susti '' `` Ye Duniya Unke Liye Hai '' `` Ye Jawani Hai Deewani '' `` ye dosti tere dam se hai '' `` Ye Jhooth Bolti Hai '' `` Ye Kori Kanwari '' `` Yeh Andhaa Kaanoon '' `` Yeh Bandhan Kachchey Dhagon Ka ( Male ) '' `` Yeh Char Din Bahar Ke '' `` Yeh Chehre Pe Chehra '' `` Yeh Dard Bhara Afsana '' `` Yeh Des Pardes '' `` Yeh Dil Na Hota Bechara '' `` Yeh Dosti '' `` Yeh Duniya Ek Pagal Khana Hai '' `` Yeh Duniya Hai Usiki '' `` Yeh Duniya Ke Badaltey Rishtey '' `` Yeh Duniyawale Poochhenge '' `` Yeh Hai Bambai Nagaria '' `` Yeh Hai Mera Premi '' `` Yeh Jeevan Hai '' `` Yeh Jo Halka Halka '' `` Yeh Jo Hua '' `` Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai '' `` Yeh Jo Nazar Humari '' `` Yeh Kahdo Yamraj Se '' `` Yeh Kaisa Aaya Zamana '' `` Yeh Kaun Aaya Re '' `` Yeh Kya Hua '' `` Yeh Lal Rang Kab Mujhe Chhodega '' `` Yeh log tera chehra dekhenge '' `` Yeh Mausam Aaya Hai '' `` Yeh Mehfil Yun Hi Sajegi '' `` Yeh Mera Jeevan '' `` Yeh Mohabbat Kya Karenge '' `` Yeh Naina Yeh Kaajal '' `` Yeh Pal Chanchal Kho Na Dena '' `` Yeh Public Hai '' `` Yeh Pyar Ka Nasha Hai '' `` Yeh Pyar To Milan Hai '' `` Yeh Raat Ek Si Hoti Hai '' `` Yeh Raaten Yeh Mausam '' `` Yeh Rut Hai Haseen '' `` Yeh Shahar Yeh Shahar '' `` Yeh Sham Mastani '' `` Yeh Thandi Hawayen '' `` Yeh Tooti Botal Ke Tukde '' `` Yeh Wada Raha '' `` Yeh Wohi Geet Hai Jisko Maine '' `` Yeh Zamana Agar Raah Roke '' `` Yeh Zindagi Kya Hai '' `` Yehan Wahan Sare '' `` You Are My Darling '' `` Yun Na Rootho '' `` Yun Na Sharma Phailade '' `` Yun Neendse Woh Jaane Chaman '' `` Yunhi Gaate Raho '' Z ( edit ) `` Zamana To Hai Naukar Biwi Ka '' `` Zamane Mein Koi Hamara Nahin '' `` Zaroorat Hai Zaroorat Hai '' `` Zidhar Dekhoon Teri Tasveer '' `` Zindagi Aa Raha Hoon Main '' `` Zindagi Ek Safar Hai Suhana '' `` Zindagi Hansne Gane Ke Liye Hai '' `` Zindagi Haseen Hai '' `` Zindagi Hasin Hai '' `` Zindagi Imtehaan Leti Hai '' `` Zindagi Ka Safar '' `` Zindagi Ki Yahi Reet Hai '' `` Zindagi Kya Hai Ik Lateefa Hai '' `` Zindagi Milke Bitayenge '' `` Zindagi Pyar Ka Geet ( Male ) '' `` Zindagi Yeh Kaisi Hai '' `` Zindagi Yeh Usi Ki Hai '' `` Zindagi - E-Zindagi '' `` Zindagi ke safar '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kishore Kumar Songs '' . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of Kishore Kumar '' . RedMux.com . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Kishore Kumar on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_Kishore_Kumar&oldid=840983463 '' Categories : Bollywood playback singers Hindi songs Lists of songs by recording artists Lists of songs recorded by Indian singers Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 09 : 14 . About Wikipedia | 1. Kishore Kumar's Hindi songs
2. Songs recorded by Kishore Kumar
3. Bollywood playback singer Kishore Kumar
4. Kishore Kumar's discography
5. Hindi film songs by Kishore Kumar |
164,658,350,501,224,900 | who is the guy singing in the nationwide commercial | Leslie Odom Jr. . - Wikipedia Leslie Odom Jr. . <Th_colspan="2"> Leslie Odom Jr . <Td_colspan="2"> Odom as Aaron Burr in Hamilton , July 2015 ( 1981 - 08 - 06 ) August 6 , 1981 ( age 36 ) Queens , New York City , U.S. Education Carnegie Mellon University Occupation Actor , singer Years active 1998 -- present Spouse ( s ) Nicolette Robinson ( m . 2012 ) Children Leslie Odom Jr. ( / oʊ dəm / , born August 6 , 1981 ) is an American actor and singer . He has performed on Broadway and in television and film , and has released two solo jazz albums . He is known for originating the role of Aaron Burr in the Broadway musical Hamilton , a performance for which he won the 2016 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical and the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album as a principal vocalist . His television roles included Sam Strickland in the musical series Smash ( 2012 -- 2013 ) . He is also the author of the 2018 book Failing Up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting career 2.1. 1 Theatre 2.1. 2 Television 2.1. 3 Film 2.2 Recording career 2.3 Writing 3 Personal life 4 Credits and awards 4.1 Theatre 4.2 Film 4.3 Television 4.4 Awards and nominations 4.5 Discography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Odom was born in Queens , New York . His family later moved to the East Oak Lane section of Philadelphia , where he grew up . He attended Julia R. Masterman School for middle school and Philadelphia High School for Creative and Performing Arts for high school . He and his family attended Canaan Baptist Church in the Germantown section of Philadelphia , where he sang solos in the church choir . He earned a degree with honors at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and then moved to Los Angeles in the summer of 2003 . Career ( edit ) Acting career ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) Odom sang as a teenager , and studied musical theatre in college . At the age of 17 he made his Broadway debut as Paul in Rent . In 2000 , he appeared in the ensemble of the one - night Broadway concert version of Dreamgirls . He spent much of his time doing theatre in LA , including in 2010 with Leap of Faith , which moved to Broadway in 2012 , with him starring as Isaiah Sturdevant . The show closed shortly afterwards , however he made the move to New York and relocated there . After starring off - Broadway in Venice , and in Witness Uganda ( later retitled Invisible Thread ) at A.R.T. and in workshops , Odom worked with Lin - Manuel Miranda in the Encores ! Off - Center production of Tick , Tick ... Boom ! playing Michael . Odom also played Nat King Cole in the 2015 one - night Actors Fund of America benefit concert of Bombshell . Odom was nominated for a 2015 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical for the role of Aaron Burr in the off - Broadway production of Hamilton at The Public Theater . He continued in the same role at the Richard Rodgers Theatre after the show transferred to Broadway later that year . He also won a 2016 Grammy Award for the cast album , and won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical . Odom 's final appearance in the role of Aaron Burr in Hamilton occurred on July 9 , 2016 . Television ( edit ) Odom had a recurring role on CSI : Miami which began in 2003 . He appeared as Joseph Kayle in nine episodes before leaving in 2006 . He followed with a recurring role on Vanished , appearing in 10 episodes as Maliko Christo . From 2006 to 2007 , he held a recurring role as Freddy on Big Day , appearing on nine episodes prior to its cancellation . He also had a supporting role in the TV movie Poe in 2011 . In the musical television series Smash , Odom had a recurring role as Sam Strickland in 2012 , and was promoted to a starring role for the show 's final season in 2013 . In late 2013 , Odom was offered the leading role of Lucas Newsome on State of Affairs . He accepted the role , but ended up backing out to take the part of Aaron Burr in the workshops of the musical Hamilton . In 2013 and 2014 , he had a recurring role on Person of Interest as Peter Collier , appearing in eight episodes . He also played Reverend Curtis Scott in seven episodes of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit between 2013 and 2015 . Beginning on May 19 , 2016 , Odom hosted the Broadway.com web series Aaron Burr , Sir : Backstage at Hamilton with Leslie Odom Jr. , with a new episode being uploaded every Thursday for eight weeks . Odom was also set to play Jimmy Jam in a 2017 miniseries about New Edition , but ended up leaving the project . He has made guest appearances on several shows including Gilmore Girls , Grey 's Anatomy , Supernatural , and The Good Wife . In 2016 , Odom was also featured in a commercial for Nationwide Insurance . On February 4 , 2018 , Odom sang `` America the Beautiful '' during the NBC broadcast of Super Bowl LII . Film ( edit ) Odom has appeared in multiple short films , and had a supporting role as Declan Hall in the 2012 war film Red Tails . He played Dr. Arbuthnot in Kenneth Branagh 's 2017 adaptation of Murder on the Orient Express . Recording career ( edit ) In 2014 , Odom self - released his debut album as a jazz singer , Leslie Odom Jr. on CD and SoundCloud , and promoted the album with several concerts at The Public Theater . In February 2016 , he released a version of Selena Gomez 's `` Good For You '' featuring his Hamilton castmate Daveed Diggs . Odom was signed to a four - album deal with S - Curve Records in 2016 . He and producer Steve Greenberg narrowed down 200 potential tunes to ten tracks , and Odom recorded an updated and improved version of Leslie Odom Jr. during days off and afternoons before Broadway performances , in order to release the album before Odom left Hamilton . Released in June 2016 , the album charted at No. 1 on Billboard Jazz and No. 147 on Billboard 200 . On November 11 , 2016 , Odom released his second album , Simply Christmas , which featured jazz interpretations of Christmas standards . A deluxe edition of the album was released in October 2017 , with four additional songs . Odom tours to promote his albums , performing concerts backed by a jazz quintet that includes a drummer , percussionist , bassist , guitarist , and a pianist who is also Odom 's musical director . Writing ( edit ) In June 2017 , it was announced that Odom had a book deal for Failing Up : How to Take Risks , Aim Higher , and Never Stop Learning , which he was writing with the intention to inspire younger readers . The book , which was published by an imprint of Macmillan in March 2018 , `` outlines the setbacks and rejections that preceded his success . '' Odom modeled his writing on the style of a commencement speech , exploring what he had learned throughout his life and the importance of pursuing passions . Personal life ( edit ) Odom 's wife , Nicolette Kloe Robinson , is an actress who starred in the Diane Paulus - directed off - Broadway musical Invisible Thread ( 2015 ) . She also appeared in a recurring role in the Showtime original series The Affair . Odom met Robinson in 2008 , when she auditioned for Once on This Island in Los Angeles . Robinson , then a student at UCLA , was not selected until the show was in rehearsals , replacing a cast member who left unexpectedly . Odom , who was then an assistant director to Billy Porter , became responsible for bringing Robinson quickly up to speed , and a romantic relationship ensued . They were married on December 1 , 2012 , and their daughter , Lucille Ruby , was born on April 23 , 2017 . Credits and awards ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Dates Venue Notes 1998 Rent Paul / Cop / others Nederlander Theatre Broadway Dreamgirls Performer September 24 , 2001 Ford Center for the Performing Arts Actors Fund Benefit Concert Jersey Boys Ensemble October 5 , 2004 -- January 16 , 2005 La Jolla Playhouse Tryout 2007 Keep Your Pantheon Geffen Playhouse Regional Being Alive Performer August 25 -- September 9 , 2007 Westport Country Playhouse Regional October 25 -- December 2 , 2007 Philadelphia Theatre Company 2008 Once on This Island Agwe , God of Water September 12 -- 14 , 2008 Freud Playhouse Regional ; also assistant director 2009 Soul of Rodgers Performer October 2 -- 3 , 2009 Reprise Theatre Company Revue Leap of Faith Isaiah Sturdevant October 3 -- 24 , 2010 Ahmanson Theatre Tryout 2012 April 26 -- May 13 , 2012 St. James Theatre Broadway 2013 Venice Markos Monroe May 28 -- June 30 , 2013 The Public Theater Off - Broadway 2014 Tick , Tick ... Boom ! Michael June 24 -- 28 , 2014 New York City Center Encores ! 2015 Hamilton Aaron Burr January 20 -- May 3 , 2015 The Public Theater Off - Broadway August 6 , 2015 -- July 9 , 2016 Richard Rodgers Theatre Broadway Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical Workshops Witness Uganda ( later retitled Invisible Thread ) , 2010 Film ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Scarecrow Joe Joe Short 2012 Red Tails Declan ' Winky ' Hall 2015 Luna Goes Cruising Oscar Short 2017 Murder on the Orient Express Dr. Arbuthnot Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 -- 2006 CSI : Miami Joseph Kayle Recurring role ; 9 episodes The Big House Lamont Episodes : `` A Friend In Need '' , `` Almost Touched By An Angel '' 2006 Threshold Sergeant Adams Episode : `` The Crossing '' 2006 Gilmore Girls Quentin Walsh Episode : `` Bridesmaids Revisited '' 2006 Vanished Agent Malik Christo Recurring role ; 10 episodes 2006 Close To Home Jordan Carter Episode : `` Prodigal Son '' 2006 -- 2007 Big Day Freddy Recurring role ; 9 episodes 2007 The Bill Engvall Show Mr. Pratt Episodes : `` Good People '' , `` Feel Free To Say No '' 2007 Supreme Courtships Marcus TV movie 2008 Grey 's Anatomy P.J. Walling Episode : `` There 's No `` I '' In Team '' 2011 NCIS : Los Angeles FBI Agent Duane Lausten Episode : `` Archangel '' 2011 Zeke and Luther Mr. Arliss Bunnyson Episode : `` Zeke , Luther , and Kojo Strike Gold '' 2011 Bandwagon Urban Glee performer Episode : `` You Can Do Anything '' 2011 Supernatural Guy Episode : `` Season Seven , Time For A Wedding '' 2011 Poe Julian ' Jupiter ' Noble TV movie 2012 House of Lies James Episodes : `` Ouroboros '' , `` Veritas '' 2013 Smash Sam Strickland Lead role ; 23 episodes 2013 Person of Interest Peter Collier Recurring role ; 8 episodes 2013 -- 2015 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Reverend Curtis Scott Recurring role ; 7 episodes 2014 Gotham Ian Hargrove Episode : `` Harvey Dent '' 2016 The Good Wife Barry Pert Episode : `` Unmanned '' 2016 Aaron Burr , Sir : Backstage at Hamilton with Leslie Odom Jr Host Web series ; 8 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2002 Princess Grace Award <Td_colspan="2"> Acting Won 2012 Fred and Adele Astaire Award Best Dancer on Broadway Leap of Faith Won Drama League Award Distinguished Performance Nominated 2015 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Hamilton Nominated Lucille Lortel Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Musical Nominated 2016 Tony Award Best Actor in a Musical Won Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Won Broadway.com Audience Awards Favorite Leading Actor in a Musical Nominated Favorite Onstage Pair ( w / Lin - Manuel Miranda ) Won 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Drama Movie Actor Murder on the Orient Express Pending Discography ( edit ) Albums Leslie Odom Jr. ( 2014 , self - released ) Leslie Odom Jr. ( 2016 , S - Curve Records ) Simply Christmas ( 2016 , S - Curve ) Simply Christmas ( 2017 deluxe edition , S - Curve ) Singles `` Good for You '' ( 2016 , self - released on Bandcamp ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Leslie Odom Jr '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Hamilton Star Leslie Odom Jr . Has a Book Deal '' . U.S. News & World Report . June 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 09 -- via Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Vault : Leslie Odom , Jr '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whelan , Aubrey ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Leslie Odom Jr. : Being Burr in Hamilton like falling in love '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gray , Ellen ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Local actor gets his Smash close - up '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leslie Odom Jr. at the Internet Broadway Database . Jump up ^ `` Bombshell Benefit Concert Raises More Than $800,000 for The Actors Fund '' . Actors Fund . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Leslie Odom Jr. to Leave Hamilton on July 9 '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ iSpot.tv ( 2016 ) . `` About Nationwide Insurance TV Commercial , ' Songs for All Your Sides ' ft . Leslie Odom Jr '' . iSpot.tv Real - time TV Ad Analytics . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company ( 2016 ) . `` Leslie Odom Jr. , Song For All Your Sides '' . Nationwide Newsroom Ads . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` Hamilton Tony Winner Leslie Odom Jr . Will Sing at the Super Bowl '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Johnny Depp To Star in Murder on the Orient Express At Fox '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Alyssa ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Listen to the Stars of Hamilton Cover Selena Gomez 's ' Good for You ' '' . Elle . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Odom Jr. to leave Hamilton in July '' . Associated Press . June 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Hamilton 's Leslie Odom Jr . Talks Jazz Album , Residency Dreams and Potentially Playing Aaron Burr Again ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Diane ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Leslie Odom Jr . Talks His New Christmas Album , Life After Hamilton & More '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roa , Ray ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : Song and dance man -- Hamilton star Leslie Odom Jr. breaks out with an album and tour '' . Creative Loafing . Tampa Bay , Florida . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Hamilton Tony Winner Leslie Odom Jr . Penning Inspirational Book '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Spaner , Whitney ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` How Hamilton 's Leslie Odom , Jr . Took His Shot With Nicolette Robinson '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fierberg , Ruthie ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Hamilton 's Leslie Odom Jr. and Wife Nicolette Robinson Welcome a Baby Girl '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Leslie Odom Jr. on IMDb Leslie Odom Jr. at the Internet Broadway Database Leslie Odom Jr. at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Leslie Odom Jr. discography at Discogs Leslie Odom Jr. on Twitter Leslie Odom Jr. on Instagram <Th_colspan="2"> Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical <Td_colspan="2"> Paul Hartman ( 1948 ) Ray Bolger ( 1949 ) Ezio Pinza ( 1950 ) Robert Alda ( 1951 ) Phil Silvers ( 1952 ) Thomas Mitchell ( 1953 ) Alfred Drake ( 1954 ) Walter Slezak ( 1955 ) Ray Walston ( 1956 ) Rex Harrison ( 1957 ) Robert Preston ( 1958 ) Richard Kiley ( 1959 ) Jackie Gleason ( 1960 ) Richard Burton ( 1961 ) Robert Morse ( 1962 ) Zero Mostel ( 1963 ) Bert Lahr ( 1964 ) Zero Mostel ( 1965 ) Richard Kiley ( 1966 ) Robert Preston ( 1967 ) Robert Goulet ( 1968 ) Jerry Orbach ( 1969 ) Cleavon Little ( 1970 ) Hal Linden ( 1971 ) Phil Silvers ( 1972 ) Ben Vereen ( 1973 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1974 ) John Cullum ( 1975 ) George Rose ( 1976 ) Barry Bostwick ( 1977 ) John Cullum ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) Ben Harney ( 1982 ) Tommy Tune ( 1983 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) No Award ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Matthew Broderick ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) James Naughton ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Martin Short ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) David Alvarez , Trent Kowalik and Kiril Kulish ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Steve Kazee ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Michael Cerveris ( 2015 ) Leslie Odom Jr. ( 2016 ) Ben Platt ( 2017 ) Tony Shalhoub ( 2018 ) BNF : cb16652027k ( data ) GND : 1155563859 ISNI : 0000 0003 7131 1394 LCCN : no2012071772 MusicBrainz : 36f83895 - 5a69 - 47c1 - a4a2 - e2449acbf64a VIAF : 250896582 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Odom_Jr.&oldid=846206800 '' Categories : 1981 births Living people African - American male actors African - American male singers African - American singers 21st - century American male actors American male singers American singers American male musical theatre actors American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors Tony Award winners Grammy Award winners Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni People from Queens , New York Male actors from New York City Hidden categories : Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from August 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 03 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Leslie Odom Jr. - American actor and singer
2. Broadway musical Hamilton - role of Aaron Burr
3. Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical
4. Solo jazz albums
5. Television roles in Smash and CSI: Miami |
4,088,290,661,268,897,000 | what is the purpose of court of appeals | Court of Appeals of the Philippines - wikipedia Court of Appeals of the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Court of Appeals of the Philippines <Td_colspan="2"> Hukuman ng Apelasyon ng Pilipinas <Td_colspan="2"> Seal of the Court of Appeals of the Philippines Established February 1 , 1936 Country Philippines Location Manila , Cebu City and Cagayan de Oro City Composition method Presidential appointment from the short - list submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council Authorized by Constitution of the Philippines Website ca.judiciary.gov.ph Philippines This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Philippines Constitution ( show ) Charter Change Laws and legal codes Legislature ( show ) Congress Senate Senate President Aquilino Pimentel III House of Representatives Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez Districts Party - list representation Local legislatures ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Executive ( show ) President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte Vice President of the Philippines Leni Robredo Cabinet Executive departments Local government Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Ombudsman Regional Trial Courts Barangay justice Constitutional commissions ( show ) Civil Service Commission Commission on Elections Commission on Audit Commission on Human Rights Elections ( show ) Recent elections General : 2007 2013 2016 Political parties ( show ) Lakas Liberal Nacionalista NPC NUP PDP -- Laban UNA Administrative divisions ( show ) Capital Regions Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Poblacions Sitios Puroks Related topics ( show ) Foreign relations Human rights Taxation Other countries Atlas The Court of Appeals of the Philippines ( Filipino : Hukuman ng Apelasyon ng Pilipinas ) is the Philippines ' second - highest judicial court , just after the Supreme Court . The court consists of 69 Associate Justices and 1 Presiding Justice . Under the Constitution , the Court of Appeals ( CA ) `` reviews not only the decisions and orders of the Regional Trial Courts nationwide but also those of the Court of Tax Appeals , as well as the awards , judgments , final orders or resolutions of , or authorized by 21 Quasi-Judicial Agencies exercising quasi-judicial functions mentioned in Rule 43 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure , plus the National Amnesty Commission ( Pres . Proclamation No. 347 of 1994 ) and Office of the Ombudsman ( Fabian v. Desierto , 295 SCRA 470 ) . Under RA 9282 , which elevated the CTA to the same level of the CA , CTA en banc decisions are now subject to review by the Supreme Court instead of the CA ( as opposed to what is currently provided in Section 1 , Rule 43 of the Rules of Court ) . Added to the formidable list are the decisions and resolutions of the National Labor Relations Commission ( NLRC ) which are now initially reviewable by this court , instead of a direct recourse to the Supreme Court , via petition for certiorari under Rule 65 ( St. Martin Funeral Homes v. NLRC , 295 SCRA 414 ) '' . The Court of Appeals building is located at Maria Orosa Street , Ermita in Manila . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Fire 3 Incumbent Justices 4 Former Justices 5 Court of Appeals Presiding Justices of the Philippines 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Flag of the Court of Appeals Organized on February 1 , 1936 , the Court of Appeals was initially composed of Justice Pedro Concepcion as the first Presiding Judge and 10 Appellate Judges appointed by the President with the consent of the Commission on Appointments of the National Assembly . It had exclusive appellate jurisdiction of all cases not falling under the original and exclusive appellate jurisdiction of the 7 - man Supreme Court . Its decisions in those cases were final , except when the Supreme Court upon petition for certiorari on questions of law required that the case be certified to it for review . It had also original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus , prohibition , injunction , certiorari , habeas corpus and all other auxiliary writs in aid of its appellate jurisdiction . The Court then sat either en banc or in two divisions , one of 6 and another of 5 Judges . The appellate Judges had the same qualifications as those provided by the Constitution for Supreme Court Justices . In March 1938 , the appellate Judges were named Justices and their number increased from 11 to 15 , with three divisions of 5 under Commonwealth Act No. 259 . On December 24 , 1941 , the membership of the Court was further increased to 19 Justices under Executive Order No. 395 . Court of Appeals The Court functioned during the Japanese occupation , 1941 - 44 . But in March 1945 , due to abnormal conditions at the time , the Court was abolished by President Sergio Osmeña through Executive Order No. 37 . The end of World War II restored the democratic processes in the country . On October 4 , 1946 , Republic Act No. 52 was passed recreating the Court with a Presiding Justice and fourteen ( 14 ) Associate Justices . They composed 5 divisions of 3 Justices each . On August 23 , 1956 , the Court membership was expanded to 18 Justices per Republic Act No. 1605 . The number was hiked to 24 Justices as decreed by Republic Act No. 5204 approved on June 15 , 1968 . Ten years later , the unabated swelling of its dockets called for a much bigger Court of 45 Justices under Presidential Decree No. 1482 of June 10 , 1978 . Then came the Judiciary Reorganization on January 17 , 1983 through Executive Order No. 864 of President Marcos . The Court was renamed Intermediate Appellate Court and its membership enlarged to 51 Justices . However , only thirty - seven ( 37 ) Justices were appointed . On July 28 , 1986 , President Aquino issued Executive Order No. 33 restoring the original name of the Court of Appeals with a Presiding Justice and fifty ( 50 ) Associate Justices . On February 23 , 1995 , R.A. No. 7902 was passed expanding the jurisdiction of the Court effective March 18 , 1995 . On December 30 , 1996 , R.A. No. 8246 created six ( 6 ) more divisions in the Court , thereby increasing its membership from 51 to 69 Justices . These additional divisions - 3 for Visayas and 3 for Mindanao paved the way for the appellate court 's regionalization . The CA in the Visayas sits in Cebu City while Cagayan de Oro City is home to the CA for Mindanao . On August 18 , 2007 , Atty . Briccio Joseph Boholst , president of IBP -- Cebu City Chapter , opposed the abolition of the CA in Cebu City , for it will cause inconvenience for both litigants and lawyers . Supreme Court Associate Justice Ruben Reyes was tasked to investigate and submit recommendation to the High Tribunal because of the alleged massive graft and corruption of justices , especially in the issuance of temporary restraining orders ( TRO 's ) . On February 1 , 2011 , the Court celebrated its 75th Anniversary . The current ACAE ( Association of The Court of Appeals Employees ) President is Edwin S. Avanceña . Fire ( edit ) On July 26 , 2007 , Fire hits CA main building , from the room of Associate Justice Edgardo Sundiam at the fourth floor . Thick smoke was coming out of the building as the fire continued to rage amid strong winds blowing , raising fears that the flames would become stronger . Incumbent Justices ( edit ) Name of Court of Appeals Justices Position Date of Appointment Date of Birth Date of Retirement Divisions Rank Vacante Presiding Justice 01 ch . Hon . REMEDIOS A. SALAZAR - FERNANDO Acting Presiding Justice ( since July 12 , 2017 ) May 21 , 1999 ( as Associate Justice ) September 2 , 1953 September 2 , 2023 02 ch . Hon . ROSMARI D. CARANDANG Associate Justice March 10 , 2003 January 9 , 1952 January 9 , 2022 03 ch . Hon . JOSE C. REYES , JR Associate Justice July 18 , 2003 September 18 , 1950 September 18 , 2020 04 ch . Hon . FERNANDA LAMPAS - PERALTA Associate Justice February 9 , 2004 June 16 , 1960 June 16 , 2030 05 ch . 5 Hon . MAGDANGAL M. DE LEON Associate Justice February 9 , 2004 August 19 , 1948 August 19 , 2018 06 ch . 6 Hon . JAPAR B. DIMAAMPAO Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 December 27 , 1963 December 27 , 2033 07 ch . 7 Hon . CELIA C. LIBREA - LEAGOGO Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 December 15 , 1950 December 15 , 2020 08 ch . 8 Hon . MARIFLOR PUNZALAN - CASTILLO Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 September 21 , 1954 September 21 , 2024 09 ch . 9 Hon . SESINANDO E. VILLON Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 July 16 , 1949 July 16 , 2019 10 ch . 10 Hon . RAMON M. BATO , JR . Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 August 27 , 1958 August 27 , 2028 11 ch . 11 Hon . ROMULO V. BORJA Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 September 11 , 1948 September 11 , 2018 21 ch . 12 Hon . EDGARDO A. CAMELLO Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 May 19 , 1952 May 19 , 2022 22 ch . 13 Hon . NORMANDIE B. PIZARRO Associate Justice January 24 , 2005 February 7 , 1949 February 7 , 2019 12 ch . 14 Hon . APOLINARIO D. BRUSELAS , JR . Associate Justice August 1 , 2005 May 6 , 1956 May 6 , 2026 13 ch . 15 Hon . RAMON R. GARCIA Associate Justice August 31 , 2005 May 10 , 1954 May 10 , 2024 14 ch . 16 Hon . RICARDO R. ROSARIO Associate Justice September 12 , 2005 October 15 , 1958 October 15 , 2028 15 ch . 17 Hon . MARLENE GONZALES - SISON Associate Justice May 8 , 2006 February 28 , 1956 February 28 , 2026 16 ch . 18 Hon . ROMEO F. BARZA Associate Justice May 8 , 2006 August 2 , 1949 August 2 , 2019 17 ch . 19 Hon . PRISCILLA BALTAZAR - PADILLA Associate Justice May 31 , 2006 July 2 , 1958 July 2 , 2028 01 Member 20 Hon . MARIO V. LOPEZ Associate Justice May 31 , 2006 June 4 , 1955 June 4 , 2025 02 Member 21 Hon . STEPHEN C. CRUZ Associate Justice December 14 , 2006 August 3 , 1950 August 3 , 2020 03 Member 22 Hon . JANE AURORA C. LANTION Associate Justice December 14 , 2006 January 9 , 1950 January 9 , 2020 04 Member 23 Hon . ELIHU A. YBAÑEZ Associate Justice May 15 , 2007 November 2 , 1951 November 2 , 2021 05 Member 24 Hon . FRANCHITO N. DIAMANTE Associate Justice August 8 , 2007 October 4 , 1951 October 4 , 2021 06 Member 25 Hon . AMY C. LAZARO - JAVIER Associate Justice August 29 , 2007 November 16 , 1956 November 16 , 2026 07 Member 26 Hon . FLORITO S. MACALINO Associate Justice January 4 , 2008 August 23 , 1952 August 23 , 2022 08 Member 27 Hon . EDGARDO T. LLOREN Associate Justice January 4 , 2008 August 8 , 1951 August 8 , 2021 23 ch . 28 Hon . EDGARDO L. DELOS SANTOS Associate Justice May 5 , 2008 June 12 , 1952 June 12 , 2022 18 ch . 29 Hon . RODIL V. ZALAMEDA Associate Justice September 5 , 2008 August 2 , 1963 August 2 , 2033 09 Member 30 Hon . MANUEL M. BARRIOS Associate Justice June 15 , 2009 November 29 , 1952 November 29 , 2022 10 Member 31 Hon . SAMEUL H. GAERLAN Associate Justice June 15 , 2009 December 19 , 1958 December 19 , 2028 11 Member 32 Hon . DANTON Q. BUESER Associate Justice June 15 , 2009 March 14 , 1951 March 14 , 2021 12 Member 33 Hon . LEONCIA REAL - DIMAGIBA Associate Justice June 15 , 2009 December 1 , 1947 December 1 , 2017 13 Member 34 Hon . EDWIN D. SORONGON Associate Justice October 30 , 2009 October 29 , 1954 October 29 , 2024 14 Member 35 Hon . RAMON A. CRUZ Associate Justice October 30 , 2009 August 25 , 1957 August 25 , 2027 15 Member 36 Hon . SOCORRO B. INTING Associate Justice October 30 , 2009 January 7 , 1955 January 7 , 2025 16 Member 37 Hon . MYRA GARCIA - FERNANDEZ Associate Justice February 16 , 2010 June 24 , 1963 June 24 , 2033 17 Member 38 Hon . EDUARDO B. PERALTA , JR . Associate Justice February 16 , 2010 September 29 , 1962 September 29 , 2032 01 Member 39 Hon . RAMON PAUL L. HERNANDO Associate Justice February 16 , 2010 August 27 , 1966 August 27 , 2036 02 Member 40 Hon . NINA G. ANTONIO - VALENZUELA Associate Justice February 24 , 2010 December 13 , 1963 December 13 , 2033 03 Member 41 Hon . GABRIEL T. INGLES Associate Justice February 24 , 2011 February 27 , 1952 February 27 , 2022 19 ch . 42 Hon . VICTORIA ISABEL A. PAREDES Associate Justice March 1 , 2011 July 1 , 1954 July 1 , 2024 04 Member 43 Hon . PAMELA ANN ABELLA - MAXINO Associate Justice March 1 , 2011 October 3 , 1956 October 3 , 2026 20 ch . 44 Hon . CARMELITA SALANDANAN - MANAHAN Associate Justice March 15 , 2011 March 22 , 1949 March 22 , 2019 05 Member 45 Hon . ZENAIDA T. GALAPATE - LAGUILLES Associate Justice March 15 , 2011 December 18 , 1962 December 18 , 2032 06 Member 46 Hon . PEDRO B. CORALES Associate Justice November 11 , 2011 April 29 , 1957 April 29 , 2027 07 Member 47 Hon . MARILYN B. LAGURA - YAP Associate Justice February 3 , 2012 May 29 , 1957 May 29 , 2027 18 Member 48 Hon . MARIA ELISA SEMPIO DIY Associate Justice February 16 , 2012 April 25 , 1966 April 25 , 2036 08 Member 49 Hon . MA . LUISA QUIJANO - PADILLA Associate Justice May 17 , 2012 January 18 , 1950 January 18 , 2020 09 Member 50 Hon . RENATO C. FRANCISCO Associate Justice May 17 , 2012 August 20 , 1948 August 20 , 2018 10 Member 51 Hon . JHOSEP Y . LOPEZ Associate Justice May 17 , 2012 February 8 , 1963 February 8 , 2033 11 Member 52 Hon . MARIE CHRISTINE B. AZCARRAGA - JACOB Associate Justice September 14 , 2012 January 15 , 1956 January 15 , 2026 12 Member 53 Hon . OSCAR V. BADELLES Associate Justice September 14 , 2012 April 20 , 1954 April 20 , 2024 13 Member 54 Hon . HENRI JEAN PAUL B. INTING Associate Justice September 14 , 2012 September 4 , 1957 September 4 , 2027 14 Member 55 Hon . EDWARD B. CONTRERAS Associate Justice February 26 , 2013 August 8 , 1954 August 8 , 2024 15 Member 56 Hon . MARIA FILOMENA D. SINGH Associate Justice March 13 , 2014 June 25 , 1966 June 25 , 2036 19 Member 57 Hon . PABLITO A. PEREZ Associate Justice March 13 , 2014 January 15 , 1957 January 15 , 2027 20 Member 58 Hon . RAFAEL M. SANTOS Associate Justice March 13 , 2014 February 16 , 1960 February 16 , 2030 18 Member 59 Hon . GERMANO FRANCISCO D. LEGASPI Associate Justice January 8 , 2015 January 29 , 1969 January 29 , 2039 19 Member 60 Hon . RONALDO B. MARTIN Associate Justice May 5 , 2015 October 8 , 1964 October 8 , 2034 20 Member 61 Hon . GERALDINE C. FIEL - MACARAIG Associate Justice November 6 , 2015 March 25 , 1963 March 25 , 2033 21 Member 62 Hon . GABRIEL T. ROBENIOL Associate Justice November 6 , 2015 June 7 , 1961 June 7 , 2031 22 Member 63 Hon . PERPETUA T. ATAL - PAÑO Associate Justice November 6 , 2015 September 20 , 1956 September 20 , 2026 23 Member 64 Hon . RUBEN REYNALDO G. ROXAS Associate Justice November 6 , 2015 March 30 , 1962 March 30 , 2032 21 Member 65 Hon . LOUIS P. ACOSTA Associate Justice March 2 , 2017 June 21 , 1961 June 21 , 2031 22 Member 66 Hon . TITA MARILYN B. PAYOYO - VILLORDON Associate Justice June 28 , 2017 September 16 , 1959 September 16 , 2029 23 Member 67 Vacante Associate Justice 68 Vacante Associate Justice 69 Former Justices ( edit ) Name of Former Court of Appeals Justices Position Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Hon . Ma . Alicia Austria - Martinez Associate Justice as March 5 , 1992 Presiding Justice as July 27 , 2001 April 9 , 2002 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Ruben T. Reyes Associate Justice as March 22 , 1994 Presiding Justice as January 2006 August 2 , 2007 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Conrado M. Vasquez , Jr . Associate Justice as March 22 , 1994 Presiding Justice as November 28 , 2007 January 6 , 2010 Hon . Portia Aliño - Hormachuelos Associate Justice as August 28 , 1995 Presiding Justice as January 6 , 2010 July 23 , 2011 Hon . Martin S. Villarama , Jr . Associate Justice March 11 , 1998 November 6 , 2009 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Andres B. Reyes , Jr . Associate Justice as May 21 , 1999 Presiding Justice as February 22 , 2010 July 12 , 2017 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Bienvenido L. Reyes Associate Justice August 8 , 2000 August 20 , 2011 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Josefina Guevara - Salonga Associate Justice August 22 , 2000 February 14 , 2012 Hon . Rebecca De Guia - Salvador Associate Justice August 22 , 2000 January 31 , 2015 Early Retirement Hon . Juan Q. Enriquez , Jr . Associate Justice August 22 , 2000 June 20 , 2012 Hon . Mariano C. del Castillo Associate Justice August 27 , 2001 July 29 , 2009 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Amelita G. Tolentino Associate Justice August 27 , 2001 July 4 , 2014 Hon . Mario L. Guariña III Associate Justice August 27 , 2001 November 11 , 2011 Hon . Sergio Pestaño Associate Justice August 27 , 2001 February 28 , 2007 Hon . Danilo Pine Associate Justice April 15 , 2002 December 27 , 2005 Hon . Edgardo F. Sundiam Associate Justice April 15 , 2002 February 28 , 2007 Hon . Lucas P. Bersamin Associate Justice April 15 , 2002 April 3 , 2009 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Regalado E. `` Dodong '' Maambong Associate Justice April 15 , 2002 January 2 , 2009 Hon . Noel G. Tijam Associate Justice March 10 , 2003 March 8 , 2017 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Hakim S. Abdulwahid Associate Justice March 10 , 2003 June 12 , 2015 Hon . Arsenio J. Magpale Associate Justice March 10 , 2003 July 16 , 2007 Hon . Jose C. Mendoza Associate Justice July 4 , 2003 January 4 , 2010 Appointment SC JUSTICE Hon . Rosalinda Asuncion - Vicente Associate Justice July 16 , 2003 November 23 , 2013 Hon . Arturo D. Brion Associate Justice July 16 , 2003 March 17 , 2008 Appointment DOLE Secretary Hon . Aurora Santiago - Lagman Associate Justice February 9 , 2004 January 16 , 2008 Hon . Vicente S.E. Veloso Associate Justice February 9 , 2004 January 7 , 2015 Hon . Vicente Q. Roxas Associate Justice February 9 , 2004 June 12 , 2008 Hon . Isaias P. Dicdican Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 July 4 , 2015 Hon . Santiago J. Ranada , Jr . Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 November 20 , 2006 Hon . Arcangelita M. Romilla - Lontok Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 March 18 , 2010 Hon . Lucenito N. Tagle Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 June 26 , 2008 Hon . Monina Arevalo - Zenarosa Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 August 22 , 2009 Hon . Estela Perlas - Bernabe Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 September 16 , 2011 Appointment SC Justice Hon . Teresita Dy - Liacco Flores Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 March 31 , 2011 Hon . Pampio A. Abarintos Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 December 14 , 2013 Hon . Arturo G. Tayag Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 March 2 , 2010 Hon . Vicente L. Yap Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 August 22 , 2006 Hon . Rodrigo F. Lim , Jr . Associate Justice March 15 , 2004 October 25 , 2011 Hon . Enrico A. Lanzanas Associate Justice January 24 , 2005 April 19 , 2008 Hon . Myrna Dimaranan - Vidal Associate Justice January 24 , 2005 December 20 , 2009 Hon . Sixto Marella , Jr . Associate Justice May 4 , 2006 February 1 , 2010 Hon . FRANCISCO P. ACOSTA Associate Justice December 14 , 2006 April 2 , 2017 Hon . Michael P. Elbinias Associate Justice December 14 , 2006 November 26 , 2014 Died November 26 , 2014 Hon . Antonio Villamor Associate Justice May 4 , 2006 July 4 , 2012 Hon . Agustin S. Dizon Associate Justice May 4 , 2006 June 24 , 2008 Hon . Ruben C. Ayson Associate Justice May 5 , 2008 September 19 , 2011 Hon . LEONCIA REAL - DIMAGIBA Associate Justice June 15 , 2009 December 1 , 2017 Hon . AGNES REYES - CARPIO Associate Justice October 30 , 2009 December 1 , 2016 Hon . Angelita D. Alberto - Gacutan Associate Justice October 30 , 2009 December 3 , 2013 Early Retirement Hon . Abraham B. Borreta Associate Justice March 1 , 2011 August 23 , 2012 Died August 23 , 2012 Hon . Melchor Quirino C. Sadang Associate Justice March 15 , 2011 January 6 , 2017 Early Retirement Court of Appeals Presiding Justices of the Philippines ( edit ) No . Name of Court of Appeals Presiding Justice Term of Office 56 Acting Presiding Justice REMEDIOS A. SALAZAR - FERNANDO July 12 , 2017 - present 55 Andres B. Reyes , Jr . February 22 , 2010 - July 12 , 2017 Appointment SC Justice 54 Portia Aliño Hormachuelos JANUARY 7 , 2010 - FEBRUARY 21 , 2010 53 Conrado M. Vasquez , Jr August 3 , 2007 - JANUARY 6 , 2010 52 Ruben T. Reyes DECEMBER 23 , 2005 - August 1 , 2007 Appointment SC Justice 51 Godardo A. Jacinto SEPTEMBER 17 , 2005 - DECEMBER 22 , 2005 50 Romeo A. Brawner , Sr . JANUARY 28 , 2005 - SEPTEMBER 16 , 2005 49 Eubulo G. Verzola OCTOBER 15 , 2004 - JANUARY 27 , 2005 ( 47 ) Cancio C. Garcia APRIL 11 , 2002 - OCTOBER 14 , 2004 Appointment SC Justice 48 Alicia Austria - Martinez JUNE 30 , 2001 - APRIL 11 , 2002 Appointment SC Justice 47 Cancio C. Garcia MARCH 15 , 2001 - JUNE 29 , 2001 46 Salome A. Montoya DECEMBER 7 , 1999 - MARCH 14 , 2001 45 Jainal D. Rasul OCTOBER 16 , 1999 - DECEMBER 6 , 1999 44 Jesus M. Elbinias FEBRUARY 5 , 1999 - OCTOBER 15 , 1999 43 Jorge S. Imperial January 4 , 1999 - FEBRUARY 4 , 1999 42 Arturo B. Buena January 27 , 1998 - January 3 , 1999 Appointment SC Justice 41 Fidel P. Purisima AUGUST 4 , 1997 - January 26 , 1998 Appointment SC Justice 40 Nathanael P. De Pano , Jr . JUNE 28 , 1994 - AUGUST 3 , 1997 39 Vicente V. Mendoza MARCH 22 , 1994 - JUNE 10 , 1994 Appointment SC Justice ( 36 ) Santiago M. Kapunan SEPTEMBER 7 , 1993 - JANUARY 10 , 1994 Appointment SC Justice 38 Serafin E. Camilon MAY 21 , 1993 - AUGUST 16 , 1993 ( 36 ) Santiago M. Kapunan FEBRUARY 27 , 1993 - MAY 20 , 1993 37 Lorna S. Lombos - De La Fuente DECEMBER 3 , 1992 - FEBRUARY 26 , 1993 36 Santiago M. Kapunan AUGUST 13 , 1992 - DECEMBER 1 , 1992 35 Jose A.R. Melo December 3 , 1991 - AUGUST 12 , 1992 Appointment SC Justice 34 Rodolfo A. Nocon December 2 , 1988 - December 2 , 1991 ( 32 ) Oscar R. Victoriano APRIL 20 , 1988 - OCTOBER 17 , 1988 33 Carolina Griño - Aquino JANUARY 31 , 1987 - APRIL 19 , 1988 32 Oscar R. Victoriano JANUARY 13 , 1987 - JANUARY 30 , 1987 31 Emilio A. Gancayco AUGUST 1 , 1986 - JANUARY 12 , 1987 ( 29 ) Ramon G. Gaviola , Jr . FEBRUARY 22 , 1984 - JULY 31 , 1986 30 Buenaventura S. De La Fuente JANUARY 18 , 1983 - FEBRUARY 21 , 1984 29 Ramon G. Gaviola , Jr . APRIL 22 , 1980 - JANUARY 17 , 1983 28 Lourdes P. San Diego SEPTEMBER 4 , 1979 - APRIL 21 , 1980 27 Andres C. Reyes , Sr . JANUARY 2 , 1978 - SEPTEMBER 3 , 1979 26 Magno S. Gatmaitan APRIL 29 , 1976 - JANUARY 1 , 1978 25 Antonio G. Lucero MAY 7 , 1973 - APRIL 28 , 1976 24 Juan P. Enriquez JULY 1 , 1972 - MAY 6 , 1973 23 Salvador V. Esguerra JANUARY 17 , 1970 - JULY 1 , 1972 22 Julio Villamor September 16 , 1968 - January 24 , 1970 21 Francisco Capistrano JULY 5 , 1967 - September 16 , 1968 20 Eugenio Angeles JULY 1 , 1966 - JULY 4 , 1967 19 Fred Ruiz Castro JANUARY 23 , 1966 - JUNE 30 , 1966 Appointment SC Justice 18 Conrado V. Sanchez September 12 , 1964 - JANUARY 23 , 1966 17 Jose P. Bengzon JUNE 18 , 1962 - September 12 , 1964 16 Querube Makalintal May 22 , 1961 - May 23 , 1962 Appointment SC Justice 15 Dionisio De Leon OCTOBER 1960 - April 28 , 1961 14 Jose Ma . Paredes August 15 , 1959 - August 18 , 1960 13 Jose Gutierrez David MAY 22 , 1957 - August 14 , 1959 12 Alfonso Felix APRIL 18 , 1956 - July 24 , 1956 11 Pastor Endencia JUNE 30 , 1952 - APRIL 18 , 1956 10 Pompeyo Diaz NOVEMBER 10 , 1952 - FEBRUARY 1954 09 Roberto Concepcion MAY 7 , 1952 - NOVEMBER 9 , 1952 Appointment SC Justice 08 Alejo Labrador OCTOBER 20 , 1950 - April 22 , 1952 07 Fernando Jugo JANUARY 6 , 1950 - October 20 , 1950 06 Luis P. Torres August 21 , 1948 - August 20 , 1949 05 Marcelino R. Montemayor NOVEMBER 2 , 1946 - August 20 , 1948 04 Jose G. Generoso December 28 , 1941 - May 10 , 1943 03 Ricardo Parás JULY 1940 - December 28 , 1941 02 Antonio Horrilleno FEBRUARY 15 , 1937 - JULY 1940 01 Pedro Concepción JANUARY 20 , 1936 - FEBRUARY 14 , 1937 Back view of the Court Old and new building New ( Annex ) building Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary of La Naval de Manila at the 76th Anniversary of the Court of Appeals of the Philippines See also ( edit ) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Court of Tax Appeals of the Philippines Sandiganbayan Philippines Political history of the Philippines Constitution of the Philippines References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manila Bulletin , IBP Cebu City opposes abolition of CA Cebu Jump up ^ mb.com.ph , Court of Appeals 75th Anniversary Archived 2011 - 07 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ GMA NEWS.TV , Fire hits CA main office Sources History of the Court of Appeals External links ( edit ) Philippines : Gov.Ph : About the Philippines -- Justice category The Philippines Court of Appeals -- Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines&oldid=804463916 '' Categories : Court of Appeals of the Philippines Appellate courts Courts in the Philippines Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Tagalog - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Македонски Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 04 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-5,292,625,611,113,624,000 | where is ecuador located in the world map | Ecuador - wikipedia Ecuador Not to be confused with Equator . For other uses , see Ecuador ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 2 ° 00 ′ S 77 ° 30 ′ W / 2.000 ° S 77.500 ° W / - 2.000 ; - 77.500 <Th_colspan="2"> Republic of Ecuador República del Ecuador ( Spanish ) <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Coat of arms <Td_colspan="2"> Motto : `` Dios , patria y libertad '' ( Spanish ) `` Pro Deo , Patria et Libertate '' ( Latin ) `` God , homeland and freedom '' <Td_colspan="2"> Anthem : Salve , Oh Patria ( Spanish ) Hail , Oh Homeland <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Ecuador ( dark green ) in South America ( grey ) <Td_colspan="2"> Capital Quito 00 ° 9 ′ S 78 ° 21 ′ W / 0.150 ° S 78.350 ° W / - 0.150 ; - 78.350 Largest city Guayaquil Official languages Spanish Recognized regional languages Kichwa ( Quichua ) , Shuar and others `` are in official use for indigenous peoples '' Ethnic groups ( ) 71.9 % Mestizo 7.4 % Montubio 7.2 % Afro - Ecuadorian 7 % Amerindian 6.1 % White 0.4 % others Demonym Ecuadorian Government Unitary presidential constitutional republic <Td_colspan="2"> President Lenín Moreno Vice President María Alejandra Vicuña <Td_colspan="2"> Legislature National Assembly <Th_colspan="2"> Independence <Td_colspan="2"> Declared August 10 , 1809 from Spain May 24 , 1822 from Gran Colombia May 13 , 1830 Recognized by Spain February 16 , 1840 Current constitution September 28 , 2008 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 283,561 km ( 109,484 sq mi ) ( 73rd ) Water ( % ) 5 <Th_colspan="2"> Population 2016 estimate 16,385,068 ( 65th ) 2010 census 14,483,499 Density 58.95 / km ( 152.7 / sq mi ) ( 151st ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $194.845 billion Per capita $11,788 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $109.759 billion ( 64th ) Per capita $6,640 Gini ( 2014 ) 45.4 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.739 high 89th Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone ECT / GALT ( UTC − 5 / − 6 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 593 ISO 3166 code EC Internet TLD . ec <Td_colspan="2"> Including Galápagos . Sucre until 2000 , replaced by the US $ and Ecuadorian centavo coins . Ecuador ( / ˈɛkwədɔːr / ( listen ) EK - wə - dor , Spanish : ( ekwaˈðoɾ ) ) ( Quechua : Ikwadur ) , officially the Republic of Ecuador ( Spanish : República del Ecuador , which literally translates as `` Republic of the Equator '' ; Quechua : Ikwadur Ripuwlika ) , is a representative democratic republic in northwestern South America , bordered by Colombia on the north , Peru on the east and south , and the Pacific Ocean to the west . Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific , about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) west of the mainland . The capital city is Quito , while the largest city is Guayaquil . What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century . The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century , achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia , from which it emerged as its own sovereign state in 1830 . The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador 's ethnically diverse population , with most of its 16.4 million people being mestizos , followed by large minorities of European , Amerindian , and African descendants . Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population , though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized , including Quichua and Shuar . Ecuador is a middle - income country , with a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities , namely petroleum and agricultural products . It is governed as a democratic presidential republic . One of 17 megadiverse countries in the world , Ecuador hosts many endemic plants and animals , such as those of the Galápagos Islands . In recognition of its unique ecological heritage , the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature , or ecosystem rights . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-Inca era 1.2 Inca era 1.3 Spanish rule 1.4 Independence 1.5 Liberal Revolution 1.6 Loss of claimed territories since 1830 1.6. 1 President Juan José Flores de jure territorial claims 1.6. 2 Struggle for independence 1.6. 3 Peruvian occupation of Jaén , Tumbes , and Guayaquil 1.6. 4 The dissolution of Gran Colombia 1.6. 5 Struggle for possession of the Amazon Basin 1.7 Military governments ( 1972 -- 79 ) 1.8 Return to democracy 2 Government and politics 2.1 Executive branch 2.2 Legislative branch 2.3 Judicial branch 2.4 Electoral branch 2.5 Transparency and social control branch 2.6 Human rights 2.7 Foreign affairs 3 Administrative divisions 3.1 Regions and planning areas 4 Military 5 Geography 5.1 Climate 5.2 Hydrology 5.3 Biodiversity 6 Economy 6.1 Tourism 7 Transport 8 Electrical power outlets 9 Mobile ( cellular ) phone frequencies 10 Demographics 10.1 Religion 10.2 Nations 10.3 Population genetics 10.4 Population density 10.5 Immigration and emigration 11 Culture 11.1 Language 11.2 Music 11.3 Cuisine 11.4 Literature 11.5 Art 11.6 Sports 12 Health 13 Education 14 Sciences and research 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links History Main articles : History of Ecuador and Indigenous peoples in Ecuador Pre-inca era Tumaco - La Tolita mythological figure in feathered costume . Between 100 BC and 100 AD . Found in Esmeraldas Various peoples had settled in the area of the future Ecuador before the arrival of the Incas . The archeological evidence suggests that the Paleo - Indians ' first dispersal into the Americas occurred near the end of the last glacial period , around 16,500 -- 13,000 years ago . The first Indians who reached Ecuador may have journeyed by land from North and Central America or by boat down the Pacific Ocean coastline . Much later migrations to Ecuador may have come via the Amazon tributaries , others descended from northern South America , and others ascended from the southern part of South America through the Andes . They developed different languages while emerging as unique ethnic groups . Even though their languages were unrelated , these groups developed similar groups of cultures , each based in different environments . The people of the coast developed a fishing , hunting , and gathering culture ; the people of the highland Andes developed a sedentary agricultural way of life ; and the people of the Amazon basin developed a nomadic hunting - and - gathering mode of existence . Over time these groups began to interact and intermingle with each other so that groups of families in one area became one community or tribe , with a similar language and culture . Many civilizations arose in Ecuador , such as the Valdivia Culture and Machalilla Culture on the coast , the Quitus ( near present - day Quito ) , and the Cañari ( near present - day Cuenca ) . Each civilization developed its own distinctive architecture , pottery , and religious interests . In the highland Andes mountains , where life was more sedentary , groups of tribes cooperated and formed villages ; thus the first nations based on agricultural resources and the domestication of animals formed . Eventually , through wars and marriage alliances of their leaders , a group of nations formed confederations . One region consolidated under a confederation called the Shyris , which exercised organized trading and bartering between the different regions . Its political and military power came under the rule of the Duchicela blood - line . Inca era Ruins of Ingapirca , this site served as an outpost and provisioning of the Incan troops , but mainly it was a place of worship and veneration to the sun , the maximum Incan God , thus constituting a Coricancha , dedicated to the Inca ritual . Pre-Hispanic shrunken head of the Shuars ( Jivaroan peoples ) . When the Incas arrived , they found that these confederations were so developed that it took the Incas two generations of rulers -- Topa Inca Yupanqui and Huayna Capac -- to absorb them into the Inca Empire . The native confederations that gave them the most problems were deported to distant areas of Peru , Bolivia , and north Argentina . Similarly , a number of loyal Inca subjects from Peru and Bolivia were brought to Ecuador to prevent rebellion . Thus , the region of highland Ecuador became part of the Inca Empire in 1463 sharing the same language . In contrast , when the Incas made incursions into coastal Ecuador and the eastern Amazon jungles of Ecuador , they found both the environment and indigenous people more hostile . Moreover , when the Incas tried to subdue them , these indigenous people withdrew to the interior and resorted to guerrilla tactics . As a result , Inca expansion into the Amazon basin and the Pacific coast of Ecuador was hampered . The indigenous people of the Amazon jungle and coastal Ecuador remained relatively autonomous until the Spanish soldiers and missionaries arrived in force . The Amazonian people and the Cayapas of Coastal Ecuador were the only groups to resist Inca and Spanish domination , maintaining their language and culture well into the 21st century . Before the arrival of the Spaniards , the Inca Empire was involved in a civil war . The untimely death of both the heir Ninan Cuchi and the Emperor Huayna Capac , from a European disease that spread into Ecuador , created a power vacuum between two factions . The northern faction headed by Atahualpa claims that Huayna Capac gave a verbal decree before his death about how the empire should be divided . He gave the territories pertaining to present - day Ecuador and northern Peru to his favorite son Atahualpa , who was to rule from Quito ; and he gave the rest to Huáscar , who was to rule from Cuzco . He willed that his heart be buried in Quito , his favorite city , and the rest of his body be buried with his ancestors in Cuzco . Huáscar did not recognize his father 's will , since it did not follow Inca traditions of naming an Inca through the priests . Huáscar ordered Atahualpa to attend their father 's burial in Cuzco and pay homage to him as the new Inca ruler . Atahualpa , with a large number of his father 's veteran soldiers , decided to ignore Huáscar , and a civil war ensued . A number of bloody battles took place until finally Huáscar was captured . Atahualpa marched south to Cuzco and massacred the royal family associated with his brother . A small band of Spaniards headed by Francisco Pizarro landed in Tumbez and marched over the Andes Mountains until they reached Cajamarca , where the new Inca Atahualpa was to hold an interview with them . Valverde , the priest , tried to convince Atahualpa that he should join the Catholic Church and declare himself a vassal of Spain . This infuriated Atahualpa so much that he threw the Bible to the ground . At this point the enraged Spaniards , with orders from Valverde , attacked and massacred unarmed escorts of the Inca and captured Atahualpa . Pizarro promised to release Atahualpa if he made good his promise of filling a room full of gold . But , after a mock trial , the Spaniards executed Atahualpa by strangulation . Spanish rule Major square of Quito . Painting of 18th century . Quito Painting Colonial School . New infectious diseases , endemic to the Europeans , caused high fatalities among the Amerindian population during the first decades of Spanish rule , as they had no immunity . At the same time , the natives were forced into the encomienda labor system for the Spanish . In 1563 , Quito became the seat of a real audiencia ( administrative district ) of Spain and part of the Viceroyalty of Peru and later the Viceroyalty of New Granada . After nearly 300 years of Spanish rule , Quito was still a small city numbering 10,000 inhabitants . On August 10 , 1809 , the city 's criollos called for independence from Spain ( first among the peoples of Latin America ) . They were led by Juan Pío Montúfar , Quiroga , Salinas , and Bishop Cuero y Caicedo . Quito 's nickname , `` Luz de América '' ( `` Light of America '' ) , is based on its leading role in trying to secure an independent , local government . Although the new government lasted no more than two months , it had important repercussions and was an inspiration for the independence movement of the rest of Spanish America . August 10 is now celebrated as Independence Day , a national holiday . Independence Main article : Ecuadorian War of Independence Venezuelan independence leader Antonio José de Sucre The `` Guayaquil Conference '' was the meeting between the two main Hispanic South American independence leaders . In it the form of government of the nascent countries was discussed , San Martín opted for a unified South America in the form of a monarchy , while Bolívar opted for the same but into a republic . 1843 painting . On October 9 , 1820 , Guayaquil became the first city in Ecuador to gain its independence from Spain . The people were very happy about the independence and celebrated , which is now Ecuador 's independence day , officially on May 24 , 1822 . The rest of Ecuador gained its independence after Antonio José de Sucre defeated the Spanish Royalist forces at the Battle of Pichincha , near Quito . Following the battle , Ecuador joined Simón Bolívar 's Republic of Gran Colombia , also including modern - day Colombia , Venezuela and Panama . In 1830 Ecuador separated from Gran Colombia and became an independent republic . The 19th century was marked by instability for Ecuador with a rapid succession of rulers . The first president of Ecuador was the Venezuelan - born Juan José Flores , who was ultimately deposed , followed by several authoritarian leaders , such as Vicente Rocafuerte ; José Joaquín de Olmedo ; José María Urbina ; Diego Noboa ; Pedro José de Arteta ; Manuel de Ascásubi ; and Flores 's own son , Antonio Flores Jijón , among others . The conservative Gabriel Garcia Moreno unified the country in the 1860s with the support of the Roman Catholic Church . In the late 19th century , world demand for cocoa tied the economy to commodity exports and led to migrations from the highlands to the agricultural frontier on the coast . Ecuador abolished slavery and freed its black slaves in 1851 . Liberal Revolution Antique dug out canoes in the courtyard of the Old Military Hospital in the Historic Center of Quito Main article : Liberal Revolution of 1895 The Liberal Revolution of 1895 under Eloy Alfaro reduced the power of the clergy and the conservative land owners . This liberal wing retained power until the military `` Julian Revolution '' of 1925 . The 1930s and 1940s were marked by instability and emergence of populist politicians , such as five - time President José María Velasco Ibarra . Loss of claimed territories since 1830 Main article : History of the Ecuadorian -- Peruvian territorial dispute <Th_colspan="2"> The Ecuadorian -- Peruvian territorial dispute <Td_colspan="2"> History of the Ecuadorian -- Peruvian territorial dispute Gran Colombia -- Peru War ( 1828 - 1829 ) Ecuadorian -- Peruvian territorial dispute of 1857 -- 60 Ecuadorian - Peruvian War ( 1941 ) Paquisha War ( 1981 ) Cenepa War ( 1995 ) President Juan José Flores de jure territorial claims Since Ecuador 's separation from Colombia in May 13 , 1830 , its first President , General Juan José Flores , laid claim to the territory that was called the Real Audiencia of Quito , also referred to as the Presidencia of Quito . He supported his claims with Spanish Royal decrees or Real Cedulas , that delineated the borders of Spain 's former overseas colonies . In the case of Ecuador , Flores - based Ecuador 's de jure claims on the following cedulas - Real Cedula of 1563 , 1739 , and 1740 ; with modifications in the Amazon Basin and Andes Mountains that were introduced through the Treaty of Guayaquil ( 1829 ) which Peru reluctantly signed , after the overwhelmingly outnumbered Gran Colombian force led by Antonio José de Sucre defeated President and General La Mar 's Peruvian invasion force in the Battle of Tarqui . In addition , Ecuador 's eastern border with the Portuguese colony of Brazil in the Amazon Basin was modified before the wars of Independence by the First Treaty of San Ildefonso ( 1777 ) between the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire . Moreover , to add legitimacy to his claims , on February 16 , 1840 , Flores signed a treaty with Spain , whereby Flores convinced Spain to officially recognize Ecuadorian independence and its sole rights to colonial titles over Spain 's former colonial territory known anciently to Spain as the Kingdom and Presidency of Quito . Ecuador during its long and turbulent history has lost most of its contested territories to each of its more powerful neighbors , such as Colombia in 1832 and 1916 , Brazil in 1904 through a series of peaceful treaties , and Peru after a short war in which the Protocol of Rio de Janeiro was signed in 1942 . Struggle for independence During the struggle for independence , before Peru or Ecuador became independent nations , a few areas of the former Vice Royalty of New Granada - Guayaquil , Tumbez , and Jaén - declared themselves independent from Spain . A few months later , a part of the Peruvian liberation army of San Martin decided to occupy the independent cities of Tumbez and Jaén with the intention of using these towns as springboards to occupy the independent city of Guayaquil and then to liberate the rest of the Audiencia de Quito ( Ecuador ) . It was common knowledge among the top officers of the liberation army from the south that their leader San Martin wished to liberate present - day Ecuador and add it to the future republic of Peru , since it had been part of the Inca Empire before the Spaniards conquered it . However , Bolívar 's intention was to form a new republic known as the Gran Colombia , out of the liberated Spanish territory of New Granada which consisted of Colombia , Venezuela , and Ecuador . San Martin 's plans were thwarted when Bolívar , with the help of Marshal Antonio José de Sucre and the Gran Colombian liberation force , descended from the Andes mountains and occupied Guayaquil ; they also annexed the newly liberated Audiencia de Quito to the Republic of Gran Colombia . This happened a few days before San Martin 's Peruvian forces could arrive and occupy Guayaquil , with the intention of annexing Guayaquil to the rest of Audiencia of Quito ( Ecuador ) and to the future republic of Peru . Historic documents repeatedly stated that San Martin told Bolivar he came to Guayaquil to liberate the land of the Incas from Spain . Bolivar countered by sending a message from Guayaquil welcoming San Martin and his troops to Colombian soil . Peruvian occupation of Jaen , Tumbes , and Guayaquil In the south , Ecuador had de jure claims to a small piece of land beside the Pacific Ocean known as Tumbes which lay between the Zarumilla and Tumbes rivers . In Ecuador 's southern Andes Mountain region where the Marañon cuts across , Ecuador had de jure claims to an area it called Jaén de Bracamoros . These areas were included as part of the territory of Gran Colombia by Bolivar in December 17 , 1819 , during the Congress of Angostura when the Republic of Gran Colombia was created . Tumbes declared itself independent from Spain on January 17 , 1821 , and Jaen de Bracamoros on June 17 , 1821 , without any outside help from revolutionary armies . However , that same year , 1821 , Peruvian forces participating in the Trujillo revolution occupied both Jaen and Tumbes . Some Peruvian generals , without any legal titles backing them up and with Ecuador still federated with the Gran Colombia , had the desire to annex Ecuador to the Republic of Peru at the expense of the Gran Colombia , feeling that Ecuador was once part of the Inca Empire . On July 28 , 1821 , Peruvian independence was proclaimed in Lima by the Liberator San Martin and Tumbes and Jaen which were included as part of the revolution of Trujillo by the Peruvian occupying force , had the whole region swear allegiance to the new Peruvian flag and incorporated itself into Peru , even though Peru was not completely liberated from Spain . After Peru was completely liberated from Spain by the patriot armies led by Bolivar and Antonio Jose de Sucre at the Battle of Ayacucho dated December 9 , 1824 , there was a strong desire by some Peruvians to resurrect the Inca Empire and to include Bolivia and Ecuador . One of these Peruvian Generals was the Ecuadorian - born José de La Mar , who became one of Peru 's presidents after Bolivar resigned as dictator of Peru and returned to Colombia . Gran Colombia had always protested Peru for the return of Jaen and Tumbes for almost a decade , then finally Bolivar after long and futile discussion over the return of Jaen , Tumbes , and part of Mainas , declared war . President and General José de La Mar , who was born in Ecuador , believing his opportunity had come to annex the District of Ecuador to Peru , personally , with a Peruvian force , invaded and occupied Guayaquil and a few cities in the Loja region of southern Ecuador on November 28 , 1828 . The war ended when a triumphant heavily outnumbered southern Gran Colombian army at Battle of Tarqui dated February 27 , 1829 , led by Antonio José de Sucre , defeated the Peruvian invasion force led by President La Mar . This defeat led to the signing of the Treaty of Guayaquil dated September 22 , 1829 , whereby Peru and its Congress recognized Gran Colombian rights over Tumbes , Jaen , and Maynas . Through protocolized meetings between representatives of Peru and Gran Colombia , the border was set as Tumbes river in the west and in the east the Maranon and Amazon rivers were to be followed toward Brazil as the most natural borders between them . However , what was pending was whether the new border around the Jaen region should follow the Chinchipe river or the Huancabamba river . According to the peace negotiations Peru agreed to return Guayaquil , Tumbez , and Jaén ; despite this , Peru returned Guayaquil , but failed to return Tumbes and Jaén , alleging that it was not obligated to follow the agreements , since the Gran Colombia ceased to exist when it divided itself into three different nations - Ecuador , Colombia , and Venezuela . The dissolution of Gran Colombia Map of the former Gran Colombia in 1824 ( named in its time as Colombia ) , the Gran Colombia covered all the colored region . Ecuador in 1832 The Central District of the Gran Colombia , known as Cundinamarca or New Granada ( modern Colombia ) with its capital in Bogota , did not recognize the separation of the Southern District of the Gran Colombia , with its capital in Quito , from the Gran Colombian federation on May 13 , 1830 . After Ecuador 's separation , the Department of Cauca voluntarily decided to unite itself with Ecuador due to instability in the central government of Bogota . President Juan José Flores with the approval of the Ecuadorian congress annexed the Department of Cauca on December 20 , 1830 , since the government of Cauca had called for union with the District of the South as far back as April 1830 . Moreover , the Cauca region throughout its long history had very strong economic and cultural ties with the people of Ecuador . Also , the Cauca region which included such cities as Pasto , Popayán , and Buenaventura had always been dependent on the Presidencia or Audiencia of Quito . Fruitless negotiations continued between the governments of Bogotá and Quito , where the government of Bogotá did not recognize the separation of Ecuador or that of Cauca from the Gran Colombia until war broke out in May 1832 . In five months , New Granada defeated Ecuador due to the fact that the majority of the Ecuadorian Armed Forces were composed of rebellious angry unpaid veterans from Venezuela and Colombia that did not want to fight against their fellow countrymen . Seeing that his officers were rebelling , mutinying , and changing sides , President Flores had no option but to reluctantly make peace with New Granada . The Treaty of Pasto of 1832 was signed by which the Department of Cauca was turned over to New Granada ( modern Colombia ) , the government of Bogotá recognized Ecuador as an independent country and the border was to follow the Ley de División Territorial de la República de Colombia ( Law of the Division of Territory of the Gran Colombia ) passed on June 25 , 1824 . This law set the border at the river Carchi and the eastern border that stretched to Brazil at the Caquetá river . Later , Ecuador contended that the Republic of Colombia , while reorganizing its government , unlawfully made its eastern border provisional and that Colombia extended its claims south to the Napo River because it said that the Government of Popayán extended its control all the way to the Napo River . Struggle for possession of the Amazon Basin South America ( 1879 ) : All land claims by Peru , Ecuador , Colombia , Brazil , Argentina , Chile , and Bolivia in 1879 When Ecuador seceded from the Gran Colombia , Peru decided not to follow the treaty of Guayaquil of 1829 or the protocoled agreements made . Peru contested Ecuador 's claims with the newly discovered Real Cedula of 1802 , by which Peru claims the King of Spain had transferred these lands from the Viceroyalty of New Granada to the Viceroyalty of Peru . During colonial times this was to halt the ever - expanding Portuguese settlements into Spanish domains , which were left vacant and in disorder after the expulsion of Jesuit missionaries from their bases along the Amazon Basin . Ecuador countered by labeling the Cedula of 1802 an ecclesiastical instrument , which had nothing to do with political borders . Peru began its de facto occupation of disputed Amazonian territories , after it signed a secret 1851 peace treaty in favor of Brazil . This treaty disregarded Spanish rights that were confirmed during colonial times by a Spanish - Portuguese treaty over the Amazon regarding territories held by illegal Portuguese settlers . Peru began occupying the defenseless missionary villages in the Mainas or Maynas region which it began calling Loreto with its capital in Iquitos . During its negotiations with Brazil , Peru stated that based on the royal cedula of 1802 , it claimed Amazonian Basin territories up to Caqueta River in the north and toward the Andes Mountain range , depriving Ecuador and Colombia of all their claims to the Amazon Basin . Colombia protested stating that its claims extended south toward the Napo and Amazon Rivers . Ecuador protested that it claimed the Amazon Basin between the Caqueta river and the Marañon - Amazon river . Peru ignored these protests and created the Department of Loreto in 1853 with its capital in Iquitos which it had recently invaded and systematically began to occupy using the river systems in all the territories claimed by both Colombia and Ecuador . Peru briefly occupied Guayaquil again in 1860 , since Peru thought that Ecuador was selling some of the disputed land for development to British bond holders , but returned Guayaquil after a few months . The border dispute was then submitted to Spain for arbitration from 1880 to 1910 , but to no avail . In the early part of the 20th century Ecuador made an effort to peacefully define its eastern Amazonian borders with its neighbours through negotiation . On May 6 , 1904 , Ecuador signed the Tobar - Rio Branco Treaty recognizing Brazil 's claims to the Amazon in recognition of Ecuador 's claim to be an Amazonian country to counter Peru 's earlier Treaty with Brazil back in October 23 , 1851 . Then after a few meetings with the Colombian government 's representatives an agreement was reached and the Muñoz Vernaza - Suarez Treaty was signed July 15 , 1916 , in which Colombian rights to the Putumayo river were recognized as well as Ecuador 's rights to the Napo river and the new border was a line that ran midpoint between those two rivers . In this way Ecuador gave up the claims it had to the Amazonian territories between the Caquetá River and Napo River to Colombia , thus cutting itself off from Brazil . Later a brief war erupted between Colombia and Peru , over Peru 's claims to the Caquetá region , which ended with the Peru reluctantly signing the Salomon - Lozano Treaty on March 24 , 1922 . Ecuador protested this secret treaty , since Colombia gave away Ecuadorian claimed land to Peru that Ecuador had given to Colombia in 1916 . In July 21 , 1924 the Ponce - Castro Oyanguren Protocol was signed between Ecuador and Peru where both agreed to hold direct negotiations and to resolve the dispute in an equitable manner and to submit the differing points of the dispute to the United States for arbitration . Negotiations between the Ecuadorian and Peruvian representatives began in Washington on September 30 , 1935 . These negotiations were long and tiresome . Both sides logically presented their cases , but no one seemed to give up their claims . Then on February 6 , 1937 , Ecuador presented a transactional line which Peru rejected the next day . The negotiations turned into intense arguments during the next 7 months and finally on September 29 , 1937 the Peruvian representatives decided to break off the negotiations without submitting the dispute to arbitration because the direct negotiations were going nowhere . Four years later in 1941 , amid fast - growing tensions within disputed territories around the Zarumilla River , war broke out with Peru . Peru claimed that Ecuador 's military presence in Peruvian - claimed territory was an invasion ; Ecuador , for its part , claimed that Peru had recently invaded Ecuador around the Zarumilla River and that Peru since Ecuador 's independence from Spain has systematically occupied Tumbez , Jaen , and most of the disputed territories in the Amazonian Basin between the Putomayo and Marañon Rivers . In July 1941 , troops were mobilized in both countries . Peru had an army of 11,681 troops who faced a poorly supplied and inadequately armed Ecuadorian force of 2,300 , of which only 1,300 were deployed in the southern provinces . Hostilities erupted on July 5 , 1941 , when Peruvian forces crossed the Zarumilla river at several locations , testing the strength and resolve of the Ecuadorian border troops . Finally , on July 23 , 1941 , the Peruvians launched a major invasion , crossing the Zarumilla river in force and advancing into the Ecuadorian province of El Oro . Map of Ecuadorian Land Claims after 1916 During the course of the Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War , Peru gained control over part of the disputed territory and some parts of the province of El Oro , and some parts of the province of Loja , demanding that the Ecuadorian government give up its territorial claims . The Peruvian Navy blocked the port of Guayaquil , almost cutting all supplies to the Ecuadorian troops . After a few weeks of war and under pressure by the United States and several Latin American nations , all fighting came to a stop . Ecuador and Peru came to an accord formalized in the Rio Protocol , signed on January 29 , 1942 , in favor of hemispheric unity against the Axis Powers in World War II favouring Peru with the territory they occupied at the time the war came to an end . The 1944 Glorious May Revolution followed a military - civilian rebellion and a subsequent civic strike which successfully removed Carlos Arroyo del Río as a dictator from Ecuador 's government . However , a post-Second World War recession and popular unrest led to a return to populist politics and domestic military interventions in the 1960s , while foreign companies developed oil resources in the Ecuadorian Amazon . In 1972 , construction of the Andean pipeline was completed . The pipeline brought oil from the east side of the Andes to the coast , making Ecuador South America 's second largest oil exporter . The pipeline in southern Ecuador did nothing to resolve tensions between Ecuador and Peru , however . Ecuadorian troops during the Cenepa War The Mirage F. 1JA ( FAE - 806 ) was one aircraft involved in the claimed shooting down of two Peruvian Sukhoi Su - 22 on February 10 , 1995 . The Rio Protocol failed to precisely resolve the border along a little river in the remote Cordillera del Cóndor region in southern Ecuador . This caused a long - simmering dispute between Ecuador and Peru , which ultimately led to fighting between the two countries ; first a border skirmish in January -- February 1981 known as the Paquisha Incident , and ultimately full - scale warfare in January 1995 where the Ecuadorian military shot down Peruvian aircraft and helicopters and Peruvian infantry marched into southern Ecuador . Each country blamed the other for the onset of hostilities , known as the Cenepa War . Sixto Durán Ballén , the Ecuadorian president , famously declared that he would not give up a single centimeter of Ecuador . Popular sentiment in Ecuador became strongly nationalistic against Peru : graffiti could be seen on the walls of Quito referring to Peru as the `` Cain de Latinoamérica '' , a reference to the murder of Abel by his brother Cain in the Book of Genesis . Ecuador and Peru signed the Brasilia Presidential Act peace agreement on October 26 , 1998 , which ended hostilities , and effectively put an end to the Western Hemisphere 's longest running territorial dispute . The Guarantors of the Rio Protocol ( Argentina , Brazil , Chile , and the United States of America ) ruled that the border of the undelineated zone was to be set at the line of the Cordillera del Cóndor . While Ecuador had to give up its decades - old territorial claims to the eastern slopes of the Cordillera , as well as to the entire western area of Cenepa headwaters , Peru was compelled to give to Ecuador , in perpetual lease but without sovereignty , 1 km ( 0.39 sq mi ) of its territory , in the area where the Ecuadorian base of Tiwinza -- focal point of the war -- had been located within Peruvian soil and which the Ecuadorian Army held during the conflict . The final border demarcation came into effect on May 13 , 1999 and the multi-national MOMEP ( Military Observer Mission for Ecuador and Peru ) troop deployment withdrew on June 17 , 1999 . Military governments ( 1972 -- 79 ) In 1972 , a `` revolutionary and nationalist '' military junta overthrew the government of Velasco Ibarra . The coup d'état was led by General Guillermo Rodríguez and executed by navy commander Jorge Queirolo G . The new president exiled José María Velasco to Argentina . He remained in power until 1976 , when he was removed by another military government . That military junta was led by Admiral Alfredo Poveda , who was declared chairman of the Supreme Council . The Supreme Council included two other members : General Guillermo Durán Arcentales and General Luis Leoro Franco . The civil society more and more insistently called for democratic elections . Colonel Richelieu Levoyer , Government Minister , proposed and implemented a Plan to return to the constitutional system through universal elections . This plan enabled the new democratically elected president to assume the duties of the executive office . Return to Democracy Elections were held on April 29 , 1979 , under a new constitution . Jaime Roldós Aguilera was elected president , garnering over one million votes , the most in Ecuadorian history . He took office on August 10 , as the first constitutionally elected president after nearly a decade of civilian and military dictatorships . In 1980 , he founded the Partido Pueblo , Cambio y Democracia ( People , Change , and Democracy Party ) after withdrawing from the Concentración de Fuerzas Populares ( Popular Forces Concentration ) and governed until May 24 , 1981 , when he died along with his wife and the minister of defense , Marco Subia Martinez , when his Air Force plane crashed in heavy rain near the Peruvian border . Many people believe that he was assassinated by the CIA , given the multiple death threats leveled against him because of his reformist agenda , deaths in automobile crashes of two key witnesses before they could testify during the investigation , and the sometimes contradictory accounts of the incident . Roldos was immediately succeeded by Vice President Osvaldo Hurtado , who was followed in 1984 by León Febres Cordero from the Social Christian Party . Rodrigo Borja Cevallos of the Democratic Left ( Izquierda Democrática , or ID ) party won the presidency in 1988 , running in the runoff election against Abdalá Bucaram ( brother in law of Jaime Roldos and founder of the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party ) . His government was committed to improving human rights protection and carried out some reforms , notably an opening of Ecuador to foreign trade . The Borja government concluded an accord leading to the disbanding of the small terrorist group , `` ¡ Alfaro Vive , Carajo ! '' ( `` Alfaro Lives , Dammit ! '' ) , named after Eloy Alfaro . However , continuing economic problems undermined the popularity of the ID , and opposition parties gained control of Congress in 1999 . The emergence of the Amerindian population as an active constituency has added to the democratic volatility of the country in recent years . The population has been motivated by government failures to deliver on promises of land reform , lower unemployment and provision of social services , and historical exploitation by the land - holding elite . Their movement , along with the continuing destabilizing efforts by both the elite and leftist movements , has led to a deterioration of the executive office . The populace and the other branches of government give the president very little political capital , as illustrated by the most recent removal of President Lucio Gutiérrez from office by Congress in April 2005 . Vice President Alfredo Palacio took his place and remained in office until the presidential election of 2006 , in which Rafael Correa gained the presidency . In December 2008 , president Correa declared Ecuador 's national debt illegitimate , based on the argument that it was odious debt contracted by corrupt and despotic prior regimes . He announced that the country would default on over $3 billion worth of bonds ; he then pledged to fight creditors in international courts and succeeded in reducing the price of outstanding bonds by more than 60 % . He brought Ecuador into the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas in June 2009 . To date , Correa 's administration has succeeded in reducing the high levels of poverty and unemployment in Ecuador . Government and politics Main article : Politics of Ecuador The former President Rafael Correa assumed office on January 15 , 2007 The Ecuadorian State consists of five branches of government : the Executive Branch , the Legislative Branch , the Judicial Branch , the Electoral Branch , and Transparency and Social Control . Ecuador is governed by a democratically elected President , for a four - year term . The current president of Ecuador , Lenin Moreno , exercises his power from the presidential Palacio de Carondelet in Quito . The current constitution was written by the Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly elected in 2007 , and was approved by referendum in 2008 . Since 1936 , voting is compulsory for all literate persons aged 18 -- 65 , optional for all other citizens . The executive branch includes 23 ministries . Provincial governors and councilors ( mayors , aldermen , and parish boards ) are directly elected . The National Assembly of Ecuador meets throughout the year except for recesses in July and December . There are thirteen permanent committees . Members of the National Court of Justice are appointed by the National Judicial Council for nine - year terms . Executive branch Main article : List of heads of state of Ecuador Palacio de Carondelet , the executive branch of the Ecuadorian Government The executive branch is led by the president , an office currently held by Lenin Moreno . He is accompanied by the vice-president , currently Jorge Glas , elected for four years ( with the ability to be re-elected only once ) . As head of state and chief government official , he is responsible for public administration including the appointing of national coordinators , ministers , ministers of State and public servants . The executive branch defines foreign policy , appoints the Chancellor of the Republic , as well as ambassadors and consuls , being the ultimate authority over the Armed Forces of Ecuador , National Police of Ecuador , and appointing authorities . The acting president 's wife receives the title of First Lady of Ecuador . Legislative branch Main article : National Assembly ( Ecuador ) The legislative branch is embodied by the National Assembly , which is headquartered in the city of Quito in the Legislative Palace , and consists of 137 assemblymen , divided into ten committees and elected for a four - year term . Fifteen national constituency elected assembly , two Assembly members elected from each province and one for every 100,000 inhabitants or fraction exceeding 150,000 , according to the latest national population census . In addition , statute determines the election of assembly of regions , and metropolitan districts . Judicial branch Ecuador 's judiciary has as its main body the Judicial Council , and also includes the National Court of Justice , provincial courts , and lower courts . Legal representation is made by the Judicial Council . The National Court of Justice is composed of 21 judges elected for a term of nine years . Judges are renewed by thirds every three years pursuant to the Judicial Code . These are elected by the Judicial Council on the basis of opposition proceedings and merits . The justice system is buttressed by the independent offices of public prosecutor and the public defender . Auxiliary organs are as follows : notaries , court auctioneers , and court receivers . Also there is a special legal regime for Amerindians . Electoral branch The electoral system functions by authorities which enter only every four years or when elections or referendums occur . Its main functions are to organize , control elections , and punish the infringement of electoral rules . Its main body is the National Electoral Council , which is based in the city of Quito , and consists of seven members of the political parties most voted , enjoying complete financial and administrative autonomy . This body , along with the electoral court , forms the Electoral Branch which is one of Ecuador 's five branches of government . Transparency and Social control branch The Transparency and Social Control consists of the Council of Citizen Participation and Social Control , an ombudsman , the Comptroller General of the State , and the superintendents . Branch members hold office for five years . This branch is responsible for promoting transparency and control plans publicly , as well as plans to design mechanisms to combat corruption , as also designate certain authorities , and be the regulatory mechanism of accountability in the country . Human rights UN 's Human Rights Council 's ( HRC ) Universal Periodic Review ( UPR ) has treated the restrictions on freedom of expression and efforts to control NGOs and recommended that Ecuador should stop the criminal sanctions for the expression of opinions , and delay in implementing judicial reforms . Ecuador rejected the recommendation on decriminalization of libel . According to Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) President Correa has intimidated journalists and subjected them to `` public denunciation and retaliatory litigation '' . The sentences to journalists have been years of imprisonment and millions of dollars of compensation , even though defendants have been pardoned . Correa has stated he was only seeking a retraction for slanderous statements . According to HRW , Correa 's government has weakened the freedom of press and independence of the judicial system . In Ecuador 's current judicial system , judges are selected in a contest of merits , rather than government appointments . However , the process of selection has been criticized as biased and subjective . In particular , the final interview is said to be given `` excessive weighing . '' Judges and prosecutors that have made decisions in favor of Correa in his lawsuits have received permanent posts , while others with better assessment grades have been rejected . Adult Galápagos sea lion resting on a park bench in Puerto Baquerizo Moreno . The laws also forbid articles and media messages that could favor or disfavor some political message or candidate . In the first half of 2012 , twenty private TV or radio stations were closed down . In July 2012 the officials warned the judges that they would be sanctioned and possibly dismissed if they allowed the citizens to appeal to the protection of their constitutional rights against the state . People engaging in public protests against environmental and other issues are prosecuted for `` terrorism and sabotage '' , which may lead to an eight - year prison sentence . Foreign Affairs Main article : Foreign relations of Ecuador Ecuador 's principal foreign policy objectives have traditionally included defense of its territory from external aggression and support for the objectives of the United Nations and the OAS . Ecuador 's membership in the OPEC in the 1970s and 1980s allowed Ecuadorian leaders to exercise somewhat greater foreign policy autonomy . In Antarctica , Ecuador has maintained a peaceful research station for scientific study as a member nation of the Antarctica Treaty . Ecuador has often placed great emphasis on multilateral approaches to international issues . Ecuador is a member of the United Nations ( and most of its specialized agencies ) and a member of many regional groups , including the Rio Group , the Latin American Economic System , the Latin American Energy Organization , the Latin American Integration Association , the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America , the Andean Community of Nations , the Union of South American Nations ( UNASUR ) , and The Bank of the South ( Spanish : Banco del Sur or BancoSur ) . The Ecuadorian government commits itself to upholding a progressive attitude towards migration related problems , declaring its Ministry of Foreign Affairs `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Human Mobility '' ( Spanish : Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Movilidad Humana ) . In 2017 , the Ecuadorian parliament adopted a Law on human mobility . In 2018 the ministry presented a new Human Mobility National Plan , based on policies aimed at promoting universal citizenship and free mobility in the international sphere ; generate conditions to promote an orderly and safe migration , strengthen the protection of the rights of this population and defend its diversity , integration , and coexistence . The International Organization for Migration lauds Ecuador as the first state to have established the promotion of the concept of universal citizenship in its constitution , aiming to promote the universal recognition and protection of the human rights of migrants. ) Administrative divisions Main articles : Provinces of Ecuador and Cantons of Ecuador Ecuador is divided into 24 provinces ( Spanish : provincias ) , each with its own administrative capital : Map of Ecuador Extent of Ecuador 's western EEZ in the Pacific Administrative divisions of Ecuador Province Surface ( km2 ) Population ( 2010 ) Capital Azuay 8,639 702,893 Cuenca Bolívar 3,254 182,744 Guaranda Cañar 3,908 223,463 Azogues Carchi 3,699 165,659 Tulcán 5 Chimborazo 5,287 452,352 Riobamba 6 Cotopaxi 6,569 406,798 Latacunga 7 El Oro 5,988 588,546 Machala 8 Esmeraldas 15,216 520,711 Esmeraldas 9 Galápagos 8,010 22,770 Puerto Baquerizo Moreno 10 Guayas 17,139 3,573,003 Guayaquil 11 Imbabura 4,599 400,359 Ibarra 12 Loja 11,027 446,743 Loja 13 Los Ríos 6,254 765,274 Babahoyo 14 Manabí 18,400 1,345,779 Portoviejo 15 Morona - Santiago 25,690 147,886 Macas 16 Napo 13,271 104,047 Tena 17 Orellana 20,773 137,848 Puerto Francisco de Orellana 18 Pastaza 29,520 84,329 Puyo 19 Pichincha 9,494 2,570,201 Quito 20 Santa Elena 3,763 301,168 Santa Elena 21 Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas 3,857 365,965 Santo Domingo 22 Sucumbíos 18,612 174,522 Nueva Loja 23 Tungurahua 3,334 500,775 Ambato 24 Zamora - Chinchipe 10,556 91,219 Zamora The provinces are divided into cantons and further subdivided into parishes ( parroquias ) . Regions and Planning areas Regionalization , or zoning , is the union of two or more adjoining provinces in order to decentralize the administrative functions of the capital Quito . In Ecuador there are seven regions or zones , each shaped by the following provinces : Region 1 ( 42,126 km2 , or 16,265 mi2 ) : Esmeraldas , Carchi , Imbabura , and Sucumbios . Administrative city : Ibarra Region 2 ( 43,498 km2 , or 16,795 mi2 ) : Pichincha , Napo , and Orellana . Administrative city : Tena Region 3 ( 44,710 km2 , or 17,263 mi2 ) : Chimborazo , Tungurahua , Pastaza , and Cotopaxi . Administrative city : Riobamba Region 4 ( 22,257 km2 , or 8,594 mi2 ) : Manabí and Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas . Administrative city : Ciudad Alfaro Region 5 ( 38,420 km2 , or 14,834 mi2 ) : Santa Elena , Guayas , Los Ríos , Galápagos , and Bolívar . Administrative city : Milagro Region 6 ( 38,237 km2 , or 14,763 mi2 ) : Cañar , Azuay , and Morona Santiago . Administrative city : Cuenca Region 7 ( 27,571 km2 , or 10,645 mi2 ) : El Oro , Loja , and Zamora Chinchipe . Administrative city : Loja Quito and Guayaquil are Metropolitan Districts . Galápagos , despite being included within Region 5 , is also under a special unit . Military Main article : Military of Ecuador A Puma helicopter from the Army 's Aviation Branch Ecuadorian Air Force ( FAE ) BAE Shyri ( SS - 101 ) ( es ) from the Ecuadorian Navy . The Ecuadorian Armed Forces ( Fuerzas Armadas del Ecuador ) , consists of the Army , Air Force , and Navy and have the stated responsibility for the preservation of the integrity and national sovereignty of the national territory . The military tradition starts in Gran Colombia , where a sizable army was stationed in Ecuador due to border disputes with Peru , which claimed territories under its political control when it was a Spanish vice-royalty . Once Gran Colombia was dissolved after the death of Simón Bolívar in 1830 , Ecuador inherited the same border disputes and had the need of creating its own professional military force . So influential was the military in Ecuador in the early republican period that its first decade was under the control of General Juan Jose Flores , first president of Ecuador of Venezuelan origin . General Jose Ma . Urbina and General Robles are examples of military figures who became presidents of the country in the early republican period . Due to the continuous border disputes with Peru , finally settled in the early 2000s , and due to the ongoing problem with the Colombian guerrilla insurgency infiltrating Amazonian provinces , the Ecuadorian Armed Forces has gone through a series of changes . In 2009 , the new administration at the Defense Ministry launched a deep restructuring within the forces , increasing spending budget to $1,691,776,803 , an increase of 25 % . The icons of the Ecuadorian military forces are the Marshall Antonio José de Sucre and General Eloy Alfaro . The Military Academy General Eloy Alfaro ( c. 1838 ) graduates the army officers and is located in Quito . The Ecuadorian Navy Academy ( c. 1837 ) , located in Salinas graduates the navy officers , and the Air Academy `` Cosme Rennella ( c. 1920 ) , also located in Salinas , graduates the air force officers . Other training academies for different military specialties are found across the country . Geography Main article : Geography of Ecuador Ecuador topography A view of the Cotopaxi volcano , in Cotopaxi Province birds in the Yasuni National Park Ecuador has a total area of 283,561 km ( 109,484 sq mi ) , including the Galápagos Islands . Of this , 276,841 km ( 106,889 sq mi ) is land and 6,720 km ( 2,595 sq mi ) water . Ecuador is bigger than Uruguay , Suriname , Guyana and French Guyana in South America . Ecuador lies between latitudes 2 ° N and 5 ° S , bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean , and has 2,337 km ( 1,452 mi ) of coastline . It has 2,010 km ( 1,250 mi ) of land boundaries , with Colombia in the north 590 km ( 367 mi ) border and Peru in the east and south 1,420 km ( 882 mi ) border . It is the westernmost country that lies on the equator . The country has four main geographic regions : La Costa , or `` the coast '' : The coastal region consists of the provinces to the West of the Andean range -- Esmeraldas , Guayas , Los Ríos , Manabí , El Oro , Santa Elena . It is the country 's most fertile and productive land , and is the seat of the large banana exportation plantations of the companies Dole and Chiquita . This region is also where most of Ecuador 's rice crop is grown . The truly coastal provinces have active fisheries . The largest coastal city is Guayaquil . La Sierra , or `` the highlands '' : The sierra consists of the Andean and Interandean highland provinces -- Azuay , Cañar , Carchi , Chimborazo , Imbabura , Loja , Pichincha , and Tungurahua . This land contains most of Ecuador 's volcanoes and all of its snow - capped peaks . Agriculture is focused on the traditional crops of potato , maize , and quinua and the population is predominantly Amerindian Kichua . The largest Sierran city is Quito . La Amazonía , also known as El Oriente , or `` the east '' : The oriente consists of the Amazon jungle provinces -- Morona Santiago , Napo , Orellana , Pastaza , Sucumbíos , and Zamora - Chinchipe . This region is primarily made up of the huge Amazon national parks and Amerindian untouchable zones , which are vast stretches of land set aside for the Amazon Amerindian tribes to continue living traditionally . It is also the area with the largest reserves of petroleum in Ecuador , and parts of the upper Amazon here have been extensively exploited by petroleum companies . The population is primarily mixed Amerindian Shuar , Huaorani and Kichua , although there are numerous tribes in the deep jungle which are little - contacted . The largest city in the Oriente is probably Lago Agrio in Sucumbíos , although Macas in Morona Santiago runs a close second . La Región Insular is the region comprising the Galápagos Islands , some 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) west of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean . Ecuador 's capital is Quito , which is in the province of Pichincha in the Sierra region . Its largest city is Guayaquil , in the Guayas Province . Cotopaxi , just south of Quito , is one of the world 's highest active volcanoes . The top of Mount Chimborazo ( 6,268 m , or 20,560 ft , above sea level ) , Ecuador 's tallest mountain , is the most distant point from the center of the Earth on the Earth 's surface because of the ellipsoid shape of the planet . Climate Main article : Climate of Ecuador Ecuador map of Köppen climate classification . There is great variety in the climate , largely determined by altitude . It is mild year - round in the mountain valleys , with a humid subtropical climate in coastal areas and rainforest in lowlands . The Pacific coastal area has a tropical climate with a severe rainy season . The climate in the Andean highlands is temperate and relatively dry , and the Amazon basin on the eastern side of the mountains shares the climate of other rainforest zones . Because of its location at the equator , Ecuador experiences little variation in daylight hours during the course of a year . Both sunrise and sunset occur each day at the two six o'clock hours . Hydrology Main article : Rivers of Ecuador Baños de Agua Santa is an important tourist site The Andes is the watershed divisor between the Amazon watershed , which runs to the east , and the Pacific , including the north -- south rivers Mataje , Santiago , Esmeraldas , Chone , Guayas , Jubones , and Puyango - Tumbes . Almost all of the rivers in Ecuador form in the La Sierra region and flow east toward the Amazon River or west toward the Pacific Ocean . The rivers rise from snowmelt at the edges of the snowcapped peaks or from the abundant precipitation that falls at higher elevations . In the La Sierra region , the streams and rivers are narrow and flow rapidly over precipitous slopes . Rivers may slow and widen as they cross the hoyas yet become rapid again as they flow from the heights of the Andes to the lower elevations of the other regions . The highland rivers broaden as they enter the more level areas of the Costa and the Oriente . A beach of Salinas , Santa Elena Province In the Costa , the external coast has mostly intermittent rivers that are fed by constant rains from December through May and become empty riverbeds during the dry season . The few exceptions are the longer , perennial rivers that flow throughout the external coast from the internal coast and La Sierra on their way to the Pacific Ocean . The internal coast , by contrast , is crossed by perennial rivers that may flood during the rainy season , sometimes forming swamps . Major rivers in the Oriente include the Pastaza , Napo , and Putumayo . The Pastaza is formed by the confluence of the Chambo and the Patate rivers , both of which rise in the Sierra . The Pastaza includes the Agoyan waterfall , which at sixty - one meters ( 200 feet ) is the highest waterfall in Ecuador . The Napo rises near Mount Cotopaxi and is the major river used for transport in the eastern lowlands . The Napo ranges in width from 500 to 1,800 m ( 1,600 to 5,900 ft ) . In its upper reaches , the Napo flows rapidly until the confluence with one of its major tributaries , the Coca River , where it slows and levels off . The Putumayo forms part of the border with Colombia . All of these rivers flow into the Amazon River . The Galápagos Islands have no significant rivers . Several of the larger islands , however , have freshwater springs although they are surrounded by the Pacific Ocean . Biodiversity Ecuador is one of the most megadiverse countries in the world , it also has the most biodiversity per square kilometer of any nation , and is one of the highest endemism worldwide . In the image the Spectacled bear of the Andes . Ecuador is one of seventeen megadiverse countries in the world according to Conservation International , and it has the most biodiversity per square kilometer of any nation . Ecuador has 1,600 bird species ( 15 % of the world 's known bird species ) in the continental area and 38 more endemic in the Galápagos . In addition to over 16,000 species of plants , the country has 106 endemic reptiles , 138 endemic amphibians , and 6,000 species of butterfly . The Galápagos Islands are well known as a region of distinct fauna , famous as the place of birth of Darwin 's Theory of Evolution and a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Ecuador has the first constitution to recognize the rights of nature . The protection of the nation 's biodiversity is an explicit national priority as stated in the National Plan of `` Buen Vivir '' , or good living , Objective 4 , `` Guarantee the rights of nature '' , Policy 1 : `` Sustainably conserve and manage the natural heritage , including its land and marine biodiversity , which is considered a strategic sector '' . As of the writing of the Plan in 2008 , 19 % of Ecuador 's land area was in a protected area ; however , the Plan also states that 32 % of the land must be protected in order to truly preserve the nation 's biodiversity . Current protected areas include 11 national parks , 10 wildlife refuges , 9 ecological reserves , and other areas . A program begun in 2008 , Sociobosque , is preserving another 2.3 % of total land area ( 6,295 km2 , or 629,500 ha ) by paying private landowners or community landowners ( such as Amerindian tribes ) incentives to maintain their land as native ecosystems such as native forests or grasslands . Eligibility and subsidy rates for this program are determined based on the poverty in the region , the number of hectares that will be protected , and the type of ecosystem of the land to be protected , among other factors . Despite being on the UNESCO list , the Galápagos are endangered by a range of negative environmental effects , threatening the existence of this exotic ecosystem . Additionally , oil exploitation of the Amazon rainforest has led to the release of billions of gallons of untreated wastes , gas , and crude oil into the environment , contaminating ecosystems and causing detrimental health effects to Amerindian peoples . Economy Main article : Economy of Ecuador Tree map of products exported by Ecuador in the HS4 product classification . Ecuador has a developing economy that is highly dependent on commodities , namely petroleum and agricultural products . The country is classified as an upper - middle - income country . Ecuador 's economy is the eighth largest in Latin America and experienced an average growth of 4.6 % between 2000 and 2006 . From 2007 to 2012 Ecuador 's GDP grew at an annual average of 4.3 percent , above the average for Latin America and the Caribbean , which was 3.5 % , according to the United Nations ' Economic Commission for Latin American and the Caribbean ( ECLAC ) . Ecuador was able to maintain relatively superior growth during the crisis . In January 2009 the Central Bank of Ecuador ( BCE ) put the 2010 growth forecast at 6.88 % . In 2011 its GDP grew at 8 % and ranked 3rd highest in Latin America , behind Argentina ( 2nd ) and Panama ( 1st ) . Between 1999 and 2007 , GDP doubled , reaching $65,490 million according to BCE . Inflation rate up to January 2008 was located about 1.14 % , the highest recorded in the last year , according to the government . The monthly unemployment rate remained at about 6 and 8 percent from December 2007 until September 2008 ; however , it went up to about 9 percent in October and dropped again in November 2008 to 8 percent . Unemployment mean annual rate for 2009 in Ecuador was 8.5 % because the global economic crisis continued to affect the Latin American economies . From this point unemployment rates started a downward trend : 7.6 % in 2010 , 6.0 % in 2011 , and 4.8 % in 2012 . The extreme poverty rate has declined significantly between 1999 and 2010 . In 2001 it was estimated at 40 % of the population , while by 2011 the figure dropped to 17.4 % of the total population . This is explained to an extent by emigration and the economic stability achieved after adopting the U.S. dollar as official means of transaction . However , starting in 2008 with the bad economic performance of the nations where most Ecuadorian emigrants work , the reduction of poverty has been realized through social spending mainly in education and health . The United States dollar is the common currency circulation in Ecuador . Oil accounts for 40 % of exports and contributes to maintaining a positive trade balance . Since the late 1960s , the exploitation of oil increased production , and proven reserves are estimated at 6.51 billion barrels as of 2011 . The overall trade balance for August 2012 was a surplus of almost $390 million for the first six months of 2012 , a huge figure compared with that of 2007 , which reached only $5.7 million ; the surplus had risen by about $425 million compared to 2006 . The oil trade balance positive had revenues of $3.295 million in 2008 , while non-oil was negative , amounting to $2.842 million . The trade balance with the United States , Chile , the European Union , Bolivia , Peru , Brazil , and Mexico is positive . The trade balance with Argentina , Colombia , and Asia is negative . In the agricultural sector , Ecuador is a major exporter of bananas ( first place worldwide in production and export ) , flowers , and the seventh largest producer of cocoa . Ecuador also produces coffee , rice , potatoes , cassava ( manioc , tapioca ) , plantains and sugarcane ; cattle , sheep , pigs , beef , pork and dairy products ; fish , and shrimp ; and balsa wood . The country 's vast resources include large amounts of timber across the country , like eucalyptus and mangroves . Pines and cedars are planted in the region of La Sierra and walnuts , rosemary , and balsa wood in the Guayas River Basin . The industry is concentrated mainly in Guayaquil , the largest industrial center , and in Quito , where in recent years the industry has grown considerably . This city is also the largest business center of the country . Industrial production is directed primarily to the domestic market . Despite this , there is limited export of products produced or processed industrially . These include canned foods , liquor , jewelry , furniture , and more . A minor industrial activity is also concentrated in Cuenca . The incomes due to the tourism have been increasing during the last years because of the efforts of the Government of showing the variety of climates and the biodiversity in Ecuador . World Trade Center headquarters in Guayaquil Ecuador has negotiated bilateral treaties with other countries , besides belonging to the Andean Community of Nations , and an associate member of Mercosur . It also serves on the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , in addition to the Inter-American Development Bank ( IDB ) , World Bank , International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Corporación Andina de Fomento ( CAF ) and other multilateral agencies . In April 2007 , Ecuador paid off its debt to the IMF , thus ending an era of interventionism of the Agency in the country . The public finance of Ecuador consists of the Central Bank of Ecuador ( BCE ) , the National Development Bank ( BNF ) , the State Bank . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Ecuador The historic center of Quito has one of the largest and best - preserved historic centers in the Americas . The city also houses a large number of museums . The Ministry of Information and Tourism was created on August 10 , 1992 , at the beginning of the government of Sixto Durán Ballén , who viewed tourism as a fundamental activity for the economic and social development of the peoples . Faced with the growth of the tourism sector , in June 1994 , the decision was taken to separate tourism from information , so that it is exclusively dedicated to promoting and strengthening this activity . Ecuador is a country with vast natural wealth . The diversity of its four regions has given rise to thousands of species of flora and fauna . It has around 1640 kinds of birds . The species of butterflies border the 4,500 , the reptiles 345 , the amphibians 358 and the mammals 258 , among others . Not in vain , Ecuador is considered one of the 17 countries where the planet 's highest biodiversity is concentrated , being also the largest country with diversity per km2 in the world . Most of its fauna and flora lives in 26 protected areas by the State . Also , it has a huge culture spectrum . Since 2007 , with the government of Rafael Correa , the tourism brand `` Ecuador Ama la Vida '' has been transformed , with which the nation 's tourism promotion would be sold . Focused on considering it as a country friendly and respectful of the nature , natural biodiversity and cultural diversity of the peoples . And for this , means of exploiting them are developed along with the private economy . The country has two cities UNESCO World Heritage Sites : Quito and Cuenca , as well as two natural UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Galapagos Islands and Sangay National Park in addition to one World Biosphere Reserve , such as the Cajas massif . Culturally , the Toquilla straw hat and the culture of the Zapara indigenous people are recognized . The most popular sites for national and foreign tourists have different nuances due to the various tourist activities offered by the country . Among the main tourist destinations are : Nature attractions : Galapagos Islands , Yasuni National Park , El Cajas National Park , Sangay National Park , Podocarpus National Park , Vilcabamba , Baños de Agua Santa . Cultural attractions : Historic center of Quito , Ciudad Mitad del Mundo , Ingapirca , Historic center of Cuenca , Latacunga and its Mama Negra festival . Snowy mountains : Antisana volcano , Cayambe volcano , Chimborazo volcano , Cotopaxi volcano , Illinizas volcanoes . Beaches : Crucita , Atacames , Bahía de Caráquez , Esmeraldas , Manta , Salinas , Montañita Transport The Trolebús bus rapid transit system that runs through Quito . It is the principal BRT in Ecuador . Railways in Ecuador ( interactive map ) Main article : Transport in Ecuador The rehabilitation and reopening of the Ecuadorian railroad and use of it as a tourist attraction is one of the recent developments in transportation matters . The roads of Ecuador in recent years have undergone important improvement . The major routes are Pan American ( under enhancement from four to six lanes from Rumichaca to Ambato , the conclusion of 4 lanes on the entire stretch of Ambato and Riobamba and running via Riobamba to Loja ) . In the absence of the section between Loja and the border with Peru , there are the Route Espondilus and / or Ruta del Sol ( oriented to travel along the Ecuadorian coastline ) and the Amazon backbone ( which crosses from north to south along the Ecuadorian Amazon , linking most and more major cities of it ) . Another major project is developing the road Manta -- Tena , the highway Guayaquil -- Salinas Highway Aloag Santo Domingo , Riobamba -- Macas ( which crosses Sangay National Park ) . Other new developments include the National Unity bridge complex in Guayaquil , the bridge over the Napo river in Francisco de Orellana , the Esmeraldas River Bridge in the city of the same name , and , perhaps the most remarkable of all , the Bahia -- San Vincente Bridge , being the largest on the Latin American Pacific coast . The Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito and the José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil have experienced a high increase in demand and have required modernization . In the case of Guayaquil it involved a new air terminal , once considered the best in South America and the best in Latin America and in Quito where an entire new airport has been built in Tababela and was inaugurated in February 2013 , with Canadian assistance . However , the main road leading from Quito city centre to the new airport will only be finished in late 2014 , making current travelling from the airport to downtown Quito as long as two hours during rush hour . Quito 's old city - centre airport is being turned into parkland , with some light industrial use . Electrical power outlets Electrical power outlets in Ecuador are the same as in the US ( 110v ) . Mobile ( cellular ) phone frequencies Mobile ( cellular ) phone frequencies in Ecuador are 850 MHz , 1900 MHz , and 1700 / 2100 MHz ( LTE ) . Demographics Main article : Ecuadorian people Three mulattomen from Esmeraldas by Andrés Sánchez Galque . Painting of 1599 . Quito Painting Colonial School . Portrait of a noble lady with her black slave by Vicente Albán . Painting of 1783 . Quito Painting Colonial School . Ecuador 's population is ethnically diverse and the 2016 estimates put Ecuador 's population at 16,385,068 . The largest ethnic group ( as of 2010 ) is the Mestizos , who are the descendants of Spanish colonists that interbred with Amerindian peoples , and constitute about 71 % of the population . The White Ecuadorians ( White Latin American ) account for 6.1 % of the population of Ecuador and can be found throughout all of Ecuador primarily around the urban areas . Even though Ecuador 's white population during its colonial era were mainly descendants from Spain , today Ecuador 's white population is a result of a mixture of European immigrants , predominantly from Spain with people from Italy , France , Germany , and Switzerland who have settled in the early 20th century . Ecuador also has people of middle eastern extraction that have also joined the ranks of the white minority . These include economically well off immigrants of Lebanese and Palestinian descent , who are either Christian or Muslim ( Islam in Ecuador ) . In addition , there is a small European Jewish ( Ecuadorian Jews ) population , which is based mainly in Quito and to a lesser extent in Guayaquil . Amerindians account for 7 % of the current population . The mostly rural Montubio population of the coastal provinces of Ecuador , who might be classified as Pardo account for 7.4 % of the population . The Afro - Ecuadorians is a minority population ( 7 % ) in Ecuador , that includes the Mulattos and zambos , and are largely based in the Esmeraldas province and to a lesser degree in the predominantly Mestizo provinces of Coastal Ecuador - Guayas and Manabi . In the Highland Andes where a predominantly Mestizo , white and Amerindian population exist , the African presence is almost non-existent except for a small community in the province of Imbabura called Chota Valley . Religion Main article : Religion in Ecuador Iglesia de San Sebastián church in Cuenca <Th_colspan="5"> Religion in Ecuador Religion percent <Td_colspan="2"> Roman Catholic <Td_colspan="2"> 74 % <Td_colspan="2"> Protestant <Td_colspan="2"> 10.4 % <Td_colspan="2"> Atheist <Td_colspan="2"> 7.9 % <Td_colspan="2"> Other <Td_colspan="2"> 6.4 % <Td_colspan="2"> Jehovah 's Witness <Td_colspan="2"> 1.2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Black <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % <Td_colspan="2"> Agnostic <Td_colspan="2"> 0.1 % <Td_colspan="2"> Other <Td_colspan="2"> 0.4 % According to the Ecuadorian National Institute of Statistics and Census , 91.95 % of the country 's population have a religion , 7.94 % are atheists and 0.11 % are agnostics . Among the people that have a religion , 80.44 % are Roman Catholic Latin Rite ( see List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Ecuador ) , 11.30 % are Evangelical Protestants , 1.29 % are Jehovah 's Witnesses and 6.97 % other ( mainly Jewish , Buddhists and Latter - day Saints ) . Iglesia y Convento de San Francisco in Quito In the rural parts of Ecuador , Amerindian beliefs and Catholicism are sometimes syncretized . Most festivals and annual parades are based on religious celebrations , many incorporating a mixture of rites and icons . There is a small number of Eastern Orthodox Christians , Amerindian religions , Muslims ( see Islam in Ecuador ) , Buddhists and Bahá'í . According to their own estimates , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints accounts for about 1.4 % of the population , or 211,165 members at the end of 2012 . According to their own sources , in 2017 there were 92,752 Jehovah 's Witnesses in the country . The first Jews arrived in Ecuador in the 16th and 17th centuries . Most of them are Sephardic Anusim ( Crypto - Jews ) and many still speak Judaeo - Spanish ( Ladino ) language . Today the Jewish Community of Ecuador ( Comunidad Judía del Ecuador ) has its seat in Quito and has approximately 200 members . Nevertheless , this number is declining because young people leave the country for the United States or Israel . The Community has a Jewish Center with a synagogue , a country club , and a cemetery . It supports the `` Albert Einstein School '' , where Jewish history , religion , and Hebrew classes are offered . There are very small communities in Cuenca . The `` Comunidad de Culto Israelita '' reunites the Jews of Guayaquil . This community works independently from the `` Jewish Community of Ecuador '' and is composed of only 30 people . Nations Main article : Indigenous peoples in Ecuador <Th_colspan="5"> Ethnic groups in Ecuador Ethnic group percent <Td_colspan="2"> Mestizo ( mixed Amerindian and White ) <Td_colspan="2"> 71.9 % <Td_colspan="2"> Montubio <Td_colspan="2"> 7.4 % <Td_colspan="2"> Amerindian <Td_colspan="2"> 7 % <Td_colspan="2"> White <Td_colspan="2"> 6.1 % <Td_colspan="2"> Afro Ecuadorian <Td_colspan="2"> 4.3 % <Td_colspan="2"> Mulato <Td_colspan="2"> 1.9 % <Td_colspan="2"> Black <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % <Td_colspan="2"> Other <Td_colspan="2"> 0.4 % The Ecuadorian constitution recognizes the `` pluri - nationality '' of those who want to exercise their affiliation with their native ethnic groups . Thus , in addition to criollos , mestizos , and Afro - Ecuadorians , some people belong to the Amerindian nations scattered in a few places in the coast , Quechua Andean villages , and the Amazonian jungle . Population genetics According to a 2015 genealogical DNA testing , the average Ecuadorian is estimated to be 52.96 % Native American , 41.77 % European , and 5.26 % Sub-Saharan African overall . Population density The majority of Ecuadorians live in the central provinces , the Andes mountains , or along the Pacific coast . The tropical forest region to the east of the mountains ( El Oriente ) remains sparsely populated and contains only about 3 % of the population . Birth rate is 2 - 1 for each death . Marriages are usually from 14 and above using parental consent . About 12.4 % of the population is married in the ages 15 -- 19 . Divorce rates are moderate . Population cities ( 2010 ) <Th_colspan="9"> Largest cities of Ecuador Guayaquil Quito Cuenca City Province Population Santo Domingo Machala Guayaquil Guayas 2 710 915 Quito Pichincha 2 342 191 Cuenca Azuay 331 888 Santo Domingo Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas 305 632 5 Machala El Oro 241 606 6 Durán Guayas 235 769 7 Portoviejo Manabí 223 086 8 Manta Manabí 221 122 9 Loja Loja 180 617 10 Ambato Tungurahua 178 538 <Td_colspan="9"> Status According to the 2010 Census Immigration and emigration This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2012 ) See also : Emigration from Ecuador A small east Asian Latino community , estimated at 2,500 , mainly consists of those of Japanese and Chinese descent , whose ancestors arrived as miners , farmhands and fishermen in the late 19th century . In the early years of World War II , Ecuador still admitted a certain number of immigrants , and in 1939 , when several South American countries refused to accept 165 Jewish refugees from Germany aboard the ship Koenigstein , Ecuador granted them entry permits . In recent years , Ecuador has grown in popularity among North American expatriates . They 're drawn there by the authentic cultural experience and beautiful natural surroundings . Also , Ecuador 's favorable residency options make for an easy transition for those who decide to settle there indefinitely . Another perk that draws many expats to Ecuador is its low cost of living . Since everything from gas to groceries costs far less than in North America , it 's a popular choice for those who are looking to make the most of their retirement budget . Even real estate in Ecuador is much less than its tropical counterparts . However , as more and more North Americans are discovering Ecuador 's potential , property prices are beginning to rise from where they were a decade ago , particularly in the areas that are popular among expats and tourists . Culture Main article : Culture of Ecuador Cañari children with the typical Andean indigenous clothes Ecuador 's mainstream culture is defined by its Hispanic mestizo majority , and , like their ancestry , it is traditionally of Spanish heritage , influenced in different degrees by Amerindian traditions and in some cases by African elements . The first and most substantial wave of modern immigration to Ecuador consisted of Spanish colonists , following the arrival of Europeans in 1499 . A lower number of other Europeans and North Americans migrated to the country in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries and , in smaller numbers , Poles , Lithuanians , English , Irish , and Croats during and after the Second World War . Huaorani man with the typical Amazonian indigenous clothes Since African slavery was not the workforce of the Spanish colonies in the Andes Mountains , given the subjugation of the Amerindian people through proselytization and encomiendas , the minority population of African descent is mostly found in the coastal northern province of Esmeraldas . This is largely owing to the 17th - century shipwreck of a slave - trading galleon off the northern coast of Ecuador . The few black African survivors swam to the shore and penetrated the then - thick jungle under the leadership of Anton , the chief of the group , where they remained as free men maintaining their original culture , not influenced by the typical elements found in other provinces of the coast or in the Andean region . A little later , freed slaves from Colombia known as cimarrones joined them . In the small Chota Valley of the province of Imbabura exists a small community of Africans among the province 's predominantly mestizo population . These blacks are descendants of Africans , who were brought over from Colombia by Jesuits to work their colonial sugar plantations as slaves . As a general rule , small elements of zambos and mulattoes coexisted among the overwhelming mestizo population of coastal Ecuador throughout its history as gold miners in Loja , Zaruma , and Zamora and as shipbuilders and plantation workers around the city of Guayaquil . Today you can find a small community of Africans in the Catamayo valley of the predominantly mestizo population of Loja . Ecuador 's Amerindian communities are integrated into the mainstream culture to varying degrees , but some may also practice their own native cultures , particularly the more remote Amerindian communities of the Amazon basin . Spanish is spoken as the first language by more than 90 % of the population and as a first or second language by more than 98 % . Part of Ecuador 's population can speak Amerindian languages , in some cases as a second language . Two percent of the population speak only Amerindian languages . Language Main article : Languages of Ecuador <Th_colspan="5"> Languages in Ecuador Language percent <Td_colspan="2"> Spanish ( Castilian ) <Td_colspan="2"> 93 % <Td_colspan="2"> Quechua <Td_colspan="2"> 4.1 % <Td_colspan="2"> Foreign <Td_colspan="2"> 2.2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Other Indigenous <Td_colspan="2"> 0.7 % Most Ecuadorians speak Spanish , though many speak Amerindian language , such as Kichwa ( also spelt Quichua ) , which is one of the Quechuan languages and is spoken by approximately 2.5 million people in Ecuador , Bolivia , Colombia , and Peru . Other Amerindian languages spoken in Ecuador include Awapit ( spoken by the Awá ) , A'ingae ( spoken by the Cofan ) , Shuar Chicham ( spoken by the Shuar ) , Achuar - Shiwiar ( spoken by the Achuar and the Shiwiar ) , Cha'palaachi ( spoken by the Chachi ) , Tsa'fiki ( spoken by the Tsáchila ) , Paicoca ( spoken by the Siona and Secoya ) , and Wao Tededeo ( spoken by the Waorani ) . Though most features of Ecuadorian Spanish are those universal to the Spanish - speaking world , there are several idiosyncrasies . Music Main article : Music of Ecuador Julio Jaramillo is an icon of the old Bolero music genre . The music of Ecuador has a long history . Pasillo is a genre of indigenous Latin music . In Ecuador it is the `` national genre of music '' . Through the years , many cultures have brought their influences together to create new types of music . There are also different kinds of traditional music like albazo , pasacalle , fox incaico , tonada , capishca , Bomba ( highly established in Afro - Ecuadorian societies ) , and so on . Tecnocumbia and Rockola are clear examples of the influence of foreign cultures . One of the most traditional forms of dancing in Ecuador is Sanjuanito . It 's originally from northern Ecuador ( Otavalo - Imbabura ) . Sanjuanito is a type of dance music played during festivities by the mestizo and Amerindian communities . According to the Ecuadorian musicologist Segundo Luis Moreno , Sanjuanito was danced by Amerindian people during San Juan Bautista 's birthday . This important date was established by the Spaniards on June 24 , coincidentally the same date when Amerindian people celebrated their rituals of Inti Raymi . Cuisine See also : List of Ecuadorian dishes and foods Ceviche ecuatoriano ( Ecuadorian - style ceviche ) and Cuy asado ( grilled guinea pig ) are some of the typical dishes . Ecuadorian cuisine is diverse , varying with the altitude and associated agricultural conditions . Most regions in Ecuador follow the traditional three course meal of soup , a course that includes rice and a protein , and then dessert and coffee to finish . Supper is usually lighter and sometimes consists only of coffee or herbal tea with bread . In the highland region , pork , chicken , beef , and cuy ( guinea pig ) are popular and are served with a variety of grains ( especially rice and corn ) or potatoes . In the coastal region , seafood is very popular , with fish , shrimp , and ceviche being key parts of the diet . Generally , ceviches are served with fried plantain ( chifles y patacones ) , popcorn , or tostado . Plantain - and peanut - based dishes are the basis of most coastal meals . Encocados ( dishes that contain a coconut sauce ) are also very popular . Churrasco is a staple food of the coastal region , especially Guayaquil . Arroz con menestra y carne asada ( rice with beans and grilled beef ) is one of the traditional dishes of Guayaquil , as is fried plantain , which is often served with it . This region is a leading producer of bananas , Cocoa beans ( to make chocolate ) , shrimp , tilapia , mango , and passion fruit , among other products . In the Amazon region , a dietary staple is the yuca , elsewhere called cassava . Many fruits are available in this region , including bananas , tree grapes , and peach palms . Centro de Arte Contemporáneo , Quito Centro Cultural Metropolitano in the historic center of Quito Literature Early literature in colonial Ecuador , as in the rest of Spanish America , was influenced by the Spanish Golden Age . One of the earliest examples is Jacinto Collahuazo , an Amerindian chief of a northern village in today 's Ibarra , born in the late 1600s . Despite the early repression and discrimination of the native people by the Spanish , Collahuazo learned to read and write in Castilian , but his work was written in Quechua . The use of Quipu was banned by the Spanish , and in order to preserve their work , many Inca poets had to resort to the use of the Latin alphabet to write in their native Quechua language . The history behind the Inca drama `` Ollantay '' , the oldest literary piece in existence for any Amerindian language in America , shares some similarities with the work of Collahuazo . Collahuazo was imprisoned and all of his work burned . The existence of his literary work came to light many centuries later , when a crew of masons was restoring the walls of a colonial church in Quito and found a hidden manuscript . The salvaged fragment is a Spanish translation from Quechua of the `` Elegy to the Dead of Atahualpa '' , a poem written by Collahuazo , which describes the sadness and impotence of the Inca people of having lost their king Atahualpa . Other early Ecuadorian writers include the Jesuits Juan Bautista Aguirre , born in Daule in 1725 , and Father Juan de Velasco , born in Riobamba in 1727 . De Velasco wrote about the nations and chiefdoms that had existed in the Kingdom of Quito ( today Ecuador ) before the arrival of the Spanish . His historical accounts are nationalistic , featuring a romantic perspective of precolonial history . Juan Montalvo Famous authors from the late colonial and early republic period include Eugenio Espejo , a printer and main author of the first newspaper in Ecuadorian colonial times ; Jose Joaquin de Olmedo ( born in Guayaquil ) , famous for his ode to Simón Bolívar titled Victoria de Junin ; Juan Montalvo , a prominent essayist and novelist ; Juan Leon Mera , famous for his work `` Cumanda '' or `` Tragedy among Savages '' and the Ecuadorian National Anthem ; Juan A. Martinez with A la Costa ' ; , Dolores Veintimilla ; and others . Contemporary Ecuadorian writers include the novelist Jorge Enrique Adoum ; the poet Jorge Carrera Andrade ; the essayist Benjamín Carrión ; the poets Medardo Angel Silva , Jorge Carrera Andrade , and Luis Alberto Costales ; the novelist Enrique Gil Gilbert ; the novelist Jorge Icaza ( author of the novel Huasipungo , translated to many languages ) ; the short story author Pablo Palacio ; and the novelist Alicia Yanez Cossio . In spite of Ecuador 's considerable mystique , it is rarely featured as a setting in contemporary western literature . One exception is `` The Ecuadorian Deception , '' a murder mystery / thriller authored by American Bear Mills . In it , George d'Hout , a website designer from the United States is lured under false pretenses to Guayaquil . A corrupt American archaeologist is behind the plot , believing d'Hout holds the keys to locating a treasure hidden by a buccaneer ancestor . The story is based on a real pirate by the name of George d'Hout who terrorized Guayaquil in the 16th Century . Art The best known art styles from Ecuador belonged to the Escuela Quiteña ( Quito School ) , which developed from the 16th to 18th centuries , examples of which are on display in various old churches in Quito . Ecuadorian painters include Eduardo Kingman , Oswaldo Guayasamín , and Camilo Egas from the Indiginist Movement ; Manuel Rendon , Jaime Zapata , Enrique Tábara , Aníbal Villacís , Theo Constanté , Luis Molinari , Araceli Gilbert , Judith Gutierrez , Felix Arauz , and Estuardo Maldonado from the Informalist Movement ; Teddy Cobeña from expressionism and figurative style and Luis Burgos Flor with his abstract , futuristic style . The Amerindian people of Tigua , Ecuador , are also world - renowned for their traditional paintings . Sports Main article : Sport in Ecuador Jefferson Pérez , Olympic gold medalist Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo of Guayaquil . The most popular sport in Ecuador , as in most South American countries , is football . Its best known professional teams include Liga De Quito from Quito ; Emelec from Guayaquil ; Deportivo Quito , and El Nacional from Quito ; Olmedo from Riobamba ; and Deportivo Cuenca from Cuenca . Currently the most successful football team in Ecuador is LDU Quito , and it is the only Ecuadorian team that has won the Copa Libertadores , the Copa Sudamericana , and the Recopa Sudamericana ; they were also runners - up in the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup . The matches of the Ecuadorian national team are the most - watched sporting events in the country . Ecuador has qualified for the final rounds of the 2002 , the 2006 , & the 2014 FIFA World Cups . The 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign was considered a huge success for the country and its inhabitants . The unusually high elevation of the home stadium in Quito often affects the performance of visiting teams . Ecuador finished in 2nd place in the CONMEBOL qualifiers behind Argentina and above the team that would become World Champions , Brazil . In the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Ecuador finished ahead of Poland and Costa Rica finishing second behind Germany in Group A in the 2006 World Cup . They were defeated by England in the second round . Ecuador has won only two medals in the Olympic Games , both gained by 20 - km ( 12 mi ) racewalker Jefferson Pérez , who took gold in the 1996 games and silver 12 years later . Pérez also set a world best in the 2003 World Championships of 1 : 17 : 21 for the 20 - km ( 12 mi ) distance . Health Main article : Health in Ecuador IESS Hospital in Latacunga The current structure of the Ecuadorian public health care system dates back to 1967 . The Ministry of the Public Health ( Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador ) is the responsible entity of the regulation and creation of the public health policies and health care plans . The Minister of Public Health is appointed directly by the President of the Republic . The current minister , or Ecuadorian general surgeon , is Margarita Guevara . The philosophy of the Ministry of Public Health is the social support and service to the most vulnerable population , and its main plan of action lies around communitarian health and preventive medicine . The public healthcare system allows patients to be treated without an appointment in public general hospitals by general practitioners and specialists in the outpatient clinic ( Consulta Externa ) at no cost . This is done in the four basic specialties of pediatric , gynecology , clinic medicine , and surgery . There are also public hospitals specialized to treat chronic diseases , target a particular group of the population , or provide better treatment in some medical specialties . Some examples in this group are the Gynecologic Hospitals , or Maternities , Children Hospitals , Geriatric Hospitals , and Oncology Institutes . Although well - equipped general hospitals are found in the major cities or capitals of provinces , there are basic hospitals in the smaller towns and canton cities for family care consultation and treatments in pediatrics , gynecology , clinical medicine , and surgery . Community health care centers ( Centros de Salud ) are found inside metropolitan areas of cities and in rural areas . These are day hospitals that provide treatment to patients whose hospitalization is under 24 hours . The doctors assigned to rural communities , where the Amerindian population can be substantial , have small clinics under their responsibility for the treatment of patients in the same fashion as the day hospitals in the major cities . The treatment in this case respects the culture of the community . The public healthcare system should not be confused with the Ecuadorian Social Security healthcare service , which is dedicated to individuals with formal employment and who are affiliated obligatorily through their employers . Citizens with no formal employment may still contribute to the social security system voluntarily and have access to the medical services rendered by the social security system . The Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security ( IESS ) has several major hospitals and medical sub-centers under its administration across the nation . Ecuador currently ranks 20 , in most efficient health care countries , compared to 111 back in the year 2000 . Ecuadorians have a life expectancy of 75.6 years . The infant mortality rate is 13 per 1,000 live births , a major improvement from approximately 76 in the early 1980s and 140 in 1950 . 23 % of children under five are chronically malnourished . Population in some rural areas have no access to potable water , and its supply is provided by mean of water tankers . There are 686 malaria cases per 100,000 people . Basic health care , including doctor 's visits , basic surgeries , and basic medications , has been provided free since 2008 . However , some public hospitals are in poor condition and often lack necessary supplies to attend the high demand of patients . Private hospitals and clinics are well equipped but still expensive for the majority of the population . Education Rectorate building of the Higher Polytechnic School of the Litoral of Guayaquil Main article : Education in Ecuador The Oldest Observatory in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory , founded in 1873 and located in Quito , Ecuador . The Quito Astronomical Observatory is managed by National Polytechnic School . The Ecuadorian Constitution requires that all children attend school until they achieve a `` basic level of education '' , which is estimated at nine school years . In 1996 , the net primary enrollment rate was 96.9 % , and 71.8 % of children stayed in school until the fifth grade . The cost of primary and secondary education is borne by the government , but families often face significant additional expenses such as fees and transportation costs . Provision of public schools falls far below the levels needed , and class sizes are often very large , and families of limited means often find it necessary to pay for education . In rural areas , only 10 % of the children go on to high school . The Ministry of Education states that the mean number of years completed is 6.7 . Maldonado High School of Riobamba Ecuador has 61 universities , many of which still confer terminal degrees according to the traditional Spanish education system , honoring a long tradition of having some of the oldest universities in the Americas : University of San Fulgencio , founded in 1586 by the Augustines ; San Gregorio Magno University , founded in 1651 by the Jesuits ; and University of Santo Tomás of Aquino , founded in 1681 by the Dominican order . Among the traditional conferred terminal degrees can be noted the doctorate for medicine and law schools or engineering , physics , chemistry , or mathematics for polytechnic or technology institutes . These terminal degrees , as in the case of the PhD in other countries , were the main requirement for an individual to be accepted in academia as a professor or researcher . In the professional realm , a terminal degree granted by an accredited institution automatically provides a professional license to the individual . However , in 2004 , the National Council of Higher Education ( CONESUP ) , started the reorganization of all the degree - granting schemes of the accredited universities in order to pair them with foreign counterparts . The new structure of some careers caused the dropping of subjects , credits , or even the name of the previously conferred diplomas . The terminal degree in law , previously known as JD Juris Doctor ( Doctor en Jurisprudencia ) was replaced by the one of abogado ( attorney ) with the exception of the modification of the number of credits to equate it to an undergraduate degree . In the same fashion for medical school , the required time of education was considerably reduced from nine years ( the minimum needed to obtain the title of MD in Medicine and Surgery ) to almost five , with the provision that the diploma is not terminal anymore , and it is given with the title of médico ( medic ) . Therefore , an MD or PhD in medicine is only to be obtained overseas until the universities adjust themselves to granting schemes and curriculum as in foreign counterparts . Nonetheless , a `` médico '' can start a career as family practitioner or general medicine physician . Municipal Library of Guayaquil This new reorganization , although very ambitious , lacked the proper path to the homologation of diplomas for highly educated professionals graduated in the country or even for the ones graduated in foreign institutions . One of the points of conflict was the imposition of obtaining foreign degrees to current academicians . As today , a master 's degree is a requirement to keep an academic position and at least a foreign PhD to attain or retain the status of rector ( president of a university ) or décano ( dean ) . For Ecuadorian researchers and many academicians trained in the country , these regulations sounded illogical , disappointing , and unlawful since it appeared a question of a title name conflict rather than specialization or science advancement . A debate to modify this and other reforms , especially the one which granted control of the Higher Education System by the government , was practically passed with consensus by the multi-partisan National Assembly on August 4 , 2010 , but vetoed by President Rafael Correa , who wanted to keep the law strictly as it was originally redacted by his political party and SENPLADES ( National Secretary of Planning and Development ) . Due to this change , there are many highly educated professionals and academicians under the old structure but estimated that only 87 % of the faculty in public universities have already obtained a master 's degree , and fewer than 5 % have a PhD ( although many of them already have Ecuadorian - granted doctorate degrees ) . About 300 institutes of higher education offer two to three years of post-secondary vocational or technical training . Sciences and research EXA 's first satellite , NEE - 01 Pegasus Ecuador is currently placed in 96th position of innovation in technology . The most notable icons in Ecuadorian sciences are the mathematician and cartographer Pedro Vicente Maldonado , born in Riobamba in 1707 , and the printer , independence precursor , and medical pioneer Eugenio Espejo , born in 1747 in Quito . Among other notable Ecuadorian scientists and engineers are Lieutenant Jose Rodriguez Lavandera , a pioneer who built the first submarine in Latin America in 1837 ; Reinaldo Espinosa Aguilar ( 1898 -- 1950 ) , a botanist and biologist of Andean flora ; and José Aurelio Dueñas ( 1880 -- 1961 ) , a chemist and inventor of a method of textile serigraphy . The major areas of scientific research in Ecuador have been in the medical fields , tropical and infectious diseases treatments , agricultural engineering , pharmaceutical research , and bioengineering . Being a small country and a consumer of foreign technology , Ecuador has favored research supported by entrepreneurship in information technology . The antivirus program Checkprogram , banking protection system MdLock , and Core Banking Software Cobis are products of Ecuadorian development . The scientific production in hard sciences has been limited due to lack of funding but focused around physics , statistics , and partial differential equations in mathematics . In the case of engineering fields , the majority of scientific production comes from the top three polytechnic institutions : Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral - ESPOL , Universidad de Las Fuerzas Armadas - ESPE , and Escuela Politécnica Nacional EPN . The Center for Research and Technology Development in Ecuador is an autonomous center for research and technology development funded by Senecyt . EPN is known for research and education in the applied science , astronomy , atmospheric physics , engineering and physical sciences . The Geophysics Institute monitors over the country 's volcanoes in the Andes Mountains of Ecuador and in the Galápagos Islands , all of which is part of the Ring of Fire . EPN adopted the polytechnic university model that stresses laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering . The oldest observatory in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory and is located in Quito , Ecuador . The Quito Astronomical Observatory , which gives the global community of a Virtual Telescope System that is connected via the Internet and allows the world to watch by streaming , is managed by EPN . Contemporary Ecuadorian scientists who have been recognized by international institutions are Eugenia del Pino ( born 1945 ) , the first Ecuadorian to be elected to the United States National Academy of Science , and Arturo Villavicencio , who was part of the working group of the IPCC , which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore for their dissemination of the effects of climate change . Currently , the politics of research and investigation are managed by the National Secretary of Higher Education , Science , and Technology ( Senescyt ) . See also Ecuador portal Latin America portal Geography portal Index of Ecuador - related articles French Geodesic Mission International rankings of Ecuador List of Ecuadorians List of mountains in Ecuador List of national parks in Ecuador Lost Pyramid of Puñay National symbols of Ecuador Outline of Ecuador Energy policy of Ecuador Tourism in Ecuador References ^ Jump up to : `` Ecuador '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitución Política de la República del Ecuador '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : EL UNIVERSO . `` Población del país es joven y mestiza , dice censo del INEC - Data from the national census 2010 ( 2011 - 09 - 02 ) '' . El Universo . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ España ( January 1 , 1841 ) . `` Tratado de paz y amistad celebrado entre España y la República del Ecuador : en 16 de febrero de 1840 '' . en la Imprenta Nacional -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Ecuador - Geography '' . 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Jump up ^ Roos , Wilma and van Renterghem , Omer Ecuador , New York , 2000 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uppsala Conflict Data Program - Conflict Encyclopedia , General Conflict Information , Conflict name : Ecuador - Peru , In depth , Background to the 1995 fighting and Ecuador and Peru engage in armed conflict '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rory Carroll , Latin America correspondent ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Ecuador 's president attacked by police '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Avenger against oligarchy '' wins in Ecuador The Real News , April 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Romero , Simon ( April 27 , 2009 ) . `` Ecuador Re-elects President , Preliminary Results Show '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular E-mail Newsletter '' . USA Today . May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Public spending fuels Ecuador leader 's popularity '' . Voxxi.com . January 25 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Correa 's and Ecuador 's Success drive The Economist Nuts '' . New Economic Perspectives . Jump up ^ Correa wins re-election and says banks and mass media do n't rule anymore . The Real News . February 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . `` Unemployment hit a record low of 4.1 percent at the end of last year . Poverty 's down about 27 percent since he took office . '' - Mark Weisbrot , co-director of Center for Economic and Policy Research Jump up ^ `` Compulsory Voting '' . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ecuador '' . WORLD REPORT 2013 , Human Rights Watch . pp. 1 -- 3 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy in Ecuador '' . The New York Times . February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reforma judicial en Ecuador debe hacerse hasta el 2015 , diariodigitalcentro.com Jump up ^ Ley Orgánica de Movilidad Humana Jump up ^ Ecuador Launches New Human Mobility National Plan ^ Jump up to : `` Censo de 2010 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Niveles administrativos de planificación '' . Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Región 4 -- Santo Domingo , Manabí y Galápagos '' . Ministry of Production , Employment and Competitiveness Coordination . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador : A Comparative Atlas of Defence in Latin America / 2008 Edition '' . ccmr.org . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2009 . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ History of the `` Escuela Superior Militar Eloy Alfaro '' Archived July 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Armada del Ecuador '' . Armada del Ecuador . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the ' Escuela Superior Militar de Aviacion Cosme Rennella ' '' . Esmafae.mil.ec . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dowl , Aimee ( 2010 ) . Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands . p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir , Objective 4 , Diagnostic , Section `` La Biodiversidad y Patrimonio Natural '' , 2008 ( Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` Ecuador -- Biodiversity Conservation '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 23 , 2006 . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Unesco World Heritage '' . UNESCO . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador 's Constitution '' . Pdba.georgetown.edu . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir , Objective No. 4 , 2008 ( Spanish ) Jump up ^ Ministry of the environment of Ecuador , Protected Areas Archived March 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ministry of the environment , Sociobosque Program Jump up ^ Lemonick , Michael D. ( October 30 , 1995 ) . `` Time Magazine Report '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ San Sebastian , M. ; Hurtig , A.K. ( 2004 ) . `` Oil Exploitation in the Amazon Basin of Ecuador : A Public Health Emergency '' . Pan American Journal of Public Health . 15 ( 3 ) . doi : 10.1590 / S1020 - 49892004000300014 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Noticias España -- Los titulares de hoy '' . Yahoo Noticias España . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ECUADOR GDP GREW 4.3 PERCENT AVERAGE PER YEAR FROM 2007 TO 2012 . NAM News Network ( NNN ) ( February 14 , 2013 ) . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El Banco Central de Ecuador sitúa el crecimiento del 2008 en más del 6 % '' . soitu.es . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Producto Interno Bruto ( PIB ) - Tasa de Crecimiento Real ( % ) . Indexmundi.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Banco Central del Ecuador -- Resumen de pib . Bce.fin.ec ( July 11 , 2012 ) . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador Inflation rate ( consumer prices ) -- Economy '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gill , Nathan . ( January 6 , 2012 ) Ecuadorian Inflation Accelerated to Three - Year High in 2011 . Bloomberg . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador en Cifras '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe , CEPAL , Bases de Datos y Publicaciones Estadísticas `` Tasa de desempleo . '' Retrieved on January 28 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` Mapping for Results -- Ecuador , Latin America & Caribbean '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ecuador Facts , information , pictures Encyclopedia.com articles about Ecuador . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking 2010 -- Ranking completo '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DUAL dmw . `` Industrias en CUENCA '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ South American Community Nations -- Andean Community - CAN Archived June 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Comunidadandina.org . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Mercosur -- Common Market of the South '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Which are its member countries ? aladi.org Jump up ^ `` UNASUR ( South American organization ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Union of South American Nations '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City of Quito -- UNESCO World Heritage '' . Whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ David Grijalva . `` News And Updates '' . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best airport in the world -- 2 -- 5 million passengers - ASQ Awards '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quito , Ecuador 's New Airport -- Gateway to the Galápagos '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ecuador . maps.mobileworldlive.com ^ Jump up to : `` Central America and Caribbean : : PAPUA NEW GUINEA '' . CIA The World Factbook . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) El 80 % de ecuatorianos es católico Archived August 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... lahora.com.ec . August 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) El 80 % de los ecuatorianos afirma ser católico , según el INEC . eluniverso.com . August 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` LDS Newsroom , Facts and Statistics , Ecuador '' . mormonnewsroom.org . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2017 Service Year Report of Jehovah 's Witnesses Jump up ^ `` The Lost Sephardic Tribes of Latin America '' . Greater Miami Jewish Federation Community Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Población total 11,700,000 ~ Población judía 1000 . Congreso Judío Jump up ^ `` Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations '' . Nature Communications . March 24 , 2015 . See Supplementary Data . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms7596 . PMC 4374169 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Resultados Nacionales Censo de Población y Vivienda '' . Inec.gob.ec . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador : Virtual Jewish History Tour '' . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . 2004 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cuenca Ecuador -- How The American Dream Moved South '' . vivatropical.com. 2013 . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elisabeth Hurtel . `` Photos Indigenous people of Ecuador '' . South-images.com . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kichwa Kichwa language page ^ Jump up to : Borja , Piedad . Boceto de Poesía Ecuatoriana , ' Journal de la Academia de Literatura Hispanoamericana ' , 1972 Jump up ^ Robertson , W.S. , History of the Latin - American Nations , 1952 Jump up ^ Karnis , Surviving Pre-Columbian Drama , The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1952 Jump up ^ Dolores Veintimilla Brief biography Archived April 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Las esculturas de Teddy Cobeña las favoritas del público '' . Europa Press . Jump up ^ `` Teddy Cobeña expondrá en Europa y Asia '' . Diario Expreso . Jump up ^ `` Madrid guarda arte manabita '' . El Diario de Ecuador . Jump up ^ `` The pride of Ecuador '' . Synergos.org . August 14 , 1996 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Larrea , Julio. `` 25 Años de Vida Institucional '' , Imprenta del Ministerio de Salud Publica , Quito 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Ministry of Public Health '' . Msp.gob.ec . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Program of the Ministry of Public Health -- Ecuador '' . Msp.gob.ec . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Public health care network -- Ministry of Public Health -- Ecuador '' . Msp.gob.ec . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Services -- Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social '' . Iess.gob.ec . February 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most Efficient Health Care : Countries - Bloomberg Best ( and Worst ) '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ CIA -- The World Factbook -- Rank Order -- Life Expectancy At Birth ^ Jump up to : Olsont , David ( September 19 , 2009 ) . `` Still in its infancy , Ecuador 's free health care has growing pains Special Reports '' . PE.com . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2010 . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rex A. Hudson . `` Labor '' . Ecuador : A country study ( Dennis M. Hanratty , ed . ) . Library of Congress Federal Research Division ( 1989 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Fightingdiseases.org Jump up ^ `` NASA Creating a Virtual Telescope with Two Small Spacecraft '' . NASA . ^ Jump up to : `` Ecuador '' . The Department of Labor 's 2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor . Bureau of International Labor Affairs , U.S. Department of Labor . 2002 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Spanish Education System , Spanish Education System ( Text in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Ecuador ocupa el puesto 96 en innovación tecnológica . elcomercio.com . September 19 , 2013 Jump up ^ Lavandera , J.R. ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` José rodríguez lavandera , el inventor '' . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . expreso.ec Jump up ^ `` Checkprogram press release '' . Eluniverso.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Instituto Geofísico - EPN - Home '' . igepn.edu.ec . Jump up ^ `` Secretaria Nacional de Educacion Superior , Ciencia y Tecnologia '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Further reading Ades , H. and Graham , M. ( 2010 ) The Rough Guide to Ecuador , Rough Guides Becker , M. ( 2008 ) Indians and Leftists in the Making of Ecuador 's Modern Indigenous Movements , Duke University Press Books Becker , M. and Clark , A.K. ( 2007 ) Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador , University of Pittsburgh Press Blakenship , J. ( 2005 ) Cañar : A Year in the Highlands of Ecuador , University of Texas Press Brown , J. and Smith , J. ( 2009 ) Moon Guidebook : Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands , Avalon Travel Publishing Crowder , N. ( 2009 ) Culture Shock ! Ecuador : A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette , Marshall Cavendish Corporation Gerlach , A. ( 2003 ) Indians , Oil , and Politics : A Recent History of Ecuador , SR Books Handelsman , M.H. ( 2008 ) Culture and Customs of Ecuador , Greenwood Hurtado , O. ( 2010 ) Portrait of a Nation : Culture and Progress in Ecuador , Madison Books O'Connor , E. ( 2007 ) Gender , Indian , Nation : The Contradictions of Making Ecuador , 1830 -- 1925 , University of Arizona Press Pineo , R. ( 2007 ) Ecuador and the United States : Useful Strangers , University of Georgia Press Roos , W. and Van Renterghem , O. ( 2000 ) Ecuador in Focus : A Guide to the People , Politics , and Culture , Latin America Bureau Sawyer , S. ( 2004 ) Crude Chronicles : Indigenous Politics , Multinational Oil , and Neoliberalism in Ecuador , Duke University Press Books Striffler , S. ( 2001 ) In the Shadows of State and Capital : The United Fruit Company , Popular Struggle , and Agrarian Restructuring in Ecuador -- 1900 -- 1995 , Duke University Press Books Torre , C. de la and Striffler , S. ( 2008 ) The Ecuador Reader : History , Culture , Politics , Duke University Press Books Various ( 2010 ) Insight Guidebook : Ecuador & Galápagos , Insight Guides Various ( 2009 ) Lonely Planet Guide : Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands , Lonely Planet Whitten , N.E. ( 2011 ) Histories of the Present : People and Power in Ecuador , University of Illinois Press Whitten , N.E. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Republic of Ecuador
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-4,491,741,354,115,690,500 | who wrote the hymn and can it be | And Can It Be - wikipedia And Can It Be Jump to : navigation , search `` And Can It Be That I Should Gain ? '' is a Christian hymn written by Charles Wesley . Diarmaid MacCulloch suggests that the hymn is one of the best - loved of Wesley 's six thousand hymns . It is also the source for the 2003 song `` You Are My King ( Amazing Love ) '' which reached No. 1 on the Billboard Christian songs chart . `` And Can It Be '' was written in 1738 to celebrate Wesley 's conversion , which he regarded as having taken place on 21 May of that year . The lines `` My chains fell off , my heart was free / I rose , went forth , and followed thee '' are based on the story of the Liberation of Saint Peter in the New Testament . Wikisource has original text related to this article : And Can It Be References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Diarmaid MacCulloch , A History of Christianity : The First Three Thousand Years , p. 754 . Jump up ^ Kenneth C. Kinghorn , Wesley : A Heart Transformed Can Change the World , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Blair Gilmer Meeks , Expecting the Unexpected : An Advent Devotional Guide ( Upper Room Books , 2006 ) , p. 38 . External links ( edit ) And Can It Be , That I Should Gain ? entry at Hymnary.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_Can_It_Be&oldid=809246684 '' Categories : English Christian hymns 18th - century Christian texts Hymns by Charles Wesley 1738 works Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 23 : 33 . About Wikipedia | 1. "And Can It Be" - Christian hymn
2. Charles Wesley - hymn writer
3. Conversion of Charles Wesley
4. Liberation of Saint Peter
5. "You Are My King (Amazing Love)" - Billboard Christian songs chart topper |
8,315,790,127,121,376,000 | story of the scorpion and the frog meaning | The scorpion and the frog - wikipedia The scorpion and the frog Jump to : navigation , search The Scorpion and the Frog is an animal fable that seems to have first emerged in 1954 . On account of its dark morality , there have been many references to it since then in popular culture , including in notable films , television shows , and books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Development 3 Scorpion 's nature 4 Earlier scorpion stories 5 References Synopsis ( edit ) A scorpion asks a frog to carry it across a river . The frog hesitates , afraid of being stung , but the scorpion argues that if it did so , they would both drown . Considering this , the frog agrees , but midway across the river the scorpion does indeed sting the frog , dooming them both . When the frog asks the scorpion why , the scorpion replies that it was in its nature to do so . Though the fable is recent , its outlook that certain natures can not be reformed was common in ancient times , as in Aesop 's fable of The Farmer and the Viper . Here the snake 's reply indicates that what is fundamentally vicious will not change . Development ( edit ) An 1847 illustration of `` The Scorpion and the Turtle '' from the Persian Kalilah and Dimna , an ancient fable which might have inspired The Scorpion and the Frog . The origin of the fable is somewhat uncertain . One of the earliest known appearances of the fable is in the 1954 script of Orson Welles ' film Mr. Arkadin . Although there are similarities with the fable of The Frog and the Mouse , the story here has more in common with later variants in which a scorpion appears that emerged in Asia during the Middle Ages , notably a story about a tortoise and scorpion . A study published in a German journal in 2011 can find no connection between that fable and the Indian tradition of the Panchatantra . Whereas the original Sanskrit work and its early translations do not contain any fable resembling The Scorpion and the Frog , a later fable , The Scorpion and the Turtle , is to be found interpolated in post-Islamic variants of the Panchatantra . In The Scorpion and the Turtle , the turtle drowns the scorpion after the scorpion tries but fails to sting the turtle through its hard shell . The study suggests that the interpolation occurred between the 12th and 13th centuries in the Persian language area and may offer a new starting point for further research on the question of the fable 's origin . Scorpion 's nature ( edit ) The fable relies to a significant extent on the idea of the creature 's nature , which is of ancient reputation . Attesting to this , Oliver Goldsmith dedicated a chapter to `` The Scorpion and its Varieties '' in A History of the Earth and Animated Nature ( 1774 ) and observes that `` It is certain that no animal in the creation seems endued with such an irascible nature ... I have seen them attempt to sting a stick when put near them ; and attack a mouse or a frog , when those animals were far from offering any injury . '' John Malcolm , in his 1827 Sketches of Persia , from the Journals of a Traveller in the East , relates another version of `` The Scorpion and the Tortoise '' nearer to the modern - day `` Scorpion and the Frog '' which also plays on the theme . In this version , after the scorpion begs to be taken over the water and then attempts to sting the tortoise midstream , it is brought safely onshore , after which the tortoise remonstrates : `` Are you not the most wicked and ungrateful of reptiles ? But for me you must either have given up your journey , or have been drowned in that stream , and what is my reward ? If it had not been for the armour which God has given me , I should have been stung to death . '' `` Blame me not , '' said the scorpion , in a supplicatory tone , `` it is not my fault ; it is that of my nature ; it is a constitutional habit I have of stinging . '' Earlier scorpion stories ( edit ) The image of a scorpion carried across a river by a frog occurs at an earlier period , in the Babylonian Talmud ( Talmud Bavli ) , though with a different outcome and purpose . The scorpion crosses the river and stings a man , killing him . This is said to illustrate how God 's will is fulfilled in seemingly impossible ways . An Arab variant is found in a Sufi source that illustrates divine providence with the tale of a scorpion that crosses the Nile on a frog 's back in order to save a sleeping drunkard from being bitten by a snake . In neither of the above , however , is the frog injured . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma '' . The Ethical Spectacle. 1 ( 9 ) . September 1995 . Jump up ^ See Giancarlo Livraghi 's 2007 footnote to his book The Power of Stupidity ( 2004 ) . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ The story as told in Welles ' film on YouTube . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Takeda , Arata ( March 2011 ) . `` Blumenreiche Handelswege : Ost - westliche Streifzüge auf den Spuren der Fabel Der Skorpion und der Frosch '' ( PDF ) . Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte. 85 ( 1 ) : 124 -- 152 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03374756 . Jump up ^ Ashliman , D.L. ( 13 July 1999 ) . `` The Scorpion and the Tortoise '' . www.pitt.edu . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Takeda ( 2011 ) , pp. 140 - 142 . Jump up ^ Takeda ( 2011 ) , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Oliver Goldsmith , A History of the Earth and Animated Nature , 1825 , published T. Kinnersley , pp. 761 - 762 . Jump up ^ John Malcolm , Sketches of Persia , from the Journals of a Traveller in the East , London 1827 , Chapter XIV , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud ( Talmud Bavli ) , Women ( Seder Nashim ) , Vows ( Nedarim ) , Chapter IV , p. 41 . Jump up ^ René Khawam , Propos d'amour des mystiques musulmans , choisis , présentés and traduits de l'arabe , Paris , 1960 ; section 3 , Le soufisme authentique . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Narrative Character Antagonist Antihero Archenemy Character arc Characterization Deuteragonist False protagonist Focal character Foil Protagonist Stock character Supporting character Tritagonist Narrator Tragic hero Plot Action Backstory Cliché Climax Cliffhanger Conflict Deus ex machina Dialogue Dramatic structure Exposition Eucatastrophe Foreshadowing Flashback Flashforward Frame story In medias res Pace Plot device Plot twist Poetic justice Reveal Self - fulfilling prophecy Subplot Trope Kishōtenketsu Setting Backstory Utopia Dystopia Alternate history Fictional location city country universe Theme Leitmotif Metaphor Moral Motif Irony Style Allegory Bathos Diction Figure of speech Imagery Narrative techniques Narration Stylistic device Suspension of disbelief Symbolism Tone Mode Mood Structure Linear narrative Nonlinear narrative films television series Types of fiction with multiple endings Form Epic Fable Fabliau Fairy tale Folktale Flash fiction Legend Novella Novel Parable Play Poem Screenplay Short story Genre Action fiction Adventure Comic Crime Docufiction Epistolary Erotic Fiction Fantasy Gothic Historical Horror Magic realism Mystery Nautical Paranoid Philosophical Picaresque Political Psychological Romance Saga Satire Science Speculative Superhero Thriller Urban Western List of writing genres Narration First - person Multiple narrators Stream of consciousness Stream of unconsciousness Unreliable Tense Past Present Future Related Audience Author Creative nonfiction Fiction writing Literary theory Literary science Narratology Monomyth Rhetoric Screenwriting Storytelling Tellability <Td_colspan="3"> Literature portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Scorpion_and_the_Frog&oldid=810204433 '' Categories : Fables European folklore Fictional scorpions Fictional frogs and toads Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 22 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The Scorpion and the Frog
2. Animal fable
3. Dark morality
4. Nature of the scorpion
5. References in popular culture |
-8,323,544,148,422,562,000 | what does a right bundle branch block look like on an ecg | Right bundle branch block - wikipedia Right bundle branch block Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Right bundle branch block <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ECG characteristics of a typical RBBB showing wide QRS complexes with a terminal R wave in lead V1 and slurred S wave in lead V6 . <Th_colspan="2"> Classification and external resources Specialty Cardiology ICD - 10 I45. 1 ICD - 9 - CM 426.4 DiseasesDB 11620 eMedicine ped / 2500 <Td_colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) A right bundle branch block ( RBBB ) is a heart block in the electrical conduction system . During a right bundle branch block , the right ventricle is not directly activated by impulses travelling through the right bundle branch . The left ventricle however , is still normally activated by the left bundle branch . These impulses are then able to travel through the myocardium of the left ventricle to the right ventricle and depolarize the right ventricle this way . As conduction through the myocardium is slower than conduction through the Bundle of His - Purkinje fibres , the QRS complex is seen to be widened . The QRS complex often shows an extra deflection that reflects the rapid depolarisation of the left ventricle followed by the slower depolarisation of the right ventricle . In most cases , right bundle branch block has a pathological cause , though it is also seen in healthy individuals in about 1.5 - 3 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 Diagnosis 2 Causes 3 Epidemiology 4 Treatment 5 See also 6 References Diagnosis ( edit ) Normal electrical conduction system of the heart ( Schematic ) . All myocardial segments are excited almost simultaneously ( purple staining ) . Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Conduction in RBBB ( Schematic ) : With a blockage in the right bundle branch ( red ) , the left ventricle is excited in time ( purple ) , while the excitation of the right ventricle takes a detour via the left bundle branch ( blue arrows ) . The criteria to diagnose a right bundle branch block on the electrocardiogram : The heart rhythm must originate above the ventricles ( i.e. , sinoatrial node , atria or atrioventricular node ) to activate the conduction system at the correct point . The QRS duration must be more than 100 ms ( incomplete block ) or more than 120 ms ( complete block ) . There should be a terminal R wave in lead V ( e.g. , R , rR ' , rsR ' , rSR ' , or qR ) . There should be a slurred S wave in leads I and V . The T wave should be deflected opposite the terminal deflection of the QRS complex . This is known as appropriate T wave discordance with bundle branch block . A concordant T wave may suggest ischemia or myocardial infarction . A mnemonic to distinguish between ECG signatures of left bundle branch block ( LBBB ) and right is WiLLiaM MaRRoW ( i.e. , with LBBB , there is a W in lead V and an M in lead V , whereas , with RBBB , there is an M in V and a W in V ) . RBBB with associated first degree AV block RBBB with associated tachycardia RBBB Causes ( edit ) An atrial septal defect is one possible cause of a right bundle branch block . In addition , a right bundle branch block may also result from Brugada syndrome , right ventricular hypertrophy , pulmonary embolism , ischaemic heart disease , rheumatic heart disease , myocarditis , cardiomyopathy , or hypertension . Epidemiology ( edit ) Prevalence of RBBB increases with age . Treatment ( edit ) The underlying condition may be treated by medications to control hypertension or diabetes , if they are the primary underlying cause . If coronary arteries are blocked , an invasive coronary angioplasty may relieve the impending RBBB . See also ( edit ) Bundle branch block Left bundle branch block References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Conduction Blocks 2006 KCUMB '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Da Costa D , Brady WJ , Edhouse J ( March 2002 ) . `` Bradycardias and atrioventricular conduction block '' . BMJ. 324 ( 7336 ) : 535 -- 8 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 324.7336. 535 . PMC 1122450 . PMID 11872557 . Jump up ^ `` Lesson VI - ECG Conduction Abnormalities '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Lee ( 2011 ) . Goldman 's Cecil Medicine ( 24th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier Saunders . pp. 400 -- 401 . ISBN 1437727883 . Jump up ^ `` Right Bundle Branch Block '' . www.symptoma.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . <Th_colspan="2"> Cardiovascular disease ( heart ) ( I00 -- I52 , 390 -- 429 ) Ischaemic Coronary disease Coronary artery disease ( CAD ) Coronary artery aneurysm Spontaneous coronary artery dissection ( SCAD ) Coronary thrombosis Coronary vasospasm Myocardial bridge Active ischemia Angina pectoris Prinzmetal 's angina Stable angina Acute coronary syndrome Myocardial infarction Unstable angina Sequelae hours Hibernating myocardium Myocardial stunning days Myocardial rupture weeks Aneurysm of heart / Ventricular aneurysm Dressler syndrome Layers Pericardium Pericarditis Acute Chronic / Constrictive Pericardial effusion Cardiac tamponade Hemopericardium Myocardium Myocarditis Chagas disease Cardiomyopathy Dilated Alcoholic Hypertrophic Restrictive Loeffler endocarditis Cardiac amyloidosis Endocardial fibroelastosis Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Endocardium / valves Endocarditis infective endocarditis Subacute bacterial endocarditis non-infective endocarditis Libman -- Sacks endocarditis Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis Valves mitral regurgitation prolapse stenosis aortic stenosis insufficiency tricuspid stenosis insufficiency pulmonary stenosis insufficiency Conduction / arrhythmia Bradycardia Sinus bradycardia Sick sinus syndrome Heart block : Sinoatrial AV 1 ° 2 ° 3 ° Intraventricular Bundle branch block Right Left Left anterior fascicle Left posterior fascicle Bifascicular Trifascicular Adams -- Stokes syndrome Tachycardia ( paroxysmal and sinus ) Supraventricular Atrial Multifocal Junctional AV nodal reentrant Junctional ectopic Ventricular Accelerated idioventricular rhythm Catecholaminergic polymorphic Torsades de pointes Premature contraction Atrial Junctional Ventricular Pre-excitation syndrome Lown -- Ganong -- Levine Wolff -- Parkinson -- White Flutter / fibrillation Atrial flutter Ventricular flutter Atrial fibrillation Familial Ventricular fibrillation Pacemaker Ectopic pacemaker / Ectopic beat Multifocal atrial tachycardia Pacemaker syndrome Parasystole Wandering pacemaker Long QT syndrome Andersen -- Tawil Jervell and Lange - Nielsen Romano -- Ward Cardiac arrest Sudden cardiac death Asystole Pulseless electrical activity Sinoatrial arrest Other / ungrouped hexaxial reference system Right axis deviation Left axis deviation QT Short QT syndrome T wave alternans ST Osborn wave ST elevation ST depression Strain pattern Cardiomegaly Ventricular hypertrophy Left Right / Cor pulmonale Atrial enlargement Left Right Other Cardiac fibrosis Heart failure Diastolic heart failure Cardiac asthma Rheumatic fever Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_bundle_branch_block&oldid=834259603 '' Categories : Cardiac arrhythmia Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Right bundle branch block
2. Electrical conduction system
3. ECG characteristics
4. Diagnosis of RBBB
5. Causes and treatment of RBBB |
3,956,581,873,590,118,000 | australian passport do i need a visa for uk | Visa requirements for Australian citizens - Wikipedia Visa requirements for Australian citizens An Australian passport Visa requirements for Australian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Australia entering with an Australian passport . As of 10 July 2018 , Australian citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 183 countries and territories , ranking the Australian passport 6th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with the Greek passport ) according to the Henley Passport Index . Besides visa requirements , most countries specify other requirements for the entry of Australian and other citizens into their country -- for example , that a prospective entrant has no criminal history or health issues , or that there is evidence of sufficient funds or of a ticket for exit . Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Visa requirements 3 Dependent , disputed , or restricted territories 4 Reciprocity issues 5 Additional rules 5.1 Visa exemptions for Schengen states 5.1. 1 A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than three months ( but no more than three months in any individual member state ) 5.1. 2 A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of up to three months 5.1. 3 A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than 3 months ( and more than 3 months in an individual member state ) 5.2 Visa exemptions and requirements for the United Kingdom 5.3 Visa exemption for New Zealand 5.4 Travel ban 6 APEC Business Travel Card 7 Consular protection of Australian citizens abroad 8 Foreign travel statistics 9 Non-visa restrictions 9.1 Passport validity length 9.2 Blank passport pages 9.3 Vaccination 9.4 Israeli stamps 9.5 Armenian ethnicity 9.6 Criminal record 9.7 Persona non grata 9.8 Fingerprinting 10 See also 11 References and Notes Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for Australian passport holders Australia Freedom of Movement ( Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement ) Visa free access Visa issued upon arrival Electronic authorization or online payment required / eVisa Both visa on arrival and eVisa available Visa required prior to arrival Visa requirements ( edit ) Each country has a multitude of visa types , each with its particular purpose and requirements . Rules for short visits by ordinary passport holders are as follows : Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Due to safety concerns , Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Afghanistan . Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa not required Angola eVisa 30 days Visitors who have been granted an online pre-visa are then issued with a visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within a one year period . Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 1 month Argentina Visa not required 90 days Armenia Visa not required 180 days Austria Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 3 months Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 14 days Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Not available at all entry points . Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 30 days Must arrive and depart via Minsk International Airport . Belgium Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area . Additionally bilateral agreement permits 2 months on top of this . Belize Visa not required 1 month Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days / 8 days Must have an international vaccination certificate . Bhutan Visa required Visa approved via tour operators only . Bolivia Visa not required 90 days Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 - month period Botswana Visa not required 90 days 90 days within year period Brazil eVisa 90 days 90 days within year period Brunei Visa on arrival 30 days Bulgaria Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month Burundi Visa required Due to safety concerns , Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Burundi . Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visa is also obtainable online . Cameroon Visa required Canada Visa not required 6 months eTA required if arriving by air . Cape Verde Visa on arrival Not available at all entry points . Central African Republic Visa required Due to safety concerns , Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Central African Republic . Chad Visa required Letter of invitation required . Chile Visa not required 90 days Australian tourists entering Chile through Santiago International Airport are required to pay a `` reciprocity fee '' of US $117 . China Visa required 72 - hour visit without a visa when in transit at Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visit without a visa when in transit through Beijing Capital International Airport , Dalian , Hangzhou , Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport in Hebei , Nanjing , Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport , Shanghai Railway Station and the Port of Shanghai ) ; Shenyang and Tianjin Binhai International Airport Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours visa - free visit transit policy . Colombia Visa not required 180 days 90 days - extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Visa and invitation letters approved via tour operators only . Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Visa not required for Congolese - born visitors Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days Côte d'Ivoire eVisa 3 months eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport . Croatia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Cuba Tourist Card required Visitors travelling to Cuba can purchase a tourist card at the Cuban embassy or nearest travel agent that sells authorized cards . Cyprus Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Czech Republic Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Denmark Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries ( except the other Nordic countries ) Djibouti eVisa 31 days Dominica Visa not required 6 months Dominican Republic Visa not required 90 days Ecuador Visa not required 90 days Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Letter of invitation required . Eritrea Visa required A tourist visa for Australian citizens is issued for a stay of 1 month from arrival to Eritrea . Estonia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Not available at all entry points . Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries France Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France ) regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required 90 days Georgia Visa not required 360 days Germany Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in Schengen countries Ghana Visa required Greece Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Grenada Visa not required 3 months Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa not required 3 months Haiti Visa not required 3 months Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Iceland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa on arrival 30 days Iraq Visa required Due to safety concerns , Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Iraq . Ireland Visa not required 3 months Israel Visa not required 3 months Italy Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries Jamaica Visa not required Japan Visa not required 90 days Jordan Visa on arrival Conditions apply . Not available at all entry points . Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kiribati Visa not required 120 days North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 90 days Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days A single or multiple tourist or business e-visa for 90 days is also available . Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply . Available at international airports Luangphabang , Pakse , Savannakhet and Vientiane , and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge , and at 13 border crossings as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkai , Thailand . Entry points Lalai , Lantui , Meuang mom , Pakxan , and Phoudou are open only to visa holders . Extendable up to 60 days . Latvia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month Visa extendible for 2 additional months Granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho Visa not required 14 days Liberia Visa required Libya Visa required Due to safety concerns , Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Libya . Liechtenstein Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lithuania Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Luxembourg Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries Macedonia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Madagascar Visa on arrival 30 days Free of charge . Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 3 months Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Marshall Islands Visa on arrival 90 days Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Monaco Visa not required Mongolia Visa required Registration upon arrival for stays longer than 30 days is mandatory . Montenegro Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Morocco Visa not required 3 months Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports . Namibia Visa not required 3 months Nauru Visa required Criminal record and medical fitness certificates are not required for Australian citizens . Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Netherlands Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( European Netherlands ) regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries New Zealand Freedom of movement <Td_colspan="2"> Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Visa not required for Nigerian - born citizens . Norway Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries ( except other Nordic countries ) Oman eVisa 30 days Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Free Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Gurney Airport ( Alotau ) , Mount Hagen Airport , Port Moresby Airport and Tokua Airport ( Rabaul ) . Paraguay Visa on arrival 90 days Only available at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Luque . Reciprocity fee applies . Peru Visa not required 183 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Portugal Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Hamad International Airport . eVisa is also available . Romania Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Russia Visa required Registration required after 2 business days . Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required Serbia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Seychelles Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Sierra Leone Visa required Singapore Visa not required 90 days Slovakia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Slovenia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Solomon Islands Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Somalia Visa on arrival Due to safety concerns , Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Somalia . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Due to safety concerns , Australian government advises its citizens not to visit South Sudan . Spain Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa required Visa not required for Sudanese - born citizens . Suriname Visa required Visitors arriving from Australia without a representation from Suriname can obtain a visa on arrival with a maximum stay of 2 months if holding a pre-arranged approval . Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries ( except other Nordic countries ) Switzerland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Syria Visa required Due to safety concerns , Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Syria . Tajikistan Visa on arrival 45 days At Dushanbe International Airport . Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points . Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 30 days Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air . Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Not available at all entry points . Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days Trinidad and Tobago Visa on arrival 30 days Tunisia Visa not required 3 months Turkey eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Cruise ship passengers do not require a visa for up to 72 hours . eVisa can be obtained on arrival for a higher fee . Turkmenistan Visa required Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival Determined at the port of entry . May apply online . Ukraine eVisa / Visa on arrival 15 days Visa on arrival for business or tourism purposes , available at Kyiv Boryspil Airport , Kyiv International Airport ( Zhuliany ) and Odessa International Airport . United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival 30 days United Kingdom and Crown dependencies Visa not required 6 months United States Visa Waiver Program 90 days On arrival from overseas ; ESTA ( valid for 2 years when issued ) required if arriving by air or cruise ship . ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands . Uruguay Visa not required 3 months Uzbekistan eVisa 30 days 5 - day visa free transit when in transit at the international airports on condition of holding a confirmed onward ticket for a flight to a third country . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam eVisa 30 days Yemen Visa required Due to safety concerns , Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Yemen . Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe . eVisa available . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Strictly tourism purposes only . Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia . eVisa available . Dependent , disputed , or restricted territories ( edit ) Unrecognized or partially recognized countries Territory Conditions of access Notes Abkhazia Visa required Kosovo Visa not required 90 days Northern Cyprus Visa not required 3 months Artsakh Visa required Travellers with Artsakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Artsakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory . Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival . South Ossetia Visa not required Multiple entry visa to Russia and three day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Taiwan Visa not required 90 days Transnistria Visa not required Registration required after 24h . Dependent and autonomous territories Territory Conditions of access Notes <Th_colspan="3"> China Hong Kong Visa not required 90 days Macau Visa not required 30 days <Th_colspan="3"> Denmark Faroe Islands Visa not required Greenland Visa not required <Th_colspan="3"> France French Guiana Visa not required 3 months French Polynesia Visa not required 90 days within 180 days French West Indies Visa not required Includes overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin . Mayotte Visa not required 3 months New Caledonia Visa not required 3 months Réunion Visa not required 3 months Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa not required 3 months Wallis and Futuna Visa not required 3 months <Th_colspan="3"> Netherlands Aruba Visa not required 30 days , extendable to 180 days Caribbean Netherlands Visa not required 90 days . Includes Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba . Curaçao Visa not required 90 days Sint Maarten Visa not required 90 days <Th_colspan="3"> New Zealand Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days Niue Visa not required 30 days Tokelau Visa required <Th_colspan="3"> United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Visa not required Stays longer than 28 days per 12 - month period require a permit . Anguilla Visa not required 3 months Bermuda Visa not required Up to 6 months , decided on arriva British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required . British Virgin Islands Visa not required 30 days , extensions possible Cayman Islands Visa not required 6 months Falkland Islands Visa not required Gibraltar Visa not required Montserrat Visa not required 6 months Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . Ascension Island Entry Permit required Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena Visitor 's Pass required Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling . Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Turks and Caicos Islands Visa required 90 days <Th_colspan="3"> United States American Samoa Electronic authorization 30 days Guam Visa not required 45 days Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required 45 days Puerto Rico Visa not required Under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required Under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . <Th_colspan="3"> Antarctica and adjacent islands <Td_colspan="3"> Special permits required for Bouvet Island , British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Other territories Territory Conditions of access Notes Brest and Grodno Visa not required Visa - free for 10 days China Hainan Visa on arrival 15 days . Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport . Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group ( 5 or more people ) China Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Crimea Visa required Visa issued by Russia is required . Ecuador Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required To travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Greece Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Iran Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Iraqi Kurdistan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Fiji Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required . France Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Malaysia Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives outside Malé Permission required With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives . Norway Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Svalbard of Norway Visa not Required Unlimited Stay ( Idefinite Stay ) . Novorossiya Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization . Sudan outside Khartoum Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Sudan Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required . Tajikistan Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone . United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . Venezuela Margarita Island Visa not required All visitors are fingerprinted . Vietnam Phú Quốc Visa not required 30 days Yemen outside Sana'a or Aden Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Reciprocity issues ( edit ) Some countries regard Australia 's requirement for obtaining an Electronic Travel Authority ( ETA ) prior to travel as being equivalent to offering visa - free travel when deciding whether to grant the same to Australians wishing to enter their territory . The United States , for example , offers their Visa Waiver Program to Australian passport - holders , and one of the conditions for joining this scheme is that `` Governments provide reciprocal visa - free travel for U.S. citizens for 90 days for tourism or business purposes '' . However , the United States has required from January 2009 a similar ETA from citizens of Australia and some more countries . This system is not called a visa , but Electronic System for Travel Authorization , therefore the USA still allows visa - free travel for Australians . As of December 1998 , Japan has also granted visa - free access to Australians . Other ETA eligible countries and territories including Canada , Hong Kong , Malaysia , Singapore , South Korea ( 90 days ) and Taiwan ( 90 days ) also grant visa - free access to Australians while Brunei grants Australians a 30 - day visa on arrival . Additional rules ( edit ) Visa exemptions for Schengen States ( edit ) A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than three months ( but no more than three months in any individual member State ) ( edit ) The Australian Government has signed bilateral visa waiver agreements with a number of the individual countries who are Schengen signatories , which allow Australian citizens to spend up to three months in the relevant country , without reference to time spent in other Schengen signatory states . Since these agreements continue to remain valid despite the implementation of the Schengen agreement , the European Commission has confirmed that in practice if Australians visit Schengen countries which have signed these types of bilateral agreements with Australia , then the terms of these agreements override the conditions normally imposed as a result of the Schengen visa exemption agreement . However , amendments are under consideration to restrict exit from the Schengen area only through the territory of the Member State which is a Contracting Party to the bilateral agreement and the authorities of which have extended the stay . Australia has individual bilateral visa waiver agreements with the following Schengen signatories : Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Iceland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Spain Norway Sweden Consequently , Australian citizens can visit the above Schengen member states visa - free for periods of up to three months in each country . If , however , an Australian citizen then visits another Schengen state not included in the list above , the restriction of no more than three months out of a six - month period in the Schengen area as a whole applies . Therefore , if an Australian citizen has already spent three months in one or more of the above Schengen countries , any visits to another Schengen country without a bilateral visa waiver agreement with Australia may lead to difficulties with local law enforcement agencies ( e.g. being accused of having overstayed upon leaving a Schengen country which is not in the list above ) . A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of up to three months ( edit ) Main article : Visa policy in the European Union Australian citizens are classified as ' Annex II ' foreign nationals , and so are permitted to stay visa - free in the 26 member states of the Schengen Area as a whole -- rather than each country individually -- for a period not exceeding 3 months every 6 months . During the visa exemption period , Australian citizens are permitted to work in Belgium , Bulgaria , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Iceland , Lithuania , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Norway , Poland , Slovenia and Sweden . In addition , Australian citizens intending to stay and work in Estonia for up to 90 days can do so without a visa as long as the employer has completed a ' registration of short - term employment ' . A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than 3 months ( and more than 3 months in an individual member State ) ( edit ) In general , any person who is not a European Union , European Economic Area or Swiss citizen and who wishes to stay in a Schengen member state for more than 3 months is required to obtain a national long - stay ' D ' visa and / or a residence permit . Australian citizens aged 18 -- 30 ( or 18 - 35 in some cases ) are able to obtain a national long - stay ' D ' visa and / or a residence permit from some Schengen member states on the basis of a working holiday ( see below ) . Schengen member states also issue national long - stay ' D ' visas and residence permits for other reasons to those fulfilling criteria laid out in their national immigration policies ( e.g. skilled workers , students , au pair ) . In general , the national long - stay ' D ' visa / residence permit needs to be obtained in advance through the member state 's embassy / consulate . However , some Schengen member states offer exceptions for Australian citizens . Austria allows Australian citizens to enter the country without a visa and to apply for a temporary residence permit or a ' Red - White - Red Card ' ( issued to permanent immigrants ) after arrival , rather than in advance through an Austrian embassy / consulate . The Czech Republic allows Australian citizens to apply for a work visa under a special scheme known as a ' Green Card ' ( rather than a ' Blue Card ' or work permit which is required by most non-EU citizens ) . The application for a Green Card can be lodged at any Czech embassy / consulate ( or , in some circumstances , within the Czech Republic if the applicant is already resident there ) and is usually processed within 60 days . Note that ' Green Cards ' are no longer issued after 24 June 2014 . Germany permits Australian citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months to enter without a visa and to apply for a residence permit after arrival ( whilst for many other non-EEA and Swiss citizens , a residence permit and visa for a stay over 3 months must be applied for in advance at a German foreign mission ) . Estonia permits Australian citizens to stay and work in Estonia for more than 90 days but less than 6 months as long as they obtain a category ' D ' long - stay visa at a cost of € 80 in advance at an Estonian foreign mission after the employer has completed a ' registration of short - term employment ' . Australian citizens intending to stay and work in Estonia for more than 6 months can apply for a temporary residence permit for employment after arrival in the country . Hungary allows Australian citizens who wish to stay for more than 90 days in the country to apply for a residence card from the regional directorate of the Office of Immigration and Nationality within 90 days of arrival and do not need to obtain a residence permit prior to arrival in Hungary ( unlike most other non-EEA and Swiss foreign nationals ) . Latvia permits Australian citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months as self - employed persons or as businesspersons to enter Latvia without a visa and to apply for a residence permit after arrival ( whilst for many non-EEA and Swiss citizens , an application for a residence permit must be lodged in advance at a Latvian foreign mission ) . Netherlands exempts Australian citizens from the requirement to obtain a Schengen category `` D '' visa ( the visa issued for long term stays in The Netherlands of over 90 days , known in Dutch as the `` MVV '' visa ) - an exemption which goes beyond the visa waiver afforded to most other non-EEA and non-Swiss foreign nationals who are usually only given a visa waiver of up to 90 days in a 180 - day period . Norway permits Australian citizens who have qualifications as a skilled worker to stay in the country without a visa for up to 6 months to seek employment as a skilled worker or a specialist ( except as a religious leader / teacher or an ethnic cook ) , as long as they register with the police within 3 months of arriving in Norway . Visa exemptions and requirements for the United Kingdom ( edit ) Australian citizens are able to visit the United Kingdom for up to 6 months ( or 3 months if they enter from the Republic of Ireland ) without the need to apply for a visa as long as they fulfil all of the following criteria : they do not work during their stay in the UK they must not register a marriage or register a civil partnership during their stay in the UK they can present evidence of sufficient money to fund their stay in the UK ( if requested by the border inspection officer ) they intend to leave the UK at the end of their visit and can meet the cost of the return / onward journey they have completed a landing card and submitted it at passport control unless in direct transit to a destination outside the Common Travel Area if under the age of 18 , they can demonstrate evidence of suitable care arrangements and parental ( or guardian 's ) consent for their stay in the UK However , even though , strictly speaking , he or she is not required to apply for a visa if he or she satisfies all of the above criteria , an Australian citizen who falls into any of the following categories has been strongly advised by the UK Border Agency ( replaced by UK Visas and Immigration ) to apply for a visa prior to travelling to the UK : he / she has any unspent criminal convictions in any country he / she has previously been refused or breached the terms of any entry to the UK , or been deported or otherwise removed from the UK he / she has previously applied for a visa and been refused one he / she has been warned by a UK official that he / she should obtain a visa before travelling to the UK Australian citizens who were born before 1983 and qualify for the right of abode are able to live and work in the United Kingdom indefinitely . Australian citizens with a grandparent born either in the United Kingdom , Channel Islands or Isle of Man at any time or in the Republic of Ireland on or before 31 March 1922 can apply for UK Ancestry Entry Clearance , which enables them to work in the UK for five years , after which they can apply to settle indefinitely . Australian citizens aged 18 to 30 can apply for a Youth Mobility Scheme visa which allows them to pursue a working holiday in the UK for two years . Visa exemption for New Zealand ( edit ) By virtue of the Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement , Australian citizens are exempt from the requirement to hold a permit on arrival in New Zealand and may reside or work for an indefinite period as long as : they present a valid Australian passport OR hold a foreign passport showing their Australian Citizen Endorsement or Australian Citizen Declaratory Visa ( either with a label or a confirmation letter ) as evidence of their Australian citizenship they have no criminal convictions they have no untreated tuberculosis they have not been deported , excluded or removed from any country Travel ban ( edit ) It is an offence for Australians to travel or remain in Declared Areas . Those are currently parts of northern Iraq and parts of northern Syria . APEC business travel card ( edit ) Full members of the scheme Transitional members ( United States , Canada ) Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card ( ABTC ) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries : Brunei Chile China Hong Kong Indonesia Japan South Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Taiwan Thailand Vietnam The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages : no need to apply for a visa or entry permit to APEC countries , as the card is treated as such ( except by Canada and United States ) undertake legitimate business in participating economies expedited border crossing in all member economies , including transitional members expedited scheduling of visa interview ( USA ) Consular protection of Australian citizens abroad ( edit ) Diplomatic missions of Australia There are currently over 100 Australian missions overseas . In some countries Australians may also receive consular assistance from Canadian missions under the Canada -- Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement . See also : List of diplomatic missions of Australia . Foreign travel Statistics ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Australian passport . ( edit history ) According to the statistics these are the numbers of Australian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) : <Th_colspan="2"> Foreign travel statistics Destination Number of Australian visitors American Samoa 974 Angola 702 Antarctica 4,488 Antigua and Barbuda 761 Austria 143,000 Azerbaijan 1,851 Bahamas 3,858 Barbados 2,301 Belgium 43,276 Bhutan 2,249 Bolivia 11,044 Bosnia and Herzegovina 8,632 Botswana 15,607 Brazil 49,809 Brunei 18,845 Cambodia 146,806 Canada 392,364 Cayman Islands 1,303 Chile 50,968 China 637,300 Colombia 13,356 Congo 69 Cook Islands 23,796 Costa Rica 12,320 Croatia 186,323 Cyprus 14,655 Dominica 437 Dominican Republic 2,723 Ecuador 13,686 Estonia 7,431 Fiji 365,689 Finland 26,959 France 1,266,509 French Polynesia 7,363 Georgia 4,611 Germany 314,014 Greece 183,165 Guatemala 17,206 Guam 2,255 Hong Kong 567,881 Hungary 41,231 Indonesia 1,302,291 India 293,625 Israel 32,000 Italy 884,000 Jamaica 2,574 Japan 495,100 Jordan 21,857 Kazakhstan 3,909 Kiribati 625 Kyrgyzstan 2,300 Laos 33,077 Latvia 7,421 Lebanon 72,743 Luxembourg 3,525 Macau 88,988 Macedonia 5,557 Madagascar 1,098 Malaysia 351,232 Malawi 10,250 Maldives 27,360 Mali 860 Malta 35,875 Mauritius 21,271 Mexico 84,225 Micronesia 1,075 Mongolia 6,689 Montenegro 6,103 Myanmar 34,010 Namibia 7,888 Nepal 18,619 Netherlands 188,000 New Caledonia 20,926 New Zealand 1,472,160 Niue 461 Oman 15,616 Pakistan 13,200 Palau 1,135 Panama 4,349 Papua New Guinea 88,092 Peru 41,568 Philippines 259,433 Romania 16,978 Russia 49,259 Samoa 30,302 Serbia 13,559 Seychelles 1,661 Singapore 1,081,987 Slovakia 7,888 Slovenia 34,205 Solomon Islands 9,509 South Africa 99,205 South Korea 150,408 Sri Lanka 81,281 Suriname 453 Swaziland 3,132 Taiwan 107,157 Tanzania 15,356 Tonga 11,930 Thailand 817,091 Timor - Leste 13,429 Turkey 77,153 Tuvalu 116 Uganda 7,842 Ukraine 5,743 United Arab Emirates 279,000 United Kingdom 831,000 United States 1,529,987 Vanuatu 46,098 Vietnam 370,438 Zambia 12,363 Zimbabwe 22,016 ^ Data for 2016 ^ Data for 2017 ^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . ^ Data for 2013 ^ Data for 2011 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Data for 2012 ^ Data for 2014 ^ Data for 2009 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Total number includes tourists , business travelers , students , exchange visitors , temporary workers and families , diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions ( I - 94 ) . Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption . Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes . Passport validity length ( edit ) In the absence of specific bilateral agreements , countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cape Verde , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Costa Rica , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Haiti , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Kuwait , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Maldives , Marshall Islands , Mongolia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nepal , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Rwanda , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela and Vietnam . Turkey requires passports to be valid for at least 150 days upon entry . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months beyond the period of intended stay include European Union countries ( except the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom ) , Iceland , Liechtenstein , Norway and Switzerland ( and always excepting EU / EEA / Swiss nationals ) , Azerbaijan , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Nauru , Moldova , New Zealand and 3 months validity on arrival in Albania , Honduras , Macedonia , Panama , Qatar and Senegal . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the period of intended stay include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Lebanon , Macao and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other 's citizens or even accept passports that have already expired ( but not been cancelled ) . Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Endorsement pages , which often appear after the visa pages , are not counted as being available . Vaccination ( edit ) An International Certificate of Vaccination required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever Main article : Carte Jaune Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia , require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has recently visited one . Israeli stamps ( edit ) Israeli border control Entry Permit ( issued as a stand - alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport ) Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead that reads : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old . Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Main article : Armenia -- Azerbaijan relations Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons . Upon request , the authorities of the largely unrecognized Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . Criminal record ( edit ) Some countries ( for example , Canada and the United States and Fiji ) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record . Persona non grata ( edit ) The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country . In non-diplomatic use , the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily , usually because of unlawful activity . Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Main article : Countries applying biometrics Iris recognition biometric systems apply mathematical pattern - recognition techniques to images of the irises of an individual 's eyes . Several countries mandate that all travellers , or all foreign travellers , be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest those travellers that refuse to comply . In some countries , such as the United States , this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside . Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan , Argentina , Brunei , Cambodia , China when entering through Shenzhen airport , Ethiopia , Ghana , India , Japan , Malaysia upon entry and departure , Paraguay , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea , and Taiwan . Additionally , the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors that need to apply for a visa . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Visa policy of Australia Australian passport References and Notes ( edit ) References ^ `` The Henley Passport Index '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners Holdings Ltd. 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . This graph shows the full Global Ranking of the 2018 Henley Passport Index . In certain cases , a rank is shared by multiple countries because these countries all have the same level of visa - free or visa - on - arrival access . ^ Visa information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan . ^ `` Afghanistan '' . www.smartraveller.gov.au . ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . ^ `` SME E-VISA '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ SME E-VISA ^ Angola : Migration Service to Speed Up Visa Exemption Procedure ^ SME cria condições para isenção e simplificação de vistos ^ Countries exempt from visa , Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda . ^ Visa regime , National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina ( in Spanish ) . ^ `` Data '' . www.e-gov.am . ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . ^ Countries with visa - free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan ( in Azerbaijani ) . ^ `` 500 - Internal Server Error '' . evisa.gov.az . ^ Visa requirements for foreigners travelling to the Bahamas , Government of the Bahamas , 18 February 2014 . ^ Bahrain eVisas , Ministry of Interior of Bahrain . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Available at Shahjalal International Airport , Shah Amanat International Airport and Osmani International Airport only . ^ Visa requirements for foreign nationals entering Barbados , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados , 3 June 2009 . ^ Visa - free travel , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus . ^ Visa for Belgium , Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium . ^ Countries not requiring an entry visa , Department of Immigration and Nationality Services of Belize , September 2016 . ^ Extendable length of stay . ^ Visa , Emigration and Immigration Directorate of Benin . ^ `` Accueil e-visa '' . evisa.gouv.bj . ^ Visa , Tourism Council of Bhutan . ^ Requirements to enter Bolivia , General Directorate of Migration of Bolivia ( in Spanish ) . ^ Visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina . ^ Requirements for visa application , Government of Botswana . ^ `` Brazil Visa Information In eVisa - Home Page '' . www.vfsglobal.com . ^ Country category for visa application , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei . ^ Visa for Bulgaria , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Burundi '' . www.smartraveller.gov.au . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 28 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Electronic Travel Authorization ( eTA ) - Canada.ca '' . www.canada.ca . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Obtainable at Nelson Mandela International Airport , Cesária Évora Airport , Amílcar Cabral International Airport and Aristides Pereira International Airport . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Central African Republic '' . www.smartraveller.gov.au . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Energie -- SNEDAI GROUPE '' . www.snedai.com . ^ Visa requirements overview , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa policy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus . ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic , 13 July 2017 . ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa - free countries , Danish Immigration Service , 8 December 2017 . ^ `` eVisa '' . www.evisa.gouv.dj . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Egypt e-Visa Portal '' . 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Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia , 2 November 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Obtainable at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland , Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France , January 2016 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Gabon e-Visa '' . evisa.dgdi.ga . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Georgia , Civil . `` Civil.Ge - Georgia Restores One - Year Visa - Free Rules '' . www.civil.ge . ^ Overview of visa requirements / exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany , Federal Foreign Office of Germany . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ ( 1 ) ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece , 13 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that do not need a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary . ^ Who does not need a visa , Directorate of Immigration of Iceland . ^ `` Indian e-Visa '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . ^ e-Visa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Tidak Untuk Jurnalistik , Wisatawan Dari 169 Negara Ini Bebas Visa Kunjungan ke Indonesia '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Iran extends airport visa validity to 30 days '' . 3 August 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Iraq '' . www.smartraveller.gov.au . ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland , Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ Visa for Italy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Visa Information '' . 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Unlike almost every other country in the world , the US insists on a full immigration check even for travellers who simply intend to re-board their plane to continue onwards to a foreign destination . Air New Zealand , which flies daily from Heathrow via Los Angeles to Auckland , says there are currently `` strict requirements for travellers '' in transit at LAX . Through passengers to Auckland on flight NZ1 or Heathrow on NZ2 must apply in advance for an ESTA ( online visa ) even though they have no intention of staying in the US . They also have to undergo screening by the Transportation Security Administration . ^ `` How to enter Afghanistan . The Entry Requirements for Afghanistan - CountryReports '' . Countryreports.org . ^ Nordland , Rod ( 19 November 2011 ) . `` In Afghanistan , Big Plans to Gather Biometric Data '' . Nytimes.com . ^ `` Argentina strengthens migratory control '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . ^ `` Cambodia Foreign Entry Requirements '' . 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Furthermore , the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome . However , thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai , they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system . Notes Ahmedabad Amritsar Bagdogra Bengaluru Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Gaya Goa Guwahati Hyderabad Jaipur Kochi Kolkata Kozhikode Lucknow Mangaluru Mumbai Nagpur Pune Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Varanasi Visakhapatnam Cochin Goa Mangalore Vientiane Savannakhet Khammuan Bokeo Panghok - Taichang ( Vietnam ) Samliemkham - ( Thailand and Myanmar ) Nonghaed - Nam kanh ( Vietnam ) Nam phao - Cau treo ( Vietnam ) Na pao - Cha lo ( Vietnam ) Daensavan - Lao bao ( Vietnam ) Veunkham - Nong nok khian ( Cambodia ) Vang tao - Chongmek ( Thailand ) Boten - Bo han ( China ) Nam ngeun - Huay konl ( Thailand ) Namheuang - Nakaseng ( Thailand ) Nam soy - Na meo ( Vietnam ) Phoukeua - Kontoum ( Vietnam ) <Th_colspan="2"> Visa policy by country <Td_colspan="2"> Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ASEAN : Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Other : East Timor Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu <Td_colspan="2"> British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . 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-678,703,726,924,775,700 | who was allowed to participate in athenian government | Athenian democracy - wikipedia Athenian democracy Jump to : navigation , search Nineteenth - century painting by Philipp Foltz depicting the Athenian politician Pericles delivering his famous funeral oration in front of the Assembly Part of the Politics series Democracy History Types Anticipatory Cellular Consensus Cosmopolitan Delegative Deliberative Direct Economic Electronic Empowered Ethnic Grassroots Guided Illiberal Inclusive Industrial Interactive Jacksonian Jeffersonian Liberal Media New Non-partisan Participatory People 's Popular Procedural Radical Representative Religious Christian Greek Islamic Jewish Mormon Sectarian Semi Social Socialist Sociocracy Sovereign Soviet Substantive Totalitarian Workplace Related topics Anarchism Democratic capitalism Democratic confederalism Democratic socialism Liberalism Libertarianism Majoritarianism Ochlocracy Polyarchy Sortition Tyranny of the majority Politics portal Athenian democracy developed around the fifth century BC in the Greek city - state ( known as a polis ) of Athens , comprising the city of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica , and is the first known democracy in the world . Other Greek cities set up democracies , most following the Athenian model , but none are as well documented as Athens ' . It was a system of direct democracy , in which participating citizens voted directly on legislation and executive bills . Participation was not open to all residents : to vote one had to be an adult , male citizen i.e. neither a foreign resident nor a slave , and the number of these `` varied between 30,000 and 50,000 out of a total population of around 250,000 to 300,000 '' or `` no more than 30 percent of the total adult population . '' The longest - lasting democratic leader was Pericles . After his death , Athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by oligarchic revolutions towards the end of the Peloponnesian War . It was modified somewhat after it was restored under Eucleides ; the most detailed accounts of the system are of this fourth - century modification rather than the Periclean system . Democracy was suppressed by the Macedonians in 322 BC . The Athenian institutions were later revived , but how close they were to a real democracy is debatable . Solon ( 594 BC ) , Cleisthenes ( 508 / 7 BC ) , and Ephialtes ( 462 BC ) contributed to the development of Athenian democracy . Cleisthenes broke up the power of the nobility by organizing citizens into ten groups based on where they lived rather than on their wealth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Development 2.2 Aftermath 3 Participation and exclusion 3.1 Size and make - up of the Athenian population 3.2 Citizenship in Athens 4 Main bodies of governance 4.1 Assembly / Ecclesia 4.2 The Council / The Boule 4.3 Courts 4.4 Shifting balance between assembly and courts 4.5 Citizen - initiator 4.6 Archons and the Areopagus 4.7 Officeholders 4.7. 1 Selection by lot ( sortition / allotment ) 4.7. 2 Election 5 Individualism in Athenian democracy 6 Criticism of the democracy 7 Legacy 8 References and sources 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word `` democracy '' ( Greek : δημοκρατία ) combines the elements dêmos ( δῆμος , which means `` people '' , `` neighbourhood '' , `` district '' ) and krátos ( κράτος , which means `` force '' or `` power '' ) , and thus means literally `` people power '' . In the words `` monarchy '' and `` oligarchy '' , the second element comes from archē ( ἀρχή ) , meaning `` beginning ( that which comes first ) '' , and hence also `` first place or power '' , `` sovereignty '' . One might expect the term `` demarchy '' to have been adopted , by analogy , for the new form of government introduced by Athenian democrats . However , the word `` demarchy '' ( δημαρχία ) had already been taken and meant `` mayoralty '' , the office or rank of a high municipal magistrate . ( In present - day use , the term `` demarchy '' has acquired a new meaning . ) We are not certain that the word `` democracy '' was in existence when systems that came to be called democratic were first instituted . The word is attested in Herodotus ( Histories 6.43 ) , who wrote some of the earliest surviving Greek prose , but this might not have been before 440 or 430 BC . Around 460 BC an individual is known with the name of ' Democrates ' , a name possibly coined as a gesture of democratic loyalty ; the name can also be found in Aeolian Temnus . History ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Athens was not the only polis in Ancient Greece that instituted a democratic regime . Aristotle cites many other cities as well . `` Yet , it is only with reference to Athens that we can attempt to trace some of specific sixth century events that led to the institution of democracy at the end of the century . '' Before the first attempt at democratic government , Athens was ruled by a series of archons or chief magistrates , and the Areopagus , made up of ex-archons . The members of these institutions were generally aristocrats , who ruled the polis for their own advantage . In 621 BC Draco codified a set of `` notoriously harsh '' laws that were `` a clear expression of the power of the aristocracy over everybody else . '' This did not stop the aristocratic families feuding amongst themselves to obtain as much power as possible . Therefore , by the 6th century BC , the majority of Athenians `` had been ' enslaved ' to the rich '' , and they called upon Plato 's ancestor Solon , premier archon at the time , to liberate them and halt the feuding of the aristocracy . However , the `` enfranchisement of the local laboring classes was succeeded by the development of chattel slavery , the enslavement of , in large part , foreigners . '' Solon , the mediator , reshaped the city `` by absorbing the traditional aristocracy in a definition of citizenship which allotted a political function to every free resident of Attica . Athenians were not slaves but citizens , with the right , at the very least , to participate in the meetings of the assembly . '' Under these reforms , the position of archon `` was opened to all with certain property qualifications , and a Boule , a rival council of 400 , was set up . The Areopagus , nevertheless , retained ' guardianship of the laws ' '' . A major contribution to democracy was Solon 's setting up of an Ecclesia or Assembly , which was open to all male citizens . However , `` one must bear in mind that its agenda was apparently set entirely by the Council of 400 '' , `` consisting of 100 members from each of the four tribes '' , that had taken `` over many of the powers which the Areopagos had previously exercised . '' Cleisthenes Not long afterwards , the nascent democracy was overthrown by the tyrant Peisistratos , but was reinstated after the expulsion of his son , Hippias , in 510 . This sort of aristocratic takeover `` was ended by the appeal by one contender , Cleisthenes , for the support of the populace . '' The reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 / 7 undermined the domination of the aristocratic families and connected every Athenian to the city 's rule . `` Cleisthenes fixed the boundaries of the polis as a political rather than a geographical entity -- boundaries which Solon had left permeable -- by formally identifying the free inhabitants of Attica at that time as Athenian citizens . '' He did this by making the traditional tribes politically irrelevant and instituting ten new tribes , each made up of about three trytties , each consisting of several demes . `` Every male citizen on reaching the age of 18 was now to be registered in his deme . It was this registration which confirmed his citizenship . '' A third set of reforms was instigated by Ephialtes in 462 / 1 . While his opponents were away attempting to assist the Spartans , Ephialtes persuaded the Assembly to reduce the powers of the Areopagus : `` in effect stripping it of all its controlling and supervisory powers and leaving it only as a court for cases of homicide and certain offences of sacrilege . '' At the same time or soon afterwards , the membership of the Areopagus was extended to the lower level of the propertied citizenship . In the wake of Athens ' disastrous defeat in the Sicilian campaign in 413 BCE , a group of citizens took steps to limit the radical democracy they thought was leading the city to ruin . Their efforts , initially conducted through constitutional channels , culminated in the establishment of an oligarchy , the Council of 400 , in the Athenian coup of 411 BCE . The oligarchy endured for only four months before it was replaced by a more democratic government . Democratic regimes governed until Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 BCE , when government was placed in the hands of the so - called Thirty Tyrants , pro-Spartan oligarchs . After a year pro-democracy elements regained control , and democratic forms persisted until the Macedonian army of Phillip II conquered Athens in 338 BC . Aftermath ( edit ) Alexander the Great had led a coalition of the Greek states to war with Persia in 336 BC , but his Greek soldiers were hostages for the behavior of their states as much as allies . His relations with Athens were already strained when he returned to Babylon in 324 BC ; after his death , Athens and Sparta led several Greek states to war with Macedon and lost . This led to the Hellenistic control of Athens , when the Macedonian king appointed a local agent as political governor in Athens . However , the governors , like Demetrius of Phalerum , appointed by Cassander , kept some of the traditional institutions in formal existence , although the Athenian public would consider them to be nothing more than Macedonian puppet dictators . Once Demetrius Poliorcetes ended Cassander 's rule over Athens , Demetrius of Phalerum went into exile and the democracy was restored in 307 BC . However , by now Athens had become `` politically impotent '' . An example of this was that , in 307 , in order to curry favour with Macedonia and Egypt , three new tribes were created , two in honour of the Macedonian king and his son , and the other in honour of the Egyptian king . However , when Rome fought Macedonia in 200 , the Athenians abolished the first two new tribes and created a twelfth tribe in honour of the Pergamene king . The Athenians declared for Rome , and in 146 BC Athens became an autonomous civitas foederata . `` Her independence was however little more than municipal , and , though the forms of the democracy survived , Rome ... strengthened the aristocratic elements in the constitution . '' Under Roman rule , the archons ranked as the highest officials . They were elected , and even foreigners such as Domitian and Hadrian held the office as a mark of honour . Four presided over the judicial administration . The Council ( whose numbers varied at different times from three hundred to seven hundred and fifty ) was appointed by lot . It was superseded in importance by the Areopagus , which , recruited from the elected archons , had an aristocratic character and was entrusted with wide powers . From the time of Hadrian an imperial curator superintended the finances . The shadow of the old constitution lingered on and Archons and Areopagus survived the fall of the Roman Empire . In 88 BC , there was a revolution under the philosopher Athenion , who , as tyrant , forced the Assembly to agree to elect whomever he might ask to office . Athenion allied with Mithridates of Pontus , and went to war with Rome ; he was killed during the war , and was replaced by Aristion . The victorious Roman general , Publius Cornelius Sulla , left the Athenians their lives and did not sell them into slavery ; he also restored the previous government , in 86 BC . After Rome became an Empire under Augustus , the nominal independence of Athens dissolved and its government converged to the normal type for a Roman municipality , with a Senate of decuriones . Participation and exclusion ( edit ) Size and make - up of the Athenian population ( edit ) Estimates of the population of ancient Athens vary . During the 4th century BC , there might well have been some 250,000 -- 300,000 people in Attica . Citizen families could have amounted to 100,000 people and out of these some 30,000 would have been the adult male citizens entitled to vote in the assembly . In the mid-5th century the number of adult male citizens was perhaps as high as 60,000 , but this number fell precipitously during the Peloponnesian War . This slump was permanent , due to the introduction of a stricter definition of citizen described below . From a modern perspective these figures may seem small , but among Greek city - states Athens was huge : most of the thousand or so Greek cities could only muster 1000 -- 1500 adult male citizens each ; and Corinth , a major power , had at most 15,000 . The non-citizen component of the population was made up of resident foreigners ( metics ) and slaves , with the latter perhaps somewhat more numerous . Around 338 BC the orator Hyperides ( fragment 13 ) claimed that there were 150,000 slaves in Attica , but this figure is probably no more than an impression : slaves outnumbered those of citizen stock but did not swamp them . Citizenship in Athens ( edit ) Only adult male Athenian citizens who had completed their military training as ephebes had the right to vote in Athens . The percentage of the population that actually participated in the government was 10 % to 20 % of the total number of inhabitants , but this varied from the fifth to the fourth century BC . This excluded a majority of the population : slaves , freed slaves , children , women and metics ( foreigners resident in Athens ) . The women had limited rights and privileges , had restricted movement in public , and were very segregated from the men . Also excluded from voting were citizens whose rights were under suspension ( typically for failure to pay a debt to the city : see atimia ) ; for some Athenians this amounted to permanent ( and in fact inheritable ) disqualification . Given the exclusive and ancestral concept of citizenship held by Greek city - states , a relatively large portion of the population took part in the government of Athens and of other radical democracies like it , compared to oligarchies and aristocracies . Some Athenian citizens were far more active than others , but the vast numbers required for the system to work testify to a breadth of direct participation among those eligible that greatly surpassed any present - day democracy . Athenian citizens had to be descended from citizens -- after the reforms of Pericles and Cimon in 450 BC , they `` would be confined to those whose parents were both Athenian '' . Although the legislation was not retrospective , five years later , when a free gift of grain had arrived from the Egyptian king , to be distributed among all citizens , `` many ' illegitimates ' were discovered '' and removed from the registers . Citizenship , `` commonly applied not only to the individuals themselves but to their descendants as well '' , could be granted by the assembly , and was sometimes given to large groups ( e.g. Plateans in 427 BC and Samians in 405 BC ) but , by the 4th century , only to individuals and by a special vote with a quorum of 6000 . This was generally done as a reward for some service to the state . In the course of a century , the number of citizenships so granted was in the hundreds rather than thousands . Main bodies of governance ( edit ) Constitution of the Athenians , 4th century BC There were three political bodies where citizens gathered in numbers running into the hundreds or thousands . These are the assembly ( in some cases with a quorum of 6000 ) , the council of 500 ( boule ) and the courts ( a minimum of 200 people , on some occasions up to 6000 ) . Of these three bodies was is the assembly and the courts that were the true sites of power -- although courts , unlike the assembly , were never simply called the demos ( the People ) as they were manned by a subset of the citizen body , those over thirty . But crucially citizens voting in both were not subject to review and prosecution as were council members and all other officeholders . In the 5th century BC we often hear of the assembly sitting as a court of judgment itself for trials of political importance and it is not a coincidence that 6000 is the number both for the full quorum for the assembly and for the annual pool from which jurors were picked for particular trials . By the mid-4th century however the assembly 's judicial functions were largely curtailed , though it always kept a role in the initiation of various kinds of political trial . Assembly / Ecclesia ( edit ) Main article : Ecclesia ( ancient Athens ) The central events of the Athenian democracy were the meetings of the assembly ( ἐκκλησία , ekklêsia ) . Unlike a parliament , the assembly 's members were not elected , but attended by right when they chose . Greek democracy created at Athens was direct , rather than representative : any adult male citizen over the age of 20 could take part , and it was a duty to do so . The officials of the democracy were in part elected by the Assembly and in large part chosen by lottery in a process called sortition . The assembly had four main functions : it made executive pronouncements ( decrees , such as deciding to go to war or granting citizenship to a foreigner ) ; it elected some officials ; it legislated ; and it tried political crimes . As the system evolved , the last function was shifted to the law courts . The standard format was that of speakers making speeches for and against a position followed by a general vote ( usually by show of hands ) of yes or no . Though there might be blocs of opinion , sometimes enduring , on important matters , there were no political parties and likewise no government or opposition ( as in the Westminster system ) . Voting was by simple majority . In the 5th century at least there were scarcely any limits on the power exercised by the assembly . If the assembly broke the law , the only thing that might happen is that it would punish those who had made the proposal that it had agreed to . If a mistake had been made , from the assembly 's viewpoint it could only be because it had been misled . As usual in ancient democracies , one had to physically attend a gathering in order to vote . Military service or simple distance prevented the exercise of citizenship . Voting was usually by show of hands ( χειροτονία , kheirotonia , `` arm stretching '' ) with officials judging the outcome by sight . This could cause problems when it became too dark to see properly . However , `` any member of the Assembly could demand a recount '' . For a small category of votes a quorum of 6000 was required , principally grants of citizenship , and here small coloured stones were used , white for yes and black for no . At the end of the session , each voter tossed one of these into a large clay jar which was afterwards cracked open for the counting of the ballots . Ostracism required the voters to scratch names onto pieces of broken pottery ( ὄστρακα , ostraka ) , though this did not occur within the assembly as such . The Pnyx with the speaker 's platform , the meeting place of the people of Athens . In the 5th century BC , there were 10 fixed assembly meetings per year , one in each of the ten state months , with other meetings called as needed . In the following century the meetings were set to forty a year , with four in each state month . One of these was now called the main meeting , kyria ekklesia . Additional meetings might still be called , especially as up until 355 BC there were still political trials that were conducted in the assembly rather than in court . The assembly meetings did not occur at fixed intervals , as they had to avoid clashing with the annual festivals that followed the lunar calendar . There was also a tendency for the four meetings to be aggregated toward the end of each state month . Attendance at the assembly was not always voluntary . In the 5th century public slaves forming a cordon with a red - stained rope herded citizens from the agora into the assembly meeting place ( Pnyx ) , with a fine being imposed on those who got the red on their clothes . After the restoration of the democracy in 403 BC , pay for assembly attendance was introduced . This promoted a new enthusiasm for assembly meetings . Only the first 6000 to arrive were admitted and paid , with the red rope now used to keep latecomers at bay . The council / the boule ( edit ) Main article : Boule ( ancient Greece ) § The Athenian Boule In 594 BC Solon is said to have created a boule of 400 to guide the work of the assembly . After the reforms of Cleisthenes , the Athenian Boule was expanded to 500 , and was elected by lot every year . Each of Cleisthenes 's 10 tribes provided 50 councillors who were at least 30 years old . The most important task of the Athenian Boule was to draft the deliberations ( probouleumata ) for discussion and approval in the Ecclesia . The Boule also directed finances , controlled the maintenance of the fleet and of the cavalry , judged the fitness of the magistrates - elect , received foreign ambassadors , advised the stratēgoi ( generals ) in military matters , and could be given special powers by the Ecclesia in an emergency . According to John Thorley , its membership was very carefully vetted . Cleisthenes restricted its membership , `` to those of zeugitai status and above , probably arguing that these classes had a financial interest in good government '' . A member had to be approved by his deme , `` and one can well imagine that demes were careful to select only those of known good sense who also had experience of local politics , and who were actually available to do the time - consuming job which demanded frequent attendance in Athens ; and they probably favoured those who were well past 30 '' . The members from each of the ten tribes in the Boule took it in turns to act as a standing committee ( the prytaneis ) of the Boule for a period of thirty - six days . All fifty members of the prytaneis on duty were housed and fed in the tholos of the Prytaneion , a building adjacent to the bouleuterion , where the boule met . `` Each day one of their number was chosen by lot as chairman , and he was required to stay in the tholos for the twenty - four - hour period of his office . The chairman for the day presided over any meeting of the Boule held that day , and if there was a meeting of the Assembly that day ... he also presided over that '' . The boule also served as an executive committee for the assembly , and oversaw the activities of certain other magistrates . The boule coordinated the activities of the various boards and magistrates that carried out the administrative functions of Athens and provided from its own membership randomly selected boards of ten responsible for areas ranging from naval affairs to religious observances . Altogether , the boule was responsible for a great portion of the administration of the state , but was granted relatively little latitude for initiative ; the boule 's control over policy was executed in its probouleutic , rather than its executive function ; in the former , it prepared measures for deliberation by the assembly , in the latter , it merely executed the wishes of the assembly . Courts ( edit ) Athens had an elaborate legal system centered on full citizen rights ( see atimia ) . The age limit of 30 or older , the same as that for office holders but ten years older than that required for participation in the assembly , gave the courts a certain standing in relation to the assembly . Jurors were required to be under oath , which was not required for attendance at the assembly . The authority exercised by the courts had the same basis as that of the assembly : both were regarded as expressing the direct will of the people . Unlike office holders ( magistrates ) , who could be impeached and prosecuted for misconduct , the jurors could not be censured , for they , in effect , were the people and no authority could be higher than that . A corollary of this was that , at least acclaimed by defendants , if a court had made an unjust decision , it must have been because it had been misled by a litigant . Essentially there were two grades of suit , a smaller kind known as dike ( δίκη ) or private suit , and a larger kind known as graphe or public suit . For private suits the minimum jury size was 200 ( increased to 401 if a sum of over 1000 drachmas was at issue ) , for public suits 501 . Under Cleisthenes ' reforms , juries were selected by lot from a panel of 600 jurors , there being 600 jurors from each of the ten tribes of Athens , making a jury pool of 6000 in total . For particularly important public suits the jury could be increased by adding in extra allotments of 500 . 1000 and 1500 are regularly encountered as jury sizes and on at least one occasion , the first time a new kind of case was brought to court ( see graphē paranómōn ) , all 6,000 members of the jury pool may have attended to one case . Water Clock in the Ancient Agora of Athens . The cases were put by the litigants themselves in the form of an exchange of single speeches timed by a water clock or clepsydra , first prosecutor then defendant . In a public suit the litigants each had three hours to speak , much less in private suits ( though here it was in proportion to the amount of money at stake ) . Decisions were made by voting without any time set aside for deliberation . Jurors did talk informally amongst themselves during the voting procedure and juries could be rowdy , shouting out their disapproval or disbelief of things said by the litigants . This may have had some role in building a consensus . The jury could only cast a ' yes ' or ' no ' vote as to the guilt and sentence of the defendant . For private suits only the victims or their families could prosecute , while for public suits anyone ( ho boulomenos , ' whoever wants to ' i.e. any citizen with full citizen rights ) could bring a case since the issues in these major suits were regarded as affecting the community as a whole . Justice was rapid : a case could last no longer than one day and `` completed by sunset '' . Some convictions triggered an automatic penalty , but where this was not the case the two litigants each proposed a penalty for the convicted defendant and the jury chose between them in a further vote . No appeal was possible . There was however a mechanism for prosecuting the witnesses of a successful prosecutor , which it appears could lead to the undoing of the earlier verdict . Payment for jurors was introduced around 462 BC and is ascribed to Pericles , a feature described by Aristotle as fundamental to radical democracy ( Politics 1294a37 ) . Pay was raised from 2 to 3 obols by Cleon early in the Peloponnesian war and there it stayed ; the original amount is not known . Notably , this was introduced more than fifty years before payment for attendance at assembly meetings . Running the courts was one of the major expenses of the Athenian state and there were moments of financial crisis in the 4th century when the courts , at least for private suits , had to be suspended . The system showed a marked anti-professionalism . No judges presided over the courts nor did anyone give legal direction to the jurors ; magistrates had only an administrative function and were laymen . Most of the annual magistracies at Athens could only be held once in a lifetime . There were no lawyers as such ; litigants acted solely in their capacity as citizens . Whatever professionalism there was tended to disguise itself ; it was possible to pay for the services of a speechwriter or logographer ( logographos ) , but this may not have been advertised in court . Probably jurors would be more impressed if it seemed as though the litigant were speaking for themselves . Shifting balance between assembly and courts ( edit ) As the system evolved , the courts ( that is , citizens under another guise ) intruded upon the power of the assembly . From 355 BC political trials were no longer held in the assembly , but only in a court . In 416 BC the graphē paranómōn ( `` indictment against measures contrary to the laws '' ) was introduced . Under this , anything passed by the assembly or even proposed but not yet voted on , could be put on hold for review before a jury -- which might annul it and perhaps punish the proposer as well . Remarkably , it seems that a measure blocked before the assembly voted on it did not need to go back to the assembly if it survived the court challenge : the court was enough to validate it . Once again it is important to bear in mind the lack of ' neutral ' state intervention . To give a schematic scenario by way of illustration : two men have clashed in the assembly about a proposal put by one of them ; it passed , and now the two of them go to court with the loser in the assembly prosecuting both the law and its proposer . The quantity of these suits was enormous : in effect the courts became a kind of upper house . In the 5th century there was in effect no procedural difference between an executive decree and a law : they were both simply passed by the assembly . But from 403 BC they were set sharply apart . Henceforth laws were made not in the assembly , but by special panels of citizens drawn from the annual jury pool of 6000 . They were known as the nomothetai ( νομοθέται ) , the lawmakers . Citizen - initiator ( edit ) The institutions sketched above -- assembly , officeholders , council , courts -- are incomplete without the figure that drove the whole system , Ho boulomenos , he who wishes , or anyone who wishes . This expression encapsulated the right of citizens to take the initiative : to stand to speak in the assembly , to initiate a public lawsuit ( that is , one held to affect the political community as a whole ) , to propose a law before the lawmakers or to approach the council with suggestions . Unlike officeholders , the citizen initiator was not voted before taking up office or automatically reviewed after stepping down -- it had after all no set tenure and might be an action lasting only a moment . But any stepping forward into the democratic limelight was risky and if someone chose ( another citizen initiator ) they could be called to account for their actions and punished . There were also other terms used for `` the persons who pleaded in public actions and those who had initiated private suits . Although the expression ho diokon ( literally ' the one who pursues ' ) was applied to the initiators of both public and private actions , the designations kategoros ( ' accuser ' ) ... were used only of prosecutors in public actions and in the actions for homicide heard by the Areiopagos and other homicide courts . '' Archons and the Areopagus ( edit ) Main articles : Archon and Areopagus Just before the reforms of Solon in the 7th century BC , Athens was governed by a few archons ( three rising to nine ) and the council of the Areopagus `` ( appointed by the powerful noble families from their own members ) '' . There also seems to have been a type of citizen assembly , presumably of the hoplite class . However , `` There seems little doubt that it was the arkhons , with the advice of the Areopagos , who really ran the state . '' The mass of people had no say in government at all . Solon 's reforms allowed the archons to come from some of the higher propertied classes and not only from the aristocratic families . Since the Areopagus was made up of ex-archons , this would eventually mean the weakening of the hold of the nobles there as well . However , even with Solon 's creation of the citizen 's assembly , the Archons and Areopagus still wielded a great deal of power . The reforms of Cleisthenes meant that the archons were elected by the Assembly , but were still selected from the upper classes . The Areopagus kept its power as ' Guardian of the Laws ' , `` which probably gave the Areopagos the power to intervene and to apply a veto if the Council of 500 or the Assembly or any magistrate acted or proposed to act ' unconstitutionally ' '' , however this worked in practice . Ephialtes , and later Pericles , reduced the power of the Areopagus dramatically . The Assembly `` passed a measure to limit the powers of the Areopagos , in effect stripping it of all its controlling and supervisory powers . '' In the play The Eumenides , performed in 458 , Aeschylus , himself a noble , portrays the Areopagus as a court established by Athena herself . It appears that Aeschylus `` is trying to preserve the dignity of a severely battered institution . '' Officeholders ( edit ) Approximately 1100 citizens ( including the members of the council of 500 ) held office each year . They were mostly chosen by lot , with a much smaller ( and more prestigious ) group of about 100 elected . Neither was compulsory ; individuals had to nominate themselves for both selection methods . In particular , those chosen by lot were citizens acting without particular expertise . This was almost inevitable since , with the notable exception of the generals ( strategoi ) , each office could be held by the same person only once . For example , `` The same person could not be a member of the Boule in two consecutive years , and could only be a member twice in a lifetime . '' Part of the ethos of democracy , however , was the building of general competence by ongoing involvement . In the 5th century version of the democracy , the ten annually elected generals were often very prominent , but for those who had power , it lay primarily in their frequent speeches and in the respect accorded them in the assembly , rather than their vested powers . While citizens voting in the assembly were the people and so were free of review or punishment , those same citizens when holding an office served the people and could be punished very severely . All of them were subject to a review beforehand that might disqualify them for office and an examination after stepping down . Officeholders were the agents of the people , not their representatives . Citizens active as office holders served in a quite different capacity from when they voted in the assembly or served as jurors . The assembly and the courts were regarded as the instantiation of the people of Athens : they were the people , no power was above them and they could not be reviewed , impeached or punished . However , when an Athenian took up an office , he was regarded as ' serving ' the people . As such , he could be regarded as failing in his duty and be punished for it . There were in fact some limitations on who could hold office . Age restrictions were in place with thirty years as a minimum , rendering about a third of the adult citizen body ineligible at any one time . An unknown proportion of citizens were also subject to disenfranchisement ( atimia ) , excluding some of them permanently and others temporarily ( depending on the type ) . Furthermore , all citizens selected were reviewed before taking up office ( dokimasia ) at which they might be disqualified . Competence does not seem to have been the main issue , but rather , at least in the 4th century BC , whether they were loyal democrats or had oligarchic tendencies . However , magistrates , after leaving office were subject to a scrutiny ( euthunai , literally ' straightenings ' or ' submission of accounts ' ) to review their performance . Both of these processes were in most cases brief and formulaic , but they opened up in the possibility , if some citizen wanted to take some matter up , of a contest before a jury court . In the case of a scrutiny going to trial , there was the risk for the former officeholder of suffering severe penalties . Finally , even during his period of office , any officeholder could be impeached and removed from office by the assembly . In each of the ten `` main meetings '' ( kuriai ekklesiai ) a year , the question was explicitly raised in the assembly agenda : were the office holders carrying out their duties correctly ? By and large the power exercised by these officials was routine administration and quite limited . The powers of officials were precisely defined and their capacity for initiative limited . They administered rather than governed . When it came to penal sanctions , no officeholder could impose a fine over fifty drachmas . Anything higher had to go before a court . Selection by lot ( sortition / allotment ) ( edit ) The use of a lottery to select officeholders was regarded as the most democratic means : elections would favour those who were rich , noble , eloquent and well - known , while allotment spread the work of administration throughout the whole citizen body , engaging them in the crucial democratic experience of , to use Aristotle 's words , `` ruling and being ruled in turn '' ( Politics 1317b28 -- 30 ) . The allotment of an individual was based on citizenship rather than merit or any form of personal popularity which could be bought . Allotment therefore was seen as a means to prevent the corrupt purchase of votes and it gave citizens a unique form of political equality as all had an equal chance of obtaining government office . Samons writes that `` the system of selection by lottery for members of the Council of 500 and other officials ( like the treasurers of the sacred funds ) provided a potentially significant check on the dangers of demagoguery . '' However , this may not have been completely successful , as some `` increasingly pandered to the electorate and ... often told the people only what they wanted to hear . '' The random assignment of responsibility to individuals who may or may not be competent has obvious risks , but the system included features meant to obviate possible problems . Athenians selected for office served as teams ( boards , panels ) . In a group someone will know the right way to do things and those that do not may learn from those that do . During the period of holding a particular office everyone on the team is observing everybody else . There were however officials such as the nine archons , who while seemingly a board carried out very different functions from each other . No office appointed by lot could be held twice by the same individual . The only exception was the boule or council of 500 . In this case , simply by demographic necessity , an individual could serve twice in a lifetime . This principle extended down to the secretaries and undersecretaries who served as assistants to magistrates such as the archons . To the Athenians it seems what had to be guarded against was not incompetence but any tendency to use office as a way of accumulating ongoing power . Election ( edit ) During an Athenian election , approximately one hundred officials out of a thousand were elected rather than chosen by lot . There were two main categories in this group : those required to handle large sums of money , and the 10 generals , the strategoi . One reason that financial officials were elected was that any money embezzled could be recovered from their estates ; election in general strongly favoured the rich , but in this case wealth was virtually a prerequisite . Generals were elected not only because their role required expert knowledge but also because they needed to be people with experience and contacts in the wider Greek world where wars were fought . In the 5th century BC , principally as seen through the figure of Pericles , the generals could be among the most powerful people in the pols . Yet in the case of Pericles , it is wrong to see his power as coming from his long series of annual generalships ( each year along with nine others ) . His office holding was rather an expression and a result of the influence he wielded . That influence was based on his relation with the assembly , a relation that in the first instance lay simply in the right of any citizen to stand and speak before the people . Under the 4th century version of democracy the roles of general and of key political speaker in the assembly tended to be filled by different persons . In part this was a consequence of the increasingly specialized forms of warfare practiced in the later period . Elected officials too were subject to review before holding office and scrutiny after office . And they too could be removed from office at any time that the assembly met . There was also a death penalty for `` inadequate performance '' while in office . Individualism in Athenian democracy ( edit ) A good example of the contempt the first democrats felt for those who did not participate in politics can be found in the modern word ' idiot ' , which finds its origins in the ancient Greek word ἰδιώτης , idiōtēs , meaning a private person , a person who is not actively interested in politics ; such characters were talked about with contempt , and the word eventually acquired its modern meaning . According to Thucydides , Pericles may have declared in a funeral oration : We do not say that a man who takes no interest in politics is a man who minds his own business ; we say that he has no business here at all . Criticism of the democracy ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in ancient Greece Athenian democracy has had many critics , both ancient and modern . Ancient Greek critics of the democracy include Thucydides the general and historian , Aristophanes the playwright , Plato the pupil of Socrates , Aristotle the pupil of Plato , and a writer known as the Old Oligarch . Modern critics are more likely to find fault with the narrow definition of the citizen body , but in the ancient world the complaint , if anything , went in the opposite direction . For them , the common people were not necessarily the right people to rule and made huge mistakes . According to Samons : The modern desire to look to Athens for lessons or encouragement for modern thought , government , or society must confront this strange paradox : the people that gave rise to and practiced ancient democracy left us almost nothing but criticism of this form of regime ( on a philosophical or theoretical level ) . And what is more , the actual history of Athens in the period of its democratic government is marked by numerous failures , mistakes , and misdeeds -- most infamously , the execution of Socrates -- that would seem to discredit the ubiquitous modern idea that democracy leads to good government . Thucydides , from his Aristocratic and historical viewpoint , reasoned that the common people were often much too credulous about even contemporary facts to rule justly . Josiah Ober notes that `` Thucydides cites examples of two errors regarding Sparta : the beliefs that the two Spartan kings each had two votes in council and that there was a Spartan battalion called the ' Pitanate lochos . ' Thucydides sums up : ' Such is the degree of carelessness among the many ( hoi polloi ) in the search for truth ( aletheia ) and their preference for ready - made accounts ' . '' He contrasted his own critical - historical approach to history with the way the demos decided upon the truth . So `` Thucydides has established for his reader the existence of a potentially fatal structural flaw in the edifice of democratic ways of knowing and doing . The identification of this `` flaw '' is a key to his criticism of Athenian popular rule . '' Also , Donald Kagan writes that `` In the fourth century , Plato and Aristotle must have been repeating old complaints when they pointed out the unfairness of democracy : ' it distributes a sort of equality to equal and unequal alike ' . '' Instead of seeing it as a fair system under which ' everyone ' has equal rights , the critics saw it as the numerically preponderant poor tyrannizing the rich . They regarded this as manifestly unjust . In Aristotle this is categorized as the difference between ' arithmetic ' and ' geometric ' ( i.e. proportional ) equality . To its ancient detractors rule by the demos was also reckless and arbitrary . Two examples demonstrate this : In 406 BC , after years of defeats in the wake of the annihilation of their vast invasion force in Sicily , the Athenians at last won a naval victory at Arginusae over the Spartans . After the battle a storm arose and the generals in command failed to collect survivors : the Athenians tried and sentenced six of the eight generals to death . Technically , it was illegal , as the generals were tried and sentenced together , rather than one by one as Athenian law required . Socrates happened to be the citizen presiding over the assembly that day and refused to cooperate ( though to little effect ) and stood against the idea that it was outrageous for the people to be unable to do whatever they wanted . Later , `` the demos is reported to have regretted what had happened ... They decided that those who had misled the demos should be charged and put on trial , including ( the ) author of the motion by which the generals were tried and condemned en masse in the Assembly . This passage is often interpreted as a confession of collective regret and guilt on the part of the demos , once their anger gave way to second thoughts . '' In 399 BC Socrates was put on trial and executed for ' corrupting the young and believing in strange gods ' . His death gave Europe one of the first intellectual martyrs still recorded , but guaranteed the democracy an eternity of bad press at the hands of his disciple and enemy to democracy Plato . From Socrates ' arguments at his trial , Loren Samons writes , `` It follows , of course , that any majority -- including the majority of jurors -- is unlikely to choose rightly . '' However , `` some might argue , Athens is the only state that can claim to have produced a Socrates . Surely , some might continue , we may simply write off events such as Socrates ' execution as examples of the Athenians ' failure to realize fully the meaning and potential of their own democracy . '' While Plato blamed democracy for killing Socrates , his criticisms of the rule of the demos were much more extensive . Much of his writings were about his alternatives to democracy . His The Republic , The Statesman and Laws contained many arguments against democratic rule and in favour of a much narrower form of government : `` The organization of the city must be confided to those who possess knowledge , who alone can enable their fellow - citizens to attain virtue , and therefore excellence , by means of education . '' Whether the democratic failures should be seen as systemic , or as a product of the extreme conditions of the Peloponnesian war , there does seem to have been a move toward correction . A new version of democracy was established from 403 BC , but it can be linked with both earlier and subsequent reforms ( graphē paranómōn 416 BC ; end of assembly trials 355 BC ) . For instance , the system of nomothesia was introduced . In this : A new law might be proposed by any citizen . Any proposal to modify an existing law had to be accompanied by a proposed replacement law . The citizen making the proposal had to publish it ( in ) advance : publication consisted of writing the proposal on a whitened board located next to the statues of the Eponymous Heroes in the agora . The proposal would be considered by the Council , and would be placed on the agenda of the Assembly in the form of a motion . If the Assembly voted in favor of the proposed change , the proposal would be referred for further consideration by a group of citizens called nomothetai ( literally `` establishers of the law '' ) . Increasingly , responsibility was shifted from the assembly to the courts , with laws being made by jurors and all assembly decisions becoming reviewable by courts . That is to say , the mass meeting of all citizens lost some ground to gatherings of a thousand or so which were under oath , and with more time to focus on just one matter ( though never more than a day ) . One downside was that the new democracy was less capable of rapid response . Another tack of criticism is to notice the disquieting links between democracy and a number of less than appealing features of Athenian life . Although democracy predated Athenian imperialism by over thirty years , they are sometimes associated with each other . For much of the 5th century at least democracy fed off an empire of subject states . Thucydides the son of Milesias ( not the historian ) , an aristocrat , stood in opposition to these policies , for which he was ostracised in 443 BC . At times the imperialist democracy acted with extreme brutality , as in the decision to execute the entire male population of Melos and sell off its women and children simply for refusing to become subjects of Athens . The common people were numerically dominant in the navy , which they used to pursue their own interests in the form of work as rowers and in the hundreds of overseas administrative positions . Further they used the income from empire to fund payment for officeholding . This is the position set out by the anti-democratic pamphlet known whose anonymous author is often called the Old Oligarch . This writer ( also called pseudo-Xenophon ) produced several comments critical of democracy , such as : 1 . Democracy is not the rule of the demos qua citizenship in the interest of the entire polis , but the self - interested rule of a sociological faction. 2 . The collectivization of political responsibility for decisions and agreements in a democracy leads to dishonesty and the tendency to scapegoat individual speakers or magistrates. 3 . Because it is an integrated system , democracy seems incapable of internal amelioration , yet because of its inclusivist tendencies , especially in regard to citizenship , it coopts its natural enemies and so generates few active opponents . 4 . There is a strong relationship between a democracy 's domestic and foreign policies ; a rational imperial democracy will be likely to foment democracy among its subjects . 5 . Democracy depends on naval power ; naval power in turn depends on the control of capital resources ; ergo a democracy will tend to be aggressively acquisitive. 6 . Democracy 's core values of freedom and equality are not exclusive to the citizen population ; noncitizens are also treated more equitably than is seemly. 7 . Democracy tends to blur the distinction between nature and political culture , thereby blinding elites to their own best interests and luring them into immorality . Aristotle also wrote about what he considered to be a better form of government than democracy . Rather than any citizen partaking with equal share in the rule , he thought that `` Virtue understood as embracing courage and temperance and prudence as well as justice turns out to be the chief determinant for shares in rule . Those who are superior in virtue should receive greater shares in rule . '' A case can be made that discriminatory lines came to be drawn more sharply under Athenian democracy than before or elsewhere , in particular in relation to women and slaves , as well as in the line between citizens and non-citizens . By so strongly validating one role , that of the male citizen , it has been argued that democracy compromised the status of those who did not share it . Originally , a male would be a citizen if his father was a citizen , Under Pericles , in 450 BC , restrictions were tightened so that a citizen had to be born to an Athenian father and an Athenian mother . So Metroxenoi , those with foreign mothers , were now to be excluded . Also , `` at least by Demosthenes ' time , mixed marriages were actually heavily penalized . '' Many Athenians prominent earlier in the century would have lost citizenship , had this law applied to them : Cleisthenes , the founder of democracy , had a non-Athenian mother , and the mothers of Cimon and Themistocles were not Greek at all , but Thracian . Likewise the status of women seems lower in Athens than in many Greek cities . At Sparta women competed in public exercise -- so in Aristophanes ' Lysistrata the Athenian women admire the tanned , muscular bodies of their Spartan counterparts -- and women could own property in their own right , as they could not at Athens . Misogyny was by no means an Athenian invention , but it has been claimed that in regard to the position of women , it `` was worse in Athens than in other states '' . Yet democracy may well have been impossible without the contribution of women 's labour ( Hansen 1987 : 318 ) . Slavery was more widespread at Athens than in other Greek cities . Indeed , the extensive use of imported non-Greeks ( `` barbarians '' ) as chattel slaves seems to have been an Athenian development . This triggers the paradoxical question : Was democracy `` based on '' slavery ? It does seem clear that possession of slaves allowed even poorer Athenians -- owning a few slaves was by no means equated with wealth -- to devote more of their time to political life . But whether democracy depended on this extra time is impossible to say . The breadth of slave ownership also meant that the leisure of the rich ( the small minority who were actually free of the need to work ) rested less than it would have on the exploitation of their less well - off fellow citizens . Working for wages was clearly regarded as subjection to the will of another , but at least debt servitude had been abolished at Athens ( under the reforms of Solon at the start of the 6th century BC ) . By allowing a new kind of equality among citizens this opened the way to democracy , which in turn called for a new means , chattel slavery , to at least partially equalise the availability of leisure between rich and poor . In the absence of reliable statistics all these connections remain speculative . However , as Cornelius Castoriadis pointed out , other societies also kept slaves but did not develop democracy . Even with respect to slavery the new citizen law of 450 BC might have had effect : it is speculated that originally Athenian fathers had been able to register for citizenship offspring conceived with slave women . Since the 19th century , the Athenian version of democracy has been seen by one group as a goal yet to be achieved by modern societies . They want representative democracy to be added to or even replaced by direct democracy in the Athenian way , perhaps by utilizing electronic democracy . Another group , on the other hand , considers that , since many Athenians were not allowed to participate in its government , Athenian democracy was not a democracy at all . `` ( C ) omparisons with Athens will continue to be made as long as societies keep striving to realize democracy under modern conditions and their successes and failures are discussed . '' Legacy ( edit ) Since the middle of the 20th century , most countries have claimed to be a democracy , regardless of the actual makeup of its government . Yet , after the demise of Athenian democracy , few looked upon it as a good form of government . This was because no legitimation of that rule was formulated to counter the negative accounts of Plato and Aristotle . They saw it as the rule of the poor that plundered the rich , and so democracy was viewed as a sort of `` collective tyranny '' . `` Well into the 18th century democracy was consistently condemned . '' Sometimes , mixed constitutions evolved with a democratic element , but `` it definitely did not mean self - rule by citizens . '' In the age of Cicero and Caesar , Rome was a republic , but not a democracy . Furthermore , it would be misleading to say that the tradition of Athenian democracy was an important part of the 18th - century revolutionaries ' intellectual background . The classical example that inspired the American and French revolutionaries as well as the English radicals was Rome rather than Greece . Thus , the Founding Fathers who met in Philadelphia in 1787 , did not set up a Council of the Areopagos , but a Senate , that , eventually , met on the Capitol . Following Rousseau ( 1712 -- 1778 ) , `` democracy came to be associated with popular sovereignty instead of popular participation in the exercise of power . '' Several German philosophers and poets took delight in the fullness of life in Athens , and not long afterwards `` the English liberals put forward a new argument in favor of the Athenians '' . In opposition , thinkers such as Samuel Johnson were worried about the ignorance of a democratic decision - making body . However , `` Macaulay and John Stuart Mill and George Grote saw the great strength of the Athenian democracy in the high level of cultivation that citizens enjoyed and called for improvements in the educational system of Britain that would make possible a shared civic consciousness parallel to that achieved by the ancient Athenians . '' Therefore , it was George Grote , in his History of Greece ( 1846 -- 1856 ) , who would claim that `` Athenian democracy was neither the tyranny of the poor , nor the rule of the mob . '' He argued that only by giving every citizen the vote would people ensure that the state would be run in the general interest . Later , to the end of World War Il , democracy became dissociated from its ancient frame of reference . It was not anymore only one of the many possible ways in which political rule could be organised in a polity : it became the only possible political system in an egalitarian society . References and sources ( edit ) References Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Kurt A. ( 2007 ) : The Breakthrough of Demokratia in Mid-Fifth - Century Athens , p. 112 , in : Raaflaub , Kurt A. ; Ober , Josiah ; Wallace , Robert , eds. ( 2007 ) . Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece . Berkeley : University of California Press . Jump up ^ Xenophon , Anabasis 4.4. 15 . Jump up ^ Clarke , PB. and Foweraker , Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought . Routledge , 2003 , p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Farrar , C. , The Origins of Democratic Thinking : The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens , CUP Archive , 25 Aug 1989 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Areopagus . Jump up ^ Farrar , C. , The Origins of Democratic Thinking : The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens , CUP Archive , 25 Aug 1989 , p. 21 . 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Danske Videnskabernes Selskab , 2005 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Roberts , J. , in Euben , JP et al. , Athenian Political Thought and the Reconstruction of American Democracy ' , Cornell University Press , 1994 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Vlassopoulos , K. , Politics Λntiqvity and Its Legacy , Oxford University Press , 2009 . Sources Habicht , Christian ( 1997 ) . Athens from Alexander to Antony . Harvard . ISBN 0 - 674 - 05111 - 4 . Hansen , M.H. ( 1987 ) . The Athenian Democracy in the age of Demosthenes . Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3143 - 6 . Hignett , Charles ( 1962 ) . A History of the Athenian Constitution . Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814213 - 7 . Manville , B. ; Ober , Josiah ( 2003 ) . A company of citizens : what the world 's first democracy teaches leaders about creating great organizations . Boston . Meier C. 1998 , Athens : a portrait of the city in its Golden Age ( translated by R. and R. Kimber ) . New York Ober , Josiah ( 1989 ) . Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens : Rhetoric , Ideology and the Power of the People . Princeton . Ober , Josiah ; Hendrick , C. ( 1996 ) . Demokratia : a conversation on democracies , ancient and modern . Princeton . Rhodes , P.J. ( 2004 ) . Athenian democracy . Edinburgh . Sinclair , R.K. ( 1988 ) . Democracy and Participation in Athens . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Ancient History Encyclopedia -- Athenian Democracy Ewbank , N. 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8,875,176,695,480,473,000 | what kind of government is practiced by malaysia | Government of Malaysia - wikipedia Government of Malaysia federal government of Malaysia Federal Government of Malaysia Kerajaan Persekutuan Malaysia <Td_colspan="2"> Formation 16 September 1963 ; 55 years ago ( 1963 - 09 - 16 ) Country Malaysia Website malaysia.gov.my <Th_colspan="2"> Legislative branch Legislature Parliament Meeting place Houses of Parliament <Th_colspan="2"> Executive branch Leader Prime Minister Appointer Yang di - Pertuan Agong Headquarters Perdana Putra , Putrajaya Main organ Cabinet <Th_colspan="2"> Judicial branch Court Federal Court Seat Palace of Justice Government of Malaysia officially the Federal Government of Malaysia ( Malay : Kerajaan Persekutuan Malaysia ) based in the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and the federal executive based in Putrajaya . Malaysia is a federation of 13 states operating within a constitutional monarchy under the Westminster parliamentary system and is categorised as a representative democracy . The federal government of Malaysia adheres to and is created by the Federal Constitution of Malaysia , the supreme law of the land . The federal government adopts the principle of separation of powers under Article 127 of the Federal Constitution , and has three branches : executive , legislature and judiciary . The state governments in Malaysia also have their respective executive and legislative bodies . The judicial system in Malaysia is a federalised court system operating uniformly throughout the country . Contents 1 Federal government 1.1 Legislature 1.2 Executive 1.3 Judiciary 2 Head of government 3 State governments 4 Local governments 5 Military , police and other governmental bodies 6 Legal system 7 Elections 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Federal government ( edit ) See also : Federalism in Malaysia The federal or central government is the ultimate authority in Malaysia having its base in Putrajaya . It is headed by the Prime Minister of Malaysia who is also known as the head of government . Legislature ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Malaysia The bicameral parliament consists of the lower house , the House of Representatives or Dewan Rakyat ( literally the `` Chamber of the People '' ) and the upper house , the Senate or Dewan Negara ( literally the `` Chamber of the Nation '' ) . All seventy Senate members sit for three - year terms ( to a maximum of two terms ) ; twenty - six are elected by the thirteen state assemblies , and forty - four are appointed by the king based on the advice of the Prime Minister . The 222 members of the Dewan Rakyat are elected from single - member districts by universal adult suffrage . The parliament follows a multi-party system and the governing body is elected through a first - past - the - post system . Parliament has a maximum mandate of five years by law . The king may dissolve parliament at any time and usually does so upon the advice of the Prime Minister . Executive ( edit ) Main article : Cabinet of Malaysia While the Monarch remains the Head of State real executive power is vested in the cabinet led by the prime minister as Head of Government ; the Malaysian constitution stipulates that the prime minister must be a member of the Lower House of parliament who , in the opinion of the Yang di - Pertuan Agong ( YDPA ) , commands a majority in parliament . The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of Parliament and is responsible to that body . The Executive branch of the government consists of the Prime Minister as the head of the government , followed by the various ministers of the Cabinet . Judiciary ( edit ) Main article : Judiciary of Malaysia The highest court in the judicial system is the Federal Court , followed by the Court of Appeal , and two High Courts , one for Peninsular Malaysia , and one for East Malaysia . The subordinate courts in each of these jurisdictions include Sessions Courts , Magistrates ' Courts , and Courts for Children . Malaysia also has a Special Court to hear cases brought by or against all Royalty . Head of government ( edit ) Main article : Prime Minister of Malaysia The Prime Minister of Malaysia ( Malay : Perdana Menteri Malaysia ) is the indirectly elected head of government ( executive ) of Malaysia . He is officially appointed by the Yang di - Pertuan Agong , the head of state , who in HM 's judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of that House of Representatives ( Dewan Rakyat ) , the elected lower house of Parliament . He heads the Cabinet , whose members are appointed by the Yang di - Pertuan Agong advice of the prime minister . The Prime Minister and his Cabinet shall be collectively responsible to Parliament . The Prime Minister 's Department ( sometimes referred to as the Prime Minister 's Office ) is the body and ministry in which the Prime Minister exercises its functions and powers . State governments ( edit ) Main articles : State governments of Malaysia and State legislative assemblies of Malaysia Each state governments in Malaysia is created by the respective state constitutions . Each state has a unicameral state legislative chamber ( Malay : Dewan Undangan Negeri ) whose members are elected from single - member constituencies . State governments are led by Chief Ministers ( Menteri Besar in Malay states or Ketua Menteri in states without hereditary rulers ) , who are state assembly members from the majority party in the Dewan Undangan Negeri . They advise their respective sultans or governors . In each of the states with a hereditary ruler , the Chief Minister is required to be a Malay , appointed by the Sultan upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister . Local governments ( edit ) Main article : Local government in Malaysia The local government or local authority ( Malay : kerajaan tempatan or pihak berkuasa tempatan ( PBT ) ) is the lowest level in the system of government in Malaysia -- after federal and state . It has the power to collect taxes ( in the form of assessment tax ) , to create laws and rules ( in the form of by - laws ) and to grant licenses and permits for any trade in its area of jurisdiction , in addition to providing basic amenities , collecting and managing waste and garbage as well as planning and developing the area under its jurisdiction . Local authorities in Malaysia are generally under the exclusive purview of the state governments and headed by a civil servant with the title Yang Di - Pertua ( President ) . Local government areas and the boundaries is usually consistent with district boundaries but there are some places where the boundaries are not consistent and may overlap with adjoining districts especially in urbanised areas . Unlike the federal and state governments , the local governments in Malaysia are not elected but appointed by the state government after local council elections were suspended by the federal government in 1965 . Military , Police and other governmental bodies ( edit ) The Malaysian Armed Forces are the military body of Malaysia and the Royal Malaysian Police are in charge of law enforcement . Legal system ( edit ) Main article : Law of Malaysia The law of Malaysia is mainly based on the common law legal system . This was a direct result of the colonisation of Malaya , Sarawak , and North Borneo by Britain between the early 19th century to 1960s . The supreme law of the land -- the Constitution of Malaysia -- sets out the legal framework and rights of Malaysian citizens . Federal laws enacted by the Parliament of Malaysia apply throughout the country . There are also state laws enacted by the State Legislative Assemblies which applies in the particular state . The constitution of Malaysia also provides for a unique dual justice system -- the secular laws ( criminal and civil ) and sharia laws . Articles 73 to 79 of the Federal Constitution specifies the subject in which the federal and state government may legislate . Parliament has the exclusive power to make laws over matters falling under the Federal List ( such as citizenship , defence , internal security , civil and criminal law , finance , trade , commerce and industry , education , labour , and tourism ) whereas each State , through its Legislative Assembly , has legislative power over matters under the State List ( such as land , local government , Syariah law and Syariah courts , State holidays and State public works ) . Parliament and State legislatures share the power to make laws over matters under the Concurrent List ( such as water supplies and housing ) but Article 75 provides that in the event of conflict , Federal law will prevail over State law . Elections ( edit ) Main article : Elections in Malaysia Elections in Malaysia exist at two levels : national level and state level . National level elections are those for membership in the Dewan Rakyat , the lower house of Parliament , while state level elections are for membership in the various State Legislative Assemblies . The head of the executive branch , the Prime Minister , is indirectly elected . See also ( edit ) Politics of Malaysia Cabinet of Malaysia Prime Minister of Malaysia Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia Chief Secretary to the Government of Malaysia List of federal agencies in Malaysia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Formation of Malaysia 16 September 1963 '' . National Archives of Malaysia . Retrieved 28 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeong Chun Hai @ Ibrahim , & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. ( 2012 ) . Principles of Public Administration : Malaysian Perspectives . Kuala Lumpur : Pearson Publishers . ISBN 978 - 967 - 349 - 233 - 6 Jump up ^ `` About the Malaysian Government '' . Government of Malaysia . 28 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Malaysia : Article 44 ^ Jump up to : Constitution of Malaysia : Article 45 ^ Jump up to : `` Malaysia '' . State.gov. 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Malaysia : Article 43 - 2 Jump up ^ Constitution of Malaysia : Article 43 - 1 External links ( edit ) Government of Malaysia portal <Th_colspan="2"> Federal Government of Malaysia <Td_colspan="2"> Malaysian Federal Cabinet Executive branch Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Federal Ministries Prime Minister 's Department Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Communications and Multimedia Defence Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Economic Affairs Education Energy , Technology , Science , Climate Change and Environment Entrepreneur Development Finance Foreign Affairs Health Home Affairs Housing and Local Government Human Resources International Trade and Industry Primary Industries Rural Development Territories Tourism , Arts and Culture Transport Water , Land and Natural Resources Women , Family and Community Development Works Youth and Sports Commissions Energy Commission Public Service Commission Securities Commission Election Commission Land Public Transport Commission Companies Commission Departments Audit Broadcasting Immigration Skill Development Wildlife and National Parks Orang Asli Affairs Public Works Road Transport Fire and Rescue Civil Defence Film Prison Other agencies Federal Agricultural and Marketing Authority ( FAMA ) Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute Urban Development Authority of Malaysia Highway Authority National Space Agency Malaysian Palm Oil Board Halal Industry Development Corporation ( HDC ) Federal Land Development Authority Bernama RELA Corps Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency National Institute of Public Administration ( INTAN ) Industrial Development Authority Law enforcement Royal Malaysian Customs Royal Malaysia Police Tourist Police Anti-Corruption Commission National Security Council Central bank Bank Negara Malaysia <Td_colspan="2"> Government of Malaysia Ministries and departments <Th_colspan="3"> Malaysia articles History Timeline Prehistoric Portuguese Malacca Dutch Malacca British Malaya Straits Settlements Federated Malay States Unfederated Malay States British Borneo Kingdom of Sarawak Crown Colony of Labuan North Borneo Japanese occupation of Malaya / Borneo British Military Administration ( Malaya / Borneo ) Malayan Union Federation of Malaya Independence Malayan Emergency Crown Colony of Singapore Self - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Government of Malaysia
2. Federal Government of Malaysia
3. Separation of powers
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5. Prime Minister of Malaysia |
-4,142,837,738,621,987,000 | order of diary of a wimpy kid movies | Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film series ) - wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film series ) <Th_colspan="2"> Diary of a Wimpy Kid films <Td_colspan="2"> The logo for the films Directed by Thor Freudenthal ( 1 ) David Bowers ( 2 -- 4 ) Produced by Nina Jacobson Brad Simpson Screenplay by Jackie Filgo and Jeff Filgo ( 1 ) Jeff Judah and Gabe Sachs ( 1 -- 2 ) Maya Forbes and Wallace Wolodarsky ( 3 ) Jeff Kinney and David Bowers ( 4 ) Based on Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Starring Zachary Gordon ( 1 -- 3 ) Robert Capron ( 1 -- 3 ) Rachael Harris ( 1 -- 3 ) Steve Zahn ( 1 -- 3 ) Devon Bostick ( 1 -- 3 ) Peyton List ( 2 -- 3 ) Connor Fielding ( 1 -- 3 ) Owen Fielding ( 1 -- 3 ) Jason Drucker ( 4 ) Owen Asztalos ( 4 ) Alicia Silverstone ( 4 ) Tom Everett Scott ( 4 ) Charlie Wright ( 4 ) Wyatt Walters ( 4 ) Dylan Walters ( 4 ) Narrated by Zachary Gordon ( 1 -- 3 ) Jason Drucker ( 4 ) Music by Theodore Shapiro ( 1 ) Edward Shearmur ( 2 - 4 ) Cinematography Jack N. Green ( 1 - 2 ) Anthony B. Richmond ( 3 & 4 ) Edited by Wendy Greene Bricmont ( 1 ) Troy Takaki ( 2 - 4 ) Production company Color Force Dune Entertainment ( 1 -- 3 ) TSG Entertainment ( 4 ) Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 1 : March 19 , 2010 2 : March 25 , 2011 3 : August 3 , 2012 4 : May 19 , 2017 Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 4 films ) $80 million Box office Total ( 4 films ) $265,330,423 Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a series of films based on the series of books , Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney . The series consists of four films : Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules ( 2011 ) , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days ( 2012 ) and the latest fourth film Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) as well as a short film entitled Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Class Clown ( 2012 ) Contents 1 Films 1.1 Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) 1.2 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules ( 2011 ) 1.3 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days ( 2012 ) 1.4 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) 2 Short film 2.1 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Class Clown ( 2012 ) 3 Future 3.1 Potential Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever Adaptation ( TBA ) 4 Television series 5 Cast 6 Crew 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Critical and public response 8 References Films ( edit ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid was released March 19 , 2010 , as it moved up from a previously scheduled April 2 release date . Principal production began on September 21 , 2009 and was completed on October 16 , 2009 . The film was directed by Thor Freudenthal and starred Zachary Gordon as Greg Heffley , Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson , Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley , Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley , Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley , Connor and Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley , Chloë Grace Moretz as Angie Steadman , Grayson Russell as Fregley , Laine MacNeil as Patty Farrell , and Karan Brar as Chirag Gupta . It is the only film in the series to be directed by Freudenthal . The Original Score for the movie was composed by Theodore Shapiro . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules ( film ) Rodrick Rules is the second film in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series . It was released on March 25 , 2011 and is based on the second book , Rodrick Rules with scenes from The Last Straw . Principal photography began on August 23 , 2010 and was completed on October 27 , 2010 , with filming taking place in Vancouver and New Westminster . Rodrick Rules was directed by David Bowers , with Zachary Gordon reprising his role as Greg Heffley . New main characters include Holly Hills ( Peyton List ) , Grandpa ( Terence Kelly ) , and Bill Walter ( Fran Kranz ) . Edward Shearmur composes the original score for the film . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days ( film ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days is the third film in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series . It was released on August 3 , 2012 and is based on the third book The Last Straw and the fourth book Dog Days . The film was directed by David Bowers and features the same familiar cast of characters , introducing a few new ones , and also focusing on lesser characters not elaborated on in previous films , including Frank Heffley ( Steve Zahn ) , Mr. Robert Jefferson ( Alf Humphreys ) and Holly Hills ( Peyton List ) . Dog Days is the first film in the series not to be released in March . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Long Haul ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( film ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul was released on May 19 , 2017 , and is the first film to feature an entirely new cast . Jason Drucker and Charlie Wright portray Greg and Rodrick Heffley , and Tom Everett Scott and Alicia Silverstone as their parents , Frank and Susan . The film follows Greg and Rodrick convincing their family to go on a road trip for their great grandmother 's 90th birthday , but they actually plan on attending a video game convention . Short film ( edit ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Class Clown ( 2012 ) ( edit ) An animated short film set after the events of Dog Days , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Class Clown , was released on the home media release of Dog Days in 2012 . The short is told through Greg 's point of view as he explains his experience with humor and comedy . Zachary Gordon reprises his role as Greg Heffley along other cast members voicing their characters from the films in minor roles . Future ( edit ) Potential Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever adaptation ( tba ) ( edit ) In December 2012 , Jeff Kinney announced that he was working on an animated adaptation of Cabin Fever to air around Christmas 2013 . The adaptation would explain how Manny managed to redirect the power for all to his room and no one else 's . In August 2013 , Kinney stated it would be a half - hour television special , and would air on Fox in late 2014 . The film was teased with the conclusion of the 2012 animated short film Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Class Clown , which ended with a scene adapted from the Cabin Fever book . As of 2018 , no updates of the project have been announced since . Television series ( edit ) CEO of 20th Century Fox Stacey Snider announced that a television series based on Diary of a Wimpy Kid is currently being developed . With the upcoming acquisition by Disney , it is possible that it will appear on one of their platforms . Cast ( edit ) Character <Th_colspan="4"> Films Short film Diary of a Wimpy Kid Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Class Clown 2011 2012 2017 2012 Gregory `` Greg '' Heffley Zachary Gordon Nathaniel Marten ( adult ) Dylan Bell ( young ) L.J. Benet ( uncredited singing voice ) <Td_colspan="2"> Zachary Gordon Jason Drucker Uncredited infant ( photograph ) Zachary Gordon Rowley Jefferson <Td_colspan="3"> Robert Capron Owen Asztalos Robert Capron Rodrick Heffley Devon Bostick Devon Bostick Conner Ingram ( young ) Devon Bostick Charlie Wright Devon Bostick Susan Heffley <Td_colspan="3"> Rachael Harris Alicia Silverstone Silent cameo Frank Heffley <Td_colspan="3"> Steve Zahn Tom Everett Scott Steve Zahn Manny Heffley <Td_colspan="3"> Connor and Owen Fielding Wyatt and Dylan Walters Silent role Chirag Gupta <Td_colspan="3"> Karan Brar <Td_colspan="2"> Fregley <Td_colspan="3"> Grayson Russell <Td_colspan="2"> Patricia `` Patty '' Farrell Laine MacNeil Madison Bell ( young ) <Td_colspan="2"> Laine MacNeil <Td_colspan="2"> Coach Malone <Td_colspan="3"> Andrew McNee Andrew McNee Mr. Jefferson <Td_colspan="3"> Alf Humphreys Alf Humphreys Mrs. Norton <Td_colspan="2"> Belita Moreno <Td_colspan="3"> Angie Steadman Chloë Grace Moretz <Td_colspan="4"> Pete Hosey Nicholas Carey <Td_colspan="4"> Mr. Winsky Rob Labelle <Td_colspan="4"> Colin Lee Alex Ferris <Td_colspan="4"> Mrs. Jefferson Kaye Capron Bronwen Smith <Td_colspan="2"> Preston P. Mudd Rylee Stiles <Td_colspan="3"> Silent cameo Bill Walter Cameo in end credits Fran Kranz <Td_colspan="3"> Holly Hills <Td_colspan="2"> Peyton List <Td_colspan="2"> Grandpa Heffley <Td_colspan="2"> Terence Kelly Photograph Heather Hills Melissa Roxburgh ( uncredited ) Marcia Miller ( stunt - double ) Melissa Roxburgh <Td_colspan="2"> Stan Warren <Td_colspan="2"> Philip Maurice Hayes <Td_colspan="2"> Troopmaster Barret <Td_colspan="2"> Frank C. Turner <Td_colspan="2"> Sweetie <Td_colspan="2"> Oliver Silent cameo Mac Digby <Td_colspan="3"> Joshua Hoover Mr. Beardo <Td_colspan="3"> Christopher A. Coppola Meemaw <Td_colspan="3"> Mimi Gould Gammie Heffley <Td_colspan="4"> June Foray Crew ( edit ) Role <Th_colspan="4"> Film Diary of a Wimpy Kid Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul 2011 2012 2017 Director Thor Freudenthal <Td_colspan="3"> David Bowers Producer <Td_colspan="4"> Nina Jacobson Brad Simpson Writer Jackie Filgo Jeff Filgo Gabe Sachs Jeff Judah Gabe Sachs Jeff Judah Maya Forbes Wally Wolodarsky Jeff Kinney David Bowers Composer Theodore Shapiro <Td_colspan="3"> Edward Shearmur Cinematographer <Td_colspan="2"> Jack N. Green <Td_colspan="2"> Anthony B. Richmond Editor Wendy Greene Bricmont Troy Takaki Allan Joseph John <Td_colspan="2"> Troy Takaki Production company <Td_colspan="3"> Color Force Dune Entertainment Color Force TSG Entertainment Distributor <Td_colspan="4"> 20th Century Fox Running time 94 minutes 101 minutes 96 minutes 90 minutes Release date March 19 , 2010 March 25 , 2011 August 3 , 2012 May 19 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross North America Other territories Worldwide Diary of a Wimpy Kid March 19 , 2010 $15 million $64,003,625 $11,696,873 $75,700,498 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules March 25 , 2011 $21 million $52,698,535 $19,718,859 $72,417,394 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days August 3 , 2012 $22 million $49,008,662 $28,103,514 $77,112,176 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul May 19 , 2017 $22 million $20,738,724 $19,361,631 $40,100,355 <Th_colspan="2"> Total $80 million $ 7008186449546000000 ♠ 186,449,546 $ 7007788808770000000 ♠ 78,880,877 $ 7008265330423000000 ♠ 265,330,423 Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Diary of a Wimpy Kid 53 % ( 106 reviews ) 56 ( 27 critics ) A -- Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules 47 % ( 99 reviews ) 51 ( 23 critics ) A -- Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days 51 % ( 71 reviews ) 54 ( 22 critics ) A -- Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul 20 % ( 66 reviews ) 39 ( 16 critics ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` WATCH : Diary of a Wimpy Kid Announces Its Brand New Leads for Fourth Film , The Long Haul '' . Jump up ^ `` '' Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) '' on `` . Comingsoon.net . March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules -- On Double DVD and Blu - ray Now '' . Diaryofawimpykidmovie.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid ' Franchise Rebooting With New Cast '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DIARY OF A WIMPY KID GETS ANIMATED MOVIE '' . Red Carpet News TV . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Minzesheimer , Bob ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Narrator hits ' Hard Luck ' in eighth Wimpy Kid book '' . USA Today . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Paz , Maggie Dela ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Developing Wimpy Kid , Ice Age , and Night at the Museum TV Shows '' . Coming Soon.net . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid Reviews '' . Metacritic . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid 2 : Rodrick Rules ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid 2 : Rodrick Rules Reviews '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days Reviews '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul Reviews '' . Metacritic . <Th_colspan="2"> The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway The Meltdown Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid_(film_series)&oldid=854413482 '' Categories : English - language films Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film series ) Film series introduced in 2010 20th Century Fox franchises Children 's film series Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 05 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series
2. Films based on the Diary of a Wimpy Kid books
3. Cast and crew of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid films
4. Box office performance and critical response of the films
5. Future plans for the Diary of a Wimpy Kid franchise |
2,140,879,491,782,531,800 | where would a simple gear train be used | Gear train - wikipedia Gear train Illustration from Army Service Corps Training on Mechanical Transport , ( 1911 ) , Fig. 112 Transmission of motion and force by gear wheels , compound train . A gear train is a mechanical system formed by mounting gears on a frame so the teeth of the gears engage . Gear teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of engaging gears roll on each other without slipping , providing a smooth transmission of rotation from one gear to the next . The transmission of rotation between contacting toothed wheels can be traced back to the Antikythera mechanism of Greece and the south - pointing chariot of China . Illustrations by the Renaissance scientist Georgius Agricola show gear trains with cylindrical teeth . The implementation of the involute tooth yielded a standard gear design that provides a constant speed ratio . Features of gears and gear trains include : The ratio of the pitch circles of mating gears defines the speed ratio and the mechanical advantage of the gear set . A planetary gear train provides high gear reduction in a compact package . It is possible to design gear teeth for gears that are non-circular , yet still transmit torque smoothly . The speed ratios of chain and belt drives are computed in the same way as gear ratios . See bicycle gearing . An Agricola illustration from 1580 showing a toothed wheel that engages a slotted cylinder to form a gear train that transmits power from a human - powered treadmill to mining pump . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanical advantage 2 Analysis using virtual work 3 Gear trains with two gears 3.1 Formula 4 Double reduction gear 5 Speed ratio 6 Torque ratio 7 Idler gears 7.1 Formula 7.2 Example 8 Belt drives 9 Automotive applications 9.1 Example 9.2 Wide - ratio vs. close - ratio transmission 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Mechanical advantage ( edit ) Gear teeth are designed so the number of teeth on a gear is proportional to the radius of its pitch circle , and so the pitch circles of meshing gears roll on each other without slipping . The speed ratio for a pair of meshing gears can be computed from ratio of the radii of the pitch circles and the ratio of the number of teeth on each gear . Two meshing gears transmit rotational motion . The velocity v of the point of contact on the pitch circles is the same on both gears , and is given by v = r A ω A = r B ω B , ( \ displaystyle v = r_ ( A ) \ omega _ ( A ) = r_ ( B ) \ omega _ ( B ) , \ ! ) where input gear A with radius r and angular velocity ω meshes with output gear B with radius r and angular velocity ω . Therefore , ω A ω B = r B r A = N B N A . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ omega _ ( A ) ) ( \ omega _ ( B ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( r_ ( B ) ) ( r_ ( A ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( N_ ( B ) ) ( N_ ( A ) ) ) . ) where N is the number of teeth on the input gear and N is the number of teeth on the output gear . The mechanical advantage of a pair of meshing gears for which the input gear has N teeth and the output gear has N teeth is given by M A = N B N A . ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( MA ) = ( \ frac ( N_ ( B ) ) ( N_ ( A ) ) ) . ) This shows that if the output gear G has more teeth than the input gear G , then the gear train amplifies the input torque . And , if the output gear has fewer teeth than the input gear , then the gear train reduces the input torque . If the output gear of a gear train rotates more slowly than the input gear , then the gear train is called a speed reducer . In this case , because the output gear must have more teeth than the input gear , the speed reducer amplifies the input torque . Analysis using virtual work ( edit ) For this analysis , we consider a gear train that has one degree - of - freedom , which means the angular rotation of all the gears in the gear train are defined by the angle of the input gear . The size of the gears and the sequence in which they engage define the ratio of the angular velocity ω of the input gear to the angular velocity ω of the output gear , known as the speed ratio , or gear ratio , of the gear train . Let R be the speed ratio , then ω A ω B = R . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ omega _ ( A ) ) ( \ omega _ ( B ) ) ) = R . ) The input torque T acting on the input gear G is transformed by the gear train into the output torque T exerted by the output gear G. If we assume the gears are rigid and there are no losses in the engagement of the gear teeth , then the principle of virtual work can be used to analyze the static equilibrium of the gear train . Let the angle θ of the input gear be the generalized coordinate of the gear train , then the speed ratio R of the gear train defines the angular velocity of the output gear in terms of the input gear : ω A = ω , ω B = ω / R . ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( A ) = \ omega , \ quad \ omega _ ( B ) = \ omega / R. \ ! ) The formula for the generalized force obtained from the principle of virtual work with applied torques yields : F θ = T A ∂ ω A ∂ ω − T B ∂ ω B ∂ ω = T A − T B / R = 0 . ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ theta ) = T_ ( A ) ( \ frac ( \ partial \ omega _ ( A ) ) ( \ partial \ omega ) ) - T_ ( B ) ( \ frac ( \ partial \ omega _ ( B ) ) ( \ partial \ omega ) ) = T_ ( A ) - T_ ( B ) / R = 0 . ) The mechanical advantage of the gear train is the ratio of the output torque T to the input torque T , and the above equation yields : M A = T B T A = R . ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( MA ) = ( \ frac ( T_ ( B ) ) ( T_ ( A ) ) ) = R . ) The speed ratio of a gear train also defines its mechanical advantage . This shows that if the input gear rotates faster than the output gear , then the gear train amplifies the input torque . And if the input gear rotates slower than the output gear , the gear train reduces the input torque . Gear trains with two gears ( edit ) The simplest example of a gear train has two gears . The `` input gear '' ( also known as drive gear ) transmits power to the `` output gear '' ( also known as driven gear ) . The input gear will typically be connected to a power source , such as a motor or engine . In such an example , the output of torque and rotational speed from the output ( driven ) gear depend on the ratio of the dimensions of the two gears . Formula ( edit ) The teeth on gears are designed so the gears can roll on each other smoothly ( without slipping or jamming ) . In order for two gears to roll on each other smoothly , they must be designed so the velocity at the point of contact of the two pitch circles ( represented by v ) is the same for each gear . Mathematically , if the input gear G has the radius r and angular velocity ω A ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( A ) \ ! ) , and meshes with output gear G of radius r and angular velocity ω B ( \ displaystyle \ omega _ ( B ) \ ! ) , then : v = r A ω A = r B ω B , ( \ displaystyle v = r_ ( A ) \ omega _ ( A ) = r_ ( B ) \ omega _ ( B ) , \ ! ) The number of teeth on a gear is proportional to the radius of its pitch circle , which means the ratios of the gears ' angular velocities , radii , and number of teeth are equal . Where N is the number of teeth on the input gear and N is the number of teeth on the output gear , the following equation is formed : ω A ω B = r B r A = N B N A . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ omega _ ( A ) ) ( \ omega _ ( B ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( r_ ( B ) ) ( r_ ( A ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( N_ ( B ) ) ( N_ ( A ) ) ) . ) This shows that a simple gear train with two gears has the gear ratio R given by : R = ω A ω B = N B N A . ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ frac ( \ omega _ ( A ) ) ( \ omega _ ( B ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( N_ ( B ) ) ( N_ ( A ) ) ) . ) This equation shows that if the number of teeth on the output gear G is larger than the number of teeth on the input gear G , then the input gear G must rotate faster than the output gear G . Double reduction gear ( edit ) Double reduction gears A double reduction gear comprises two pairs of gears , as single reductions , in series . In the diagram , the red and blue gears give the first stage of reduction and the orange and green gears give the second stage of reduction . The total reduction is the product of the first stage of reduction and the second stage of reduction . It is essential to have two coupled gears , of different sizes , on the intermediate layshaft . If three gears were used , the overall ratio would be simply that between the first and final gears , the intermediate gear would only act as an idler gear : it would reverse the direction of rotation , but not change the ratio . Speed ratio ( edit ) Gear teeth are distributed along the circumference of the pitch circle so the thickness t of each tooth and the space between neighboring teeth are the same . The pitch p of the gear , which is the distance between equivalent points on neighboring teeth along the pitch circle , is equal to twice the thickness of a tooth , p = 2 t . ( \ displaystyle p = 2t. \ ! ) The pitch of a gear G can be computed from the number of teeth N and the radius r of its pitch circle p = 2 π r A N A . ( \ displaystyle p = ( \ frac ( 2 \ pi r_ ( A ) ) ( N_ ( A ) ) ) . ) In order to mesh smoothly two gears G and G must have the same sized teeth and therefore they must have the same pitch p , which means p = 2 π r A N A = 2 π r B N B . ( \ displaystyle p = ( \ frac ( 2 \ pi r_ ( A ) ) ( N_ ( A ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 \ pi r_ ( B ) ) ( N_ ( B ) ) ) . ) This equation shows that the ratio of the circumference , the diameters and the radii of two meshing gears is equal to the ratio of their number of teeth , r B r A = N B N A . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( r_ ( B ) ) ( r_ ( A ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( N_ ( B ) ) ( N_ ( A ) ) ) . ) The speed ratio of two gears rolling without slipping on their pitch circles is given by , R = ω A ω B = r B r A , ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ frac ( \ omega _ ( A ) ) ( \ omega _ ( B ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( r_ ( B ) ) ( r_ ( A ) ) ) , ) therefore R = ω A ω B = N B N A . ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ frac ( \ omega _ ( A ) ) ( \ omega _ ( B ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( N_ ( B ) ) ( N_ ( A ) ) ) . ) In other words , the gear ratio , or speed ratio , is inversely proportional to the radius of the pitch circle and the number of teeth of the input gear . Torque ratio ( edit ) A gear train can be analyzed using the principle of virtual work to show that its torque ratio , which is the ratio of its output torque to its input torque , is equal to the gear ratio , or speed ratio , of the gear train . This means the input torque Τ applied to the input gear G and the output torque Τ on the output gear G are related by the ratio R = T B T A , ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ frac ( T_ ( B ) ) ( T_ ( A ) ) ) , ) where R is the gear ratio of the gear train . The torque ratio of a gear train is also known as its mechanical advantage M A = T B T A . ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathit ( MA ) ) = ( \ frac ( T_ ( B ) ) ( T_ ( A ) ) ) . ) Idler gears ( edit ) In a sequence of gears chained together , the ratio depends only on the number of teeth on the first and last gear . The intermediate gears , regardless of their size , do not alter the overall gear ratio of the chain . However , the addition of each intermediate gear reverses the direction of rotation of the final gear . An intermediate gear which does not drive a shaft to perform any work is called an idler gear . Sometimes , a single idler gear is used to reverse the direction , in which case it may be referred to as a reverse idler . For instance , the typical automobile manual transmission engages reverse gear by means of inserting a reverse idler between two gears . Idler gears can also transmit rotation among distant shafts in situations where it would be impractical to simply make the distant gears larger to bring them together . Not only do larger gears occupy more space , the mass and rotational inertia ( moment of inertia ) of a gear is proportional to the square of its radius . Instead of idler gears , a toothed belt or chain can be used to transmit torque over distance . Formula ( edit ) If a simple gear train has three gears , such that the input gear G meshes with an intermediate gear G which in turn meshes with the output gear G , then the pitch circle of the intermediate gear rolls without slipping on both the pitch circles of the input and output gears . This yields the two relations ω A ω I = N I N A , ω I ω B = N B N I . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ omega _ ( A ) ) ( \ omega _ ( I ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( N_ ( I ) ) ( N_ ( A ) ) ) , \ quad ( \ frac ( \ omega _ ( I ) ) ( \ omega _ ( B ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( N_ ( B ) ) ( N_ ( I ) ) ) . ) The speed ratio of this gear train is obtained by multiplying these two equations to obtain R = ω A ω B = N B N A . ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ frac ( \ omega _ ( A ) ) ( \ omega _ ( B ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( N_ ( B ) ) ( N_ ( A ) ) ) . ) Notice that this gear ratio is exactly the same as for the case when the gears G and G engage directly . The intermediate gear provides spacing but does not affect the gear ratio . For this reason it is called an idler gear . The same gear ratio is obtained for a sequence of idler gears and hence an idler gear is used to provide the same direction to rotate the driver and driven gear . If the driver gear moves in the clockwise direction , then the driven gear also moves in the clockwise direction with the help of the idler gear . Example ( edit ) 2 gears and an idler gear on a piece of farm equipment , with a ratio of 42 / 13 = 3.23 : 1 In the photo , assuming the smallest gear is connected to the motor , it is called the drive gear or input gear . The somewhat larger gear in the middle is called an idler gear . It is not connected directly to either the motor or the output shaft and only transmits power between the input and output gears . There is a third gear in the upper - right corner of the photo . Assuming that gear is connected to the machine 's output shaft , it is the output or driven gear . The input gear in this gear train has 13 teeth and the idler gear has 21 teeth . Considering only these gears , the gear ratio between the idler and the input gear can be calculated as if the idler gear was the output gear . Therefore , the gear ratio is driven / drive = 21 / 13 ≈ 1.62 or 1.62 : 1 . At this ratio , it means the drive gear must make 1.62 revolutions to turn the driven gear once . It also means that for every one revolution of the driver , the driven gear has made 1 / 1.62 , or 0.62 , revolutions . Essentially , the larger gear turns slower . The third gear in the picture has 42 teeth . The gear ratio between the idler and third gear is thus 42 / 21 , or 2 : 1 , and hence the final gear ratio is 1.62 x2 ≈ 3.23 . For every 3.23 revolutions of the smallest gear , the largest gear turns one revolution , or for every one revolution of the smallest gear , the largest gear turns 0.31 ( 1 / 3.23 ) revolution , a total reduction of about 1 : 3.23 ( Gear Reduction Ratio ( GRR ) = 1 / Gear Ratio ( GR ) ) . Since the idler gear contacts directly both the smaller and the larger gear , it can be removed from the calculation , also giving a ratio of 42 / 13 ≈ 3.23 . The idler gear serves to make both the drive gear and the driven gear rotate in the same direction , but confers no mechanical advantage . Belt drives ( edit ) Belts can have teeth in them also and be coupled to gear - like pulleys . Special gears called sprockets can be coupled together with chains , as on bicycles and some motorcycles . Again , exact accounting of teeth and revolutions can be applied with these machines . Valve timing gears on a Ford Taunus V4 engine -- the small gear is on the crankshaft , the larger gear is on the camshaft . The crankshaft gear has 34 teeth , the camshaft gear has 68 teeth and runs at half the crankshaft RPM . ( The small gear in the lower left is on the balance shaft . ) For example , a belt with teeth , called the timing belt , is used in some internal combustion engines to synchronize the movement of the camshaft with that of the crankshaft , so that the valves open and close at the top of each cylinder at exactly the right time relative to the movement of each piston . A chain , called a timing chain , is used on some automobiles for this purpose , while in others , the camshaft and crankshaft are coupled directly together through meshed gears . Regardless of which form of drive is employed , the crankshaft - to - camshaft gear ratio is always 2 : 1 on four - stroke engines , which means that for every two revolutions of the crankshaft the camshaft will rotate once . Automotive applications ( edit ) Illustration of gears of an automotive transmission Automobile drivetrains generally have two or more major areas where gearing is used . Gearing is employed in the transmission , which contains a number of different sets of gears that can be changed to allow a wide range of vehicle speeds , and also in the differential , which contains the final drive to provide further speed reduction at the wheels . In addition , the differential contains further gearing that splits torque equally between the two wheels while permitting them to have different speeds when travelling in a curved path . The transmission and final drive might be separate and connected by a driveshaft , or they might be combined into one unit called a transaxle . The gear ratios in transmission and final drive are important because different gear ratios will change the characteristics of a vehicle 's performance . Example ( edit ) A 2004 Chevrolet Corvette C5 Z06 with a six - speed manual transmission has the following gear ratios in the transmission : Gear Ratio 1st gear 2.97 : 1 2nd gear 2.07 : 1 3rd gear 1.43 : 1 4th gear 1.00 : 1 5th gear 0.84 : 1 6th gear 0.56 : 1 reverse − 3.38 : 1 In 1st gear , the engine makes 2.97 revolutions for every revolution of the transmission 's output . In 4th gear , the gear ratio of 1 : 1 means that the engine and the transmission 's output rotate at the same speed . 5th and 6th gears are known as overdrive gears , in which the output of the transmission is revolving faster than the engine 's output . The Corvette above has an axle ratio of 3.42 : 1 , meaning that for every 3.42 revolutions of the transmission 's output , the wheels make one revolution . The differential ratio multiplies with the transmission ratio , so in 1st gear , the engine makes 10.16 revolutions for every revolution of the wheels . The car 's tires can almost be thought of as a third type of gearing . This car is equipped with 295 / 35 - 18 tires , which have a circumference of 82.1 inches . This means that for every complete revolution of the wheel , the car travels 82.1 inches ( 209 cm ) . If the Corvette had larger tires , it would travel farther with each revolution of the wheel , which would be like a higher gear . If the car had smaller tires , it would be like a lower gear . With the gear ratios of the transmission and differential and the size of the tires , it becomes possible to calculate the speed of the car for a particular gear at a particular engine RPM . For example , it is possible to determine the distance the car will travel for one revolution of the engine by dividing the circumference of the tire by the combined gear ratio of the transmission and differential . d = c t g r t × g r d ( \ displaystyle d = ( \ frac ( c_ ( t ) ) ( gr_ ( t ) \ times gr_ ( d ) ) ) ) It is also possible to determine a car 's speed from the engine speed by multiplying the circumference of the tire by the engine speed and dividing by the combined gear ratio . v c = c t × v e g r t × g r d ( \ displaystyle v_ ( c ) = ( \ frac ( c_ ( t ) \ times v_ ( e ) ) ( gr_ ( t ) \ times gr_ ( d ) ) ) ) Gear Distance per engine revolution Speed per 1000 RPM 1st gear 8.1 in ( 210 mm ) 7.7 mph ( 12.4 km / h ) 2nd gear 11.6 in ( 290 mm ) 11.0 mph ( 17.7 km / h ) 3rd gear 16.8 in ( 430 mm ) 15.9 mph ( 25.6 km / h ) 4th gear 24.0 in ( 610 mm ) 22.7 mph ( 36.5 km / h ) 5th gear 28.6 in ( 730 mm ) 27.1 mph ( 43.6 km / h ) 6th gear 42.9 in ( 1,090 mm ) 40.6 mph ( 65.3 km / h ) Wide - ratio vs. close - ratio transmission ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Close - ratio transmission A close - ratio transmission is a transmission in which there is a relatively little difference between the gear ratios of the gears . For example , a transmission with an engine shaft to drive shaft ratio of 4 : 1 in first gear and 2 : 1 in second gear would be considered wide - ratio when compared to another transmission with a ratio of 4 : 1 in first and 3 : 1 in second . This is because the close - ratio transmission has less of a progression between gears . For the wide - ratio transmission , the first gear ratio is 4 : 1 or 4 , and in second gear it is 2 : 1 or 2 , so the progression is equal to 4 / 2 = 2 ( or 200 % ) . For the close - ratio transmission , first gear has a 4 : 1 ratio or 4 , and second gear has a ratio of 3 : 1 or 3 , so the progression between gears is 4 / 3 , or 133 % . Since 133 % is less than 200 % , the transmission with the smaller progression between gears is considered close - ratio . However , the difference between a close - ratio and wide - ratio transmission is subjective and relative . Close - ratio transmissions are generally offered in sports cars , sport bikes , and especially in race vehicles , where the engine is tuned for maximum power in a narrow range of operating speeds , and the driver or rider can be expected to shift often to keep the engine in its power band . Factory 4 - speed or 5 - speed transmission ratios generally have a greater difference between gear ratios and tend to be effective for ordinary driving and moderate performance use . Wider gaps between ratios allow a higher 1st gear ratio for better manners in traffic , but cause engine speed to decrease more when shifting . Narrowing the gaps will increase acceleration at speed , and potentially improve top speed under certain conditions , but acceleration from a stopped position and operation in daily driving will suffer . Range is the torque multiplication difference between 1st and 4th gears ; wider - ratio gear - sets have more , typically between 2.8 and 3.2 . This is the single most important determinant of low - speed acceleration from stopped . Progression is the reduction or decay in the percentage drop in engine speed in the next gear , for example after shifting from 1st to 2nd gear . Most transmissions have some degree of progression in that the RPM drop on the 1 - 2 shift is larger than the RPM drop on the 2 - 3 shift , which is in turn larger than the RPM drop on the 3 - 4 shift . The progression may not be linear ( continuously reduced ) or done in proportionate stages for various reasons , including a special need for a gear to reach a specific speed or RPM for passing , racing and so on , or simply economic necessity that the parts were available . Range and progression are not mutually exclusive , but each limits the number of options for the other . A wide range , which gives a strong torque multiplication in 1st gear for excellent manners in low - speed traffic , especially with a smaller motor , heavy vehicle , or numerically low axle ratio such as 2.50 , means the progression percentages must be high . The amount of engine speed , and therefore power , lost on each up - shift is greater than would be the case in a transmission with less range , but less power in 1st gear . A numerically low 1st gear , such as 2 : 1 , reduces available torque in 1st gear , but allows more choices of progression . There is no optimal choice of transmission gear ratios or a final drive ratio for best performance at all speeds , as gear ratios are compromises , and not necessarily better than the original ratios for certain purposes . See also ( edit ) Machine ( mechanical ) Mechanism ( engineering ) Powertrain Wheel train ( horology ) Outline of machines Epicyclic gearing - related to turboprop reduction gear boxes Continuously variable transmission ( CVT ) Virtual work References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Uicker , J.J. ; G.R. Pennock ; J.E. Shigley ( 2003 ) . Theory of Machines and Mechanisms . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Paul , B. ( 1979 ) . Kinematics and Dynamics of Planar Machinery . Prentice Hall . Jump up ^ `` What is double reduction gearing ? - Quora '' . www.quora.com . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Cangialosi , Paul ( 2001 ) . `` TechZone Article : Wide and Close Gear Ratios '' . 5speeds.com . Medatronics . Archived from the original on 30 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Gear ratio at How Stuff Works Online Motorcycle gear train calculator with Help pages <Th_colspan="2"> hide Gears Systems Spur gear systems Worm drive Rack and pinion Epicyclic ( planetary ) gearing Sun and planet gear Harmonic drive Cycloidal drive Non-circular gear Shapes Spur Bevel Crown Spiral bevel Helical Herringbone Geartooth profiles Involute Cycloid Mechanics Transmission Differential Coupling Train Bicycle gearing Continuously variable transmission Offset Examples Bicycles Cogset Derailleur gears Hub gear Shaft - driven bicycle Sprocket Horology Wheel train See also Ball screw Leadscrew Jackscrew Belt drive Chain drive Gear manufacturing Freewheel Lego Technic Spur gear corrected tooth Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gear_train&oldid=844057353 '' Categories : Mechanisms ( engineering ) Gears Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from April 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Қазақша 日本 語 Polski Português Русский தமிழ் Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 09 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Gear train mechanics
2. Speed and torque ratios in gear trains
3. Idler gears and their role in gear trains
4. Belt drives and their application in gear systems
5. Gear train analysis using virtual work |
-7,288,275,273,640,351,000 | when was the last time yom kippur fell on shabbat | Days of week on Hebrew calendar - wikipedia Days of week on Hebrew calendar Jump to : navigation , search The modern Hebrew calendar has been designed to ensure that certain holy days and festivals do not fall on certain days of the week . As a result , there are only four possible patterns of days on which festivals can fall . ( Note that Jewish days start at sunset of the preceding day indicated in this article . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Reasons 2 The four gates 2.1 Gate 1 2.2 Gate 2 2.3 Gate 3 2.4 Gate 4 3 Sources 4 References 5 External links Reasons ( edit ) The modern Hebrew calendar has been arranged so that Yom Kippur does not fall on a Friday or Sunday , and Hoshana Rabbah does not fall on Shabbat . These rules have been instituted because Shabbat restrictions also apply to Yom Kippur , and if Yom Kippur were to fall on Friday , it would not be possible to make necessary preparations for Shabbat , including candle lighting , because the preceding day is Yom Kippur . Similarly , if Yom Kippur fell on a Sunday , it would not be possible to make the necessary preparations for Yom Kippur , including candle lighting , because the preceding day is Shabbat . Also , the laws of Shabbat override those of Hoshana Rabbah , so that if Hoshana Rabbah were to fall on Shabbat certain rituals that are a part of Hoshana Rabbah services ( such as carrying willows , which is work ) could not be performed in that year . As a consequence , in the case of Yom Kippur , which falls on 10 Tishrei and can not fall on a Friday or Sunday , the days in Cheshvan and / or Kislev are adjusted so that Rosh Hashanah , which falls on 1 Tishrei , does not fall on a Wednesday or Friday . And , in the case of Hoshana Rabbah , which falls on 21 Tishrei and can not fall on a Saturday , Rosh Hashanah can not be on a Sunday . This leaves only four days on which Rosh Hashanah is allowed to fall : Monday , Tuesday , Thursday and Saturday , which are also referred as the `` four gates '' . The four gates ( edit ) Since three arrangements can not occur within the fixed calendar , most holidays can each occur on one of four possible days . All the holy days and festivals fall in the months of Nisan through Tishrei , months one to seven . These months always have the same number of days , alternating 30 and 29 . The next two months are Cheshvan and Kislev . Both or either of these months can have either 29 or 30 days , allowing for adjustments to be made and the schedule in the coming year to be manipulated . The months of Tevet and Shevat , months ten and eleven , have 29 and 30 days respectively . Finally , in a regular year the month of Adar has 29 days , while in a leap year Adar I of 30 days is added before the regular Adar , which becomes Adar II of 29 days . The result is that the period from 1 Tevet to 29 Cheshvan is fixed , except that in a leap year Adar one of 30 days is added ; and all adjustments are made using 30 Cheshvan and / or 30 Kislev . The period from 1 Adar ( or Adar II , in leap years ) to 29 Cheshvan contains all of the festivals specified in the Bible - Purim ( 14 Adar ) , Pesach ( 15 Nisan ) , Shavuot ( 6 Sivan ) , Rosh Hashanah ( 1 Tishrei ) , Yom Kippur ( 10 Tishrei ) , Sukkot ( 15 Tishrei ) , and Shemini Atzeret ( 22 Tishrei ) . This period is fixed , during which no adjustments are made . The result is that all dates from 1 Nisan through 29 ( or 30 ) Cheshvan can each fall on one of four days of the week . Dates during Kislev can fall on any of six days of the week ; during Tevet and Shevat , five days ; and dates during Adar ( or Adar I and II , in leap years ) can each fall on one of four days of the week . Gate Purim Passover ( first day ) Shavuot ( first day ) 17 Tammuz / Tisha B'Av Rosh Hashanah / Sukkot / Shmini Atzeret / ( first day ) Yom Kippur Chanukah ( first day ) 10 Tevet Tu Bishvat Purim Katan ( only in leap years ) Thu Sat Sun Sun * Mon Wed Sun or Mon Sun or Tue Sat or Mon Sun or Tue Fri Sun Mon Sun Tue Thu Mon Tue Mon Tue Sun Tue Wed Tue Thu Sat Wed or Thu Wed , Thu , or Fri Tue , Wed , or Thu Wed or Fri Tue Thu Fri Thu Sat Mon Fri or Sat Fri or Sun Thu or Sat Fri or Sun <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> * Postponed from Shabbat <Td_colspan="6"> * Postponed to not fall on Shabbat With each gate , some unusual effects occur . Gate 1 ( edit ) Rosh Chodesh Nisan coincides with Shabbat . Three Torah scrolls are used for the Shabbat morning Torah reading : one for the weekly parshah , another for the Rosh Chodesh reading , and a third for Parshat Hachodesh . The eruv tavshilin is prepared prior to the final day ( s ) of Passover . In the diaspora , the final day of Passover is Shabbat . In Israel , this day is not considered a part of Passover . Nevertheless , Chametz can not be consumed because it can not be purchased on Shabbat or Yom Tov for this consumption . The 17th of Tammuz and Tisha B'Av fall on Saturday . Since fasts other than Yom Kippur are not observed on Shabbat , these are both observed on the following Sunday . If this is a leap year , in Israel there are no doubled - up parshiot during the year ( Tishrei - Elul ) . Chanukah has the potential to fall on Sunday . This is the only occurrence in which the eve of Chanukah falls on Shabbat . If both Cheshvan and Kislev have 30 days , then the 30th of Kislev ( which is also the first day of Rosh Chodesh Tevet ) will fall on Shabbat . Since this is also during Chanukah , three Torah scrolls are used for the Shabbat morning Torah reading : one for the weekly parshah , another for the Rosh Chodesh reading , and a third for the Chanukah reading . Gate 2 ( edit ) Main article : Erev Pesach on Shabbat Rosh Chodesh Adar ( or Adar II ) falls on Shabbat . Three Torah scrolls are used for the Shabbat morning Torah reading : one for the weekly parshah , another for the Rosh Chodesh reading , and a third for Parshat Shekalim . Purim falls on Friday , and the Purim seudah is held earlier in the day . In Jerusalem , where Purim always occurs a day later , the observances are spread out over Friday , Shabbat , and Sunday ( a `` three - day Purim '' ) . The Fast of the Firstborn is held on the Thursday before Shabbat ( the 12th of Nisan ) . Bedikas Chametz occurs on the night of the 13th of Nisan ( Thursday night ) . Chametz is burned on the following Friday morning , but may be consumed throughout this day and up until Saturday morning , at which time any remaining chametz is flushed . During the Shabbat morning on Erev Pesach , there is a custom two meals are consumed early in the morning in order to fulfill the mitzvah of Seudah Shlishit before the time in which Chametz can no longer be consumed . Tisha B'Av is observed on the actual ninth day of Av on a Sunday , and there is no `` week in which Tisha B'Av occurs '' as a level of mourning prior to the start of Tisha B'Av . No eruv tavshilin is prepared at any time during this year ( Nisan - Tishrei ) . If this is a leap year , in both the diaspora and in Israel there are no doubled - up parshiot during the year ( Tishrei - Elul ) . The first day of Rosh Chodesh Tevet falls on Shabbat . Three Torah scrolls are used for the Shabbat morning Torah reading : one for the weekly parshah , another for the Rosh Chodesh reading , and a third for the Chanukah reading . Gate 3 ( edit ) Since Purim falls on Sunday , the 13th of Adar , known as the Fast of Esther , falls on Saturday . Usually , fasts other than Yom Kippur are postponed to the following Sunday . But as this Sunday is Purim , the fast is pushed back to the prior Thursday ( the 11th of Adar ) . No Yom Tov during the year ( starting with Nisan ) falls on Sunday , therefore havdalah during the Yom Tov kiddush is not recited at all during the course of the year . The Fast of Gedaliah falls on Saturday . Since fasts other than Yom Kippur are not observed on Shabbat , this is observed on the following Sunday . This leaves an interval of just five days between fasts , the shortest ever on the Jewish calendar . During Tishrei , three holidays start on Thursday . In the Diaspora , the eruv tavshilin is prepared three times . ( In Israel , it is only made on Erev Rosh Hashanah . ) In Israel , this is the only occasion when there is a `` three - day holiday '' ( the two days of Rosh Hashanah followed by Shabbat ) . Yom Kippur falls on Shabbat . This is the only occurrence in which a fast is ever observed on Shabbat . Avinu Malkeinu is not recited by Ashkenazim except during Ne'ila . The 10th of Tevet has the potential to fall on Friday , the only public fast that can possibly be observed on a Friday . The fast is not broken until about an hour after Shabbat begins . Purim Katan , the holiday that only occurs in leap years , has the potential to fall on Friday . Gate 4 ( edit ) The eruv tavshilin is prepared on Erev Pesach ( diaspora only ) and on Erev Shavuot . In the diaspora , the second day of Shavuot falls on Shabbat , the only time Shavuot ever falls on Shabbat . ( In Israel , Shavuot never falls on Shabbat . ) Rosh Hashanah , Sukkot , and Shemini Atzeret all start on Shabbat . On Rosh Hashanah , since blowing the Shofar is not permitted on Shabbat , the shofar is blown only on the second day . Tashlich is also postponed to the second day . On Sukkot , the Four Species , which are not taken on Shabbat , are not used on the first day . Chanukah will begin on either Friday or Shabbat . If on Friday , then the Shabbat of Miketz will not be during Chanukah ; this is the only case in which this will occur ( and where Miketz 's proper haftarah will thus be read ) . If Chanukah begins on Shabbat , there will be two Shabbatot of Chanukah , since the holiday is eight days long . The 10th of Tevet has the potential to fall on Friday , the only public fast that can possibly be observed on a Friday . The fast is not broken until about an hour after Shabbat begins . Purim Katan , the holiday that only occurs in leap years , has the potential to fall on Friday . Sources ( edit ) Shulchan Aruch , Orach Chaim 428 : 1 The Complete Artscroll Siddur References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is the reason given by most halachic authorities , based on the Talmud , Rosh Hashanah 20b and Sukkah 43b . Maimonides ( Mishneh Torah , Kiddush Hachodesh 7 : 7 ) , however , writes that the arrangement was made ( possible days alternating with impossible ones ) in order to average out the difference between the mean and true lunar conjunctions . Jump up ^ The Talmud ( Rosh Hashanah 20b ) puts it differently : over two consecutive days of full Shabbat restrictions , vegetables would wilt ( since they ca n't be cooked ) , and unburied corpses would putrefy . External links ( edit ) Exact Hebrew Calendar Full Cycle Weekday Frequencies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Days_of_week_on_Hebrew_calendar&oldid=814473150 '' Categories : Hebrew calendar Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 01 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Hebrew calendar days of the week
2. Patterns of festivals on Hebrew calendar
3. Reasons for certain holy days not falling on specific days of the week
4. The four gates of the Hebrew calendar
5. Adjustments and manipulations in the Hebrew calendar |
-3,600,505,124,270,256,600 | who went home on last week's ink master | Ink Master ( season 10 ) - wikipedia Ink Master ( season 10 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Ink Master ( season 10 ) Country of origin United States <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Spike Paramount Network Original release January 9 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) -- April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Additional information Host ( s ) Dave Navarro Judges Oliver Peck Chris Nunez No. of contestants 18 Winner Josh Payne <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 9 Next → Season 11 Ink Master : Return of the Masters is the tenth season of the tattoo reality competition Ink Master that premiered on January 9 at 10 / 9c and concluded on April 24 , 2018 with 16 episodes . The first two episodes of the season marked the series ' last to air on Spike prior to the network 's transition to Paramount Network nine days later on January 18 . Despite this , the remaining episodes continued to air on the new channel . Host Dave Navarro returned alongside co-judges Oliver Peck and Chris Nunez . Season 10 uses the same format from Season 8 . But this time , six artists each were led by three Ink Master winners which includes Steve Tefft from Season 2 , Anthony Michaels from Season 7 , and Old Town Ink 's DJ Tambe from Season 9 as 24 artists compete to be one of the 18 artists which will then narrow down to the team 's six members who were drafted through the first day of competition . Several confirmed contestants competing in this season have already secured a spot for the first day of competition following their respective Angel Face Off win in the spin - off Ink Master : Angels . Those were Deanna Smith , Daniel Silva , Rachel Helmich , Sparks and Tim Furlow . But neither Helmich nor Furlow were chosen to be on one of the teams . The live finale featured the captains going head - to - head in the first ever Master Face Off . Team DJ became the only team to win two major prizes . Joshua Payne from Cortland , New York won the $100,000 , plus a feature in Inked magazine and the title of `` Ink Master . '' Payne 's coach DJ Tambe also won the $100,000 , making him the first and only Ink Master to win two seasons in a row . Contents ( hide ) 1 Judging and ranking 2 Contestants 2.1 Team Steve 2.2 Team Anthony 2.3 Team DJ 2.4 Not Chosen 3 Contestant Progress 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Judging and ranking ( edit ) The judge listing types are : Judging Panel The judging panel is a table of three or more primary judges in addition to the coaches . The judges and the coaches make their final decision by voting to see who had best tattoo of the day , and who goes home . Master Jury Similar to the human canvas jury and jury of peers , the coaches will select one artist with the worst tattoo of the day to be put up for elimination . Jury of Peers At the live finale , the eliminated artists choose one artist and one coach to advance into the final two . Contestants ( edit ) Team Steve ( edit ) Contestant Name Hometown Garrett Bisbee Milwaukee , Wisconsin Jeremy Brown Lake Elsinore , California Rene `` FAME '' Montalvo Willimantic , Connecticut Gary Parisi Chicago , Illinois Katie Rhoden LaPlace , Louisiana Roly T - Rex Orlando , Florida Team Anthony ( edit ) Contestant Name Hometown Mike Diaz Lubbock , Texas Jason Elliott College Station , Texas Amanda Leitch Renton , Washington Linzy Michelle Ventura , California Juan Salgado San Juan , Puerto Rico Daniel Silva San Francisco , California Team DJ ( edit ) Contestant Name Hometown Matt Buck New York , New York Lil ' D Atlanta , Georgia Josh Payne Cortland , New York Frank Ready Easthampton , Massachusetts Chris `` Sparks '' Sparks Austin , Texas Deanna Smith Denton , Texas Not Chosen ( edit ) Contestant Name Hometown Tim Furlow Atlanta , Georgia Rachael Head Lexington , Kentucky Rachel Helmich Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Christian Masot Hawthorne , New Jersey Koko Tatts Chicago , Illinois Slowburn Jersey City , New Jersey Contestant progress ( edit ) No . Contestant 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 No . Flash Challenge Winner Team DJ N / A Team Anthony Team DJ N / A Anthony Michaels Team Steve Roly T - Rex N / A Anthony Michaels Team Steve N / A Team DJ N / A N / A Josh Payne IN HIGH IN HIGH HIGH F / O IN WIN WIN HIGH LOW IMM WIN WIN WINNER Juan Salgado IN IN IN IN HIGH WIN IN IN WIN WIN WIN IMM HIGH IN RUNNER - UP Roly T - Rex IN IMM IN IN IN IN IN IN F / O HIGH IN F / O LOW IN 3RD PLACE Jason Elliott IN LOW IN WIN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN LOW F / O LOW OUT <Td_colspan="1"> 5 Deanna Smith LOW LOW HIGH IN IN IN IN LOW WIN LOW HIGH F / O OUT <Td_colspan="2"> 6 Jeremy Brown HIGH IMM HIGH IN HIGH IN IN LOW F / O LOW LOW OUT <Td_colspan="3"> 7 Daniel Silva WIN IN IN LOW LOW WIN LOW IN WIN LOW OUT <Td_colspan="4"> 8 Frank Ready IN WIN HIGH IN IN IN IN HIGH WIN OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 9 FAME IN IMM WIN LOW WIN IN LOW IN OUT <Td_colspan="6"> 10 Amanda Leitch LOW LOW IN IN IN WIN IN OUT <Td_colspan="7"> 11 Mike Diaz IN IN IN LOW LOW WIN OUT <Td_colspan="8"> 12 Gary Parisi IN IMM IN IN HIGH OUT <Td_colspan="9"> 13 Lil ' D IN LOW LOW LOW OUT <Td_colspan="10"> 14 Katie Rhoden IN IMM LOW OUT <Td_colspan="11"> 15 Matt Buck IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="12"> 16 Sparks LOW OUT <Td_colspan="13"> 17 Linzy Michelle IN OUT <Td_colspan="13"> 18 Garrett Bisbee OUT <Td_colspan="14"> The contestant won the competition and was named Ink Master . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant finished third . The contestant won best tattoo of the day . The contestant was immune from the elimination tattoo . The contestant was given an honorable mention by the judges . The contestant won the face off . The contestant was considered to be among the top . The contestant was among the bottom group in the judges recall . The contestant was voted worst tattoo of the day . The contestant was considered to be in the bottom . The contestant was voted worst tattoo of the day and was eliminated . The contestant was eliminated from the competition . The contestant won the flash challenge but was voted worst tattoo of the day and was eliminated from the competition . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 125 `` Pick Your Side '' January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) N / A <Td_colspan="5"> 24 artists arrive to Coney Island where they had six hours to impress the masters by tattooing a design in the style and subject of their choice . The judges and the masters then judged each tattoo in a blind critique without knowing who did what . Team Picks -- Part 1 : The top nine artists who were among the favorites will pick the team they want to be on with three spots available for each team . Team DJ scored big with the number one , two and three ranked tattoos from Matt , Josh and Deanna respectively while Anthony and Steve continue to find someone on their respective . Juan and Jason were the fourth and fifth ranked tattoos of the day and they chose to be on Team Anthony . Steve got the upper hand from Anthony when Katie chose to be on the former 's team . Seventh ranked artist Daniel finishes Team Anthony for now . Therefore , Steve is left with Garret and Roly T - Rex . Elimination Tattoo : The remaining 15 artists had one last chance to impress when they had six hours to tattoo one of the masters ' choice styles which includes Japanese from Steve , illustrative woman 's face from Anthony , and American Traditional from DJ . Team Picks -- Part 2 : The masters called the shots with picking their final three members this time even though a tug - o - war occurred during the picking process . Anthony rounds out his team with the inclusion of Linzy in addition to DJ 's original pick Amanda , and Steve 's original pick Mike . Steve and DJ fought over Jeremy and Fame . But they later both chose Steve . Frank , Sparks and Lil D completed Team DJ . After being convinced by the 7 remaining artists why they want to be on his team , Steve chose Gary as his final pick . Eliminated : Tim Furlow , Rachael Head , Rachel Helmich , Christian Masot , Koko Tatts and Slowburn 126 `` Fill'er Up '' January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) N / A <Td_colspan="5"> Skill of the Week : Fundamentals Flash Challenge : Using only 10,000 plastic cups , the masters must coach their teams in the first flash challenge of the season when the artists had five hours to line the cups up into one single image after filling each cup with water and food coloring . Winner : Team DJ Eimination Tattoo : The teams must navigate in the right direction during their first elimination tattoo by tattooing a maze . For this skull pick , DJ picked Matt and Josh to assign the skulls . Best Tattoo of the Day : Daniel Silva Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Garrett Bisbee Bottom : Garrett Bisbee , Amanda Leitch and Deanna Smith Eliminated : Garrett Bisbee 127 `` Divine Proportion '' January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) N / A <Td_colspan="5"> Skill of the Week : Proportion Master 's Tattoo Face Off : The coaches must use their proportion skills by tattooing a freehanded design in the style and subject of their choice . Dave also revealed that this week will featured a double elimination featuring one member eliminated from each team . Winner : Steve Tefft Elimination Tattoo : Team Steve called the shots when they assigned not only the human canves but also the Greek god to each team with Team DJ tattooing Zeus and Team Anthony tattooing Hades . Then during the elimination , Anthony and DJ must decide on which of their respective teammates will be sent packing . Best Tattoo of the Day : Frank Ready Bottom : Sparks , Lil ' D , Deanna Smith , Amanda Leitch , Linzy Michelle and Jason Elliot Eliminated : Linzy Michelle and Sparks 128 `` Step It Up '' January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) N / A <Td_colspan="5"> Skill of the Week : Ingenuity Flash Challenge : The judges throw a curveball at the artists this week , testing their ingenuity by having them transform disjointed staircases into a massive flowing designs . Winner : Team Anthony Elimination Tattoo : Using two completely opposite tattoo styles , the artists must use ingenuity to weave these styles together in a way that makes sense and creates a cohesive design . Best Tattoo of the Day : FAME Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Matt Buck Bottom : Matt Buck , Lil ' D and Katie Rhoden Eliminated : Matt Buck 129 5 `` Ink On the Dotted Line '' February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) N / A <Td_colspan="5"> Skill of the Week : Precision Flash Challenge : The coaches work side - by - side along their teams as precision is tested . Placing thousands of hole - punched colored dots onto a massive canvas to create an impressive work of art . Winner : Team DJ Elimination Tattoo : The artists must take images and break them down to individual squares and colors , inking their canvases with pixelated tattoos . With tons of lines and squares to complete , precision is of the utmost importance . Best Tattoo of the Day : Jason Elliot Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Katie Rhoden Bottom : Katie Rhoden , Lil ' D and FAME Eliminated : Katie Rhoden 130 6 `` Chin Up '' February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) N / A <Td_colspan="5"> Skill of the Week : Adaptability Master 's Flash Challenge : The artists place their fates in the hands of their coaches when adaptability is tested and DJ , Steve , and Anthony must tattoo an incredibly difficult part of the body : the under chin . Winner : Anthony Michaels Elimination Tattoo : From oozing wounds and rotting skin to decomposing hair and nails , the artists must use adaptability to turn the living into the undead on canvases ' skin . Best Tattoo of the Day : FAME Coaches ' Pick : Daniel Silva Bottom : Daniel Silva , Mike Diaz and Lil ' D Eliminated : Lil ' D 131 7 `` Eye of the Tiger '' February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) N / A <Td_colspan="5"> Skill of the Week : Consistency Elimination Tattoo : The artists must work as teams to tattoo not one , but two tattoos on one human canvas at the same time : one of a living animal , and one of its skeleton . Best Tattoo of the Day : Team Anthony Face Off Tattoo : Josh and Gary face off for survival in the competition , tasked with inking black and grey realistic tiger heads in just six hours . Eliminated : Gary Parisi 132 8 `` Pane in the Glass '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 0.73 <Td_colspan="5"> Skill of the week : Dimension Flash Challenge : Both the artists and the coaches are tested this week on dimension , tasked with painting layered panes of plexiglass to create cohesive dimensional pieces of art . Winner : Team Steve Elimination Tattoo : To capture the strength and depth of carved stone , the artists must tattoo textured cracks and deep divots so that their designs look like they were chiseled right out of their canvases ' skin . Due to certain problems in every tattoo that did not hit the challenge , the judges decided there is no Best Tattoo of the Day . Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Daniel Silva Bottom : Daniel Silva , Mike Diaz and FAME Eliminated : Mike Diaz 133 9 `` Ink Raider '' March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 0.74 <Td_colspan="5"> Skill of the Week : Detail Flash Challenge : Inspired by the 2018 film adaption of the Tomb Raider video game reboot , the competition welcomed human canvases that are strong women who overcame obstacles -- and want to get tattooed by the tools that empower them in the first individual flash challenge . Winner : Roly T - Rex Elimination Tattoo : From intricate ropes to colorful and elaborate patterns , the artists must make sure every tiny detail is on point as they tattoo technicolor hot air balloons . Best Tattoo of the Day : Josh Payne Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Deanna Smith Bottom : Deanna Smith , Jeremy Brown and Amanda Leitch Eliminated : Amanda Leitch 134 10 `` Some Assembly Required '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) N / A <Td_colspan="5"> Skill of the Week : Accuracy With nine artists remaining , they must compete in a marathon where they have to tattoo a different creature of land , sea or sky in each round . Team Safety Marathon - Round 1 : The teams created octopus tattoos with one artist doing the linework while the other adds in the shadding before the third artist colors the tattoo . The winning team in this round will be safe from elimination . As winner of the last elimination tattoo , Josh assigned all the human canvases . Best Tattoo of the Day : Team Anthony Team Safety Marathon -- Round 2 : Team DJ and Team Steve work on pegasus tattoos . But they wo n't be doing it alone as each team must tag team its respective partner and coach every hour . Best Tattoo of the Day : Team DJ Face Off Tattoo : Steve watches his team square off in a fight for survival as they tattooed a full - bodied jaguar in the style selected by him which was realistic black and grey . Eliminated : FAME Note : This episode was released online ahead of its respective airdate . 135 11 `` Quit Buggin ' Me '' March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) N / A <Td_colspan="5"> Skill of the Week : Technical Application Flash Challenge : The coaches try to get every detail they could when they had two hours to tattoo their respective micro-realistic insect . Winner : Anthony Michaels Elimination Tattoo : The artists must prove their mastery of technical application by tattooing the gateway to the heart -- aka the sternum . Best Tattoo of the Day : Juan Salgado Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Frank Ready Bottom : Frank Ready , Jeremy Brown and Deanna Smith Eliminated : Frank Ready 136 12 `` Total Meltdown '' March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) N / A <Td_colspan="5"> Skill of the Week : Composition Flash Challenge : The teams and their respective coaches work with granulated wax to create a masterpiece by stenciling the design with tape onto a 4 x 6 canvas before using heat guns and torches to spread the wax while leaving behind a negative space the tape covered . Winner : Team Steve Elimination Tattoo : The artists must change their perspectives and create a masterpiece out of what is not there - by inking negative space tattoos . Best Tattoo of the Day : Juan Salgado Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Daniel Silva Bottom : Daniel Silva , Jeremy Brown and Jason Elliott Eliminated : Daniel Silva 137 13 `` Monkey See , Monkey Do '' April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) N / A <Td_colspan="5"> Skill of the Week : Finesse Elimination Tattoo : The final six attempt to match the masters ' standards . Roly was concerned when Steve showed him and Jeremy a skull with the heads of a deamon and a woman . Team DJ and Team Anthony on the other hand had no problem with the design from their respective coaches . Face Off Tattoo : Deanna , Jason , Roly T - Rex and Jeremy must design a free hand tattoo in order to save themselves from elimination . Jeremy tried to use the design Team DJ had in the elimination tattoo which concerns the masters . Team Steve struggled the most with their tattoo . Eliminated : Jeremy Brown 138 14 `` No Stain , No Gain '' April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) N / A <Td_colspan="5"> Skill of the Week : Contrast Flash Challenge : The battle intensifies as the coaches and artists are given six hours to layer coats of paint on gigantic wooden canvases in order to create high - contrast works of art . Winner : Team DJ Elimination Tattoo : With only one color at the artists ' disposal , contrast is absolutely crucial as the final five are tasked with tattooing masterful monochromatic portraits . Best Tattoo of the Day : Josh Payne Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Deanna Smith Bottom : Deanna Smith , Roly T - Rex and Jason Elliott Eliminated : Deanna Smith 139 15 `` Final Exam '' April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) N / A <Td_colspan="5"> Elimination Tattoo : The final four remaining artists are tasked with tattooing a one - session twelve hour tattoo on the arm , with the style and subject being the artists ' choice . Josh 's tattoo was considered the best twelve hour tattoo and this earned him a spot in the finale , additionally allowing DJ to call to call the first shot in the Master Face - Off . Best Tattoo of the Day : Josh Payne Elimination Tattoo : Having a style and subject picked by the opposing team coaches based on their weaknesses , the final four must tattoo a six hour tattoo without tracing . In addition , they must incorporate a design and style that were given to them by each coach . Juan 's six hour tattoo was considered the best six hour tattoo and this allowed Anthony to call the second shot in the Master Face - Off . After a tough decision , Roly T - Rex was selected as the final artist advancing to the finale which allows Steve to call the third and final shot . Eliminated : Jason Elliott Finale Tattoo : Josh , Juan and Roly T - Rex head home to create a 24 - hour full -- colored chestpiece that depicts an epic battle between a snake , a dragon and an eagle . The coaches get inside the heads as they create a 24 - hour head tattoo before duking it out at the live finale where they will have to design a six hour to tattoo . In addition , each coach called the shot via skull picks that will determine the style , subject or placement . DJ , Anthony and Steve picked a full - bodied snake , thigh , and Neo-traditional respectively . 140 16 `` Return of the Masters Finale '' April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) N / A <Td_colspan="5"> Dave welcomes the viewers to the live Ink Master finale from Las Vegas as the coaches put the final touches on their live finale tattoo . The coaches went first with their tattoo while the artists reveal their epic chestpiece . The judges also critiqued the coaches ' head tattoo . The eliminated artists get into a heated debate over who should advance to the top two . The judges then decide which of the top two artists will win the title of Ink Masters . Ink Master veterans Cleen Rock One and Christian Buckingham were introduced to plug the upcoming eleventh season that will finally see them settling the score with their rivalry , but as team captains . Jury of Peers ' Pick : Juan Selgado Judges ' Pick : Joshua Payne 3rd Place : Roly T - Rex Winner : Joshua Payne In addition to one artist , the jury of peers also picked one coach to advance into the top two . Jury of Peers ' Pick : DJ Tambe Judges 's Pick : Anthony Michaels Winner : DJ Tambe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 3.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ink Master Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Ink Master on IMDb Ink Master at TV Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ink_Master_(season_10)&oldid=842060978 '' Categories : Ink Master Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 23 : 38 . About Wikipedia | 1. Ink Master Season 10
2. Tattoo reality competition
3. Contestants and teams
4. Judging and ranking
5. Episodes and eliminations |
-3,504,884,004,510,364,700 | when was the first vampire diaries episode released | The Vampire Diaries - wikipedia The Vampire Diaries Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the book series , see The Vampire Diaries ( novel series ) . For the unrelated film , see Vampire Diary . <Th_colspan="2"> The Vampire Diaries <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Drama Supernatural Horror Fantasy Based on The Vampire Diaries by L.J. Smith Developed by Kevin Williamson Julie Plec Starring Nina Dobrev Paul Wesley Ian Somerhalder Steven R. McQueen Sara Canning Kat Graham Candice King Zach Roerig Kayla Ewell Michael Trevino Matt Davis Joseph Morgan Michael Malarkey Composer ( s ) Michael Suby Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 171 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Kevin Williamson Julie Plec Leslie Morgenstein Bob Levy Caroline Dries Melinda Hsu Taylor Chad Fiveash James Stoteraux Location ( s ) Atlanta , Georgia Covington , Georgia Vancouver , British Columbia ( pilot ) Running time 41 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Outerbanks Entertainment Alloy Entertainment CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network The CW Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release September 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) -- March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Related shows The Originals Legacies <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> Production website The Vampire Diaries is an American supernatural drama television series developed by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec , based on the popular book series of the same name written by L.J. Smith . The series premiered on The CW on September 10 , 2009 , and concluded on March 10 , 2017 , airing 171 episodes over eight seasons . The pilot episode attracted the largest audience for The CW of any series premiere since the network began in 2006 ; the first season averaged 3.60 million viewers . It was the most - watched series on the network before being supplanted by Arrow . The show has received numerous award nominations , winning four People 's Choice Award and many Teen Choice Awards . On April 26 , 2013 , The CW officially announced that the spin - off The Originals , which focuses on the Original family of vampires , had been ordered to series , and the show began airing during the 2013 -- 14 American television season . On April 6 , 2015 , lead actress Nina Dobrev confirmed via Instagram that she and co-star Michael Trevino ( who plays Tyler Lockwood ) would be leaving the show after its sixth season . Dobrev returned to record a voiceover for the seventh - season finale . Trevino appeared as a guest star in season seven and returned for season 8 . On March 11 , 2016 , The CW renewed the series for an eighth season , but on July 23 , 2016 , announced that the eighth season , which would have 16 episodes , would be the show 's last . The final season began airing on October 21 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 U.S. Nielsen ratings 5.3 Awards and accolades 6 Home media releases 7 Spin - off 8 Tie - in material 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Series overview ( edit ) The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls , Virginia , a town charged with supernatural history since its settlement of migrants from New England in the late 19th century . It follows the life of Elena Gilbert ( Nina Dobrev ) , a teenage girl who has just lost both parents in a car accident , as she falls in love with a 162 - year - old vampire named Stefan Salvatore ( Paul Wesley ) . Their relationship becomes increasingly complicated as Stefan 's mysterious older brother Damon Salvatore ( Ian Somerhalder ) returns , with a plan to bring back their past lover Katherine Pierce , a vampire who looks exactly like Elena . Although Damon is initially the villain and harbors a grudge against his brother for forcing him to become a vampire , he later reconciles with Stefan and falls in love with Elena , creating a love triangle among the three . Both brothers protect Elena as they face various villains and threats to their town , including Katherine . The brothers ' history and the town 's mythology are revealed through flashbacks as the series goes on . Additional storylines revolve around the other inhabitants of the town , most notably Elena 's younger brother Jeremy Gilbert ( Steven R. McQueen ) , her best friends Bonnie Bennett ( Kat Graham ) and Caroline Forbes ( Candice King ) , their mutual friends Tyler Lockwood ( Michael Trevino ) and Matt Donovan ( Zach Roerig ) , and their history teacher , vampire hunter Alaric Saltzman ( Matthew Davis ) . The town 's politics are orchestrated by descendants of the original founding families , all comprising a `` Founders ' Council . '' The founding families of Mystic Falls includes the Salvatores , the Gilberts , the Fells , the Forbes , and the Lockwoods . They guard the town mainly from vampires , although there are many more supernatural threats such as werewolves , witches , hybrids , ghosts and many more . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Ian Somerhalder , Nina Dobrev and Paul Wesley at PaleyFest 2014 Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert ( seasons 1 -- 6 ; uncredited voiceover season 7 ; guest season 8 ) , whom the series follows as she falls in love with Stefan , and later leaves him after leading everyone to believe he was her true love , for his brother , Damon Salvatore , creating a love triangle . This results in her being drawn into the supernatural world , with the show following her struggles in surviving supernatural events in the town . Dobrev also portrays Elena 's doppelgänger , Katerina Petrova also known as Katherine Pierce . Katherine sporadically appeared in subsequent seasons and played a significant role in the fifth season . Dobrev has also played the Original doppelgänger , Silas 's true love known as Amara during the fifth season , whom he sought in the afterlife for two thousand years . Dobrev also played another Doppelgänger Tatia in The Originals season 2 episode `` Red Door . '' In the season 6 finale , Elena 's life was tied to Bonnie 's in such a way that as long as Bonnie is alive Elena will remain asleep . Damon put Elena in a coffin and had Tyler hide her in a warehouse in Brooklyn for the next 60 years or so while he waits to reunite with her . In the series finale Elena is awoken and she ends up choosing Damon in the series finale and they live a long and happy life together , earning her happy ending . Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore , a good - hearted and affectionate vampire and the complete opposite of his older brother , Damon Salvatore . Later in the series , Stefan reverts to his old ways as a Ripper to save Damon from a werewolf bite and his role becomes more antagonistic , especially after he is forced to turn his humanity off . Eventually , he returns to his good - hearted and caring self and reconciles with Elena , but the relationship does n't last long . He marries Caroline in Season 8 and is killed afterwards in the series finale as he sacrifices himself for Mystic Falls . Wesley also portrays his revealed doppelgänger , Silas ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) , the world 's first immortal being . Wesley also played another doppelgänger , Tom Avery , during the fifth season . Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore , the malevolent vampire brother who initially served as the show 's anti-hero . He is mostly thought of as selfish and manipulative , but later on in the series , he begins to display a more caring side . Though his love for Elena is initially one - sided , she begins to develop feelings for him as they work together to save Stefan after he 's given in to his Ripper side . They begin dating in season 4 , and continue to date ( with some breakups along the way ) until Elena is put into her deep sleep at the end of season 6 . Damon is extremely close with Stefan , but also has a close relationship with Bonnie , despite the fact that they hated each other for the first 5 seasons of the series . Throughout seasons 6 and 7 , their relationship has developed into a deeper bond , with Damon later confirming Bonnie is his best friend . Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert ( seasons 1 -- 6 ; guest season 8 ) , Elena 's younger brother , later revealed to be her biological cousin and a member of The Five , a vampire hunter . Jeremy is killed in season 4 after Katherine throws him onto Silas , who drains his blood . He is resurrected by Bonnie Bennett , his love interest , in the season 4 finale . He leaves town numerous times during the show , and has only come back once since his exit mid season 6 , to say goodbye to Elena . Sara Canning as Jenna Sommers ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; guest seasons 3 , 5 , 8 ) , Jeremy and Elena 's aunt and legal guardian . Canning left the show after season two when Jenna was killed after being turned into a vampire and used for Klaus ' ritual . Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett , Elena and Caroline 's best friend and a very powerful witch , who has died numerous times during the show but always returned . She develops and controls her powers with the help of her grandmother , Sheila or `` Grams '' , another witch in the family . She is often able to use her magic to help the group , and while she initially hates vampires , particularly Damon , she ends up warming up to them and becomes Damon 's best friend after being stuck in a prison world with him for four months . Bonnie has lost and regained her ability to do magic multiple times throughout the show . She spent seasons 2 through 5 in an on - again , off - again relationship with Elena 's brother Jeremy and later became involved with Enzo . Candice King as Caroline Forbes , Bonnie and Elena 's best friend , who was insecure and often jealous of Elena at first , but after becoming a vampire in the second season comes into her own . Neurotic but lovable , Caroline has been the love interest of many of the male characters . Initially serving as Damon 's plaything in season 1 , which she still hates him for , she has had serious relationships with Matt , Tyler , Alaric , and Stefan , and was long the subject of Klaus 's adoration . She married Stefan before his death . Currently , she is raising twins with Alaric . Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan , Elena 's childhood friend and ex-boyfriend , who became romantically involved with Caroline in season 1 . They remain good friends even after breaking up during the second season . Matt wants no part in the supernatural events in his town and later is at odds with the vampires as he becomes a police officer and tries to protect the town from them . Kayla Ewell as Vicki Donovan ( season 1 ; recurring seasons 2 -- 3 , 5 , 8 ) , the drug - addicted sister of Matt . She appears to be dating Tyler but is more interested in Jeremy . She is turned into a vampire by Damon and is killed by Stefan shortly after . Ewell left the show after the first season but has appeared as a guest in multiple seasons since . Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood ( seasons 1 -- 6 ; recurring seasons 7 -- 8 ) , a werewolf later turned into a hybrid , Jeremy and Matt 's best friend , and son of the mayor of Mystic Falls ; male members of his family have been shown to carry a lycanthropic trait . His uncle Mason was also a werewolf , who was killed by Damon in season two . He was turned into the first successful hybrid by Klaus . In the season 5 finale , he is returned to being just a werewolf . He leaves town at the end of season 6 , though he appears in a couple episodes of season 7 , protecting Elena 's coffin . Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 -- 8 ; recurring season 4 -- 5 ) , a history teacher , vampire hunter , and love interest for Jenna . Davis left the show at the end of season three after Alaric was killed . His character returned as a regular in season 6 , after he was resurrected . Alaric is able to return to being a human with the help of Josette Laughlin ( Jodi Lyn O'Keefe ) and the two begin dating . Jo becomes pregnant and they plan to marry , but she is murdered by Kai at their wedding . Jo 's family of witches was able to transfer the babies to Caroline , however , so she gives birth to their twins , and Caroline and Alaric move to Dallas together . They begin a relationship , but end it when Caroline decides to be with Stefan after his return at the end of season 7 . Joseph Morgan as Original Vampire Klaus Mikaelson ( seasons 3 -- 4 , recurring season 2 ; guest seasons 5 , 7 ) . He begins to build an army of new `` hybrids , '' which are half vampire and half werewolf . During season 3 , Klaus began to develop feelings for Caroline and falls in love with her . Morgan left the show after the fourth season when Klaus moved on to his own spin - off , The Originals . Michael Malarkey as Enzo St. John ( seasons 6 -- 8 ; recurring season 5 ) , a vampire formerly under the imprisonment of the Augustine society . He was Damon Salvatore 's cellmate back in the 1950s when the latter was captured by the Augustines . He and Damon revived their friendship as he searched for his lost lover , Maggie . In the episode `` Man on Fire , '' Enzo shut off his humanity and then Stefan Salvatore ripped out his heart . He was resurrected in the season finale , and later becomes Bonnie 's love interest before coming under the control of the monster in the vault at the end of season 7 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Vampire Diaries episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) May 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 09 ) May 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 23 <Td_colspan="1"> October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 8 <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Production ( edit ) Initially , Kevin Williamson had little interest in developing the series , finding the premise too similar to other vampire tales . However , at the urging of Julie Plec , he began to read the novels and started to become intrigued by the story : `` I began to realize that it was a story about a small town , about that town 's underbelly and about what lurks under the surface . '' Williamson has stated the town 's story will be the main focus of the series rather than high school . On February 6 , 2009 , Variety announced that The CW had green - lit the pilot for The Vampire Diaries with Williamson and Julie Plec set as the head writers and executive producers . On May 19 , 2009 , the series was officially ordered for the 2009 -- 2010 season . The pilot episode was filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , but the rest of the episodes have been filmed in Covington , Georgia ( which doubles as the show 's fictional small town of Mystic Falls , Virginia ) and various other communities around Greater Atlanta to take advantage of local tax incentives . On the morning of May 10 , 2012 , a fire broke out in the building on Clark Street in Covington that was used as the setting for Mystic Grill on the show . The series was given a full 22 - episode order on October 21 , 2009 , after strong ratings for the first half of the season . Now there is a spin - off called The Originals , that goes into depth about the original vampire family from The Vampire Diaries . On February 16 , 2010 , The CW announced that it had renewed the show for a second season , which premiered on September 9 , 2010 . On April 26 , 2011 , The CW renewed the show for a third season . The third season premiered on September 15 , 2011 . The fourth season premiered October 11 , 2012 . The CW renewed the show for a fifth season on February 11 , 2013 . On February 13 , 2014 , The CW renewed the series for a sixth season . On January 11 , 2015 , the CW renewed the series for a seventh season . President of The CW , Mark Pedowitz , said in an interview at the summer TCA 's that The Vampire Diaries did n't receive an extra episode order for the second season at the request of Kevin Williamson . Kevin Williamson felt to do the best show possible , he would rather do 22 episodes . `` I 'd rather have a great 22 than a good 24 if Kevin could n't do it , '' he explained . The first writers meeting for the fifth season held on April 15 , 2013 . Filming began on July 10 , 2013 , and finished on April 10 , 2014 . On July 23 , 2016 , it was announced that show would end after a 16 - episode eighth season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 68 % 50 ( 22 reviews ) 100 % 78 ( 5 reviews ) 88 % N / A 69 % N / A 5 100 % N / A 6 87 % N / A 7 73 % N / A 8 100 % N / A The Vampire Diaries initially received mixed reviews , which through the course of the show improved greatly . Metacritic gave the show a Metascore of 50 ( out of 100 ) based on 22 critical reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Entertainment Weekly gave the pilot a B+ , declaring that the show `` signals a welcome return to form for writer - producer Kevin Williamson . '' Reviewer , Ken Tucker , ended his review by writing that `` Diaries promises us a season of sharp - tongued amusement . '' Linda Stasi of the New York Post gave the premiere a perfect score , saying that she was `` hooked after one episode . '' Stasi praised the pacing of the episode and the `` vicious , bloody vamp action , '' which `` starts in the opening scene and continues throughout The Vampire Diaries with such ferocity and speed that it 's truly scary . '' Conversely , San Francisco Chronicle 's , Tim Goodman , gave the episode a highly critical review , calling the series `` awful . '' Goodman disliked the dialogue and hoped that the extras on Buffy the Vampire Slayer would `` return en masse to eat the cast of Vampire Diaries , plus any remaining scripts . '' Many TV critics felt the series improved with each episode . Sarah Hughes of The Independent says The Vampire Diaries turns into `` a well - crafted , interestingly developed series '' despite a poor opening episode . The New York Post also praised the portrayal of Elena , finding the character to be a strong - minded woman who did not allow her feelings for her boyfriend to control her . Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union - Tribune said that `` the supernatural drama is a first - class production , featuring an insanely gorgeous cast , sharp scripts , and a brooding vibe that is hard for even the most levelheaded adult to resist . '' Mike Hale of The New York Times gave the series an honorable mention on his list of the top TV shows of 2009 . The show 's second season opened to favorable reviews from professional television critics as it received a 78 / 100 score on Metacritic . As the series progressed and developed onto the third season , critics praised the portrayals of the main characters and the development of the female characters such as Elena Gilbert played by Nina Dobrev , Bonnie Bennett played by Kat Graham , and Caroline Forbes played by Candice King . The third - season finale , `` The Departed , '' received critical acclaim . Diana Steenbergen of IGN praised the episode and the writers for clearing up a couple story lines and making all of them come to a head . She also praised Dobrev 's performance in this episode , addressing her behaviour as another reason the final revelation from Meredith was more shocking and believable . Similarly , Mandi Bierly of Entertainment Weekly review praised the writer 's skills in creating the more unexpected final twist . US Nielsen Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere of The Vampire Diaries on September 10 , 2009 , gave The CW its biggest series premiere , scoring 4.91 million viewers . Adding in DVR numbers , the ratings for the premiere swelled to an official 5.7 million viewers . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` as with several other shows that focus on the supernatural '' , The Vampire Diaries was `` slightly more popular outside of cities . That said , the show 's fandom has the smallest amount of spatial variation of all 50 shows '' . The following is a table for the seasonal rankings based on average total estimated viewers per episode of The Vampire Diaries . `` Rank '' refers to how The Vampire Diaries rated compared to the other television series which aired during prime time hours . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> First aired <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 8 : 00 pm 22 September 10 , 2009 4.91 May 13 , 2010 3.47 2009 -- 10 118 3.60 22 September 9 , 2010 3.36 May 12 , 2011 2.86 2010 -- 11 193 3.17 22 September 15 , 2011 3.10 May 10 , 2012 2.53 2011 -- 12 166 2.91 23 October 11 , 2012 3.18 May 16 , 2013 2.24 2012 -- 13 133 2.97 5 22 October 3 , 2013 2.59 May 15 , 2014 1.61 2013 -- 14 147 2.68 6 22 October 2 , 2014 1.81 May 14 , 2015 1.44 2014 -- 15 160 1.54 7 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 9 ) Friday 8 : 00 pm ( 10 -- 22 ) 22 October 8 , 2015 1.38 May 13 , 2016 1.04 2015 -- 16 141 1.95 8 Friday 8 : 00 pm 16 October 21 , 2016 0.98 March 10 , 2017 1.15 2016 -- 17 140 1.71 Awards and accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Vampire Diaries Ian Somerhalder gained much attention from critics and audiences , and won several acting awards . The Vampire Diaries won 7 Teen Choice Awards in 2010 including : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Breakout Show , Choice TV : Female Breakout Star ( Nina Dobrev ) and Choice TV : Male Breakout Star ( Paul Wesley ) . Other nominations were Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) and Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Kat Graham ) . The show won an award for Favorite New TV Drama at the 2010 People 's Choice Awards and received a nomination for Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show . It was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Network TV Series . On November 9 , 2010 , it received nominations for Favourite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show and Favourite TV Drama as well as a nomination for Ian Somerhalder in the TV Drama Actor category at the 2011 People 's Choice Awards . In 2011 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for 12 Teen Choice Awards including : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Joseph Morgan ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Michael Trevino ) , Choice Female Hottie ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) and Choice Vampire ( Nina Dobrev , Ian Somerhalder and Paul Wesley ) . At the 2012 People 's Choice Awards , the show gained four nominations : Best TV Drama , Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy , Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder and Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev . While the show and Ian Somerhalder lost out ( to another The CW show Supernatural and Nathan Fillion , respectively ) , Nina Dobrev won in her category , becoming the first write - in person ever to do so . At the 2012 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained nine nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Joseph Morgan ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Michael Trevino ) and Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) , and won six . In 2013 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for five People 's Choice Awards , including : Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy , Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder , Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev , Drama Actor for Paul Wesley and Favorite TV Fan Following . While the show lost to another The CW show Supernatural , Ellen Pompeo and Nathan Fillion , respectively . At the 2013 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained eight nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Joseph Morgan ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Steven R. McQueen ) . In 2014 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for four People 's Choice Awards , including : Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show and Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actor for Ian Somerhalder in which he won the award , Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress for Nina Dobrev and Favorite On Screen Chemistry ( Damon Salvatore & Elena Gilbert ) in which they won the award . At the 2014 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained ten nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Michael Trevino ) , Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) . In 2015 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for five People 's Choice Awards , including : Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy , Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder , Drama Actor for Paul Wesley , Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev and Favorite TV Duo ( Ian Somerhalder & Nina Dobrev ) in which they won the award . At the 2015 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained ten nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Scene Stealer ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Chris Wood ) Choice TV : Chemistry ( Kat Graham & Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Liplock ( Candice King & Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV : Liplock ( Nina Dobrev & Ian Somerhalder ) . In 2016 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for two People 's Choice Awards , including : Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy and Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder . At the 2016 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained seven nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV Actress -- Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Candice King ) , Choice TV : Chemistry ( Kat Graham & Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Liplock ( Candice King & Paul Wesley ) . In 2017 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for two People 's Choice Awards : Favorite Network TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy and Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actor for Ian Somerhalder . It was also nominated for three Teen Choice Awards : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , and Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) ( Won ) Home media releases ( edit ) Season one was released on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 and on Blu - ray in Regions A and B. Both United States versions include commentary by cast and crew members on selected episodes , deleted scenes , behind - the - scenes featurettes , webisodes , and a downloadable audiobook of L.J. Smith 's The Vampire Diaries : The Awakening . It was released on DVD in Region 2 on August 23 , 2010 . Following that release , Region 1 began selling DVDs on August 31 , 2010 , and Region 3 on September 1 , 2010 . In Region A , it was released on Blu - ray on August 31 , 2010 . Region B 's releases varied ; United Kingdom on August 23 , 2010 , Brazil on August 26 , 2010 , and Australia on September 1 , 2010 . The Vampire Diaries Season 2 will be available in DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 , 2011 . Region B 's releases varied ; United Kingdom on August 22 , 2011 , Brazil on August 25 , 2011 . The Vampire Diaries : Season 3 will be available on DVD and Blu - ray on September 11 and A and on September 5 , 2012 , for Regions 4 and B . The Vampire Diaries : Season 4 is available on DVD and Blu - ray in A as of September 15 , 2013 . In Japan , the fourth season was released in a special collection including bonuses not available elsewhere . Included in the collection are an ankle bracelet , promotional image cards and a booklet about the cast . Season <Th_colspan="3"> DVD release date <Th_colspan="4"> Blu - ray release date <Th_colspan="2"> Region A <Th_colspan="2"> Region B Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 United States Canada United Kingdom Australia August 31 , 2010 August 23 , 2010 September 1 , 2010 August 31 , 2010 August 31 , 2010 August 23 , 2010 September 1 , 2010 August 30 , 2011 August 22 , 2011 September 7 , 2011 August 30 , 2011 August 30 , 2011 August 22 , 2011 September 7 , 2011 1 -- 2 August 22 , 2011 November 9 , 2011 August 22 , 2011 September 11 , 2012 August 20 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 September 11 , 2012 September 11 , 2012 August 20 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 1 -- 3 August 20 , 2012 October 17 , 2012 August 20 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 September 3 , 2013 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 September 3 , 2013 September 3 , 2013 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 1 -- 4 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 5 September 9 , 2014 October 27 , 2014 September 24 , 2014 September 9 , 2014 September 9 , 2014 October 27 , 2014 September 24 , 2014 1 -- 5 October 27 , 2014 October 1 , 2014 October 27 , 2014 Spin - off ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( TV series ) Former president of entertainment at The CW , Dawn Ostroff , mentioned a spin - off idea in 2010 that she said could happen in a few years . A spin - off was in development for the 2011 fall line - up but due to Kevin Williamson 's commitment to The Secret Circle , it was put on hold indefinitely . Logo of The Originals On January 11 , 2013 , it was announced that a back - door pilot focused on the Originals , starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus titled The Originals would air on April 25 for a potential series pick - up for the 2013 -- 2014 season . This second spin - off attempt was carried out by Julie Plec with no involvement by Kevin Williamson . On April 26 , 2013 , The CW announced that The Originals had been ordered to series premiere in the 2013 -- 14 television season . The Originals premiered on October 3 , 2013 . Daniel Gillies as Elijah , Claire Holt as Rebekah , and Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley will also continue to play their characters , originally from The Vampire Diaries , in the new spin - off series . The Originals is about the Mikaelson siblings , who are the original family of vampires , and their take - over of New Orleans . The show also involves Hayley and Klaus 's daughter , Hope . Producers reported that there would be a transition of the characters in both series . Claire Holt made a special cameo on episodes of The Vampire Diaries , in the episodes `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' and `` 500 Years of Solitude '' . Michael Trevino made a special cameo on episodes of The Originals , `` Bloodletting '' and `` The River In Reverse '' . Joseph Morgan , Daniel Gillies and Claire Holt returned to The Vampire Diaries in a special cameo on the series ' 100th episode `` 500 Years of Solitude '' . Nina Dobrev also appeared on the fifth episode of The Originals 's second season , `` Red Door '' , as Tatia . At the Television Critics Association winter 2016 press tour , CW president Mark Pedowitz announced an official crossover between The Vampire Diaries and The Originals where Stefan goes on the run and finds safe haven in New Orleans where he runs into Klaus . Tie - in material ( edit ) On October 31 , 2013 , DC Comics launched a comic book series based on the TV show . See also ( edit ) Vampire film List of vampire television series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' star Nina Dobrev on Elena 's look - alike dilemma and more '' . Los Angeles Times . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Morris , Mike ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Mystic Grill ' from ' Vampire Diaries ' TV series burns '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` CW orders more ' Vampire Diaries ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Network Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Network announces fall premiere dates '' Archived July 3 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... The CW . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` '' The Vampire Diaries , '' `` Gossip Girl , '' `` 90210 , '' `` Supernatural '' & `` America 's Next Top Model '' Renewed By The CW `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` The CW Network Announces Fall 2011 Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE CW ANNOUNCES EARLY PICKUPS FOR THREE SERIES FOR THE 2012 -- 2013 SEASON The CW Blog '' . Blog.cwtv.com . February 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Reign ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' The Originals ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Renewed by The CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` The CW : Is ' Supernatural ' in its final season ? Plus , ' One Tree Hill ' details and more '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craig Byrne . `` The Vampire Diaries To End With Season 8 '' . KSiteTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` TV Review : The Vampire Diaries ( 2009 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( September 10 , 2009 ) . `` Love at first bite '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` TV reviews : Melrose Place , Vampire Diaries '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Karpel , Ari ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` 5 reasons ' Vampire Diaries ' is better than ' Twilight ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Karla ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` It 's crazy happy season on fall TV '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` A Top 10 List That Needs an Addendum '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mandi Bierly of Entertainment Weekly review of `` The Departed '' retrieved 2014 / 04 / 10 Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Ratings : They Do n't Suck ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DVR spells OMG ratings for CW -- TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . October 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Vampire Diaries sets record as The CW most watch series premiere ever '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Survivor , Grey 's Anatomy , CSI , Mentalist , Community Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Down ; ' Nikita ' Better Than ' Supernatural ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Survivor , Grey 's Anatomy , CSI , Mentalist , Community Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Tops DVR Ratings Gain For The 2010 -- 11 Season ; ' Fringe ' Has Biggest % Increase By DVR '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries , ' ' Wipeout ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Secret Circle ' Quarter Hour Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Up ; ' Up All Night ' , ' Beauty and the Beast ' and ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Primetime TV Series 2013 Ratings & Rankings -- Full List '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 -- 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' finale and ' Grimm ' adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Final Live + 7 viewer averages for 2015 -- 16 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' moves ahead of ' NCIS , ' NFL stays No. 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Grimm ' adjust down , ' Vampire Diaries ' finale holds : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Final Live + 7 viewer averages for 2016 -- 17 : ' Sunday Night Football ' holds off ' The Big Bang Theory ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Milet , Sandrine ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2010 : Second ( Giant ) Wave Of Nominees Announced ! '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Teen Choice Awards Winners List ' Twilight Saga , ' Justin Bieber and Miley Cyrus are the night 's big winners '' . MTV News . August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards TV Winners The Vampire Diaries and Gossip Girl '' . Teen Choice Awards . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PCA Awards / Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards nominations '' Archived October 29 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... SaturnAwards.org . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Show -- Winners -- 2011 '' . peopleschoice.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Teen Choice Awards , Nominees , Winners , TV Schedule '' . Chiff.com . July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show -- Winners -- 2012 '' . peopleschoice.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Award Nominees 2012 '' . The Huffington Post . May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2012 : ' Hunger Games , ' ' Twilight ' and Justin Bieber Win Big '' . ABC News . July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show -- Winners -- 2013 '' . peopleschoice.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2013 -- full list of nominations '' . On the Red Carpet . August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2013 : List of winners '' . CBS News . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Show -- Winners -- 2014 '' . peopleschoice.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries -- Warner Announces The Complete 1st Season on DVD and Blu - ray : Date , Specs , Extras '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaires -- Season 1 DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 1st Season '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete First Season ( Blu - ray ) : Nina '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete First Season Blu - ray : Amazon.ca : Nina Dobrev , Ian Somerhalder , David Barrett , David Von Ancken , Dennis Smith , Ernest R. Dickerson , Guy Ferland , J. Miller Tobin , John Dahl , Joshua Butler : DVD '' . Amazon.ca . July 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : Complete First Season 4pc Blu - ray US Import : Amazon.co.uk : Nina Dobrev , Paul Wesley , Ian Somerhalder , Steven R. McQueen , Sara Canning , Katerina Graham , Candice Accola , Zach Roerig , Michael Trevino , Matthew Davis , Malese Jow , Kelly Hu , David Barrett , David Von Ancken , Dennis Smith , Ernest R. Dickerson , Guy Ferland , J. Miller Tobin , John Dahl , Joshua Butler : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ In Portuguese : `` Listão de lançamentos para AGOSTO ! '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 1st Season ( 4 Disc Set ) ( Blu - ray ) ( FREE Replica Necklace ) @ EzyDVD '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Con 2011 Announcement '' . TheWB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon UK Season 2 Blu - ray '' . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon US Season 3 DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : Season 3 '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Japan '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries -- Warner Announces The Complete 1st Season on DVD and Blu - ray : Date , Specs , Extras '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Dairies -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2009 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 1st Season '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete First Season ( Blu - ray ) : Nina '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2009 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Nina Dobrev , Paul Wesley , Ian Somerhalder : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 1st Season ( 4 Disc Set ) ( Blu - ray ) ( FREE Replica Necklace ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon US Season 2 DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Evie . `` Amazon UK Season 2 Blu - ray '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 2nd Season ( 5 Disc Set ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon US Season 2 Blu - ray '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 2nd Season ( 5 Disc Set ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Seasons 1 -- 2 Complete ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries -- Seasons 1 -- 2 ( 10 Discs ) ( Region 4 ) '' . Fishpond.com.au . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Seasons 1 -- 2 Complete ( Blu - ray ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon UK Season 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : Season 3 '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 1 -- 3 Complete ( DVD ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Seasons 1 -- 3 '' . mightyape.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 1 -- 3 Complete ( Blu - ray ) ( 2012 ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The : Seasons 1 -- 3 '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete Fourth Season ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 4 ( DVD + UV Copy ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 4 ( Dvd / Ultraviolet ) '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete Fourth Season ( Blu - ray ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 4 ( Blu - ray + UV Copy ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 4 ( Blu - ray / Ultraviolet ) '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 1 -- 4 ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 1 -- 4 '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 1 -- 4 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2013 ) ( Region Free ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 1 -- 4 ( Blu - ray ) '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vampire Diaries -- ' The Complete 5th Season ' is Officially Announced for DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 5 ( Limited Edition ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : The Complete Fifth Season ( Blu - ray + DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 5 ( Limited Edition ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 1 -- 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 1 -- 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 1 -- 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CW President teases The Vampire Diaries spin - off '' . TVFanatic.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Marty ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Spin Off On Hold -- Enter Secret Circle '' . Boom Tron . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Orders Backdoor Pilot for ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff , ' The Originals ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff ' The Originals ' in the Works at CW '' . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff ' The Originals ' Adds Claire Holt '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 5 , Episode 1 : I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . TV.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Claire Holt '' . IMDb . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie . `` Vampire Diaries and The Originals to cross over this season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries # 1 -- DC Entertainment '' . readdcentertainment.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Vampire Diaries Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Vampire Diaries . Official website The Vampire Diaries on Warner TV The Vampire Diaries on IMDb The Vampire Diaries at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. 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-1,970,465,175,057,572,000 | the main burden for implementing the provisions of respa falls upon | Real estate settlement Procedures Act - wikipedia Real estate settlement Procedures Act Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act <Td_colspan="2"> Long title Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974 Acronyms ( colloquial ) RESPA Enacted by the 93rd United States Congress Effective Dec. 22 , 1974 <Th_colspan="2"> Citations Public law P.L. 93 - 533 Statutes at Large 88 Stat. 1724 <Th_colspan="2"> Codification Titles amended 12 U.S.C. sections created 2601 - 2617 <Th_colspan="2"> Legislative history <Td_colspan="2"> Passed the Senate on July 24 , 1974 ( unanimous consent ) Passed the House of Representatives on August 14 , 1974 ( unanimous consent ) Reported by the joint conference committee on Dec. 9 , 1974 ; agreed to by the Senate on Dec. 9 , 1974 ( unanimous consent ) and by the House of Representatives on Dec. 11 , 1974 ( unanimous consent ) Signed into law by President Gerald Ford on Dec. 22 , 1974 <Th_colspan="2"> Major amendments <Td_colspan="2"> P.L. 94 - 205 , 89 Stat. 1157 ( 1976 ) The Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act ( RESPA ) was a law passed by the United States Congress in 1974 and codified as Title 12 , Chapter 27 of the United States Code , 12 U.S.C. § § 2601 -- 2617 . The main objective was to protect homeowners by assisting them in becoming better educated while shopping for real estate services , and eliminating kickbacks and referral fees which add unnecessary costs to settlement services . RESPA requires lenders and others involved in mortgage lending to provide borrowers with pertinent and timely disclosures regarding the nature and costs of a real estate settlement process . RESPA was also designed to prohibit potentially abusive practices such as kickbacks and referral fees , the practice of dual tracking , and imposes limitations on the use of escrow accounts . Contents 1 History 2 Purpose 3 General Requirements 4 Good - Faith Estimate of Settlement Costs 5 Kickbacks and Unearned Fees 6 Borrower Requests for Information and Notifications of Errors 7 Criticisms 8 Sources 9 External links History ( edit ) RESPA was enacted in 1974 and was originally administered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) . In 2011 , the consumer financial protection bureau ( CFPB ) , created under the provisions of the Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , assumed the enforcement and rulemaking authority over RESPA . On December 31 , 2013 , the CFPB published final rules implementing provisions of the Dodd - Frank Act , which direct the CFPB to publish a single , integrated disclosure for mortgage transactions , which included mortgage disclosure requirements under the truth in lending Act ( TILA ) and sections 4 and 5 of RESPA . As a result , Regulation Z now houses the integrated forms , timing , and related disclosure requirements for most closed - end consumer mortgage loans . Purpose ( edit ) It was created because various companies associated with the buying and selling of real estate , such as lenders , real estate agents , construction companies and title insurance companies were often engaging in providing undisclosed kickbacks to each other , inflating the costs of real estate transactions and obscuring price competition by facilitating bait - and - switch tactics . For example , a lender advertising a home loan might have advertised the loan with a 5 % interest rate , but then when one applies for the loan one is told that one must use the lender 's affiliated title insurance company and pay $5,000 for the service , whereas the normal rate is $1,000 . The title company would then have paid $4,000 to the lender . This was made illegal , in order to make prices for the services clear so as to allow price competition by consumer demand and to thereby drive down prices . On July 21 , 2011 , administration and enforcement of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act ( RESPA ) was transferred from the Department of Housing and Urban Development to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( CFPB ) . General requirements ( edit ) RESPA outlines requirements that lenders must follow when providing mortgages that are secured by federally related mortgage loans . This includes home purchase loans , refinancing , lender approved assumptions , property improvement loans , equity lines of credit , and reverse mortgages . Under RESPA , lending institutions must : Provide certain disclosures when applicable , including a Good - Faith Estimate of Settlement Costs ( GFE ) , Special Information Booklet , HUD - 1 / 1A settlement statement and Mortgage Servicing Disclosures . Provide the ability to compare the GFE to the HUD - 1 / 1a settlement statements at closing Follow established escrow accounting practices Not proceed with the foreclosure process when the borrower has submitted a complete application for loss mitigation options , and Not pay kickbacks or pay referral fees to settlement service providers ( e.g. , appraisers , real estate brokers / agents and title companies ) Good - Faith Estimate of settlement costs ( edit ) For closed - end reverse mortgages , a lender or broker is required to provide the consumer with the standard Good Faith Estimate ( GFE ) form . A Good Faith Estimate of settlement costs is a three - page document that shows estimates for the costs that the borrower will likely incur at settlement and related loan information . It is designed to allow borrowers to shop for a mortgage loan by comparing settlement costs and loan terms . These costs include , but are not limited to : Origination charges Estimates for required services ( e.g. , appraisals , credit report fees , flood certification ) Title insurance Per diem interest Escrow deposits , and Insurance premiums The bank or mortgage broker must provide the GFE no later than three business days after the lender or mortgage broker received an application , or information sufficient to complete and application , the application . Kickbacks and unearned fees ( edit ) A person may not give or receive a fee or anything of value for a referral of mortgage loan settlement business . This includes an agreement or understanding related to a federally related mortgage . Fees paid for mortgage - related services must be disclosed . Additionally , no person may give or receive any portion , split , or percentage of a fee for services connected with a federally related mortgage except for services actually performed . Permissible Compensation A payment to an attorney for services actually rendered ; A payment by a title company to its agent for services actually performed in the issuance of title insurance ; A payment by a lender to its duly appointed agent or contractor for services actually performed in the origination , processing , or funding of a loan ; A payment to a cooperative brokerage and referral arrangements between real estate agents and real estate brokers ; Normal promotional and education activities that are not conditioned on the referral of business , and do not involve the defraying of expenses that otherwise would be incurred by a person in a position to refer settlement services ; and An employer 's payment to its own employees for any referral activities . It is the responsibility of the lender to monitor third party fees in relationship to the services rendered to ensure no illegal kickbacks or referral fees are made . Borrower Requests for information and notifications of errors ( edit ) Upon receipt of a qualified written request , a mortgage servicer is required to take certain steps , each of which is subject to certain deadlines . The servicer must acknowledge receipt of the request within 5 business days . The servicer then has 30 business days ( from the request ) to take action on the request . The servicer has to either provide a written notification that the error has been corrected , or provide a written explanation as to why the servicer believes the account is correct . Either way , the servicer has to provide the name and telephone number of a person with whom the borrower can discuss the matter . The servicer can not provide information to any credit agency regarding any overdue payment during the 60 - day period . If the servicer fails to comply with the `` qualified written request '' , the borrower is entitled to actual damages , up to $2,000 of additional damages if there is a pattern of noncompliance , costs and attorneys fees . Criticisms ( edit ) However , critics say that kickbacks still occur . For example , lenders often provide captive insurance to the title insurance companies they work with , which critics say is essentially a kickback mechanism . Others counter that economically the transaction is a zero sum game , where if the kickback were forbidden , a lender would simply charge higher prices . To which others counter that the intended goal of the legislation is transparency , which it would provide if the lender must absorb the cost of the hidden kickback into the fee they charge . One of the core elements of the debate is the fact that customers overwhelmingly go with the default service providers associated with a lender or a real estate agent , even though they sign documents explicitly stating that they can choose to use any service provider . There have been various proposals to modify the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act . One proposal is to change the `` open architecture '' system currently in place , where a customer can choose to use any service provider for each service , to one where the services are bundled , but where the real estate agent or lender must pay directly for all other costs . Under this system , lenders , who have more buying power , would more aggressively seek the lowest price for real estate settlement services . While both the HUD - 1 and HUD - 1A serve to disclose all fees , costs and charges to both the buyer and seller involved in a real estate transaction , it is not uncommon to find mistakes on the HUD . Both buyer and seller should know how to properly read a HUD before closing a transaction and at settlement is not the ideal time to discover unnecessary charges and / or exorbitant fees as the transaction is about to be closed . Buyers or sellers can hire an experienced professional such as a real estate agent or an attorney to protect their interests at closing . Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Regulation X Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act '' ( PDF ) . CFPB Consumer Laws and Regulations . Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . March 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` Recent Changes to the Law Governing Qualified Written Requests '' . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ 12 USC 2605 ( f ) External links ( edit ) Full text of the act from the Legal Information Institute Integrated Mortgage Disclosures Under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act ( Regulation X ) and the Truth In Lending Act ( Regulation Z ) Know Before You Owe Mortgages Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Estate_Settlement_Procedures_Act&oldid=792803128 '' Categories : 1974 in law 93rd United States Congress United States federal housing legislation Real property law in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 19 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA)
2. Homeowner protection
3. Disclosure requirements
4. Kickbacks and referral fees
5. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) |
4,939,043,719,365,009,000 | when do you find out chuck's dad is alive | Chuck Bass - Wikipedia Chuck Bass Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Chuck Bass <Td_colspan="2"> Gossip Girl character <Td_colspan="2"> Ed Westwick as Charles Bass First appearance Novel : Gossip Girl Television : `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance Novel : I Will Always Love You Television : `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' ( episode 6.10 ) Created by Character Cecily von Ziegesar Developed for Television Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Portrayed by Ed Westwick <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Charles Bartholomew Bass Nickname ( s ) Chuck ( by everyone except Lily ) Aliases Television : Henry Prince Occupation Television : Entrepreneur High school student ( at St. Jude 's ; graduated ) Title Television : CEO of Bass Industries Family Television : Bartholomew `` Bart '' Bass ( father ; deceased ) Elizabeth Fisher ( mother ; alias : Evelyn Bass ) Lillian `` Lily '' van der Woodsen ( adoptive mother ; née Rhodes ) Serena van der Woodsen ( adoptive sister ) Eric van der Woodsen ( adoptive brother ) Spouse ( s ) Television : Blair Waldorf ( wife ) Children Television : Henry Bass ( with Blair ; flash - forward ) Charles Bartholomew `` Chuck '' Bass is a fictional character in the novel and television series Gossip Girl . In the TV series , he is portrayed by English actor Ed Westwick . Although he is a secondary antagonist in the original book series , the TV series elevates him to an anti-heroic main character , where he is noted for his financial ambition , hedonism and personal style . Since they were children , Chuck has been best friends with Nate Archibald , Serena van der Woodsen and Blair Waldorf , who is his main romantic interest throughout the series . In the TV series , step - brother to Serena and Eric van der Woodsen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Novel series 2 TV series 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.4. 1 Controversy 2.5 Season 5 2.6 Season 6 3 Characterization 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Novel series ( edit ) Chuck Bass is introduced by author Cecily von Ziegesar in her Gossip Girl series of teen novels , the first of which was published in 2002 . In the novels , Chuck is a relatively minor character , and has a series of flings with male and female characters across the course of the series . He got his name , Chuck Bass , from his signature chuckle in a bass tone , which often sounds like a raspy whisper . Chuck 's role is initially that of an antagonist to the main characters . Chuck resides with his family at the Plaza Hotel on the Upper East Side and attends school at the Riverside Preparatory School for Boys on the Upper East Side , along with scholarship student Dan Humphrey . Chuck is largely friendless , but is tolerated by the others because of his family 's enormous wealth . He is described as having flamboyant fashion sense , with a penchant for scarves , and has a pet monkey named Sweetie whom he carries around with him everywhere . Lazy , and vain , Chuck 's only interests are sex and money , and he is frequently chided by his father for lacking ambition and performing poorly in school . Following flings with numerous females and males , his only serious relationship comes near the end of the series , when he begins dating Blair Waldorf , a self - obsessed , luxury loving teenager . In the twelfth book in the series , Gossip Girl : It Had To Be You ( 2007 ) , Chuck is rejected from colleges because of poor grades and is sent to military school by his father . When next mentioned in Gossip Girl spin - off , The Carlyles ( 2008 ) , it is stated that Chuck never showed up to military school , and his whereabouts thereafter are unknown . In the thirteenth Gossip Girl novel , I Will Always Love You ( 2009 ) , it is revealed that Chuck went off to school in California and returned a changed man , and to have dated main character Blair Waldorf in Oxford , England for a year . TV series ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Constance Billiard School is an exaggerated version of Gossip Girl author Cecily von Ziegesar 's alma mater , the Nightingale - Bamford School . It was revealed in preparation for the 2007 TV series debut , Josh Schwartz hired recent graduates of Ziegesar 's alma mater to retool several characters . Chuck Bass was then reconfigured as a more central character , an antiheroic playboy whose on - off relationship with Blair Waldorf serves as one of the show 's major ongoing storylines . Chuck is the resident `` bad boy '' of the Upper East Side , and like Blair , is both vengeful and manipulative ; the two often scheme elaborate plans together . As the show progresses , Chuck develops a softer side , specifically towards Lily , Eric , and Serena , his adoptive mother , brother , and sister . Season 1 ( edit ) Chuck grew up on the Upper East Side with his three best friends and fellow elites Nate Archibald , Blair Waldorf , and future - stepsister Serena van der Woodsen . His father is Bart Bass , a self - made billionaire , which is irregular , compared to the Bass ' old money friends . Chuck is often described as the `` bad boy of his circle . '' Chuck is a playboy and womanizer who sees women as recreational tools . Chuck frequently skips class and smokes cannabis . In the pilot episode , Chuck attempts to rape both Serena and Jenny Humphrey . When speaking about Serena in the pilot episode , Chuck says , `` Serena looked effin ' hot last night . There 's something wrong with that level of perfection . It needs to be violated . '' With time , he attenuates his behaviors as a sexual predator and becomes more of a manipulating womanizer , however , his lecherous attitude continues as he makes multiple advances on his step - sister at the time , Serena . In episode seven , `` Victor / Victrola '' , Chuck purchases a burlesque club , Victrola . After Nate and Blair break up , Blair visits Chuck at Victrola where she ends up performing on stage . She later loses her virginity to him in the back of his limousine . Though she tries to deny the encounter , Chuck buys a necklace for her and admits that he feels `` butterflies '' in her presence , leading to a clandestine sexual relationship . Despite this , Nate and Blair rekindle their relationship , leading to a jealous Chuck revealing to the anonymous `` Gossip Girl '' that Blair and Chuck had a sexual relationship . This leads Chuck to have a temporary rift with both Blair and Nate . As Bart Bass and Lily van der Woodsen 's relationship progresses , they decide to move their families in together . Chuck and Eric van der Woodsen , Lily 's son and Serena 's younger brother , become especially close . When Serena begins receiving mysterious packages ( pornography in the mail , alcohol delivered to her at school ) , she automatically blames Chuck . Given the creepy remarks Chuck has made about `` bathing together '' and `` turning that onepiece into a no - piece . '' Serena is not to blame . Bart subsequently forces Chuck to move out of the family home . Serena discovers that the culprit was actually Georgina Sparks , a past classmate of both Serena and Chuck . It is later revealed that Chuck lost his virginity to Georgina in the sixth grade . Chuck and Blair join together to prevent Georgina from further harming and embarrassing Serena . This process rekindles their bond , and they succeed in getting rid of Georgina . At Bart and Lily 's wedding at the end of Season 1 , Chuck apologizes and confesses to Nate that he was in love with Blair . During the wedding reception , Chuck gives a speech about forgiveness that is implied to be directed towards Blair . She accepts his apology and the two kiss . However , as they are about to embark on a trip to Tuscany together , Chuck gets cold feet . Blair leaves for Tuscany without him , as Chuck has decided to seduce Amelia , tossing the roses for Blair in the trash can . Season 2 ( edit ) In the season premiere , `` Summer Kind of Wonderful '' , we learn Blair has stayed in Europe . Chuck regretted his actions but told this to Blair too late as she was already dating Lord Marcus Beaton . Blair asks Chuck to tell her he loves her , but his fear of commitment stops him . In order to gather material for a story , Dan tags along with Chuck for a night , ending with the two of them in jail after a fistfight . While in jail , Chuck tells Dan in confidence that Chuck 's mother died while giving birth to him , and that his father blames him for her death , which explains their icy relationship . When Chuck later discovers that Dan was using him for a story , he feels betrayed and tells Dan that he was lying about all of it . Chuck 's storyline throughout season 2 mainly deals with his inability to tell Blair that he loves her . Eventually , his father is killed in a car accident . Lily adopts him so that he 's able to own Bass Industries , making Serena and Eric his sister and brother . When Blair begins dating Nate again , Chuck realizes his true feelings for her . The two team up to take down Poppy Lifton , and Blair realizes that she still has feelings for Chuck as well . She breaks up with Nate . In the final episode of season 2 , Chuck admits to Blair his true feelings and the two finally begin a relationship . Season 3 ( edit ) When Season 3 returns , Chuck and Blair are very happy and very much in love . Chuck struggles to run Bass Industries to his deceased father 's impeccably high standards . He buys The Empire Hotel . Halfway through the season , Chuck meets a woman claiming to be his mother called Elizabeth Fisher . After initially rejecting her , Chuck finally accepts Elizabeth and is then met with a sexual harassment claim from his former employees . Despite his innocence , he settles to keep the scandal out of the media . Jack Bass , Chuck 's sinister uncle , informs the media anyway and necessitates Chuck signing the hotel over to Elizabeth to appease the public . She betrays him and signs the hotel over to Jack , whom she loves . However , she calls Chuck to say goodbye and reveals that Jack chose the hotel over her . She then reveals to Chuck that she is not his mother and she does not know whether his real mother is alive or dead . Chuck and Blair agree to team up to take down Jack to get the hotel back . Jack tells them both ( separately ) that he will only give up the hotel if he has sex with Blair . Unbeknown to Blair , Chuck sets the situation up and Blair goes to Jack 's . After a kiss , Jack tells Blair the truth about Chuck 's involvement . Blair breaks up with Chuck and he gets the hotel back , vowing to get Blair back too . Chuck tries desperately to win Blair back , doing everything from banning all of the other Upper East Side men from dating her to asking her to meet him on top of the Empire State Building . Blair decides that Chuck is her true love and she 's going to meet him , but Dorota suddenly goes into labor and she ends up being two hours late . Chuck , thinking she is finally over him , leaves the building heartbroken and nearly suicidal . When he gets home , he sees that Jenny Humphrey has arrived looking for Nate . The two drunkenly sleep together , heartbroken that their true loves do n't return their feelings . Blair appears later in Chuck 's suite , apologizing for being late , and the two reunite ( sleep together ) . Chuck is about to propose to Blair at the hospital , as they visit Dorota and her new baby , when Dan appears and rashly delivers a punch to Chuck 's face . He then forces Chuck to tell Blair what happened between him and Jenny . Blair breaks things off with Chuck and informs him that it 's over for good . She also threatens to ruin Jenny 's life if she does n't leave Manhattan immediately . Chuck then travels to Prague to escape New York for a while , feeling as though he has nothing left . He gets robbed by two muggers who insist on taking the ring that Chuck intended on proposing to Blair with and when Chuck puts up a fight , he gets shot . The last shot of season 3 is him lying in an alley , presumably dying . Season 4 ( edit ) In the first episode of season four , we find that Chuck is alive and well , having been rescued by Czech girl , Eva ( Clémence Poésy ) who has no idea of his wealth or who he is . He creates a fake name and persona as he no longer wants to be the manipulative Chuck Bass . He eventually reveals who he really is and returns to New York City with her , at the request of Blair and Serena . Blair insists she no longer loves him , but still schemes to undermine his new relationship . He eventually falls for one of her schemes and breaks up with Eva . He realizes his mistake and begs her to take him back , but she refuses , saying that he showed his true feelings by continuing to believe Blair over anyone else . Chuck asks Blair whether she still has feelings for him , and she denies it , prompting him to declare `` war '' on her . He tries to `` take '' Columbia from her , and arranges for Jenny Humphrey to return to the city in order to stir up trouble for Blair , who still has n't told her minions why she banished Jenny from the Upper East Side in the first place . After Jenny declares that it 's only a matter of time before they both destroy each other , Chuck and Blair agree to a truce . They even draw up a contract , with the stipulation `` no touching , '' but their mutual attraction proves too powerful and they soon fall into an enemies - with - benefits relationship . In `` The Witches of Bushwick '' , Chuck accidentally tells Blair during foreplay that he loves her and , not knowing whether his words are true , Blair chooses to gloss over the moment . Although Chuck and Blair spend the episode striving for different ends which will eventually alienate each other ( Blair to become the face of Anne Archibald 's charity , Girls Inc , and Chuck to increase the revenue of The Empire by returning to his bad boy persona ) , Blair makes the decision to attend Chuck 's Saints and Sinners party in order to confront him . Chuck confesses that he loves her , and the pair kiss in front of everyone after the curtain concealing them is pulled down . Anne tells Blair that she can no longer be a part of Girls Inc just as Chuck 's publicist KC tells Chuck that she thinks Blair will be good for business . Blair re-thinks her decision to sacrifice it all for their relationship , and she and Chuck break up once again . Chuck promises he 'll wait for her , and both affirm their belief that their love will reunite them in the end . On Thanksgiving Chuck and Blair run into each other at Serena 's house , Chuck offers to leave but she tells him that she was heading to JFK anyway and came to drop off the traditional pie and that they should get used to this . They hear about Serena being hospitalized and while they 're sharing that maybe nothing can change between them , Jenny walks in and interrupts their conversation . While driving Blair home , Chuck tells her that he showed up only for Serena . When she told him that what happened with Serena made her question what she told him after the Saints & Sinners party ; Chuck tells her that he can not be her friend now as much as he wishes he could . After that Blair still sends him her traditional pie , saying that even if they ca n't be friends it does n't mean that they are n't . In `` The Townie '' episode , It was revealed that Lily was going to sell Bass Industries instead of giving Chuck the company back . So he sets off to New Zealand , where his uncle Jack Bass is currently living . In the following episodes Chuck returns to the Upper East Side with revenge for Lily . Chuck 's new love interest is Raina and her father is Russell Thorpe , a former rival of Chuck 's late father Bart Bass . Russell is the main contender to buy Bass industries . Chuck , however , manages to save the company after it is revealed that Russell accidentally killed his wife in a building fire that Bart was originally accused of . In `` The Princess and the Frog '' he learns that Blair 's relationship with Louis is serious , and that there is talk about them getting engaged . He gets drunk and embarrasses Blair in front of Louis ' mother , and later tries to force himself on her , while pushing her down and smashing a glass window right next to her face , after she tells him about her engagement . Blair ends up with her cheek being cut . Later , Blair is kidnapped by Russell , but Chuck saves her , and the two go to a Bar Mitzah . There , the two are seen dancing and smiling happily . Blair pulls him off the dance floor into a private room and the two have sex . Blair decides she is going to leave Louis , but Chuck stops her , telling her that she needs to be with Louis because he makes her happy . At the end of the episode , Chuck decides to spend the summer traveling with Nate . Controversy ( edit ) Further information : Blair Waldorf § Controversy Following the 20th episode of Season 4 , Safran spoke on behalf of the series regarding the scene in which Chuck became violent with Blair . `` The way we viewed it , I think it 's very clear that Blair is not afraid in those moments , for herself . They have a volatile relationship , they always have , but I do not believe -- or I should say we do not believe -- that it is abuse when it 's the two of them . Chuck does not try to hurt Blair . He punches the glass because he has rage , but he has never , and will never , hurt Blair . He knows it and she knows it , and I feel it 's very important to know that she is not scared -- if anything , she is scared for Chuck -- and what he might do to himself , but she is never afraid of what he might do to her . Leighton and I were very clear about that . '' Season 5 ( edit ) In the first episode of season 5 , we find out that Chuck has spent his summer traveling the world with Nate . The two arrive in Los Angeles to meet up with Serena , who is working as an assistant on a film set . Seemingly over his break up with Blair , Chuck exhibits a positive outlook on life , telling Serena and Nate that he 's seeking to experience everything he can in life . However , his heartbreak soon becomes apparent when he receives an invitation to Blair 's upcoming wedding , which causes him to drive recklessly and get into a motorbike accident . In the following episode , it is revealed that Chuck has an emotional disorder as a result of his losing Blair , and which now causes him to be numb to physical and emotional stimuli . Dan decides to help Chuck break through this emotional barrier , and gets him a dog , hoping to spark some emotion . However , it is only when Blair reveals to him that she is pregnant with Louis 's baby does Chuck begin feel again -- he is shown crying over the revelation at the end of the episode . He names the dog `` Monkey '' ( a homage to the pet monkey Chuck 's character had in the books ) . He forms a reluctant friendship with Dan from here on . He meets a psychiatrist , Eliza Barnes , who tells him that he acts out because he never had a childhood , and needs help . When he finds himself falling back into his old patterns , he calls Dr. Barnes , ready to seek that help . However , it is revealed that Blair 's fiance , Louis , gives Dr. Barnes money to upset Chuck , in hopes that he will do something reckless and drive Blair away forever . When Chuck finds this out , he publicly exposes both Dr. Barnes and Louis , leaving Blair devastated . Later that same night , he goes to Blair 's apartment to finally apologize to her for all the times he 's hurt her and let her down . His apology recounts all the obstacles Chuck and Blair have faced in their relationship thus far , and prompts an emotional Blair to thank him . Chuck assures her that she is going to be `` an amazing mother '' , having come to terms with her relationship with Louis . He resolves to keep his distance from her after that , but in `` The Big Sleep No More '' , a conflicted Blair seduces him in the hope to prove that his efforts to be a better man is just a ploy to win her back . When he kisses her , she slaps him , and tells him that he will never change . It is later revealed that he conspired with Dorota and kissed Blair in order to confirm her suspicions of him , and push her back to Louis . In the episode `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' he admits to Blair that he still loves her . They profess their love for one another in Chuck 's limo . This occurs whilst the limo is being chased by paparazzi on motorbikes and results in a car crash . Lily reveals at the conclusion of the episode that Blair is awake and doing fine , but whether or not Chuck has survived was not revealed . We later discover that Chuck did indeed survive the accident after a blood transfusion was donated to him . He wakes up to a very distant Blair , very opposite to the one he got into an accident with . For the next few episodes he chases her to discover what has changed her mind -- unbeknownst to him , Blair has made a pact with God over his life , where if she breaks her promise to Louis , Chuck will surely die . This leads to Blair going to Chuck 's penthouse in the episode `` The End of the Affair '' where she tells him what a good man he has become and to not let the ending of their relationship destroy him . In G.G. , Chuck is willing to accept the fact that Blair is marrying another man , when Blair 's mother tries to convince him to stop the wedding . He makes one final play for Blair , but Blair -- despite saying that she `` loves him more and more every day , if it 's even possible to love somebody that much '' -- once more rebuffs him , saying that she 's actually doing this for him . Their conversation is unknowingly recorded , and released in a blast by Gossip Girl during the wedding . Despite this , Blair still marries Louis , but flees the reception with Dan when Louis reveals that their relationship is now strictly business . With the help of Dan , Blair tries to leave for the Dominican Republic to get a divorce from Louis without his consent due to a loophole in the Dominican Republic 's law , but forgets her passport . Chuck , Nate and Serena eventually find Blair hiding out in a hotel room with Dan . However , Sophia finds Blair and threatens to forcefully sell Eleanor 's company as dowry if Blair chooses not to return . Blair reluctantly goes back to Louis , despite an offer from Chuck to pay her dowry . In `` Cross Rhodes '' , Blair realizes she now has feelings for Dan , and Chuck and Serena struggle with watching their loves with their friends . In `` The Princess Dowry '' , Chuck pays Blair 's dowry so she can be free , but wishes for it to remain a secret . She finds out and accuses him of wanting to own her . He admits that he paid the dowry , but for her freedom and her freedom only . At the end of the episode , Blair begins a relationship with Dan . In `` Con Heir '' , Chuck invites his uncle , Jack , back to New York to thank him for saving his life in the car accident by donating blood , but starts to doubt Jack 's story when Chuck investigates and learns that Jack was recently diagnosed positive with Hepatitis C , and a test on Chuck turns to be negative . This kicks off a lot of `` mother / father '' issues for Chuck -- he believes that it was Elizabeth Fisher who donated the blood , then Diana says that she is his mother when Bart cheated on Elizabeth with her ( she claims that an arrangement was made with Diana leaving town alone , leaving Chuck to be raised by Bart and Elizabeth because Elizabeth could n't get pregnant ) , but in `` Despicable B '' , Nate receives a picture from Elizabeth that indeed shows her pregnant with Chuck . Chuck is more interested in the man in the picture with Elizabeth -- his face is cut out , but his tattooed arm is still visible . Jack Bass has exactly the same tattoo . It all comes to a head in `` Raiders of the Lost Art '' , when he , Blair , Serena , Nate and Lola team together to crack the code in Diana 's day planner -- the code they believe will lead them to Jack Bass . They end up at a brothel that Diana is in charge of . Diana realizes that they are there and has the event shut down . During the chaos , Blair searches one of the rooms , still looking for Jack , and is shocked by what she sees . Blair later tells Chuck to re-enter the building once everyone is gone , which he does , and it is revealed that Bart Bass is still alive . Bart reveals that he faked his death to save Chuck and Lily , and has been hiding from everyone for the past three years . The car crash actually happened , and that it was ordered by one of Bart 's enemies . When he was in the hospital , he paid the doctor to say he died and then recruited Diana Payne to help him hide . Diana kept Bart informed of when Chuck was in trouble , so when Chuck was in the hospital , Bart was the one who donated his blood to save Chuck . In `` The Return of the Ring '' , Bart drops the bombshell that he will be returning to Bass Industries as `` the only Bass in Bass Industries '' , pushing Chuck out of the company . Bart tells Chuck that the most he did was ' redecorate ' and give everything up for Blair . After this , Blair declares her love for Chuck , admitting she finally really wants them to be together . Chuck rejects her in anger , shadowing the words she once said to him : `` I do n't want to be Mr. Blair Waldorf . '' Chuck pairs up with an unlikely partner -- Jack -- to take down his father . They meet in a casino in Monte Carlo . Blair turns up , informed by Jack of Chuck 's whereabouts . Blair reveals she is ' all in ' and one hundred per cent ready to be with him . His decision on the matter is thus far unknown . Season 6 ( edit ) At the beginning of the season Chuck and Blair make a pact not to be together until Blair succeeds at Waldorf designs and Chuck takes down Bart . After many failed attempts of taking down Bart , Bart and Chuck end up in a fight . This leads to Bart falling off a building and dying . Blair is the only witness to this event and so Chuck and Blair get married so Blair does not have to testify against Chuck . In the 5 - year flash forward , Chuck and Blair are happily married with a son ( Henry ) . They are all gathered at the Bass house for Dan and Serena 's wedding . Characterization ( edit ) Ed Westwick who portrays the character on the television series said : `` As the ( first ) season 's progressed , I think everyone 's had sympathy for him . I think he 's an alluring character ; he 's very interesting . He has these slices of his personality . He can be the devil , but at times he can be very charming . It can be a very dangerous concoction . I think he has a good heart , but his heart is often tempted by corrupt desires . '' He later added : `` He 's intelligent and quite slimy in the way he manipulates to his gain . He goes after what he wants . Sometimes that 's not a good thing . He 's got a long way to go before he 's a nice guy . '' Westwick also said : `` Chuck 's just this vain kind of metrosexual Manhattan eccentric living in a flash world . '' While describing Chuck as `` mischievous '' , Westwick noted the second season displayed a `` more good - guy '' side of him . Ultimately , he said Chuck is a `` kid trying to find his way in the world . '' Denise Martin of the Los Angeles Times characterizes him as more of `` a would - be Casanova than a seasoned predator . He 's the charming devil at the center of all the intrigues , the go - to guy when something naughty needs to be said and he 's the most self - aware of the Upper East Side high schoolers . Stephanie Savage , one of the television series ' creators , described him as `` entertaining and observationally smart , he 's the friend who says all the things you want to say but ca n't , and he tempts you in ways , at that age , you want to be tempted . '' She compared his relationship with Blair to Glenn Close and John Malkovich 's in Dangerous Liaisons . She found Westwick 's portrayal of Chuck was similar to James Spader of Pretty in Pink and Robert Downey , Jr ... Savage said about the character 's evolution during the six seasons : `` I feel like Chuck has gone on the biggest journey of any one on the show . In the pilot , he 's pretty much a pure villain . He 's not a character that has a lot of layers . That was something Ed Westwick really brought as an actor . And his chemistry with Leighton ( Meester ) -- when we saw them together on screen and the power of the two of them working together but also being attracted to each other , which really inspired us to grow that character and give him some more layers . '' Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2010 ) Entertainment Weekly named Chuck Bass and Blair Waldorf number one in their `` Best Dressed TV characters of 2008 '' list , as well as in their `` Best Performances '' list for Ed Westwick , alongside co-star Leighton Meester . His relationship with Blair was included in TV Guide 's list of `` The Best TV Couples of All Time '' as well as Entertainment Weekly 's `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples '' . The character also made the `` Forbes Fictional 15 '' ranking at number 13 with an estimated $1.1 billion fortune . In February 2012 , Zap2it held a poll to determine TV 's Most Crushworthy . Chuck was elected TV 's Most Crushworthy 1 % Male over Oliver Queen of Smallville . The 1 percenters are people that `` have everything going for them with their fantastic good looks and their opulent lifestyle '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://definitivetouch.com/features/20-distinguished-male-characters-tv-history Jump up ^ Walper , Simone ( September 2 , 2010 ) `` Spécial trading , entrez sur le Forex avec l'euro / dollar . '' MoneyWeek . Numerous 096 . Jump up ^ Arrow , Jennifer ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Boss : `` Chuck Has Never , and Will Never , Hurt Blair '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Seventeen Questions For Ed Westwick '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pool , Hannah ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` Question time : Ed Westwick '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pool , Hannah ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` Question time : Ed Westwick '' . People . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gossip Girl 's Ed Westwick is suited to the English gent role '' . Metro . September 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl 's ' Chuck is the boy you love to hate '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( December 16 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Co-Creator on the `` Emotional '' End and the Big Reveal That Almost Did n't Happen `` . TV Guide . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best & Worst of 2008 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures , Gossip Girl Photos -- Photo Gallery : The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ; Fog , Henning ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples Photo 21 of 30 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richest Fictional Characters Opinions Wealth Retrieved : 2010 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Carina Adly MacKenzie . `` TV 's Most Crushworthy 1 % ( Male ) '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eckstein , David ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` TV 's Most Crushworthy -- The 1 percenters : ' Gossip Girl ' stars Ed Westwick and Leighton Meester take on Emily Deschanel and Justin Hartley '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Chuck Bass on IMDb THE SCARF from CHUCK BASS : http://www.the-scarf.com/xoxo/ <Th_colspan="2"> Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand <Th_colspan="2"> Forbes Fictional 15 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 2002 <Td_colspan="2"> Santa Claus Richie Rich Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks Scrooge McDuck Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Bruce Wayne Lex Luthor J.R. Ewing Auric Goldfinger C. Montgomery Burns Charles Foster Kane Cruella de Vil Gordon Gekko Jay Gatsby <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 2005 <Td_colspan="2"> Santa Claus Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks Richie Rich Lex Luthor C. Montgomery Burns Scrooge McDuck Jed Clampett Bruce Wayne Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Arthur Bach Ebenezer Scrooge Lara Croft Cruella de Vil Lucius Malfoy <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 2006 <Td_colspan="2"> Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks C. Montgomery Burns Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Jed Clampett Mr. Monopoly Bruce Wayne Tony Stark Prince Abakaliki of Nigeria Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Lucius Malfoy Tony Montana Lara Croft Mario <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 2007 <Td_colspan="2"> Scrooge McDuck Ming the Merciless Richie Rich Mom Jed Clampett C. Montgomery Burns Carter Pewterschmidt Bruce Wayne Thurston Howell III Tony Stark Fake Steve Jobs Gomez Addams Willy Wonka Lucius Malfoy Princess Peach <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 2008 <Td_colspan="2"> Uncle Sam Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Gordon Gekko Jabba the Hutt Ebenezer Scrooge Tony Stark Thurston Howell III Bruce Wayne Adrian Veidt Jed Clampett Artemis Fowl II C. Montgomery Burns Lara Croft Mr. Monopoly <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Carlisle Cullen Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Tony Stark Jed Clampett Adrian Veidt Bruce Wayne Tooth fairy Thurston Howell III Sir Topham Hatt Artemis Fowl II C. Montgomery Burns Chuck Bass Jay Gatsby Lucille Bluth <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 2011 <Td_colspan="2"> Scrooge McDuck Carlisle Cullen Artemis Fowl II Richie Rich Jed Clampett Tony Stark Smaug Bruce Wayne Mr. Monopoly Arthur Bach Jo Bennett C. Montgomery Burns Chuck Bass Gordon Gekko Jeffrey Lebowski <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 2012 <Td_colspan="2"> Smaug Flintheart Glomgold Carlisle Cullen Jed Clampett Tony Stark Richie Rich Charles Foster Kane Bruce Wayne Forrest Gump Mr. Monopoly Lisbeth Salander Tywin Lannister C. Montgomery Burns Robert Crawley Jo Bennett <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 2013 <Td_colspan="2"> Scrooge McDuck Smaug Carlisle Cullen Tony Stark Charles Foster Kane Bruce Wayne Richie Rich Christian Grey Tywin Lannister C. Montgomery Burns Walden Schmidt Lara Croft Mr. Monopoly Mary Crawley Jay Gatsby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Bass&oldid=814498671 '' Categories : Gossip Girl characters Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional characters introduced in 2002 Fictional characters from New York City Fictional bisexual males Fictional socialites Fictional orphans Fictional domestic abusers Teenage characters in television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles to be expanded from June 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 04 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Chuck Bass - Gossip Girl character
2. Ed Westwick - actor who portrayed Chuck Bass
3. Chuck's relationships with Blair Waldorf and other characters
4. Chuck's transformation from antagonist to anti-hero
5. Chuck's family background and role in Bass Industries |
-6,315,520,624,868,627,000 | who has the power to disqualify the athlete in race walking during the competition | Racewalking - wikipedia Racewalking Racewalking <Td_colspan="2"> Racewalkers at the U.S. World Cup Trials in 1987 <Th_colspan="2"> Characteristics Mixed gender No <Th_colspan="2"> Presence Country or region World Olympic Yes Racewalking , or race walking , is a long - distance discipline within the sport of athletics . Although it is a foot race , it is different from running in that one foot must appear to be in contact with the ground at all times . This is assessed by race judges . Typically held on either roads or on running tracks , common distances vary from 3000 metres ( 1.8 mi ) up to 100 kilometres ( 62.1 mi ) . There are two racewalking distances contested at the Summer Olympics : the 20 kilometres race walk ( men and women ) and 50 kilometres race walk ( men only ) . Both are held as road events . The biennial IAAF World Championships in Athletics also features these three events , in addition to a 50 km walk for women . The IAAF World Race Walking Cup , first held in 1961 , is a stand - alone global competition for the discipline and it has 10 kilometres race walks for junior athletes , in addition to the Olympic - standard events . The IAAF World Indoor Championships featured 5000 m and 3000 m race walk variations , but these were discontinued after 1993 . Top level athletics championships and games typically feature 20 km racewalking events . The sport emerged from a British culture of long - distance competitive walking known as pedestrianism , which began to develop the ruleset that is the basis of the modern discipline around the mid-19th century . Since the mid-20th century onwards , Russian and Chinese athletes have been among the most successful on the global stage , with Europe and parts of Latin America producing most of the remaining top level walkers . Compared to other forms of foot racing , stride length is reduced ; to achieve competitive speeds racewalkers must attain cadence rates comparable to those achieved by world - class 800 metres runners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 Distances 3 Judges 4 Beginnings 5 Olympics 6 World Race Walking Challenge 7 High school 8 Top performers 8.1 Men 8.1. 1 20 km 8.1. 2 50 km 8.2 Women 8.2. 1 20 km 8.2. 2 50 km 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Rules ( edit ) Men 's 20 - km walk during the 2005 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki , Finland . The walker at the right appears to be illegal in that both feet are off the ground , but according to the current rules , an infraction is only committed when the loss of contact is visible to the human eye . There are two rules that govern racewalking . The first dictates that the athlete 's back toe can not leave the ground until the heel of the front foot has touched . Violation of this rule is known as loss of contact . The second rule requires that the supporting leg must straighten from the point of contact with the ground and remain straightened until the body passes directly over it . These rules are judged by the unaided human eye . Athletes regularly lose contact for a few milliseconds per stride , which can be caught on film , but such a short flight phase is said to be undetectable to the human eye . Athletes stay low to the ground by keeping their arms pumping low , close to their hips . If one sees a racewalker 's shoulders rising , it may be a sign that the athlete is losing contact with the ground . What appears to be an exaggerated swivel to the hip is , in fact , a full rotation of the pelvis . Athletes aim to move the pelvis forward , and to minimize sideways motion in order to achieve maximum forward propulsion . Speed is achieved by stepping quickly with the aim of rapid turnover . This minimizes the risk of the feet leaving the ground . Strides are short and quick , with pushoff coming forward from the ball of the foot , again to minimize the risk of losing contact with the ground . World - class racewalkers ( male and female ) can average under four and five minutes per kilometre in a 20 - km racewalk . Distances ( edit ) Shaul Ladany ( centre ) , in 1969 Races have been walked at distances as short as 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) -- at the 1920 Summer Olympics -- and as long as 100 km ( 62.1 mi ) . The men 's world record for the 50 - mile race walk is held by Israeli Shaul Ladany , whose time of 7 : 23 : 50 in 1972 beat the world record that had stood since 1935 . The modern Olympic events are the 20 km ( 12.4 mi ) race walk ( men and women ) and 50 km ( 31 mi ) race walk ( men only ) . One example of a longer racewalking competition is the annual Paris - Colmar which is 450 to 500 km . Judges ( edit ) Liu Hong `` flying '' ( out of contact with the ground ) in sight of the judges during Women 's 20 kilometres walk at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics where she won bronze There are judges on the course to monitor form . Three judges submitting `` red cards '' for violations results in disqualification . There is a scoreboard placed on the course so competitors can see their violation status . If the third violation is received , the chief judge removes the competitor from the course by showing a red paddle . For monitoring reasons , races are held on a looped course or on a track so judges get to see competitors several times during a race . A judge could also `` caution '' a competitor that he or she is in danger of losing form by showing a paddle that indicates either losing contact or bent knees . No judge may submit more than one card for each walker and the chief judge may not submit any cards ; it is his or her job only to disqualify the offending walker . Disqualifications are routine at the elite level , such as the famous case of Jane Saville , disqualified within sight of a gold medal in front of her home crowd in the 2000 Summer Olympics , or Yet Lyu , disqualified 20 meters before the finish line at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics . Beginnings ( edit ) The start of the 3500 m walk final , 1908 Olympics Racewalking developed as one of the original track and field events of the first meeting of the English Amateur Athletics Association in 1880 . The first racewalking codes came from an attempt to regulate rules for popular 19th century long distance competitive walking events , called pedestrianism . Pedestrianism had developed , like footraces and horse racing , as a popular working class British and American pastime , and a venue for wagering . Walkers organised the first English amateur walking championship in 1866 , which was won by John Chambers , and judged by the `` fair heel and toe '' rule . This rather vague code was the basis for the rules codified at the first Championships Meeting in 1880 of the Amateur Athletics Association in England , the birth of modern athletics . With football ( soccer ) , cricket , and other sports codified in the 19th century , the transition from professional pedestrianism to amateur racewalking was , while relatively late , part of a process of regularisation occurring in most modern sports at this time . Olympics ( edit ) Racewalking is an Olympic athletics ( track and field ) event with distances of 20 kilometres for both men and women and 50 kilometres for men only . Racewalking first appeared in the modern Olympics in 1904 as a half - mile walk in the ' all - rounder , ' the precursor to the 10 - event decathlon . In 1908 , stand - alone 1,500 m and 3,000 m racewalks were added , and -- excluding 1924 -- there has been at least one racewalk ( for men ) in every Olympics since . The women 's racewalk became an Olympic event only in 1992 , following years of active lobbying by female internationals . A World Cup in racewalking is held biennially , and racewalk events appear in the IAAF Athletics World Championships , the Commonwealth Games and the Pan American Games , among others . World race walking Challenge ( edit ) Since 2003 , the IAAF has organised the IAAF Race Walking Challenge , an annual worldwide competition series in which elite athletes accumulate points for the right to compete in the IAAF Race Walking Challenge Final and to share over 200,000 USD of prize money . The series of televised events takes place in several countries each year including Mexico , Spain , Russia and China . High school ( edit ) Racewalking is sometimes included in high school indoor and outdoor track meets , the rules often more relaxed . The distances walked tend to be relatively short , with the 1500 m being the most commonly held event . Racing also occurs at 3 km , 5 km and 10 km , with records kept and annual rankings published . Top performers ( edit ) Men ( edit ) 20 km ( edit ) See also : World record progression 20km walk men Mark Athlete Nationality Venue Date Ref 1 : 16 : 36 Yusuke Suzuki Japan Nomi , Ishikawa March 15 , 2015 1 : 16 : 43 # Sergey Morozov Russia Saransk June 8 , 2008 1 : 17 : 02 Yohann Diniz France Arles , France March 8 , 2015 1 : 17 : 16 Vladimir Kanaykin Russia Saransk September 28 , 2007 1 : 17 : 21 Jefferson Pérez Ecuador Paris August 23 , 2003 1 : 17 : 22 Paquillo Fernández Spain Turku April 28 , 2002 1 : 17 : 23 Vladimir Stankin Russia Adler February 8 , 2004 1 : 17 : 25 Bernardo Segura Mexico Bergen May 7 , 1994 1 : 17 : 30 Alex Schwazer Italy Lugano March 18 , 2012 1 : 17 : 33 Nathan Deakes Australia Cixi City April 23 , 2005 1 : 17 : 36 Zhen Wang China Taicang March 30 , 2012 1 : 17 : 38 Valeriy Borchin Russia Adler February 28 , 2009 50 km ( edit ) See also : World record progression 50km walk men Mark Athlete Nationality Venue Date Ref 3 : 32 : 33 Yohann Diniz France Zurich 15 August 2014 3 : 34 : 14 Denis Nizhegorodov Russia Cheboksary 11 May 2008 3 : 34 : 38 Matej Tóth Slovakia Dudince 21 March 2015 3 : 35 : 47 Nathan Deakes Australia Geelong 2 December 2006 3 : 35 : 59 Sergey Kirdyapkin Russia London 11 August 2012 3 : 36 : 03 Robert Korzeniowski Poland Paris 27 August 2003 3 : 36 : 04 Alex Schwazer Italy Rosignano Solvay 11 February 2007 3 : 36 : 06 Yu Chaohong China Nanjing 22 October 2005 3 : 36 : 13 Zhao Chengliang China Nanjing 22 October 2005 3 : 36 : 20 Han Yucheng China Nanjing 27 February 2005 Women ( edit ) 20 km ( edit ) See also : World record progression 20km walk women As of August 2016 Rank Time Athlete Nationality Date Place Ref 1 : 24 : 38 Liu Hong China 6 June 2015 A Coruña 1 : 24 : 47 Elmira Alembekova Russia 27 February 2015 Sochi 1 : 24 : 50 Olimpiada Ivanova Russia 4 March 2001 Adler 1 : 24 : 56 Olga Kaniskina Russia 28 February 2009 Adler 5 1 : 25 : 02 Elena Lashmanova Russia 11 August 2012 London 6 1 : 25 : 08 Vera Sokolova Russia 26 February 2011 Sochi 7 1 : 25 : 09 Anisya Kirdyapkina Russia 26 February 2011 Sochi 8 1 : 25 : 12 Lü Xiuzhi China 20 March 2015 Beijing 9 1 : 25 : 16 Shenjie Qieyang China 11 August 2012 London 10 1 : 25 : 18 Tatyana Gudkova Russia 19 May 2000 Moscow : These times were achieved without the presence of international judges to officiate the competition or post-race doping tests , thus making them invalid for world record status . However , they are accepted as personal best marks for those athletes . 50 km ( edit ) See also : Women 's 50 kilometres walk world record progression The women 's 50 km walk is a new event , having been controversially added to the IAAF World Championships for the first time in 2017 . As of August 2017 : Rank Time Athlete Nationality Date Place Ref 4 : 05 : 56 Inês Henriques Portugal 13 August 2017 London 4 : 08 : 58 Yin Hang China 13 August 2017 London 4 : 10 : 59 Monica Svensson Sweden 21 October 2007 Scanzorosciate 4 : 12 : 16 Yelena Ginko Belarus 17 October 2004 Scanzorosciate 5 4 : 16 : 27 Jolanta Dukure Latvia 9 September 2006 Paralepa 6 4 : 20 : 49 Yang Shuqing China 13 August 2017 London 7 4 : 21 : 51 Katie Burnett United States 13 August 2017 London 8 4 : 25 : 22 Brigita Virbalytė - Dimšienė Lithuania 17 October 2010 Villa di Serio 9 4 : 28 : 13 Evaggelía Xinoú Greece 17 October 2004 Scanzorosciate 10 4 : 28 : 53 Neringa Aidietytė Lithuania 1 October 2006 Ivano - Frankivsk : These times were achieved without the presence of international judges to officiate the competition and / or post-race doping tests , thus making them invalid for world record status . However , they are accepted as personal best marks for those athletes . In popular culture ( edit ) Racewalking is sometimes derided as a contrived or `` artificial '' sport . In the 1966 film `` Walk Do n't Run , '' Jim Hutton plays a racewalker competing in the Tokyo Olympics . Cary Grant and Samantha Eggar co-star . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk,_Don%27t_Run In 1992 long - time Olympic commentator Bob Costas compared it to `` a contest to see who can whisper the loudest . '' The film Doctor Detroit ( 1983 ) uses racewalking as a vehicle to emphasize the `` nerdy '' character of the professor played by Dan Aykroyd . In When Harry Met Sally ( 1989 ) Billy Crystal race walks in Central Park . The television show Almost Live ! features a regular sketch of the Speed Walker , played by Bill Nye as a super hero who fights crime while adhering to the competitive rules . A 2008 Snickers commercial featuring Mr. T , whose character derided a speed walking athlete , firing Snickers bars at him with a custom - made machine gun from a military vehicle ( reminiscent of the 1980s series The A-Team in which he played B.A. Baracus ) and calling him `` a disgrace to the man 's race '' ( a pun based on the two possible meanings of the word `` race '' ) , was cancelled after complaints from a North American association ( even though the commercial had only been broadcast in the United Kingdom ) , on the basis that it was deemed offensive to homosexual men ( even though no mention of homosexuality was made in the film ) . See also ( edit ) Fitwalking Pedestrianism Power walking Summer Olympics Walking References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eulich , Whitney ( 3 August 2012 ) . `` Wait ... That 's an Olympic Event ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( August 10 , 2012 ) . `` One Step at a Time ? It 's More Complicated Than That '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Metres - men - senior - outdoor - 2016 '' . Iaaf.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Shaul Ladany '' . Jewishsports.net . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Home - The Home of High School Race Walking '' . Web.archive.org . January 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2010 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ not ratified by IAAF because it did n't fulfil the criteria of having the required three international judges present Jump up ^ Zaccardi , Nick ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` Yohann Diniz stops to celebrate before breaking 50km race walk world record '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official IAAF Race Results Cheboksary 2008 '' . iaaf.org . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zuzana Trojakova ( 21 March 2015 ) . `` Toth records third - fastest 50km race walk in history in Dudince '' . IAAF . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liu breaks 20km race walk world record in La Coruna '' . IAAF. 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The IAAF Achieves Gender Parity At Worlds , But Only For Five Women '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 50km Race Walk Results '' ( PDF ) . IAAF. 13 August 2017 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Guinto , Joseph . `` Golden Boy : Costas Now '' . American Way . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walking on Screen '' . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` Do n't give us none of that jibba jabba '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill O'Reilly interviews Mr. T about cancelled Snickers commerical '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Race walking . Racewalk.com High School Race Walking Race Walking Record -- News , photos and reports all about racewalking World Masters Race Walking Rankings Race Walk UK Race Walk Australia The Walking Site D. Guebey walking pages Swiss Walking Federation , official website Centurions History <Th_colspan="2"> Athletics events <Td_colspan="2"> Track and field Cross country running Road running Racewalking Track Sprints 50 m 55 m 60 m 100 y 100 m 150 m 200 m ( straight ) 300 m 400 m Hurdles 50 m 55 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 110 m 200 m ( low ) 300 m 400 m Middle - distance 500 m 600 m 800 m 1000 m 1500 m One mile 2000 m 2000 m steeplechase 3000 m 3000 m steeplechase Two miles Long - distance 5000 m 10,000 m One hour run Relays 4 × 100 m 4 × 200 m 4 × 400 m 4 × 800 m 4 × 1500 m Distance medley relay Sprint medley relay Swedish relay Walking Mile 3000 m 5000 m 10,000 m 20,000 m Field Throws Discus Hammer Javelin Shot put Weight throw Softball throw Jumps High jump ( standing ) Long jump ( standing ) Triple jump ( standing ) Pole vault Combined Decathlon Heptathlon Athletics pentathlon Women 's pentathlon Throws pentathlon Road Running 5 km 10 km 15 km 10 mi 20 km Half marathon 25 km 30 km Marathon Ekiden Ultramarathon Walking 10 km 20 km 50 km 50 mi 100 km Other Racerunning Multi-day race Wheelchair racing Backward running <Td_colspan="2"> Current Olympic events shown in italics <Th_colspan="2"> Racing Running Track running Sprinting Middle - distance running Long - distance running Relay race Hurdling Steeplechase Road running Half marathon Marathon Ultramarathon Ekiden Off - road running Adventure running Cross country running Fell running Trail running Other Tower running Racewalking Orienteering Foot orienteering Mountain bike orienteering Ski orienteering Trail orienteering Radio orienteering Canoe orienteering Rogaining Mountain marathon Car orienteering Bicycle racing Road bicycle racing Cyclo - cross Mountain bike racing Track cycling BMX racing Cycle speedway Keirin Animal racing Camel racing Greyhound racing Horse racing Pigeon racing Sled dog racing Swimming Open water swimming Marathon swimming Paralympic swimming Motor racing Auto racing Formula racing Sports car racing Touring car racing Stock car racing Rallying Drag racing Off - road racing Motorcycle racing Beach racing Motocross Rally raid Track racing Motorboat racing Drag boat racing Hydroplane racing Jet sprint boat racing Inshore powerboat racing Offshore powerboat racing Other Kart racing Radio - controlled car racing Slot car racing Multi-sport racing Adventure racing Duathlon Triathlon <Td_colspan="2"> List of forms of racing <Th_colspan="2"> World Best Year Performance in men 's race walking 20 km walk 1980 : Domingo Colín ( MEX ) 1981 : Dave Smith ( AUS ) 1982 : Willi Sawall ( AUS ) 1983 : Jozef Pribilinec ( TCH ) 1984 : Ernesto Canto ( MEX ) 1985 : Dave Smith ( AUS ) 1986 : Reima Salonen ( FIN ) 1987 : Axel Noack ( GDR ) 1988 : Mikhail Shchennikov ( URS ) 1989 : Yevgeniy Misyulya ( URS ) 1990 : Pavol Blažek ( TCH ) 1991 : Aleksandr Pershin ( URS ) 1992 : Stefan Johansson ( SWE ) 1993 : Bernardo Segura ( MEX ) 1994 : Bernardo Segura ( MEX ) 1995 : Vladimir Andreyev ( RUS ) 1996 : Yevgeniy Misyulya ( BLR ) 1997 : Jefferson Pérez ( ECU ) 1998 : Vladimir Andreyev ( RUS ) 1999 : Julio René Martínez ( GUA ) 2000 : Roman Rasskazov ( RUS ) 2001 : Dmitriy Yesipchuk ( RUS ) 2002 : Paquillo Fernández ( ESP ) 2003 : Jefferson Pérez ( ECU ) 2004 : Vladimir Stankin ( RUS ) 2005 : Nathan Deakes ( AUS ) 2006 : Li Gaobo ( CHN ) 2007 : Vladimir Kanaykin ( RUS ) 2008 : Sergey Morozov ( RUS ) 2009 : Valeriy Borchin ( RUS ) 2010 : Alex Schwazer ( ITA ) 2011 : Wang Zhen ( CHN ) 2012 : Alex Schwazer ( ITA ) 2013 : Petr Trofimov ( RUS ) 2014 : Yusuke Suzuki ( JPN ) 2015 : Yusuke Suzuki ( JPN ) 2016 : Eiki Takahashi ( JPN ) 50 km walk 1980 : José Marín ( ESP ) 1981 : Uwe Dünkel ( GDR ) 1982 : Ronald Weigel ( GDR ) 1983 : José Marín ( ESP ) 1984 : Ronald Weigel ( GDR ) 1985 : Andrey Perlov ( URS ) 1986 : Ronald Weigel ( GDR ) 1987 : Andrey Perlov ( URS ) 1988 : Vyacheslav Ivanenko ( URS ) 1989 : Andrey Perlov ( URS ) 1990 : Aleksandr Potashov ( URS ) 1991 : Carlos Mercenario ( MEX ) 1992 : Robert Korzeniowski ( POL ) 1993 : Jesús Ángel García ( ESP ) 1994 : Valentí Massana ( ESP ) 1995 : Zhao Yongsheng ( CHN ) 1996 : Thierry Toutain ( FRA ) 1997 : Jesús Ángel García ( ESP ) 1998 : Andrey Plotnikov ( RUS ) 1999 : Sergey Korepanov ( KAZ ) 2000 : Valeriy Spitsyn ( RUS ) 2001 : Robert Korzeniowski ( POL ) 2002 : Robert Korzeniowski ( POL ) 2003 : Robert Korzeniowski ( POL ) 2004 : Denis Nizhegorodov ( RUS ) 2005 : Yu Chaohong ( CHN ) 2006 : Nathan Deakes ( AUS ) 2007 : Alex Schwazer ( ITA ) 2008 : Denis Nizhegorodov ( RUS ) 2009 : Sergey Kirdyapkin ( RUS ) 2010 : Yohann Diniz ( FRA ) 2011 : Sergey Bakulin ( RUS ) 2012 : Sergey Kirdyapkin ( RUS ) 2013 : Robert Heffernan ( IRL ) 2014 : Yohann Diniz ( FRA ) 2015 : Matej Tóth ( SVK ) 2016 : Yohann Diniz ( FRA ) <Th_colspan="2"> World Best Year Performance in women 's race walking 10 km walk 1983 : Xu Yongjiu ( CHN ) 1984 : Olga Krishtop ( URS ) 1985 : Yan Hong ( CHN ) 1986 : Yelena Kuznetsova ( URS ) 1987 : Kerry Saxby ( AUS ) 1988 : Kerry Saxby ( AUS ) 1989 : Alina Ivanova ( URS ) 1990 : Kerry Saxby ( AUS ) 1991 : Alina Ivanova ( URS ) 1992 : Ileana Salvador ( ITA ) 1993 : Li Chunxiu ( CHN ) 1994 : Gao Hongmiao ( CHN ) 1995 : Larisa Ramazanova ( RUS ) 1996 : Yelena Nikolayeva ( RUS ) 1997 : Irina Stankina ( RUS ) 1998 : Olga Panfyorova ( RUS ) 20 km walk 1987 : Kerry Saxby ( AUS ) 1988 : Kerry Saxby ( AUS ) 1989 : Olga Kardopoltseva ( URS ) 1990 : Olga Kardopoltseva ( URS ) 1991 : Marina Smyslova ( URS ) 1992 : Tamara Romanova ( EUN ) 1993 : Ileana Salvador ( ITA ) 1994 : Yelena Gruzinova ( RUS ) 1995 : Liu Hongyu ( CHN ) 1996 : Feng Haixia ( CHN ) 1997 : Erica Alfridi ( ITA ) 1998 : Tatyana Sibileva ( RUS ) 1999 : Nadezhda Ryashkina ( RUS ) 2000 : Tatyana Gudkova ( RUS ) 2001 : Olimpiada Ivanova ( RUS ) 2002 : Olimpiada Ivanova ( RUS ) 2003 : Yelena Nikolayeva ( RUS ) 2004 : Song Hongjuan ( CHN ) 2005 : Olimpiada Ivanova ( RUS ) 2006 : Olga Kaniskina ( RUS ) 2007 : Olga Kaniskina ( RUS ) 2008 : Olga Kaniskina ( RUS ) 2009 : Olga Kaniskina ( RUS ) 2010 : Anisya Kirdyapkina ( RUS ) 2011 : Vera Sokolova ( RUS ) 2012 : Elena Lashmanova ( RUS ) 2013 : Elena Lashmanova ( RUS ) 2014 : Anisya Kirdyapkina ( RUS ) 2015 : Liu Hong ( CHN ) GND : 4156320 - 7 NDL : 00567133 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racewalking&oldid=850481108 '' Categories : Racewalking Athletics by type Individual sports Walking Sports originating in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Türkmençe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 04 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. Racewalking as a sport
2. Rules and techniques of racewalking
3. Distances and events in racewalking
4. Top performers in racewalking
5. Racewalking in popular culture |
6,359,626,521,578,268,000 | what is the point of the statue of liberty | Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World <Td_colspan="2"> Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places <Td_colspan="2"> Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess - also incorporating some elements reminiscent of another Roman deity , Sol Invictus . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and American peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . ) ) According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,673,969 in 2016 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,200,917 in 2016 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $660,275 in 2016 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , Mellody Hobson , and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 139 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` La tour a vu le jour à Levallois '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . pbs.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Bartholdi 's statue until there is liberty for colored as well '' . The Cleveland Gazette . Cleveland , Ohio . November 27 , 1886 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To paint Miss Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1906 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How shall `` Miss Liberty '' 's toilet be made ? `` . The New York Times . July 29 , 1906 . pp. SM2 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 141 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ `` Honorees '' . Lapride.org . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Feminist Chronicles , 1953 -- 1993 -- 1970 -- Feminist Majority Foundation '' . Feminist.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1973 World Almanac and Book of Facts , p. 996 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 216 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Daw , Jocelyne ( March 2006 ) . Cause Marketing for Nonprofits : Partner for Purpose , Passion , and Profits . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page <Th_colspan="3"> Statue of Liberty <Td_colspan="3"> Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas <Th_colspan="2"> National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park <Th_colspan="2"> Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Lighthouses of New York <Td_colspan="3"> Main : List of lighthouses in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point <Th_colspan="2"> Protected areas of New York <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Federal <Td_colspan="2"> National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt Martin Van Buren Sagamore Hill Saint Paul 's Church Saratoga Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Women 's Rights Erie Canalway Kate Mullany affiliated Thomas Cole affiliated National Memorials Federal Hall General Grant Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty National Monuments African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Fort Stanwix Governors Island Stonewall National Trails Appalachian Trail North Country Trail National Seashores and Recreation Areas Fire Island Gateway Upper Delaware National Wildlife Refuges Iroquois Long Island Complex Amagansett Conscience Point Elizabeth A. Morton Lido Beach Oyster Bay Sayville Seatuck Target Rock Wertheim Montezuma Shawangunk Grasslands Wallkill River National Forests Finger Lakes Wilderness Areas Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> State parks <Td_colspan="2"> Allen H. Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe - Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil 's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W. Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire -- Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart 's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses - Long Island Robert Moses - Thousand Islands Robert V. Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic - Copake Falls Area Taconic - Rudd Pond Area Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson 's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson - Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> State historic sites <Td_colspan="2"> Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox 's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington 's Headquarters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Preserves and sanctuaries <Td_colspan="2"> Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Other preserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen - Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Calder Center Louis C. Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other ( lists ) <Td_colspan="2"> National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails <Td_colspan="2"> Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP <Th_colspan="2"> Protected areas of New York City <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Federal <Td_colspan="2"> National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> State <Td_colspan="2"> State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> City parks and preserves <Td_colspan="2"> Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John 's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt . Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle The Bronx Baretto Point Bicentennial Veterans Bronx Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Devoe Ewen Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Grant Haffen Harding Harris Henry Hudson Hunts Point Jerome Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly New York Botanical Garden North and South Brother Islands Orchard Beach Pelham Bay Rodman 's Neck Playground 52 Poe Pugsley Creek Rainey Raoul Wallenberg Forest Richman Riverdale St. Mary 's Seton Falls Seton Soundview Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James St. Mary 's Starlight Tremont University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington 's Walk Queens Admiral Alley Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Park Broad Channel Park Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Crocheron Cunningham Det . Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . Edward Byrne Powell 's Cove Queens County Farm Museum Queensbridge Rachel Carson Railroad Ralph Demarco Rochdale Rockaway Community Rufus King Seagirt Avenue Wetlands Socrates Sculpture Spring Creek Springfield St. Albans Travers Tudor Udall 's Park Preserve Wayanda Staten Island Aesop Allison Pond Amundsen Circle Annadale Arbutus Woods Arden Woods Austen House Barrett Bayview Terrace Blood Root Valley Bloomingdale Blue Heron Park Preserve Blueberry Bradys Bunker Ponds Buono Beach Carlton Clove Lakes Clove 's Tail Conference House Corporal Thompson Crescent Beach Deere Eibs Pond Faber Fairview Father Macris Forest Grove Fort Hill Fort Wadsworth FDR Boardwalk and Beach Freshkills Gaeta Great Kills Graniteville Quarry Graniteville Swamp Hero High Rock Hoffman Island Huguenot Ponds Hybrid Oak Woods Ingram Woods Isle of Meadows Jones Woods Joseph Manna King Fisher Kingdom Pond Last Chance LaTourette Lemon Creek Long Pond Gen. MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other <Td_colspan="2"> Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Vietnam War - related parks <Td_colspan="2"> Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons <Th_colspan="3"> World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site <Td_colspan="3"> Shared with Canada <Th_colspan="2"> Popular visitor attractions in New York City <Td_colspan="2"> Times Square ( 35M ) Central Park ( 20M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 5.2 M ) High Line ( 5M ) Statue of Liberty ( 4.24 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 4M ) Empire State Building ( 4M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.67 M ) <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Tourism in New York City <Th_colspan="3"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks <Td_colspan="3"> Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places <Th_colspan="2"> Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant 's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. Harvey The Museum at FIT Museum of Mathematics Museum of Sex Rubin Museum of Art Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Tibet House Midtown ( 34th - 59th Sts ) Girl Scout Museum and Archives Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum Japan Society John M. Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children 's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New - York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Morris -- Jumel Mansion National Jazz Museum in Harlem National Track and Field Hall of Fame Neue Galerie New York Yeshiva University Museum Studio Museum in Harlem Islands Ellis Island Statue of Liberty Defunct Chelsea Art Museum Dahesh Museum of Art Forbes Galleries Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art Museum of Primitive Art <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Museum Mile <Th_colspan="2"> Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake Towns Albany Alpine Amsterdam Bayonne Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Carmel Catskill Cliffside Park Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fishkill Fort Lee Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Hoboken Hyde Park Jersey City Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams North Bergen Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Somers Southeast Sparta Tenafly Troy Utica Vernon Wallkill Wappinger Warwick Weehawken West New York Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston -- Rhinecliff Bridge Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge New Tappan Zee Bridge The Palisades Perrine 's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Sleepy Hollow Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerderkill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point LCCN : sh85127593 GND : 4122611 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=815007486 '' Categories : Statue of Liberty 1886 sculptures 1886 in international relations 1886 in the United States Allegorical sculptures in the United States Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1886 Colossal statues in the United States Copper sculptures in the United States France -- United States relations French architecture Historic American Engineering Record in New York City Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History museums in New York City Symbols of New York City French Third Republic History of immigration to the United States Landmarks in Manhattan Liberty symbols Lighthouses on the 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7,095,671,463,390,533,000 | order of tales of a fourth grade nothing series | Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing - wikipedia Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing <Td_colspan="2"> First edition Author Judy Blume Illustrator Roy Doty Country United States Language English Genre Children 's novel Publisher Dutton Publication date 1972 Media type Print ( Hardback & Paperback ) Pages 120 pp ISBN 0 - 525 - 40720 - 0 OCLC 340266 LC Class PZ7. B6265 Tal Followed by Otherwise Known as Sheila the Great Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing is a children 's novel written by American author Judy Blume and published in 1972 . It is the first in the ' ' Fudge ' ' Series and was followed by Superfudge , Fudge - a-Mania , and most recently by Double Fudge . Although Otherwise Known as Sheila the Great features many of the same characters as the series , it does not fit exactly in the continuity of it because it only focuses on Peter 's classmate ( who later becomes his stepcousin ) , Sheila Tubman . Originally , the book featured illustrations by Roy Doty , but all post-2002 reprints of it have omitted the pictures . The story focuses on a nine - year - old boy named Peter Warren Hatcher and his relationship with his two - and - a-half - year - old brother , Farley Drexel `` Fudge '' Hatcher . Farley hates the sound of his legal name , and prefers Fudge for any and all occasions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 References 4 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The book focuses on 9 - year - old 4th grader Peter Hatcher 's infatuation with the horrendous behavior demonstrated by his annoying 21⁄2 - year - old brother ( who later turns three ) , Fudge , who frequently goes unpunished . Peter becomes frustrated with Fudge because he often disturbs Dribble , Peter 's pet turtle , which Peter won at his best friend Jimmy Fargo 's birthday party . Furthermore , Fudge throws nonstop temper tantrums , goes through a finicky phase of abstaining from eating altogether , and emulates Peter 's behavior , throwing tantrums if it is prohibited . Nevertheless , their parents dote on Fudge , to Peter 's anger . For months , Fudge 's antics continue ; breaking his front teeth after catapulting himself from the jungle gym at the local playground when he decides to fly ( Chapter 4 : My Brother The Bird ) , vandalizing Peter 's group homework assignment ( Chapter 7 ) , and taking off on his family at a movie theater ( Chapter 9 : Just Another Rainy Day ) . However , one day , to Peter 's absolute misery , he returns home to discover Dribble is missing from his bowl , Fudge claiming to have swallowed him ( Chapter 10 : Dribble ) . These proclamations prove to be correct , and Fudge is rushed to the hospital , where Dribble is safely extracted , to Mrs. Hatcher 's relief . However , Dribble has died in Fudge 's stomach , and no one , especially Fudge , seems to care . Peter is incredibly devastated over the loss of his beloved pet , however , his parents sympathetically compensate by adopting a dog , which Peter appropriately names `` Turtle '' in memory of Dribble . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Fudge series characters Peter Warren Hatcher -- The protagonist of the story , and a smart , assertive , but seemingly naive 9 - year - old boy . Most of the book focuses upon his relationship with Fudge and his family , and the fact that Fudge is the perceived source of all of his troubles . His parents usually seem to let Fudge get away with anything and everything , something that he would later realize was not always true . But it is true that Peter 's needs and wants are often ignored and overshadowed in favor of Fudge 's . Peter believes that his parents show Fudge preferential treatment , especially his mother ; he also is frequently frustrated when Fudge gets into his things and tries to become involved in his activities . However , Peter does love him very much and shows concern when he is hospitalized ( after swallowing Peter 's pet turtle , Dribble ) and the doctors speculate that they may need to operate on him . Peter is upset at first when he learns that Dribble is dead , and then again is jealous when he sees Fudge get showered with attention and gifts when he comes home , but then his father comes home with a dog for Peter for being `` a good sport '' and to compensate for the loss . Farley Drexel ' Fudge ' Hatcher -- Peter 's younger brother , whom he often resents . At the beginning of the book , Fudge ( a nickname for his much - despised legal name , Farley Drexel ) is two years old , and turns three in Chapter 5 . He is a very loud , demanding , and mischievous toddler who is prone to violent temper tantrums . He has a very active imagination , and others -- including Sheila Tubman and the wife of one of his father 's clients -- adore him . In the final chapter , he ( somehow ) eats Peter 's pet turtle , Dribble , whole , killing him . He is hospitalized , and the doctors are able to help him defecate out Dribble 's remains . He is often perceived as a pest by Peter , but Fudge looks up to Peter and eventually Peter realizes the bond they have . Anne Hatcher -- The mother of Peter and Fudge , and wife of Warren . A caring mother , she shows love and devotion to her family and is very protective of Fudge . Her sometimes over-protective ways with him sometime cause problems for Peter ; for example , when Fudge jumps off the jungle gym at the playground ( believing he is a bird that will land safely ) , she screeches at Peter , holding him solely responsible and not even listening to his side of the story . However , she is quick to apologize for her snappy judgments , and later admits she got overly emotional with the aftermath of Fudge 's flying experience and took it out on Peter . Another time when Fudge ruined Peter 's school project , she spanked him , which surprised even Peter ( up to this he believed everyone thought Fudge can do no wrong ) , but Anne remarks Fudge is at a point where he knew better than that . Warren Hatcher -- The father of Peter and Fudge , and husband of Anne . He works at an unnamed advertising agency , whose major clients in Tales are with Juicy - O ( a fruit beverage that the Hatchers find rather noxious - tasting ) and Toddle Bike ( a manufacturer of plastic toy tricycles a la the Big Wheel and Green Machine ) ; Fudge is hired for a commercial for the latter product . Although most of Warren 's clients are happy with his work and company , he also had his share of failures , such as losing the Juicy - O account . A loving father who wants what is best for his family , he is more conservative in rearing his sons than Anne , particularly with Fudge . For example , at one point in the book , when Fudge was going through a stage where he refused to eat at the table , Anne was worried sick over this . Warren finally settled the issue by saying `` eat it or wear it '' , and when Fudge refused , he dumped a bowl of corn flakes over his head . He begins eating , once again , after the cereal incident . Dribble -- Peter 's pet turtle . He won him at his best friend 's birthday party . Dribble is always annoyed by Fudge , which has led him to be swallowed whole by Fudge , killing him . Sheila Tubman -- Classmate of Peter and Jimmy , who lives with her family in the same apartment building as the Hatchers . Peter is annoyed at the very thought of her , considering her to be a bossy know - it - all who still has cooties . At times , she does assert herself by trying to control a school project she , Peter , and Jimmy were assigned to work on together ( although their efforts are rewarded with an `` A '' ) . She is sometimes allowed to help babysit Fudge . She has an older sister named Libby . It is hinted at , however briefly , that she may have a slight crush on Peter , although because of their bickering it is not evident . Jimmy Fargo - Peter 's best friend , who had a birthday party in the first chapter , and Peter won his pet turtle Dribble . They have a special rock collection in the park , and they hate Sheila Tubman , their annoying classmate , who 's obsessed with cooties . They ca n't stand working on a school project with her . References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Judy Blume 's website Children 's literature portal 1970s portal <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Works by Judy Blume Fudge series Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing Otherwise Known as Sheila the Great Superfudge Fudge - a-Mania Double Fudge Characters Novels The One in the Middle Is the Green Kangaroo Iggie 's House Are You There God ? It 's Me , Margaret . Then Again , Maybe I Wo n't Freckle Juice It 's Not the End of the World Deenie Blubber Forever ... Starring Sally J. Freedman as Herself Wifey Tiger Eyes Smart Women Just as Long as We 're Together Here 's to You , Rachel Robinson Summer Sisters In The Unlikely Event Non-fiction and others The Judy Blume Diary Letters to Judy : What Kids Wish They Could Tell You The Pain and the Great One Places I Never Meant to Be Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tales_of_a_Fourth_Grade_Nothing&oldid=831956398 '' Categories : 1972 American novels American children 's novels E.P. Dutton books Fudge series Novels by Judy Blume Novels set in New York City 1972 children 's books Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from August 2015 All articles lacking sources Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 00 : 40 . About Wikipedia | 1. Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing - children's novel
2. Judy Blume - author of the book
3. Peter Hatcher - protagonist of the story
4. Fudge - Peter's younger brother and source of trouble
5. Dribble - Peter's pet turtle |
-5,129,728,961,681,475,000 | what is the difference between internal and external links | Internal link - Wikipedia Internal link Jump to : navigation , search For information about one more name of internal links in Wikipedia , see : Wikipedia : Free links . For information about external links in Wikipedia , see : Wikipedia : External links . For information about internal links in Wikipedia , see : Help : Link . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2009 ) This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An internal link is a type of hyperlink on a webpage to another page or resource , such as an image or document , on the same website or domain . Hyperlinks are considered either `` external '' or `` internal '' depending on their target or destination . Generally , a link to a page outside the same domain or website is considered external , whereas one that points at another section of the same webpage or to another page of the same website or domain is considered internal . However , these definitions become clouded when the same organization operates multiple domains functioning as a single web experience , e.g. when a secure commerce website is used for purchasing things displayed on a non-secure website . In these cases , links that are `` external '' by the above definition can conceivably be classified as `` internal '' for some purposes . Ultimately , an internal link points to a web page or resource in the same root directory . Similarly , seemingly `` internal '' links are in fact `` external '' for many purposes , for example in the case of linking among subdomains of a main domain , which are not operated by the same person ( s ) . For example , a blogging platform , such as WordPress , Blogger or Tumblr host thousands of different blogs on subdomains , which are entirely unrelated and the authors of which are generally unknown to each other . In these contexts one might view a link as `` internal '' only if it linked within the same blog , not to other blogs within the same domain . Both internal and external links allow users of the website to navigate to another web page or resource . This is the basis or founding idea or principal behind the internet . That users can navigate from one resource to another by clicking on hyperlinks . Internal links help users navigate the same website , whereas external links generally take users to a different webpage or website . Both internal and external links help users surf the internet as well as having Search engine optimization value . Internal linking allows for good website nagivation and structure and allows search engines to crawl or spider websites . Contents ( hide ) 1 Examples 1.1 HTML 2 See also 3 References Examples ( edit ) HTML ( edit ) Make a header linkable : < h1 id = `` seealso '' > See also then link to it : < a href = `` # seealso '' > Go to the see also section See also ( edit ) Link awareness References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Riley , Julie ( 2011 ) . Microsoft Expression Web 3 : illustrated introductory . Australia : Course Technology Cengage Learning . p. 53 . ISBN 0538750413 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Shaun ( 2014 ) . `` SEO , Internal Links , Website Navigation & Structure '' . UK : Hoboweb . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . This World Wide Web - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_link&oldid=808465698 '' Categories : Hypertext Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from May 2009 All articles needing rewrite Articles needing cleanup from January 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how - to sections Articles with multiple maintenance issues All stub articles World Wide Web stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 01 : 07 . About Wikipedia | 1. Internal links in Wikipedia
2. Types of hyperlinks
3. Navigating websites with internal and external links
4. Importance of internal linking for website structure and SEO
5. Examples of HTML code for creating internal links |
871,916,826,437,177,100 | who is called father of indian national congress | Indian National Congress - Wikipedia Indian National Congress Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Indian National Congress ( Organisation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Indian National Congress <Td_colspan="2"> President Sonia Gandhi Parliamentary Chairperson Sonia Gandhi Lok Sabha leader Mallikarjun Kharge Rajya Sabha leader Ghulam Nabi Azad ( Leader of the Opposition ) Founder Allan Octavian Hume Dadabhai Naoroji Dinshaw Wacha Founded 28 December 1885 ( 131 years ago ) ( 1885 - 12 - 28 ) Headquarters 24 , Akbar Road , New Delhi 110001 Newspaper Congress Sandesh Student wing National Students Union of India Youth wing Indian Youth Congress Women 's wing Mahila Congress Labour wing Indian National Trade Union Congress Minority wing Minority Congress Membership c. 20 million Ideology Social democracy Democratic socialism Social liberalism Indian nationalism Gandhian socialism Secularism Progressivism Political position Centre - left International affiliation Progressive Alliance Socialist International Colours Sky blue ECI Status National Party Alliance United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Seats in Lok Sabha 45 / 545 ( currently 543 members + 1 Speaker ) Seats in Rajya Sabha 57 / 245 ( currently 244 members ) <Th_colspan="2"> Election symbol <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> www.inc.in <Td_colspan="2"> Politics of India Political parties Elections This article is part of a series on the Indian National Congress About Presidents History Election history Committees All India Central Election Pradesh Working Frontals Mahila Minority Students Youth Trade The Indian National Congress ( pronunciation ( help info ) ) ( INC , often called Congress ) is a broad - based political party in India . Founded in 1885 , it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa . From the late 19th - century , and especially after 1920 , under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement , with over 15 million members and over 70 million participants . The Congress led India to independence from Great Britain , and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire . The Congress is a secular party whose social liberal platform is generally considered on the centre - left of Indian politics . The Congress ' social policy is based upon the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya -- the lifting up of all sections of society -- which involves the improvement of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially marginalised people . The party primarily endorses social liberalism -- seeking to balance individual liberty and social justice , and secularism -- asserting the right to be free from religious rule and teachings . After India 's independence in 1947 , the Congress formed the government at center in most instances , and many regional state governments . Congress became India 's dominant political party ; as of 2015 , in the 15 general elections since independence , it has won an outright majority on six occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further four times , heading the central government for 49 years . There have been seven Congress Prime Ministers , the first being Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1947 -- 64 ) , and the most recent Manmohan Singh ( 2004 -- 14 ) . Although it did not fare well in the last general elections in India in 2014 , it remains one of two major , nationwide , political parties in India , along with the right - wing , Hindu nationalist , Bhartiya Janata Party ( BJP ) . In the 2014 general election , the Congress had its poorest post-independence general election performance , winning only 44 seats of the 543 - member Lok Sabha . From 2004 to 2014 , the Congress - led United Progressive Alliance , a coalition of several regional parties , formed the Indian government and was headed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh . As of July 2017 , the party is in power in five states : Punjab , Himachal Pradesh , Karnataka , Meghalaya and Mizoram . The Congress has previously directly ruled Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and Goa . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-independence 1.1. 1 Foundation 1.1. 2 Early years 1.1. 3 Congress as a mass movement 1.2 Post-independence 1.2. 1 Nehru / Shastri era ( 1947 -- 66 ) 1.2. 2 Indira era ( 1966 -- 84 ) 1.2. 3 Rajiv Gandhi and Rao era ( 1985 -- 98 ) 1.2. 4 Modern era 2 Election symbols 3 In general elections 4 Current structure and composition 4.1 State and territorial units 5 Ideology and policies 5.1 Economic policy 5.2 Healthcare and education 5.3 Security and home affairs 5.4 Foreign policy 6 Presence in various states 6.1 List of current INC and UPA governments 7 List of Prime Ministers 7.1 List of Prime Ministers ( former Congress members ) 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Citations 10 Further reading 11 External links History Main article : History of the Indian National Congress The history of the Indian National Congress ( INC ) falls into two distinct eras : The pre-independence era , when the party was the umbrella organisation leading the campaign for independence ; The post-independence era , when the party has had a prominent place in Indian politics . A.O. Hume , one of the founders of the Indian National Congress Pre-independence See also : Indian independence movement First session of Indian National Congress , Bombay , 28 -- 31 December 1885 Mahatma Gandhi spinning yarn , in the late 1920s Foundation The Indian National Congress conducted its first session in Bombay from 28 -- 31 December 1885 at the initiative of retired Civil service officer , Allan Octavian Hume . In 1883 , Hume had outlined his idea for a body representing Indian interests in an open letter to graduates of the University of Calcutta . Its aim was to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians , and to create a platform for civic and political dialogue between them and the British Raj . Hume took the initiative , and in March 1885 a notice convening the first meeting of the Indian National Union to be held in Poona the following December was issued . Due to a cholera outbreak there it was moved to Bombay . Hume organised the first meeting in Bombay with the approval of the Viceroy Lord Dufferin . Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first president of the Congress ; the first session was attended by 72 delegates . Representing each province of India , the delegates comprised 54 Hindus and two Muslims ; the rest were of Parsi and Jain backgrounds . Notable representatives included Scottish ICS officer William Wedderburn , Dadabhai Naoroji , Pherozeshah Mehta of the Bombay Presidency Association , Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha , social reformer and newspaper editor Gopal Ganesh Agarkar , Justice K.T. Telang , N.G. Chandavarkar , Dinshaw Wacha , Behramji Malabari , journalist and activist Gooty Kesava Pillai , and P. Rangaiah Naidu of the Madras Mahajana Sabha . Early years Within the next few years , the demands of the Congress became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the British government , and the party decided to advocate in favour of the independence movement because it would allow a new political system in which the Congress could be a major party . By 1905 , a division opened between the moderates led by Gokhale , who downplayed public agitation , and the new `` extremists '' who advocated agitation , and regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism . Bal Gangadhar Tilak , who tried to mobilise Hindu Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity displayed in the annual public Ganapati festivals he inaugurated in western India , was prominent among the extremists . The Congress included a number of prominent political figures . Dadabhai Naoroji , a member of the sister Indian National Association was elected president of the party in 1886 and was the first Indian Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons ( 1892 -- 95 ) . It also included Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Bipin Chandra Pal , Lala Lajpat Rai , Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Mohammed Ali Jinnah -- later leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan . The Congress was transformed into a mass movement by Surendranath Banerjea during the partition of Bengal in 1905 and the resultant Swadeshi movement . Gopal Krishna Gokhale , a constitutional social reformer and moderate nationalist , was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1905 . Congress `` extremist '' Bal Gangadhar Tilak speaking in 1907 as the Party split into moderates and extremists . Seated at the table is Aurobindo Ghosh and to his right ( in the chair ) is G.S. Khaparde , both allies of Tilak . Congress as a mass movement Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915 . With the help of the moderate group led by Ghokhale , Gandhi became president of the Congress . After the First World War , the party became associated with Gandhi , who remained its unofficial spiritual leader and icon . He formed an alliance with the Khilafat Movement in 1920 to fight for preservation of the Ottoman Caliphate , and rights for Indians using civil disobedience or satyagraha as the tool for agitation . In 1923 , after the deaths of policemen at Chauri Chaura , Gandhi suspended the agitation . In protest , a number of leaders , Chittaranjan Das , Annie Besant , and Motilal Nehru , resigned to set up the Swaraj Party . The Khilafat movement collapsed and the Congress was split . The rise of Gandhi 's popularity and his satyagraha art of revolution led to support from : Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru , Dr. Rajendra Prasad , Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan , Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan , Chakravarti Rajgopalachari , Dr. Anugraha Narayan Sinha , Jayaprakash Narayan , Jivatram Kripalani , and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad . As a result of prevailing nationalism , Gandhi 's popularity , and polices aimed at eradicating caste differences , untouchability , poverty , and religious and ethnic divisions , the Congress became a forceful and dominant group . Although its members were predominantly Hindu , it had members from other religions , economic classes , and ethnic and linguistic groups . At the Congress ' 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru , Purna Swaraj ( complete independence ) was declared as the party 's goal , declaring 26 January 1930 as `` Purna Swaraj Diwas '' , Independence Day . The same year , Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the party for demanding full independence , not just home rule as demanded by Gandhi . Subhas Chandra Bose served as president of the Congress during 1938 -- 39 . After the passage of the Government of India Act 1935 , provincial elections were held in India in the winter of 1936 -- 37 in eleven provinces : Madrass , Central Provinces , Bihar , Orissa , United Provinces , Bombay Presidency , Assam , NWFP , Bengal , Punjab and Sindh . After contesting these elections , the Indian National Congress gained power in eight of them except Bengal , Punjab , and Sindh . The All - India Muslim League failed to form the government in any province . The Congress ministries resigned in October and November 1939 in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow 's declaration that India was a belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people . In 1939 , Subhas Chandra Bose , the elected president in both 1938 and 1939 , resigned from the Congress over the selection of the working committee . The party was not the sole representative of the Indian polity , other parties included the Hindu Mahasabha and the Forward Bloc . The party was an umbrella organisation , sheltering radical socialists , traditionalists , and Hindu and Muslim conservatives . Gandhi expelled all the socialist groupings , including the Congress Socialist Party , the Krishak Praja Party , and the Swarajya Party , along with Subhas Chandra Bose in 1939 . Azad , Patel and Gandhi at an AICC meeting in Bombay , 1940 Azad Hind , an Indian provisional government had been established in Singapore in 1943 , and was supported by Japan . In 1946 , the British tried the Indian soldiers who had fought alongside the Japanese during World War II in the INA trials . In response the Congress helped form the INA Defence Committee , which assembled a legal team to defend the case of the soldiers of the Azad Hind government . The team included several famous lawyers , including Bhulabhai Desai , Asaf Ali , and Jawaharlal Nehru . The same year , Congress members initially supported the sailors who led the Royal Indian Navy mutiny , but they withdrew support at a critical juncture and the mutiny failed . Post-independence After Indian independence in 1947 , the Indian National Congress became the dominant political party in the country . In 1952 , in the first general election held after Independence , the party swept to power in the national parliament and most state legislatures . It held power nationally until 1977 when it was defeated by the Janata coalition . It returned to power in 1980 and ruled until 1989 , when it was once again defeated . The party formed the government in 1991 at the head of a coalition , as well as in 2004 and 2009 , when it led the United Progressive Alliance . During this period the Congress remained centre - left in its social policies while steadily shifting from a socialist to a neoliberal economic outlook . The Party 's rivals at state level have been national parties including the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) ( CPM ) , and various regional parties such as the Telugu Desam Party . A post-partition successor to the party survived as the Pakistan National Congress , a party which represented the rights of religious minorities in the state . The party 's support was strongest in the Bengali speaking province of East Pakistan . After the Bangladeshi War of Independence , it became known as the Bangladeshi National Congress , but was dissolved in 1975 by the government . Nehru / Shastri era ( 1947 -- 66 ) Jawaharlal Nehru , the first Congress Prime Minister of India ( 1947 -- 64 ) From 1951 until his death in 1964 , Jawaharlal Nehru was the Congress ' paramount leader under the tutelage of Mahatma Gandhi , whose Indian independence movement dominated the Party . Congress gained power in landslide victories in the general elections of 1951 -- 52 , 1957 , and 1962 . During his tenure , Nehru implemented policies based on import substitution industrialisation , and advocated a mixed economy where the government - controlled public sector co-existed with the private sector . He believed the establishment of basic and heavy industries was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy . The Nehru government directed investment primarily into key public sector industries -- steel , iron , coal , and power -- promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies . Nehru embraced secularism , socialistic economic practices based on state - driven industrialisation , and a non-aligned and non-confrontational foreign policy that became typical of the modern Congress Party . The policy of non-alignment during the Cold War meant Nehru received financial and technical support from both the Eastern and Western Blocs to build India 's industrial base from nothing . During his period in office , there were four known assassination attempts on Nehru . The first attempt on his life was during partition in 1947 while he was visiting the North - West Frontier Province in a car . The second was by a knife - wielding rickshaw - puller in Maharashtra in 1955 . A third attempt happened in Bombay in 1956 . The fourth was a failed bombing attempt on railway tracks in Maharashtra in 1961 . Despite threats to his life , Nehru despised having excess security personnel around him and did not like his movements to disrupt traffic . In 1964 , Nehru died because of an aortic dissection , raising questions about the party 's future . After his death , K. Kamaraj became the president of the All India Congress Committee . Kamaraj had also been involved in the Indian independence movement , and he introduced education to millions of the rural poor by providing free education along with a free midday meal , when he was chief minister of Tamil Nadu ( 1954 -- 63 ) . As a member of `` the syndicate '' , a group within the Congress , he proposed the Kamaraj Plan that encouraged six Congress chief ministers and six senior cabinet ministers to resign to take up party work . Kamaraj was widely credited as the `` kingmaker '' in Indian politics for bringing Lal Bahadur Shastri to power in 1964 . No leader except Shastri had Nehru 's popular appeal . Shastri became a national hero following the victory in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 . His slogan , `` Jai Jawan Jai Kisan '' ( `` Hail the soldier , Hail the farmer '' ) , became very popular during the war . Shastri retained many members of Nehru 's Council of Ministers ; T.T. Krishnamachari was retained as the Finance Minister of India , as was Defence Minister Yashwantrao Chavan . Shastri appointed Swaran Singh to succeed him as External Affairs Minister . Shashtri appointed Indira Gandhi , Jawaharlal Nehru 's daughter and former party president , Minister of Information and Broadcasting . Gulzarilal Nanda continued as the Minister of Home Affairs . As Prime Minister , Shastri continued Nehru 's policy of non-alignment , but built closer relations with the Soviet Union . In the aftermath of the Sino - Indian War of 1962 , and the formation of military ties between China and Pakistan , Shastri 's government expanded the defence budget of India 's armed forces . He also promoted the White Revolution -- a national campaign to increase the production and supply of milk by creating the National Dairy Development Board . The Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965 occurred during Shastri 's tenure . On 11 January 1966 , a day after signing the Tashkent Declaration , Shastri died in Tashkent , reportedly of a heart attack ; but the circumstances of his death remain mysterious . Indira era ( 1966 -- 84 ) See also : The Emergency ( India ) , Assassination of Indira Gandhi , and 1984 anti-Sikh riots After Shastri 's death , the Congress elected Indira Gandhi as leader over Morarji Desai . Once again , politician K. Kamaraj was instrumental in achieving this result . In 1967 , following a poor performance in the general election , Indira Gandhi started moving towards the political left . In 1969 , she was in a dispute with senior party leaders on a number of issues ; the party president S. Nijalingappa expelled her from the Congress . Gandhi launched her own faction of the IRC , retaining the support of most of the Congress MPs , 65 of which supported the original party . In the mid-term parliamentary elections held in 1971 , the Gandhi - led Congress ( R ) Party won a landslide victory on a platform of progressive policies such as the elimination of poverty ( Garibi Hatao ) . The policies of the Congress ( R ) Party under Gandhi before the 1971 elections included proposals to abolish the Privy Purse to former rulers of the Princely states and the 1969 nationalisation of India 's 14 largest banks . Indira Gandhi , second - longest - serving Prime Minister of India and the only woman to hold the office The New Congress Party 's popular support began to wane in the mid-1970s . From 1975 , Gandhi 's government grew increasingly more authoritarian and unrest among the opposition grew . On 12 June 1975 , the High Court of Allahabad declared Indira Gandhi 's election to the Lok Sabha , the lower house of India 's parliament , void on the grounds of electoral malpractice . However , Gandhi rejected calls to resign and announced plans to appeal to the Supreme Court . She moved to restore order by ordering the arrest of most of the opposition participating in the unrest . In response to increasing disorder and lawlessness , Gandhi 's cabinet and government recommended that President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declare a State of Emergency , which he declared on 25 June 1975 based on the provisions of Article 352 of the Constitution . During the nineteen - month emergency , widespread oppression and abuse of power by Gandhi 's unelected younger son and political heir Sanjay Gandhi and his close associates occurred . This period of oppression ended on 23 January 1977 , when Gandhi released all political prisoners and called fresh elections for the Lok Sabha to be held in March . The Emergency officially ended on 23 March 1977 . In that month 's parliamentary elections , the opposition Janata Party won a landslide victory over the Congress , winning 295 seats in the Lok Sabha against the Congress ' 153 . Gandhi lost her seat to her Janata opponent Raj Narain . On 2 January 1978 , she and her followers seceded and formed a new opposition party , popularly called Congress ( I ) -- the I signifying Indira . During the next year , her new party attracted enough members of the legislature to become the official opposition . In November 1978 , Gandhi regained a parliamentary seat . In January 1980 , following a landslide victory for the Congress ( I ) , she was again elected prime minister . The national election commission declared Congress ( I ) to be the real Indian National Congress for the 1984 general election and the designation I was dropped . During Gandhi 's new term as prime minister , her youngest son Sanjay died in an aeroplane crash in June 1980 . This led her to encourage her elder son Rajiv , who was working as a pilot , to enter politics . Gradually , Indira Gandhi 's politics and outlook grew more authoritarian and autocratic , and she became the central figure of the Congress . As prime minister , she became known for her political ruthlessness and unprecedented centralisation of power . Gandhi 's term as prime minister also saw increasing turmoil in Punjab with demands for Sikh autonomy by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his militant followers . In 1983 , they headquartered themselves in the Golden Temple in Amritsar and started accumulating weapons . In June 1984 , after several futile negotiations , Gandhi ordered the Indian Army to enter the Golden Temple to establish control over the temple complex and remove Bhindranwale and his armed followers . This event is known as Operation Blue Star . On 31 October 1984 , two of Gandhi 's bodyguards , Satwant Singh and Beant Singh , shot her with their service weapons in the garden of the prime minister 's residence in response to her authorisation of Operation Blue Star . Gandhi was due to be interviewed by British actor Peter Ustinov , who was filming a documentary for Irish television . Her assassination prompted the 1984 anti-Sikh riots , during which more than 3,000 people were killed . Rajiv Gandhi and Rao era ( 1985 -- 98 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Prime Minister of India ( 1984 -- 1989 ) and President of the Indian National Congress In 1984 , Indira Gandhi 's son Rajiv Gandhi became nominal head of the Congress and became prime minister upon her assassination . In December , he led the Congress to a landslide victory , where it secured 401 seats in the legislature . His administration took measures to reform the government bureaucracy and liberalise the country 's economy . Rajiv Gandhi 's attempts to discourage separatist movements in Punjab and Kashmir backfired . After his government became embroiled in several financial scandals , his leadership became increasingly ineffectual . Gandhi was regarded as a non-abrasive person who consulted other party members and refrained from hasty decisions . The Bofors scandal damaged his reputation as an honest politician , but he was posthumously cleared of bribery allegations in 2004 . On 21 May 1991 , Gandhi was killed by a bomb concealed in a basket of flowers carried by a woman associated with the Tamil Tigers . He was campaigning in Tamil Nadu for upcoming parliamentary elections . In 1998 , an Indian court convicted 26 people in the conspiracy to assassinate Gandhi . The conspirators , who consisted of Tamil militants from Sri Lanka and their Indian allies , had sought revenge against Gandhi because the Indian troops he sent to Sri Lanka in 1987 to help enforce a peace accord there had fought with Tamil separatist guerrillas . P.V. Narasimha Rao served as the tenth Prime Minister of India ( 1991 -- 96 ) . He was the first prime minister from South India and the state of Andhra Pradesh . Rajiv Gandhi was succeeded as party leader by P.V. Narasimha Rao who was elected prime minister in June 1991 . His rise to the prime ministership was politically significant because he was the first holder of the office from South India . His administration oversaw a major economic change and several home incidents that affected India 's national security . Rao , who held the Industries portfolio , was personally responsible for the dismantling of the Licence Raj , which came under the purview of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . He is often called the `` father of Indian economic reforms '' . Future prime ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh continued the economic reform policies begun by Rao 's government . Rao accelerated the dismantling of the Licence Raj , reversing the socialist policies of previous governments . He employed Manmohan Singh as his finance minister to begin a historic economic change . With Rao 's mandate , Singh launched India 's globalisation reforms that involved implementing International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) policies to prevent India 's impending economic collapse . Rao was also referred to as Chanakya for his ability to push tough economic and political legislation through the parliament while he headed a minority government . By 1996 , the party 's image was suffering from allegations of corruption , and in elections that year the Congress was reduced to 140 seats , its lowest number in the Lok Sabha to that point . Rao later resigned as prime minister and , in September , as party president . He was succeeded as president by Sitaram Kesri , the party 's first non-Brahmin leader . Modern era This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi , the leader of INC since 1998 In the 1998 general election , the Congress won 141 seats in the Lok Sabha , its lowest tally until then . To boost its popularity and improve its performance in the forthcoming election , Congress leaders urged Sonia Gandhi , Rajiv Gandhi 's widow , to assume the leadership of the party . She had previously declined offers to become actively involved in party affairs , and had stayed away from politics . After her election as party leader , a section of the party that objected to the choice because of her Italian ethnicity broke away and formed the Nationalist Congress Party ( NCP ) , led by Sharad Pawar . The breakaway faction commanded strong support in the state of Maharashtra and limited support elsewhere . The remainder continued to be known as the Indian National Congress . Sonia Gandhi 's appointment initially failed to have an impact ; in the snap polls called by the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) government in 1999 , the Congress won 114 seats -- its lowest tally ever . The leadership structure was unaltered and the party campaigned strongly in the assembly elections that followed . At these elections the party was successful ; at one point , the Congress ruled 15 states . In the 2004 general election , the Congress forged an alliance with several regional parties , including the NCP and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam . The party 's campaign emphasised social inclusion and the welfare of common people , contrasting with the NDA 's `` India Shining '' campaign that sought to highlight the successes of the NDA government in making India into a `` modern nation '' . The Congress - led United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) won 222 seats in the new parliament , defeating the NDA by a substantial margin . With the support of the communist front , the Congress won a majority and formed the new government . Despite massive support from within the Party , Gandhi declined the post of prime minister , choosing to appoint Manmohan Singh instead . She remained as party president and headed the National Advisory Council ( NAC ) . During its first term in office , the UPA government passed several social reform bills . These included an employment guarantee bill , the Right to Information Act , and a right to education act . The NAC , as well as the Left Front that supported the government from the outside , were widely seen as being the driving force behind such legislation . The Left Front withdrew its support of the government over disagreements about the U.S. -- India Civil Nuclear Agreement . Despite the effective loss of 62 seats in parliament , the government survived the trust vote that followed . In the Lok Sabha elections held soon after , the Congress won 207 seats , the highest tally of any party since 1991 . The UPA as a whole won 262 , enabling it to form the government for the second time . The social welfare policies of the first UPA government , and the perceived divisiveness of the BJP , are broadly credited for the victory . By the 2014 Lok Sabha elections , the party had lost much of its popular support , mainly because of several years of poor economic conditions in the country , and growing discontent over a series of corruption allegations involving government officials , including the 2G spectrum scam and the Indian coal allocation scam . The Congress won only 44 seats , which was its worst - ever performance in a national election and brought into question whether it would continue to be identified as an officially recognised party . Election symbols Election symbol of Indira 's Congress ( R ) party during the period 1971 - 1977 As of 2014 , the election symbol of the Congress , as approved by the Election Commission of India , is an image of a right hand with its palm facing front and its fingers pressed together ; this is usually shown in the centre of a tricolor flag . The hand symbol was first used by Indira Gandhi when she split from the Congress ( R ) faction following the 1977 elections and created the New Congress ( I ) . The symbol of the original Congress during elections held between 1952 and 1971 was an image of two bullocks with a plough . The symbol of Indira 's Congress ( R ) during the period 1971 -- 77 was a cow with a suckling calf . In general elections Year General election Seats won Change in # of seats Percentage of vote Vote swing Indian general election , 1934 5th Central Legislative Assembly 42 42 Indian general election , 1945 6th Central Legislative Assembly 59 17 Indian general election , 1951 1st Lok Sabha 364 44.99 % Indian general election , 1957 2nd Lok Sabha 371 7 47.78 % 2.79 % Indian general election , 1962 3rd Lok Sabha 361 10 44.72 % 3.06 % Indian general election , 1967 4th Lok Sabha 283 78 40.78 % 2.94 % Indian general election , 1971 5th Lok Sabha 352 69 43.68 % 2.90 % Indian general election , 1977 6th Lok Sabha 153 199 34.52 % 9.16 % Indian general election , 1980 7th Lok Sabha 351 198 42.69 % 8.17 % Indian general election , 1984 8th Lok Sabha 415 64 49.01 % 6.32 % Indian general election , 1989 9th Lok Sabha 197 218 39.53 % 9.48 % Indian general election , 1991 10th Lok Sabha 244 47 35.66 % 3.87 % Indian general election , 1996 11th Lok Sabha 140 104 28.80 % 7.46 % Indian general election , 1998 12th Lok Sabha 141 25.82 % 2.98 % Indian general election , 1999 13th Lok Sabha 114 27 28.30 % 2.48 % Indian general election , 2004 14th Lok Sabha 145 32 26.7 % 1.6 % Indian general election , 2009 15th Lok Sabha 206 61 28.55 % 2.02 % Indian general election , 2014 16th Lok Sabha 44 162 19.3 % 9.25 % Current structure and composition The Congress is structured in a hierarchical manner and the organisational structure , created by Mohandas Gandhi 's re-arrangement of the party between 1918 and 1920 has been largely retained . A president and the All India Congress Committee ( AICC ) are elected by delegates from state and district parties at an annual national conference , In every Indian state and union territory -- or pradesh -- there is a Pradesh Congress Committee ( PCC ) , which is the state - level unit of the party responsible for directing political campaigns at local and state levels , and assisting the campaigns for parliamentary constituencies. . Each PCC has a working committee of twenty members , most of whom are appointed by the party president , the leader of the state party , who is chosen by the prime minister . Those elected as members of the states ' legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies ; their chairperson is usually the party 's nominee for Chief Ministership . The party is also organised into various committees , and sections ; it publishes a daily newspaper , the National Herald . Despite being a party with a structure , the Congress under Indira did not hold any organizational elections after 1972 The AICC is composed of delegates sent from the PCCs . The delegates elect Congress committees , including the Congress Working Committee consisting of senior party leaders and office bearers . The AICC takes all important executive and political decisions . Since Indira Gandhi formed the Congress ( I ) in 1978 , the President of the Indian National Congress has effectively been : the party 's national leader , head of the organisation , head of the Working Committee and all chief Congress committees , chief spokesman , and the Congress ' choice for Prime Minister of India . Constitutionally , the president is elected by the PCCs and members of the AICC ; however , this procedure has often been by - passed by the Working Committee , which has elected its own candidate . The Congress Parliamentary Party ( CPP ) consists of elected MPs in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha . There is also a Congress Legislative Party ( CLP ) leader in each state . The CLP consists of all Congress Members of the Legislative Assembly ( MLAs ) in each state . In cases of states where the Congress is single - handedly ruling the government , the CLP leader is the Chief Minister . Other directly affiliated groups include : the National Students Union of India ( NSUI ) , the Indian Youth Congress -- the party 's youth wing -- Indian National Trade Union Congress , Mahila Congress , its women 's division , and Congress Seva Dal -- its voluntary organisation . State and territorial units Andaman and Nicobar PCC Andhra Pradesh PCC Arunachal Pradesh PCC Assam PCC Bihar PCC Chandigarh PCC Chhattisgarh PCC Dadra and Nagar Haveli PCC Daman and Diu PCC Delhi PCC Goa PCC Gujarat PCC Haryana PCC Himachal Pradesh PCC Jammu and Kashmir PCC Jharkhand PCC Karnataka PCC Kerala PCC Lakshadweep PCC Madhya Pradesh PCC Maharashtra PCC Manipur PCC Meghalaya PCC Mizoram PCC Nagaland PCC Odisha PCC Puducherry PCC Punjab PCC Rajasthan PCC Sikkim PCC Tamil Nadu PCC Telangana PCC Tripura PCC Uttarakhand PCC Uttar Pradesh PCC West Bengal PCC Further information : National Students Union of India , Indian Youth Congress , Indian National Trade Union Congress , Mahila Congress , and All India Minority Congress Ideology and policies This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . 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Throughout much of the Cold War period , the Congress supported a foreign policy of nonalignment that called for India to form ties with both the western and eastern blocs , but to avoid formal alliances with either . American support for Pakistan led the Party to endorse a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union in 1971 . In 2004 , when the Congress - led United Progressive Alliance came to power , its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh . This Singh - led `` UPA I '' government executed several key pieces of legislation and projects , including the Rural Health Mission , Unique Identification Authority , the Rural Employment Guarantee scheme , and the Right to Information Act . Economic policy The Congress endorses a mixed economy in which the private sector and the state direct the economy , reflecting characteristics of both market economies and planned economies . The modern Congress advocates import substitution industrialisation -- the replacement of foreign imports with domestic products . The party also believes mixed economies are likely to protect the environment , standardise the welfare system , and maintain employment standards and competition . The Congress also believes the Indian economy should be liberalised to increase the pace of development . In 2005 , Prime Minister Manmohan Singh introduced a value added tax , which replaced the sales tax , and has continued the Golden Quadrilateral and the highway modernisation program that was initiated by Vajpayee 's government . In 2009 , India achieved its highest GDP growth rate of 9 % becoming the second - fastest growing major economy in the world . Healthcare and education In 2005 , the Congress - led government started the National Rural Health Mission , which employed about 500,000 community health workers . It was praised by American economist Jeffrey Sachs . In 2006 , it implemented a proposal to reserve 27 % of seats in the All India Institute of Medical Studies ( AIIMS ) , the Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) , the Indian Institutes of Management ( IIMs ) , and other central higher education institutions for Other Backward Classes , which led to 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests . The Singh government also continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan programme , which includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day school meals and the opening of new schools throughout India , especially in rural areas , to fight illiteracy . During Manmohan Singh 's prime - ministership , eight Institutes of Technology were opened in the states of : Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Gujarat , Orissa , Punjab , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh . Security and home Affairs The Congress has strengthened anti-terrorism laws with amendments to the Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act ( UAPA ) . The National Investigation Agency ( India ) ( NIA ) was created by the UPA government soon after the Nov 2008 Mumbai terror attacks in response to the need for a central agency to combat terrorism . The Unique Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009 to implement the proposed Multipurpose National Identity Card with the objective of increasing national security . Foreign policy Manmohan Singh with American President Barack Obama at the White House The Congress has continued the foreign policy started by P. V. Narasimha Rao . This includes the peace process with Pakistan and the exchange of high - level visits by leaders from both countries . The party tried to end the border dispute with the People 's Republic of China through negotiations . Relations with Afghanistan have also been a concern of the party . During Afghan President Hamid Karzai 's visit to New Delhi in August 2008 , Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of schools , health clinics , infrastructure , and defence . India is now as one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan . When in power between 2004 and 2014 , the Congress worked on India 's relationship with the United States . Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited the US in July 2005 to negotiate an Indo - US civilian nuclear agreement . US President George W. Bush visited India in March 2006 ; during this visit a nuclear agreement that would give India access to American nuclear fuel and technology in exchange for the IAEA inspection of its civil nuclear reactors was proposed . Over two years of negotiations , followed by approval from the IAEA , the Nuclear Suppliers Group and the US Congress , the agreement was signed on 10 October 2008 . The Congress ' policy has been to cultivate friendly relations with Japan and European Union countries including the United Kingdom , France , and Germany . Diplomatic relations with Iran have continued , and negotiations over the Iran - Pakistan - India gas pipeline have taken place . In April 2006 New Delhi hosted an India -- Africa summit attended by the leaders of 15 African states . Congress ' policy has also been to improve relations with other developing countries , particularly Brazil and South Africa . Presence in various states Current ruling parties in the states and union territories of India BJP Coalition with BJP INC Coalition with INC Other parties As of July 2017 , Congress is in power in the states of Punjab , Himachal Pradesh , Karnataka , Meghalaya and Mizoram , where the party has majority support . In Puducherry it shares power with alliance partners . Previously , Congress governed Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , Gujarat , Kerala , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Uttarakhand and Manipur . List of current INC and UPA governments No . State / UT Chief Minister Party / alliance partner CM since Seats in Assembly Last election Mizoram Lal Thanhawla INC 11 Dec 2008 33 / 40 25 Nov 2013 Meghalaya Mukul Sangma INC 20 Apr 2010 31 / 60 23 Feb 2013 Himachal Pradesh Virbhadra Singh INC 25 Dec 2012 36 / 68 20 Nov 2012 Karnataka Siddaramaiah INC 13 May 2013 122 / 225 5 May 2013 5 Puducherry V. Narayanasamy INC 6 June 2016 17 / 30 16 May 2016 6 Punjab Amarinder Singh INC 16 Mar 2017 77 / 117 4 Feb 2017 List of prime ministers No . Prime Ministers Year Duration Constituency Jawaharlal Nehru 1947 -- 64 17 years Phulpur Gulzarilal Nanda ( Acting Prime Minister ) May -- June 1964 ; January 1966 26 days Sabarkantha Lal Bahadur Shastri 1964 -- 66 2 years Allahabad Indira Gandhi 1966 -- 77 , 1980 -- 84 16 years Uttar Pradesh ( Rajya Sabha ) , Rae Bareli , Medak 5 Rajiv Gandhi 1984 -- 89 5 years Amethi 6 P.V. Narasimha Rao 1991 -- 96 5 years Nandyal 7 Manmohan Singh 2004 -- 14 10 years Assam ( Rajya Sabha ) List of prime ministers ( former Congress members ) A majority of non-Congress prime ministers of India are former Congress members . No . Prime Ministers Year Duration Constituency Morarji Desai 1977 -- 79 2 years Surat Charan Singh July 1979 ; January 1980 170 days Baghpat V.P. Singh 1989 -- 90 1 year Fatehpur Chandra Shekhar 223 Days Ballia 5 H.D. Deve Gowda 1996 -- 97 1 year Karnataka ( Rajya Sabha ) 6 I.K. Gujral 1997 -- 98 1 year Bihar ( Rajya Sabha ) See also Liberalism portal India portal Politics portal Congress Working Committee All India Congress Committee Pradesh Congress Committee Statewise Election history of Congress Party Nehru - Feroze Gandhi family List of political parties in India Politics of India List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress References Notes Jump up ^ `` The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire , and one that became an inspiration for many others , was the Indian Congress . '' Jump up ^ `` South Asian parties include several of the oldest in the post-colonial world , foremost among them the 129 - year - old Indian National Congress that led India to independence in 1947 '' Jump up ^ `` The organization that led India to independence , the Indian National Congress , was established in 1885 . '' Jump up ^ `` ... anti-colonial movements ... which , like many other nationalist movements elsewhere in the empire , were strongly infuenced by the Indian National Congress . '' Jump up ^ `` During the first five decades of India 's independence , the left - of - center , secular Indian National Congress ( INC ) and its factions have ruled almost continuously ... While the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) ... Citations Jump up ^ `` Indian National Congress - Policy and structure '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Saez , Lawrence ; Sinha , Aseema ( 2010 ) . `` Political cycles , political institutions and public expenditure in India , 1980 -- 2000 '' . British Journal of Political Science . 40 ( 01 ) : 91 -- 113 . doi : 10.1017 / s0007123409990226 . Jump up ^ `` Progressive Alliance Participants '' . Progressive Alliance . Jump up ^ `` Full Member Parties of Socialist International '' . Socialist International . 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Kaarthikenyan , Radhavinod Raju ; Radhavinod Raju ( 2008 ) . Rajiv Gandhi Assassination . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd . pp. 89 -- 91 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 207 - 3265 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` SC refers Rajiv Gandhi killers ' release case to Constitution Bench '' . The Indian Express . 25 April 2014 . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PV Narasimha Rao Biography '' . pmindia.nic.in . Prime Minister 's Office , India . Archived from the original on 27 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Narasimha Rao -- a Reforming PM . BBC News ( 23 December 2004 ) . Retrieved 2 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Arvind Kumar , Arun Narendhranath ( 3 October 2001 ) . India must embrace unfettered free enterprise . Daily News and Analysis . Jump up ^ PV Narasimha Rao Remembered as Father of Indian Economic Reforms . VOA News ( 23 December 2004 ) . Archived 29 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . 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Jump up ^ `` U.S. , India ink historic civilian nuclear deal '' . People 's Daily . 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Haass , Richard N. ( 23 November 2009 ) . `` A Conversation with Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh '' . cfr.org . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ' peace pipeline ' '' . www.thenational.ae . The National . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Several African leaders to attend Africa - India summit , AU says '' . African Press International . 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India - South Africa relations '' ( PDF ) . mea.gov.in . Ministry of External Affairs , Government of India . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Further reading The Indian National Congress : An Historical Sketch , by Frederick Marion De Mello . Published by H. Milford , Oxford University Press , 1934 . The Indian National Congress , by Hemendra Nath Das Gupta . Published by J.K. Das Gupta , 1946 . Indian National Congress : A Descriptive Bibliography of India 's Struggle for Freedom , by Jagdish Saran Sharma . Published by S. Chand , 1959 . Social Factors in the Birth and Growth of the Indian National Congress Movement , by Ramparkash Dua . Published by S. Chand , 1967 . Split in a Predominant Party : The Indian National Congress in 1969 , by Mahendra Prasad Singh . Abhinav Publications , 1981 . ISBN 81 - 7017 - 140 - 7 . Concise History of the Indian National Congress , 1885 -- 1947 , by B.N. Pande , Nisith Ranjan Ray , Ravinder Kumar , Manmath Nath Das . Published by Vikas Pub . House , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 7069 - 3020 - 7 . The Indian National Congress : An Analytical Biography , by Om P. Gautam . Published by B.R. Pub . Corp. , 1985 . A Century of Indian National Congress , 1885 -- 1985 , by Pran Nath Chopra , Ram Gopal , Moti Lal Bhargava . Published by Agam Prakashan , 1986 . The Congress Ideology and Programme , 1920 -- 1985 , by Pitambar Datt Kaushik . Published by Gitanjali Pub . House , 1986 . ISBN 81 - 85060 - 16 - 9 . Struggling and Ruling : The Indian National Congress , 1885 -- 1985 , by Jim Masselos . Published by Sterling Publishers , 1987 . The Encyclopedia of Indian National Congress , by A. Moin Zaidi , Shaheda Gufran Zaidi , Indian Institute of Applied Political Research . Published by S. Chand , 1987 . Indian National Congress : A Reconstruction , by Iqbal Singh , Nehru Memorial Museum and Library . Published by Riverdale Company , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 913215 - 32 - 5 . INC , the Glorious Tradition , by A. Moin Zaidi , Indian National Congress . AICC . Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research , 1989 . Indian National Congress : A Select Bibliography , by Manikrao Hodlya Gavit , Attar Chand . Published by U.D.H. Pub . House , 1989 . ISBN 81 - 85044 - 05 - 8 . The Story of Congress PilgrFile : 1885 -- 1985 , by A. Moin Zaidi , Indian National Congress . Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research , 1990 . ISBN 81 - 85355 - 46 - 0 . ( 7 vols ) Indian National Congress in England , by Harish P. Kaushik . Published by Friends Publications , 1991 . Women in Indian National Congress , 1921 -- 1931 , by Rajan Mahan . Published by Rawat Publications , 1999 . History of Indian National Congress , 1885 -- 2002 , by Deep Chand Bandhu . Published by Kalpaz Publications , 2003 . ISBN 81 - 7835 - 090 - 4 . Bipan Chandra , Amales Tripathi , Barun De . Freedom Struggle . India : National Book Struggle . ISBN 978 - 81 - 237 - 0249 - 0 . 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8,737,118,385,625,750,000 | what is the meaning of novus ordo seclorum | Novus ordo seclorum - wikipedia Novus ordo seclorum The phrase Novus ordo seclorum ( Latin for `` New order of the ages '' ; English : / ˈnoʊvəs ˈɔːrdoʊ sɛˈklɔːrəm / ; Latin pronunciation : ( ˈnovus ˈordo seˈklorum ) ) is the second of two mottos that appear on the reverse ( or back side ) of the Great Seal of the United States . ( The first motto is Annuit cœptis , literally translated `` ( He / she / it ) has favored our undertakings '' . ) The Great Seal was first designed in 1782 , and has been printed on the back of the United States one - dollar bill since 1935 . The phrase Novus ordo seclorum is sometimes mistranslated as `` New World Order '' by people who believe in a conspiracy behind the design . Reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States Origin and phrase meaning ( edit ) The phrase is a reference to the fourth Eclogue of Virgil , which contains a passage ( lines 5 - 8 ) that reads : Latin English Ultima Cumaei venit iam carminis aetas ; Now comes the final era of the Sibyl 's song ; Magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo . The great order of the ages is born afresh . iam redit et Virgo , redeunt Saturnia regna , And now justice returns , honored rules return ( or return of Saturn 's reign ) ; iam nova progenies caelo demittitur alto . now a new lineage is sent down from high heaven . The forms saecla , saeclorum etc. were normal alternatives to the more common saecula etc. throughout the history of Latin poetry and prose . The form saeculorum is impossible in hexameter verse : the ae and o are long , the u short by position . For the medieval exchange between ae , æ and e , see Æ ; the word medieval ( mediæval ) itself is another example . Medieval Christians read Virgil 's poem as a prophecy of the coming of Christ . The Augustan Age , although pre-Christian , was viewed as a golden age preparing the world for the coming of Christ . The great poets of this age were viewed as a source of revelation and light upon the Christian mysteries to come . The word seclorum does not mean `` secular '' , as one might assume , but is the genitive ( possessive ) plural form of the word saeculum , meaning ( in this context ) generation , century , or age . Saeculum did come to mean `` age , world '' in late , Christian Latin , and `` secular '' is derived from it , through secularis . However , the adjective `` secularis , '' meaning `` worldly , '' is not equivalent to the genitive plural `` seclorum , '' meaning `` of the ages . '' Thus the motto Novus ordo seclorum can be translated as `` A new order of the ages . '' It was proposed by Charles Thomson , the Latin expert who was involved in the design of the Great Seal of the United States , to signify `` the beginning of the new American Era '' as of the date of the Declaration of Independence . See also ( edit ) United States portal Annuit cœptis E pluribus unum Eye of Providence List of Latin phrases List of national mottos List of U.S. state and territory mottos United States national motto Unity in diversity References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Novus Ordo Seclorum - Origin and Meaning of the Motto Beneath the American Pyramid '' . GreatSeal.com . Jump up ^ P. Vergilius Maro , Eclogues , J.B. Greenough , Ed . Jump up ^ Ann Raftery Meyer : Medieval allegory and the building of the new Jerusalem DS Brewer , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 796 - 4 Jump up ^ Lewis and Short , A Latin Dictionary : Founded on Andrews ' Edition of Freund 's Latin Dictionary : Revised , Enlarged , and in Great Part Rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis , Ph. D. and Charles Short , LL. D . The Clarendon Press , Oxford , 1879 , s . vv . Jump up ^ `` The Great Seal of the United States , '' U.S. Dept. of State , Bureau of Public Affairs , Washington , D.C. , July 2003 , pp. 4 , 5 , 15 . PDF of official brochure . <Th_colspan="2"> National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia Phrygian cap General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novus_ordo_seclorum&oldid=863506095 '' Categories : Latin mottos National symbols of the United States Talk About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018 , at 06 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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-7,490,561,703,306,164,000 | what was the impact of the haitian independence movement on latin america | Latin American wars of independence - wikipedia Latin American wars of independence For the independence struggle in the Hispanic American nations , see Spanish American wars of independence . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Countries in Latin America by date of independence The Latin American wars of independence were the revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America . These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions , which had profound effects on the British , Spanish , Portuguese , and French colonies in the Americas . Haiti , a French slave colony , was the first to follow the United States ; the Haitian Revolution lasted from 1791 to 1804 , when they won their independence . The Peninsular War with France , which resulted from the Napoleonic occupation of Spain , caused Spanish Creoles in Spanish America to question their allegiance to Spain , stoking independence movements that culminated in the wars of independence , which lasted almost two decades . At the same time , the Portuguese monarchy relocated to Brazil during Portugal 's French occupation . After the royal court returned to Lisbon , the prince regent , Pedro , remained in Brazil and in 1822 successfully declared himself emperor of a newly independent Brazil . Cuban independence was fought against Spain in two wars ( Ten Years and Little War ) . Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule until the Spanish -- American War in 1898 . Contents 1 Conditions prior to revolution 1.1 Undermining of metropolitan authority 1.2 Napoleonic Wars 1.3 Spanish military presence in its colonies 1.4 Other factors 2 The Caribbean 3 Portuguese America 4 Spanish America 4.1 Argentina 4.2 Bolivia 4.3 Colombia 4.4 Chile 4.5 Ecuador 4.6 Mexico 4.7 Paraguay 4.8 Peru 4.9 Uruguay 4.10 Venezuela 5 World reaction 5.1 United States and Great Britain 6 Later developments in Latin America 6.1 Attempts at hemispheric unity 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Conditions prior to Revolution ( edit ) Undermining of metropolitan authority ( edit ) Spain 's international wars at the second half of the 18th century evidenced the empire 's difficulties in reinforcing its colonial possessions and provide them with economic aid . This led to an increased local participation in the financing of the defense and an increased participation in the militias by the locally born . Such development was at odds with the ideals of the centralized absolute monarchy . The Spanish did also formal concessions to strengthen the defense : In Chiloé Spanish authorities promised freedom from the encomienda for those indigenous locals who settled near the new stronghold of Ancud ( founded in 1768 ) and contributed to its defense . The increased local organization of the defenses would ultimately undermine metropolitan authority and bolster the independence movement . Napoleonic wars ( edit ) Main articles : Napoleonic Wars and Peninsular War Evolving from the wars that Revolutionary France fought with the rest of Europe , the Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars fought between France ( led by Napoleon Bonaparte ) and alliances involving Britain , Prussia , Spain , Portugal , Russia and Austria at different times , from 1799 to 1815 . In the case of Spain and its colonies , in May 1808 , Napoleon captured Carlos IV and King Fernando VII and installed his own brother , Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish Throne because he did n't want anyone outside of his own bloodline to rule Spain . This pivotal point greatly disrupted the political stability of both Spain and its colonies . Cities throughout Spain and its colonies in America each formed governing bodies primarily consisting of local elites . These ruling local elites were called juntas and their underlying principle in taking power over their communities was that `` in absence of the king , Fernando VII , their sovereignty devolved temporarily back to the community . '' The juntas swore loyalty to the captive Fernando VII and each ruled different and diverse parts of the colony . Most of Fernando 's subjects were loyal to him in 1808 , but after he was restored to the Spanish crown in 1814 , his policy of restoring absolute power alienated both the juntas and his subjects . He abrogated the Cadiz Constitution of 1812 and persecuted anyone who had supported it . The violence used by royalist forces and the prospect of being ruled by Fernando shifted the majority of the colonist population in favor of separation from Spain . Spanish military presence in its colonies ( edit ) Graphs showing the make - up of the royalist army at the time of the revolution . The colonial army of Spanish Empire in Americas was divided in two sides confronted , one was the royalists , they were the American and European supporters of King Ferdinand . The Royalists ' were made up of a diversity of peoples loyal to the crown , with Americans composing the majority of the royalist forces in all fronts . There were two types of units : the expeditionary units created in Spain , and the units called Veterans or militias created in the Americas . The militias included some veteran units was called the disciplined militia . Only 11 % of the personnel in the militias were European or American whites . After Rafael del Riego 's revolution , in 1820 , no more Spanish soldiers were sent to the wars in the Americas . In 1820 there were only 10,001 Spanish soldiers in the Americas , and Spaniards formed only 10 % of all the royalist armies , and only half of the soldiers of the expeditionary units were European . By the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824 , less than 1 % of the soldiers were European . Other factors ( edit ) Main articles : Enlightenment Spain and Bourbon Reforms Other factors included Enlightenment thinking . The Enlightenment spurred the desire for social and economic reform to spread throughout Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula . Ideas about free trade and physiocratic economics were raised by the Enlightenment . The Caribbean ( edit ) Main articles : Haitian Revolution and History of the Dominican Republic § 1540 -- 1844 Independence movements in South America can be traced back to slave revolts in plantations in the northernmost part of the continent and Caribbean . In 1791 , a massive slave revolt sparked a general insurrection against the plantation system and French colonial power . These events were followed by a violent uprising led by José Leonardo Chirino and José Caridad González that sprung up in 1795 Venezuela , allegedly inspired by the revolution in Haiti . Main articles : History of Central America § Independence , History of Cuba § The 19th century : Years of Upheaval , and History of Puerto Rico § Early 19th century When Mexico achieved its independence in 1821 with the Treaty of Córdoba , the Captaincy General of Guatemala that had ruled Central America became politically independent as well , without the necessity of violent struggle . Guatemala declared its own independence September 15 , 1821 , likely to prevent the Mexican Army of the Three Guarantees from `` liberating '' Guatemala and over-riding nascent local autonomy . However , Guatemala chose to be annexed to the First Mexican Empire , led by royalist - turned - insurgent military leader Agustín de Iturbide , who was proclaimed emperor of Mexico in 1822 . When Iturbide abdicated from the monarchy and Mexico took steps to be a republic , Central America claimed its independence . Main article : Cuban War of Independence The Cuban War of Independence was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain , the other two being the Ten Years ' War ( 1868 -- 1878 ) and the Little War ( 1879 -- 1880 ) . The final three months of the conflict escalated to become the Spanish -- American War. A contingent of US Navy ships blockaded several Cuban ports . The Americans decided to invade Cuba and to start in Oriente , where the Cubans had control . Portuguese America ( edit ) Main articles : Portuguese colonization of the Americas , Colonial Brazil , and Brazilian Declaration of Independence After several failed revolts , the Portuguese colony of Brazil declared independence , forming a separate , local empire founded by Prince Regent Dom Pedro I . The war between the Brazilians and Portuguese lasted from February 1822 , with the burst of first skirmishes between militias , to November 1823 , when the last Portuguese garrisons surrendered . The Brazilian Empire lasted until a coup in 1889 overthrew the monarchy leading to its current status as a republic . Spanish America ( edit ) Main article : Spanish American wars of independence The crisis of political legitimacy in Spain with the Napoleonic invasion sparked reaction in Spain 's overseas empire . The outcome in Spanish America was that most of the region achieved political independence and instigated the creation of sovereign nations . The areas that were most recently formed as viceroyalties were the first to achieve independence , with the old centers of Spanish power in Mexico and Peru with strong and entrenched institutions and elites were the last to achieve independence in this era . The two exceptions to independence were the islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico , which with the Philippines , remained Spanish colonies until the 1898 Spanish - America War . Argentina ( edit ) Main article : Argentine War of Independence After the defeat of Spain in the Peninsular War and the abdication King Ferdinand VII , the Spanish colonial government of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , present - day Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Paraguay , Peru and Uruguay , became greatly weakened . Without a rightful king in the Spanish throne to render the office of the Viceroy as legitimate , the right of Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros to govern came under fire . The local elites , tired of the Spanish trade restrictions and taxes , seized the opportunity and during the May Revolution of 1810 , removed Cisneros and created the first local government , the Primera Junta . José de San Martín Following a half a decade of battles and skirmishes with provincial royalist forces within the former Vice-royalty along with military expeditions across the Andes to Chile , Peru and Bolivia led by General José de San Martín to finally end Spanish rule in America , a formal declaration was signed on July 9 , 1816 by an assembly in San Miguel de Tucumán , declaring full independence with provisions for a national constitution . The Argentine Constitution was signed in 1853 , declaring the creation of the Argentine Republic . Bolivia ( edit ) Main article : Bolivian War of Independence Following upheaval caused by the May Revolution , along with the independence movements in Chile and Venezuela , local struggle for independence kicked off with two failed revolutions that . Over sixteen years of struggle followed before the first steps towards the establishment of a republic were taken . Formally , it is considered that the fight for independence culminated in the Battle of Ayacucho , on December 9 , 1824 . Retreat of European colonialism and change of political borders in South America , 1700 -- present Colombia ( edit ) Main articles : Patria Boba , Spanish reconquest of New Granada , and Bolívar 's campaign to liberate New Granada Chile ( edit ) Main article : Chilean War of Independence The Chilean Independence movement was led by the Liberator General Bernardo O'Higgins . This movement of Chilean - born criollos , who sought political and economic independence from Spain . The movement for independence was far from gaining unanimous support among Chileans , who became divided between independentists and royalists . What started as an elitist political movement against their colonial master , finally ended as a full - fledged civil war . Traditionally , the process is divided into three stages : Patria Vieja , Reconquista , and Patria Nueva . Ecuador ( edit ) Main article : Ecuadorian War of Independence The first uprising against Spanish rule took place in 1809 , and criollos in Ecuador set up a junta on September 22 , 1810 to rule in the name of the Bourbon monarch ; but as elsewhere , it allowed assertion of their own power . Only in 1822 did Ecuador fully gain independence and became part of Gran Colombia , from which it withdrew in 1830 . At the Battle of Pichincha , near present - day Quito , Ecuador on May 24 , 1822 , General Antonio José de Sucre 's forces defeated a Spanish force defending Quito . The Spanish defeat guaranteed the liberation of Ecuador . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Mexican War of Independence Independence in Mexico was a protracted struggle from 1808 until the fall of royal government in 1821 and the establishment of independent Mexico . In the Viceroyalty of New Spain , as elsewhere in Spanish America in 1808 , reacted to the unexpected French invasion of the Iberian peninsula and the ouster of the Bourbon king , replaced by Joseph Bonaparte . Local American - born Spaniards saw the opportunity to seize local control from Viceroy José de Iturrigaray , who may well have been sympathetic to creoles aspirations . Iturrigaray was ousted by pro-royalists . A few creole elites sought independence , including Juan Aldama , and Ignacio Allende , but especially secular parish priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla . Hidalgo made a proclamation in his home parish of Dolores , which was not recorded in writing at the time , but denounced bad government and gachupines ( pejorative for peninsular - born Spaniards ) , and declared independence . The unorganized hordes following Hidalgo wrought destruction on property and the lives of whites in the region of the Bajío . Hidalgo was caught , defrocked , and executed in 1811 , along with Allende . Their heads remained on display until 1821 . His former student José María Morelos continued the rebellion and was himself caught and killed in 1815 . The struggle of Mexican insurgents continued under the leadership of Vicente Guerrero and Guadalupe Victoria . From 1815 to 1820 there was a stalemate in New Spain , with royalist forces unable to defeat the insurgents and the insurgents unable to expand beyond their narrow territory in the southern region . Again , events in Spain intervened , with an uprising of military men against Ferdinand VII and the restoration of the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 , which mandated a constitutional monarchy and curtailed the power of the Roman Catholic Church . The monarch had repudiated the constitution once the Spanish monarchy was restored in 1814 . For conservatives in New Spain , these changed political circumstances threatened the institutions of church and state . Royal military officer Agustín de Iturbide seized the opportunity to lead , making an alliance with his former enemy Guerrero . Iturbide proclaimed the Plan de Iguala , which called for independence , equality of peninsular and American - born Spaniards , and a monarchy . He persuaded the insurgent Guerrero to form an alliance with him and creating the Army of the Three Guarantees . Crown rule in New Spain collapsed , with the incoming Viceroy Juan O'Donojú signing the Treaty of Córdoba , recognizing Mexico 's sovereignty . With no European monarch presenting himself for the crown of Mexico , Iturbide himself was proclaimed emperor Agustin I in 1822 . He was overthrown in 1823 and Mexico was established as a republic . Decades of political and economic instability ensued . Paraguay ( edit ) Paraguay gained its independence on the night of May 14 and the morning of May 15 , 1811 , after a plan organized by various pro-independence nationalists including Fulgencio Yegros and José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia . Peru ( edit ) Main article : Peruvian War of Independence Spain initially had the support of the Lima oligarchs because of their opposition to the commercial interests of Buenos Aires and Chile . Therefore , the Viceroyalty of Peru became the last redoubt of the Spanish Monarchy in South America . Nevertheless , a Creole rebellion arose in 1812 in Huánuco and another in Cusco between 1814 and 1816 . Both were suppressed . These rebellions were supported by the armies of Buenos Aires . Peru finally succumbed after the decisive continental campaigns of José de San Martín ( 1820 -- 1823 ) and Simón Bolívar ( 1824 ) . While San Martin was in charge of the land campaign , a newly built Chilean Navy led by Lord Cochrane transported the fighting troops and launched a sea campaign against the Spanish fleet in the Pacific . San Martín , who had displaced the royalists of Chile after the Battle of Maipú , and who had disembarked in Paracas in 1820 , proclaimed the independence of Peru in Lima on July 28 , 1821 . Four years later , the Spanish Monarchy was defeated definitively at the Battle of Ayacucho . After independence , the conflicts of interests that faced different sectors of Creole Peruvian society and the particular ambitions of the caudillos , made the organization of the country excessively difficult . Only three civilians -- Manuel Pardo , Nicolás de Piérola and Francisco García Calderón -- acceded to the presidency in the first seventy - five years of Peru 's independence . The Republic of Bolivia was created from Upper Peru . In 1837 a Peru - Bolivian Confederation was also created but was dissolved two years later due to Chilean military intervention . Uruguay ( edit ) Following the events of the May Revolution , in 1811 José Gervasio Artigas , launched a successful revolt against the Spanish forces in the Provincia Oriental , now Uruguay , joining the independentist movement that was taking place in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata at the time . In 1821 , the Provincia Oriental was invaded by Portugal , trying to annex it into Brazil under the name of Província Cisplatina . The former Vice-royalty of the Río de la Plata , The United Provinces of the River Plate , fought back Brazil in a war that lasted over 2 years , eventually turning into a stalemate . The Brazilian forces withdrew with the United Provinces keeping them at bay but failing to win any decisive victory . With neither side gained the upper hand and the economic burden of the war crippling the United Provinces economy , the Treaty of Montevideo was signed in 1828 , fostered by Britain , declaring Uruguay as an independent state . Venezuela ( edit ) Main articles : Venezuelan War of Independence , First Republic of Venezuela , and Second Republic of Venezuela Simón Bolívar According to the Encyclopedia Americana of 1865 , General Francisco de Miranda , already a hero to the French , Prussians , English and Americans had garnered a series of successes against the Spanish between 1808 and 1812 . He had effectively negated their access to all the ports on the Caribbean , thus preventing them from receiving reinforcements and supplies and was essentially conducting mopping - up operations throughout the country . At that point he convinced Simon Bolivar to join the struggle and put him in charge of the fort at Puerto Cabello . This was all at once a supply and arms depot , a strategic port and the central holding facility for Spanish prisoners . Through what amounts to a gross dereliction of duty , Simon Bolivar neglected to enforce the customary security dispositions before departing to a social event . During the night there was an uprising of the Spanish prisoners and they managed to subdue the Independentist garrison and gain control of the supplies , the arms and ammunition , and the port . The Loyalist forces progressively regained control of the country and eventually Monteverde 's successes forced the newly formed congress of the republic to ask of Miranda that he sign a capitulation at La Victoria in Aragua , on July 12 , 1812 , thus ending the first phase of the revolutionary war . After the capitulation of 1812 , Simón Bolívar turned over Francisco de Miranda to the Spanish authorities , secured a safe passage for himself and his closest officers and fled to New Granada . He later returned with a new army , while the war had entered a tremendously violent phase . After much of the local aristocracy had abandoned the cause of independence , blacks and mulattoes carried on the struggle . Elites reacted with open distrust and opposition to the efforts of these common people . Bolívar 's forces invaded Venezuela from New Granada in 1813 , waging a campaign with a ferocity captured perfectly by their motto of `` war to the death '' . Bolívar 's forces defeated Domingo Monteverde 's Spanish army in a series of battles , taking Caracas on August 6 , 1813 and besieging Monteverde at Puerto Cabello in September 1813 . Battle of Carabobo With loyalists displaying the same passion and violence , the rebels achieved only short - lived victories . The army led by the loyalist José Tomás Boves demonstrated the key military role that the Llaneros came to play in the region 's struggle . Turning the tide against independence , these highly mobile , ferocious fighters made up a formidable military force that pushed Bolívar out of his home country once more . In 1814 , heavily reinforced Spanish forces in Venezuela lost a series of battles to Bolívar 's forces but then decisively defeated Bolivar at La Puerta on June 15 , took Caracas on July 16 , and again defeated his army at Aragua on August 18 , at a cost of 2,000 Spanish casualties out of 10,000 soldiers as well as most of the 3,000 in the rebel army . Bolívar and other leaders then returned to New Granada . Later that year the largest expeditionary force ever sent by Spain to America arrived under the command of Pablo Morillo . This force effectively replaced the improvised llanero units , who were disbanded by Morillo . Bolívar and other republican leaders returned to Venezuela in December 1816 , leading a largely unsuccessful insurrection against Spain from 1816 to 1818 from bases in the Llanos and Ciudad Bolívar in the Orinoco River area . In 1819 Bolívar successfully invaded New Granada , and returned to Venezuela in April 1821 , leading a large army of 7,000 . At Carabobo on June 24 , his forces decisively defeated Spanish and colonial forces , winning Venezuelan independence , although hostilities continued . The Battle of Boyacá sealed Colombia 's independence Provinces of the South American viceroyalties . Further information : Libertadores World reaction ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United States and great Britain ( edit ) Great Britain and the United States were rivals for influence in the newly independent sovereign nations . As a result of the successful revolutions which established so many new independent nations , United States President James Monroe and the Secretary of State John Quincy Adams drafted the Monroe Doctrine . It stated that the United States would not tolerate any European interference in the Western Hemisphere . This measure ostensibly was taken in order to safeguard the newfound liberties of these new countries , but it was also taken as a precautionary measure against the intrusion of European states . Since the United States was a newly founded nation , it lacked the capacity to prevent other European powers from interfering , for that the United States looked for Britain 's help and support to execute the Monroe Doctrine into action . Great Britain 's trade with Latin America greatly expanded during the revolutionary period , which until then was restricted due to Spanish mercantilist trade policies . British pressure was sufficient to prevent Spain from attempting any serious reassertion of its control over its lost colonies . Later developments in Latin America ( edit ) See also : Ten Years ' War , Little War ( Cuba ) , Cuban War of Independence , History of the Dominican Republic § 1844 - 1929 , and Empire of Brazil Internal divisions also resulted in internecine wars . For example , Gran Colombia proved too fragile and the South American nation collapsed within ten years . Because many of the political strongmen of this period ( caudillos ) , who came to power were from the military , a strong authoritarian streak marked many of the new governments . There were countless revolts , coup d'états and inter-state wars , which never allowed Latin America to become united . This was exacerbated by the fact that Latin America is a land of various and very diverse cultures that do not identify with , nor have a sense of unity , with one another . The Spanish Empire in America was reduced to three Caribbean islands : Cuba and Puerto Rico . Santo Domingo was under Spanish rule for some years before definitive independence was achieved . After three independence wars in Cuba , the 1898 Spanish -- American War ended Spanish colonial rule . Brazil achieved its independence peacefully in 1822 , becoming a monarchy , the Empire of Brazil . It retained its territorial integrity following independence , as opposed to the fragmentation of Spanish America into separate republics . Brazil was an anomaly in Latin America as a large , successful and stable monarchy until 1889 , when the monarchy was overthrown following the abolition of slavery , and República Velha ( `` Old Republic '' ) was founded . Attempts at hemispheric unity ( edit ) Main article : Latin American integration The notion of closer Spanish American cooperation and unity was first put forward by the Liberator Simón Bolívar who , at the 1826 Congress of Panama , proposed the creation a league of American republics , with a common military , a mutual defense pact , and a supranational parliamentary assembly . This meeting was attended by representatives of Gran Colombia ( comprising the modern - day nations of Colombia , Ecuador , Panama , and Venezuela ) , Peru , the United Provinces of Central America ( Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica ) , and Mexico . Nevertheless , the great distances and geographical barriers , not to mention the different national and regional interests , made union impossible . Sixty - three years later the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics was established . It was renamed the International Commercial Bureau at the Second International Conference of 1901 -- 1902 . These two bodies , in existence as of 14 April 1890 , represent the point of inception of today 's Organization of American States . See also ( edit ) Spanish Empire Libertadores Spanish reconquest of Mexico Spanish American Royalists Wars of national liberation History of South America Spanish American wars of independence Territorial evolution of the Caribbean References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ossa Santa Cruz , Juan Luis ( 2010 ) . `` La criollización de un ejército periférico , Chile , 1768 - 1810 '' . Historia ( in Spanish ) . 42 ( II ) : 413 -- 448 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Sarah C. , and John Charles Chasteen . Latin American Independence : An Anthology of Sources . Indianapolis : Hackett Pub. , 2010 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Haiti '' . BBC News . April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ralph Lee Woodward , Central America : A Nation Divided . 2nd edition . New York : Oxford University Press 1985 , pp. 85 - 90 . Jump up ^ David Bushnell , Wars of Independence : South America , '' in The Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 5 , p. 447 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons 1996 . Jump up ^ Fuertes Medina , Aurelia . `` History of Ecuador '' . A Guide to Andean Countries . Archived from the original on 1998 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Nilton Freixinho , `` International Relations in South America Nineteenth Century A Case Study : The Independence and Sovereignty of Uruguay , '' in Peacekeeping 1815 To Today ( 1995 ) pp 612 - 19 ; ISBN 0 - 662 - 62062 - 3 online Jump up ^ Fred Rippy , Rivalry of the U.S. and Great Britain over Latin America ( 1808 - 1830 ) New York , Octagon Press , 1964 ( c1929 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Andrien , Kenneth J. and Lyman , L. Johnson . The Political Economy of Spanish America in the Age of Revolution , 1750 -- 1850 . Albuquerque , University of New Mexico Press , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1489 - 5 Bethell , Leslie . From Independence to 1870 . The Cambridge History of Latin America , Vol. 3 . Cambridge University Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 34128 - 0 Burns , Bradford E. The Poverty of Progress : Latin America in the Nineteenth Century . Berkeley , University of California Press , 1980 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04160 - 8 Brown , Matthew . Adventuring through Spanish Colonies : Simón Bolívar , Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations . Liverpool University Press , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 84631 - 044 - X Bushnell , David and Macaulay , Neill . The Emergence of Latin America in the Nineteenth Century ( 2nd edition ) . Oxford University Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508402 - 0 Chasteen , John Charles . Americanos : Latin America 's Struggle for Independence . Oxford University Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517881 - 4 Costeloe , Michael P ... Response to Revolution : Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions , 1810 -- 1840 . Cambridge University Press , 1986 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32083 - 2 Graham , Richard . Independence in Latin America : A Comparative Approach ( 2nd edition ) . McGraw - Hill , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 024008 - 6 Harvey , Robert . `` Liberators : Latin America ` s Struggle For Independence , 1810 -- 1830 '' . John Murray , London ( 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5566 - 3 Hasbrouck , Alfred . Foreign Legionaries in the Liberation of Spanish South America . New York : Octagon Books , 1969 . Higgins , James ( editor ) . The Emancipation of Peru : British Eyewitness Accounts , 2014 . Online at https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu Humphreys , R.A. and Lynch , John ( editors ) . The Origins of the Latin American Revolutions , 1808 -- 1826 . New York , Alfred A. Knopf , 1965 . Kaufman , William W ... British Policy and the Independence of Latin America , 1804 -- 1828 . New Haven , Yale University Press , 1951 . Kinsbruner , Jay . Independence in Spanish America . 1994 Lynch , John . The Spanish American Revolutions , 1808 - 1826 , 2nd ed ... 1986 Robertson , William Spence . France and Latin American Independence . New York , Octagon , ( 1939 ) 1967 . Savelle , Max . Empires to Nations : Expansion in America , 1713 -- 1824 . Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion , Vol. 5 . Minneapolis , University of Minnesota Press , 1974 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 0709 - 9 Uribe , Victor M. `` The Enigma of Latin American Independence : Analyses of the Last Ten Years , '' Latin American Research Review ( 1997 ) 32 # 1 pp. 236 -- 255 in JSTOR Whitaker , Arthur P . The United States and the Independence of Latin America , 1800 -- 1830 . Baltimore , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1941 . Zea , Leopoldo . The Latin - American Mind . Norman , University of Oklahoma Press , 1963 . <Th_colspan="2"> hide Pan-Americanism History Spanish American wars of independence Latin American wars of independence Latin American integration North American integration Patria Grande Simón Bolívar José de San Martín Lucas Alamán Inter-American Commission of Women Organizations Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization ( ACTO ) Andean Community of Nations ( CAN ) Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( ALBA ) Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Central American Integration System ( SICA ) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( CELAC ) Contadora group Contadora support group Latin American Economic System ( SELA ) Latin American Integration Association ( ALADI ) Lima Group ( LG ) Mercosur Organization of American States ( OAS ) Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Organization of Ibero - American States ( OEI ) Pacific Alliance Petrocaribe Rio Group Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ( ECLAC , CEPAL ) Projects Andean passport CARICOM passport CARICOM Single Market and Economy CARIPASS Central America - 4 Border Control Agreement Central America - 4 passport Eastern Caribbean Currency Union Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America ( IIRSA ) Interoceanic Highway SUCRE Institutions Andean Parliament Bank of the South Caribbean Court of Justice Caribbean Development Bank Central American Parliament Development Bank of Latin America Inter-American Development Bank Latin American Parliament Mercosur Parliament South American Parliament Free trade areas Caribbean Free Trade Association ( CARIFTA ) CARIFORUM Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA - DR ) Economic Partnership Agreements Free Trade Area of the Americas G3 Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_wars_of_independence&oldid=854705918 '' Categories : Latin America Rebellions against the Spanish Empire Colonization of the Americas Latin American wars of independence History of South America Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Ελληνικά فارسی Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 06 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Latin American wars of independence
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-1,611,299,029,712,657,000 | who won the long beach grand prix this year | Grand Prix of Long Beach - wikipedia Grand Prix of Long Beach Jump to : navigation , search For the Formula One race , see United States Grand Prix West . Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Verizon IndyCar Series Location Long Beach , California 33 ° 45 ′ 59 '' N 118 ° 11 ′ 34 '' W / 33.76639 ° N 118.19278 ° W / 33.76639 ; - 118.19278 Coordinates : 33 ° 45 ′ 59 '' N 118 ° 11 ′ 34 '' W / 33.76639 ° N 118.19278 ° W / 33.76639 ; - 118.19278 Corporate sponsor Toyota First race First ICS race 2009 Distance 167.28 mi ( 269.21 km ) Laps 85 Previous names Long Beach Grand Prix ( 1975 ) United States Grand Prix West ( 1976 -- 1983 ) Toyota Grand Prix of the United States ( 1980 -- 1981 , 1983 ) Most wins ( driver ) Al Unser Jr. ( 6 ) Most wins ( team ) Newman / Haas Racing ( 6 ) Team Penske ( 6 ) Most wins ( manufacturer ) Lola ( 11 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Circuit information Length 1.968 mi ( 3.167 km ) Turns 11 Lap record 1 : 06.2254 ( Hélio Castroneves , Dallara DW12 Chevrolet , 2017 , IndyCar ) The Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach is an IndyCar Series race held on a street circuit in Long Beach , California . Christopher Pook is the founder of the event . It was the premier race on the CART / Champ Car calendar from 1996 to 2008 , and the 2008 race was the final Champ Car series race prior to the formal unification and end of the open - wheel `` split '' between CART and IRL . Since 2009 , the race has been part of the unified IndyCar Series . For most of its history , the race has traditionally been held in April . It is one of the longest continuously - running events in Indy car racing , and with its rich history , is considered one of the most prestigious events on the circuit . The Long Beach Grand Prix is the longest running major street race held in North America . It started in 1975 as a Formula 5000 race , and became a Formula One event in 1976 . Incredibly , in an era when turbocharged engines were starting to come to prominence in Formula One , Long Beach remains one of the few circuits used from the time Renault introduced turbos in 1977 until the last Long Beach Grand Prix in 1983 that never once saw a turbo - powered car take victory . John Watson 's win for McLaren in 1983 holds the Formula One record for the lowest ever starting position for a race winner . In a grid consisting of 26 cars , Watson started 22nd in his McLaren - Ford . That same race also saw Watson 's teammate ( and 1982 Long Beach winner ) Niki Lauda finish second after starting 23rd on the grid . René Arnoux , who finished third in his Ferrari 126C2B , was the only driver to ever finish on the Formula One podium at Long Beach driving a turbocharged car . In 1984 , the race switched from a Formula One race to a CART Indy car event . Support races over the years have included Indy Lights , IMSA , Atlantics , Pirelli World Challenge , Trans - Am Series , Formula D , Stadium Super Trucks , Formula E , and the Toyota Pro / Celebrity Race . Toyota has been a sponsor of the event since its beginning and title sponsor since 1980 , believed to be the longest continuously running sports sponsorship in the U.S. The Long Beach Grand Prix has been announced since 1978 by Bruce Flanders ( and his assorted guest announcers ) . The Long Beach Grand Prix in April is the single largest event in the city of Long Beach . Attendance for the weekend regularly reaches or exceeds 200,000 people . In 2006 , the Long Beach Motorsports Walk of Fame was created to honor selected past winners and key contributors to the sport of auto racing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Event history 2 Circuit 2.1 Course layouts 3 Events 3.1 Formula 5000 and Formula One race 3.2 2008 Long Beach / Motegi `` split weekend '' 3.3 Drifting 3.4 North American Touring Car Championship 3.5 Formula E 3.6 First wins 3.7 Future 4 Race winners 4.1 Support races 5 Race summaries 5.1 CART PPG Indy Car World Series 5.2 CART FedEx Championship Series 5.3 Champ Car World Series 5.4 IndyCar Series 6 Sports car race winners 6.1 IMSA GTO / GTU 6.2 Rolex Sports Car Series 6.3 American Le Mans Series 6.4 IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship 6.5 Toyota Pro / Celebrity Race 6.6 Formula E 7 Broadcasting history ( United States ) 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Event history ( edit ) Mark Smith driving in the 1993 race The Long Beach Grand Prix was the brainchild of promoter Chris Pook , a former travel agent from England . Pook was inspired by the Monaco Grand Prix , and believed that a similar event had the potential to succeed in the Southern California area . The city of Long Beach was selected , approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of downtown Los Angeles . A waterfront circuit , near the Port of Long Beach was laid out on city streets , and despite the area at the time being mostly a depressed , industrial port city , the first event drew 30,000 fans . The inaugural race was held in September 1975 as part of the Formula 5000 series . In 1976 , the United States Grand Prix West was created , providing two grand prix races annually in the United States for a time . Long Beach became a Formula One event for 1976 and the race was moved to March or April . Meanwhile , the United States Grand Prix East at Watkins Glen International was experiencing a noticeably steady decline . Despite gaining a reputation of being demanding and rough on equipment , Long Beach almost immediately gained prominence owing much to its pleasant weather , picturesque setting , and close proximity to Los Angeles and the glitzy Hollywood area . When Watkins Glen was finally dropped from the Formula One calendar after 1980 , the now - established Long Beach began to assume an even more prominent status . Despite exciting races , and strong attendance , the event was not financially successful as a Formula One event . The promoter was risking a meager $100,000 profit against a $6 -- 7 million budget . Fearing that one poor running could bankrupt the event , Pook convinced city leaders to change the race to a CART series event beginning in 1984 . In short time , the event grew to prominence on the Indy car circuit , and has been credited with triggering a renaissance in the city of Long Beach . The race was used to market the city , and in the years since the race 's inception , many dilapidated and condemned buildings have been replaced with high - rise hotels and tourist attractions . The event served as a CART / Champ Car race from 1984 to 2008 , then became a IndyCar Series race in 2009 . The 2017 race was the 43rd running , and the 34th consecutive as an Indy car race , one of the longest continuously running events in the history of Indy car racing . On three occasions ( 1984 , 1985 and 1987 ) the race served as the CART season opener . In seven separate seasons ( 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 and 1994 ) , it served as the final race before the Indianapolis 500 . Circuit ( edit ) The current race circuit is a 1.968 - mile ( 3.167 km ) temporary road course laid out in the city streets surrounding the Long Beach Convention Center . The convention center actually doubled as the pit paddock during the days of Formula One . The circuit also goes primarily over the former location of The Pike historic amusement zone . The track is particularly noted for its last section , a sharp hairpin turn followed by a long , slightly curved front straightaway which runs the length of Shoreline Drive . The circuit is situated on the Long Beach waterfront , and is lined with palm trees ( especially along the front straightaway towards the Aquarium of the Pacific ) , making for a scenic track . The circuit has undergone numerous layout changes since the race 's inception in 1975 . All iterations , however , have featured a signature hairpin turn , main stretch along Shoreline Drive , and back stretch along Seaside Way . The first grand prix layout measured 2.02 miles , and featured two hairpins , one at each end of the Shoreline Drive straightaway . In its early years , the starting line and the finish line were located on different sides of the course . In 1982 , the hairpin turn and the end of the main stretch ( turn 1 ) was removed , and replaced with a 90 - degree right turn , followed by 90 - degree left turn . When the race became a CART series event , the layout was changed significantly . The final turn hairpin was moved to the east , closer to the pit entrance . Other slow chicanes and turns were removed . After a minor tweak to the layout in 1987 , the track was shortened in 1992 by the removal of the Park Avenue loop . That created a longer Seaside Way back stretch , and a faster run to the passing zone . In 1999 , due to new construction in the area , the turn one set of curves was removed , and replaced with the new fountain complex . Turn one now became a 90 - degree left turn , leading into a roundabout around a fountain , and a series of three 90 - degree turns . A year later , this segment was revised again , to created a longer straightaway leading to Pine Avenue . This course layout remains intact today . Course layouts ( edit ) 1975 -- 1977 1978 -- 1981 1982 2000 -- present ePrix 2015 - 2016 Events ( edit ) Formula 5000 and Formula one race ( edit ) Main article : United States Grand Prix West The inaugural race was held as part of the Formula 5000 series . From 1976 to 1983 the event was a Formula One race , commonly known as the United States Grand Prix West . 2008 Long Beach / Motegi `` split weekend '' ( edit ) Jimmy Vasser at the 2008 Grand Prix of Long Beach . During negotiations which led to the unification of the Champ Car World Series and the IRL IndyCar Series in 2008 , a scheduling conflict arose between the IndyCar race held at Twin Ring Motegi ( April 19 ) and the Champ Car race at Long Beach ( April 20 ) . Neither party was able to reschedule their event . A compromise was made to create a unique `` split weekend '' of races at Motegi and Long Beach . The existing Indy Racing League teams would compete in Japan , while the ex-Champ Car teams raced at Long Beach . Both races paid equal points towards the 2008 IndyCar Series championship . The ex-Champ Car teams utilized the Panoz DP01 machines , the cars that would have been used in 2008 had the unification not taken place . The 2008 Long Beach Grand Prix was billed as the `` final Champ Car race . '' Drifting ( edit ) Beginning in 2005 the event included a demonstration by participants in the Formula D drifting series . Since 2006 Formula D has held the first round of their pro series on Turns 9 -- 11 on the weekend prior to the Grand Prix . In 2013 the Motegi Super Drift Challenge , a drifting competition , was added on the GP weekend , using the same Turn 9 -- 11 course as Formula D . The Motegi Super Drift Challenge is the only event during the GP that runs at night , under floodlights . North American Touring car Championship ( edit ) Long Beach hosted the opening round of the 1997 North American Touring Car Championship season , being won by Neil Crompton in a Honda Accord . Formula E ( edit ) A modified version of the Long Beach Grand Prix track was used during the Long Beach ePrix of the FIA Formula E Championship . The track is 2.1 km ( 1.3 mi ) in length and features seven turns . Admission to the first event was free : `` the free admission will afford everyone the opportunity to come out and witness this historic and unique event '' , Jim Michaelian , president of the Grand Prix Assn. of Long Beach , said in a statement . The ePrix was held once again in 2016 . However , it was not renewed for the third Formula E season in 2017 . First wins ( edit ) Despite the challenging nature of the course , the Grand Prix of Long Beach has produced the first Indy / Champ car victories for several drivers . Drivers who won their first career Indy car race at Long Beach include Michael Andretti , Paul Tracy , Juan Pablo Montoya , Mike Conway , and Takuma Sato . For Michael Andretti , the Long Beach Grand Prix has the distinction of being his first career Indy car win ( 1986 ) , and 42nd and final career Indy car win ( 2002 ) . James Hinchcliffe won his first - career Indy Lights race at Long Beach in 2010 , then followed it up with an IndyCar Series win at the track in 2017 . In 2005 , Katherine Legge won the Atlantic Championship support race at Long Beach , her first start in the series . In doing so , she became the first female driver to win a developmental open - wheel race in North America . Future ( edit ) The City of Long Beach and the Grand Prix Association have a contract to hold the Grand Prix as part of the IndyCar Series through 2018 , with optional extensions available through 2020 . In 2016 , the Long Beach City Council issued an RFP , opening up consideration for returning the event to a Formula One race as early as 2019 . In August 2017 , after a study was completed and after discussions , the switch to Formula One was rejected . The city council voted unanimously to continue the event as part of the IndyCar Series . Race winners ( edit ) Season Date Driver Team Chassis Engine Tires <Th_colspan="2"> Race Distance Race Time Average Speed ( mph ) Report Laps Miles ( km ) <Th_colspan="12"> Formula 5000 Sept 28 Brian Redman Carl A. Haas Racing Lola Chevrolet Goodyear 50 101 ( 162.543 ) 1 : 10 : 12 86.325 Report <Th_colspan="12"> Formula One 1976 March 28 Clay Regazzoni Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari Ferrari Goodyear ( 2 ) 80 161.6 ( 260.069 ) 1 : 53 : 18 85.572 Report 1977 April 3 Mario Andretti Team Lotus Lotus Ford -- Cosworth Goodyear ( 3 ) 80 161.6 ( 260.069 ) 1 : 51 : 35 87.073 Report 1978 April 2 Carlos Reutemann Scuderia Ferrari ( 2 ) Ferrari ( 2 ) Ferrari ( 2 ) Michelin 80 161.6 ( 260.069 ) 1 : 52 : 01 86.555 Report 1979 April 8 Gilles Villeneuve Scuderia Ferrari ( 3 ) Ferrari ( 3 ) Ferrari ( 3 ) Michelin ( 2 ) 80 161.6 ( 260.069 ) 1 : 50 : 25 87.812 Report 1980 March 30 Nelson Piquet Motor Racing Developments Ltd . Brabham Ford -- Cosworth ( 2 ) Goodyear ( 4 ) 80 161.6 ( 260.069 ) 1 : 50 : 18 87.899 Report 1981 March 15 Alan Jones Williams Grand Prix Engineering Williams Ford -- Cosworth ( 3 ) Goodyear ( 5 ) 80 161.6 ( 260.069 ) 1 : 50 : 41 87.601 Report 1982 April 4 Niki Lauda McLaren International McLaren Ford -- Cosworth ( 4 ) Goodyear ( 6 ) 75 159.75 ( 257.092 ) 1 : 58 : 25 80.939 Report March 27 John Watson McLaren International ( 2 ) McLaren ( 2 ) Ford -- Cosworth ( 7 ) Michelin ( 3 ) 75 152.55 ( 245.505 ) 1 : 53 : 34 80.624 Report <Th_colspan="12"> Champ Car World Series 1984 March 31 Mario Andretti ( 2 ) Newman / Haas Racing Lola ( 2 ) Cosworth ( 8 ) Goodyear ( 7 ) 112 187.04 ( 301.011 ) 2 : 15 : 23 82.898 Report 1985 April 14 Mario Andretti ( 3 ) Newman / Haas Racing ( 2 ) Lola ( 3 ) Cosworth ( 9 ) Goodyear ( 8 ) 90 150.3 ( 241.884 ) 1 : 42 : 50 87.694 Report 1986 April 13 Michael Andretti Kraco Racing March Cosworth ( 10 ) Goodyear ( 9 ) 95 158.65 ( 255.322 ) 1 : 57 : 34 80.965 Report April 5 Mario Andretti ( 4 ) Newman / Haas Racing ( 3 ) Lola ( 4 ) Chevrolet ( 2 ) Goodyear ( 10 ) 95 158.65 ( 255.322 ) 1 : 51 : 33 85.33 Report 1988 April 17 Al Unser Jr . Galles Racing March ( 2 ) Chevrolet ( 3 ) Goodyear ( 11 ) 95 158.65 ( 255.322 ) 1 : 53 : 47 83.655 Report 1989 April 16 Al Unser Jr. ( 2 ) Galles Racing ( 2 ) Lola ( 5 ) Chevrolet ( 4 ) Goodyear ( 12 ) 95 158.65 ( 255.322 ) 1 : 51 : 19 85.503 Report 1990 April 22 Al Unser Jr. ( 3 ) Galles / Kraco Racing ( 3 ) Lola ( 6 ) Chevrolet ( 5 ) Goodyear ( 13 ) 95 158.65 ( 255.322 ) 1 : 53 : 00 84.227 Report 1991 April 14 Al Unser Jr. ( 4 ) Galles / Kraco Racing ( 4 ) Lola ( 7 ) Chevrolet ( 6 ) Goodyear ( 14 ) 95 158.65 ( 255.322 ) 1 : 57 : 14 81.195 Report 1992 April 12 Danny Sullivan Galles / Kraco Racing ( 5 ) Galmer Chevrolet ( 7 ) Goodyear ( 15 ) 105 166.95 ( 268.679 ) 1 : 48 : 56 91.945 Report 1993 April 18 Paul Tracy Team Penske Penske Chevrolet ( 8 ) Goodyear ( 16 ) 105 166.95 ( 268.679 ) 1 : 47 : 36 93.089 Report 1994 April 17 Al Unser Jr. ( 5 ) Team Penske ( 2 ) Penske ( 2 ) Ilmor Goodyear ( 17 ) 105 166.95 ( 268.679 ) 1 : 40 : 53 99.283 Report 1995 April 9 Al Unser Jr. ( 6 ) Team Penske ( 3 ) Penske ( 3 ) Mercedes - Benz Goodyear ( 18 ) 105 166.95 ( 268.679 ) 1 : 49 : 32 91.422 Report April 14 Jimmy Vasser Chip Ganassi Racing Reynard Honda Firestone 105 166.95 ( 268.679 ) 1 : 44 : 02 96.281 Report 1997 April 13 Alex Zanardi Chip Ganassi Racing ( 2 ) Reynard ( 2 ) Honda ( 2 ) Firestone ( 2 ) 105 166.53 ( 268.004 ) 1 : 46 : 17 93.999 Report 1998 April 5 Alex Zanardi ( 2 ) Chip Ganassi Racing ( 3 ) Reynard ( 3 ) Honda ( 3 ) Firestone ( 3 ) 105 165.27 ( 265.976 ) 1 : 51 : 29 88.946 Report 1999 April 18 Juan Pablo Montoya Chip Ganassi Racing ( 4 ) Reynard ( 4 ) Honda ( 4 ) Firestone ( 4 ) 85 155.04 ( 249.512 ) 1 : 45 : 48 87.915 Report 2000 April 16 Paul Tracy ( 2 ) Team Green Reynard ( 5 ) Honda ( 5 ) Firestone ( 5 ) 82 161.376 ( 259.709 ) 1 : 57 : 11 82.626 Report 2001 April 8 Hélio Castroneves Team Penske ( 4 ) Reynard ( 6 ) Honda ( 6 ) Firestone ( 6 ) 82 161.376 ( 259.709 ) 1 : 52 : 17 86.223 Report 2002 April 14 Michael Andretti Team Green ( 2 ) Reynard ( 7 ) Honda ( 7 ) Bridgestone 90 177.12 ( 285.047 ) 2 : 02 : 14 86.935 Report 2003 April 13 Paul Tracy ( 3 ) Forsythe Racing Lola ( 5 ) Ford -- Cosworth ( 11 ) Bridgestone ( 2 ) 90 177.12 ( 285.047 ) 1 : 56 : 01 91.59 Report April 18 Paul Tracy ( 4 ) Forsythe Racing ( 2 ) Lola ( 6 ) Ford -- Cosworth ( 12 ) Bridgestone ( 3 ) 81 159.408 ( 256.542 ) 1 : 44 : 12 91.785 Report 2005 April 10 Sébastien Bourdais Newman / Haas Racing ( 4 ) Lola ( 7 ) Ford -- Cosworth ( 13 ) Bridgestone ( 4 ) 81 159.408 ( 256.542 ) 1 : 46 : 29 89.811 Report 2006 April 9 Sébastien Bourdais ( 2 ) Newman / Haas Racing ( 5 ) Lola ( 8 ) Ford -- Cosworth ( 14 ) Bridgestone ( 5 ) 74 145.632 ( 234.371 ) 1 : 40 : 07 87.268 Report 2007 April 15 Sébastien Bourdais ( 3 ) Newman / Haas / Lanigan Racing ( 6 ) Panoz Cosworth ( 15 ) Bridgestone ( 6 ) 78 153.504 ( 247.04 ) 1 : 40 : 43 91.432 Report <Th_colspan="12"> Verizon IndyCar Series 2008 April 20 Will Power KV Racing Technology Panoz ( 2 ) Cosworth ( 16 ) Bridgestone ( 7 ) 83 163.344 ( 262.876 ) 1 : 45 : 25 92.964 Report 2009 April 19 Dario Franchitti Chip Ganassi Racing ( 5 ) Dallara Honda ( 8 ) Firestone ( 7 ) 85 167.28 ( 269.211 ) 1 : 58 : 47 84.491 Report April 18 Ryan Hunter - Reay Andretti Autosport Dallara ( 2 ) Honda ( 9 ) Firestone ( 8 ) 85 167.28 ( 269.211 ) 1 : 47 : 13 93.619 Report 2011 April 17 Mike Conway Andretti Autosport ( 2 ) Dallara ( 3 ) Honda ( 10 ) Firestone ( 9 ) 85 167.28 ( 269.211 ) 1 : 53 : 11 88.676 Report 2012 April 15 Will Power ( 2 ) Team Penske ( 5 ) Dallara ( 4 ) Chevrolet ( 9 ) Firestone ( 10 ) 85 167.28 ( 269.211 ) 1 : 54 : 02 88.021 Report 2013 April 21 Takuma Sato A.J. Foyt Enterprises Dallara ( 5 ) Honda ( 15 ) Firestone ( 11 ) 80 157.44 ( 253.375 ) 1 : 50 : 09 85.763 Report 2014 April 13 Mike Conway ( 2 ) Ed Carpenter Racing Dallara ( 6 ) Chevrolet ( 10 ) Firestone ( 12 ) 80 157.44 ( 253.375 ) 1 : 54 : 42 82.362 Report 2015 April 19 Scott Dixon Chip Ganassi Racing ( 6 ) Dallara ( 7 ) Chevrolet ( 11 ) Firestone ( 13 ) 80 157.44 ( 253.375 ) 1 : 37 : 35 96.8 Report 2016 April 17 Simon Pagenaud Team Penske ( 6 ) Dallara ( 8 ) Chevrolet ( 12 ) Firestone ( 14 ) 80 157.44 ( 253.375 ) 1 : 33 : 54 100.592 Report 2017 April 9 James Hinchcliffe Schmidt Peterson Motorsports Dallara ( 9 ) Honda ( 16 ) Firestone ( 15 ) 85 167.28 ( 269.211 ) 1 : 50 : 29 90.845 Report 2018 April 15 Alexander Rossi Andretti Autosport ( 3 ) Dallara ( 10 ) Honda ( 17 ) Firestone ( 16 ) 85 167.28 ( 269.211 ) 1 : 53 : 15 88.622 Report The 2008 race was part of the IndyCar Series , but used cars and regulations from the Champ Car World Series . Support races ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Atlantic Championship history Season Date Driver 1978 April 1 Howdy Holmes 1979 April 7 Tom Gloy 1980 March 29 Tom Gloy 1981 March 14 Geoff Brabham 1982 April 3 Geoff Brabham -- 1988 <Td_colspan="3"> Not held 1989 April 16 Hiro Matsushita 1990 April 21 Mark Dismore 1991 April 14 Jimmy Vasser 1992 April 10 Mark Dismore 1993 April 17 Claude Bourbonnais 1994 April 17 Richie Hearn 1995 April 17 David Empringham April 13 Case Montgomery 1997 April 12 Alex Tagliani 1998 April 4 Memo Gidley 1999 April 17 Alex Tagliani 2000 April 15 Buddy Rice 2001 April 8 David Rutledge 2002 April 14 Michael Valiante 2003 April 13 A.J. Allmendinger April 18 Ryan Dalziel 2005 April 10 Katherine Legge 2006 April 9 Andreas Wirth 2007 April 15 Raphael Matos 2008 April 20 Simona de Silvestro <Th_colspan="3"> Indy Lights history Season Date Driver 1989 April 16 Tommy Byrne 1990 April 22 Paul Tracy 1991 April 14 Éric Bachelart 1992 April 12 Franck Fréon 1993 April 18 Steve Robertson 1994 April 17 Steve Robertson 1995 April 9 Greg Moore April 14 David Empringham 1997 April 13 Hélio Castroneves 1998 April 5 Cristiano da Matta 1999 April 18 Philipp Peter 2000 April 16 Scott Dixon 2001 April 8 Townsend Bell 2002 -- 2008 <Td_colspan="3"> Not held 2009 April 19 J.R. Hildebrand April 18 James Hinchcliffe 2011 April 17 Conor Daly 2012 April 15 Esteban Guerrieri 2013 April 20 Carlos Muñoz 2014 April 13 Gabby Chaves 2015 April 19 Ed Jones Race summaries ( edit ) Mario Andretti won the Long Beach Grand Prix four times ( 1977 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 ) . CART ppg Indy car World Series ( edit ) 1984 : After eight years , the Long Beach Grand Prix changed to a CART series race . The race served as the 1984 season opener . Mario Andretti , who won the 1977 race , won the pole position , took the lead at the start , and led all 112 laps en route to a dominating victory . The only other driver to finish the race on the lead lap was Geoff Brabham , who finished second on only seven cylinders . Two - time World Champion Emerson Fittipaldi made his CART debut with a 4th - place finish . 1985 : Mario Andretti started on the pole position , and led the first 58 laps . Andretti 's strategy was to try to complete the race on one pit stop . After building up an over 10 - second lead , Andretti pitted on lap 44 . In order to conserve fuel , however , he subsequently dialed back his turbocharger boost . Danny Sullivan had pitted on lap 37 . With Andretti slowing his pace , Sullivan went on a charge , dicing through traffic and caught up to Andretti . On the back stretch on lap 59 , Sullivan took the lead , and began pulling out to a 15 - second advantage . It was expected that the race would be decided between Sullivan and Andretti , with Sullivan needing one final pit stop , and Andretti gambling on going the distance . The Penske Team was planning a timed pit stop for Sullivan , hoping to fuel the car , and get back out on the track in close proximity to Andretti . On lap 79 , Sullivan shockingly ran out of fuel coming out of the hairpin , and he coasted into the pits barely under power . Sullivan lost many seconds , allowing Andretti to re-take the lead . Andretti led the rest of the way and won at Long Beach for the second year in a row , and third time overall . Sullivan ran out of fuel again on the last lap , and wound up third . 1986 : Michael Andretti scored the first win of his CART series career , battling Al Unser Jr. to the finish over a frantic final 25 laps . Michael Andretti made his final pit stop on lap 56 , while Al Unser Jr. pitted on lap 69 . Unser came out of the pits just ahead of Andretti , but on cold tires , had difficulties holding off the challenge . Down the back stretch on lap 70 , Andretti got by and re-assumed the lead . Unser stayed in close contact with Andretti , and on lap 80 when Andretti came upon the lapped car of Roberto Moreno , Unser closed dramatically . Andretti tried to lap Moreno at the end of the back stretch ( turn 11 ) , but the two cars nearly clipped wheels , and Andretti locked up the brakes . Unser dove below both cars , and went side - by - side with Andretti going into turn 12 . Andretti barely held off Unser going into the hairpin . The cars battled nearly nose - to - tail to the finish , with Andretti winning the race by 0.380 seconds . 1987 : Mario Andretti started on the pole position and led all 95 laps , en route to his third CART series win at Long Beach , and fourth win overall . Andretti 's victory marked the first - ever Indy car win for the Ilmor -- Chevy Indy V - 8 engine . Mario Andretti 's only serious challenge was from Emerson Fittipaldi . The drivers pulled away from the field , and dominated the first half . Fittipaldi , however , suffered from a broken wastegate , and eventually dropped out with a burned piston on lap 52 . Andretti cruised the rest of the way , lapping the field . For the third year in a row , Bobby Rahal dropped out early after contact with the concrete wall . Al Unser Jr. won the Long Beach Grand Prix a record six times , including four in a row in 1988 -- 1991 , earning the nickname the `` King of the Beach '' 1988 : Al Unser Jr. snapped the Andretti family winning streak at Long Beach , winning the race for the first time , in dominating fashion . Unser Jr. started fourth , but at the start , settled into second behind Mario Andretti . Going into the hairpin at the end of the first lap , Unser dove below Andretti and took the lead . On his first pit stop , Unser suffered a cross-threaded lug nut , and dropped to sixth , putting Danny Sullivan into the lead . Unser charged , however , gaining nearly a second per lap , re-taking the lead for good on lap 42 . Unser led 72 of the 95 laps , lapping the entire field , and when Sullivan dropped out on lap 82 , was all alone to the finish . Bobby Rahal finished second , his best career Long Beach result , driving the Judd AV engine . 1989 : Al Unser Jr. led 72 of the first 74 laps , but late in the race , Unser found himself in a battle with Mario and Michael Andretti . All three drivers made their final pit stops , and after a faster pit stop , Mario Andretti emerged as the leader on lap 78 , with Unser second , and Michael now a distant third . Unser was close behind Mario when they approached the lapped car of Tom Sneva . At the exit of turn two , and going into turn three , Unser dove under Mario Andretti for the lead , but punted Mario 's right - rear wheel . Andretti was sent spinning out with a flat tire and broken suspension , while Unser broke part of his front wing , and bent his steering . Despite the damage , Unser nursed the crippled car to the finish line , winning by 12.377 seconds over Michael Andretti . The contact was controversial , and after the race , Mario called the move `` stupid driving . '' Unser accepted blame for the contact . 1990 : Al Unser Jr. led 91 of 95 laps , but late in the race , had to hold off the challenge of Penske teammates Emerson Fittipaldi and Danny Sullivan for the victory . On lap 2 , Fittipaldi and Sullivan banged wheels , causing Sullivan to spin and collect Michael Andretti . Both Sullivan and Andretti recovered , and charged up through the field as the race went progressed . With Unser Jr. holding a 10 - second lead , a caution came out on lap 66 which bunched the field and erased Unser 's advantage . All of the leaders pitted , and when the green flag came back out on lap 70 , Fittipaldi was able to close up behind Unser . Fittipaldi got within two car lengths , but Unser held on for the victory . After the early altercation , Danny Sullivan and Michael Andretti finished 3rd and 4th . It was Al Unser Jr. 's third consecutive win at Long Beach . 1991 : Al Unser Jr. set an event record and tied a CART series record , by winning the Long Beach Grand Prix for the fourth year in a row . The race , however , is best - remembered for a frightening pit road collision between Michael Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi . Michael Andretti started on the pole , and led the first lap , but Al Unser Jr. took the lead on lap 2 . Unser stretched his lead to as large as 16 seconds , while Andretti ran second much of the afternoon . On lap 70 , Unser and Andretti made their final pit stops . Unser returned to the track with the lead . While Andretti was exiting the pit lane , Emerson Fittipaldi came out of his pit stall in the path of Andretti . The two cars touched wheels , Andretti 's car flew up on its side , then came to rest on top of Fittipaldi 's sidepod . The two cars were too damaged to return , but neither driver was injured . After the pit road mishap , Unser cruised to victory , with his Galles / KRACO Racing teammate Bobby Rahal coming home second . Paul Tracy 's first Indy car victory came at the 1993 Long Beach Grand Prix . 1992 : Going for an unprecedented fifth win in a row at Long Beach , Al Unser Jr. lead 54 laps , and was leading with less than four laps to go . His Galles / KRACO Racing teammate Danny Sullivan was right behind in second , challenging for the lead in the closing laps . Bobby Rahal and Emerson Fittipaldi were also nose - to - tail with the leaders . Going down the back stretch on lap 102 , Sullivan dove low to make the pass , but Unser closed the door . The two cars tangled , and Unser was sent spinning out into a tire barrier . Sullivan took the lead , and staved off Rahal and Fittpaldi to the finish line . It was the first ever win for the Galmer chassis , and Sullivan 's first Indy car win since 1990 . Unser Jr. recovered from the spin , and finished in 4th place . The race started out on the first lap with a collision between Mario Andretti and Eddie Cheever , which started a standing feud between the two . 1993 : Paul Tracy won his first career Indy car race , battling Nigel Mansell most of the afternoon . Tracy led 81 of the 105 laps , but his day was not without incident . While leading the race on lap 25 , he clipped wheels with Danny Sullivan , and was forced to pit with a flat tire . Later on lap 61 , he had to make an unscheduled pit stop for a blistered tire . Tracy re-assumed the lead on lap 74 after Mansell made his final pit stop , and when Mansell later lost second gear , Tracy cruised to the finish . Bobby Rahal , running 11th at the halfway point , finished 2nd in the RH chassis , owing much to the fact that Mansell , Scott Goodyear , Mario Andretti , Raul Boesel all suffered contact or mechanical problems late in the race . 1994 : Al Unser Jr. , who had joined Team Penske during the offseason , won his first race driving for his new team , and his record fifth victory at Long Beach . Penske teammates Paul Tracy , Unser , and Emerson Fittipaldi started 1st , 2nd , and 3rd , respectively , and combined to lead all but two laps . Tracy and Fittipaldi led early , but both eventually dropped out with gearbox failures . Tracy spun four times due to the axle - hopping from the gearbox issues , including spinning out while leading the race on lap 20 . Unser led 61 laps , and despite a black flag penalty for violating the pit road speed limit , won the race going away . Nigel Mansell finished second , but had lost considerable time when he and Michael Andretti made contact , resulting in a flat tire . 1995 : Al Unser Jr. started fourth , and charged to the lead by lap 30 . Unser dominoated most of the rest of the race , and won his sixth Long Beach Grand Prix in the past eight years . Scott Pruett finished second for Patrick Racing , the best finish for Firestone tires since returning to Indy car racing at the beginning of the season . Contenders Bobby Rahal ( transmission ) , Christian Fittipaldi ( engine ) , and Teo Fabi ( stop - and - go penalty ) all fell from contention in the latter stages of the race . 1996 : Gil de Ferran won the pole position and dominated the race , leading 100 of the first 101 laps . With four laps to go , however , a turbocharger hose came loose , and de Ferrans 's car suddenly began to slow . Jimmy Vasser led the final four laps , holding off Parker Johnstone for the victory . 1997 : Gil de Ferran and Alex Zanardi started on the front row , and battled much of the afternoon . Though de Ferran appeared to have the faster machine , Zanardi 's Ganassi crew executed faster pit stops , which put Zanardi out in front after each sequences of stops . Charging hard to catch Zanardi , de Ferran clipped the wall on lap 93 , and fell out with a damaged suspension . CART fedex Championship Series ( edit ) Alex Zanardi won back - to - back races at Long Beach in 1997 and 1998 . Michael Andretti 's first career Indy car victory ( 1986 ) and final victory ( 2002 ) both came at Long Beach . 1998 : Alex Zanardi scored an improbable victory , winning at Long Beach for the second year in a row . Zanardi fell a lap down early in the race after a collision resulted in a bent steering arm . The race lead was being contested between Bryan Herta , Gil de Ferran , Dario Franchitti , and Hélio Castroneves . With a race record seven cautions , Zanardi managed to get back on the lead lap and slowly worked his way up through the field . On lap 72 , Zanardi pitted for tires and fuel , while most of the leaders stayed out , since they had just pitted on lap 56 . In the closing stages , all of the leaders except Zanardi were facing a splash - and - go pit stop for fuel . After the leaders cycled through their stops , Herta and Frachitti emerged 1st - 2nd , with Zanardi now in third , and charging hard . With five laps to go , the top three were nose - to - tail , and Zanardi passed for second . Three laps later , he took the lead . Zanardi led only the final two laps to steal the win . 1999 : Rookie Juan Pablo Montoya won his first - career Champ / Indy car race , in his third career start , giving Chip Ganassi Racing the team 's fourth consecutive victory at Long Beach , in front of a record crowd of 102,000 . Montoya started the race fifth , and one by one , picked off the top three cars to move into second behind race leader Tony Kanaan . On lap 46 , due to the track breaking up , Kanaan lost control and slid off the course and into a tire barrier . The crash handed the lead to Montoya , who led the rest of the way to victory . 2000 : Paul Tracy started 17th , but steadily climbed to the front of the field , taking the lead on lap 62 to win at Long Beach for the second time . Tracy benefited from strong pit strategy , swift pit work , and an aggressive charge , and managed to put himself in third on lap 58 . On a restart with rookie Takuya Kurosawa leading , Roberto Moreno second , and Tracy third , Moreno suddenly slowed with gearbox trouble . Tracy muscled past Kurosawa four laps later , and held off Hélio Castroneves for the victory . 2001 : Hélio Castroneves started from the pole position and led all 82 lap to victory . Despite leading wire - to - wire , Castroneves did not runaway with the race , with Cristiano da Matta and Kenny Bräck in close pursuit most of the day . After Brack dropped out with a broken gearbox on lap 30 , the race was a two - man battle between Castroneves and da Matta . Castroneves staved off numerous overtake attempts by da Matta in the second half . The margin of victory was a mere 0.534 seconds , one of the closest finishes in Long Beach history . 2002 : Michael Andretti won the 2002 Grand Prix of Long Beach , his 42nd and final career Indy / Champ car victory . The win came nearly sixteen years to the day of his first career Indy car win -- at the same race -- the 1986 Long Beach Grand Prix . Andretti started 15th and gambled by pitting out - of - sequence , as did Max Papis . Andretti assumed the lead on lap 62 when the rest of the leaders cycled through routine green flag pit stops . Andretti and Papis led Jimmy Vasser by over 30 seconds , but both still needed one final pit stop for fuel . A full - course caution came out on lap 63 , and both drivers took advantage of the break . Meanwhile , Vasser slowed down to be picked up by the pace car , not realizing he was not the race leader , and actually running third . Vasser slowing down gave Andretti and Papis extra time and allowed them to pit without giving up first and second position . Vasser managed to get by Papis when the green came back out , but Andretti held on for the win . 2003 : Michel Jourdain Jr. looked poised to win his first - career CART series race , but mechanical problems foiled his chances at victory . Jourdain started on the pole , but Paul Tracy took the lead at the start and led the first 26 laps . After pit stops , Jourdain assumed the lead on lap 27 , and mostly dominated the race over the next 49 laps . The race came down to Jourdain and Tracy , with both drivers needing one final pit stop in the final ten laps . Tracy pitted with 8 laps to go , and came back out on the track still in second place , ahead of Adrián Fernández . Jourdain pitted one lap later , but as he was leaving the pits , the car failed to pull away . A faulty clutch dropped him out of the race , and handed the victory to Tracy . It was Tracy 's third win at Long Beach , and he became the first driver in CART history to sweep the first three races of the season . Champ car World Series ( edit ) Sébastien Bourdais won three years in a row ( 2005 , 2006 , 2007 ) . 2004 : Paul Tracy won the 30th Long Beach Grand Prix , his fourth victory in the event , and second in a row . At the start , Tracy utilized the new Push - to - pass button to boldly dive from third to first in the first turn . Tracy ran away with the race , giving up the lead only once during a routine pit stop . On lap 2 , three cars ( Jimmy Vasser , Alex Sperafico , and Tarso Marques ) crashed , bringing out the lone caution of the day . 2005 : Sébastien Bourdais worked his way from fourth starting position to the lead by lap 30 . Bourdais pulled out to as much as a 7 - second lead , and controlled the race most of the way thereafter . A late caution bunched the field , and second place Paul Tracy was on the optional tires , while Bourdais was on the primary tires . Bourdais got the jump on the restart and went on to win , while Tracy became mired behind a lapped car and finished second . The race was held under a cloud of uncertainty , as it was in its final contract year with CART / Champ Car . Rumors were swirling around the paddock that the event might switch to the Indy Racing League for 2006 . 2006 : After rumors of a possible switch to IRL , the race returned as part of the Champ Car series . Sébastien Bourdais won for the second year in a row , starting from the pole and leading 70 of the 74 laps . He finished 14 seconds ahead of second place Justin Wilson . 2007 : Sébastien Bourdais led 58 of 78 laps , dominating en route to his third consecutive Long Beach victory . Paul Tracy crashed during practice on Saturday and sat out with a back injury . He was replaced by Oriol Servia . Will Power passed Alex Tagliani on the last lap to finish second . 2008 : The final race of the Champ Car era took place the same weekend as the Indy Japan 300 . Due to a scheduling conflict in the wake of the open wheel unification , former Champ Car teams competed at Long Beach , while established IndyCar Series teams competed at Motegi . The contingent of former Champ Car teams produced a 20 - car field , all utilizing the turbocharged Cosworth / Panoz DP01 for the final time . From a standing start ( the first such at Long Beach since 1983 ) , Will Power got the jump from fourth position to take the lead into turn one . Power led 81 of the 83 laps , relinquishing the top position only during pit stops . IndyCar Series ( edit ) Mike Conway won twice at Long Beach ( 2011 , 2014 ) . Takuma Sato won first first - career Indy car race at Long Beach in 2013 . 2009 : Will Power took the lead from the pole position and led the first 16 laps . Dario Franchitti and Danica Patrick both pitted early on lap 16 , and benefited from a full - course caution . Over the next 30 laps , the lead traded between Tony Kanaan , Marco Andretti , and Dario Franchitti . Pitting early once more , Dario Franchitti and Danica Patrick again benefited . Moments later , Mike Conway spun into the tire barrier in turn 8 , bringing out the full course caution again . Most of the leaders pit under the yellow , while Franchitti stayed out to take the lead . Franchitti pulled away and held the lead to the finish , taking the victory . It was his first IndyCar win since 2007 , having spent 2008 racing in NASCAR . 2010 : Will Power starting on the pole position , and led the race early . On lap 17 , Power errored , when he inadvertently hit the pit road speed limiter button . Ryan Hunter - Reay and Justin Wilson slipped by and Power dropped to third . On a restart on lap 65 , Hunter - Reay led , with Power second , and Wilson third . Hunter - Reay had lapped traffic between him and Power and was able to pull out to a comfortable lead . Power , struggling to get through traffic , was passed by Wilson for second . Wilson was not able to close the gap , and Hunter - Reay drove on to victory . 2011 : With less than 20 laps to go , Mike Conway charged into third place on a restart . He quickly powered past Dario Franchitti and Will Power to take the lead . Conway pulled out to a six - second advantage , and led the final 14 laps en route to his first Indy car victory . 2012 : Just days prior to the race , Chevrolet announced that all eleven of their entries would change engines , in violation of IndyCar 's mileage requirement rule . As a penalty , all of the Chevrolet entries would incur a 10 - position grid penalty after time trials . At the start , Dario Franchitti and rookie Josef Newgarden battled into turn one . Newgarden tried to take the lead on the outside , but the two cars clipped slightly , and Newgarden smacked the tire barrier and crashed out of the race . Franchitti took the lead for the first four laps , but quickly faded with handling problems . The race became a contest between rookie Simon Pagenaud and Will Power , with Takuma Sato also strong all afternoon . Power made his final pit stop on lap 64 , and attempted to stretch his fuel over the final 21 laps . Pagenaud pitted on lap 70 , and seemingly had plenty of fuel to charge to the finish . As Power held the lead , Pagenaud dramatically charged to catch Power , gaining 1 -- 2 seconds per lap . The cars were nose - to - tail in the hairpin as they approached the white flag . Power held off on the final lap to win by 0.8 seconds . Despite the grid penalties , Chevrolet - powered cars swept eight of the top ten finishing positions . 2013 : Takuma Sato led 50 of 80 laps , and won his first career IndyCar race . Sato effectively took control of the race on lap 23 , when he passed Ryan Hunter - Reay for second place in turn 1 . After the leaders cycled through pit stops , Sato assumed the lead on lap 31 , and did not relinquish the top spot for the remainder of the race . Sato 's win was the first for A.J. Foyt Enterprises since 2002 . 2014 : On lap 56 , a controversial crash took out six cars , including the drivers running 1st -- 2nd -- 3rd . During a sequence of green flag pit stops , Josef Newgarden inherited the lead . Ryan Hunter - Reay , James Hinchcliffe , and Will Power were running nose - to - tail in 2nd -- 3rd -- 4th . Newgarden completed his pit stop , and came out on the track just ahead of Hunter - Reay , momentarily holding on to the lead . Going into turn 4 , Hunter - Reay attempted a risky pass for the lead , and he made contact with Newgarden , sending both cars into the wall . Hinchcliffe was collected , as was three other cars in the huge melee that nearly blocked the track . Late in the race , Scott Dixon led , followed by Mike Conway and Power close behind . Dixon ran out of fuel , and had to pit with two laps to go . Conway held off Power and Carlos Muñoz to win for the second time at Long Beach . 2015 : During the first sequence of green flag pit stops on lap 29 , leader Hélio Castroneves was briefly held in his pit box to avoid collision with Tony Kanaan , who was entering the stall just ahead . The delay cost Castroneves valuable track position , and allowed Scott Dixon to take over the lead . During the second round of pit stops on lap 55 , Dixon was narrowly able to hold the lead , and cruised to victory , his first career win at Long Beach . With Dixon comfortably out in front , and Castroneves in second , the closing laps focused on a furious four - car battle for third place , led by Juan Pablo Montoya and Simon Pagenaud . Fifth place went to Tony Kanaan . 2016 : Hélio Castroneves led 49 of the first 51 laps . During the second round of stops , Scott Dixon was able to pass Castroneves with quick pit work . However , Simon Pagenaud 's pit stop was even faster , and he emerged with the lead of the race . Controversy followed , as Pagenaud placed two tires over the blend line at the exit of pit lane while trying to beat Dixon to turn one . IndyCar officials let Pagenaud off with a warning for the incident , despite protests from Chip Ganassi Racing . Pagenaud held off Dixon by 0.3032 seconds , the closest finish in Long Beach history . 2017 : James Hinchcliffe won for the first time since his serious crash during practice at the 2015 Indianapolis 500 . In the late stages of the race , Andretti Autosport teammates Alexander Rossi , Takuma Sato , and Ryan Hunter - Reay all dropped out with mechanical problems , leaving Hinchcliffe to battle Sébastien Bourdais and Josef Newgarden to the finish . On a restart with three laps to go , Hinchcliffe got the jump and held on for the victory . Sports car race winners ( edit ) IMSA GTO / GTU ( edit ) Year GTO GTU Report 1990 Dorsey Schroeder Mercury Cougar John Finger Mazda MX - 6 Report 1991 Steve Millen Nissan 300ZX John Fergus Dodge Daytona Report Rolex Sports Car Series ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> Rolex Sports Car Series Year Drivers Car Report 2006 Scott Pruett Luis Díaz Riley Mk XX -- Lexus Report American Le Mans Series ( edit ) Year LMP1 <Th_colspan="2"> LMP2 GT1 GT2 Report 2007 Rinaldo Capello Allan McNish Audi R10 TDI <Td_colspan="2"> Romain Dumas Timo Bernhard Porsche RS Spyder Oliver Gavin Olivier Beretta Chevrolet Corvette C6. R Mika Salo Jaime Melo Ferrari F430 GT Report 2008 Marco Werner Lucas Luhr Audi R10 TDI <Td_colspan="2"> Scott Sharp David Brabham Acura ARX - 01b Johnny O'Connell Jan Magnussen Chevrolet Corvette C6. R Dominik Farnbacher Dirk Müller Ferrari F430GT Report 2009 Gil de Ferran Simon Pagenaud Acura ARX - 02a <Td_colspan="2"> Adrián Fernández Luis Díaz Acura ARX - 01b Oliver Gavin Olivier Beretta Chevrolet Corvette C6. R Patrick Long Jörg Bergmeister Porsche 911 GT3 - RSR Report <Th_colspan="2"> LMP LMPC GT GTC <Td_colspan="2"> David Brabham Simon Pagenaud HPD ARX - 01c Elton Julian Gunnar Jeannette Oreca FLM09 / Chevrolet Patrick Long Jörg Bergmeister Porsche 911 GT3 - RSR Juan González Butch Leitzinger Porsche 997 GT3 Cup Report LMP1 LMP2 LMPC GT GTC 2011 Klaus Graf Lucas Luhr Lola - Aston Martin B09 / 60 Scott Tucker Christophe Bouchut HPD ARX - 03b Gunnar Jeannette Ricardo González Oreca FLM09 / Chevrolet Dirk Müller Joey Hand BMW M3 Tim Pappas Jeroen Bleekemolen Porsche 997 GT3 Cup Report 2012 Klaus Graf Lucas Luhr HPD ARX - 03a Scott Tucker Christophe Bouchut HPD ARX - 03b Alex Popow Ryan Dalziel Oreca FLM09 / Chevrolet Oliver Gavin Tommy Milner Chevrolet Corvette C6 ZR1 Peter LeSaffre Damien Faulkner Porsche 997 GT3 Cup Report 2013 Klaus Graf Lucas Luhr HPD ARX - 03a Scott Sharp Guy Cosmo HPD ARX - 03b Jon Bennett Colin Braun Oreca FLM09 / Chevrolet Bill Auberlen Maxime Martin BMW Z4 GTE Sean Edwards Henrique Cisneros Porsche 997 GT3 Cup Report IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship ( edit ) Year <Th_colspan="3"> Prototype <Th_colspan="2"> Prototype Challenge <Th_colspan="2"> GT Le Mans <Th_colspan="2"> GT Daytona Report 2014 <Td_colspan="3"> Scott Pruett Memo Rojas Riley DP / Ford <Td_colspan="2"> did not participate <Td_colspan="2"> Antonio García Jan Magnussen Chevrolet Corvette C7. R <Td_colspan="2"> did not participate Report 2015 <Td_colspan="3"> Ricky Taylor Jordan Taylor Corvette DP / Chevrolet <Td_colspan="2"> did not participate <Td_colspan="2"> Dirk Werner Bill Auberlen BMW Z4 GTE <Td_colspan="2"> did not participate Report 2016 <Td_colspan="3"> Ricky Taylor Filipe Albuquerque Corvette DP / Chevrolet <Td_colspan="2"> Misha Goikhberg Stephen Simpson Oreca FLM09 / Chevrolet <Td_colspan="2"> Patrick Pilet Nick Tandy Porsche 911 RSR <Td_colspan="2"> did not participate Report 2017 <Td_colspan="3"> Ricky Taylor Jordan Taylor Cadillac DPi - V.R <Td_colspan="2"> did not participate <Td_colspan="2"> Oliver Gavin Tommy Milner Chevrolet Corvette C7. R <Td_colspan="2"> Gunnar Jeannette Cooper MacNeil Mercedes - AMG GT3 Report 2018 <Td_colspan="3"> João Barbosa Filipe Albuquerque Cadillac DPi - V.R <Td_colspan="2"> did not participate <Td_colspan="2"> Oliver Gavin Tommy Milner Chevrolet Corvette C7. R <Td_colspan="2"> did not participate Report Overall winners in bold Toyota Pro / Celebrity Race ( edit ) Main article : Toyota Pro / Celebrity Race Formula E ( edit ) Main article : Long Beach ePrix Broadcasting history ( United States ) ( edit ) Season Channel Lay - by - lap Driver analyst ( s ) Pit reporter ( s ) Host ( s ) CBS Ken Squier Pat Summerall 1976 CBS Ken Squier Stirling Moss Bobby Unser 1977 CBS Ken Squier Dan Gurney David Hobbs Brock Yates 1978 CBS Ken Squier 1979 CBS Ken Squier 1980 CBS Ken Squier 1981 CBS Ken Squier 1982 CBS Ken Squier CBS Ken Squier 1984 NBC Paul Page Johnny Rutherford Gary Gerould Bruce Jenner Paul Page 1985 NBC Paul Page Bobby Unser Gary Gerould Bruce Jenner Paul Page Bobby Unser 1986 NBC Paul Page Bobby Unser Gary Gerould Bruce Jenner Paul Page Bobby Unser NBC Paul Page Jackie Stewart Gary Gerould Bruce Jenner Paul Page Jackie Stewart 1988 ABC Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser Jack Arute Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser 1989 ABC Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser Jack Arute Brian Hammons Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser 1990 ABC Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser Jack Arute Gary Gerould Paul Page 1991 ABC Paul Page Bobby Unser Jack Arute Gary Gerould Paul Page Bobby Unser 1992 ABC Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser Jack Arute Gary Gerould Paul Page 1993 ABC Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser Jack Arute Gary Gerould Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser 1994 ABC Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser Jack Arute Gary Gerould Paul Page 1995 ABC Paul Page Sam Posey Bobby Unser Jack Arute Gary Gerould Paul Page ABC Paul Page Danny Sullivan Jack Arute Gary Gerould Paul Page Danny Sullivan 1997 ABC Bob Varsha Danny Sullivan Jack Arute Gary Gerould Bob Varsha Danny Sullivan 1998 ESPN Bob Varsha Parker Johnstone Danny Sullivan Jack Arute Jon Beekhuis Gary Gerould Bob Varsha 1999 ESPN Bob Varsha Parker Johnstone Jack Arute Jon Beekhuis Gary Gerould Bob Varsha 2000 ESPN Paul Page Parker Johnstone Jon Beekhuis Gary Gerould Paul Page Parker Johnstone 2001 ABC Paul Page Parker Johnstone Jon Beekhuis Gary Gerould Paul Page Parker Johnstone 2002 Fox Bob Varsha Tommy Kendall Derek Daly Calvin Fish Bob Varsha Tommy Kendall 2003 Speed Channel Bob Varsha Scott Pruett Derek Daly Calvin Fish Tommy Kendall Bob Varsha Scott Pruett Spike TV Bob Jenkins Tommy Kendall Derek Daly Calvin Fish Bob Jenkins Tommy Kendall 2005 NBC Rick Benjamin Derek Daly Jon Beekhuis Calvin Fish Rick Benjamin 2006 NBC Rick Benjamin Derek Daly Jon Beekhuis Michelle Beisner Cameron Steele Rick Benjamin Derek Daly 2007 NBC Bill Weber Jon Beekhuis Wally Dallenbach Jr . Michelle Beisner Marty Snider Cameron Steele Bill Stephens Bill Weber Jon Beekhuis Wally Dallenbach Jr . 2008 ESPN Marty Reid Scott Goodyear Jack Arute Jamie Little Brienne Pedigo Scott Goodyear Marty Reid 2009 Versus Bob Jenkins Jon Beekhuis Robbie Buhl Jack Arute Robbie Floyd Lindy Thackston Bob Jenkins Versus Bob Jenkins Jon Beekhuis Robbie Buhl Jack Arute Robbie Floyd Lindy Thackston Lindy Thackston 2011 Versus Bob Jenkins Jon Beekhuis Wally Dallenbach Jr . Kevin Lee Robin Miller Marty Snider Lindy Thackston Kevin Lee 2012 NBC Sports Network Bob Jenkins Jon Beekhuis Wally Dallenbach Jr . Townsend Bell Kevin Lee Robin Miller Marty Snider Kevin Lee Robin Miller 2013 NBC Sports Network Brian Till Townsend Bell Wally Dallenbach Jr . Jon Beekhuis Kevin Lee Robin Miller Marty Snider Brian Till 2014 NBCSN Leigh Diffey Townsend Bell Paul Tracy Jon Beekhuis Kevin Lee Robin Miller Marty Snider Kelli Stavast Leigh Diffey 2015 NBCSN Brian Till Townsend Bell Paul Tracy Kevin Lee Robin Miller Marty Snider Kelli Stavast Brian Till Townsend Bell Paul Tracy 2016 NBCSN Rick Allen Townsend Bell Paul Tracy Kevin Lee Robin Miller Marty Snider Katie Hargitt Rick Allen Townsend Bell Paul Tracy 2017 NBCSN Rick Allen Townsend Bell Paul Tracy Kevin Lee Robin Miller Marty Snider Katie Hargitt Rick Allen Townsend Bell Paul Tracy Gallery ( edit ) 2005 Long Beach Grand Prix , showing turn 10 and the Long Beach skyline . See also ( edit ) Long Beach Motorsports Walk of Fame References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morales , Robert ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` Champ Car finale to roar into L.B. '' The Long Beach Press - Telegram . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Steven Cole Smith ( 2007 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Champ Car schedule `` stable '' for 2008 `` . www.autoweek.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Robin ( April 18 , 1994 ) . `` Pook 's innovative work made Long Beach a top road course ( Part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 11 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Robin ( April 18 , 1994 ) . `` Pook 's innovative work made Long Beach a top road course ( Part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 12 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Kightlinger , Cathy ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity sightings add glitter to popular Long Beach race '' . IndyCar.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Circuit Guide Long Beach , USA -- Round 7 FIA Formula E '' . FIA Formula E. Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Formula E to race on streets of Long Beach in 2015 '' . FIA Formula E. 2014 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Formula E electric - car race in Long Beach to have free admission '' . LA Times . 2014 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Environmentally friendly auto racing series Formula E coming to Long Beach '' . FIA Formula E. 2014 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Formula E will not return to Long Beach in 2017 '' . Long Beach Press Telegram. 2016 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard , Steve ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Race will choose between groups '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 29 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Stewart , Joshua ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Grand Prix will stay in Long Beach until 2018 '' . Long Beach Register . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Connecting the dots : Formula 1 and Long Beach could be a match for 2019 '' . AutoWeek . March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saltzgaver , Harry ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` SO MOVED : City Council Meeting Aug. 8 , 2017 '' . The Grunion . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 2 , 1984 ) . `` Mario posts wire - to - wire LBGP win '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 18 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 15 , 1985 ) . `` Andretti outfoxes field for Long Beach win ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 17 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 15 , 1985 ) . `` Andretti outfoxes field for Long Beach win ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 18 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 14 , 1986 ) . `` Michael Andretti races to Long Beach victory '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 21 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 6 , 1987 ) . `` Mario victorious at Long Beach ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 17 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 6 , 1987 ) . `` Mario victorious at Long Beach ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 18 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 18 , 1988 ) . `` Little Al coasts to Long Beach win ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 17 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 18 , 1988 ) . `` Little Al coasts to Long Beach win ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 17 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Rick ( April 17 , 1989 ) . `` Long Beach a rough win for Al Jr. ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 17 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Rick ( April 17 , 1989 ) . `` Long Beach a rough win for Al Jr. ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 20 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Rick ( April 23 , 1990 ) . `` Unser Jr. wins at Long Beach '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 21 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Harris , Mike ( April 15 , 1991 ) . `` Unser jr . cruises to victory ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 29 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Harris , Mike ( April 15 , 1991 ) . `` Unser jr . cruises to victory ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 31 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 13 , 1992 ) . `` Sullivan bumps into victory at Long Beach ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 36 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 13 , 1992 ) . `` Sullivan bumps into victory at Long Beach ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 38 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 19 , 1993 ) . `` Tracy Triumphs at Long Beach ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 9 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 19 , 1993 ) . `` Tracy Triumphs at Long Beach ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 13 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 18 , 1994 ) . `` Unser wins Toyota GO again despite changes ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 11 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 18 , 1994 ) . `` Unser wins Toyota GO again despite changes ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 15 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 10 , 1995 ) . `` Unser posts another seaside win ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 15 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 10 , 1995 ) . `` Unser posts another seaside win ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 17 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 15 , 1996 ) . `` Vasser rides good fortune to third victory ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 23 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 15 , 1996 ) . `` Vasser rides good fortune to third victory ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 24 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 14 , 1997 ) . `` High - octane work by crew fuels Zanardi ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 15 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 14 , 1997 ) . `` High - octane work by crew fuels Zanardi ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 19 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 6 , 1998 ) . `` Zanardi steals another unlikely win ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 13 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 6 , 1998 ) . `` Zanardi steals another unlikely win ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 15 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 19 , 1999 ) . `` Montoya upholds his team 's tradition ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 29 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 19 , 1999 ) . `` Montoya upholds his team 's tradition ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 31 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 17 , 2000 ) . `` Tracy keeps faith , rallies to wild win ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 11 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Robin ( April 17 , 2000 ) . `` Tracy keeps faith , rallies to wild win ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 15 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Harris , Mike ( April 9 , 2001 ) . `` Castroneves gives fans a show '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 30 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 15 , 2002 ) . `` Andretti gambled and wins at Long Beach ( part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 23 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 15 , 2002 ) . `` Andretti gambled and wins at Long Beach ( part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 30 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 14 , 2003 ) . `` Tracy writes CART history in 3 - for - 3 start ( Part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 25 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 14 , 2003 ) . `` Tracy writes CART history in 3 - for - 3 start ( Part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 32 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 19 , 2004 ) . `` Tracy wins with race to 1st turn ( Part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 25 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 19 , 2004 ) . `` Tracy wins with race to 1st turn ( Part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 32 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Bourdais drives to victory , asks for shot to repeat ( Part 1 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 23 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Ballard , Steve ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Bourdais drives to victory , asks for shot to repeat ( Part 2 ) '' . The Indianapolis Star . p. 29 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Bourdais returns to dominating form at Long Beach '' . The Indianapolis Star . April 16 , 2007 . p . D3 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ 2017 BUBBA burger Sports Car Grand Prix at Long Beach Jump up ^ 2018 BUBBA burger Sports Car Grand Prix at Long Beach Further reading ( edit ) Morris , Gordon ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` More Than 40 Years Ago , The ' Roar On The Shore ' Was Born '' . Long Beach Business Journal . The magic of Long Beach -- Racer , David Malsher , 7 April 2014 Long Beach a success story -- ESPN , John Oreovicz , 9 April 2014 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Long Beach Grand Prix . 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8,858,701,799,906,095,000 | with the help of which country iron and steel plant was set up in rourkela | Rourkela Steel plant - Wikipedia Rourkela Steel plant Jump to : navigation , search This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) SAIL - Rourkela Steel Plant <Td_colspan="2"> Type Public Sector Undertakings in India ( Central Govt . Organization ) Traded as NSE : SAIL Industry Steel Founded 1955 Headquarters Rourkela , India Number of employees 17853 ( March 2015 ) Parent Steel Authority of India Limited Website www.sail.co.in/rourkela-steel-plant/about-rourkela-steel-plant/ Rourkela Steel Plant ( RSP ) , in Rourkela , Odisha is the first integrated steel plant in the public sector in India . It was set up with West German collaboration with an installed capacity of 1 million tonnes in the 1960s . It is operated by Steel Authority of India . German metallurgical firms Mannesmann , Krupp , Demag , Siemens and Austrian company Voestalpine provided machinery and consultancy to the plant among others . Rourkela Steel Plant was the first steel plant in Asia to use the LD ( Linz - Donawitz ) process of steel - making . Rourkela Steel Plant has an associated fertilizer plant that produces nitrogeneous fertilizers using ammonia feedstock ( from its coke oven plant ) . On 3 February 1959 , then president Rajendra Prasad inaugurated RSP 's first blast furnace named ' Parvati ' when the company was known as Hindustan Steel Limited ( HSL ) . Subsequently , the RSP became a unit of the Steel Authority of India Ltd ( SAIL ) . Recently , a Rs 12,000 - crore modernisation and expansion project at the Rourkela Steel Plant was dedicated to the Nation by Prime minister Narendra Modi on 1 April 2015 . RSP presently has the capacity to produce 4.5 million tonnes of hot metal , 4.2 million tonnes of crude steel and 3.9 million tonnes of saleable steel . The capacity of Rourkela Steel Plant ( RSP ) is expected to rise to 10.8 MTPA by 2025 . Ashwini Kumar took over as Chief Executive Officer of Rourkela Steel Plant ( RSP ) in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Upgrade and modernization 2 Product mix 2.1 Products 3 References 4 External links Upgrade and modernization ( edit ) Rourkela Steel Plant The RSP has many firsts to its credit . It is the first plant in Asia to adopt the energy - efficient LD process of steel making and the first integrated steel plant of SAIL which adopted the cost - effective and quality - centered continuous casting route to process 100 % of steel produced . The plant has also , for the first time in India , had adopted external desulphurisation of hot metal by calcium carbide injection process . RSP is one of the unique units under the SAIL umbrella with a wide variety of special purpose steels . After RSP was set up with the help of German collaboration . Subsequently , its steel making capacity was enhanced to 2 million tonnes and added many units to the facility . A pipe plant and special plate plant were set up during the 1970s for production of ERW pipes and steel plates for defense requirements . NSPCL , a joint venture company of NTPC Limited and SAIL , set up a captive power plant of 120 MW capacity to be self - sufficient . Rourkela Steel Plant undertook a modernization program in 1988 with an outlay of INR 4500 crores . This revamped the process of supply of raw materials , new oxygen plant , improved techniques in blast furnaces , selling of dolomite plant , cast house , slag granulation plant , supply of raw materials sintering plants and coal handling plants among others . Following the modernization RSP became the first SAIL plant to have adopted continuous casting route for all its hot metal production . It is also the first Indian steel plant to have adopted external desulfurisation of hot metal by the calcium carbide injection process . Steel Authority of India plans to invest for its capacity expansion in its major plants . So Rourkela Steel Plant on modernization and expansion project on process . 1964 : The Fertilizer Plant was set up in the year 1964 with a view to utilizing the residue of the steel plant and the re-utilization of the chemicals . 1970 : Pipe Plant and Special Plate Plant was set up for production of pipes and steel plates for defense requirements . 1988 : The modernization of RSP was begun for producing qualitative materials and establishing its importance in the world market . 1998 : The modernization program with an outlay of INR 4500 crores . 2010 : RSP - SAIL plans for its capacity expansion in its existing 2.2 MT to 4.5 MT of production . 2013 : Rourkela Steel Plant unveiled the country 's largest blast furnace named `` DURGA '' having a useful volume of 4060 cubic metres with a production capacity of 8000 tons hot metal per day , thus increasing its production capacity from 2.2 MT to 4.5 MT . 2015 : Rourkela Steel Plant has set up 1 MW solar photovoltaic ( PV ) power generation unit inside the plant premises at a cost of Rs 6.68 crore , is expected to generate minimum 1.479 million units of solar energy per annum . It is also installing other facilities for production of green energy . Two 5 KW rooftop solar PV power generation systems have already been installed and seven more such systems are in the pipeline. RSP is also in the process of setting up a 15 MW hydro power project on the downstream of Mandira Dam in collaboration with GEDCOL . Product mix ( edit ) SAIL 's Rourkela Steel Plant is a unique unit under SAIL with a wide variety of special purpose steels . The use of its products abound . Its HR coils find application in manufacturing LPG cylinders , automobiles , railway wagon chassis and other high - strength type steels . It is SAIL 's only plant that produces silicon steels for the power sector , high quality pipes for the oil and gas sector and tin plates for the packaging industry . Its wide and sophisticated product range includes flat , tubular and coated products . Special Plate Plant , Rourkela , is emerging as a major special steels centre for defence equipment . It produces armoured plate for the T - 90 and Arjun ( tank ) , and the BMP - 2 infantry combat vehicle , which are built at Avadi and Medak respectively by the Ordnance Factory Board . Its annual capacity of 2,000 tonnes is being upped to 12,000 tonnes . The AB / A grade steel used in making India 's first fully home made Aircraft carrier INS Vikrant ( 2013 ) were produced in Rourkela Steel Plant . Products ( edit ) Plate mill plates HR plates and coils ERW pipes SW pipes CR sheets and coils Galvanized sheets Electrolytic tin - plates silicon steel sheets Heavy and chequered plates Electrical steel ( CRNO / CRGO ) GP coils and sheets / GC sheets The fertilizer plant produces calcium ammonia nitrate ( CAN ) fertilizer marketed under the brand name `` Sona '' ( gold ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.rourkelacity.com/about-rourkela/timeline/ Jump up ^ http://icbpem.nitrkl.ac.in/AboutRourkela/Rourkela.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.sail.co.in/rourkela-steel-plant/about-rourkela-steel-plant Jump up ^ Group , Voestalpine . `` VÖEST up to the Beginning of the Formation of the Group '' . Voestalpine website . Voestalpine Group . Jump up ^ http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-04-01/news/60720294_1_pm-modi-rourkela-steel-plant-steel-authority Jump up ^ http://www.sail.co.in/rourkela-steel-plant/about-rourkela-steel-plant Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Odisha-in-Centres-Steel-Blueprint/2015/02/02/article2648696.ece Jump up ^ `` Plants and Projects '' . NSPCL website . NSPCL Limited . Jump up ^ `` Rourkela Steel Plant Completes 50 Years '' . Rourkela Steel Plant Completes 50 Years . Outlook . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SAIL to invest Rs 12,000 cr for expansion of Rourkela plant '' . Economic Times . 6 Jan 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India 's largest blast furnace starts operating at SAIL plant '' . Hindustan Times , 10 August 2013 Jump up ^ Mazumdar , Rakhi ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) . `` PSU major SAIL to raise capacity of Rourkela Steel Plant : Narendra Singh Tomar '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/pm-dedicates-rs-12-000-crore-rourkela-steel-plant-to-nation/61496.html Jump up ^ Shukla , Ajai ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) . `` INS Vikrant 's first victory : Being built from Indian steel '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 . Rourkela Steel Plan at wikimapia External links ( edit ) Rourkela Steel Plan , website SAIL Home page ' Mini India ' Rourkela coming alive through flickers of images Rourkela - The Illustrated Journey Into The Life Of The City Around India 's First Public Sector Steel Plant <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Steel industry of India Companies Steel Bhushan Steel Bramhani Industries Essar Steel Goel TMT Ispat Industries Ltd Jai Balaji group JSW Steel Ltd Jindal Steel and Power Mahindra Ugine Steel Mukand Ltd POSCO India Prakash Industries Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Steel Authority of India Limited Tata Steel Uttam Galva Steels VISA Steel Allied industries Bharat Refractories Limited Ferro Alloys Corporation NSPCL Tayo Rolls Tube Products of India Welspun Corp Ltd Welspun Maxsteel Ltd Plants Integrated Bhilai Steel Plant Bokaro Steel Plant Durgapur Steel Plant ESSAR Steel India Ltd Plants IISCO Steel Plant Rourkela Steel Plant Visakhapatnam Steel Plant Alloy / Mini Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant kalyani steels Under construction Nagarnar Steel Plant Related topics Coalfields of India Power Stations of India Automotive companies of India <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rourkela_Steel_Plant&oldid=827303728 '' Categories : Steel Authority of India Steel plants of India Rourkela Economy of Odisha 1955 establishments in India Manufacturing companies established in 1955 Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from February 2016 All articles with a promotional tone Use Indian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from January 2014 Odisha articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 23 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Rourkela Steel Plant - First integrated steel plant in India
2. Steel Authority of India Limited - Parent company of Rourkela Steel Plant
3. Modernization and expansion project at Rourkela Steel Plant
4. Product mix of Rourkela Steel Plant - Special purpose steels
5. Rourkela Steel Plant's contribution to the defense sector |
-6,323,898,775,210,259,000 | how many times did victor come back in big brother | Big Brother 18 ( Us ) - Wikipedia Big Brother 18 ( Us ) Jump to : navigation , search <Td_colspan="4"> Big Brother <Td_colspan="4"> ◄ Season 18 ( 2016 ) <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="4"> ( show ) HouseGuests Name Entered Exited Nicole Day 1 Day 99 Paul Day 1 Day 99 James Day 1 Day 99 Corey Day 1 Day 92 Victor Day 1 Day 37 Day 72 Day 23 Day 72 Day 90 Natalie Day 1 Day 86 Michelle Day 1 Day 79 Paulie Day 1 Day 65 Bridgette Day 1 Day 58 Zakiyah Day 1 Day 58 Da'Vonne Day 1 Day 51 Frank Day 1 Day 44 Tiffany Day 1 Day 37 Bronte Day 1 Day 30 Jozea Day 1 Day 16 Glenn Day 1 Day 2 <Td_colspan="4"> Winner $500,000 <Td_colspan="4"> Runner - up $50,000 <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted <Td_colspan="4"> America 's Favorite HouseGuest $25,000 Big Brother 18 is the eighteenth season of the American reality television series Big Brother . The season premiered on June 22 , 2016 on CBS with a two - hour season premiere and ended with a 90 - minute season finale on September 21 , 2016 . Julie Chen returned as host . On September 21 , 2016 , Nicole Franzel won the game in a 5 - 4 vote against Paul Abrahamian . The season lasted for 99 days making it the longest running season in the show 's 16 - year history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season development 2 Twists 2.1 Teams 2.2 BB Roadkill 2.3 Battle Back 2.4 Round Trip Ticket 2.5 America 's Care Package 3 HouseGuests 3.1 New HouseGuests 3.2 Returning HouseGuests 3.3 Future appearances 4 Summary 5 Have - Nots 6 Voting History 6.1 Notes 7 Reception 7.1 Viewing figures 8 Controversy and criticism 9 References 10 External links Season development ( edit ) On September 24 , 2014 , CBS announced that it had renewed Big Brother for its 17th and 18th editions for broadcast in summer 2015 and 2016 , respectively . The series would continue to be hosted by Julie Chen . Twists ( edit ) Teams ( edit ) Similar to the cliques twist in Big Brother 11 , the HouseGuests initially competed in teams , which were selected by school - yard pick prior to the first competition . When a HouseGuest wins Head of Household , their entire team earns immunity from nominations , while the team with the worst performance in each Head of Household competition became the Have - Nots for the week . Team Name Members Category 4 Frank , Michelle , Paulie , Bridgette Big Sister Da'Vonne , Paul , Zakiyah , Jozea Team Unicorn James , Natalie , Victor , Bronte Freakazoids Nicole , Corey , Tiffany , Glenn BB Roadkill ( edit ) Following the nomination ceremony , the HouseGuests competed in the BB Roadkill competition , with the winner earning the power to privately nominate a third HouseGuest for eviction . For each Roadkill competition , an RV is placed in the backyard ; one at a time , HouseGuests enter the RV to complete the task . Following the competition , the HouseGuests are privately informed if they won or lost the challenge , with no obligation to ever reveal their result ; the winner then names a third nominee in the Diary Room . Unlike the Head of Household , the Roadkill winner could nominate a member of his or her own team , provided their intended nominee is not immune . If the Roadkill nominee is saved by the Power of Veto , the Roadkill winner has to privately name a replacement nominee . The power to privately name a third nominee and replacement was previously seen in Big Brother 15 with the MVP , who earned the power through public vote . On Day 37 , the BB Roadkill competition was officially cancelled . Battle Back ( edit ) Instead of permanent eviction , the first five evicted HouseGuests received a chance to return to the game . The first two evictees faced off in a duel , with the winner advancing to face the next evicted HouseGuest , permanently eliminating the losers ; following four duels , the remaining evictee will re-enter the house . All four duels aired in a special episode on July 22 ; Jozea defeated Glenn in the first competition , but Victor defeated Jozea , Bronte and Tiffany in the subsequent competitions to return to the house . Round # Winner Loser Jozea Glenn Victor Jozea Victor Bronte Victor Tiffany Round trip ticket ( edit ) Shortly after the end of the Battle Back , Teams and Roadkill twists , the HouseGuests were alerted to the existence of a secret room within the house . To find it , HouseGuests deciphered a series of clues hidden on decorations throughout the house to uncover a five - digit code , and then dialed the code into a phone booth in the house to reveal a tunnel to the room ; only one HouseGuest was allowed to enter the room at a time . Inside the room was 12 envelopes , and each HouseGuest could only claim one envelope . Inside one of the envelopes was a `` Round Trip Ticket , '' which would allow the HouseGuest who picked it to re-enter the house immediately following eviction . Envelopes could only be opened by a HouseGuest following their eviction ; If a HouseGuest opened their envelope prior to their eviction , their card would be voided . Once all remaining HouseGuests entered the room and picked tickets , they were free to enter the room with no restrictions . The tickets were valid until Day 65 ; Paul had the Round Trip Ticket , but was not evicted while the tickets were still valid . America 's Care Package ( edit ) After Frank 's eviction , Julie announced that for the next five weeks , beginning in Week 6 , viewers would be able to give one HouseGuest per week a special power -- or `` care package '' -- as determined by a public vote . All five powers were revealed to the public upon the twist 's introduction . The HouseGuests were made aware of this twist , though the weekly rewards were left unspecified until the package was dropped in the backyard for public unboxing . Once a HouseGuest receives a care package , they are no longer eligible to win future packages . Week # Name Description Winner 6 Never Not Pass The winner can no longer be named a Have Not for the remainder of the season . Natalie 7 Eliminate Two Eviction Votes The winner can prevent two HouseGuests of their choice from voting in that week 's eviction . James 8 Super Safety The winner is immune from eviction for the week , but must also wear a `` Super Safety '' costume all week long . Nicole 9 Co-HoH The winner automatically becomes Co-HoH , earning immunity and the right to choose one of the two nominees . Michelle 10 BB Bribe The winner gets $5,000 to be given as a bribe to one other HouseGuest to complete a particular task . Corey HouseGuests ( edit ) Main article : List of Big Brother 18 houseguests ( U.S. ) New HouseGuests ( edit ) The cast of the eighteenth season of Big Brother . Top : Natalie , Frank , Zakiyah , Paul , Jozea , Da'Vonne and Corey Second row : Glenn , Tiffany , Victor and Bridgette Third row : Paulie , James and Nicole Bottom : Bronte , Pablo and Michelle The 12 new HouseGuests were announced on June 14 , 2016 . Among them are two siblings of former Big Brother HouseGuests : Paulie Calafiore , brother of Big Brother 16 runner - up Cody Calafiore and Tiffany Rousso , sister of Big Brother 17 HouseGuest Vanessa Rousso . Name Age on entry Occupation Residence Bridgette Dunning 24 Traveling Nurse California , Ventura , Ventura , California Bronte D'Acquisto 26 Student Colorado , Denver , Denver , Colorado Corey Brooks 25 Baseball Coach Texas , Dallas , Dallas , Texas Glenn Garcia 50 Dog Groomer New York , Bronx , Bronx , New York Jozea Flores 25 Make - up Artist California , Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California Michelle Meyer 23 Nutritionist Michigan , Washington , Washington , Michigan Natalie Negrotti 26 Event Coordinator New Jersey , Franklin Park , Franklin Park , New Jersey Paul Abrahamian 23 Fashion Designer California , Tarzana , Tarzana , California Paulie Calafiore 27 DJ New Jersey , Howell , Howell , New Jersey Tiffany Rousso 32 High School Teacher Florida , Palm Beach Gardens , Palm Beach Gardens , Florida Victor Arroyo 25 Gym Manager Louisiana , Slidell , Slidell , Louisiana Zakiyah Everette 25 Preschool Teacher North Carolina , Charlotte , Charlotte , North Carolina Returning HouseGuests ( edit ) This is the fifth season to feature former HouseGuests returning to the game . the first time since Big Brother 14 . The four returning players were announced during the premiere episode on June 22 , 2016 . As part of the House 's travel theme , the returning HouseGuests were referred to as `` stowaways , '' entering the House in suitcases shortly prior to the new HouseGuests ' arrival . Name Age on entry Occupation Residence <Th_colspan="2"> Big Brother history Season ( s ) Status Da'Vonne Rogers 28 Poker Dealer California , Lancaster , Lancaster , California Big Brother 17 Evicted -- 16th place Frank Eudy 32 Pharmaceutical Sales Representative North Carolina , Charlotte , Charlotte , North Carolina Big Brother 14 Evicted -- 7th place James Huling 32 Staff Recruiter Texas , Wichita Falls , Wichita Falls , Texas Big Brother 17 Evicted -- 7th place Nicole Franzel 23 ER Nurse Michigan , Ubly , Ubly , Michigan Big Brother 16 Evicted -- 7th place Future appearances ( edit ) Jozea Flores was one of two former Big Brother HouseGuests included in a public vote to compete in Big Brother : Over the Top , but lost to Jason Roy from Big Brother 17 . Paul Abrahamian returned for Big Brother 19 as a HouseGuest , while Nicole Franzel returned to host the first HOH Competition of the same season . Abrahamian once again finished in 2nd place , becoming the 2nd houseguest in Big Brother history to reach the final 2 twice . Summary ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Week 1 The twelve new HouseGuests ( HGs ) entered the House . They were then told about the first twist : four HGs from previous seasons would join them . During the introductions , Paulie revealed his secret of being Big Brother 16 runner - up Cody Calafiore 's brother while Tiffany decided to hold out about her sister , Big Brother 17 HouseGuest Vanessa Rousso , although Da'Vonne already knew Tiffany 's secret and planned to use it to her advantage . Some of the new HGs were set on sticking together and running the returnees out of the house ; at the same time , the returnees knew they needed some of the newbies on their side to stand any chance of surviving . Later on , the HGs went outside to form four teams , each headed by a returnee . The teams were told about a second twist : they will compete in four competitions . The winning team of each competition will be safe and exempt from the next one . The last team remaining will then have to compete against each other as individuals . The loser of the final part will be evicted from the House . The remaining three will then decide amongst themselves which of their own would be the first Head of Household ( HoH ) . Immunity Competition ( `` Ride the Rocket '' ) : Each team must climb onto their rocket and stay on for as long as possible . The team that gets eliminated first will land in `` Notburg '' and be Have - Nots for the week . The second team to fall will go to `` Mystery Land '' and receive a mystery punishment . The third team will land in `` Cash City '' and be given $10,000 to split . The last team will land in `` Safeville '' , which will guarantee the team 's safety for the next two evictions . Big Sister became Have - Nots , Category 4 went to Mystery Land , and the Freakazoids received $10,000 . Team Unicorn received immunity for two evictions . The three remaining teams then battled in a three - part competition called Hit the Road ( HtR ) . Hit The Road , Part 1 : Three members of each team will hold on to three ropes tied to a ring that supports a beam . The free members will dig in the sand for a block , place it on the beam , and switch out with a teammate . If a block falls , they must start over . The first team to stack a fifteen - block castle on their beam and hit their buzzer will win . Category 4 won the competition , and were therefore immune from eviction and exempt from the next competitions . Hit The Road , Part 2 : Teams must complete a three - dimensional , multi-tiered sandcastle puzzle . The first team to finish their sandcastle and step in a designated area will win . Big Sister won the competition , and were therefore immune from eviction and exempt from the final competition . The Freakzoids then went head - to - head in the final round . Hit The Road , Part 3 : Each member of the team will stand on a tilting island - like platform . Each will climb his / her palm tree , grab a coconut , and place it in one of the designated holes that spell out `` SOS . '' The last member to finish his / her SOS and grab the flag will be evicted from the House . Nicole finished first , with Tiffany finishing second and Corey barely edging out Glenn when the latter displaced some of his coconuts upon grabbing his flag . Glenn lost and was evicted immediately . The remaining members of the Freakazoids decided Nicole should be HoH , much to the dismay of the other newbies , who originally planned of getting rid of the returnees early in the game . As HoH , Nicole considered Da'Vonne's advice and targeted Jozea , whom Da'Vonne felt was leading the returnee revolt . She nominated Jozea and Paulie for eviction , with Paulie agreeing as a pawn . To gain the numbers , the returnees pulled in Zakiyah , Michelle , Corey , and Tiffany to form the `` 8 Pack '' alliance . The HGs were then informed of a new twist called the `` BB Roadkill '' competition . Roadkill ( `` Take It Off '' ) : Each of the HGs must strip off their clothes while holding down three buttons in the RV . If a button is released , their timer will go 30 times faster ; two buttons , 60 times faster ; and all three , 120 times faster . The HG who hits the buzzer with the fastest time will win . Frank was the winner . Natalie , Bridgette , and Bronte formed the `` Spy Girls '' alliance , however , in full view of Tiffany , who informed the 8 Pack of this alliance . As a punishment for landing in `` Mystery Land , '' Category 4 had to wear pixelated costumes for the entire week . At the Roadkill ceremony , Frank secretly nominated Paul . Corey and Da'Vonne were selected to join Nicole , Jozea , Paulie , and Paul for the Power of Veto ( PoV ) competition . Power of Veto ( `` Dizzy Dog '' ) : HGs must spin on their stand 15 times to earn 45 seconds . They can then use this time to stack dog treats on top of their doghouse . If they fail to get back on their stand and respin before their 45 seconds is up , they will be eliminated . The first HG to stack all forty treats and hit their button will win . Host was Michelle . Paul was the winner and at the Veto ceremony , took himself off the block , forcing Frank to secretly name Bridgette as the replacement nominee . Jozea was evicted by a 7 - 4 vote , with Bronte , Natalie , Paul , and Victor voting to evict Paulie . Julie then informed Jozea will face off against Glenn in the `` Battle Back '' competition . Week 2 Following Jozea 's eviction , the HGs participated in the new HoH competition . Head of Household ( `` Berry Balanced '' ) : Each team must send one member across one of two log courses : a longer but easier one and a shorter but more difficult one . The HG must then grab a berry and return it to their team station to fill four columns . Filling a column will need 10 berries to lock in ; however , if the column is not yet filled and an HG falls along the course , that column will lose its berries . Said HG will be eliminated as well . The first team to collect 40 berries and retrieve the final blue berry wins , with the member who retrieved the blue berry becoming the new HoH . Category 4 won the competition , giving them immunity from this week 's eviction , and Paulie became the new HoH . Paulie planned on backdooring Victor for being a physical threat and casting an eviction vote against Paulie . He then proceeded to nominate Bronte , for casting another eviction vote , and Paul , who offered himself as a pawn to gain the trust of the House . Roadkill ( `` 18 Dollas '' ) : Each of the HGs must look at a set of ten items of various prices . They must put tags on six items that add up to exactly $18 . The HG who selects the six items and hits their buzzer in the fastest time will win . Victor won the competition and decided to reveal it to Paulie , who in turn told his allies . At the Roadkill ceremony , Victor secretly nominated Tiffany . With Paul aware of the impending backdoor , he advised his closest ally Victor about not being too trusting and telling anyone everything but Victor disagreed . Tiffany became emotional and paranoid that she could be the one going home but Paulie and her allies assured her otherwise . Her behavior made them think she was starting to play like her sister Vanessa and consider voting her out instead . Da'Vonne and Zakiyah were selected to join Paulie , Bronte , Paul , and Tiffany for the PoV competition . Power of Veto ( `` Toe - zarks '' ) : HGs will have 12 minutes to collect letters , one at a time , from big toenails scattered in a pond . Each letter has a point value . They must then take their letters back to their board and spell the best word possible . The HG who correctly spells a word with the highest point value will win . Host was Corey . Paulie was the winner . Da'Vonne told Paulie and her allies about Tiffany 's attempt to win the PoV despite their wishes for her to throw it to prevent Victor from nominating someone from the alliance . At the Veto ceremony , Paulie took Paul off the block and named Victor as the replacement nominee . Victor was evicted by a 9 - 1 vote , with Paul voting to evict Bronte . During this week , Jozea and Glenn also faced off in the Battle Back competition . Battle Back , Round 1 ( `` Berry Balanced '' ) : The two evictees will face off in a competition inspired by this week 's HoH competition . However , there will only be two columns , and an addition of a `` poison berry , '' which if retrieved by an evictee , will get rid of the berries in the other evictee 's column that is not yet locked in . The first evictee to lock in both columns wins . Jozea was the winner and will face off against next week 's evictee . Glenn was permanently eliminated from the game . Week 3 Following Victor 's eviction , the HGs participated in the new HoH competition . Head of Household ( `` Kiss My Ace '' ) : One member from each team must `` serve '' a ball by bouncing it off on a big tennis racket with bouncy strings on their side of court in an attempt to land it in the highest - scored slot possible . The HG with the lowest score in each round will be eliminated . The teams will then rotate members and serve again . If there is a tie , all tied HGs will be eliminated , unless all four players are tied , in which case they will serve again . The last HG standing will be the new HoH . Bridgette was the winner , thereby making her Category 4 teammates also immune from this week 's eviction . The other HGs felt that her HoH would be more of Frank 's HoH because they were close allies and she trusted him well . With Frank 's advice , Bridgette nominated Paul and Tiffany for eviction , with Tiffany as the target for being a loose cannon . Despite being in the 8 Pack , Frank and Tiffany also did not get along well . Roadkill ( `` Horn Star '' ) : Each of the HGs must press a set of five horns and listen to their respective honks . They then had to listen to a sequence of eight honks and repeat the sequence by pressing the correct horns . If they press the wrong horn , they will hear must try again . The HG who repeats the sequence in the fastest time will win . Frank was the winner , and at the Roadkill ceremony , secretly nominated Bronte for eviction . Bridgette was upset that her Spy Girls ally was nominated again , not knowing ironically that it was her closest ally Frank who did it . Natalie and Paulie were selected to join Bridgette , Bronte , Paul , and Tiffany for the PoV competition . Power of Veto ( `` Vetolicious '' ) : HGs must look at a sequence of colored ingredients labeled with respective tastes that will be flashed on a monitor . Each ingredient is contained in a beaker . Julie will then ask a question about the sequence and the HGs must pour in their pot the ingredient that corresponds to their answer . If they pour the wrong ingredient , their pot will explode and they will be eliminated . The last HG standing will win PoV , in addition to a dinner from Outback Steakhouse for their team and another team of their choice . Host was Da'Vonne . Bridgette was the winner and chose Big Sister to join Category 4 for the reward dinner . At the Veto ceremony , Bridgette kept her nominations the same . Frank was confident that Tiffany would be evicted . Da'Vonne , still having issues with Frank , rallied the rest of the 8 Pack to flip the vote against Bronte , knowing that Tiffany would go after Frank . On eviction night , Frank and Bridgette were blindsided when Bronte was evicted by a 5 - 4 vote . During this week , Jozea and Victor also faced off in the Battle Back competition . Battle Back , Round 2 ( `` Kiss My Ace '' ) : The two evictees will face off in a competition inspired by this week 's HoH competition . They will have three balls and must bounce them off , one at a time , on a big racket in an attempt to hit one of the five smaller , propped - up rackets with their opponent 's face on them on the other side of the court . If they run out of balls , they must retrieve them and bounce again . The first evictee to hit all five rackets will win . Victor was the winner and will face off against next week 's evictee . Jozea was permanently eliminated from the game . Week 4 Following Bronte 's eviction , the HGs participated in the new HoH competition . Earlier they watched several caricatured photos of the first three evicted HGs on a European trip on the Memory Wall . Head of Household ( `` Euro Trippin '' ) : Julie will read statements about the said photos and the HGs will respond whether the statements are TRUE or FALSE . An incorrect answer will result in elimination . The last HG standing will be the new HoH . Paulie was the winner , thereby making his Category 4 teammates also immune from this week 's eviction and , much to the dismay of the 8 Pack , postponing their plan of evicting Frank . Despite being enemies the previous week , Tiffany , Frank , and Bridgette formed an alliance after being outcasts in the House . They planned on targeting Paulie 's alliance with Zakiyah , Nicole , and Corey for running the House in the past weeks . Paulie proceeded to nominate Natalie and Tiffany for eviction , shifting the target back on Tiffany . Roadkill ( `` Gasping for Air '' ) : Each of the HGs must hang air fresheners on colored lines . If an air freshener falls on the floor , it is out of play . The HG who hangs the most air fresheners in the shortest amount of time will win . Tiffany was the winner , and at the Roadkill ceremony , secretly named her teammate and Paulie 's closest ally , Corey , for eviction in hopes of shifting the power in the House . She told Da'Vonne she was the Roadkill winner but Da'Vonne decided not to reveal this information to the 8 Pack to avoid further tension with Tiffany . Da'Vonne and Paul were selected to join Paulie , Natalie , Tiffany , and Corey for the PoV competition . Power of Veto ( `` Scooper Star '' ) : HGs will compete in head - to - head matches . They must look at a set of ice - cream cones on a monitor , and replicate those cones by transferring one ice - cream scoop at a time , not setting any scoops on the ground , and only having three scoops on a cone . They must then press their buzzer and if correct , will win that round and eliminate their competitor . The last HG standing will win . Host was Zakiyah . Corey was the winner , but considered not using the Veto on himself for fear of Nicole being nominated in his place . Shortly after the competition Da'Vonne started getting paranoid , which made Tiffany suspicious . At the Roadkill ceremony , Corey removed himself from the block , and Tiffany secretly nominated Da'Vonne in his place , hoping the House would see the latter as a bigger threat . Despite Tiffany campaigning hard to stay in the House , she was still evicted by a 8 - 0 - 0 vote . During this week , Victor and Bronte also faced off in the Battle Back competition . Battle Back , Round 3 ( `` Euro Trippin '' ) : Victor was the winner and will face off against next week 's evictee . Bronte was permanently eliminated from the game . Week 5 Battle Back , Round 4 ( `` Electronic BB '' ) : Head of Household ( `` Watch Your Dubstep '' ) : Power of Veto ( `` OTEV the Dope DJ '' ) : Following Tiffany 's eviction , Julie revealed to the HouseGuests that both the team and Roadkill twists were dissolved . Julie also announced to the HouseGuests that the first five evicted HouseGuests competed in the Battle Back competition . Victor was revealed to be the champion of the Battle Back duels and he returned to the House . Julie then revealed a twist to the viewers that would be in play for the next five weeks -- in the House , there are secret clues to discover a secret room . Any HouseGuest who discovers this secret room will have the opportunity to claim an envelope . One envelope will hold a round trip ticket . Once a HouseGuest gets evicted , their envelope will be opened . If they have the round trip ticket , their eviction will be null , and they will head back into the House with another shot at the half million dollars . Following Victor 's return , the HouseGuests grooved in the Watch Your Dubstep Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had a wristband attached to a confetti box . They must keep their hand above their head while stepping over the light bars that shuffle by their feet . If they drop their hand , their confetti box will open , eliminating them from the competition . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . James was the winner . On Day 38 , James nominated Bridgette and Frank for eviction , with Frank as the target . On Day 39 , James , Bridgette and Frank , as well as Michelle , Da'Vonne and Nicole , were riddled in the OTEV the Dope DJ Power of Veto competition . In this competition , OTEV asked the HouseGuests a riddle about a competition . They then had to find a record with the name of the competition described in the riddle . The last HouseGuest to return the correct record to OTEV will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto . Michelle won the Power of Veto . On Day 41 , Michelle decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 42 , all the HouseGuests solved the clues and discovered the secret room . On Day 44 , Frank was evicted by a unanimous 9 - 0 vote . Frank was revealed not to have the round trip ticket . Julie also revealed another twist to the viewers -- `` America 's Care Package '' -- where for the next five weeks , America had the opportunity to vote to send a care package to a HouseGuest . Once a HouseGuest receives a care package , they may not receive a future one . Week 6 Head of Household ( `` Perfect Shot '' ) : Power of Veto ( `` Ready , Set , Whoa '' ) : Following Frank 's eviction , the HouseGuests rolled in the Perfect Shot Head of Household competition . Each HouseGuest had a lane with slots numbered 1 - 21 . They must roll their ball down their lane to try and make the highest score . They had the opportunity to practice by rolling their yellow ball down their lane as often as they wanted . Whenever they decided to take their best shot , they must roll the red ball . Whatever slot the red ball lands in will be their official score . The HouseGuest with the highest score will be the new Head of Household . Paul was the winner . For being the bottom four performers in the Head of Household competition , Corey , Natalie , Paulie and Zakiyah became Have - Nots for the week . However , Natalie received America 's Care Package , which contained a Never - Not Pass , rendering her immune from being a Have - Not for the rest of the season . On Day 45 , Paul nominated Bridgette and Paulie for eviction . On Day 46 , Paul , Bridgette and Paulie , as well as Corey , Victor and Natalie , sprinted in the Ready , Set , Whoa Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had to hold down two buttons in their starting lane . At the end of their lanes , a monitor will cycle though the words `` ready , set , go . '' If a HouseGuest releases a button before the word `` go '' , they will be eliminated . Once they see the word `` go , '' they must run to the end of their lane and hit one of the five buttons . The last person to hit a button will be eliminated . Once a HouseGuest uses a button , it is out of play for future rounds . The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto . Paulie was the winner . On Day 48 , Paulie took himself off the block , and Paul named Da'Vonne as the replacement nominee . On Day 51 , Da'Vonne was evicted by a 6 - 2 vote , with Michelle and Zakiyah voting to evict Bridgette . Da'Vonne was revealed not to have the round trip ticket and she became the first member of the jury . Week 7 Head of Household ( `` Harsh Hashtags '' ) : Power of Veto ( `` Hide and Go Veto '' ) : Head of Household ( `` Statcathalon '' ) : Power of Veto ( `` Veto Time '' ) : Following Da'Vonne's eviction , the HouseGuests spun in the Harsh Hashtags Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests stood on a small disc suspended by a hanging rope . As the competition continued , they were spun into insult punching bags . If a HouseGuest falls off their disc , they will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Victor was the winner . For being the first three HouseGuests to fall in the Head of Household competition , Bridgette , Corey and James became Have - Nots for the week . James received America 's Care Package , which contained the power to prevent two HouseGuests from voting at the next eviction . On Day 52 , Victor nominated Michelle and Zakiyah for eviction . On Day 53 , Victor , Michelle and Zakiyah chose Paulie , James and Nicole for the Hide and Go Veto Power of Veto competition . HouseGuests had three minutes to individually hide their locked veto card in the House . Then , one at a time , HouseGuests entered the House and had one minute to attempt to find a veto card . If a HouseGuest 's veto card is found , they will be eliminated , though the owner of the veto cards will not be revealed until the end of the competition . The HouseGuest who hides their veto card the best will win the Power of Veto . Paulie won the Power of Veto , but on Day 55 , decided not to use the Power of Veto . At the live eviction , Julie informed the HouseGuests of the Double Eviction . Just before the first live vote , James used his America 's Care Package to prevent Corey and Paul from voting . On Day 58 , Zakiyah was evicted by a 3 - 2 vote , with Nicole and Paulie voting to evict Michelle . Zakiyah was revealed not to have the round trip ticket and she became the second member of the jury . Immediately after Zakiyah 's eviction , the HouseGuests calculated in the Statcathalon Head of Household competition . HouseGuests were asked numerical questions . HouseGuests were required to state whether the real number was more or less than the number mentioned in the question . An incorrect answer resulted in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Corey was the winner and immediately nominated Bridgette and Michelle for eviction , putting the plan to backdoor Bridgette in motion . Corey , Bridgette and Michelle , as well as Paul , Nicole and James , later tussled in the Veto Time Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had to run across their lane into their ball pit at the end . They must search through the balls to find three clocks . They must return their clocks to their stand one at a time . After they retrieve all of the clocks , they must grab their veto symbol above their ball pit and hit their button . The first HouseGuest to hit their button will win the Power of Veto . Corey was the winner , but decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 58 , Bridgette was evicted by a 5 - 1 vote , with Natalie voting to evict Michelle . Bridgette was revealed not to have the round trip ticket and she became the third member of the jury . Week 8 Head of Household ( `` Hollywood Squirrels '' ) : Power of Veto ( `` Zingbot for President '' ) : Following Zakiyah and Bridgette 's eviction , the HouseGuests went head - to - head in the Hollywoods Squirrels Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed in one - on - one matches . In each round , HouseGuests were asked a question based on a grid of Benny the BB Comp Squirrels . If a HouseGuest buzzes in with the correct answer , they will move on and eliminate their opponent . If they are incorrect , they will be eliminated . The HouseGuest who survives in each round must pick the next two HouseGuests to face off . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Victor was the winner . For being the first two HouseGuests eliminated in the Head of Household competition , Michelle and Nicole became Have - Nots for the week . Nicole received America 's Care Package , which contained safety for the week , on the condition she wear a `` Super Safety '' costume all week . On Day 59 , Victor nominated Corey and Paulie for eviction , with Paulie as the target . On Day 60 , Zingbot made an appearance and hosted Victor , Corey , Paulie , Paul , Nicole and James in the Zingbot for President Power of Veto competition , with Natalie moderating . In each round , HouseGuests launched a beanbag at a map to claim votes for Zingbot . Once a spot has been landed in , any future tosses into that spot will have a score of zero . The HouseGuest who gets the least votes in each round will be eliminated from the competition . After each HouseGuest has been eliminated , they will claim a campaign gift . HouseGuests eliminated in future rounds have the option of keeping their gift or claiming a gift already revealed . The HouseGuest with the Power of Veto at the end of the game will win the Power of Veto . Paul became a member of the BB Secret Service , James won $5,000 , Paulie must bake apple pies any time he is instructed by Big Brother for the rest of the season , Corey has to wear the `` Patriotard '' for the week and Nicole won a trip to anywhere in the United States . Victor won the Power of Veto . On Day 62 , Victor decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 65 , Paulie was evicted by a unanimous 5 - 0 vote . Paulie was revealed not to have the round trip ticket and he became the fourth member of the jury . All of the tickets expired and it was later revealed that Paul had the round trip ticket . Week 9 Head of Household ( `` The Black Box '' ) : Power of Veto ( `` BB Storm Watch '' ) : Following Paulie 's eviction , the HouseGuests celebrated how far they have survived as they enjoyed a carnival , with a chance to win prizes such as $5,000 , a tech - pack containing a new TV , tablet and smart phone , along with a performance from Ziggy Marley . They also picked pies to determine Have - Nots for the week , as well as an advantage in the next Head of Household competition . Michelle , James and Victor became Have - Nots for the week . After the carnival , the HouseGuests blacked out in The Black Box Head of Household competition . In this competition , the HouseGuests entered the black box and held down their button . Throughout the competition , HouseGuests were given opportunities to search the black box for discs . There are also dummy discs that will not fit on their pole . If a HouseGuest does not return to their button before time is up , they will be eliminated . After two hours and ten searches , the player who survives with the most discs will be the new Head of Household . Michelle won the advantage for the competition and she received an extra 30 - second solo search . Natalie was the winner . Michelle received America 's Care Package , which contained the power of co-HOH . She and Natalie will both have safety , share the HOH room and will each name one nominee . For winning this week 's America 's Care Package , Michelle 's week as a Have - Not was also cancelled . On Day 66 , Michelle and Natalie nominated Paul and Victor for eviction , respectively . On Day 67 , all HouseGuests except Nicole memorized for the BB Storm Watch Power of Veto competition . In the days leading up to the competition , HouseGuests listened to a series of BB Storm Watch updates . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . HouseGuests looked at a teleprompter for sentences with blanks . HouseGuests had to report the weather and fill in the blanks with the name of one of the first five evicted HouseGuests while standing in a storm . If the sentence passes through the teleprompter before the HouseGuest fills in the blank , they will be incorrect . The HouseGuest who fills in the most blanks will win the Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 69 , Paul took himself off the block , and Michelle named Corey as the replacement nominee . On Day 72 , Victor was evicted by a 2 - 1 vote , with Paul voting to evict Corey . He became the fifth member of the jury . Julie then informed the HouseGuests that the jurors will compete in the next Head of Household competition , with one of them returning to the game . Week 10 Head of Household ( `` Welcome to Loch Mess '' ) : Power of Veto ( `` Santa 's Little Counters '' ) : Following Victor 's second eviction , the HouseGuests and jurors put it all on the line in the Welcome to Loch Mess Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests stood on a small platform against a wall . If anyone falls off their platform , they will be eliminated . The last juror standing will be back in the game and the last HouseGuest standing overall will be the new Head of Household . Victor eventually beat out the other jurors to re-enter the game , becoming the first HouseGuest in Big Brother history to return to the House twice in one season . Nicole became the new Head of Household . For being the first two HouseGuests to fall in the Head of Household competition , Corey and Victor became Have - Nots for the week . Corey received America 's Care Package , which gave him $5,000 to use to bribe another HouseGuest in the upcoming week . On Day 73 , Nicole nominated Michelle and Paul for eviction , with Michelle as the target . On Day 74 , all HouseGuests except Natalie tallied in the Santa 's Little Counters Power of Veto competition . HouseGuests had a few minutes to count groups of items throughout the backyard . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked how many of a certain object were in the display . After everyone revealed their answer , they had a decision to stay or fold . If a HouseGuest folds , they are ineligible to win a candy cane , but they can not be eliminated . If a HouseGuest stays and they are the closest to the correct answer , they will win a candy cane . If a HouseGuest stays and they are the furthest away from the answer , then they will be eliminated . The first HouseGuest to get three candy canes will win the Power of Veto . Nicole was the winner . On Day 76 , Nicole decided not to use the Power of Veto . Corey used his bribe on Victor in return for him voting out Michelle . On Day 79 , after Nicole cast the tie - breaking vote , Michelle was evicted by a 3 - 2 vote , with James and Natalie voting to evict Paul . She became the fifth member of the jury . Week 11 Head of Household ( `` Poached Eggs '' ) : Power of Veto ( `` Being Mac '' ) : Following Michelle 's eviction , the HouseGuests scrambled in the Poached Eggs Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had to maneuver eggs through their chicken wire and through their hole . They then had to roll their egg down the ramp in an attempt to knock down the letters `` HOH . '' The first HouseGuest to knock down all of their letters would then become the new Head of Household . Victor was the winner and became the new HOH . For being the last two HouseGuests to place an egg in their special `` Have '' holder , Natalie and Victor became Have - Nots for the week . However , because Victor won HoH and Natalie had a Never - Not Pass , all of the HouseGuests were safe from being Have - Nots for the week . On Day 80 , Victor nominated James and Natalie for eviction . On Day 81 , all of the HouseGuests used their resources in the Being Mac Power of Veto competition , sponsored by the new CBS show , MacGyver . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . They had to figure out how to escape three different rooms as fast as possible . The HouseGuest who escapes all three rooms in the fastest time will win the Power of Veto , as well as a trip to the set of MacGyver . Corey was the winner , but on Day 83 , decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 86 , Natalie was evicted by a unanimous 3 - 0 vote . She became the sixth member of the jury . Week 12 Head of Household ( `` Slide - In Theater '' ) : Power of Veto ( `` BB Comics '' ) : Head of Household ( `` What the Bleep ? '' ) : Power of Veto ( `` Cover Your Bases '' ) : Following Natalie 's eviction , the HouseGuests slid in the Slide - In Theater Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had to fill their small scoop with butter , walk down to the end of their slippery lane and pour it into their bowl . If a HouseGuest fills up their small bowl , they will receive a larger scoop . The first HouseGuest to retrieve the ball from their large bowl will be the new Head of Household . Corey was the winner and , on Day 87 , Corey nominated Paul and Victor for eviction . On Day 88 , the HouseGuests zipped in the BB Comics Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . HouseGuests had to ride a zip line past the comic studio window to get a look at a set of sixteen comics . They must replicate the comic studio on their computer . However , there are decoy comics with slight differences . The HouseGuest who replicates the studio wall in the fastest time will win the Power of Veto . Nicole was the winner . On Day 89 , Nicole decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 90 , Victor was evicted by a 2 - 0 vote . He became the seventh member of the jury . Following Victor 's third eviction , the HouseGuests sought a spot in the final three in the What the Bleep ? Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were shown a series of clips with a censored word or words . Julie will then give them words as to what the blurred phrase may be . The HouseGuests must then state if Julie 's suggestion is true or false . A correct answer earned a HouseGuest a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the new Head of Household . Paul was the winner and , on Day 91 , Paul nominated Corey and Nicole for eviction . On Day 92 , the HouseGuests recalled in the Cover Your Bases final Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked on what day a certain event took place in the House . The HouseGuests had to step on their bases to display the correct day , then hit the umpire to lock in their answer . If they are incorrect , their counter will drop to zero and they must try again . The last person to display the correct day will get a strike and three strikes resulted in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto . Paul was the winner , but on Day 92 , decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 92 , after James cast the sole vote to evict Corey , he became the eighth member of the jury . Week 13 Head of Household , Part 1 ( `` Hang In There Kitty '' ) : Head of Household , Part 2 ( `` Snap Shot '' ) : Head of Household , Part 3 ( `` Scales of Just - Us '' ) : Following Corey 's eviction , the HouseGuests engaged in their final battle in the Hang In There Kitty Part 1 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had to follow a laser which would lead them to one of three endurance stations . Once the laser stops , they have fifteen seconds to climb onto the station . If the laser re-appears , they must jump off of their station and follow it again . If they fail to climb onto their station within 15 seconds or if they fall before the laser re-appears , they will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will win Part 1 of the competition and automatically advance to Part 3 . Paul was the winner . James and Nicole then faced off in the Snap Shot Part 2 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , James and Nicole competed individually . They had to read a clue and place the three HouseGuests that applied to the clue into the roller coaster car . They had to push the car down the track , then take a snapshot of the HouseGuests while in frame . If they are incorrect or the HouseGuests are not in frame , they must try again . The HouseGuest who finishes all three snapshots faster will win Part 2 and advance to Part 3 against Paul . Nicole was the winner . Paul and Nicole had the final showdown in the Scales of Just - Us Part 3 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , Nicole and Paul were read a series of statements made by the jurors . The HouseGuests were required to guess how the juror completed each statement . The HouseGuest with the most points after eight questions will be the final Head of Household of the season . Paul became the final Head of Household by a score of 4 - 3 . On Day 99 , after Paul cast the sole vote to evict James , he became the final member of the jury . On Day 99 , after receiving Da'Vonne , Zakiyah , Paulie , Natalie and Corey 's votes , Paul received $50,000 as the runner - up , Nicole received $500,000 and was declared the winner of Big Brother 18 , the first female winner since Rachel Reilly in Big Brother 13 and the first female to win against a male in the final two and , Victor was revealed to be America 's Favorite HouseGuest and received $25,000 , bringing his cash winnings to $30,000 . Have - Nots ( edit ) For the duration of the teams twist , the team that fared the worst in the Head of Household competition became the Have - Nots for the week . In Week 6 , Natalie would have been a Have - Not , but was exempt by virtue of receiving America 's Care Package containing a Never - Not Pass , rendering her exempt from any future Have - Not punishments . In Week 9 , Michelle would have been a Have - Not , but was exempt by virtue of receiving America 's Care Package containing being a Co-HoH . In Week 11 , Victor would have been a Have - Not , but was exempt by virtue of winning HoH . Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Big Sister ( Da'Vonne , Jozea , Paul , Zakiyah ) Big Sister ( Da'Vonne , Paul , Zakiyah ) Freakazoids ( Corey , Nicole , Tiffany ) Team Unicorn ( James , Natalie ) none Corey , Natalie , Paulie , Zakiyah Bridgette , Corey , James Michelle , Natalie , Nicole James , Michelle , Victor Corey , Victor Natalie , Victor <Td_colspan="2"> none Voting history ( edit ) Color key -- Big Sister -- Category 4 -- Freakazoids -- Team Unicorn <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 12 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 13 Day 2 Day 9 Day 51 Day 58 Day 86 Day 90 Day 99 Finale <Th_colspan="2"> Head ( s ) of Household ( none ) Nicole Paulie Bridgette Paulie James Paul Victor Corey Victor Michelle Nicole Victor Corey Paul Paul ( none ) Natalie <Th_colspan="2"> Roadkill Winner Frank Victor Frank Tiffany <Td_colspan="11"> ( none ) <Th_colspan="2"> Nominations ( pre-veto ) Corey Glenn Nicole Tiffany Jozea Paul Paulie Bronte Paul Tiffany Bronte Paul Tiffany Corey Natalie Tiffany Bridgette Frank Bridgette Paulie Michelle Zakiyah Bridgette Michelle Corey Paulie Paul Victor Michelle Paul James Natalie Paul Victor Corey Nicole James Nicole <Th_colspan="2"> Veto Winner ( none ) Paul Paulie Bridgette Corey Michelle Paulie Paulie Corey Victor Paul Nicole Corey Nicole Paul ( none ) <Th_colspan="2"> Nominations ( post-veto ) Bridgette Jozea Paulie Bronte Tiffany Victor Bronte Paul Tiffany Da'Vonne Natalie Tiffany Bridgette Frank Bridgette Da'Vonne Michelle Zakiyah Bridgette Michelle Corey Paulie Corey Victor Michelle Paul James Natalie Paul Victor Corey Nicole <Th_colspan="19"> Nicole Nominated Head of Household Victor Bronte Tiffany Frank Da'Vonne Michelle Bridgette Paulie Victor Michelle Natalie Victor Nominated Nominated Winner ( Day 99 ) Paul No voting Paulie Bronte Nominated Tiffany Frank Head of Household Not eligible Bridgette Paulie Corey Nominated Natalie Nominated Head of Household James Runner - up ( Day 99 ) James No voting Jozea Victor Tiffany Tiffany Head of Household Da'Vonne Zakiyah Bridgette Paulie Victor Paul Nominated Victor Corey <Td_colspan="1"> Evicted ( Day 99 ) Paul Corey Nominated Jozea Victor Bronte Tiffany Frank Da'Vonne Not eligible Head of Household Nominated Nominated Michelle Natalie Head of Household Nominated <Td_colspan="1"> Evicted ( Day 92 ) Nicole Victor No voting Paulie Nominated <Td_colspan="2"> Evicted ( Day 23 ) Frank Da'Vonne Head of Household Bridgette Head of Household Nominated Michelle Head of Household Nominated <Td_colspan="2"> Re-evicted ( Day 90 ) Paul Natalie No voting Paulie Victor Tiffany Nominated Frank Da'Vonne Zakiyah Michelle Paulie Co-Head of Household Paul Nominated <Td_colspan="3"> Evicted ( Day 86 ) Nicole Michelle No voting Jozea Victor Bronte Tiffany Frank Bridgette Nominated Nominated Paulie Co-Head of Household Nominated <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted ( Day 79 ) Paul Paulie No voting Nominated Head of Household Tiffany Head of Household Frank Da'Vonne Michelle Bridgette Nominated <Td_colspan="6"> Evicted ( Day 65 ) Nicole Bridgette No voting Nominated Victor Head of Household Tiffany Nominated Nominated Zakiyah Nominated <Td_colspan="7"> Evicted ( Day 58 ) Paul Zakiyah No voting Jozea Victor Bronte Tiffany Frank Bridgette Nominated <Td_colspan="8"> Evicted ( Day 58 ) Nicole Da'Vonne No voting Jozea Victor Bronte Nominated Frank Nominated <Td_colspan="9"> Evicted ( Day 51 ) Nicole Frank No voting Jozea Victor Tiffany Tiffany Nominated <Td_colspan="11"> Evicted ( Day 44 ) Tiffany Nominated Jozea Nominated Nominated Nominated <Td_colspan="12"> Evicted ( Day 37 ) Bronte No voting Paulie Nominated Nominated <Td_colspan="13"> Evicted ( Day 30 ) Jozea No voting Nominated <Td_colspan="15"> Evicted ( Day 16 ) Glenn Nominated <Td_colspan="16"> Evicted ( Day 2 ) <Th_colspan="19"> <Th_colspan="2"> Notes 1 , 2 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 <Td_colspan="3"> 3 , 4 5 none 6 , 7 7 8 9 10 , 11 , 12 <Td_colspan="4"> none 13 <Th_colspan="2"> Evicted Glenn Evicted by competition Jozea 7 of 11 votes to evict Victor 9 of 10 votes to evict Bronte 5 of 9 votes to evict Tiffany 8 of 8 votes to evict Victor Won re-entry into game Da'Vonne 6 of 8 votes to evict Zakiyah 3 of 5 votes to evict Bridgette 5 of 6 votes to evict Paulie 5 of 5 votes to evict Victor 2 of 3 votes to evict Victor Won re-entry into game Natalie 3 of 3 votes to evict Victor 2 of 2 votes to evict Corey James ' choice to evict James Paul 's choice to evict Paul 4 votes to win Frank 9 of 9 votes to evict Michelle 3 of 5 votes to evict Nicole 5 votes to win Notes ( edit ) ^ Note 1 : As a reward for Victor being the last HouseGuest standing in the opening competition , Team Unicorn earned immunity from the first two evictions . ^ Note 2 : After Team Unicorn won immunity from the first competition , the members of the other three teams competed in a three - round competition , with the losing HouseGuest after the third being evicted . The first two rounds were competed in teams ; Category 4 and Big Sister won , earning safety . The remaining team , Freakazoids , competed in the third round individually . Glenn lost the competition and was automatically evicted . The team then had to choose one of their remaining teammates to become the first Head of Household ; they chose Nicole . ^ Note 3 : During the team phase of the game , the Head of Household 's teammates earned immunity from eviction for the week . The team phase ended after week 4 . ^ Note 4 : The winner of the Roadkill competition earned the power to nominate one HouseGuest for eviction . This nomination is made privately and the HouseGuest is not obligated to reveal their identity . If the veto is used to save the Roadkill - nominated HouseGuest , the Roadkill winner also privately nominates the replacement . Their nominations are shown in bold . The final Roadkill competition was in week 4 . ^ Note 5 : Instead of permanent eviction , the first five evicted HouseGuests received a chance to return to the game through the `` Battle Back '' competition . The first two evictees faced off in a duel , in which the winner advanced to face the next evicted HouseGuest and the loser was permanently eliminated ; following four duels , Victor was the last evictee standing and re-entered the house on Day 37 . ^ Note 6 : For winning the `` Eliminate Two Eviction Votes '' Care Package , James was awarded the power to block two HouseGuests from voting in that week 's eviction ; he chose Corey and Paul . ^ Note 7 : This week was a double eviction week . Following the first eviction , the remaining HouseGuests played a week 's worth of games -- including HoH and Veto competitions and Nomination , Veto and Eviction ceremonies -- during the remainder of the live show , culminating in a second eviction for the week . ^ Note 8 : For winning the `` Super Safety '' Care Package , Nicole was awarded immunity for the week . ^ Note 9 : For winning the `` Co-HoH '' Care Package , Michelle was named Co-Head of Household , earning the right to make one of the nominations and replacement , if necessary . Michelle 's nominations are shown in bold . ^ Note 10 : During the Head of Household competition in Week 10 , the first five jurors -- Da'Vonne , Zakiyah , Bridgette , Paulie and Victor -- competed for an opportunity to come back into the game . The juror who lasted the longest would return to the game to win and was eligible to become Head of Household if that juror finished first amongst the other HouseGuests in the competition . Victor outlasted the other jurors and re-entered the house . ^ Note 11 : For winning the `` BB Bribe '' Care Package , Corey earned $5000 to give to another HouseGuest ; accepting the bribe would force that HouseGuest into completing the task . Corey gave Victor the bribe in exchange for voting against Michelle . ^ Note 12 : As Head of Household , Nicole was forced to break the tie on Day 79 . ^ Note 13 : During the finale , the jury members voted for which finalist should win Big Brother . Reception ( edit ) Viewing figures ( edit ) # Air Date <Th_colspan="4"> United States Source 18 -- 49 ( rating / share ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Wednesday , June 22 , 2016 1.9 / 7 6.31 Thursday , June 23 , 2016 1.7 / 6 5.67 Sunday , June 26 , 2016 1.6 / 6 5.45 Wednesday , June 29 , 2016 1.9 / 7 6.13 5 Thursday , June 30 , 2016 1.8 / 7 5.87 6 Sunday , July 3 , 2016 1.4 / 6 4.73 7 Wednesday , July 6 , 2016 1.9 / 8 6.18 8 Thursday , July 7 , 2016 1.9 / 7 6.18 9 Sunday , July 10 , 2016 1.7 / 7 5.67 10 Wednesday , July 13 , 2016 1.8 / 8 6.05 11 Thursday , July 14 , 2016 1.9 / 7 6.18 12 Sunday , July 17 , 2016 1.8 / 7 5.85 13 Wednesday , July 20 , 2016 1.7 / 7 5.60 14 Thursday , July 21 , 2016 1.7 / 7 5.80 15 Friday , July 22 , 2016 1.6 / 8 5.39 16 Sunday , July 24 , 2016 2.0 / 8 6.35 17 Wednesday , July 27 , 2016 1.7 / 7 5.56 18 Thursday , July 28 , 2016 1.8 / 7 5.79 19 Sunday , July 31 , 2016 1.7 / 7 5.87 20 Wednesday , August 3 , 2016 1.8 / 7 5.84 21 Thursday , August 4 , 2016 1.9 / 7 6.04 22 Sunday , August 7 , 2016 1.6 / 5 5.25 23 Wednesday , August 10 , 2016 1.8 / 7 5.91 24 Thursday , August 11 , 2016 1.7 / 6 5.18 25 Sunday , August 14 , 2016 1.8 / 6 5.60 26 Wednesday , August 17 , 2016 1.8 / 7 5.91 27 Thursday , August 18 , 2016 1.8 / 6 5.37 28 Friday , August 19 , 2016 1.3 / 6 4.34 29 Sunday , August 21 , 2016 1.9 / 7 5.97 30 Wednesday , August 24 , 2016 2.1 / 8 6.47 1 ( tie ) 31 Thursday , August 25 , 2016 1.9 / 7 6.09 32 Sunday , August 28 , 2016 2.1 / 8 6.76 33 Wednesday , August 31 , 2016 1.9 / 7 6.29 34 Thursday , September 1 , 2016 1.6 / 6 4.94 35 Sunday , September 4 , 2016 1.4 / 6 5.15 36 Wednesday , September 7 , 2016 1.9 / 7 6.14 37 Thursday , September 8 , 2016 1.7 / 6 5.65 38 Sunday , September 11 , 2016 1.8 / 6 6.21 6 39 Tuesday , September 13 , 2016 1.8 / 7 6.35 40 Wednesday , September 14 , 2016 1.8 / 7 6.11 41 Friday , September 16 , 2016 1.2 / 6 4.60 42 Wednesday , September 21 , 2016 2.0 / 7 6.32 6 ^ Note 1 : Episode 19 was delayed to 8 : 43 PM ET due to the PGA Tour golf event running long . Controversy and criticism ( edit ) Bronte D'Acquisto and Paul Abrahamian were captured on live feed making racist remarks about fellow HouseGuest James Huling , who is ethnically Korean . Although Huling is a lifelong resident of the United States , D'Acquisto stated that she `` will send ( Huling ) back to Hong Kong '' . In another incident , while discussing Huling , D'Acquisto said : `` I want to kick his little Asian ass back to Hong Kong . Wherever he came from . '' Furthermore , Abrahamian referred to Huling as a `` little Korean man '' on multiple occasions . These incidents were not aired on the CBS television broadcasts , leading to speculation that CBS was editing the show to protect the image of HouseGuests who displayed bigoted behavior , similarly to season 11 . Jozea Flores also created controversy during the beginning of the live feeds , saying that the 4th of July should not be a holiday . When a comment was brought up that `` a lot of Americans died for our freedom , '' Flores replied with , `` ai n't nobody told them to do that . '' While his remarks did not make the live feeds , many of the HouseGuests talked about it . Corey Brooks faced some criticism due to homophobic tweets that were found on his Twitter account , as well as homophobic remarks he made while inside the house . Brooks also faced more controversy after telling a story on the live feeds of his friend attempting to burn a goat . This was not shown on the CBS television broadcasts , leading to speculation that CBS was attempting to put out a clean image of Brooks . Frank Eudy was criticized for sexual harassment due to his behavior with women in the house . In one instance , Frank slapped Da'Vonne Rogers 's buttocks without her consent and repeatedly called her a slut behind her back . Paulie Calafiore made a series of offensive remarks to fellow HouseGuest Natalie Negrotti about her breast implants . Upon realizing that the house had grown weary of his abuse and running the game , including Negrotti , Calafiore began a campaign of harassment referring to Negrotti 's implants and body . Calafiore routinely referring to Natalie as `` F.T. '' ( Fake Tits ) and telling Negrotti that she was `` as fake as those things on her chest . '' Calafiore also received criticism for his misogynistic and sexist comments about women from New Jersey , stating they `` play '' men and `` spit them out and eat them for breakfast , lunch and dinner . '' He referred to these type of women as `` Jersey Girls '' and afterwards received backlash from female viewers , particularly those from New Jersey , viewing it as a derogatory comment and reinforcing stereotypes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS 's Summer Show Lineup Is Back And Better Than Ever ! ! '' . CBS . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Renewed '' . CBS . Jump up ^ `` CBS Fall TV Show Premiere Dates '' . Variety.com . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Renewed : Two More Seasons To Look Forward To '' . CBS . Jump up ^ `` '' BIG BROTHER '' ANNOUNCES THE FIRST EVER `` BATTLE BACK '' COMPETITION `` . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Meet The New Big Brother Season 18 Cast Before Anyone Else ! Watch Jeff Schroeder introduce the new cast on Monday , June 13 at 11 AM EST / 8 AM PST . '' . CBS . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Season 18 : Meet The New Cast '' . CBS . June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Season 18 : Meet The New Cast '' . CBS . June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nicole Franzel '' . CBS . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Da'Vonne Rogers '' . CBS . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Huling '' . CBS . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Eudy '' . CBS . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' premiere and ' Masterchef ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' and ' Celebrity Family Feud ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' and ' Masterchef ' adjust up , ' Wayward Pines ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Greatest Hits , ' ' Big Brother ' and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' Wayward Pines ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Greatest Hits ' and ' Aquarius ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : Gymnastics trials and ' Big Brother ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ESPYs , ' Big Brother ' and ' AGT ' adjust up ; ' The Night Shift , ' ' Wayward Pines ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' and ' Spartan ' adjust up , ' Aquarius ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Celebrity Family Feud ' and ' $100,000 Pyramid ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Whose Line ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ABC 's RNC coverage adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Big Brother , ' ' Celebrity Family Feud ' and ' Match Game ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' and ' America 's Got Talent ' adjust up , ' Night Shift ' and ' American Gothic ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Home Free ' adjusts up , ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjusts down , final DNC numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' and ' Celebrity Family Feud ' adjust up , Teen Choice adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : CMA Festival , ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Night Shift ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' BattleBots ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : Olympics and ' Big Brother ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Olympics adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : Olympics adjust up , ' Big Brother ' and others adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : Olympics adjust up , ABC game shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Olympics , ' Big Brother ' and others unchanged '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : Olympics adjust up , others down with NFL pre-emptions '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : Olympics adjust up , ' Superstore ' adjusts down but still at series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : Olympics , ' Big Brother , ' ' Celebrity Family Feud ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up to season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NFL preseason on NBC adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Night Shift ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' stays on top after heavy NFL adjustments '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : College football , ' Big Brother ' and NASCAR adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Presidential forum , ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NFL opener adjusts up , still off from 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Son of Zorn ' holds , ' BrainDead ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother ' adjust up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' 20 / 20 ′ adjusts up , ' Masters of Illusion , ' ' Penn & Teller ' adjust down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stauffer , Derek ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Why CBS Needs to Air the Racist Comments from the Houseguests of ' Big Brother 18 ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Youtube . `` Bronte D'Acquisto making racist remarks on BB18 '' . Youtube . Youtube . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Will Racist Comments Plague ' Big Brother 18 ' ? '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Carbone , Gina ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` ' Big Brother 18 ' Fans Fear BB15 Redux After ' Racist ' Insults to James '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Youtube . `` James confronts Victor , Victor makes fun of his height & Bronte makes a racist comment about James '' . Youtube . Youtube . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kleinman , Alexis ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` On ' Big Brother 18 , ' Bronte Says She Wants to Send Fellow Contestant `` Back to Hong Kong '' `` . Mic . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` ' BB 18 ' : The Revolution threatens to send ' little Korean ' James ' back to Hong Kong ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea . `` ' BB 18 ' live feeds launch : Jozea is not winning friends and influencing people '' . Zap2It . Zap2It . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother cast member repeatedly used anti-gay slurs on social media '' . 2016 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily . `` ' Big Brother 18 ′ Controversy : Corey Brooks ' Homophobic Tweets Revealed '' . Hollywood Life . PMC . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Tharrett , Matthew . `` '' Big Brother '' Homophobe Corey Brooks Is Spending A LOT Of Time Saying He 's Not Gay `` . NewNowNext . Viacom International Inc . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ It 's Lit ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) , BB18 Big Brother 18 Corey Brooks Laughing About Lighting A Goat On Fire , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 Jump up ^ YouTube . `` Big Brother - Frank 's In Trouble '' . YouTube . YouTube . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea . `` ' BB 18 ' : CBS needs to curb Frank Eudy 's inappropriate behavior '' . Zap2it . Zap2it . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Cia . `` ' Big Brother 18 ' Spoilers : Natalie 's Breasts Subject Of Crude Nickname , Paulie Seems Ready To Cut Closest Ally From Game ( Spoilers ) : '' . inquisitr . inquisitr . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Keeffe , Kevin . `` ' Big Brother 18 ' : Paulie Goes After Natalie in Latest Example of Sexism in the House '' . mic . mic . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Victoria . `` Paulie Calafiore Sets The Record Straight on `` Jersey Girls '' `` . Inquisitir . Inquisitir . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Keeffe , Kevin . `` ' Big Brother 18 ' : Paulie goes after Natalie in latest example of sexism in the house '' . Mic.com . Mic.com . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Keeffe , Kevin . `` Why Does Everyone Hate Paulie On ' Big Brother 18 ' ? The Tides Have Turned Against Him '' . Bustle . Bustle . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) CBS Official Site <Th_colspan="2"> Big Brother U.S. <Td_colspan="2"> Houseguests Seasons Main edition 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Spin - offs Over the Top Celebrity Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Josh Martinez Companion shows House Calls After Dark <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> CBS All Access original programming Current Big Brother : Over the Top ( since 2016 ) The Good Fight ( since 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( since 2017 ) Coordinates : 34 ° 8 ′ 40.12 '' N 118 ° 23 ′ 20.71 '' W / 34.1444778 ° N 118.3890861 ° W / 34.1444778 ; - 118.3890861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Brother_18_(U.S.)&oldid=801868134 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Big Brother ( U.S. ) seasons Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 12 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Big Brother 18 (US)
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7,067,305,340,132,673,000 | who is grendel's father in the poem | Beowulf & Grendel - wikipedia Beowulf & Grendel For the book , see Beowulf and Grendel ( book ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Beowulf & Grendel <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Sturla Gunnarsson Produced by Michael Cowan Sturla Gunnarsson Eric Jordan Anna María Karlsdóttir Jason Piette Paul Stephens Written by Andrew Rai Berzins Starring Gerard Butler Stellan Skarsgård Ingvar Sigurðsson Sarah Polley Eddie Marsan Tony Curran Ronan Vibert Rory McCann Martin Delaney Music by Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson Cinematography Jan Kiesser Edited by Jeff Warren Distributed by Truly Indie Release date 14 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 14 ) ( Toronto International Film Festival ) 10 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 10 ) ( Canada ) Running time 102 minutes Country Canada Iceland United Kingdom Language English Beowulf & Grendel is a 2005 film Canadian - Icelandic fantasy adventure film directed by Sturla Gunnarsson , loosely based on the Anglo - Saxon epic poem Beowulf . It stars Gerard Butler as Beowulf , Stellan Skarsgård as Hrothgar , Ingvar Eggert Sigurðsson as Grendel and Sarah Polley as the witch Selma . The screenplay was written by Andrew Rai Berzins . The soundtrack was composed by Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson . While some of the film remains true to the original poem , other plot elements deviate from the original poem : four new characters , Grendel 's father , the witch Selma , Father Brendan , and Grendel 's son are introduced , and several related plot points were developed specifically for the film . The film is a cooperative effort between Eurasia Motion Pictures ( Canada ) , Spice Factory ( UK ) , and Bjolfskvida ( Iceland ) , and it was filmed in Iceland . The story takes place in the early half of the sixth century AD in what is now Denmark , but the filming of the movie in Iceland provided many panoramic views of that country 's landscape . In 2006 , a documentary of the making of Beowulf and Grendel , called Wrath of Gods , was released and went on to win six film awards in Europe and the U.S. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Themes 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In 500 A.D. , Hrothgar , king of Denmark , and a group of warriors chase a large and burly man , whom they consider a troll , and his young son , to the edge of a steep seaside cliff . The father directs his young son , Grendel , to hide from the attackers ' view ; whereupon The Danes shoot the father dead , and his dead body plunges onto the beach far below . The Danish king sees the young Grendel , but spares him . Later , Grendel finds his father 's body and cuts the head off to take it home . Many years later , the severed ( and mummified ) head is inside a cave where the boy Grendel has become as large and powerful as his father , and plans revenge . When Hrothgar finds twenty of his warriors killed inside his great hall , the Danish king falls into a depression . Beowulf , with the permission of Hygelac , king of Geatland , sails to Denmark with thirteen Geats to slay Grendel for Hrothgar . The arrival of Beowulf and his warriors is welcomed by Hrothgar , but the king 's village has fallen into a deep despair and many of the pagan villagers convert to Christianity at the urging of an Irish monk . While Grendel does raid Hrothgar 's village during the night , he flees rather than fight . Selma the witch tells Beowulf that Grendel will not fight him because Beowulf has committed no wrong against him . A villager , recently baptized and thus now unafraid of death , leads Beowulf and his men to the cliff above Grendel 's cave . When the villager is found dead , Beowulf and his men return with a rope and gain entry to Grendel 's secret cave , where one of Beowulf 's men mutilates the mummified head of Grendel 's father . That night , Grendel invades Hrothgar 's great hall , kills the Geat who desecrated his father 's head , and leaps from the second story , but is caught in a trap by Beowulf . Grendel , refusing capture , escapes by severing his captive arm , and dies near the site of his father 's death , where his body is claimed by a mysterious webbed hand . Thereafter Hrothgar admits to Beowulf that he had killed Grendel 's father for stealing a fish but had spared the child Grendel out of pity . Grendel 's severed arm is kept by the Danes as a trophy . In revealing more about Grendel , Selma recounts that Grendel had once clumsily raped her and has protected her since that day ; and Beowulf becomes her paramour . The Danes are later attacked by Grendel 's mother , the Sea Hag ; and Beowulf slays her with a sword from among her treasure , and then notices that the battle was being observed by child of Grendel and Selma . Later Beowulf , with Grendel 's son watching , buries Grendel with ceremony . Shortly thereafter , Beowulf and his band of Geats leave Denmark by ship , having warned Selma that she must hide her son , lest the Danes destroy him . Cast ( edit ) Gerard Butler as Beowulf Stellan Skarsgård as Hrothgar Ingvar E. Sigurðsson as Grendel Hringur Ingvarsson as Young Grendel Sarah Polley as Selma Eddie Marsan as Father Brendan Tony Curran as Hondscioh Ronan Vibert as Thorkel Rory McCann as Breca Martin Delaney as Thorfinn Spencer Wilding as Grendel 's Father Gunnar Eyjólfsson as Aeschere Philip Whitchurch as Fisherman Mark Lewis as Hygelac Elva Ósk Ólafsdóttir as Sea Hag Ólafur Darri Ólafsson as Unferth Steinunn Ólína Thorsteinsdóttir as Wealhtheow Gísli Örn Gardarsson as Erik Gunnar Hansson as Grímur Benedikt Clausen as Selma 's Child Steindór Andersen as Snorri Matt John Evans as Geat Warrior # 1 Jon Gustafsson as Geat Warrior # 2 Þröstur Leó Gunnarsson as Guard Arnór Hákonarsson as Kid # 1 Thórdur Helgi Gudjónsson as Kid # 2 Kristín Gunnarsdottir as Dead Woman Ólafur Egill Ólafsson as Necrophile Helgi Björnsson as Man Themes ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film attempts to retell the classic tale as a historical epic . Andrew Rai Berzins , in his blog , states that he intended that Grendel resemble a sasquatch . Other viewers feel that Grendel and his father are remnants of Neanderthals survived in isolated populations in the far north . Beowulf as presented constantly doubts the Danes ' assertion ( and later , that of his own men ) that the troll is purely evil . Accordingly , Beowulf deeply regrets the need to destroy Grendel . Another theme of the film is that of Christianity 's introduction into pagan civilization . As Grendel 's reign of terror continues with no end in sight , the people of the village turn away from their Norse gods , which seem to offer no help , to the Christian Jesus , who they are told forgives all . Reception ( edit ) The film received generally mixed and average reviews from critics ; it scored 53 % at Metacritic and 48 % at Rotten Tomatoes . Most critics praised the film 's cinematography , its brutal action sequences , and aspects of its revisionist script , but criticised the dialogue and some of the acting . William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer writes , `` The film 's near - fatal flaw is its dialogue , which had to be invented wholesale from the Old English text . It alternates between sounding stagy and anachronistically hip -- with more overuse of the F - word than any two Samuel L. Jackson movies . It 's a big mistake . '' Nevertheless , Arnold eventually recommends the film for `` keeping its strain of rowdiness and violence in control , and lending the tale the kind of somber respect filmmakers tend to give adaptations of Shakespeare and Dickens . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly commends director Gunnarsson for his `` ( focus ) on the more interesting psychology of tribalism . '' Bill Gallo of Village Voice writes , `` It 's good , bloody fun that stirs the intellect whenever it feels like it , and as a swashbuckler , the dead - game Butler outswings just about anyone in Troy or Kingdom of Heaven or Tristan & Isolde . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle says , `` Imagine the worst Deadwood episode ever , and you 'll get an idea of the general tone of Beowulf & Grendel , which is full of anachronistic cursing , tortured syntax , dark humor and lots of hairy , homely , filthy - looking people . The filmmakers get their point across in about 30 minutes , leaving 70 more for severed heads and period charm . There 's no charm . '' Todd McCarthy of Variety ( magazine ) agrees , writing , `` Director Sturla Gunnarsson seems aware of the savagery intrinsic to the story , but is unable to mine it deeply , proving too genteel in the end to make a genuinely creepy or disturbing film . '' Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail concludes , `` The movie is a lumbering and ludicrous mess . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seattle Post-Intelligencer ( June 16 , 2006 ) `` Potty - mouthed dialogue mars scenically stunning ' Beowulf & Grendel ' '' by William Arnold Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly ( July 12 , 2006 ) `` Beowulf & Grendel '' by Lisa Schwarzbaum Jump up ^ Village Voice ( July 5 , 2006 ) `` The Blood of a Poem Icelandic director gives Beowulf the Monty Python treatment '' Archived February 24 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . by Bill Gallo Jump up ^ San Francisco Chronicle ( June 30 , 2006 ) `` Beowulf meets girl ; girl meets troll . Eeew . '' by Mike LaSalle Jump up ^ Variety ( magazine ) ( October 12 , 2005 ) `` Review of ' Beowulf & Grendel '' by Todd McCarthy Jump up ^ The Globe and Mail ( March 10 , 2006 ) `` Review of ' Beowulf & Grendel ' '' by Liam Lacey External links ( edit ) Beowulf & Grendel Official Site Beowulf & Grendel on IMDb Beowulf & Grendel at Rotten Tomatoes Beowulf & Grendel at AllMovie Beowulf & Grendel at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> hide Films directed by Sturla Gunnarsson <Td_colspan="2"> A Day Much Like the Others ( 1979 ) After the Axe ( 1982 - P ) Final Offer ( TV 1985 - P ) Where Is Here ? ( 1987 - P ) Diplomatic Immunity ( 1991 - P ) The Diary of Evelyn Lau ( TV 1993 ) We the Jury ( TV 1996 ) Mother Trucker : The Diana Kilmury Story ( TV 1996 ) Gerrie & Louise ( 1997 ) Joe Torre : Curveballs Along the Way ( TV 1997 ) Such a Long Journey ( 1998 ) Dangerous Evidence : The Lori Jackson Story ( TV 1999 ) Ricky Nelson : Original Teen Idol ( TV 1999 ) Scorn ( TV 2000 ) Rare Birds ( 2001 ) The Man Who Saved Christmas ( TV 2002 ) 100 Days in the Jungle ( TV 2002 ) Beowulf & Grendel ( 2005 - P ) Force of Nature : The David Suzuki Movie ( 2010 ) Ice Soldiers ( 2013 ) <Th_colspan="3"> hide Beowulf Characters Beowulf Grendel Grendel 's mother Hroðgar Ecgþeow Hygelac Heardred Æschere Onela Wealhþeow Wiglaf Unferð Hygd The Dragon List of Beowulf characters Scholars and translators Michael J. Alexander Nora K. Chadwick P.J. Cosijn Kevin Crossley - Holland Michael D.C. Drout Francis Barton Gummere Seamus Heaney Roy Liuzza William Morris Frederick Klaeber Laurence Nowell Burton Raffel Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin J.R.R. Tolkien Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary `` Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics '' Beowulf and the Critics `` On Translating Beowulf '' `` Sellic Spell '' Finn and Hengest Charles Leslie Wrenn Depictions Books Grendel Eaters of the Dead Film Grendel Grendel Grendel Beowulf ( 1999 ) The 13th Warrior No Such Thing Outlander Beowulf & Grendel ( Wrath of Gods ) Grendel Beowulf ( 2007 ) Beowulf : Prince of the Geats Beowulf : Return to the Shieldlands See also Anglo - Saxon paganism Battle of Finnsburg Heorot Hrunting Nægling Nowell Codex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beowulf_%26_Grendel&oldid=841124631 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s fantasy films Canadian films Icelandic films Fantasy adventure films Films based upon European myths and legends Films based on Beowulf Films based on Norse mythology Films directed by Sturla Gunnarsson Films scored by Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson Films set in Denmark Films set in the 6th century Films set in the Viking Age Films shot in Iceland Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Film articles using image size parameter Articles that may contain original research from September 2010 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego Íslenska Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 05 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Beowulf & Grendel - a film based on the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf
2. Gerard Butler stars as Beowulf in the film
3. The film introduces new characters and plot elements not found in the original poem
4. The story takes place in Denmark during the 6th century AD
5. The film received mixed reviews from critics |
8,284,089,861,059,106,000 | who is nemo's dad in finding nemo | Finding Nemo - Wikipedia Finding Nemo Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the franchise , see Finding Nemo ( franchise ) . For the video game , see Finding Nemo ( video game ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Finding Nemo <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Andrew Stanton Produced by Graham Walters Screenplay by Andrew Stanton Bob Peterson David Reynolds Story by Andrew Stanton Starring Albert Brooks Ellen DeGeneres Alexander Gould Willem Dafoe Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography Sharon Calahan Jeremy Lasky Edited by David Ian Salter Production company Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date May 30 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 30 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $94 million Box office $940.3 million Finding Nemo is a 2003 American computer - animated film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Written and directed by Andrew Stanton with co-direction by Lee Unkrich , the film stars the voices of Albert Brooks , Ellen DeGeneres , Alexander Gould , and Willem Dafoe . It tells the story of the overprotective ocellaris clownfish named Marlin who , along with a regal blue tang named Dory , searches for his abducted son Nemo all the way to Sydney Harbour . Along the way , Marlin learns to take risks and comes to terms with Nemo taking care of himself . Finding Nemo was released on May 30 , 2003 , and has received universal critical acclaim since . The film won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature , and was nominated in three more categories , including Best Original Screenplay . Finding Nemo became the highest - grossing animated film at the time and was the second - highest - grossing film of 2003 , earning a total of $871 million worldwide by the end of its initial theatrical run . The film is the best - selling DVD title of all time , with over 40 million copies sold as of 2006 , and was the highest - grossing G - rated film of all time before Pixar 's own Toy Story 3 overtook it . The film was re-released in 3D in 2012 . In 2008 , the American Film Institute named it the 10th greatest animated film ever made as part of their 10 Top 10 lists . In a 2016 poll of international critics conducted by BBC , Finding Nemo was voted one of the 100 greatest motion pictures since 2000 . A sequel , Finding Dory , was released on June 17 , 2016 in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Video game 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.2. 1 3D re-release 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Environmental concerns and consequences 6 Home media 7 Soundtrack 8 Theme park attractions 9 Sequel 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Two ocellaris clownfish , Marlin and Coral , admire their new home in the Great Barrier Reef and their clutch of clownfish eggs when a barracuda attacks , knocking Marlin unconscious . He wakes up to find that Coral and all but one of the eggs have been eaten by the barracuda . Marlin names this last egg Nemo , a name that Coral liked . Following his birth , Nemo develops a smaller right fin due to damage to his egg , which limits his swimming ability . Worried about Nemo 's safety , Marlin embarrasses Nemo during a school field trip . Nemo disobeys his father and sneaks away from the reef towards a boat , and is captured by scuba divers . As the boat departs , a diver accidentally knocks his diving mask overboard . While attempting to save Nemo , Marlin meets Dory , a good - hearted and optimistic regal blue tang with short - term memory loss . Marlin and Dory meet three Australian sharks -- Bruce , Anchor , and Chum -- who claim to be vegetarians . Marlin discovers the diver 's mask and notices an address written on it . When he argues with Dory and accidentally gives her a nosebleed , the blood causes Bruce to lose control of himself and enter a violent feeding frenzy . The pair escape from Bruce , but the mask falls into a trench in the deep sea . During a hazardous struggle with an anglerfish in the trench , Dory sees the diving mask and reads the address located at 42 Wallaby Way , Sydney . As Dory finishes reading the address on the mask , Marlin is able to trap the Anglerfish using the eyepiece of the mask . To her own disbelief , Dory remembers the address on her own despite her short - term memory loss . The pair swims on , receiving directions to Sydney from a school of moonfish . After receiving directions from the moonfish , Marlin and Dory encounter a bloom of jellyfish that entraps them and nearly kills them . As a result , Marlin loses consciousness and wakes up on a sea turtle named Crush , who takes Marlin and Dory on the East Australian Current . Marlin tells the details of his long journey with a group of sea turtles , and his story is spread across the ocean . He also sees how Crush gets along well with his son Squirt . Meanwhile , Nemo is placed in a fish tank in the office of a dentist . He meets aquarium fish called the Tank Gang , led by Gill , a moorish idol . The fish learn that Nemo is to be given to the dentist 's niece , Darla , who previously killed a fish by constantly shaking its bag . Gill then reveals his plan to escape , jamming the tank 's filter with a pebble . The fish would be placed in plastic bags so that the dentist can clean the tank , and then they would roll out the window and into the harbor . Nemo attempts to jam the filter , but fails , almost getting himself killed in the process . Near the harbor , a pelican , Nigel , flies to the dentist 's office and brings news of Marlin 's adventure . Inspired by his father 's determination , Nemo makes a second attempt to jam the filter . Unlike the first attempt , he is able to successfully render the filter useless , but to the tank gang 's dismay , the dentist installs a new high - tech filter before they can escape . After leaving the Current , Marlin and Dory are engulfed by a blue whale . Inside the whale 's mouth , Marlin desperately tries to escape , while Dory communicates with the whale , which carries them to Sydney Harbour and expels them through his blowhole . They meet Nigel , and after helping the pair escape from a massive flock of seagulls , he takes them to the dentist 's office . Darla has just arrived and the dentist is handing Nemo to her . Nemo plays dead to save himself as Nigel arrives , causing Darla to scream . Upon seeing Nemo , Marlin mistakenly believes he is dead , before Nigel is violently thrown out . In despair , Marlin leaves Dory and begins to swim home . Gill helps Nemo escape into a drain that leads to the ocean . Dory loses her memory and becomes confused , and meets Nemo , who reaches the ocean . Eventually , Dory 's memory returns after she reads the word `` Sydney '' on a drainpipe . She reunites Nemo with Marlin , but she is caught in a fishing net with a school of grouper . Nemo enters the net and orders the group to swim downward to break the net , enabling them to escape . After returning home , Nemo leaves for school , with Crush 's son Squirt , and Marlin and Dory proudly watch Mr. Ray carry Nemo and his friends to school . In a pre-credits sequence , Aquascum , the high - tech filter in the dentist 's fish tank breaks down , and the Tank Gang escape to Sydney Harbour , eventually realizing that they are still confined inside their ( water - filled ) plastic bags . Voice cast ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Albert Brooks as Marlin , a clownfish , Coral 's husband and Nemo 's father Ellen DeGeneres as Dory , a regal blue tang with short - term memory loss Alexander Gould as Nemo , Marlin 's only surviving son , who is excited about life and exploring the ocean , but gets captured and domesticated as a pet Willem Dafoe as Gill , a moorish idol fish living in an aquarium in a dentist clinic , and the leader of the Tank Gang Brad Garrett as Bloat , the aquarium 's pufferfish Allison Janney as Peach , the aquarium 's starfish Stephen Root as Bubbles , the aquarium 's yellow tang fish Austin Pendleton as Gurgle , the aquarium 's royal gramma fish Vicki Lewis as Deb / Flo , the aquarium 's striped damselfish Joe Ranft as Jacques , the aquarium 's cleaner shrimp Geoffrey Rush as Nigel , a brown pelican who often visits the dentist clinic and is friends with the aquarium fish Andrew Stanton as Crush , a green sea turtle , and the Seagulls Elizabeth Perkins as Coral , Marlin 's wife and Nemo 's mother Nicholas Bird as Squirt , Crush 's son Bob Peterson as Mr. Ray , a spotted eagle ray and Nemo 's schoolteacher Barry Humphries as Bruce , a vegetarian great white shark who fights his instinctive wills to eat innocent fish and is friends with Anchor and Chum Eric Bana as Anchor , a hammerhead shark who is friends with Bruce and Chum Bruce Spence as Chum , a mako shark who is friends with Bruce and Anchor Bill Hunter as the dentist at the clinic LuLu Ebeling as Darla , the dentist 's rambunctious young niece Jordy Ranft as Tad , a butterfly fish cub and Nemo 's friend at school Erica Beck as Pearl , a flapjack octopus cub and Nemo 's friend at school Erik Per Sullivan as Sheldon , a seahorse cub and Nemo 's friend at school John Ratzenberger as the school of moonfish Production ( edit ) The inspiration for Nemo sprang from multiple experiences , going back to director Andrew Stanton 's childhood , when he loved going to the dentist to see the fish tank , assuming that the fish were from the ocean and wanted to go home . In 1992 , shortly after his son was born , he and his family took a trip to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom ( which was called Marine World at the time ) . There , after seeing the shark tube and various exhibits , he felt that the underwater world could be done beautifully in computer animation . Later , in 1997 , he took his son for a walk in the park , but realized that he was overprotecting him and lost an opportunity to have a father - son experience that day . In an interview with National Geographic magazine , Stanton said that the idea for the characters of Marlin and Nemo came from a photograph of two clownfish peeking out of an anemone : `` It was so arresting . I had no idea what kind of fish they were , but I could n't take my eyes off them . And as an entertainer , the fact that they were called clownfish -- it was perfect . There 's almost nothing more appealing than these little fish that want to play peekaboo with you . '' In addition , clownfish are colourful , but do not tend to come out of an anemone often . For a character who has to go on a dangerous journey , Stanton felt a clownfish was the perfect type of fish for the character . Pre-production of the film began in early 1997 . Stanton began writing the screenplay during the post-production of A Bug 's Life . As a result , Finding Nemo began production with a complete screenplay , something that co-director Lee Unkrich called `` very unusual for an animated film '' . The artists took scuba diving lessons to study the coral reef . Andrew Stanton wrote and directed the film . The idea for the initiation sequence came from a story conference between Andrew Stanton and Bob Peterson while they were driving to record the actors . Stanton was inspired to cast Ellen DeGeneres when he watched an episode of Ellen in which he saw her `` change the subject five times before finishing one sentence '' . The pelican character named Gerald ( who in the final film ends up swallowing and choking on Marlin and Dory ) was originally a friend of Nigel . They were going to play against each other with Nigel being neat and fastidious and Gerald being scruffy and sloppy . The filmmakers could not find an appropriate scene for them that did not slow the pace of the picture , so Gerald 's character was minimized . Stanton himself provided the voice of Crush the sea turtle . He originally did the voice for the film 's story reel , and assumed they would find an actor later . When Stanton 's performance became popular in test screenings , he decided to keep his performance in the film . He recorded all his dialogue while lying on a sofa in Unkrich 's office . Crush 's son Squirt was voiced by Nicholas Bird , the young son of fellow Pixar director Brad Bird . According to Stanton , the elder Bird was playing a tape recording of his young son around the Pixar studios one day . Stanton felt the voice was `` this generation 's Thumper '' and immediately cast Nicholas . Megan Mullally was originally going to provide a voice in the film . According to Mullally , the producers were dissatisfied to learn that the voice of her character Karen Walker on the television show Will & Grace was not her natural speaking voice . The producers hired her anyway , and then strongly encouraged her to use her Karen Walker voice for the role . When Mullally refused , she was dismissed . To ensure that the movements of the fish in the film were believable , the animators took a crash course in fish biology and oceanography . They visited aquariums , went diving in Hawaii and received in - house lectures from an ichthyologist . As a result , Pixar 's animator for Dory , Gini Cruz Santos , integrated `` the fish movement , human movement , and facial expressions to make them look and feel like real characters . '' The film was dedicated to Glenn McQueen , a Pixar animator who died of melanoma in October 2002 . Finding Nemo shares many plot elements with Pierrot the Clownfish , a children 's book published in 2002 , but allegedly conceived in 1995 . The author , Franck Le Calvez , sued Disney for infringement of his intellectual rights and to bar Finding Nemo merchandise in France . The judge ruled against him , citing the color differences between Pierrot and Nemo . Video game ( edit ) Main article : Finding Nemo ( video game ) A video game based on the film was released in 2003 , for PC , Xbox , PlayStation 2 , Nintendo GameCube , and Game Boy Advance . The goal of the game is to complete different levels under the roles of Nemo , Marlin or Dory . It includes cut scenes from the movie , and each clip is based on a level . It was also the last Pixar game developed by Traveller 's Tales . Upon release , the game received mixed reviews . A Game Boy Advance sequel , titled Finding Nemo : The Continuing Adventures , was released in 2004 . Reception ( edit ) Critical Response ( edit ) Finding Nemo received universal acclaim . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 99 % approval rating , with a rating average of 8.7 / 10 , based on 259 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Breathtakingly lovely and grounded by the stellar efforts of a well - chosen cast , Finding Nemo adds another beautifully crafted gem to Pixar 's crown . '' Another review aggregation website , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 90 out of 100 , based on 38 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars , calling it `` one of those rare movies where I wanted to sit in the front row and let the images wash out to the edges of my field of vision '' . Broadway star Nathan Lane , who was the voice of Timon the meerkat in The Lion King , has said Finding Nemo was his favorite animated film . Ed Park of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review , saying `` It 's an ocean of eye candy that tastes fresh even in this ADD - addled era of SpongeBob SquarePants . '' Mark Caro of the Chicago Tribune gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` You connect to these sea creatures as you rarely do with humans in big - screen adventures . The result : a true sunken treasure . '' Hazel - Dawn Dumpert of LA Weekly gave the film a positive review , saying `` As gorgeous a film as Disney 's ever put out , with astonishing qualities of light , movement , surface and color at the service of the best professional imaginations money can buy . '' Jeff Strickler of the Star Tribune gave the film a positive review , saying it `` proves that even when Pixar is not at the top of its game , it still produces better animation than some of its competitors on their best days . '' Gene Seymour of Newsday gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , saying `` The underwater backdrops take your breath away . No , really . They 're so lifelike , you almost feel like holding your breath while watching . '' Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` Parental anxiety may not be the kind of stuff children 's films are usually made of , but this perfectly enchanting movie knows how to cater to its kiddie audience without condescending to them . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of five , saying `` The best break of all is that Pixar 's traditionally untethered imagination ca n't be kept under wraps forever , and `` Nemo '' erupts with sea creatures that showcase Stanton and company 's gift for character and peerless eye for skewering contemporary culture . '' Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` Visual imagination and sophisticated wit raise Finding Nemo to a level just below the peaks of Pixar 's Toy Story movies and Monsters , Inc ... '' Terry Lawson of the Detroit Free Press gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` As we now expect from Pixar , even the supporting fish in `` Finding Nemo '' are more developed as characters than any human in the Mission : Impossible movies . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three and half stars out of four , saying `` Finding Nemo is an undersea treasure . The most gorgeous of all the Pixar films -- which include Toy Story 1 and 2 , A Bug 's Life and Monsters , Inc. -- Nemo treats family audiences to a sweet , resonant story and breathtaking visuals . It may lack Monsters , Inc. 's clever humor , but kids will identify with the spunky sea fish Nemo , and adults will relate to Marlin , Nemo 's devoted dad . '' Bruce Westbrook of the Houston Chronicle gave the film an A - , saying `` Finding Nemo lives up to Pixar 's high standards for wildly creative visuals , clever comedy , solid characters and an involving story . '' Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film an A - , saying `` A simple test of humanity : If you do n't laugh aloud while watching it , you 've got a battery not a heart . '' Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` A dazzling , computer - animated fish tale with a funny , touching script and wonderful voice performances that make it an unqualified treat for all ages . '' Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` Enchanting ; written with an effortless blend of sweetness and silliness , and animated with such rainbow - hued beauty , you may find yourself wanting to freeze - frame it . '' Daphne Gordon of the Toronto Star gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` One of the strongest releases from Disney in years , thanks to the work of Andrew Stanton , possibly one of the most successful directors you 've never heard of . '' Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying `` Finding Nemo is n't quite up there with the company 's finest work -- there 's finally a sense of formula setting in -- but it 's hands down the best family film since Monsters , Inc . '' C.W. Nevius of The San Francisco Chronicle gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` The visuals pop , the fish emote and the ocean comes alive . That 's in the first two minutes . After that , they do some really cool stuff . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film a positive review , saying `` Finding Nemo will engross kids with its absorbing story , brightly drawn characters and lively action , and grown - ups will be equally entertained by the film 's subtle humor and the sophistication of its visuals . '' David Ansen of Newsweek gave the film a positive review , saying `` A visual marvel , every frame packed to the gills with clever details , Finding Nemo is the best big - studio release so far this year . '' Richard Corliss of Time gave the film a positive review , saying `` Nemo , with its ravishing underwater fantasia , manages to trump the design glamour of earlier Pixar films . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A , saying `` In this seamless blending of technical brilliance and storytelling verve , the Pixar team has made something as marvelously soulful and innately , fluidly American as jazz . '' Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` As eye - popping as Nemo 's peepers and as eccentric as this little fish with asymmetrical fins . '' David Germain of the Associated Press gave the film a positive review , saying `` Finding Nemo is laced with smart humor and clever gags , and buoyed by another cheery story of mismatched buddies : a pair of fish voiced by Albert Brooks and Ellen DeGeneres . '' Anthony Lane of The New Yorker gave the film a positive review , saying `` The latest flood of wizardry from Pixar , whose productions , from Toy Story onward , have lent an indispensable vigor and wit to the sagging art of mainstream animation . '' The 3D re-release prompted a retrospective on the film nine years after its initial release . Stephen Whitty of The Star - Ledger described it as `` a genuinely funny and touching film that , in less than a decade , has established itself as a timeless classic . '' On the 3D re-release , Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly wrote that its emotional power was deepened by `` the dimensionality of the oceanic deep '' where `` the spatial mysteries of watery currents and floating worlds are exactly where 3D explorers were born to boldly go '' . Box Office ( edit ) During its original theatrical run , Finding Nemo grossed $339,714,978 in North America , and $559,492,275 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $940,335,536 . It is currently the thirty - fifth - highest - grossing film , the seventh - highest - grossing animated film , and the second - highest - grossing film of 2003 , behind The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . Worldwide , it was the highest - grossing Pixar film , up until 2010 , when Toy Story 3 surpassed it . The film sold an estimated 56,337,500 tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . In North America , Finding Nemo set an opening weekend record for an animated feature , making $70,251,710 ( first surpassed by Shrek 2 ) and ended up spending 11 weeks in the top 10 domestically ( including 7 weeks in the top 5 ) , remaining there until August 14 . It became the highest - grossing animated film in North America ( $339.7 million ) , outside North America ( $528.2 million ) , and worldwide ( $867.9 million ) , in all three occasions out - grossing The Lion King . In North America , it was surpassed by both Shrek 2 in 2004 and Toy Story 3 in 2010 . After the re-release of The Lion King in 2011 , and then Despicable Me 2 and Frozen in 2013 , Minions in 2015 , Zootopia , its sequel Finding Dory in 2016 , and Despicable Me 3 in 2017 , passed it , it stands as the ninth - highest - grossing animated film in these regions . Outside North America , it stands as the fifth - highest - grossing animated film . Worldwide , it now ranks fourth among animated films . The film had impressive box office runs in many international markets . In Japan , its highest - grossing market after North America , it grossed ¥ 11.2 billion ( $102.4 million ) , becoming the highest - grossing foreign animated film in local currency ( yen ) . It has only been surpassed by Frozen ( ¥ 12.1 billion ) . Following in biggest grosses are the U.K. , Ireland and Malta , where it grossed £ 37.2 million ( $67.1 million ) , France and the Maghreb region ( $64.8 million ) , Germany ( $53.9 million ) , and Spain ( $29.5 million ) . 3D re-release ( edit ) After the success of the 3D re-release of The Lion King , Disney re-released Finding Nemo in 3D on September 14 , 2012 , with a conversion cost estimated to be below $5 million . For the opening weekend of its 3D re-release in North America , Finding Nemo grossed $16.7 million , debuting at the No. 2 spot behind Resident Evil : Retribution . The film earned $41.1 million in North America and $31.0 million internationally , for a combined total of $72.1 million , and a cumulative worldwide total of $940.3 million . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of Pixar awards and nominations : Finding Nemo Finding Nemo won the Academy Award and Saturn Award for Best Animated Film . It also won the award for Best Animated Film at the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards , the Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards , the National Board of Review Awards , the Online Film Critics Society Awards , and the Toronto Film Critics Association Awards . The film received many other awards , including : Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Movie and Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie ( Ellen DeGeneres ) , and the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress ( Ellen DeGeneres ) . The film was also nominated for two Chicago Film Critics Association Awards , for Best Picture and Best Supporting Actress ( Ellen DeGeneres ) , a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , and two MTV Movie Awards , for Best Movie and Best Comedic Performance ( Ellen DeGeneres ) . In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' , the best 10 films in 10 `` classic '' American film genres , after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . Finding Nemo was acknowledged as the 10th best film in the animation genre . It was the most recently released film among all 10 lists , and one of only three movies made after the year 2000 ( the others being The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring and Shrek ) . American Film Institute recognition : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 10 Animated film Environmental concerns and consequences ( edit ) The film 's use of clownfish prompted mass purchase of the fish breed as pets in the United States , even though the story portrayed the use of fish as pets negatively and suggested that saltwater aquariums are notably tricky and expensive to maintain . The demand for clownfish was supplied by large - scale harvesting of tropical fish in regions like Vanuatu . The Australian Tourism Commission ( ATC ) launched several marketing campaigns in China and the United States to improve tourism in Australia , many of them utilizing Finding Nemo clips . Queensland used Finding Nemo to draw tourists to promote its state for vacationers . According to National Geographic , `` Ironically , Finding Nemo , a movie about the anguish of a captured clownfish , caused home - aquarium demand for them to triple . '' The reaction to the film by the general public has led to environmental devastation for the clownfish , and has provoked an outcry from several environmental protection agencies , including the Marine Aquarium Council , Australia . The demand for tropical fish skyrocketed after the film 's release , causing reef species decimation in Vanuatu and many other reef areas . After seeing the film , some aquarium owners released their pet fish into the ocean , but failed to release them into the correct oceanic habitat , which introduced species that are harmful to the indigenous environment , a practice that is harming reefs worldwide . Home media ( edit ) Finding Nemo was released on VHS and DVD on November 4 , 2003 . The DVD release included an original short film , Exploring the Reef , and the short animated film , Knick Knack ( 1989 ) . The film was then released on both Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D on December 4 , 2012 , with both a 3 - disc and a 5 - disc set . Soundtrack ( edit ) Finding Nemo was the first Pixar film not to be scored by Randy Newman . The original soundtrack album , Finding Nemo , was scored by Thomas Newman , his cousin , and released on May 20 , 2003 . The album was nominated for the Academy Award for Original Music Score , losing to The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . Theme Park attractions ( edit ) Finding Nemo has inspired numerous attractions and properties at Disney Parks around the world , including : Turtle Talk with Crush , which opened in 2004 at Epcot , 2005 in Disney California Adventure Park , 2008 in Hong Kong Disneyland , and 2009 in Tokyo DisneySea ; Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage , which opened in 2007 in Disneyland Park ; The Seas with Nemo & Friends , which opened in 2007 at Epcot ; Finding Nemo -- The Musical , which opened in 2007 in Disney 's Animal Kingdom ; and Crush 's Coaster , which opened in 2007 at Walt Disney Studios Park . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Finding Dory In 2005 , after disagreements between Disney 's Michael Eisner and Pixar 's Steve Jobs over the distribution of Pixar 's films , Disney announced that they would be creating a new animation studio , Circle 7 Animation , to make sequels to the seven Disney - owned Pixar films ( which consisted of the films released between 1995 and 2006 ) . The studio had put Toy Story 3 and Monsters University into development , and had hired screenwriter Laurie Craig to write a draft for Finding Dory . Circle 7 was subsequently shut down after Robert Iger replaced Eisner as CEO of Disney and arranged the acquisition of Pixar . In July 2012 , it was reported that Andrew Stanton was developing a sequel to Finding Nemo , to be titled Finding Dory , with Victoria Strouse writing the script , and the film scheduled to be released in 2016 . The same day the news of a potential sequel broke , Stanton called into question the accuracy of the reports . The message said , `` Did n't you all learn from Chicken Little ? Everyone calm down . Do n't believe everything you read . Nothing to see here now . # skyisnotfalling '' . According to the report by The Hollywood Reporter published in August 2012 , Ellen DeGeneres was in negotiations to reprise her role of Dory . In September 2012 , Stanton confirmed , saying , `` What was immediately on the list was writing a second Carter movie . When that went away , everything slid up . I know I 'll be accused by more sarcastic people that it 's a reaction to Carter not doing well , but only in its timing , but not in its conceit '' . In February 2013 , it was confirmed by the press that Albert Brooks would reprise the role of Marlin in the sequel . In April 2013 , Disney announced the sequel Finding Dory , confirming that DeGeneres and Brooks would be reprising their roles as Dory and Marlin , respectively . It was scheduled to be released on November 25 , 2015 , but the film 's ending was revised after Pixar executives viewed Blackfish . On September 18 , 2013 , it was announced that the film would be pushed back to a UK July 29 , 2016 release . Pixar 's The Good Dinosaur was moved to the November 25 , 2015 slot to allow more time for production of the film . See also ( edit ) 2000s portal Film portal Animation portal Disney portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boone , Louis E. Contemporary Business 2006 , Thomson South - Western , page 4 -- ISBN 0 - 324 - 32089 - 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 Animation '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 21st Century 's 100 greatest films '' . BBC . August 23 , 2016 . 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Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( May 30 , 2003 ) . `` Finding Nemo Review -- rogerebert.com '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Lane 's Favorite Animated Movie ? FINDING NEMO '' . YouTube . American Film Institute . August 19 , 2009 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ed Park ( May 27 , 2003 ) . `` Gods and Sea Monsters -- Page 1 - Movies -- New York '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caro , Mark . `` Metromix.com : Movie review : ' Finding Nemo ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2004 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finding Nemo -- Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Movie : Finding Nemo '' . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2003 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( May 30 , 2003 ) . `` Hook , line and sinker `` . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( May 30 , 2003 ) . `` Movie Review -- Finding Nemo -- FILM REVIEW ; Vast Sea , Tiny Fish , Big Crisis '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Movie : Finding Nemo '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2003 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( May 29 , 2003 ) . `` USATODAY.com -- Sweet and funny ' Nemo ' works just swimmingly '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on September 2005 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ C.W. Nevius ( May 30 , 2003 ) . `` Pixar splashes ' Finding Nemo ' in a sea of colors '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( June 1 , 2003 ) . `` Freeing Nemo : A Whale Of A Tale '' . Newsweek . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 19 , 2003 ) . `` Hook , Line and Thinker `` . TIME . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lisa Schwarzbaum ( June 13 , 2003 ) . `` FINDING NEMO Review Movie Reviews and News '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Germain ( May 29 , 2003 ) . `` Miscellaneous : At the Movies - ' Finding Nemo ' ( 05 / 29 / 03 ) '' . Southeast Missourian . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lane , Anthony . `` Finding Nemo '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen . `` Finding Nemo 3D review '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( September 15 , 2012 ) . `` Finding Nemo 3D '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Films of 2003 '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` Pixar '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for May 30 - June 1 , 2003 '' . Box Office Mojo . June 1 , 2003 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( August 29 , 2010 ) . `` ' Toy Story 3 ' Reaches $1 Billion '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office April 26 -- 27 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo International '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast , ' ' The Little Mermaid , ' ' Finding Nemo , ' ' Monsters , Inc . ' get 3 - D re-releases '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( September 16 , 2012 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : ' Resident Evil : Retribution ' Rules Overseas , Grossing $50 Million in 65 Markets '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Resident Evil 5 , ' ' Nemo 3D ' Lead Another Slow Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo - 2003 Academy Awards Profile '' . Boxofficemojo.com . May 30 , 2003 . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finding - Nemo -- Cast , Crew , Director and Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres '' . ComingSoon.net . American Film Institute . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Elizabeth ( November 29 , 2002 ) . `` Acquiring Nemo '' . The Business Report . Retrieved November 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Mark ( November 9 , 2002 ) . `` Vanuatu -- Saving Nemo '' . ABC Foreign Correspondent . Retrieved October 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism authorities hope `` Nemo '' will lead Chinese tourists to Australia `` . China Daily . August 18 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Peter ( November 3 , 2002 ) . `` Nemo - led recovery hope '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . Retrieved October 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dennis , Anthony ( February 11 , 2003 ) . `` Sydney ignores Nemo '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved October 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Clown Anemonefish '' . Nat Geo Wild : Animals . National Geographic Society . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Aquarium Council 's request to `` Leave Nemo in the Water '' `` . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( July 1 , 2004 ) . `` ' Finding Nemo ' pets harm ocean ecology '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Revealing Nemo 's True Colors '' . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo DVD '' . Blu-ray.com . November 4 , 2003 . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The No. 1 Film of the Year Becomes The No. 1 DVD on Nov. 4 ! ; Walt Disney Pictures Presentation of a Pixar Animation Studios Film Finding Nemo '' . Business Wire . July 28 , 2003 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo Hitting 2D and 3D Blu - ray on December 4 '' . ComingSoon.net . June 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo ( An Original Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Finding Nemo ( An Original Soundtrack ) by Thomas Newman '' . iTunes Store . May 20 , 2003 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Academy Awards Nominations and Winners by Category '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Seas with Nemo & Friends Walt Disney World Resort '' . Disney . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo : Submarine Voyage at Disneyland '' . Themeparkinsider.com . January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo - The Musical Walt Disney World Resort '' . Disney . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( August 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Skinny on Circle Seven '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Josh ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Hilgenberg and Rob Muir on the Rise and Fall of Disney 's Circle 7 Animation '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' John Carter ' Helmer Andrew Stanton Dives Back into Animation With ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Andrew Stanton to Direct Pixar 's ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael Fashingbauer ; Garcia , Courtney ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Sequel to ' Finding Nemo ' ? Maybe . ' Toy Story 4 ' ? Not so fast ... '' NBCNews.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ellen DeGeneres in Talks to Return for ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( September 8 , 2012 ) . `` Director Andrew Stanton looks back on ' John Carter 's ' rocky path '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Albert Brooks Hooks Deal To Reprise In ' Finding Nemo 2 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Andrew Stanton to Direct Pixar 's ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Ellen DeGeneres to Star in ' Nemo ' Sequel ' Finding Dory ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Blackfish ' gives Pixar second thoughts on ' Finding Dory ' plot '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel Is Altered in Response to Orcas Documentary '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Pixar Skips 2014 as ' The Good Dinosaur ' Shifts to 2015 and ' Finding Dory ' to 2016 '' . / Film . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Finding Nemo . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Finding Nemo Official website from Disney Official website from Pixar Finding Nemo on IMDb Finding Nemo at the TCM Movie Database Finding Nemo at AllMovie Finding Nemo at The Big Cartoon DataBase Finding Nemo at Rotten Tomatoes Finding Nemo at Metacritic Finding Nemo at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="3"> Finding Nemo Films Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Video games Finding Nemo Rush : A Disney - Pixar Adventure Shorts Exploring the Reef Attractions Crush 's Coaster Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Finding Nemo -- The Musical Nemo & Friends SeaRider The Seas with Nemo & Friends Turtle Talk with Crush <Th_colspan="2"> Pixar Feature films Released Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Monsters University ( 2013 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Upcoming Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Short films <Td_colspan="2"> Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) For the Birds ( 2000 ) Mike 's New Car ( 2002 ) Boundin ' ( 2003 ) Jack - Jack Attack ( 2005 ) Mr. Incredible and Pals ( 2005 ) One Man Band ( 2005 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Lifted ( 2006 ) Your Friend the Rat ( 2007 ) Presto ( 2008 ) BURN - E ( 2008 ) Partly Cloudy ( 2009 ) Dug 's Special Mission ( 2009 ) George & A.J. ( 2009 ) Day & Night ( 2010 ) La Luna ( 2011 ) Hawaiian Vacation ( 2011 ) Small Fry ( 2011 ) Partysaurus Rex ( 2012 ) The Legend of Mor'du ( 2012 ) The Blue Umbrella ( 2013 ) Party Central ( 2013 ) Lava ( 2014 ) Sanjay 's Super Team ( 2015 ) Riley 's First Date ? ( 2015 ) Piper ( 2016 ) Lou ( 2017 ) Series Cars Toons ( 2008 -- 14 ) Toy Story Toons ( 2011 -- 12 ) Compilations Tiny Toy Stories ( 1996 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 1 ( 2007 ) Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales ( 2010 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 2 ( 2012 ) Other work Beach Chair ( 1986 ) Light & Heavy ( 1990 ) Television specials Toy Story of Terror ! ( 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( 2014 ) Franchises Toy Story ( 1995 -- present ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 -- 13 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 -- present ) The Incredibles ( 2004 -- present ) Cars ( 2006 -- present ) Associated productions The Adventures of André and Wally B. ( 1984 ) It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ( 2000 -- 01 ) Exploring the Reef ( 2003 ) Turtle Talk with Crush ( 2004 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Borrowed Time ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Pixar Story ( 2007 ) Products Pixar Image Computer RenderMan Marionette People John Lasseter Edwin Catmull Steve Jobs Alvy Ray Smith Jim Morris See also List of Pixar characters List of Pixar awards and nominations feature films short films List of Pixar film references Computer Graphics Lab Industrial Light & Magic Lucasfilm Animation Circle 7 Animation Pixar Canada A Computer Animated Hand The Works The Shadow King Pixar universe theory Walt Disney Animation Studios The Walt Disney Studios <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Films by Andrew Stanton Written and directed A Bug 's Life ( 1998 , co-directed ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Written only Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) BURN - E ( 2008 , short ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Lee Unkrich <Td_colspan="2"> Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Coco ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Academy Award for Best Animated Feature <Td_colspan="2"> Shrek -- Aron Warner ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Happy Feet -- George Miller ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck , Jennifer Lee , and Peter Del Vecho ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 -- Don Hall , Chris Williams , and Roy Conli ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Jonas Rivera ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard , Rich Moore , and Clark Spencer ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Annie Award for Best Animated Feature <Td_colspan="2"> Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature 1998 -- 2000 A Bug 's Life -- John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton / The Prince of Egypt -- Simon Wells , Brenda Chapman , and Steve Hickner ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 -- John Lasseter , Lee Unkrich , and Ash Brannon ( 1999 ) Chicken Run -- Peter Lord and Nick Park ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 Shrek -- Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Cars -- John Lasseter and Joe Ranft ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird and Jan Pinkava ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter and Bob Peterson ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph -- Rich Moore ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie -- Phil Lord and Christopher Miller ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Ronnie del Carmen ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Saturn Award for Best Animated Film <Td_colspan="2"> Watership Down ( 1978 ) The Secret of NIMH ( 1982 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Tim Burton 's Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) GND : 4741712 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finding_Nemo&oldid=819199005 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films Finding Nemo 2003 computer - animated films 2000s American animated films 3D re-releases American 3D films American computer - animated films American films Animated films about fish Best Animated Feature Academy Award winners Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Best Animated Feature Broadcast Film Critics Association Award winners Films scored by Thomas Newman Films directed by Andrew Stanton Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in Sydney Pixar animated films Screenplays by Andrew Stanton Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 01 : 07 . 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-6,167,194,631,021,068,000 | if n is prime then 2n −1 is also prime | Mersenne prime - wikipedia Mersenne prime Jump to : navigation , search Mersenne prime Named after Marin Mersenne Publication year 1536 Author of publication Regius , H . No. of known terms 49 Conjectured no. of terms Infinite Subsequence of Mersenne numbers First terms 3 , 7 , 31 , 127 Largest known term 2 − 1 ( January 2016 ) OEIS index A000668 In mathematics , a Mersenne prime is a prime number that is one less than a power of two . That is , it is a prime number of the form M = 2 − 1 for some integer n . They are named after Marin Mersenne , a French Minim friar , who studied them in the early 17th century . The first four Mersenne primes ( sequence A000668 in the OEIS ) are 3 , 7 , 31 , and 127 . If n is a composite number then so is 2 − 1 . ( 2 − 1 is divisible by both 2 − 1 and 2 − 1 . ) This definition is therefore equivalent to a definition as a prime number of the form M = 2 − 1 for some prime p . More generally , numbers of the form M = 2 − 1 without the primality requirement are called Mersenne numbers . Mersenne numbers are sometimes defined to have the additional requirement that n be prime , equivalently that they be pernicious Mersenne numbers , namely those numbers whose binary representation contains a prime number of ones and no zeros . The smallest composite pernicious Mersenne number is 2 − 1 = 2047 = 23 × 89 . Mersenne primes M are also noteworthy due to their connection to perfect numbers . As of January 2016 , 49 Mersenne primes are known . The largest known prime number 2 − 1 is a Mersenne prime . Since 1997 , all newly found Mersenne primes have been discovered by the `` Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search '' ( GIMPS ) , a distributed computing project on the Internet . Contents ( hide ) 1 About Mersenne primes 2 Perfect numbers 3 History 4 Searching for Mersenne primes 5 Theorems about Mersenne numbers 6 List of known Mersenne primes 7 Factorization of composite Mersenne numbers 8 Mersenne primitive part 9 Mersenne numbers in nature and elsewhere 10 Mersenne -- Fermat primes 11 Generalizations 11.1 Complex numbers 11.1. 1 Gaussian Mersenne primes 11.1. 2 Eisenstein Mersenne primes 11.2 Divide an integer 11.2. 1 Repunit primes 11.2. 2 Other generalized Mersenne primes 12 See also 13 References 14 External links 14.1 MathWorld links About Mersenne primes ( edit ) Unsolved problem in mathematics : Are there infinitely many Mersenne primes ? ( more unsolved problems in mathematics ) Many fundamental questions about Mersenne primes remain unresolved . It is not even known whether the set of Mersenne primes is finite or infinite . The Lenstra -- Pomerance -- Wagstaff conjecture asserts that there are infinitely many Mersenne primes and predicts their order of growth . It is also not known whether infinitely many Mersenne numbers with prime exponents are composite , although this would follow from widely believed conjectures about prime numbers , for example , the infinitude of Sophie Germain primes congruent to 3 ( mod 4 ) , for these primes p , 2p + 1 ( which is also prime ) will divide M , e.g. , 23 M , 47 M , 167 M , 263 M , 359 M , 383 M , 479 M , and 503 M. ( sequence A002515 in the OEIS ) . Since for these primes p , 2p + 1 is congruent to 7 mod 8 , so 2 is a quadratic residue mod 2p + 1 , and the multiplicative order of 2 mod 2p + 1 must divide ( 2 p + 1 ) − 1 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( ( 2p + 1 ) - 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ) = p . Since p is a prime , it must be p or 1 . However , it can not be 1 since Φ 1 ( 2 ) = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ Phi _ ( 1 ) ( 2 ) = 1 ) and 1 has no prime factors , so it must be p . Hence , 2p + 1 divides Φ p ( 2 ) = 2 p − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ Phi _ ( p ) ( 2 ) = 2 ^ ( p ) - 1 ) and 2 − 1 = M can not be prime . The first four Mersenne primes are M = 3 , M = 7 , M = 31 and M = 127 . A basic theorem about Mersenne numbers states that if M is prime , then the exponent p must also be prime . This follows from the identity 2 a b − 1 = ( 2 a − 1 ) ⋅ ( 1 + 2 a + 2 2 a + 2 3 a + ⋯ + 2 ( b − 1 ) a ) = ( 2 b − 1 ) ⋅ ( 1 + 2 b + 2 2 b + 2 3 b + ⋯ + 2 ( a − 1 ) b ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) 2 ^ ( ab ) - 1& = ( 2 ^ ( a ) - 1 ) \ cdot \ left ( 1 + 2 ^ ( a ) + 2 ^ ( 2a ) + 2 ^ ( 3a ) + \ cdots + 2 ^ ( ( b - 1 ) a ) \ right ) \ \ & = ( 2 ^ ( b ) - 1 ) \ cdot \ left ( 1 + 2 ^ ( b ) + 2 ^ ( 2b ) + 2 ^ ( 3b ) + \ cdots + 2 ^ ( ( a-1 ) b ) \ right ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) This rules out primality for Mersenne numbers with composite exponent , such as M = 2 − 1 = 15 = 3 × 5 = ( 2 − 1 ) × ( 1 + 2 ) . Though the above examples might suggest that M is prime for all primes p , this is not the case , and the smallest counterexample is the Mersenne number M = 2 − 1 = 2047 = 23 × 89 . The evidence at hand does suggest that a randomly selected Mersenne number is much more likely to be prime than an arbitrary randomly selected odd integer of similar size . Nonetheless , prime M appear to grow increasingly sparse as p increases . In fact , of the 2,270,720 prime numbers p up to 37,156,667 , M is prime for only 45 of them . The lack of any simple test to determine whether a given Mersenne number is prime makes the search for Mersenne primes a difficult task , since Mersenne numbers grow very rapidly . The Lucas -- Lehmer primality test ( LLT ) is an efficient primality test that greatly aids this task . The search for the largest known prime has somewhat of a cult following . Consequently , a lot of computer power has been expended searching for new Mersenne primes , much of which is now done using distributed computing . Mersenne primes are used in pseudorandom number generators such as the Mersenne twister , Park -- Miller random number generator , Generalized Shift Register and Fibonacci RNG . Perfect numbers ( edit ) Main article : Euclid -- Euler theorem Mersenne primes M are also noteworthy due to their connection with perfect numbers . In the 4th century BC , Euclid proved that if 2 − 1 is prime , then 2 ( 2 − 1 ) is a perfect number . This number , also expressible as M ( M + 1 ) / 2 , is the M th triangular number and the 2 th hexagonal number . In the 18th century , Leonhard Euler proved that , conversely , all even perfect numbers have this form . This is known as the Euclid -- Euler theorem . It is unknown whether there are any odd perfect numbers . History ( edit ) 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97 101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173 179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227 229 233 239 241 251 257 263 269 271 277 281 283 293 307 311 <Td_colspan="8"> The first 64 prime exponents with those corresponding to Mersenne primes shaded in cyan and in bold , and those thought to do so by Mersenne in red and bold . Mersenne primes take their name from the 17th - century French scholar Marin Mersenne , who compiled what was supposed to be a list of Mersenne primes with exponents up to 257 . The exponents listed by Mersenne were as follows : 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 31 , 67 , 127 , 257 . His list was accurate through 31 , but then became largely incorrect , as Mersenne mistakenly included M and M ( which are composite ) and omitted M , M , and M ( which are prime ) . Mersenne gave little indication how he came up with his list . Édouard Lucas proved in 1876 that M is indeed prime , as Mersenne claimed . This was the largest known prime number for 75 years , and the largest ever found by hand . M was determined to be prime in 1883 by Ivan Mikheevich Pervushin , though Mersenne claimed it was composite , and for this reason it is sometimes called Pervushin 's number . This was the second - largest known prime number , and it remained so until 1911 . Lucas had shown another error in Mersenne 's list in 1876 . Without finding a factor , Lucas demonstrated that M is actually composite . No factor was found until a famous talk by Frank Nelson Cole in 1903 . Without speaking a word , he went to a blackboard and raised 2 to the 67th power , then subtracted one . On the other side of the board , he multiplied 193,707,721 × 761,838,257,287 and got the same number , then returned to his seat ( to applause ) without speaking . He later said that the result had taken him `` three years of Sundays '' to find . A correct list of all Mersenne primes in this number range was completed and rigorously verified only about three centuries after Mersenne published his list . Searching for Mersenne primes ( edit ) Fast algorithms for finding Mersenne primes are available , and as of 2016 the six largest known prime numbers are Mersenne primes . The first four Mersenne primes M = 3 , M = 7 , M = 31 and M = 127 were known in antiquity . The fifth , M = 8191 , was discovered anonymously before 1461 ; the next two ( M and M ) were found by Pietro Cataldi in 1588 . After nearly two centuries , M was verified to be prime by Leonhard Euler in 1772 . The next ( in historical , not numerical order ) was M , found by Édouard Lucas in 1876 , then M by Ivan Mikheevich Pervushin in 1883 . Two more ( M and M ) were found early in the 20th century , by R.E. Powers in 1911 and 1914 , respectively . The best method presently known for testing the primality of Mersenne numbers is the Lucas -- Lehmer primality test . Specifically , it can be shown that for prime p > 2 , M = 2 − 1 is prime if and only if M divides S , where S = 4 and S = ( S ) − 2 for k > 0 . During the era of manual calculation , all the exponents up to and including 257 were tested with the Lucas -- Lehmer test and found to be composite . A notable contribution was made by retired Yale physics professor Horace Scudder Uhler , who did the calculations for exponents 157 , 167 , 193 , 199 , 227 , and 229 . Unfortunately for those investigators , the interval they were testing contains the largest known gap between Mersenne primes , in relative terms : the next prime exponent would turn out to be more than four times larger than the previous record of 127 . Graph of number of digits in largest known Mersenne prime by year -- electronic era . Note that the vertical scale , the number of digits , is doubly logarithmic in the value of the prime . The search for Mersenne primes was revolutionized by the introduction of the electronic digital computer . Alan Turing searched for them on the Manchester Mark 1 in 1949 , but the first successful identification of a Mersenne prime , M , by this means was achieved at 10 : 00 pm on January 30 , 1952 using the U.S. National Bureau of Standards Western Automatic Computer ( SWAC ) at the Institute for Numerical Analysis at the University of California , Los Angeles , under the direction of Lehmer , with a computer search program written and run by Prof. R.M. Robinson . It was the first Mersenne prime to be identified in thirty - eight years ; the next one , M , was found by the computer a little less than two hours later . Three more -- M , M , M -- were found by the same program in the next several months . M is the first Mersenne prime that is titanic , M is the first gigantic , and M was the first megaprime to be discovered , being a prime with at least 1,000,000 digits . All three were the first known prime of any kind of that size . The number of digits in the decimal representation of M equals ⌊ n × log 2 ⌋ + 1 , where ⌊ x ⌋ denotes the floor function ( or equivalently ⌊ log M ⌋ + 1 ) . In September 2008 , mathematicians at UCLA participating in GIMPS won part of a $100,000 prize from the Electronic Frontier Foundation for their discovery of a very nearly 13 - million - digit Mersenne prime . The prize , finally confirmed in October 2009 , is for the first known prime with at least 10 million digits . The prime was found on a Dell OptiPlex 745 on August 23 , 2008 . This was the eighth Mersenne prime discovered at UCLA . On April 12 , 2009 , a GIMPS server log reported that a 47th Mersenne prime had possibly been found . The find was verified on June 12 , 2009 . The prime is 2 − 1 . Although it is chronologically the 47th Mersenne prime to be discovered , it is smaller than the largest known at the time , which was the 45th to be discovered . On January 25 , 2013 , Curtis Cooper , a mathematician at the University of Central Missouri , discovered a 48th Mersenne prime , 2 − 1 ( a number with 17,425,170 digits ) , as a result of a search executed by a GIMPS server network . On January 19 , 2016 , Cooper published his discovery of a 49th Mersenne prime , 2 − 1 ( a number with 22,338,618 digits ) , as a result of a search executed by a GIMPS server network . This was the fourth Mersenne prime discovered by Cooper and his team in the past ten years . Theorems about Mersenne numbers ( edit ) If a and p are natural numbers such that a − 1 is prime , then a = 2 or p = 1 . Proof : a ≡ 1 ( mod a − 1 ) . Then a ≡ 1 ( mod a − 1 ) , so a − 1 ≡ 0 ( mod a − 1 ) . Thus a − 1 a − 1 . However , a − 1 is prime , so a − 1 = a − 1 or a − 1 = ± 1 . In the former case , a = a , hence a = 0 , 1 ( which is a contradiction , as neither − 1 nor 0 is prime ) or p = 1 . In the latter case , a = 2 or a = 0 . If a = 0 , however , 0 − 1 = 0 − 1 = − 1 which is not prime . Therefore , a = 2 . If 2 − 1 is prime , then p is prime . Proof : suppose that p is composite , hence can be written p = ab with a and b > 1 . Then 2 − 1 = 2 − 1 = ( 2 ) − 1 = ( 2 − 1 ) ( ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) + ... + 2 + 1 ) so 2 − 1 is composite . By contrapositive , if 2 − 1 is prime then p is prime . If p is an odd prime , then every prime q that divides 2 − 1 must be 1 plus a multiple of 2p . This holds even when 2 − 1 is prime . Examples : Example I : 2 − 1 = 31 is prime , and 31 = 1 + 3 × ( 2 × 5 ) . Example II : 2 − 1 = 23 × 89 , where 23 = 1 + ( 2 × 11 ) , and 89 = 1 + 4 × ( 2 × 11 ) . Proof : By Fermat 's little theorem , q is a factor of 2 − 1 . Since q is a factor of 2 − 1 , for all positive integers c , q is also a factor of 2 − 1 . Since p is prime and q is not a factor of 2 − 1 , p is also the smallest positive integer x such that q is a factor of 2 − 1 . As a result , for all positive integers x , q is a factor of 2 − 1 if and only if p is a factor of x . Therefore , since q is a factor of 2 − 1 , p is a factor of q − 1 so q ≡ 1 ( mod p ) . Furthermore , since q is a factor of 2 − 1 , which is odd , q is odd . Therefore , q ≡ 1 ( mod 2p ) . Note : This fact provides a proof of Euclid 's theorem , which asserts the infinitude of primes , distinct from the proof written by Euclid : for every odd prime p , all primes dividing 2 − 1 are larger than p ; thus there are always larger primes than any particular prime . Note : In conjunction with the next theorem below , certain multiples of 2p are impossible , namely when 2p is multiplied by twice an odd number . Thus for instance 4p + 1 , 12p + 1 , 20p + 1 , and so forth can not be factors of 2 − 1 . Proof : Each factor must have 2kp + 1 = 8n ± 1 for some k and n , so if we assume k = 2 ( 2m + 1 ) then we get either p = 2 ( n − mp ) or 2p + 1 = 4 ( n − mp ) , each of which is a contradiction as one side of the equation is odd and the other is even . More generally we can show that ( p mod 4 ) ≡ 1 ⇒ k ≡ 0 or 3 ( mod 4 ) , and ( p mod 4 ) ≡ 3 ⇒ k ≡ 0 or 1 ( mod 4 ) . If p is an odd prime , then every prime q that divides 2 − 1 is congruent to ± 1 ( mod 8 ) . Proof : 2 ≡ 2 ( mod q ) , so 2 is a square root of 2 mod q . By quadratic reciprocity , every prime modulo in which the number 2 has a square root is congruent to ± 1 ( mod 8 ) . A Mersenne prime can not be a Wieferich prime . Proof : We show if p = 2 − 1 is a Mersenne prime , then the congruence 2 − 1 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) does not hold . By Fermat 's little theorem , m p − 1 . Now write , p − 1 = mλ . If the given congruence is satisfied , then p 2 − 1 , therefore 0 ≡ 2 − 1 / 2 − 1 = 1 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2 ≡ − λ mod ( 2 − 1 ) . Hence 2 − 1 λ , and therefore λ ≥ 2 − 1 . This leads to p − 1 ≥ m ( 2 − 1 ) , which is impossible since m ≥ 2 . If m and n are natural numbers then m and n are coprime if and only if 2 − 1 and 2 − 1 are coprime . Consequently , a prime number divides at most one prime - exponent Mersenne number , so in other words the set of pernicious Mersenne numbers is pairwise coprime . If p and 2p + 1 are both prime ( meaning that p is a Sophie Germain prime ) , and p is congruent to 3 ( mod 4 ) , then 2p + 1 divides 2 − 1 . Example : 11 and 23 are both prime , and 11 = 2 × 4 + 3 , so 23 divides 2 − 1 . Proof : Let q be 2p + 1 . By Fermat 's little theorem , 2 ≡ 1 ( mod q ) , so either 2 ≡ 1 ( mod q ) or 2 ≡ − 1 ( mod q ) . Supposing latter true , then 2 = ( 2 ) ≡ − 2 ( mod q ) , so − 2 would be a quadratic residue mod q . However , since p is congruent to 3 ( mod 4 ) , q is congruent to 7 ( mod 8 ) and therefore 2 is a quadratic residue mod q . Also since q is congruent to 3 ( mod 4 ) , − 1 is a quadratic nonresidue mod q , so − 2 is the product of a residue and a nonresidue and hence it is a nonresidue , which is a contradiction . Hence , the former congruence must be true and 2p + 1 divides M . All composite divisors of prime - exponent Mersenne numbers pass the Fermat primality test for the base 2 . List of known Mersenne primes ( edit ) The table below lists all known Mersenne primes ( sequence A000043 ( p ) and A000668 ( M ) in OEIS ) : # p M digits Discovered Discoverer Method used c. 430 BC Ancient Greek mathematicians 7 c. 430 BC Ancient Greek mathematicians 5 31 c. 300 BC Ancient Greek mathematicians 7 127 c. 300 BC Ancient Greek mathematicians 5 13 8191 1456 Anonymous Trial division 6 17 131071 6 1588 Pietro Cataldi Trial division 7 19 524287 6 1588 Pietro Cataldi Trial division 8 31 2147483647 10 1772 Leonhard Euler Enhanced trial division 9 61 2305843009213693951 19 1883 November Ivan M. Pervushin Lucas sequences 10 89 618970019642 ... 137449562111 27 1911 June Ralph Ernest Powers Lucas sequences 11 107 162259276829 ... 578010288127 33 1914 June 1 Ralph Ernest Powers Lucas sequences 12 127 170141183460 ... 715884105727 39 1876 January 10 Édouard Lucas Lucas sequences 13 521 686479766013 ... 291115057151 157 1952 January 30 Raphael M. Robinson LLT / SWAC 14 607 531137992816 ... 219031728127 183 1952 January 30 Raphael M. Robinson LLT / SWAC 15 1,279 104079321946 ... 703168729087 386 1952 June 25 Raphael M. Robinson LLT / SWAC 16 2,203 147597991521 ... 686697771007 664 1952 October 7 Raphael M. Robinson LLT / SWAC 17 2,281 446087557183 ... 418132836351 687 1952 October 9 Raphael M. Robinson LLT / SWAC 18 3,217 259117086013 ... 362909315071 969 1957 September 8 Hans Riesel LLT / BESK 19 4,253 190797007524 ... 815350484991 1,281 1961 November 3 Alexander Hurwitz LLT / IBM 7090 20 4,423 285542542228 ... 902608580607 1,332 1961 November 3 Alexander Hurwitz LLT / IBM 7090 21 9,689 478220278805 ... 826225754111 2,917 1963 May 11 Donald B. Gillies LLT / ILLIAC II 22 9,941 346088282490 ... 883789463551 2,993 1963 May 16 Donald B. Gillies LLT / ILLIAC II 23 11,213 281411201369 ... 087696392191 3,376 1963 June 2 Donald B. Gillies LLT / ILLIAC II 24 19,937 431542479738 ... 030968041471 6,002 1971 March 4 Bryant Tuckerman LLT / IBM 360 / 91 25 21,701 448679166119 ... 353511882751 6,533 1978 October 30 Landon Curt Noll & Laura Nickel LLT / CDC Cyber 174 26 23,209 402874115778 ... 523779264511 6,987 1979 February 9 Landon Curt Noll LLT / CDC Cyber 174 27 44,497 854509824303 ... 961011228671 13,395 1979 April 8 Harry L. Nelson & David Slowinski LLT / Cray 1 28 86,243 536927995502 ... 709433438207 25,962 1982 September 25 David Slowinski LLT / Cray 1 29 110,503 521928313341 ... 083465515007 33,265 1988 January 29 Walter Colquitt & Luke Welsh LLT / NEC SX - 2 30 132,049 512740276269 ... 455730061311 39,751 1983 September 19 David Slowinski LLT / Cray X-MP 31 216,091 746093103064 ... 103815528447 65,050 1985 September 1 David Slowinski LLT / Cray X-MP / 24 32 756,839 174135906820 ... 328544677887 227,832 1992 February 17 David Slowinski & Paul Gage LLT / Harwell Lab 's Cray - 2 33 859,433 129498125604 ... 243500142591 258,716 1994 January 4 David Slowinski & Paul Gage LLT / Cray C90 34 1,257,787 412245773621 ... 976089366527 378,632 1996 September 3 David Slowinski & Paul Gage LLT / Cray T94 35 1,398,269 814717564412 ... 868451315711 420,921 1996 November 13 GIMPS / Joel Armengaud LLT / Prime95 on 90 MHz Pentium 36 2,976,221 623340076248 ... 743729201151 895,932 1997 August 24 GIMPS / Gordon Spence LLT / Prime95 on 100 MHz Pentium 37 3,021,377 127411683030 ... 973024694271 909,526 1998 January 27 GIMPS / Roland Clarkson LLT / Prime95 on 200 MHz Pentium 38 6,972,593 437075744127 ... 142924193791 2,098,960 1999 June 1 GIMPS / Nayan Hajratwala LLT / Prime95 on 350 MHz Pentium II IBM Aptiva 39 13,466,917 924947738006 ... 470256259071 4,053,946 2001 November 14 GIMPS / Michael Cameron LLT / Prime95 on 800 MHz Athlon T - Bird 40 20,996,011 125976895450 ... 762855682047 6,320,430 2003 November 17 GIMPS / Michael Shafer LLT / Prime95 on 2 GHz Dell Dimension 41 24,036,583 299410429404 ... 882733969407 7,235,733 2004 May 15 GIMPS / Josh Findley LLT / Prime95 on 2.4 GHz Pentium 4 42 25,964,951 122164630061 ... 280577077247 7,816,230 2005 February 18 GIMPS / Martin Nowak LLT / Prime95 on 2.4 GHz Pentium 4 43 30,402,457 315416475618 ... 411652943871 9,152,052 2005 December 15 GIMPS / Curtis Cooper & Steven Boone LLT / Prime95 on 2 GHz Pentium 4 44 32,582,657 124575026015 ... 154053967871 9,808,358 2006 September 4 GIMPS / Curtis Cooper & Steven Boone LLT / Prime95 on 3 GHz Pentium 4 45 37,156,667 202254406890 ... 022308220927 11,185,272 2008 September 6 GIMPS / Hans - Michael Elvenich LLT / Prime95 on 2.83 GHz Core 2 Duo 46 42,643,801 169873516452 ... 765562314751 12,837,064 2009 April 12 GIMPS / Odd M. Strindmo LLT / Prime95 on 3 GHz Core 2 47 43,112,609 316470269330 ... 166697152511 12,978,189 2008 August 23 GIMPS / Edson Smith LLT / Prime95 on Dell Optiplex 745 48 57,885,161 581887266232 ... 071724285951 17,425,170 2013 January 25 GIMPS / Curtis Cooper LLT / Prime95 on 3 GHz Intel Core2 Duo E8400 49 74,207,281 300376418084 ... 391086436351 22,338,618 2015 September 17 GIMPS / Curtis Cooper LLT / Prime95 on Intel Core i7 - 4790 ^ Jump up to : It is not verified whether any undiscovered Mersenne primes exist between the 45th ( M ) and the 49th ( M ) on this chart ; the ranking is therefore provisional . Jump up ^ M was first found by a machine on April 12 , 2009 ; however , no human took notice of this fact until June 4 . Thus , either April 12 or June 4 may be considered the ' discovery ' date . Jump up ^ Strindmo also uses the alias Stig M. Valstad . Jump up ^ M was first found by a machine on September 17 , 2015 ; however , no human took notice of this fact until January 7 , 2016 . Thus , either date may be considered the ' discovery ' date . GIMPS considers the January 2016 date to be the official one . All Mersenne numbers below the 48th Mersenne prime ( M ) have been tested at least once but some have not been double - checked . Primes are not always discovered in increasing order . For example , the 29th Mersenne prime was discovered after the 30th and the 31st . Similarly , M was followed by two smaller Mersenne primes , first 2 weeks later and then 8 months later . The largest known Mersenne prime ( 2 − 1 ) is also the largest known prime number . To help visualize its size , displaying the number in base 10 would require 5,957 pages with 75 digits per line and 50 lines per page . M was the first discovered prime number with more than 10 million decimal digits . In modern times , the largest known prime has almost always been a Mersenne prime . Factorization of composite Mersenne numbers ( edit ) Since they are prime numbers , Mersenne primes are divisible only by 1 and by themselves . However , not all Mersenne numbers are Mersenne primes , and the composite Mersenne numbers may be factored nontrivially . Mersenne numbers are very good test cases for the special number field sieve algorithm , so often the largest number factorized with this algorithm has been a Mersenne number . As of August 2016 , 2 − 1 is the record - holder , having been factored with a variant of the special number field sieve that allows the factorization of several numbers at once . See integer factorization records for links to more information . The special number field sieve can factorize numbers with more than one large factor . If a number has only one very large factor then other algorithms can factorize larger numbers by first finding small factors and then making a primality test on the cofactor . As of August 2016 , the largest factorization with probable prime factors allowed is 2 − 1 = 75,392,810,903 × q , where q is a 1,577,600 - digit probable prime . As of October 2017 , the Mersenne number M is the smallest composite Mersenne number with no known factors ; it has no prime factors below 2 . The table below shows factorizations for the first 20 composite Mersenne numbers ( sequence A244453 in the OEIS ) . p Factorization of M 11 23 × 89 23 47 × 178,481 29 233 × 1,103 × 2,089 37 223 × 616,318,177 41 13,367 × 164,511,353 43 431 × 9,719 × 2,099,863 47 2,351 × 4,513 × 13,264,529 53 6,361 × 69,431 × 20,394,401 59 179,951 × 3,203,431,780,337 ( 13 digits ) 67 193,707,721 × 761,838,257,287 ( 12 digits ) 71 228,479 × 48,544,121 × 212,885,833 73 439 × 2,298,041 × 9,361,973,132,609 ( 13 digits ) 79 2,687 × 202,029,703 × 1,113,491,139,767 ( 13 digits ) 83 167 × 57,912,614,113,275,649,087,721 ( 23 digits ) 97 11,447 × 13,842,607,235,828,485,645,766,393 ( 26 digits ) 101 7,432,339,208,719 ( 13 digits ) × 341,117,531,003,194,129 ( 18 digits ) 103 2,550,183,799 × 3,976,656,429,941,438,590,393 ( 22 digits ) 109 745,988,807 × 870,035,986,098,720,987,332,873 ( 24 digits ) 113 3,391 × 23,279 × 65,993 × 1,868,569 × 1,066,818,132,868,207 ( 16 digits ) 131 263 × 10,350,794,431,055,162,386,718,619,237,468,234,569 ( 38 digits ) Mersenne primitive part ( edit ) The primitive part of Mersenne number M is Φ ( 2 ) , the nth cyclotomic polynomial at 2 , they are 1 , 3 , 7 , 5 , 31 , 3 , 127 , 17 , 73 , 11 , 2047 , 13 , 8191 , 43 , 151 , 257 , 131071 , 57 , 524287 , 205 , 2359 , 683 , 8388607 , 241 , 1082401 , 2731 , 262657 , 3277 , 536870911 , 331 , ... ( sequence A019320 in the OEIS ) Besides , if we notice those prime factors , and delete `` old prime factors '' , for example , 3 divides the 2nd , 6th , 18th , 54th , 162nd , ... terms of this sequence , we only allow the 2nd term divided by 3 , if we do , they are 1 , 3 , 7 , 5 , 31 , 1 , 127 , 17 , 73 , 11 , 2047 , 13 , 8191 , 43 , 151 , 257 , 131071 , 19 , 524287 , 41 , 337 , 683 , 8388607 , 241 , 1082401 , 2731 , 262657 , 3277 , 536870911 , 331 , ... ( sequence A064078 in the OEIS ) The numbers n for which Φ ( 2 ) is prime are 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 22 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 46 , 49 , 56 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 69 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 85 , 86 , 89 , 90 , 93 , 98 , 107 , 120 , 122 , 126 , 127 , 129 , 133 , 145 , 150 , ... ( sequence A072226 in the OEIS ) The numbers n for which 2 − 1 has an only primitive prime factor are 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 46 , 49 , 54 , 56 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 69 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 85 , 86 , 89 , 90 , 93 , 98 , 107 , 120 , 122 , 126 , 127 , 129 , 133 , 145 , 147 , 150 , ... ( sequence A161508 in the OEIS ) ( Differ from last sequence , this sequence does not have the term 6 , but has the terms 18 , 20 , 21 , 54 , 147 , 342 , 602 , and 889 , and it is conjectured that no others ) Mersenne numbers in nature and elsewhere ( edit ) In computer science , unsigned n - bit integers can be used to express numbers up to M. Signed ( n + 1 ) - bit integers can express values between − ( M + 1 ) and M , using the two 's complement representation . In the mathematical problem Tower of Hanoi , solving a puzzle with an n - disc tower requires M steps , assuming no mistakes are made . The number of rice grains on the whole chessboard in the wheat and chessboard problem is M . The asteroid with minor planet number 8191 is named 8191 Mersenne after Marin Mersenne , because 8191 is a Mersenne prime ( 3 Juno , 7 Iris , 31 Euphrosyne and 127 Johanna having been discovered and named during the 19th century ) . Mersenne -- Fermat primes ( edit ) A Mersenne -- Fermat number is defined as 2 − 1 / 2 − 1 , with p prime , r natural number , and can be written as MF ( p , r ) , when r = 1 , it is a Mersenne number , and when p = 2 , it is a Fermat number , the only known Mersenne -- Fermat prime with r > 1 are MF ( 2 , 2 ) , MF ( 3 , 2 ) , MF ( 7 , 2 ) , MF ( 59 , 2 ) , MF ( 2 , 3 ) , MF ( 3 , 3 ) , MF ( 2 , 4 ) , and MF ( 2 , 5 ) . In fact , MF ( p , r ) = Φ ( 2 ) , where Φ is the cyclotomic polynomial . Generalizations ( edit ) The simplest generalized Mersenne primes are prime numbers of the form f ( 2 ) , where f ( x ) is a low - degree polynomial with small integer coefficients . An example is 2 − 2 + 1 , in this case , n = 32 , and f ( x ) = x − x + 1 ; another example is 2 − 2 − 1 , in this case , n = 64 , and f ( x ) = x − x − 1 . It is also natural to try to generalize primes of the form 2 − 1 to primes of the form b − 1 ( for b ≠ 2 and n > 1 ) . However ( see also theorems above ) , b − 1 is always divisible by b − 1 , so unless the latter is a unit , the former is not a prime . There are two ways to deal with that : Complex numbers ( edit ) In the ring of integers ( on real numbers ) , if b − 1 is a unit , then b is either 2 or 0 . But 2 − 1 are the usual Mersenne primes , and the formula 0 − 1 does not lead to anything interesting ( since it is always − 1 for all n > 0 ) . Thus , we can regard a ring of `` integers '' on complex numbers instead of real numbers , like Gaussian integers and Eisenstein integers . Gaussian Mersenne primes ( edit ) If we regard the ring of Gaussian integers , we get the case b = 1 + i and b = 1 − i , and can ask ( WLOG ) for what n the number ( 1 + i ) − 1 is a Gaussian prime which will then be called a Gaussian Mersenne prime . ( 1 + i ) − 1 is a Gaussian prime for the following n : 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 19 , 29 , 47 , 73 , 79 , 113 , 151 , 157 , 163 , 167 , 239 , 241 , 283 , 353 , 367 , 379 , 457 , 997 , 1367 , 3041 , 10141 , 14699 , 27529 , 49207 , 77291 , 85237 , 106693 , 160423 , 203789 , 364289 , 991961 , 1203793 , 1667321 , 3704053 , 4792057 , ... ( sequence A057429 in the OEIS ) This sequence is in many ways similar to the list of exponents of ordinary Mersenne primes . The norms ( i.e. squares of absolute values ) of these Gaussian primes are rational primes : 5 , 13 , 41 , 113 , 2113 , 525313 , 536903681 , 140737471578113 , ... ( sequence A182300 in the OEIS ) . Eisenstein Mersenne primes ( edit ) We can also regard the ring of Eisenstein integers , we get the case b = 1 + ω and b = 1 − ω , and can ask for what n the number ( 1 + ω ) − 1 is an Eisenstein prime which will then be called a Eisenstein Mersenne prime . ( 1 + ω ) − 1 is an Eisenstein prime for the following n : 2 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 17 , 19 , 79 , 163 , 193 , 239 , 317 , 353 , 659 , 709 , 1049 , 1103 , 1759 , 2029 , 5153 , 7541 , 9049 , 10453 , 23743 , 255361 , 534827 , 2237561 , ... ( sequence A066408 in the OEIS ) The norms ( i.e. squares of absolute values ) of these Eisenstein primes are rational primes : 7 , 271 , 2269 , 176419 , 129159847 , 1162320517 , ... ( sequence A066413 in the OEIS ) Divide an integer ( edit ) Repunit primes ( edit ) Main article : Repunit The other way to deal with the fact that b − 1 is always divisible by b − 1 , it is to simply take out this factor and ask which values of n make b n − 1 b − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( b ^ ( n ) - 1 ) ( b - 1 ) ) ) be prime . ( The integer b can be either positive or negative . ) If for example we take b = 10 , we get n values of : 2 , 19 , 23 , 317 , 1031 , 49081 , 86453 , 109297 , 270343 , ... ( sequence A004023 in the OEIS ) , corresponding to primes 11 , 1111111111111111111 , 11111111111111111111111 , ... ( sequence A004022 in the OEIS ) . These primes are called repunit primes . Another example is when we take b = − 12 , we get n values of : 2 , 5 , 11 , 109 , 193 , 1483 , 11353 , 21419 , 21911 , 24071 , 106859 , 139739 , ... ( sequence A057178 in the OEIS ) , corresponding to primes − 11 , 19141 , 57154490053 , ... It is a conjecture that for every integer b which is not a perfect power , there are infinitely many values of n such that b − 1 / b − 1 is prime . ( When b is a perfect power , it can be shown that there is at most one n value such that b − 1 / b − 1 is prime ) Least n such that b − 1 / b − 1 is prime are ( starting with b = 2 , 0 if no such n exists ) 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 5 , 3 , 0 , 2 , 17 , 2 , 5 , 3 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 19 , 3 , 3 , 2 , 5 , 3 , 0 , 7 , 3 , 2 , 5 , 2 , 7 , 0 , 3 , 13 , 313 , 2 , 13 , 3 , 349 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 5 , 5 , 19 , 2 , 127 , 19 , 0 , 3 , 4229 , 2 , 11 , 3 , 17 , 7 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 7 , 3 , 5 , 0 , 19 , 2 , 19 , 5 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 2 , ... ( sequence A084740 in the OEIS ) For negative bases b , they are ( starting with b = − 2 , 0 if no such n exists ) 3 , 2 , 2 , 5 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 7 , 2 , 17 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 11 , 2 , 3 , 11 , 0 , 3 , 7 , 2 , 109 , 2 , 5 , 3 , 11 , 31 , 5 , 2 , 3 , 53 , 17 , 2 , 5 , 2 , 103 , 7 , 5 , 2 , 7 , 1153 , 3 , 7 , 21943 , 2 , 3 , 37 , 53 , 3 , 17 , 2 , 7 , 2 , 3 , 0 , 19 , 7 , 3 , 2 , 11 , 3 , 5 , 2 , ... ( sequence A084742 in the OEIS ) ( notice this OEIS sequence does not allow n = 2 ) Least base b such that b − 1 / b − 1 is prime are 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 5 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 10 , 6 , 2 , 61 , 14 , 15 , 5 , 24 , 19 , 2 , 46 , 3 , 11 , 22 , 41 , 2 , 12 , 22 , 3 , 2 , 12 , 86 , 2 , 7 , 13 , 11 , 5 , 29 , 56 , 30 , 44 , 60 , 304 , 5 , 74 , 118 , 33 , 156 , 46 , 183 , 72 , 606 , 602 , 223 , 115 , 37 , 52 , 104 , 41 , 6 , 338 , 217 , ... ( sequence A066180 in the OEIS ) For negative bases b , they are 3 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 7 , 2 , 16 , 61 , 2 , 6 , 10 , 6 , 2 , 5 , 46 , 18 , 2 , 49 , 16 , 70 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 12 , 92 , 2 , 48 , 89 , 30 , 16 , 147 , 19 , 19 , 2 , 16 , 11 , 289 , 2 , 12 , 52 , 2 , 66 , 9 , 22 , 5 , 489 , 69 , 137 , 16 , 36 , 96 , 76 , 117 , 26 , 3 , ... ( sequence A103795 in the OEIS ) Other generalized Mersenne primes ( edit ) Another generalized Mersenne number is a n − b n a − b ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( a ^ ( n ) - b ^ ( n ) ) ( a-b ) ) ) with a , b any coprime integers , a > 1 and − a < b < a . ( Since a − b is always divisible by a − b , the division is necessary for there to be any chance of finding prime numbers . In fact , this number is the same as the Lucas number U ( a + b , ab ) , since a and b are the roots of the quadratic equation x − ( a + b ) x + ab = 0 , and this number equals 1 when n = 1 ) We can ask which n makes this number prime . It can be shown that such n must be primes themselves or equal to 4 , and n can be 4 if and only if a + b = 1 and a + b is prime . ( Since a − b / a − b = ( a + b ) ( a + b ) . Thus , in this case the pair ( a , b ) must be ( x + 1 , − x ) and x + ( x + 1 ) must be prime . That is , x must be in A027861 . ) It is a conjecture that for any pair ( a , b ) such that for every natural number r > 1 , a and b are not both perfect rth powers , and − 4ab is not a perfect fourth power . there are infinitely many values of n such that a − b / a − b is prime . ( When a and b are both perfect rth powers for an r > 1 or when − 4ab is a perfect fourth power , it can be shown that there are at most two n values with this property , since if so , then a − b / a − b can be factored algebraically ) However , this has not been proved for any single value of ( a , b ) . For more information , see numbers n such that a − b / a − b is prime ( some large terms are only probable primes , these n are checked up to 100000 for b ≤ 5 or b = a − 1 , 20000 for 5 < b < a − 1 ) OEIS sequence 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 31 , 61 , 89 , 107 , 127 , 521 , 607 , 1279 , 2203 , 2281 , 3217 , 4253 , 4423 , 9689 , 9941 , 11213 , 19937 , 21701 , 23209 , 44497 , 86243 , 110503 , 132049 , 216091 , 756839 , 859433 , 1257787 , 1398269 , 2976221 , 3021377 , 6972593 , 13466917 , 20996011 , 24036583 , 25964951 , 30402457 , 32582657 , 37156667 , ... , 42643801 , ... , 43112609 , ... , 57885161 , ... , 74207281 , ... A000043 − 1 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 31 , 43 , 61 , 79 , 101 , 127 , 167 , 191 , 199 , 313 , 347 , 701 , 1709 , 2617 , 3539 , 5807 , 10501 , 10691 , 11279 , 12391 , 14479 , 42737 , 83339 , 95369 , 117239 , 127031 , 138937 , 141079 , 267017 , 269987 , 374321 , 986191 , 4031399 , ... , 13347311 , 13372531 , ... A000978 2 , 3 , 5 , 17 , 29 , 31 , 53 , 59 , 101 , 277 , 647 , 1061 , 2381 , 2833 , 3613 , 3853 , 3929 , 5297 , 7417 , 90217 , 122219 , 173191 , 256199 , 336353 , 485977 , 591827 , 1059503 , ... A057468 3 , 7 , 13 , 71 , 103 , 541 , 1091 , 1367 , 1627 , 4177 , 9011 , 9551 , 36913 , 43063 , 49681 , 57917 , 483611 , 877843 , ... A028491 − 1 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 13 , 23 , 43 , 281 , 359 , 487 , 577 , 1579 , 1663 , 1741 , 3191 , 9209 , 11257 , 12743 , 13093 , 17027 , 26633 , 104243 , 134227 , 152287 , 700897 , 1205459 , ... A007658 − 2 3 , 4 , 7 , 11 , 83 , 149 , 223 , 599 , 647 , 1373 , 8423 , 149497 , 388897 , ... A057469 2 , 3 , 7 , 17 , 59 , 283 , 311 , 383 , 499 , 521 , 541 , 599 , 1193 , 1993 , 2671 , 7547 , 24019 , 46301 , 48121 , 68597 , 91283 , 131497 , 148663 , 184463 , 341233 , ... A059801 2 ( no others ) − 1 2 , 3 ( no others ) − 3 3 , 5 , 19 , 37 , 173 , 211 , 227 , 619 , 977 , 1237 , 2437 , 5741 , 13463 , 23929 , 81223 , 121271 , ... A128066 5 3 , 43 , 59 , 191 , 223 , 349 , 563 , 709 , 743 , 1663 , 5471 , 17707 , 19609 , 35449 , 36697 , 45259 , 91493 , 246497 , 265007 , 289937 , ... A059802 5 13 , 19 , 23 , 31 , 47 , 127 , 223 , 281 , 2083 , 5281 , 7411 , 7433 , 19051 , 27239 , 35863 , 70327 , ... A121877 5 2 , 5 , 7 , 13 , 19 , 37 , 59 , 67 , 79 , 307 , 331 , 599 , 1301 , 12263 , 12589 , 18443 , 20149 , 27983 , ... A082182 5 3 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 47 , 127 , 149 , 181 , 619 , 929 , 3407 , 10949 , 13241 , 13873 , 16519 , 201359 , 396413 , ... A004061 5 − 1 5 , 67 , 101 , 103 , 229 , 347 , 4013 , 23297 , 30133 , 177337 , 193939 , 266863 , 277183 , 335429 , ... A057171 5 − 2 2 , 3 , 17 , 19 , 47 , 101 , 1709 , 2539 , 5591 , 6037 , 8011 , 19373 , 26489 , 27427 , ... A082387 5 − 3 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 17 , 19 , 109 , 509 , 661 , 709 , 1231 , 12889 , 13043 , 26723 , 43963 , 44789 , ... A122853 5 − 4 4 , 5 , 7 , 19 , 29 , 61 , 137 , 883 , 1381 , 1823 , 5227 , 25561 , 29537 , 300893 , ... A128335 6 5 2 , 5 , 11 , 13 , 23 , 61 , 83 , 421 , 1039 , 1511 , 31237 , 60413 , 113177 , 135647 , 258413 , ... A062572 6 2 , 3 , 7 , 29 , 71 , 127 , 271 , 509 , 1049 , 6389 , 6883 , 10613 , 19889 , 79987 , 608099 , ... A004062 6 − 1 2 , 3 , 11 , 31 , 43 , 47 , 59 , 107 , 811 , 2819 , 4817 , 9601 , 33581 , 38447 , 41341 , 131891 , 196337 , ... A057172 6 − 5 3 , 4 , 5 , 17 , 397 , 409 , 643 , 1783 , 2617 , 4583 , 8783 , ... A128336 7 6 2 , 3 , 7 , 29 , 41 , 67 , 1327 , 1399 , 2027 , 69371 , 86689 , 355039 , ... A062573 7 5 3 , 5 , 7 , 113 , 397 , 577 , 7573 , 14561 , 58543 , ... A128344 7 2 , 5 , 11 , 61 , 619 , 2879 , 2957 , 24371 , 69247 , ... A213073 7 3 , 7 , 19 , 109 , 131 , 607 , 863 , 2917 , 5923 , 12421 , ... A128024 7 3 , 7 , 19 , 79 , 431 , 1373 , 1801 , 2897 , 46997 , ... A215487 7 5 , 13 , 131 , 149 , 1699 , 14221 , 35201 , 126037 , 371669 , 1264699 , ... A004063 7 − 1 3 , 17 , 23 , 29 , 47 , 61 , 1619 , 18251 , 106187 , 201653 , ... A057173 7 − 2 2 , 5 , 23 , 73 , 101 , 401 , 419 , 457 , 811 , 1163 , 1511 , 8011 , ... A125955 7 − 3 3 , 13 , 31 , 313 , 3709 , 7933 , 14797 , 30689 , 38333 , ... A128067 7 − 4 2 , 3 , 5 , 19 , 41 , 47 , 8231 , 33931 , 43781 , 50833 , 53719 , 67211 , ... A218373 7 − 5 2 , 11 , 31 , 173 , 271 , 547 , 1823 , 2111 , 5519 , 7793 , 22963 , 41077 , 49739 , ... A128337 7 − 6 3 , 53 , 83 , 487 , 743 , ... A187805 8 7 7 , 11 , 17 , 29 , 31 , 79 , 113 , 131 , 139 , 4357 , 44029 , 76213 , 83663 , 173687 , 336419 , 615997 , ... A062574 8 5 2 , 19 , 1021 , 5077 , 34031 , 46099 , 65707 , ... A128345 8 2 , 3 , 7 , 19 , 31 , 67 , 89 , 9227 , 43891 , ... A128025 8 3 ( no others ) 8 − 1 2 ( no others ) 8 − 3 2 , 5 , 163 , 191 , 229 , 271 , 733 , 21059 , 25237 , ... A128068 8 − 5 2 , 7 , 19 , 167 , 173 , 223 , 281 , 21647 , ... A128338 8 − 7 4 , 7 , 13 , 31 , 43 , 269 , 353 , 383 , 619 , 829 , 877 , 4957 , 5711 , 8317 , 21739 , 24029 , 38299 , ... A181141 9 8 2 , 7 , 29 , 31 , 67 , 149 , 401 , 2531 , 19913 , 30773 , 53857 , 170099 , ... A059803 9 7 3 , 5 , 7 , 4703 , 30113 , ... A273010 9 5 3 , 11 , 17 , 173 , 839 , 971 , 40867 , 45821 , ... A128346 9 2 ( no others ) 9 2 , 3 , 5 , 13 , 29 , 37 , 1021 , 1399 , 2137 , 4493 , 5521 , ... A173718 9 ( none ) 9 − 1 3 , 59 , 223 , 547 , 773 , 1009 , 1823 , 3803 , 49223 , 193247 , 703393 , ... A057175 9 − 2 2 , 3 , 7 , 127 , 283 , 883 , 1523 , 4001 , ... A125956 9 − 4 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 17 , 19 , 41 , 53 , 109 , 167 , 2207 , 3623 , 5059 , 5471 , 7949 , 21211 , 32993 , 60251 , ... A211409 9 − 5 3 , 5 , 13 , 17 , 43 , 127 , 229 , 277 , 6043 , 11131 , 11821 , ... A128339 9 − 7 2 , 3 , 107 , 197 , 2843 , 3571 , 4451 , ... , 31517 , ... 9 − 8 3 , 7 , 13 , 19 , 307 , 619 , 2089 , 7297 , 75571 , 76103 , 98897 , ... A187819 10 9 2 , 3 , 7 , 11 , 19 , 29 , 401 , 709 , 2531 , 15787 , 66949 , 282493 , ... A062576 10 7 2 , 31 , 103 , 617 , 10253 , 10691 , ... A273403 10 2 , 3 , 5 , 37 , 599 , 38393 , 51431 , ... A128026 10 2 , 19 , 23 , 317 , 1031 , 49081 , 86453 , 109297 , 270343 , ... A004023 10 − 1 5 , 7 , 19 , 31 , 53 , 67 , 293 , 641 , 2137 , 3011 , 268207 , ... A001562 10 − 3 2 , 3 , 19 , 31 , 101 , 139 , 167 , 1097 , 43151 , 60703 , 90499 , ... A128069 10 − 7 2 , 3 , 5 , 11 , 19 , 1259 , 1399 , 2539 , 2843 , 5857 , 10589 , ... 10 − 9 4 , 7 , 67 , 73 , 1091 , 1483 , 10937 , ... A217095 11 10 3 , 5 , 19 , 311 , 317 , 1129 , 4253 , 7699 , 18199 , 35153 , 206081 , ... A062577 11 9 5 , 31 , 271 , 929 , 2789 , 4153 , ... A273601 11 8 2 , 7 , 11 , 17 , 37 , 521 , 877 , 2423 , ... A273600 11 7 5 , 19 , 67 , 107 , 593 , 757 , 1801 , 2243 , 2383 , 6043 , 10181 , 11383 , 15629 , ... A273599 11 6 2 , 3 , 11 , 163 , 191 , 269 , 1381 , 1493 , ... A273598 11 5 5 , 41 , 149 , 229 , 263 , 739 , 3457 , 20269 , 98221 , ... A128347 11 3 , 5 , 11 , 17 , 71 , 89 , 827 , 22307 , 45893 , 63521 , ... A216181 11 3 , 5 , 19 , 31 , 367 , 389 , 431 , 2179 , 10667 , 13103 , 90397 , ... A128027 11 2 , 5 , 11 , 13 , 331 , 599 , 18839 , 23747 , 24371 , 29339 , 32141 , 67421 , ... A210506 11 17 , 19 , 73 , 139 , 907 , 1907 , 2029 , 4801 , 5153 , 10867 , 20161 , 293831 , ... A005808 11 − 1 5 , 7 , 179 , 229 , 439 , 557 , 6113 , 223999 , 327001 , ... A057177 11 − 2 3 , 5 , 17 , 67 , 83 , 101 , 1373 , 6101 , 12119 , 61781 , ... A125957 11 − 3 3 , 103 , 271 , 523 , 23087 , 69833 , ... A128070 11 − 4 2 , 7 , 53 , 67 , 71 , 443 , 26497 , ... A224501 11 − 5 7 , 11 , 181 , 421 , 2297 , 2797 , 4129 , 4139 , 7151 , 29033 , ... A128340 11 − 6 2 , 5 , 7 , 107 , 383 , 17359 , 21929 , ... 11 − 7 7 , 1163 , 4007 , 10159 , ... 11 − 8 2 , 3 , 13 , 31 , 59 , 131 , 223 , 227 , 1523 , ... 11 − 9 2 , 3 , 17 , 41 , 43 , 59 , 83 , ... 11 − 10 53 , 421 , 647 , 1601 , 35527 , ... A185239 12 11 2 , 3 , 7 , 89 , 101 , 293 , 4463 , 70067 , ... A062578 12 7 2 , 3 , 7 , 13 , 47 , 89 , 139 , 523 , 1051 , ... A273814 12 5 2 , 3 , 31 , 41 , 53 , 101 , 421 , 1259 , 4721 , 45259 , ... A128348 12 2 , 3 , 5 , 19 , 97 , 109 , 317 , 353 , 701 , 9739 , 14951 , 37573 , 46889 , 769543 , ... A004064 12 − 1 2 , 5 , 11 , 109 , 193 , 1483 , 11353 , 21419 , 21911 , 24071 , 106859 , 139739 , ... A057178 12 − 5 2 , 3 , 5 , 13 , 347 , 977 , 1091 , 4861 , 4967 , 34679 , ... A128341 12 − 7 2 , 3 , 7 , 67 , 79 , 167 , 953 , 1493 , 3389 , 4871 , ... 12 − 11 47 , 401 , 509 , 8609 , ... A213216 Note : if b < 0 and n is even , then the numbers n are not included in the corresponding OEIS sequence . A conjecture related to the generalized Mersenne primes : ( the conjecture predicts where is the next generalized Mersenne prime , if the conjecture is true , then there are infinitely many primes for all such ( a , b ) pairs ) For any integers a and b which satisfy the conditions : 1 , − a < b < a . a and b are coprime . ( thus , b can not be 0 ) For every natural number r > 1 , a and b are not both perfect rth powers . ( since when a and b are both perfect rth powers , it can be shown that there are at most two n value such that a − b / a − b is prime , and these n values are r itself or a root of r , or 2 ) − 4ab is not a perfect fourth power ( if so , then the number has aurifeuillean factorization ) . has prime numbers of the form R p ( a , b ) = a p − b p a − b ( \ displaystyle R_ ( p ) ( a , b ) = ( \ frac ( a ^ ( p ) - b ^ ( p ) ) ( a-b ) ) ) for prime p , the prime numbers will be distributed near the best fit line Y = G ⋅ log a ( log a ( R ( a , b ) ( n ) ) ) + C ( \ displaystyle Y = G \ cdot \ log _ ( a ) ( \ log _ ( a ) ( R_ ( ( a , b ) ) ( n ) ) ) + C ) where lim n → ∞ G = 1 e γ = 0.561459483566 ... ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( n \ rightarrow \ infty ) G = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( e ^ ( \ gamma ) ) ) = 0.561459483566 \ ldots ) and there are about ( log e ( N ) + m ⋅ log e ( 2 ) ⋅ log e ( log e ( N ) ) + 1 N − δ ) ⋅ e γ log e ( a ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ log _ ( e ) ( N ) + m \ cdot \ log _ ( e ) ( 2 ) \ cdot \ log _ ( e ) \ left ( \ log _ ( e ) ( N ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( N ) ) ) - \ delta \ right ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( e ^ ( \ gamma ) ) ( \ log _ ( e ) ( a ) ) ) ) prime numbers of this form less than N . e is the base of the natural logarithm . γ is Euler -- Mascheroni constant . log is the logarithm in base a . R ( n ) is the nth prime number of the form a − b / a − b for prime p . C is a data fit constant which varies with a and b . δ is a data fit constant which varies with a and b . m is the largest natural number such that a and − b are both 2 th powers . We also have the following three properties : The number of prime numbers of the form a − b / a − b ( with prime p ) less than or equal to n is about e log ( log ( n ) ) . The expected number of prime numbers of the form a − b / a − b with prime p between n and an is about e . The probability that number of the form a − b / a − b is prime ( for prime p ) is about e / p log ( a ) . If this conjecture is true , then for all such ( a , b ) pairs , let q be the nth prime of the form a − b / a − b , the graph of log ( log ( q ) ) versus n is almost linear . ( See ) When a = b + 1 , it is ( b + 1 ) − b , a difference of two consecutive perfect nth powers , and if a − b is prime , then a must be b + 1 , because it is divisible by a − b . Least n such that ( b + 1 ) − b is prime are 2 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 2 , 7 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 17 , 3 , 2 , 2 , 5 , 3 , 2 , 5 , 2 , 2 , 229 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 2 , 2 , 5 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 2 , 7 , 2 , 3 , 37 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 58543 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 5 , 3 , 4663 , 54517 , 17 , 3 , 2 , 5 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 2 , 2 , 47 , 61 , 19 , ... ( sequence A058013 in the OEIS ) Least b such that ( b + 1 ) − b is prime are 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 2 , 1 , 39 , 6 , 4 , 12 , 2 , 2 , 1 , 6 , 17 , 46 , 7 , 5 , 1 , 25 , 2 , 41 , 1 , 12 , 7 , 1 , 7 , 327 , 7 , 8 , 44 , 26 , 12 , 75 , 14 , 51 , 110 , 4 , 14 , 49 , 286 , 15 , 4 , 39 , 22 , 109 , 367 , 22 , 67 , 27 , 95 , 80 , 149 , 2 , 142 , 3 , 11 , ... ( sequence A222119 in the OEIS ) See also ( edit ) Repunit Fermat prime Power of two Erdős -- Borwein constant Mersenne conjectures Mersenne twister Double Mersenne number Prime95 / MPrime Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search ( GIMPS ) Largest known prime number Titanic prime Gigantic prime Megaprime Wieferich prime Wagstaff prime Cullen prime Woodall prime Proth prime Solinas prime Gillies ' conjecture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Regius , Hudalricus ( 1536 ) . Utrisque Arithmetices Epitome . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Curtis ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` Mersenne Prime Number discovery -- 2 − 1 is Prime ! '' . Mersenne Research , Inc . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Brook , Robert ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Prime number with 22 million digits is the biggest ever found '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 21 January 2016 ) . `` New Biggest Prime Number = 2 to the 74 Mil ... Uh , It 's Big '' . New York Times . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Number of primes < = 37156667 '' . Wolfram Alpha . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Chris K. Caldwell , Mersenne Primes : History , Theorems and Lists Jump up ^ The Prime Pages , Mersenne 's conjecture . Jump up ^ Cole , F.N. ( 1903 ) , `` On the factoring of large numbers '' , Bull . Amer . Math . Soc. , 10 ( 3 ) : 134 -- 137 , doi : 10.1090 / S0002 - 9904 - 1903 - 01079 - 9 , JFM 34.0216. 04 Jump up ^ Bell , E.T. and Mathematical Association of America ( 1951 ) . Mathematics , queen and servant of science . McGraw - Hill New York . p. 228 . Jump up ^ `` h2g2 : Mersenne Numbers '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Horace S. Uhler ( 1952 ) . `` A Brief History of the Investigations on Mersenne Numbers and the Latest Immense Primes '' . Scripta Mathematica. 18 : 122 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Brian Napper , The Mathematics Department and the Mark 1 . Jump up ^ The Prime Pages , The Prime Glossary : megaprime . Jump up ^ Maugh II , Thomas H. ( 2008 - 09 - 27 ) . `` UCLA mathematicians discover a 13 - million - digit prime number '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Tia Ghose . `` Largest Prime Number Discovered '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Will Edgington 's Mersenne Page Archived 2014 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Chris K. `` Proof of a result of Euler and Lagrange on Mersenne Divisors '' . ^ Jump up to : There is no mentioning among the ancient Egyptians of prime numbers , and they did not have any concept for prime numbers known today . In the Rhind papyrus ( 1650 BC ) the Egyptian fraction expansions have fairly different forms for primes and composites , so it may be argued that they knew about prime numbers . `` The Egyptians used ( $ ) in the table above for the first primes r = 3 , 5 , 7 , or 11 ( also for r = 23 ) . Here is another intriguing observation : That the Egyptians stopped the use of ( $ ) at 11 suggests they understood ( at least some parts of ) Eratosthenes 's Sieve 2000 years before Eratosthenes ' discovered ' it . '' The Rhind 2 / n Table ( Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 ) . In the school of Pythagoras ( b . about 570 -- d. about 495 BC ) and the Pythagoreans , we find the first sure observations of prime numbers . Hence the first two Mersenne primes , 3 and 7 , were known to and may even be said to have been discovered by them . There is no reference , though , to their special form 2 − 1 and 2 − 1 as such . The sources to the knowledge of prime numbers among the Pythagoreans are late . The Neoplatonic philosopher Iamblichus , AD c. 245 -- c. 325 , states that the Greek Platonic philosopher Speusippus , c. 408 -- 339 / 8 BC , wrote a book named On Pythagorean Numbers . According to Iamblichus this book was based on the works of the Pythagorean Philolaus , c. 470 -- c. 385 BC , who lived a century after Pythagoras , 570 -- c. 495 BC . In his Theology of Arithmetic in the chapter On the Decad , Iamblichus writes : `` Speusippus , the son of Plato 's sister Potone , and head of the Academy before Xenocrates , compiled a polished little book from the Pythagorean writings which were particularly valued at any time , and especially from the writings of Philolaus ; he entitled the book On Pythagorean Numbers . In the first half of the book , he elegantly expounds linear numbers ( i.e. prime numbers ) , polygonal numbers and all sorts of plane numbers , solid numbers and the five figures which are assigned to the elements of the universe , discussing both their individual attributes and their shared features , and their proportionality and reciprocity . '' Iamblichus The Theology of Arithmetic translated by Robin Waterfiled , 1988 , p. 112f . ( Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 ) . Iamblichus also gives us a direct quote from Speusippus ' book where Speusippus among other things writes : `` Secondly , it is necessary for a perfect number ( the concept `` perfect number '' is not used here in a modern sense ) to contain an equal amount of prime and incomposite numbers , and secondary and composite numbers . '' Iamblichus The Theology of Arithmetic translated by Robin Waterfiled , 1988 , p. 113 . ( Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 ) . For the Greek original text , see Speusippus of Athens : A Critical Study with a Collection of the Related Texts and Commentary by Leonardo Tarán , 1981 , p. 140 line 21 -- 22 ( Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 ) In his comments to Nicomachus of Gerasas 's Introduction to Arithmetic , Iamblichus also mentions that Thymaridas , ca . 400 BC -- ca . 350 BC , uses the term rectilinear for prime numbers , and that Theon of Smyrna , fl . AD 100 , uses euthymetric and linear as alternative terms . Nicomachus of Gerasa , Introduction to Arithmetic , 1926 , p. 127 ( Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 ) It is unclear though when this said Thymaridas lived . `` In a highly suspect passage in Iamblichus , Thymaridas is listed as a pupil of Pythagoras himself . '' Pythagoreanism ( Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 ) Before Philolaus , c. 470 -- c. 385 BC , we have no proof of any knowledge of prime numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Euclid 's Elements , Book IX , Proposition 36 '' . Jump up ^ The Prime Pages , Mersenne Primes : History , Theorems and Lists . Jump up ^ We find the oldest ( undisputed ) note of the result in Codex nr. 14908 , which origins from Bibliotheca monasterii ord . S. Benedicti ad S. Emmeramum Ratisbonensis now in the archive of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek , see `` Halm , Karl / Laubmann , Georg von / Meyer , Wilhelm : Catalogus codicum latinorum Bibliothecae Regiae Monacensis , Bd. : 2 , 2 , Monachii , 1876 , p. 250 '' . ( retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 17 ) The Codex nr. 14908 consists of 10 different medieval works on mathematics and related subjects . The authors of most of these writings are known . Some authors consider the monk Fridericus Gerhart ( Amman ) , 1400 -- 1465 ( Frater Fridericus Gerhart monachus ordinis sancti Benedicti astrologus professus in monasterio sancti Emmerani diocesis Ratisponensis et in ciuitate eiusdem ) to be the author of the part where the prime number 8191 is mentioned . Geschichte Der Mathematik ( retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 17 ) The second manuscript of Codex nr. 14908 has the name `` Regulae et exempla arithmetica , algebraica , geometrica '' and the 5th perfect number and all is factors , including 8191 , are mentioned on folio no . 34 a tergo ( backside of p. 34 ) . Parts of the manuscript have been published in Archiv der Mathematik und Physik , 13 ( 1895 ) , pp. 388 -- 406 ( retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` A i lettori . Nel trattato de ' numeri perfetti , che giàfino dell anno 1588 composi , oltrache se era passato auáti à trouarne molti auertite molte cose , se era anco amplamente dilatatala Tauola de ' numeri composti , di ciascuno de ' quali si vedeano per ordine li componenti , onde preposto unnum . '' p. 1 in Trattato de ' nvumeri perfetti Di Pietro Antonio Cataldo 1603 . http://fermi.imss.fi.it/rd/bdv?/bdviewer@selid=1373775# Jump up ^ pp. 13 -- 18 in Trattato de ' nvumeri perfetti Di Pietro Antonio Cataldo 1603 . http://fermi.imss.fi.it/rd/bdv?/bdviewer@selid=1373775# Jump up ^ pp. 18 -- 22 in Trattato de ' nvumeri perfetti Di Pietro Antonio Cataldo 1603 . http://fermi.imss.fi.it/rd/bdv?/bdviewer@selid=1373775# Jump up ^ http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/bbaw/bibliothek-digital/digitalequellen/schriften/anzeige/index_html?band=03-nouv/1772&seite:int=36 Nouveaux Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles - Lettres 1772 , pp. 35 -- 36 EULER , Leonhard : Extrait d'une lettre à M. Bernoulli , concernant le Mémoire imprimé parmi ceux de 1771 . p. 318 ( intitulé : Recherches sur les diviseurs de quelques nombres très grands compris dans la somme de la progression géométrique 1 + 101 + 102 + 103 + ... + 10T = S ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://primes.utm.edu/notes/by_year.html#31 The date and year of discovery is unsure . Dates between 1752 and 1772 are possible . Jump up ^ Chris K. Caldwell . `` Modular restrictions on Mersenne divisors '' . Primes.utm.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` En novembre de l'année 1883 , dans la correspondance de notre Académie se trouve une communication qui contient l'assertion que le nombre 2 − 1 = 2305843009213693951 est un nombre premier . / ... / Le tome XLVIII des Mémoires Russes de l'Académie / ... / contient le compte - rendu de la séance du 20 décembre 1883 , dans lequel l'objet de la communication du père Pervouchine est indiqué avec précision . '' Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. - Pétersbourg , s . 3 , v. 31 , 1887 , cols. 532 -- 533 . http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107789#page/277/mode/1up ( retrieved 2012 - 09 - 17 ) See also Mélanges mathématiques et astronomiques tirés du Bulletin de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St. - Pétersbourg v. 6 ( 1881 -- 1888 ) , pp. 553 -- 554 . See also Mémoires de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St. - Pétersbourg : Sciences mathématiques , physiques et naturelles , vol. 48 Jump up ^ Powers , R.E. ( 1 January 1911 ) . `` The Tenth Perfect Number '' . The American Mathematical Monthly . 18 ( 11 ) : 195 -- 197 . doi : 10.2307 / 2972574 . JSTOR 2972574 . Jump up ^ `` M.E. Fauquenbergue a trouvé ses résultats depuis Février , et j'en ai reçu communication le 7 Juin ; M. Powers a envoyé le 1 Juin un cablógramme à M. Bromwich ( secretary of London Mathematical Society ) pour M. Sur ma demande , ces deux auteurs m'ont adressé leurs remarquables résultats , et je m'empresse de les publier dans nos colonnes , avec nos felicitations . '' p. 103 , André Gérardin , Nombres de Mersenne pp. 85 , 103 -- 108 in Sphinx - Œdipe . ( Journal mensuel de la curiosité , de concours & de mathématiques . ) v. 9 , No. 1 , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Power 's cable announcing this same result was sent to the London Math . So . on 1 June 1914 . '' Mersenne 's Numbers , Scripta Mathematica , v. 3 , 1935 , pp. 112 -- 119 http://primes.utm.edu/mersenne/LukeMirror/lit/lit_008s.htm ( retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 ) Jump up ^ http://plms.oxfordjournals.org/content/s2-13/1/1.1.full.pdf Proceedings / London Mathematical Society ( 1914 ) s2 -- 13 ( 1 ) : 1 . Result presented at a meeting with London Mathematical Society on June 11 , 1914 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Prime Pages , M : Fauquembergue or Powers ? . Jump up ^ http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-3039&I=166&M=chemindefer Presented at a meeting with Académie des sciences ( France ) on January 10 , 1876 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Using the standard Lucas test for Mersenne primes as programmed by R.M. Robinson , the SWAC has discovered the primes 2 − 1 and 2 − 1 on January 30 , 1952 . '' D.H. Lehmer , Recent Discoveries of Large Primes , Mathematics of Computation , vol. 6 , No. 37 ( 1952 ) , p. 61 , http://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/1952-06-037/S0025-5718-52-99404-0/S0025-5718-52-99404-0.pdf ( Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 ) Jump up ^ `` The program described in Note 131 ( c ) has produced the 15th Mersenne prime 2 − 1 on June 25 . The SWAC tests this number in 13 minutes and 25 seconds . '' D.H. Lehmer , A New Mersenne Prime , Mathematics of Computation , vol. 6 , No. 39 ( 1952 ) , p. 205 , http://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/1952-06-039/S0025-5718-52-99387-3/S0025-5718-52-99387-3.pdf ( Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Two more Mersenne primes , 2 − 1 and 2 − 1 , were discovered by the SWAC on October 7 and 9 , 1952 . '' D.H. Lehmer , Two New Mersenne Primes , Mathematics of Computation , vol. 7 , No. 41 ( 1952 ) , p. 72 , http://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/1953-07-041/S0025-5718-53-99371-5/S0025-5718-53-99371-5.pdf ( Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 ) Jump up ^ `` On September 8 , 1957 , the Swedish electronic computer BESK established that the Mersenne number M = 2 − 1 is a prime . '' Hans Riesel , A New Mersenne Prime , Mathematics of Computation , vol. 12 ( 1958 ) , p. 60 , http://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/1958-12-061/S0025-5718-1958-0099752-6/S0025-5718-1958-0099752-6.pdf ( Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 ) ^ Jump up to : A. Hurwitz and J.L. Selfridge , Fermat numbers and perfect numbers , Notices of the American Mathematical Society , v. 8 , 1961 , p. 601 , abstract 587 - 104 . ^ Jump up to : `` If p is prime , M = 2 − 1 is called a Mersenne number . The primes M and M were discovered by coding the Lucas - Lehmer test for the IBM 7090 . '' Alexander Hurwitz , New Mersenne Primes , Mathematics of Computation , vol. 16 , No. 78 ( 1962 ) , pp. 249 -- 251 , http://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/1962-16-078/S0025-5718-1962-0146162-X/S0025-5718-1962-0146162-X.pdf ( Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The primes M , M , and M which are now the largest known primes , were discovered by Illiac II at the Digital Computer Laboratory of the University of Illinois . '' Donald B. Gillies , Three New Mersenne Primes and a Statistical Theory , Mathematics of Computation , vol. 18 , No. 85 ( 1964 ) , pp. 93 -- 97 , http://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/1964-18-085/S0025-5718-1964-0159774-6/S0025-5718-1964-0159774-6.pdf ( Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 ) Jump up ^ `` On the evening of March 4 , 1971 , a zero Lucas - Lehmer residue for p = p = 19937 was found . Hence , M is the 24th Mersenne prime . '' Bryant Tuckerman , The 24th Mersenne Prime , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol. 68 : 10 ( 1971 ) , pp. 2319 -- 2320 , http://www.pnas.org/content/68/10/2319.full.pdf ( Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 ) Jump up ^ `` On October 30 , 1978 at 9 : 40 pm , we found M to be prime . The CPU time required for this test was 7 : 40 : 20 . Tuckerman and Lehmer later provided confirmation of this result . '' Curt Noll and Laura Nickel , The 25th and 26th Mersenne Primes , Mathematics of Computation , vol. 35 , No. 152 ( 1980 ) , pp. 1387 -- 1390 , http://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/1980-35-152/S0025-5718-1980-0583517-4/S0025-5718-1980-0583517-4.pdf ( Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 ) Jump up ^ `` Of the 125 remaining M only M was found to be prime . The test was completed on February 9 , 1979 at 4 : 06 after 8 : 39 : 37 of CPU time . Lehmer and McGrogan later confirmed the result . '' Curt Noll and Laura Nickel , The 25th and 26th Mersenne Primes , Mathematics of Computation , vol. 35 , No. 152 ( 1980 ) , pp. 1387 -- 1390 , http://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/1980-35-152/S0025-5718-1980-0583517-4/S0025-5718-1980-0583517-4.pdf ( Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 ) Jump up ^ David Slowinski , `` Searching for the 27th Mersenne Prime '' , Journal of Recreational Mathematics , v. 11 ( 4 ) , 1978 -- 79 , pp. 258 -- 261 , MR 80g # 10013 Jump up ^ `` The 27th Mersenne prime . It has 13395 digits and equals 2 -- 1 . ( ... ) Its primeness was determined on April 8 , 1979 using the Lucas -- Lehmer test . The test was programmed on a CRAY - 1 computer by David Slowinski & Harry Nelson . '' ( p. 15 ) `` The result was that after applying the Lucas -- Lehmer test to about a thousand numbers , the code determined , on Sunday , April 8th , that 2 − 1 is , in fact , the 27th Mersenne prime . '' ( p. 17 ) , David Slowinski , `` Searching for the 27th Mersenne Prime '' , Cray Channels , vol. 4 , no . 1 , ( 1982 ) , pp. 15 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` An FFT containing 8192 complex elements , which was the minimum size required to test M , ran approximately 11 minutes on the SX - 2 . The discovery of M ( January 29 , 1988 ) has been confirmed . '' W.N. Colquitt and L. Welsh , Jr. , A New Mersenne Prime , Mathematics of Computation , vol. 56 , No. 194 ( April 1991 ) , pp. 867 -- 870 , http://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/1991-56-194/S0025-5718-1991-1068823-9/S0025-5718-1991-1068823-9.pdf ( Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 ) Jump up ^ `` This week , two computer experts found the 31st Mersenne prime . But to their surprise , the newly discovered prime number falls between two previously known Mersenne primes . It occurs when p = 110,503 , making it the third - largest Mersenne prime known . '' I. Peterson , Priming for a lucky strike Science News ; 2 / 6 / 88 , Vol. 133 Issue 6 , pp. 85 -- 85 . http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=23&sid=9a9d7493-ffed-410b-9b59-b86c63a93bc4%40sessionmgr10&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=afh&AN=8824187 ( Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 ) Jump up ^ `` Mersenne Prime Numbers '' . Omes.uni-bielefeld.de. 2011 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Slowinski , a software engineer for Cray Research Inc. in Chippewa Falls , discovered the number at 11 : 36 a.m. Monday . ( i.e. 1983 September 19 ) '' Jim Higgins , `` Elusive numeral 's number is up '' and `` Scientist finds big number '' in The Milwaukee Sentinel -- Sep 24 , 1983 , p. 1 , p. 11 ( retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` The number is the 30th known example of a Mersenne prime , a number divisible only by 1 and itself and written in the form 2 − 1 , where the exponent p is also a prime number . For instance , 127 is a Mersenne number for which the exponent is 7 . The record prime number 's exponent is 216,091 . '' I. Peterson , Prime time for supercomputers Science News ; 9 / 28 / 85 , Vol. 128 Issue 13 , p. 199 . http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4&hid=22&sid=c11090a2-4670-469f-8f75-947b593a56a0%40sessionmgr10&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=afh&AN=8840537 ( Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 ) Jump up ^ `` Slowinski 's program also found the 28th in 1982 , the 29th in 1983 , and the 30th ( known at that time ) this past Labor Day weekend . ( i.e. August 31 - September 1 , 1985 ) '' Rad Sallee , `` ` Supercomputer ' / Chevron calculating device finds a bigger prime number '' Houston Chronicle , Friday 09 / 20 / 1985 , Section 1 , Page 26 , 4 Star Edition ( retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 ) Jump up ^ The Prime Pages , The finding of the 32nd Mersenne . Jump up ^ Chris Caldwell , The Largest Known Primes . Jump up ^ Crays press release Jump up ^ `` Slowinskis email '' . Jump up ^ Silicon Graphics ' press release https://web.archive.org/web/19970606011821/http://www.sgi.com/Headlines/1996/September/prime.html ( Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20 ) Jump up ^ The Prime Pages , A Prime of Record Size ! 2 -- 1 . Jump up ^ GIMPS Discovers 35th Mersenne Prime . Jump up ^ GIMPS Discovers 36th Known Mersenne Prime . Jump up ^ GIMPS Discovers 37th Known Mersenne Prime . Jump up ^ GIMPS Finds First Million - Digit Prime , Stakes Claim to $50,000 EFF Award . Jump up ^ GIMPS , Researchers Discover Largest Multi-Million - Digit Prime Using Entropia Distributed Computing Grid . Jump up ^ GIMPS , Mersenne Project Discovers Largest Known Prime Number on World - Wide Volunteer Computer Grid . Jump up ^ GIMPS , Mersenne.org Project Discovers New Largest Known Prime Number , 2 -- 1 . Jump up ^ GIMPS , Mersenne.org Project Discovers New Largest Known Prime Number , 2 -- 1 . Jump up ^ GIMPS , Mersenne.org Project Discovers New Largest Known Prime Number , 2 -- 1 . Jump up ^ GIMPS , Mersenne.org Project Discovers Largest Known Prime Number , 2 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : Titanic Primes Raced to Win $100,000 Research Award . Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` On April 12th ( 2009 ) , the 47th known Mersenne prime , 2 -- 1 , a 12,837,064 digit number was found by Odd Magnar Strindmo from Melhus , Norway ! This prime is the second largest known prime number , a `` mere '' 141,125 digits smaller than the Mersenne prime found last August. `` , The List of Largest Known Primes Home Page , http://primes.utm.edu/primes/page.php?id=88847 ( retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 ) Jump up ^ `` GIMPS Discovers 48th Mersenne Prime , 2 − 1 is now the Largest Known Prime '' . Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` List of known Mersenne prime numbers '' . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ GIMPS Milestones Report . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 04 Jump up ^ The largest known prime has been a Mersenne prime since 1952 , except between 1989 and 1992 ; see Caldwell , `` The Largest Known Prime by Year : A Brief History '' from the Prime Pages website , University of Tennessee at Martin . Jump up ^ Thorsten Kleinjung , Joppe Bos , Arjen Lenstra `` Mersenne Factorization Factory '' http://eprint.iacr.org/2014/653.pdf Jump up ^ Henri Lifchitz and Renaud Lifchitz . `` PRP Top Records '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Exponent Status for M1277 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Petković , Miodrag ( 2009 ) . Famous Puzzles of Great Mathematicians . AMS Bookstore . p. 197 . ISBN 0 - 8218 - 4814 - 3 . Jump up ^ Alan Chamberlin . `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser '' . Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` A research of Mersenne and Fermat primes '' . Jump up ^ Solinas , Jerome A. ( 1 January 2011 ) . Tilborg , Henk C.A. van ; Jajodia , Sushil , eds . Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security . Springer US . pp. 509 -- 510 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4419 - 5906 - 5_32 . Jump up ^ Chris Caldwell : The Prime Glossary : Gaussian Mersenne ( part of the Prime Pages ) Jump up ^ Ali Zalnezhad , Hossein Zalnezhad , Ghasem Shabani , Mehdi Zalnezhad `` Relationships and Algorithm in order to Achieve the Largest Primes '' http://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.07688.pdf Jump up ^ ( x , 1 ) and ( x , − 1 ) for x = 2 to 50 Jump up ^ ( x , 1 ) for x = 2 to 152 Jump up ^ ( x , − 1 ) for x = 2 to 152 Jump up ^ ( x + 1 , x ) for x = 1 to 150 Jump up ^ ( x + 1 , − x ) for x = 1 to 40 Jump up ^ ( x + 2 , x ) for odd x = 1 to 107 Jump up ^ ( x , − 1 ) for x = 2 to 200 Jump up ^ PRP records , search for ( a ^ n-b ^ n ) / c , that is , ( a , b ) Jump up ^ PRP records , search for ( a ^ n + b ^ n ) / c , that is , ( a , − b ) ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , Chris . `` Heuristics : Deriving the Wagstaff Mersenne Conjecture '' . Jump up ^ `` Generalized Repunit Conjecture '' . External links ( edit ) Look up Mersenne prime in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikinews has related news : Record size 17.4 million - digit prime found Two largest known prime numbers discovered just two weeks apart , one qualifies for $100 k prize Distributed computing discovers largest known prime number CMSU computing team discovers another record size prime Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Mersenne number '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 GIMPS home page GIMPS status -- status page gives various statistics on search progress , typically updated every week , including progress towards proving the ordering of primes 42 -- 47 GIMPS , known factors of Mersenne numbers M = ( 8x ) − ( 3qy ) Property of Mersenne numbers with prime exponent that are composite ( PDF ) M = x + d y math thesis ( PS ) Grime , James . `` 31 and Mersenne Primes '' . Numberphile . Brady Haran . Mersenne prime bibliography with hyperlinks to original publications report about Mersenne primes -- detection in detail ( in German ) GIMPS wiki Will Edgington 's Mersenne Page -- contains factors for small Mersenne numbers Known factors of Mersenne numbers Decimal digits and English names of Mersenne primes Prime curios : 2305843009213693951 Factorization of Mersenne numbers M , with n odd , n up to 1199 Factorization of Mersenne numbers M , 2n up to 2398 ( n up to 1199 ) or 2n is in the form 8k + 4 up to 4796 ( n is on the form 4k + 2 up to 2398 ) Factorization of Mersenne numbers M ( n up to 1280 ) Factorization of completely factored Mersenne numbers The Cunningham project , factorization of b ± 1 , b = 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 10 , 11 , 12 Factorization of b ± 1 , 2 ≤ b ≤ 12 Factorization of a ± b , with coprime a , b , 2 ≤ b < a ≤ 12 Mathworld links ( edit ) Weisstein , Eric W. `` Mersenne number '' . MathWorld . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Mersenne prime '' . MathWorld . 47th Mersenne Prime Found <Th_colspan="2"> Prime number classes By formula Fermat ( 2 + 1 ) Mersenne ( 2 − 1 ) Double Mersenne ( 2 − 1 ) Wagstaff ( 2 + 1 ) / 3 Proth ( k 2 + 1 ) Factorial ( n ! ± 1 ) Primorial ( p # ± 1 ) Euclid ( p # + 1 ) Pythagorean ( 4n + 1 ) Pierpont ( 2 3 + 1 ) Quartan ( x + y ) Solinas ( 2 ± 2 ± 1 ) Cullen ( n 2 + 1 ) Woodall ( n 2 − 1 ) Cuban ( x − y ) / ( x − y ) Carol ( 2 − 1 ) − 2 Kynea ( 2 + 1 ) − 2 Leyland ( x + y ) Thabit ( 3 2 − 1 ) Mills ( ⌊ A ⌋ ) By integer sequence Fibonacci Lucas Pell Newman -- Shanks -- Williams Perrin Partitions Bell Motzkin By property Wieferich ( pair ) Wall -- Sun -- Sun Wolstenholme Wilson Lucky Fortunate Ramanujan Pillai Regular Strong Stern Supersingular ( elliptic curve ) Supersingular ( moonshine theory ) Good Super Higgs Highly cototient Base - dependent Happy Dihedral Palindromic Emirp Repunit ( 10 − 1 ) / 9 Permutable Circular Truncatable Strobogrammatic Minimal Weakly Full reptend Unique Primeval Self Smarandache -- Wellin Patterns Twin ( p , p + 2 ) Bi-twin chain ( n − 1 , n + 1 , 2n − 1 , 2n + 1 , ... ) Triplet ( p , p + 2 or p + 4 , p + 6 ) Quadruplet ( p , p + 2 , p + 6 , p + 8 ) k − Tuple Cousin ( p , p + 4 ) Sexy ( p , p + 6 ) Chen Sophie Germain ( p , 2p + 1 ) Cunningham chain ( p , 2p ± 1 , ... ) Safe ( p , ( p − 1 ) / 2 ) Arithmetic progression ( p + a n , n = 0 , 1 , ... ) Balanced ( consecutive p − n , p , p + n ) By size Titanic ( 1,000 + digits ) Gigantic ( 10,000 + digits ) Mega ( 1,000,000 + digits ) Largest known Complex numbers Eisenstein prime Gaussian prime Composite numbers Pseudoprime Almost prime Semiprime Interprime Related topics Probable prime Industrial - grade prime Illegal prime Formula for primes Prime gap First 50 primes 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97 101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173 179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227 229 <Td_colspan="2"> List of prime numbers <Th_colspan="2"> Classes of natural numbers Powers and related numbers Achilles Power of 2 Power of 10 Square Cube Fourth power Fifth power Sixth power Seventh power Perfect power Powerful Prime power Of the form a × 2 ± 1 Cullen Double Mersenne Fermat Mersenne Proth Thabit Woodall Other polynomial numbers Carol Hilbert Idoneal Kynea Leyland Lucky numbers of Euler Repunit Recursively defined numbers Fibonacci Jacobsthal Leonardo Lucas Padovan Pell Perrin Possessing a specific set of other numbers Knödel Riesel Sierpinski Expressible via specific sums Nonhypotenuse Polite Practical Primary pseudoperfect Ulam Wolstenholme Generated via a sieve Lucky Code related Meertens Figurate numbers 2 - dimensional centered Centered triangular Centered square Centered pentagonal Centered hexagonal Centered heptagonal Centered octagonal Centered nonagonal Centered decagonal Star non-centered Triangular Square Square triangular Pentagonal Hexagonal Heptagonal Octagonal Nonagonal Decagonal Dodecagonal 3 - dimensional centered Centered tetrahedral Centered cube Centered octahedral Centered dodecahedral Centered icosahedral non-centered Tetrahedral Octahedral Dodecahedral Icosahedral Stella octangula pyramidal Square pyramidal Pentagonal pyramidal Hexagonal pyramidal Heptagonal pyramidal 4 - dimensional centered Centered pentachoric Squared triangular non-centered Pentatope Pseudoprimes Carmichael number Catalan pseudoprime Elliptic pseudoprime Euler pseudoprime Euler -- Jacobi pseudoprime Fermat pseudoprime Frobenius pseudoprime Lucas pseudoprime Somer -- Lucas pseudoprime Strong pseudoprime Combinatorial numbers Bell Cake Catalan Dedekind Delannoy Euler Fuss -- Catalan Lazy caterer 's sequence Lobb Motzkin Narayana Ordered Bell Schröder Schröder -- Hipparchus Arithmetic functions By properties of σ ( n ) Abundant Almost perfect Arithmetic Colossally abundant Descartes Hemiperfect Highly abundant Highly composite Hyperperfect Multiply perfect Perfect Practical number Primitive abundant Quasiperfect Refactorable Sublime Superabundant Superior highly composite Superperfect By properties of Ω ( n ) Almost prime Semiprime By properties of φ ( n ) Highly cototient Highly totient Noncototient Nontotient Perfect totient Sparsely totient By properties of s ( n ) Amicable Betrothed Deficient Semiperfect Euclid Fortunate Dividing a quotient Wieferich Wall -- Sun -- Sun Wolstenholme prime Wilson Other prime factor or divisor related numbers Blum Erdős -- Nicolas Erdős -- Woods Friendly Frugal Giuga Harmonic divisor Lucas -- Carmichael Pronic Regular Rough Smooth Sociable Sphenic Størmer Super-Poulet Zeisel Recreational mathematics Base - dependent numbers Automorphic Cyclic Digit - reassembly Dudeney Equidigital Extravagant Factorion Friedman Happy Harshad Kaprekar Keith Lychrel Missing - digit sum Narcissistic Palindromic Pandigital Parasitic Pernicious Polydivisible Primeval Repdigit Repunit Self Self - descriptive Smarandache -- Wellin Strictly non-palindromic Strobogrammatic Sum - product Transposable Trimorphic Undulating Vampire Aronson 's sequence Ban Pancake number <Th_colspan="2"> Marin Mersenne <Td_colspan="2"> Mersenne conjectures Mersenne 's laws Mersenne prime Double Mersenne number Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search Mersenne Twister Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mersenne_prime&oldid=818150725 '' Categories : Classes of prime numbers Unsolved problems in mathematics Integer sequences Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 Articles with German - 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1,571,301,870,557,520,400 | the different indian satellites and their significant uses | List of Indian satellites - Wikipedia List of Indian satellites Jump to : navigation , search India has been successfully launching satellites of many types since 1975 . These satellites have been launched from various vehicles , including American , Russian and European rockets as well as Indian rockets . The organisation responsible for India 's space program is ISRO , and it shoulders the bulk of the responsibility of designing , building , launching and operating these satellites . Contents ( hide ) 1 Satellites 2 1970s 3 1980s 4 1990s 5 2000s 6 2010 - 2014 7 2015 - 2019 8 Launch Statistics 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Satellites ( edit ) This is a list of all Indian ( wholly or partially owned , wholly or partially designed and / or manufactured ) satellites , both operated by the Indian government ( ISRO , Indian defence forces , other government agencies ) or private ( educational and research ) entities . All satellite launches marked successful have completed at least one full orbital flight ( no sub-orbital flights have been included in this list ) . Mission status / type legend Mission failure ( due to launch vehicle failure ( at launch / during transit ) ) Extra-terrestrial missions Geosynchronous Orbit ( inclination ≥ 5 ° ) Geostationary Orbit ( inclination < 5 ° ) 1970s ( edit ) Indian space missions began in the 1970s , with Soviet assistance in launching the first 2 satellites . Although India met with failure in the few of its launches , it unexpectedly stunned the world by its satellite launches , revealing its unbeatable thirst to conquer space . <Th_colspan="6"> Payload Details Launch Date Launch Vehicle Launch Site <Th_colspan="9"> Details Refs ( ISRO portal ) # Name Discipline COSPAR ID Launch Mass On - board Power Periapsis Apoapsis Semi-Major Axis Period Inclination Longitude Eccentricity Epoch Start Decay Date SatCat # Dry Mass Aryabhatta Earth Sciences Space Physics 1975 - 033A 360 kg ( 790 lb ) 46 W 19 April 1975 , 13 : 10 : 00 IST Interkosmos - II Kapustin Yar Missile and Space Complex <Td_colspan="9"> Active technological experience in building and operating a satellite system . This was India 's first indigenously designed and built satellite ( 1 ) 07752 - 568 km ( 353 mi ) 611 km ( 380 mi ) - 96.5 mins 50.7 ° Not Applicable 0.00308 19 April 1975 , 01 : 30 : 00 IST 11 February 1992 Bhaskara Sega - I Astronomy Communications Engineering Earth Sciences 1979 - 051A 444 kg ( 979 lb ) 47 W 7 June 1979 , 16 : 00 : 00 IST Modified SS - 5 ( SKean IRBM ) plus Upper Stage Kapustin Yar Missile and Space Complex <Td_colspan="9"> First experimental remote sensing satellite . Carried TV and microwave cameras ( 2 ) 11392 - 512 km ( 318 mi ) 557 km ( 346 mi ) - 95.2 mins 50.7 ° Not Applicable 0.00325 7 June 1979 , 01 : 30 : 00 IST 17 February 1989 Rohini Technology Payload Experimental Not Applicable 35 kg ( 77 lb ) 3 W 10 August 1979 SLV - 3 - E1 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Intended for measuring in - flight performance of first experimental flight of SLV - 3 , the first Indian launch vehicle . Did not achieve orbit ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Not Applicable - Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable In case of discrepancy in data between sources , N2YO and NASA NSSDCA is taken as the source of truth . Orbital Longitude is applicable only for Geostationary and Geosynchronous satellites . 1980s ( edit ) India had 3 continuous successful satellite launches from its first generation rocket SLV , although it had to meet failure with its second generation rocket , it avoided turning back irrespective of harsh circumstances and kept on developing heavy and powerful satellites , thus leaving an a unforgettable mark on the world . <Th_colspan="6"> Payload Details Launch Date Launch Vehicle Launch Site <Th_colspan="9"> Details Refs ( ISRO portal ) # Name Discipline COSPAR ID Launch Mass On - board Power Periapsis Apoapsis Semi-Major Axis Period Inclination Longitude Eccentricity Epoch Start Decay Date SatCat # Dry Mass Rohini RS - 1 ( Rohini - 1B ) Earth Sciences 1980 - 062A 35 kg ( 77 lb ) 16 W 18 July 1980 , 8 : 01 : 00 IST SLV - 3 - E2 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Used for measuring in - flight performance of second experimental launch of SLV - 3 . This was India 's first indigenous satellite launch , making it the seventh nation to possess the capability to launch its own satellites on its own rockets ( 5 ) ( 6 ) 11899 - 305 km ( 190 mi ) 919 km ( 571 mi ) - 96.9 mins 44.7 ° Not Applicable 0.04389 18 July 1980 , 1 : 30 : 00 IST 20 May 1981 5 Rohini RS - D1 ( Rohini - 2 ) Earth Sciences 1981 - 051A 38 kg ( 84 lb ) 16 W 31 May 1981 , 10 : 30 : 00 IST SLV - 3 - D1 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Used for conducting some remote sensing technology studies using a landmark sensor payload . Launched by the first developmental launch of SLV - 3 ( 7 ) ( 8 ) 12491 - 186 km ( 116 mi ) 418 km ( 260 mi ) - 90.5 mins 46.3 ° Not Applicable 0.01735 31 May 1981 , 1 : 30 : 00 IST 8 June 1981 6 APPLE Communications 1981 - 057B 670 kg ( 1,480 lb ) 210 W 19 June 1981 , 18 : 02 : 59 IST Ariane - 1 ( V - 3 ) Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> First experimental communication satellite . Provided experience in building and operating a payload experiment three - axis stabilised communication satellite ( 9 ) ( 10 ) 12545 - 35,761.9 km ( 22,221.4 mi ) 35,963 km ( 22,346 mi ) 42,233 km ( 26,242 mi ) 1439.6 mins 13.6 ° 97.57 ° E 0.00513 19 June 1981 , 1 : 30 : 00 IST - 7 Bhaskara - II Engineering Earth Sciences 1981 - 115A 444 kg ( 979 lb ) 47 W 20 November 1981 , 14 : 08 : 00 IST Modified SS - 5 ( SKean IRBM ) plus Upper Stage Kapustin Yar Missile and Space Complex <Td_colspan="9"> Second experimental remote sensing satellite ; similar to Bhaskara - 1 . Provided experience in building and operating a remote sensing satellite system on an end - to - end basis ( 11 ) 12968 - 520 km ( 320 mi ) 542 km ( 337 mi ) - 95.2 mins 50.6 ° Not Applicable 0.00159 20 November 1981 , 00 : 30 : 00 IST 30 November 1991 8 INSAT - 1A Communications 1982 - 031A 1,152.1 kg ( 2,540 lb ) - 10 April 1982 , 12 : 17 : 00 IST Delta 3910 PAM - D Air Force Eastern Test Range , Florida <Td_colspan="9"> First operational multipurpose communication and meteorology satellite . Procured from USA . Worked for only six months ( 12 ) 13129 - 35,837.1 km ( 22,268.1 mi ) 35,903.1 km ( 22,309.2 mi ) 42,241 km ( 26,247 mi ) 1440 mins 13.6 ° 40.85 ° E - 10 April 1982 , 07 : 17 : 00 IST - 9 Rohini RS - D2 ( Rohini - 3 ) Earth Sciences 1983 - 033A 41.5 kg ( 91 lb ) 16 W 17 April 1983 , 11 : 14 : 00 IST SLV - 3 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Identical to RS - D1 . Launched by the second developmental launch of SLV - 3 ( 13 ) ( 14 ) 14002 - 389 km ( 242 mi ) 852 km ( 529 mi ) - 97.1 mins 46.6 ° Not Applicable 0.03306 17 April 1983 , 00 : 30 : 00 IST 19 April 1990 10 INSAT - 1B Communications Earth Sciences 1983 - 089B 1,152 kg ( 2,540 lb ) - 1 June 1983 , 13 : 19 : 00 IST Shuttle ( PAM - D ) Air Force Eastern Test Range , Florida <Td_colspan="9"> Identical to INSAT - 1A . Served for more than design life of seven years ( 15 ) 14318 - 35,776.2 km ( 22,230.3 mi ) 35,869.6 km ( 22,288.3 mi ) 42,193 km ( 26,218 mi ) 1437.6 mins 14.8 ° 89.71 ° E - 31 May 1983 , 09 : 19 : 00 IST - 11 SROSS - 1 Experimental Not Applicable 150 kg ( 330 lb ) 90 W 24 March 1987 ASLV - D1 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Carried payload for launch vehicle performance monitoring and for gamma ray astronomy . Did not achieve orbit ( 16 ) ( 17 ) Not Applicable - Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable 12 IRS - 1A Earth Sciences 1988 - 021A 975 kg ( 2,150 lb ) 600 W 17 March 1988 , 12 : 42 : 00 IST Vostok Baikonur Cosmodrome , Kazakhstan <Td_colspan="9"> Earth observation satellite . First operational remote sensing satellite ( 18 ) 18960 - 902.3 km ( 560.7 mi ) 922.1 km ( 573.0 mi ) 7,283 km ( 4,525 mi ) 103.1 mins 99.3 ° Not Applicable 0.00371 17 March 1988 , 00 : 30 : 00 IST - 13 SROSS - 2 Astronomy Space Physics Not Applicable 150 kg ( 330 lb ) 90 W 13 July 1988 ASLV - D2 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Carried remote sensing payload of German space agency in addition to Gamma Ray astronomy payload . Did not achieve orbit ( 19 ) ( 20 ) Not Applicable - Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable 14 INSAT - 1C Communications Earth Sciences 1988 - 063A 1,152 kg ( 2,540 lb ) - 22 July 1988 , 4 : 42 : 00 IST Ariane - 3 Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> Same as INSAT - 1A . Served for only one - and - a-half years ( 21 ) 19330 - 35,768.8 km ( 22,225.7 mi ) 35,821.5 km ( 22,258.4 mi ) 42,166 km ( 26,201 mi ) 1436.2 mins 14.9 ° 95.03 ° E 0.00035 22 July 1988 , 00 : 42 : 00 IST - In case of discrepancy in data between sources , N2YO and NASA NSSDCA is taken as the source of truth . Orbital Longitude is applicable only for Geostationary and Geosynchronous satellites . 1990s ( edit ) This was the last decade when America and Russia enjoyed its involvement in launching Indian satellites . Henceforth , ISRO focused on building India 's indigenous launch capabilities , leaving Europe with just launching its heavier satellites . <Th_colspan="6"> Payload Details Launch Date Launch Vehicle Launch Site <Th_colspan="9"> Details Refs ( ISRO portal ) # Name Discipline COSPAR ID Launch Mass On - board Power Periapsis Apoapsis Semi-Major Axis Period Inclination Longitude Eccentricity Epoch Start Decay Date SatCat # Dry Mass 15 INSAT - 1D Communications Earth Sciences 1990 - 051A 1,190 kg ( 2,620 lb ) 1000 W 12 June 1990 , 11 : 22 : 00 IST Delta 4925 Air Force Eastern Test Range , Florida <Td_colspan="9"> Identical to INSAT - 1A . Still in service . A third stage motor from its launch landed in Australia in 2008 ( 22 ) ( 23 ) 20643 550 kg ( 1,210 lb ) 35,729.2 km ( 22,201.1 mi ) 35,974 km ( 22,353 mi ) 42,160 km ( 26,200 mi ) 1435.9 mins 14.3 ° 71.66 ° E 0.00245 12 June 1990 , 1 : 30 : 00 IST - 16 IRS - 1B Earth Sciences 1991 - 061A 975 kg ( 2,150 lb ) 600 W 29 August 1991 , 12 : 18 : 00 IST Vostok Baikonur Cosmodrome , Kazakhstan <Td_colspan="9"> Earth observation satellite . Improved version of IRS - 1A ( 24 ) 21688 - 892.6 km ( 554.6 mi ) 928 km ( 577 mi ) 7,281 km ( 4,524 mi ) 103.1 mins 99 ° Not Applicable 0.00385 29 August 1991 , 1 : 30 : 00 IST - 17 INSAT - 2DT ( Formerly ARABSAT - 1C ) ( INSAT - 2R ) Communications 1992 - 010B 1,310 kg ( 2,890 lb ) 1400 W 27 February 1992 , 5 : 28 : 10 IST Ariane - 44L H10 Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> Launched as Arabsat 1C . Procured in orbit from Arabsat in January 1998 ( 25 ) 21894 - 36,122.8 km ( 22,445.7 mi ) 36,365.4 km ( 22,596.4 mi ) 42,615 km ( 26,480 mi ) 1459.2 mins 11.6 ° 21.41 ° W 0.00385 29 August 1991 , 1 : 30 : 00 IST - 18 SROSS - C ( SROSS - 3 ) Astronomy Earth Sciences Space Physics 1992 - 028A 106.1 kg ( 234 lb ) 45 W 20 May 1992 , 8 : 30 : 00 IST ASLV - D3 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Carried gamma ray astronomy and aeronomy payload ( 26 ) ( 27 ) 21968 - 255 km ( 158 mi ) 429 km ( 267 mi ) - 91 mins 46.03 ° Not Applicable 0.01295 21 May 1992 , 1 : 30 : 00 IST 14 July 1992 19 INSAT - 2A Communications Earth Sciences 1992 - 041A 1,906 kg ( 4,202 lb ) ~ 1000 W 10 July 1992 , 4 : 12 : 19 IST Ariane - 44L H10 Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> First satellite in the second - generation Indian - built INSAT - 2 series . Has enhanced capability over INSAT - 1 series . Still in service ( 28 ) 22027 916 kg ( 2,019 lb ) 35,783.1 km ( 22,234.6 mi ) 35,846.9 km ( 22,274.2 mi ) 42,186 km ( 26,213 mi ) 1437.2 mins 14.5 ° 16.18 ° E 0.00381 10 July 1992 , 1 : 30 : 00 IST - 20 INSAT - 2B Communications Earth Sciences 1993 - 048B 1,931 kg ( 4,257 lb ) ~ 1000 W 23 July 1993 , 4 : 29 : 00 IST Ariane - 44L H10+ Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> Second satellite in INSAT - 2 series . Identical to INSAT - 2A . Still in service ( 29 ) 22724 916 kg ( 2,019 lb ) 35,812.9 km ( 22,253.1 mi ) 35,941.2 km ( 22,332.8 mi ) 42,248 km ( 26,252 mi ) 1440.4 mins 13 ° 156.74 ° W - - - 21 IRS - 1E Earth Sciences Not Applicable 846 kg ( 1,865 lb ) 415 W 20 September 1993 PSLV - D1 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Earth observation satellite . Did not achieve orbit ( 30 ) ( 31 ) Not Applicable - Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable 22 SROSS - C2 Astronomy Space Physics 1994 - 027A 113 kg ( 249 lb ) 45 W 5 May 1994 , 5 : 30 : 00 IST ASLV - D4 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Identical to SROSS - C ( 32 ) ( 33 ) 23099 - 433 km ( 269 mi ) 917 km ( 570 mi ) - 98.1 mins 46 ° Not Applicable 0.03431 4 May 1994 , 1 : 30 : 00 IST 12 July 2001 23 IRS - P2 Earth Sciences 1994 - 068A 870 kg ( 1,920 lb ) 510 W 15 October 1994 , 10 : 38 : 00 IST PSLV - D2 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Earth observation satellite . Launched by second developmental flight of PSLV. Mission accomplished after 3 years of service in 1997 ( 34 ) ( 35 ) 23323 - 819.2 km ( 509.0 mi ) 820.8 km ( 510.0 mi ) 7,190 km ( 4,470 mi ) 101.1 mins 98.8 ° Not Applicable 0.00533 15 October 1994 , 6 : 38 : 00 IST - 24 INSAT - 2C Communications 1995 - 067B 2,050 kg ( 4,520 lb ) 1320 W 7 December 1995 , 4 : 53 : 00 IST Ariane - 44L H10 - 3 Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> Has additional capabilities such as mobile satellite service , business communication and television outreach beyond Indian boundaries . Still in service ( 36 ) 23731 946 kg ( 2,086 lb ) 35,918.4 km ( 22,318.7 mi ) 35,948.5 km ( 22,337.4 mi ) 42,304 km ( 26,286 mi ) 1443.2 mins 12 ° 60.57 ° E - - - 25 IRS - 1C Earth Sciences 1995 - 072A 1,250 kg ( 2,760 lb ) 809 W 28 December 1995 , 12 : 15 : 00 IST Molniya - M Baikonur Cosmodrome , Kazakhstan <Td_colspan="9"> Earth observation satellite . Launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome ( 37 ) 23751 - 823 km ( 511 mi ) 824.9 km ( 512.6 mi ) 7,194 km ( 4,470 mi ) 101.2 mins 98.69 ° Not Applicable 0.00014 28 December 1995 , 7 : 15 : 00 IST - 26 IRS - P3 ( IRS B3 ) Astronomy Earth Sciences 1996 - 017A 930 kg ( 2,050 lb ) 817 W 21 March 1996 , 10 : 03 : 00 IST PSLV - D3 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Earth observation satellite . Carries remote sensing payload and an X-ray astronomy payload . Launched by third developmental flight of PSLV ( 38 ) ( 39 ) 23827 - 820.9 km ( 510.1 mi ) 827.1 km ( 513.9 mi ) 7,195 km ( 4,471 mi ) 101.2 mins 98.7 ° Not Applicable 0.00319 21 March 1996 , 5 : 23 : 00 IST - 27 INSAT - 2D Communications 1997 - 027B 2,079 kg ( 4,583 lb ) 1650 W 4 June 1997 , 4 : 50 : 00 IST Ariane - 44L H10 - 3 Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> Same as INSAT - 2C . Inoperable since 4 October 1997 due to power bus anomaly ( 40 ) 24820 995 kg ( 2,194 lb ) 33,225.6 km ( 20,645.4 mi ) 35,917.5 km ( 22,318.1 mi ) 40,942 km ( 25,440 mi ) 1374.1 mins 13.5 ° 125.76 ° E - - - 28 IRS - 1D Earth Sciences 1997 - 057A 920 kg ( 2,030 lb ) 809 W 29 September 1997 , 10 : 17 : 00 IST PSLV - C1 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Earth observation satellite . Same as IRS - 1C ( 41 ) ( 42 ) 24971 - 748.6 km ( 465.2 mi ) 823.3 km ( 511.6 mi ) 7,156 km ( 4,447 mi ) 100.4 mins 98.4 ° Not Applicable 0.03719 29 September 1997 , 6 : 17 : 00 IST - 29 INSAT - 2E ( APR - 1 ) Communications Earth Sciences 1999 - 016A 2,550 kg ( 5,620 lb ) - 2 April 1999 , 8 : 30 : 00 IST Ariane - 42P H10 - 3 Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> Multipurpose communication and meteorological satellite ( 43 ) 25666 1,150 kg ( 2,540 lb ) 35,932.1 km ( 22,327.2 mi ) 36,003.3 km ( 22,371.4 mi ) 42,338 km ( 26,308 mi ) 1445 mins 5.3 ° 107.82 ° E - - - 30 OceanSat - 1 ( IRS - P4 ) Earth Sciences 1999 - 029C 1,050 kg ( 2,310 lb ) 750 W 26 May 1999 , 11 : 52 : 00 IST PSLV - C2 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Earth observation satellite . Carries an Ocean Colour Monitor ( OCM ) and a Multifrequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer ( MSMR ) ( 44 ) ( 45 ) 25758 - 723.9 km ( 449.8 mi ) 726.3 km ( 451.3 mi ) 7,096 km ( 4,409 mi ) 99.1 mins 98.2 ° Not Applicable 0.00077 26 May 1999 , 8 : 12 : 00 IST - In case of discrepancy in data between sources , N2YO and NASA NSSDCA is taken as the source of truth . Orbital Longitude is applicable only for Geostationary and Geosynchronous satellites . 2000s ( edit ) ISRO 's workhorse , the PSLV , became the mainstay for successful launches of indigenous satellites from India during this decade . India successfully launched 11 geostationary or geosynchronous satellites during this period , which was equal to the total number of similar launches in the previous 2 decades put together . India 's first inter-planetary mission was also successfully executed during this period . <Th_colspan="6"> Payload Details Launch Date Launch Vehicle Launch Site <Th_colspan="9"> Details Refs ( ISRO portal ) # Name Discipline COSPAR ID Launch Mass On - board Power Periapsis Apoapsis Semi-Major Axis Period Inclination Longitude Eccentricity Epoch Start Decay Date SatCat # Dry Mass 31 INSAT - 3B Communications 2000 - 016B 2,070 kg ( 4,560 lb ) 1712 W 22 March 2000 , 4 : 59 : 00 IST Ariane - 5G Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> Multipurpose communication : business communication , developmental communication , and mobile communications ( 46 ) 26108 970 kg ( 2,140 lb ) 35,949.3 km ( 22,337.9 mi ) 35,985.9 km ( 22,360.6 mi ) 42,338 km ( 26,308 mi ) 1445.0 mins 4.3 ° 107 ° W - 30 June 2000 , 00 : 59 : 00 IST - 32 GSAT - 1 ( GramSat - 1 ) Communications Engineering 2001 - 015A 1,530 kg ( 3,370 lb ) - 18 April 2001 , 15 : 43 : 00 IST GSLV - D1 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Experimental satellite for the first developmental flight of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle , GSLV - D1 . Did not complete its intended mission due to a shortfall in the GTO apogee ( 47 ) ( 48 ) 26745 - 33,853.1 km ( 21,035.3 mi ) 35,800.5 km ( 22,245.4 mi ) 41,197 km ( 25,599 mi ) 1387 mins 11.2 ° 17.37 ° E 0.02261 18 April 2001 , 11 : 43 : 00 IST - 33 TES Earth Sciences 2001 - 049A 1,108 kg ( 2,443 lb ) - 22 October 2001 , 10 : 03 : 00 IST PSLV - C3 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Experimental satellite to test technologies such as attitude and orbit control system , high - torque reaction wheels , new reaction control system , etc . This satellite carries a 1 - meter resolution panchromatic camera , and is considered a prototype for future Indian `` spy satellites '' ( 49 ) ( 50 ) 26957 - 514.6 km ( 319.8 mi ) 570.2 km ( 354.3 mi ) 6,913 km ( 4,296 mi ) 95.3 mins 97.7 ° Not Applicable 0.00202 22 October 2002 , 6 : 03 : 00 IST - 34 INSAT - 3C Communications 2002 - 002A 2,750 kg ( 6,060 lb ) 2765 W 24 January 2002 , 5 : 17 : 00 IST Ariane - 42L H10 - 3 Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> Designed to augment the existing INSAT capacity for communication and broadcasting and provide continuity of the services of INSAT - 2C ( 51 ) 27298 1,218 kg ( 2,685 lb ) 35,786.9 km ( 22,236.9 mi ) 35,800.6 km ( 22,245.5 mi ) 42,164 km ( 26,199 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.6 ° 93.5 ° E 0.00245 - - 35 Kalpana - 1 ( MetSat - 1 ) Earth Sciences 2002 - 043A 1,060 kg ( 2,340 lb ) 550 W 12 September 2002 , IST PSLV - C4 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> First meteorological satellite built by ISRO . Originally named METSAT - 1 , the satellite was subsequently renamed after Kalpana Chawla , who had perished in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster ( 52 ) ( 53 ) 27525 498 kg ( 1,098 lb ) 35,741.2 km ( 22,208.6 mi ) 35,845.9 km ( 22,273.6 mi ) 42,166 km ( 26,201 mi ) 1436.1 mins 6.3 ° 74 ° E - - - 36 INSAT - 3A Communications Earth Sciences 2003 - 013A 2,950 kg ( 6,500 lb ) 3100 W 10 April 2003 , 4 : 22 : 00 IST Ariane - 5G Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> Multipurpose satellite for communication , broadcasting , and meteorological services ( similar to INSAT - 2E and Kalpana - 1 ( 54 ) 27714 1,348 kg ( 2,972 lb ) 35,874.2 km ( 22,291.2 mi ) 35,980.2 km ( 22,357.1 mi ) 42,298 km ( 26,283 mi ) 1442.9 mins 1.2 ° 87 ° E - - - 37 GSAT - 2 ( GramSat - 2 ) Communications 2003 - 018A 1,900 kg ( 4,200 lb ) 1400 W 8 May 2003 , 16 : 58 : 00 IST GSLV - D2 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Experimental satellite for the second developmental test flight of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle ( GSLV ) ( 55 ) ( 56 ) 27807 - 35,892.6 km ( 22,302.6 mi ) 35,936.5 km ( 22,329.9 mi ) 42,285 km ( 26,275 mi ) 1442.3 mins 5 ° 199 ° W - - - 38 INSAT - 3E Communications 2003 - 043E 2,775 kg ( 6,118 lb ) - 28 September 2003 , 4 : 44 : 00 IST Ariane - 5G Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> Communication satellite to augment the existing INSAT System ( 57 ) 27951 1,218 kg ( 2,685 lb ) 35,576.4 km ( 22,106.2 mi ) 35,716.3 km ( 22,193.1 mi ) 42,017 km ( 26,108 mi ) 1428.6 mins 2.5 ° 126.83 ° E - 28 September 2003 , 00 : 44 : 00 IST - 39 ResourceSat - 1 ( IRS - P6 ) Earth Sciences 2003 - 046A 1,360 kg ( 3,000 lb ) - 17 October 2003 , 10 : 24 : 00 IST PSLV - C5 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Earth observation / remote sensing satellite . Intended to supplement and replace IRS - 1C and IRS - 1D ( 58 ) ( 59 ) 28051 - 824.2 km ( 512.1 mi ) 829.5 km ( 515.4 mi ) 7,197 km ( 4,472 mi ) 101.3 mins 2.5 ° Not Applicable 0.0016 17 October 2003 , 6 : 24 : 00 IST - 40 GSAT - 3 ( EduSat ) Communications 2004 - 036A 1,950.5 kg ( 4,300 lb ) 2040 W 20 September 2004 , 16 : 01 : 00 IST GSLV - F01 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Also designated GSAT - 3 . India 's first exclusive educational satellite ( 60 ) ( 61 ) 28417 819.4 kg ( 1,806 lb ) 36,071.1 km ( 22,413.5 mi ) 36,084.4 km ( 22,421.8 mi ) 42,446 km ( 26,375 mi ) 1450.6 mins 5.2 ° 158.51 ° W - - - 41 CartoSat - 1 Earth Sciences 2005 - 017A 1,560 kg ( 3,440 lb ) 1100 W 5 May 2005 , 10 : 14 : 00 IST PSLV - C6 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Earth observation satellite . Provides stereographic in - orbit images with a 2.5 - meter resolution ( 62 ) ( 63 ) 28649 - 623.2 km ( 387.2 mi ) 627.9 km ( 390.2 mi ) 6,996 km ( 4,347 mi ) 97.1 mins 97.9 ° Not Applicable 0.00014 5 May 2005 , 6 : 14 : 00 IST - 42 HamSat Communications 2005 - 017B 42.5 kg ( 94 lb ) - <Td_colspan="9"> This is a micro-satellite that was built as a collaboration between Indian and Dutch researchers , for providing satellite - based amateur radio services to the national as well as the international community ( 64 ) 28650 - 592 km ( 368 mi ) 626.4 km ( 389.2 mi ) 6,980 km ( 4,340 mi ) 96.7 mins 97.7 ° Not Applicable 0.00271 12 June 1990 , 1 : 30 : 00 IST - 43 INSAT - 4A Communications 2005 - 049A 3,081 kg ( 6,792 lb ) 5922 W 22 December 2005 , 4 : 03 : 00 IST Ariane - 5GS Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> Advanced satellite for direct - to - home television broadcasting services ( 65 ) 28911 1,386.55 kg ( 3,056.8 lb ) 35,789.7 km ( 22,238.7 mi ) 35,798.7 km ( 22,244.3 mi ) 42,165 km ( 26,200 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.0 ° 83 ° E - - - 44 INSAT - 4C Communications Not Applicable 2,180 kg ( 4,810 lb ) - 10 July 2006 GSLV - F02 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Geosynchronous communications satellite . Did not achieve orbit ( 66 ) ( 67 ) Not Applicable - Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable 45 CartoSat - 2 ( IRS - P7 or , CartoSat - 2AT ) Earth Sciences 2007 - 001B 680 kg ( 1,500 lb ) 900 W 10 January 2007 , 9 : 27 : 00 IST PSLV - C7 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Advanced remote sensing satellite carrying a panchromatic camera capable of providing scene - specific spot images ( 68 ) ( 69 ) 29710 - 639.1 km ( 397.1 mi ) 642.2 km ( 399.0 mi ) 7,011 km ( 4,356 mi ) 97.4 mins 97.9 ° Not Applicable 0.00143 4 January 2007 , 4 : 27 : 00 IST - 46 SRE - 1 Engineering 2007 - 001C 615 kg ( 1,356 lb ) - <Td_colspan="9"> Experimental satellite intended to demonstrate the technology of an orbiting platform for performing experiments in microgravity conditions . Launched as a co-passenger with CARTOSAT - 2 . SRE - 1 was de-orbited and recovered successfully after 12 days over Bay of Bengal ( 70 ) 29711 550 kg ( 1,210 lb ) 486 km ( 302 mi ) 643 km ( 400 mi ) - 95.9 mins 97.9 ° Not Applicable 0.01131 4 January 2007 , 4 : 27 : 00 IST - 47 INSAT - 4B Communications 2007 - 007A 3,025 kg ( 6,669 lb ) 5859 W 12 March 2007 , 3 : 33 : 00 IST Ariane - 5ECA Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> Identical to INSAT - 4A . Further augments the INSAT capacity for direct - to - home ( DTH ) television services and other communications . On the night of 7 July 2007 INSAT - 4B experienced a power supply glitch which led to switching ' off ' of 50 per cent of the transponder capacity ( 6 Ku and 6 C - Band transponders ) ( 71 ) 30793 - 35,761.1 km ( 22,220.9 mi ) 35,827.1 km ( 22,261.9 mi ) 42,165 km ( 26,200 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.0 ° 93.5 ° E - - - 48 INSAT - 4CR Communications 2007 - 037A 2,130 kg ( 4,700 lb ) 3000 W 2 September 2007 , 18 : 21 : 00 IST GSLV - F04 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Identical to INSAT - 4C . It carried 12 high - power Ku - band transponders designed to provide direct - to - home ( DTH ) television services , Digital Satellite News Gathering etc . ( 72 ) ( 73 ) 32050 - 35,780.2 km ( 22,232.8 mi ) 35,806.9 km ( 22,249.4 mi ) 42,164 km ( 26,199 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.0 ° 47.5 ° E - - - 49 CartoSat - 2A Earth Sciences 2008 - 021A 690 kg ( 1,520 lb ) 900 W 28 April 2008 , 9 : 24 : 00 IST PSLV - C9 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Earth observation / remote sensing satellite . Identical to CARTOSAT - 2 ( 74 ) ( 75 ) 32783 - 632 km ( 393 mi ) 649.2 km ( 403.4 mi ) 7,011 km ( 4,356 mi ) 97.4 mins 97.9 ° Not Applicable - 28 April 2008 , 5 : 24 : 00 IST - 50 IMS - 1 ( Indian Mini-Satellite - 1 or , ( Third World Satellite -- TWSat ) Earth Sciences 2008 - 021D 83 kg ( 183 lb ) 220 W <Td_colspan="9"> Low - cost microsatellite imaging mission . Launched as co-passenger with CARTOSAT - 2A ( 76 ) 32786 - 614 km ( 382 mi ) 629.4 km ( 391.1 mi ) 6,992 km ( 4,345 mi ) 97 mins 97.6 ° Not Applicable - 28 April 2008 , 5 : 24 : 00 IST - 51 Chandrayaan - 1 Planetary Sciences 2008 - 052A 1,380 kg ( 3,040 lb ) 750 W 22 October 2008 , 6 : 22 : 00 IST PSLV - C11 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> India 's first unmanned lunar probe . It carried 11 scientific instruments built and designed by India , USA , UK , Germany , Norway , Poland and Bulgaria . After a span of 9 months , the lunar craft faced debilitating failure , rendering most on - board systems inoperable . Additionally , faulty orientation of the SAR resulted in failed experiments , which eventually had to be abandoned . ( 77 ) ( 78 ) 33405 523 kg ( 1,153 lb ) ~ 100 km ( 62 mi ) ( initial ) ~ 200 km ( 120 mi ) ( final ) ~ 100 km ( 62 mi ) ( initial ) ~ 200 km ( 120 mi ) ( final ) - - - Not Applicable - 22 October 2008 , 2 : 22 : 00 IST - 52 RISAT - 2 Earth Sciences 2009 - 019A 300 kg ( 660 lb ) - 20 April 2009 , 6 : 45 : 00 IST PSLV - C12 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Radar imaging satellite used to monitor India 's borders and as part of anti-infiltration and anti-terrorist operations . Launched as a co-passenger with ANUSAT ( 79 ) ( 80 ) 34807 - 470.6 km ( 292.4 mi ) 478.5 km ( 297.3 mi ) 6,845 km ( 4,253 mi ) 93.9 mins 41.2 ° Not Applicable - - - 53 AnuSat - 1 Communications 2009 - 019B 40 kg ( 88 lb ) - <Td_colspan="9"> This was a research micro-satellite designed at Anna University that carries an amateur radio and technology demonstration experiments . It has since been retired ( 81 ) 34808 - - - - 90 mins - Not Applicable - - 18 April 2012 54 OceanSat - 2 Earth Sciences 2009 - 051A 960 kg ( 2,120 lb ) 1360 W 23 September 2009 , 11 : 51 : 00 IST PSLV - C14 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Gathers data for oceanographic , coastal and atmospheric applications . Continues mission of Oceansat - 1 ( 82 ) ( 83 ) 35931 - 728.2 km ( 452.5 mi ) 731.9 km ( 454.8 mi ) 7,101 km ( 4,412 mi ) 99.3 mins 98.3 ° Not Applicable - - - In case of discrepancy in data between sources , N2YO and NASA NSSDCA is taken as the source of truth . Orbital Longitude is applicable only for Geostationary and Geosynchronous satellites . All orbital data related to Chandrayaan - 1 is for its lunar orbit only . 2010 - 2014 ( edit ) While India had to face failure in launching relatively heavier satellites early on in the decade , it did end up launching 10 geosynchronous / geostationary satellites ( 6 with indigenous , and 4 with European launchers ) - in other words , in the first half of the current decade , it managed to launch almost as many geosynchronous / geostationary satellites as in the whole of the last decade . This period also saw India enter the exclusive club of nations capable of launching probes to Mars . ISRO also improved upon its student / university outreach by launching multiple pico - , nano - and mini-satellites from various Indian universities . This period was also marked by multiple bilateral collaborations with foreign universities and research organizations . <Th_colspan="6"> Payload Details Launch Date Launch Vehicle Launch Site <Th_colspan="9"> Details Refs ( ISRO portal ) # Name Discipline COSPAR ID Launch Mass On - board Power Periapsis Apoapsis Semi-Major Axis Period Inclination Longitude Eccentricity Epoch Start Decay Date SatCat # Dry Mass 55 GSAT - 4 Communications Not Applicable 2,220 kg ( 4,890 lb ) - 15 April 2010 GSLV - D3 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Communications satellite with technology demonstrator features ( electric propulsion , Li - Ion battery , bus management unit ) . Failed to reach orbit due to GSLV - D3 failure ( 84 ) ( 85 ) Not Applicable - Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable 56 CartoSat - 2B Earth Sciences 2010 - 035A 694 kg ( 1,530 lb ) 930 W 12 July 2010 , 9 : 22 : 00 IST PSLV - C15 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Earth observation / remote sensing satellite ( Identical to CartoSat - 2A ) ( 86 ) ( 87 ) 36795 - 629.9 km ( 391.4 mi ) 651.4 km ( 404.8 mi ) 7,011 km ( 4,356 mi ) 97.4 mins 97.9 ° Not Applicable - - - 57 StudSat ( STUDent SATellite ) Earth Sciences 2010 - 035B < 1 kg ( 2.2 lb ) - <Td_colspan="9"> India 's first pico - satellite ( weighing less than 1 kg ) . It was designed and developed by a team from seven Engineering colleges in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh ( 88 ) 36796 - 605.5 km ( 376.2 mi ) 622.7 km ( 386.9 mi ) 6,985 km ( 4,340 mi ) 96.8 mins 98.0 ° Not Applicable - - - 58 GSAT - 5P ( INSAT - 4D ) Communications Not Applicable 2,310 kg ( 5,090 lb ) - 25 December 2010 GSLV - F06 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> C - band communication satellite , failed to reach orbit due to GSLV - F06 failure ( 89 ) ( 90 ) Not Applicable - Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable 59 ResourceSat - 2 Earth Sciences Technology Applications 2011 - 015A 1,206 kg ( 2,659 lb ) 1250 W 20 April 2011 , 10 : 12 : 00 IST PSLV - C16 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> This is ISRO 's eighteenth remote - sensing satellite , and essentially carries on the work began by ResourceSat - 1 ( 91 ) ( 92 ) 37387 - 825.2 km ( 512.8 mi ) 828.7 km ( 514.9 mi ) 7,197 km ( 4,472 mi ) 101.3 mins 98.7 ° Not Applicable - - - 60 YouthSat ( IMS - 2 ) Solar Physics Space Physics 2011 - 015B 92 kg ( 203 lb ) - <Td_colspan="9"> Indo - Russian stellar and atmospheric mini-satellite with the participation of university students ( 93 ) 37388 - 808.6 km ( 502.4 mi ) 828.2 km ( 514.6 mi ) 7,189 km ( 4,467 mi ) 101.1 mins 98.6 ° Not Applicable - - - 61 GSAT - 8 ( GramSat - 8 , or INSAT - 4G ) Communications 2011 - 022A 3,093 kg ( 6,819 lb ) 6242 W 21 May 2011 , 2 : 08 : 00 IST Ariane - 5 VA - 202 Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> Communications satellite carries 24 Ku - band transponders and 2 channel GAGAN payload operating in L1 and L5 band ( 94 ) 37605 1,426 kg ( 3,144 lb ) 35,781 km ( 22,233 mi ) 35,806.3 km ( 22,249.0 mi ) 42,164 km ( 26,199 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.0 ° 55 ° E - - - 62 GSAT - 12 ( GramSat - 12 ) Communications 2011 - 034A 1,410 kg ( 3,110 lb ) 1430 W 15 July 2011 , 16 : 48 : 00 IST PSLV - C17 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> The GSAT - 12 is configured to carry 12 Extended C - band transponders to augment the capacity in the INSAT system for various communication services like Tele - education , Telemedicine and for Village Resource Centres ( VRC ) . Mission life is expected to be about 8 years ( 95 ) ( 96 ) 37746 559 kg ( 1,232 lb ) 35,761.6 km ( 22,221.2 mi ) 35,825.9 km ( 22,261.2 mi ) 42,164 km ( 26,199 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.0 ° 83 ° E - 15 July 2011 , 12 : 48 : 00 IST - 63 Megha - Tropiques Earth Sciences 2011 - 058A 1,000 kg ( 2,200 lb ) 1325 W 12 October 2011 , 11 : 00 : 00 IST PSLV - C18 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Megha - Tropiques was developed jointly by ISRO and the French CNES ( 97 ) ( 98 ) 37838 - 860.5 km ( 534.7 mi ) 874.7 km ( 543.5 mi ) 7,238 km ( 4,497 mi ) 102.2 mins 20.0 ° Not Applicable - 12 October 2011 , 7 : 00 : 00 IST - 64 Jugnu Earth Sciences Technology Applications 2011 - 058B 3 kg ( 6.6 lb ) - <Td_colspan="9"> Nano - satellite developed by IIT Kanpur ( 99 ) 37839 - 843.9 km ( 524.4 mi ) 871.4 km ( 541.5 mi ) 7,228 km ( 4,491 mi ) 101.9 mins 20.0 ° Not Applicable - - - 65 SRMSat Earth Sciences Technology Applications 2011 - 058D 10.9 kg ( 24 lb ) - <Td_colspan="9"> Nano - satellite developed by SRM University ( 100 ) 37841 - 855.8 km ( 531.8 mi ) 873.2 km ( 542.6 mi ) 7,235 km ( 4,496 mi ) 102.1 mins 20.0 ° Not Applicable - - - 66 RISAT - 1 Earth Sciences 2012 - 017A 1,858 kg ( 4,096 lb ) 2200 W 26 April 2012 , 5 : 47 : 00 IST PSLV - C19 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> RISAT - 1 is India 's first indigenous all - weather Radar Imaging Satellite , whose images will facilitate agriculture and disaster management ( 101 ) ( 102 ) 38248 - 542.2 km ( 336.9 mi ) 550 km ( 340 mi ) 6,917 km ( 4,298 mi ) 95.4 mins 97.6 ° Not Applicable - - - 67 GSAT - 10 Communications 2012 - 051B 3,400 kg ( 7,500 lb ) 6474 W 28 September 2012 , 2 : 48 : 00 IST Ariane - 5 VA - 209 Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> GSAT - 10 , India 's advanced communication satellite , is a high power satellite being inducted into the INSAT system ( 103 ) 38779 1,498 kg ( 3,303 lb ) 35,783.3 km ( 22,234.7 mi ) 35,805.4 km ( 22,248.4 mi ) 42,165 km ( 26,200 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.1 ° 83 ° E - - - 68 SARAL Earth Sciences 2013 - 009A 407 kg ( 897 lb ) 906 W 25 February 2013 , 18 : 01 : 00 IST PSLV - C20 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> The Satellite with ARGOS and ALTIKA ( SARAL ) is a joint Indo - French satellite mission for oceanographic studies ( 104 ) ( 105 ) 39086 - 791.8 km ( 492.0 mi ) 792.6 km ( 492.5 mi ) 7,163 km ( 4,451 mi ) 100.6 mins 98.5 ° Not Applicable - - - 69 IRNSS - 1A Navigation / Global Positioning 2013 - 034A 1,425 kg ( 3,142 lb ) 1660 W 1 July 2013 , 23 : 41 : 00 IST PSLV - C22 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> IRNSS - 1A is the first of seven satellite in the IRNSS navigational system ( 106 ) ( 107 ) 39199 614 kg ( 1,354 lb ) 35,720.2 km ( 22,195.5 mi ) 35,864.3 km ( 22,285.0 mi ) 42,163 km ( 26,199 mi ) 1436.0 mins 28.8 ° 55.0 ° E - - - 70 INSAT - 3D Earth Sciences 2013 - 038B 2,060 kg ( 4,540 lb ) 1164 W 26 July 2013 , 1 : 23 : 00 IST Ariane - 5 Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> INSAT - 3D is the meteorological Satellite with advanced weather monitoring payloads ( 6 - channel multi-spectral imager , 19 - channel sounder , data relay transponder and search - and - rescue transponder ) ( 108 ) 39216 - 35,794 km ( 22,241 mi ) 35,795.3 km ( 22,242.2 mi ) 42,165 km ( 26,200 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.0 ° 82.0 ° E - - - 71 GSAT - 7 ( INSAT - 4F ) Communications 2013 - 044B 2,650 kg ( 5,840 lb ) 3000 W 30 August 2013 , 2 : 00 : 00 IST Ariane - 5 Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> GSAT - 7 is the advanced multi-band communication satellite dedicated for military use . It is currently being exclusively by the navy ( 109 ) 39234 - 35,789.8 km ( 22,238.8 mi ) 35,798.1 km ( 22,243.9 mi ) 42,164 km ( 26,199 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.0 ° 74.0 ° E - - - 72 Mars Orbiter Mission ( MOM ) ( Mangalyaan - 1 ) Planetary Science 2013 - 060A 1,340 kg ( 2,950 lb ) 840 W 5 November 2013 , 14 : 38 : 00 IST PSLV - C25 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> The Mars Orbiter Mission ( MOM ) , informally called Mangalyaan is India 's first Mars orbiter ( 110 ) ( 111 ) 39370 488 kg ( 1,076 lb ) ~ 366 km ( 227 mi ) ~ 80,000 km ( 50,000 mi ) - 4602 mins 150 ° Not Applicable - - - 73 GSAT - 14 Communications 2014 - 001A 1,982 kg ( 4,370 lb ) 2600 W 5 January 2014 , 16 : 18 : 00 IST GSLV Mk. II - D5 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> GSAT - 14 is the twenty third geostationary communication satellite of India . It is intended to replace GSAT - 3 , and to augment the In - orbit capacity of Extended C and Ku - band transponders ( 112 ) ( 113 ) 39498 - 35,774.5 km ( 22,229.2 mi ) 35,813.6 km ( 22,253.5 mi ) 42,165 km ( 26,200 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.0 ° 74.0 ° E - - - 74 IRNSS - 1B Navigation / Global Positioning 2014 - 017A 1,432 kg ( 3,157 lb ) 1660 W 4 April 2014 , 17 : 14 : 00 IST PSLV - C24 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> IRNSS - 1B is the second of seven satellite in the IRNSS system ( 114 ) ( 115 ) 39635 - 35,700.5 km ( 22,183.3 mi ) 35,883.1 km ( 22,296.7 mi ) 42,162 km ( 26,198 mi ) 1436.0 mins 29.1 ° 55.0 ° E - - - 75 IRNSS - 1C Navigation / Global Positioning 2014 - 061A 1,425.4 kg ( 3,142 lb ) 1660 W 16 October 2014 PSLV - C26 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> IRNSS - 1C is the third satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ( IRNSS ) ( 116 ) ( 117 ) 40269 - 35,715.5 km ( 22,192.6 mi ) 35,872.6 km ( 22,290.2 mi ) 42,165 km ( 26,200 mi ) 1436.1 mins 3 ° 83 ° E - - - 76 GSAT - 16 Communications 2014 - 078A 3,181.6 kg ( 7,014 lb ) 6000 W 7 December 2014 , 2 : 10 : 00 IST Ariane - 5 Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> GSAT - 16 is the twenty fourth communication satellite of India configured to carry a total of 48 transponders ( 12 K , 24 C and 12 C , each with a bandwidth of 36 MHz ) , which was the highest number of transponders in a single satellite at that time ( 118 ) 40332 - 35,762.5 km ( 22,221.8 mi ) 35,824.7 km ( 22,260.4 mi ) 42,164 km ( 26,199 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.1 ° 55.0 ° E - - - In case of discrepancy in data between sources , N2YO and NASA NSSDCA is taken as the source of truth . Orbital Longitude is applicable only for Geostationary and Geosynchronous satellites . All orbital data related to Mangalyaan - 1 is for its Martian orbit only . 2015 - 2019 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="6"> Payload Details Launch Date Launch Vehicle Launch Site <Th_colspan="9"> Details Refs ( ISRO portal ) # Name Discipline COSPAR ID Launch Mass On - board Power Periapsis Apoapsis Semi-Major Axis Period Inclination Longitude Eccentricity Epoch Start Decay Date SatCat # Dry Mass 77 IRNSS - 1D Navigation / Global Positioning 2015 - 018A 1,425 kg ( 3,142 lb ) 1660 W 28 March 2015 , 17 : 19 : 00 IST PSLV - C27 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> IRNSS - 1D is the fourth satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ( IRNSS ) ( 119 ) ( 120 ) 40547 603 kg ( 1,329 lb ) 35,704.7 km ( 22,185.9 mi ) 35,885.0 km ( 22,297.9 mi ) 42,165 km ( 26,200 mi ) 1436.2 mins 29.1 ° 112 ° E - - - 78 GSAT - 6 ( INSAT - 4E ) Communications 2015 - 041A 2,117 kg ( 4,667 lb ) 3100 W 27 August 2015 , 16 : 52 : 00 IST GSLV Mk. II - D6 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> GSAT - 6 is a communication satellite . GSAT - 6 features an unfurlable antenna , largest on board any satellite . Launch of GSLV - D6 also marks the success of indigenously developed upper stage cryogenic engine ( 121 ) ( 122 ) 40880 985 kg ( 2,172 lb ) 35,769.6 km ( 22,226.2 mi ) 35,818.4 km ( 22,256.5 mi ) 42,164 km ( 26,199 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.0 ° 83 ° E - - - 79 Astrosat Space Sciences 2015 - 052A 1,513 kg ( 3,336 lb ) - 28 September 2015 PSLV - C30 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> ASTROSAT is India 's first dedicated multi wavelength space Observatory ( 123 ) ( 124 ) 40930 - 642.5 km ( 399.2 mi ) 655 km ( 407 mi ) 7,019 km ( 4,361 mi ) 97.6 mins 6.0 ° Not Applicable - - - 80 GSAT - 15 Communications 2015 - 065A 3,164 kg ( 6,975 lb ) 6200 W 11 November 2015 , 3 : 04 : 00 IST Ariane 5 VA - 227 Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> Communications satellite , carries communication transponders in Ku - band and a GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation ( GAGAN ) payload operating in L1 and L5 bands . Weight 3164 kg ( 125 ) 41028 1,440 kg ( 3,170 lb ) 35,785.66 km ( 22,236.18 mi ) 35,802.6 km ( 22,246.7 mi ) 42,165 km ( 26,200 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.1 ° 93.5 ° E - - - 81 IRNSS - 1E Navigation / Global Positioning 2016 - 003A 1,425 kg ( 3,142 lb ) 1660 W 20 January 2016 , 9 : 31 : 00 IST PSLV - C31 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> IRNSS - 1E is the fifth satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ( IRNSS ) ( 126 ) ( 127 ) 41241 598 kg ( 1,318 lb ) 35,709.6 km ( 22,188.9 mi ) 35,875.2 km ( 22,291.8 mi ) 42,163 km ( 26,199 mi ) 1436.0 mins 28.8 ° 111.75 ° E - - - 82 IRNSS - 1F Navigation / Global Positioning 2016 - 015A 1,425 kg ( 3,142 lb ) 1660 W 10 March 2016 , 16 : 01 : 00 IST PSLV - C32 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> IRNSS - 1F is the sixth satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ( IRNSS ) ( 128 ) ( 129 ) 41384 598 kg ( 1,318 lb ) 35,700.8 km ( 22,183.4 mi ) 35,889.2 km ( 22,300.5 mi ) 42,166 km ( 26,201 mi ) 1436.2 mins 4.1 ° 32.5 ° E - - - 83 IRNSS - 1G Navigation / Global Positioning 2016 - 027A 1,425 kg ( 3,142 lb ) 1660 W 28 April 2016 , 12 : 59 IST PSLV - C33 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> IRNSS - 1G is the seventh and final satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ( IRNSS ) ( 130 ) ( 131 ) 41469 598 kg ( 1,318 lb ) 35,778.6 km ( 22,231.8 mi ) 35,808.7 km ( 22,250.5 mi ) 42,164 km ( 26,199 mi ) 1436.1 mins 4.2 ° 129 ° E - - - 84 Cartosat - 2C Earth Sciences 2016 - 040A 737.5 kg ( 1,626 lb ) 986 W 22 June 2016 , 9 : 26 : 00 IST PSLV - C34 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Earth observation / remote sensing satellite . Identical to CARTOSAT - 2 , 2A and 2B ( 132 ) ( 133 ) 41599 - 504.7 km ( 313.6 mi ) 526.1 km ( 326.9 mi ) 6,886 km ( 4,279 mi ) 94.8 mins 97.5 ° Not Applicable - - - 85 SathyabamaSat Technology Applications 2016 - 040B 1.5 kg ( 3.3 lb ) - <Td_colspan="9"> A micro-satellite designed and built by the students of Sathyabama University , Chennai , India . This satellite collect data on green house gases in the LEO atmosphere ( 134 ) 41600 - 499.2 km ( 310.2 mi ) 521.8 km ( 324.2 mi ) 6,881 km ( 4,276 mi ) 94.7 mins 97.5 ° Not Applicable - - - 86 Swayam - 1 Communications Technology Applications 2016 - 040J 1 kg ( 2.2 lb ) - <Td_colspan="9"> A 1 - U pico - satellite designed and built by the students of College of Engineering , Pune . This satellite provides point - to - point communications for the HAM community . A second version of the satellite is now being planned ( 135 ) 41607 - 499.7 km ( 310.5 mi ) 521.5 km ( 324.0 mi ) 6,881 km ( 4,276 mi ) 94.7 mins 97.5 ° Not Applicable - - - 87 INSAT - 3DR Earth Sciences 2016 - 054A 2,211 kg ( 4,874 lb ) 1700 W 8 September 2016 , 16 : 40 : 00 IST GSLV - F05 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> An advanced meteorological satellite of India configured with an imaging System and an Atmospheric Sounder ( 136 ) ( 137 ) 41752 956 kg ( 2,108 lb ) 35,767.2 km ( 22,224.7 mi ) 35,820.6 km ( 22,257.9 mi ) 42,164 km ( 26,199 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.0 ° 74.0 ° E - - - 88 Pratham Technology Applications 2016 - 059A 10 kg ( 22 lb ) - 26 September 2016 , 9 : 12 : 00 IST PSLV - C35 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> A mini-satellite build by students and researchers at IIT , Mumbai to study electrical characteristics of the earth 's atmosphere ( 138 ) ( 139 ) 41783 - 666.8 km ( 414.3 mi ) 715.6 km ( 444.7 mi ) 7,062 km ( 4,388 mi ) 98.4 mins 98.2 ° Not Applicable - - - 89 PISat Technology Applications 2016 - 059B 5.25 kg ( 11.6 lb ) - <Td_colspan="9"> A micro-satellite designed and built by the students of PES Institute of Technology , Bengaluru at their Crucible of Research and Innovation Laboratory ( CRIL ) to develop remote sensing applications ( 140 ) 41784 - 666.6 km ( 414.2 mi ) 713.2 km ( 443.2 mi ) 7,060 km ( 4,390 mi ) 98.4 mins 98.2 ° Not Applicable - - - 90 ScatSat - 1 Earth Sciences 2016 - 059H 377 kg ( 831 lb ) - <Td_colspan="9"> Miniature satellite to provide weather forecasting , cyclone prediction , and tracking services to India ( 141 ) 41790 110 kg ( 240 lb ) 723.6 km ( 449.6 mi ) 741.2 km ( 460.6 mi ) 7,103 km ( 4,414 mi ) 99.3 mins 98.1 ° - - - - 91 GSAT - 18 Communications 2016 - 060A 3,425 kg ( 7,551 lb ) 6474 W 6 October 2016 , 2 : 00 : 00 IST Ariane - 5 ECA Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> At 3.4 tons , this was the heaviest satellite being owned / operated by India at the time of its launch ( 142 ) 41793 1,480 kg ( 3,260 lb ) 35,760.2 km ( 22,220.4 mi ) 35,827.7 km ( 22,262.3 mi ) 42,164 km ( 26,199 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.1 ° 74.0 ° E - - - 92 ResourceSat - 2A Earth Sciences 2016 - 074A 1,235 kg ( 2,723 lb ) - 7 December 2016 , 10 : 24 : 00 IST PSLV - C36 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Its mission is identical to its predecessors ( Resourcesat - 1 and Resourcesat - 2 ) ( 143 ) ( 144 ) 41877 - 826.3 km ( 513.4 mi ) 827.6 km ( 514.2 mi ) 7,197 km ( 4,472 mi ) 101.3 mins 98.7 ° Not Applicable - - - 93 CartoSat - 2D Earth Sciences 2017 - 008A 714 kg ( 1,574 lb ) - 15 February 2017 , 9 : 28 : 00 IST PSLV - C37 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> ISRO holds the world record for launching the highest number of satellites by a single launch vehicle ( 104 satellites , including the CartoSat - 2D and 2 indigenously designed nano - satellites , INS - 1A and INS - 1B ) ( 145 ) ( 146 ) 41948 - 510.9 km ( 317.5 mi ) 519.9 km ( 323.1 mi ) 6,886 km ( 4,279 mi ) 94.8 mins 97.5 ° Not Applicable - - - 94 INS - 1A ( ISRO Nano - Satellite 1A ) Technology Applications 2017 - 008B 8.4 kg ( 19 lb ) - <Td_colspan="9"> This is one of 2 nano - satellites designed and manufactured by SAC , ISRO , are part of the constellation of 104 satellites launched in a single go ( 147 ) 41949 - 500.8 km ( 311.2 mi ) 515.4 km ( 320.3 mi ) 6,879 km ( 4,274 mi ) 94.6 mins 97.5 ° Not Applicable - - - 95 INS - 1B ( ISRO Nano - Satellite 1B ) Technology Applications 2017 - 008G 9.7 kg ( 21 lb ) - <Td_colspan="9"> This is one of 2 nano - satellites designed and manufactured by SAC , ISRO , are part of the constellation of 104 satellites launched in a single go ( 148 ) 41954 - 500.7 km ( 311.1 mi ) 514.8 km ( 319.9 mi ) 6,878 km ( 4,274 mi ) 94.6 mins 97.5 ° Not Applicable - - - 96 South Asia Satellite ( GSAT - 9 ) Communications 2017 - 024A 2,230 kg ( 4,920 lb ) 3500 W 5 May 2017 , 16 : 57 : 00 IST GSLV Mk. II Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> This satellite is being offered by India as a diplomatic initiative to its neighboring countries ( SAARC region ) for communication , remote sensing , resource mapping and disaster management applications ( 149 ) ( 150 ) 42695 976 kg ( 2,152 lb ) 35,782.2 km ( 22,234.0 mi ) 35,805.8 km ( 22,248.7 mi ) 42,165 km ( 26,200 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.1 ° 97.5 ° E - - - 97 GSAT - 19 ( GSAT - 19E ) Communications 2017 - 031A 3,136 kg ( 6,914 lb ) 4500 W 5 June 2017 , 5 : 28 : 00 IST GSLV Mk. III - D1 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> Maiden orbital flight of GSLV Mk. III . This is the heaviest rocket ( and the heaviest satellite ) to be launched by ISRO from Indian soil ( 151 ) ( 152 ) 42747 1,394 kg ( 3,073 lb ) 35,781.1 km ( 22,233.3 mi ) 35,806.7 km ( 22,249.3 mi ) 42,164 km ( 26,199 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.1 ° 82.5 ° E - - - 98 NIUSat Technology Applications 2017 - 036B 15 kg ( 33 lb ) 40 W 23 June 2017 , 9 : 29 : 00 IST PSLV - C38 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> This is a satellite designed for remote sensing applications , and built by the students of Noorul Islam University , Kanyakumari ( 153 ) 42766 - 502.5 km ( 312.2 mi ) 526.7 km ( 327.3 mi ) 6,885 km ( 4,278 mi ) 94.8 mins 97.4 ° Not Applicable - - - 99 CartoSat - 2E Earth Sciences 2017 - 036C 712 kg ( 1,570 lb ) 986 W <Td_colspan="9"> This is the 7th satellite in the Cartosat series to be built by ISRO ( 154 ) ( 155 ) 42767 - 508.4 km ( 315.9 mi ) 522.2 km ( 324.5 mi ) 6,886 km ( 4,279 mi ) 94.8 mins 97.4 ° Not Applicable - - - 100 GSAT - 17 Communications 2017 - 040B 3,477 kg ( 7,665 lb ) 6200 W 29 June 2017 , 2 : 45 : 00 IST Ariane - 5 ECA Centre Spatial Guyanais , Kourou <Td_colspan="9"> This is India 's 18th communication ( and till date , its heaviest ) satellite ( 156 ) 42815 1,480 kg ( 3,260 lb ) 35,771 km ( 22,227 mi ) 35,817 km ( 22,256 mi ) 42,164 km ( 26,199 mi ) 1436.1 mins 0.1 ° 93.5 ° E - - - 101 IRNSS - 1H Navigation / Global Positioning Not Applicable 1,425 kg ( 3,142 lb ) - 2 September 2017 PSLV - C39 Satish Dhawan Space Centre , Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh <Td_colspan="9"> First satellite to be co-designed and built with private sector assistance . Failed to reach orbit ( 157 ) ( 158 ) Not Applicable 598 kg ( 1,318 lb ) Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable In case of discrepancy in data between sources , N2YO and NASA NSSDCA is taken as the source of truth . Orbital Longitude is applicable only for Geostationary and Geosynchronous satellites . Launch Statistics ( edit ) The following bar chart lists launch missions decade-wise 10 20 30 40 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s India ( success ) India ( failure ) Europe ( success ) Europe ( failure ) USSR / Russia ( success ) USSR / Russia ( failure ) USA ( success ) USA ( failure ) The following bar chart lists the number of satellites launched based on the origin of the launch vehicle 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 India Europe USSR / Russia USA India ( success ) India ( failure ) Europe ( success ) Europe ( failure ) USSR / Russia ( success ) USSR / Russia ( failure ) USA ( success ) USA ( failure ) See also ( edit ) List of foreign satellites launched by India List of ISRO missions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Spacecraft '' . ISRO . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aryabhata - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bhaskara - I - ISRO '' . isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rohini Technology Payload ( RTP ) - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New horizons '' . Frontline.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rohini Satellite RS - 1 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rohini Satellite RS - D1 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` APPLE - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite APPLE '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bhaskara - II - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 1A '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rohini Satellite RS - D2 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 1B '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SROSS - 1 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IRS - 1A - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRS 1A '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SROSS - 2 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 1C '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` INSAT - 1C - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SALIENT FEATURES OF INSAT - 1D '' . Isac.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Orbital Debris Quarterly News ( PDF ) . 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 1D '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRS - 1B - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRS 1B '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 2R ( ARABSAT 1C ) '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 2DT - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SROSS - C - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 2A - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 2A '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 2B - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 2B '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IRS - 1E - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SROSS - C2 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRS - P2 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRS P2 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 2C - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 2C '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IRS - 1C - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRS 1C '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRS B3 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRS - P3 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 2D - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 2D '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRS - 1D - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C1 / IRS - 1D Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRS 1D '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 2E ( APR - 1 ) '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 2E - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oceansat ( IRS - P4 ) - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C2 / IRS - 1D Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRS P4 ( OCEANSAT 1 ) '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 3B - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 3B '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSAT - 1 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite GSAT 1 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite TES '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 3C - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 3C '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` KALPANA - 1 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C4 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite KALPANA 1 ( METSAT 1 ) '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 3A - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 3A '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSLV - D2 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite GSAT 2 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 3E - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 3E '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV C5 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRS P6 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EDUSAT - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSLV - F01 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite GSAT 3 ( EDUSAT ) '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CARTOSAT - 1 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C6 Data '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite CARTOSAT - 1 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite HAMSAT ( VO - 52 ) '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 4A - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 4A '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` INSAT - 4C - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSLV - F02 / INSAT - 4C Brochure - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSLV - F02 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite CARTOSAT 2AT '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CARTOSAT - 2 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C7 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SRE - 1 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 4B - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 4B '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 4CR - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSLV - F04 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 4CR '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C9 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite CARTOSAT 2A '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IMS - 1 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C11 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Orbit of Chandrayaan - 1 Raised - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RISAT - 2 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite RISAT - 2 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ANUSAT - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oceansat - 2 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C14 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite OCEANSAT 2 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSAT - 4 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CARTOSAT - 2B - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C15 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite CARTOSAT 2B '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite STUDSAT '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSAT - 5P - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSLV - F06 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RESOURCESAT - 2 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C16 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite RESOURCESAT 2 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` YOUTHSAT - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite YOUTHSAT '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSAT - 8 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite GSAT 8 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSAT - 12 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C17 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite GSAT 12 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Megha - Tropiques - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C18 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite MEGHA - TROPIQUES '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite JUGNU '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite SRMSAT '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C19 Data '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite RISAT 1 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSAT - 10 '' . space.skyrocket.de . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSAT - 10 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite GSAT 10 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite SARAL '' . space.skyrocket.de . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SARAL - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C20 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite SARAL '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IRNSS - 1A - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C22 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRNSS - 1A '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite INSAT - 3D '' . ISRO . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 3D - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 3D '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite GSAT - 7 ( INSAT 4F ) '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSAT - 7 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Orbiter Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C25 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSAT - 14 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSLV - D5 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real time satellite tracking for : GSAT - 14 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRNSS - 1B - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C24 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRNSS 1B '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IRNSS - 1C - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C26 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRNSS 1C '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSAT - 16 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite GSAT 16 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PSLV - C27 '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRNSS 1D '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSAT - 6 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSLV - D6 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite GSAT 6 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astrostat Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Astrosat - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite ASTROSAT '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSAT - 15 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite GSAT 15 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRNSS - 1E - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PSLV - C31 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRNSS - 1E '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRNSS - 1F '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PSLV - C32 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRNSS 1F '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRNSS - 1G - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PSLV - C33 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite IRNSS 1G '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CARTOSAT - 2 Series Satellite - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C34 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite CARTOSAT 2C '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite SATHYABAMASAT '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SWAYAM - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite SWAYAM '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A year after ISRO launch : CoEP gets Rs 50 lakh for Swayam Phase II '' . Indianexpress.com. 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INSAT - 3DR - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSLV - F05 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INSAT 3DR '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C35 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite PRATHAM '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite PISAT '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite SCATSAT 1 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSAT - 18 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSAT - 18 Data '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite GSAT 18 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C36 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite RESOURCESAT 2A '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cartosat - 2 Series Satellite - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C37 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite CARTOSAT 2D '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ISRO Nano Satellites - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` INS - 1A - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INS - 1A '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` INS - 1B - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite INS - 1B '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSAT - 9 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSLV - F09 Data '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite GSAT 9 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSAT - 19 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSLV MKIII - D1 / GSAT - 19 Data '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite GSAT 19 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NIUSAT ( Keralshree ) '' . space.skyrocket.de . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NIUSAT - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PSLV - C38 '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C38 launch live updates : ISRO successfully puts Cartosat - 2 Series and 30 other satellites into orbit '' . Indianexpress.com. 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite NIUSAT '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartosat - 2 Series Satellite - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite CARTOSAT 2E '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSAT - 17 - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSAT - 17 Data '' ( PDF ) . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical details for satellite GSAT 17 '' . N2YO.com - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IRNSS - 1H - ISRO '' . Isro.gov.in . Retrieved 1 Sept 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` IRNSS - 1H - ISRO brochure '' ( PDF ) . ISRO.gov.in . Retrieved 2 Sept 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Indian Space Research Organization : Spacecraft <Th_colspan="3"> Indian space programme <Td_colspan="3"> Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) Organisations Department of Space ( DoS ) Antrix Corporation Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology ( IIST ) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing ( IIRS ) Laboratory for Electro - Optics Systems ( LEOS ) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory ( NARL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( DECU ) Programmes Bhaskara GAGAN GSAT INSAT IRNSS IRS Cartosat RISAT Rohini SROSS Chandrayaan Human spaceflight programme Orbital Vehicle Spacecraft One - off missions APPLE Aditya Aryabhata Astrosat HAMSAT IMS - 1 Megha - Tropiques NISAR SARAL SAARC Satellite SRE SRE II Kalpana - 1 CARE Planetary missions Chandrayaan - 1 Chandrayaan - 2 Mars Orbiter Mission Mangalyaan 2 Venus orbiter mission Rockets Orbital SLV ASLV PSLV GSLV GSLV Mark III Suborbital Rohini ATV Concepts ULV Under development RLV - TD Facilities Indian Deep Space Network ( IDSN ) ISRO Satellite Centre ( ISAC ) ISRO Telemetry , Tracking and Command Network ( ISTRAC ) Master Control Facility ( MCF ) Satish Dhawan Space Centre ( SDSC ) Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station ( TERLS ) ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment ( ISITE ) See also SAGA - 220 <Td_colspan="3"> List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions <Th_colspan="3"> Indian spacecraft Satellites Communication Completed GSAT 3 ( EDUSAT ) 5P 6 7 8 9 ( South Asia Satellite ) 10 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 HAMSAT INSAT 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 2D 2DT 2E 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 4A 4B 4C 4CR Kalpana - 1 ( METSAT ) Planned GSAT 5 6A 7A 11 13 20 Earth observation Completed Bhaskara II Cartosat 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E IMS - 1 IRS 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E P1 P2 P3 Megha - Tropiques Oceansat Resourcesat RISAT Rohini RS - D1 RS - D2 SARAL Technology Experiment Satellite ( TESS ) Planned Cartosat - 3 NISAR GISAT Oceansat - 3 Resourcesat - 3 Experimental APPLE Aryabhata Rohini RS - 1 Rohini Technology Payload ( RTP ) Navigation IRNSS 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 1G Student satellite Completed ANUSAT Jugnu SRMSAT StudSat Youthsat Pratham Space probes Scientific SROSS C2 Astronomical Completed Astrosat Planned Aditya Lunar Exploration Chandrayaan programme Completed Chandrayaan - 1 Planned Chandrayaan - 2 Inter-planetary Exploration Completed Mars Orbiter Mission Planned Mangalyaan 2 Venus Mission Human spaceflight Indian human spaceflight programme SRE - 1 SRE - II SRE - III Orbital Vehicle CARE <Td_colspan="3"> List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions Future spacecraft in italics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_satellites&oldid=799380016 '' Categories : Lists of satellites India communications - related lists Space programme of India Satellites of India India science and technology - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Use Indian English from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2010 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 10 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Indian satellites
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-2,795,466,671,608,163,300 | what grows all in a row in mary's garden | Mary , Mary , Quite contrary - wikipedia Mary , Mary , Quite contrary Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' <Td_colspan="2"> Illustration by William Wallace Denslow <Th_colspan="2"> Nursery rhyme Published c. 1744 `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' is a popular English nursery rhyme . The rhyme has been seen as having religious and historical significance , but its origins and meaning are disputed . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19626 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Explanations 3 In popular culture 4 Notes Lyrics ( edit ) William Wallace Denslow 's rendition of the poem , 1901 The most common modern version is : Mary , Mary , quite contrary , How does your garden grow ? With silver bells , and cockle shells , And pretty maids all in a row . The oldest known version was first published in Tommy Thumb 's Pretty Song Book ( 1744 ) with the following lyrics : Mistress Mary , Quite contrary , How does your garden grow ? With Silver Bells , And Cockle Shells , And so my garden grows . Several printed versions of the 18th century have the lyrics : Mistress Mary , Quite contrary , How does your garden grow ? With Silver Bells , And Cockle Shells , Sing cuckolds all in a row . The last line has the most variation including : Cowslips all in arow ( sic ) . and With lady bells all in a row . Explanations ( edit ) Like many nursery rhymes , it has acquired various historical explanations . These include : That it is a religious allegory of Catholicism , with Mary being Mary , the mother of Jesus , bells representing the sanctus bells , the cockleshells the badges of the pilgrims to the shrine of Saint James in Spain ( Santiago de Compostela ) and pretty maids are nuns , but even within this strand of thought there are differences of opinion as to whether it is lament for the reinstatement of Catholicism or for its persecution . Another theory sees the rhyme as connected to Mary , Queen of Scots ( 1542 -- 1587 ) , with `` how does your garden grow '' referring to her reign over her realm , `` silver bells '' referring to ( Catholic ) cathedral bells , `` cockle shells '' insinuating that her husband was not faithful to her , and `` pretty maids all in a row '' referring to her ladies - in - waiting -- `` The four Maries '' . In Disney 's The Truth About Mother Goose the `` silver bells '' are said to `` refer to the elaborate decoration on her dresses '' , the `` cockle shells '' to her love of exotic food such as cockles , with the `` pretty maids all in a row '' referring to her ladies - in - waiting . Mary has also been identified with Mary I of England ( 1516 -- 1558 ) with `` How does your garden grow ? '' said to refer to her lack of heirs , or to the common idea that England had become a Catholic vassal or `` branch '' of Spain and the Habsburgs . It is also said to be a punning reference to her chief minister , Stephen Gardiner . `` Quite contrary '' is said to be a reference to her unsuccessful attempt to reverse ecclesiastical changes effected by her father Henry VIII and her brother Edward VI . The `` pretty maids all in a row '' is speculated to be a reference to miscarriages or her execution of Lady Jane Grey . `` Rows and rows '' is said to refer to her executions of Protestants . No proof has been found that the rhyme was known before the 18th century , while Mary I of England and Mary , Queen of Scots , were contemporaries in the 16th century . In popular culture ( edit ) The nursery rhyme has been referenced several times in popular culture . In 1923 , Mrs. Fiske starred in a Broadway play with this title . It was written by St. John Ervine and co-starred Francis Lister . The German rock band Can recorded a song released on their debut album Monster Movie ( 1969 ) named `` Mary , Mary So Contrary '' , which improvises over its lyrics . The title of Roger Vadim 's Pretty Maids All in a Row ( 1971 ) refers to a lyric from `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary . The Eagles recorded a song named Pretty Maids All in a Row on their album Hotel California ( 12 / 08 / 1976 ) . Roald Dahl parodied the nursery rhyme in his poetry book Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) , where Mary responds to the narrator that she is unable to tell how her garden grows , since : `` I live with my brat in a high - rise flat , so how in the world should I know ? ! '' Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Opie , Peter ; Opie , Iona Archibald ( 1997 ) ( 1952 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 301 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860088 - 7 . OCLC 229161681 . Jump up ^ The Truth About Mother Goose Disney ( 1957 ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Chris ( 2004 ) . Heavy Words Lightly Thrown : The Reason Behind the Rhyme . London : Granta . pp. 33 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1592401307 . OCLC 56646713 . Jump up ^ Internet Broadway Database ( IBDb.com ) ... Retrieved January 2 , 2018 Jump up ^ http://nightflight.com/pretty-maids-all-in-a-row-roger-vadims-outrageous-early-70s-sex-and-murder-black-comedy/ Jump up ^ http://nightflight.com/pretty-maids-all-in-a-row-roger-vadims-outrageous-early-70s-sex-and-murder-black-comedy/ <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo - Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sing a Song of Sixpence '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Three Little Kittens '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' `` Stella Ella Ola '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Mary,_Quite_Contrary&oldid=837106277 '' Categories : 1744 songs English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Songs about women Fictional horticulturists and gardeners Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 19 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary
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3,971,712,416,175,298,000 | where was the ark of the covenant kept in the tabernacle | Ark of the Covenant - wikipedia Ark of the Covenant This is the current revision of this page , as edited by FlightTime ( talk contribs ) at 18 : 05 , 26 August 2017 ( Reverted good faith edits by 185.3. 100.16 ( talk ) : OR . ( Using Twinkle ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 18 : 05 , 26 August 2017 by FlightTime ( talk contribs ) ( Reverted good faith edits by 185.3. 100.16 ( talk ) : OR . ( Using Twinkle ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Noah 's Ark . This article is about the chest . For the Christian metal band , see Ark of the Covenant ( band ) . Joshua passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant by Benjamin West , 1800 The Ark of the Covenant ( Hebrew : אָרוֹן הַבְּרִית , Modern Arōn Ha'brēt , Tiberian ʾĀrôn Habbərîṯ ) , also known as the Ark of the Testimony , is a gold - covered wooden chest described in the Book of Exodus as containing the two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments . According to various texts within the Hebrew Bible , it also contained Aaron 's rod and a pot of manna . The biblical account relates that , approximately one year after the Israelites ' exodus from Egypt , the Ark was created according to the pattern given to Moses by God when the Israelites were encamped at the foot of biblical Mount Sinai . Thereafter , the gold - plated acacia chest was carried by its staves while en route by the Levites approximately 2,000 cubits ( approximately 800 meters or 2,600 feet ) in advance of the people when on the march or before the Israelite army , the host of fighting men . When carried , the Ark was always hidden under a large veil made of skins and blue cloth , always carefully concealed , even from the eyes of the priests and the Levites who carried it . God was said to have spoken with Moses `` from between the two cherubim '' on the Ark 's cover . When at rest the tabernacle was set up and the holy Ark was placed under the veil of the covering the staves of it crossing the middle side bars to hold it up off the ground . Beside the classic Ark of the Covenant made of wood and gold plated described in Exodus , there is a second and less known ark described only in Deuteronomy 10 : 3 - 5 . This modest ark is made of acacia wood . Researchers do not know whether both arks belong to the same tradition , an older and a more recent , or belong to two different traditions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical account 1.1 Construction and description 1.2 Mobile vanguard 1.3 Capture by the Philistines 1.4 In the days of King David 1.5 In Solomon 's Temple 1.6 The Babylonian Conquest and aftermath 2 References in Scripture 2.1 Tanakh 2.2 Second Book of Maccabees 2.3 New Testament 2.4 The Ark in Islamic sources 3 Possible locations 3.1 Mount Nebo 3.2 Ethiopia 3.3 Southern Africa 3.4 Europe 3.4. 1 Chartres Cathedral , France 3.4. 2 Rennes - le - Château , then to the United States 3.4. 3 Rome 3.4. 4 United Kingdom 3.4. 5 Ireland 3.5 Egypt 3.5. 1 Tutankhamun 's tomb 4 In popular culture 5 Yom HaAliyah 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Biblical account ( edit ) The covered ark and seven priests with rams ' horns , at the Battle of Jericho , in an eighteenth - century artist 's depiction . Construction and description ( edit ) According to the Book of Exodus , God instructed Moses on Mount Sinai during his 40 - day stay upon the mountain within the thick cloud and darkness where God was and he was shown the pattern for the tabernacle and furnishings of the Ark to be made of shittim wood to house the Tablets of Stone . Moses instructed Bezalel and Oholiab to construct the Ark . In Deuteronomy , however , the Ark is said to have been built specifically by Moses himself without reference of Bezalel or Oholiab . The Book of Exodus gives detailed instructions on how the Ark is to be constructed . It is to be 21⁄2 cubits in length , 11⁄2 in breadth , and 11⁄2 in height ( approximately 131 × 79 × 79 cm or 52 × 31 × 31 in ) . Then it is to be gilded entirely with gold , and a crown or molding of gold is to be put around it . Four rings of gold are to be attached to its four corners , two on each side -- and through these rings staves of shittim - wood overlaid with gold for carrying the Ark are to be inserted ; and these are not to be removed . A golden lid , the kapporet ( traditionally `` mercy seat '' in Christian translations ) which is covered with 2 golden cherubim , is to be placed above the Ark . Instructions missing from the biblical account include the thickness of the mercy seat , but instruct that the cherubim cover be beaten out the ends of it and details concerning the cherubim except that they form the space that God will appear . The Ark is finally to be placed under the veil of the covering . Mobile vanguard ( edit ) Moses and Joshua bowing before the Ark , painting by James Tissot , c. 1900 The biblical account continues that , after its creation by Moses , the Ark was carried by the Israelites during their 40 years of wandering in the desert . Whenever the Israelites camped , the Ark was placed in a separate room in a sacred tent , called the Tabernacle . When the Israelites , led by Joshua toward the Promised Land , arrived at the banks of the Jordan river , the Ark was carried in the lead preceding the people and was the signal for their advance ( Joshua 3 : 3 , 6 ) . During the crossing , the river grew dry as soon as the feet of the priests carrying the Ark touched its waters , and remained so until the priests -- with the Ark -- left the river after the people had passed over ( Josh . 3 : 15 - 17 ; 4 : 10 , 11 , 18 ) . As memorials , twelve stones were taken from the Jordan at the place where the priests had stood ( Josh . 4 : 1 - 9 ) . In the Battle of Jericho , the Ark was carried round the city once a day for seven days , preceded by the armed men and seven priests sounding seven trumpets of rams ' horns ( Josh . 6 : 4 - 15 ) . On the seventh day , the seven priests sounding the seven trumpets of rams ' horns before the Ark compassed the city seven times and , with a great shout , Jericho 's wall fell down flat and the people took the city ( Josh . 6 : 16 - 20 ) . After the defeat at Ai , Joshua lamented before the Ark ( Josh . 7 : 6 - 9 ) . When Joshua read the Law to the people between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal , they stood on each side of the Ark . We next hear of the Ark in Bethel where it was being cared for by the priest Phineas the grandson of Aaron ( Judges 20 : 26f , where ' Bethel ' is translated ' the House of God ' in the King James Version ) . According to this verse it was consulted by the people of Israel when they were planning to attack the Benjaminites at the battle of Gibeah . Later , however , the Ark was kept at Shiloh , another religious centre some 10 miles north of Bethel , at the time of the prophet Samuel 's apprenticeship ( 1 Samuel 3 : 3 ) , where it was cared for by Hophni and Phinehas , two sons of Eli ( 1 Samuel 4 : 3f ) . Capture by the Philistines ( edit ) 1728 illustration of the Ark at the erection of the Tabernacle and the sacred vessels , as in Exodus 40 : 17 - 19 Main article : Philistine captivity of the Ark A few years later the elders of Israel decided to take the Ark out onto the battlefield to assist them against the Philistines , after being defeated at the battle of Eben - Ezer ( 1 Sam . 4 : 3 - 11 ) . They were , however , heavily defeated with the loss of 30,000 men . The Ark was captured by the Philistines and Hophni and Phinehas were killed . The news of its capture was at once taken to Shiloh by a messenger `` with his clothes rent , and with earth upon his head . '' The old priest , Eli , fell dead when he heard it ; and his daughter - in - law , bearing a son at the time the news of the capture of the Ark was received , named him Ichabod -- explained as `` The glory has departed Israel '' in reference to the loss of the Ark ( 1 Sam . 4 : 12 - 22 ) . The mother of the child Ichabod died at his birth . ( 1 Sam . 4 : 20 ) The Philistines took the Ark to several places in their country , and at each place misfortune befell them ( 1 Sam . 5 : 1 - 6 ) . At Ashdod it was placed in the temple of Dagon . The next morning Dagon was found prostrate , bowed down , before it ; and on being restored to his place , he was on the following morning again found prostrate and broken . The people of Ashdod were smitten with hemorrhoids ; a plague of mice was sent over the land ( 1 Sam . 6 : 5 ) . The affliction of boils was also visited upon the people of Gath and of Ekron , whither the Ark was successively removed ( 1 Sam . 5 : 8 - 12 ) . After the Ark had been among them for seven months , the Philistines , on the advice of their diviners , returned it to the Israelites , accompanying its return with an offering consisting of golden images of the tumors and mice wherewith they had been afflicted . The Ark was set up in the field of Joshua the Beth - shemite , and the Beth - shemites offered sacrifices and burnt offerings ( 1 Sam . 6 : 1 - 15 ) . Out of curiosity the men of Beth - shemesh gazed at the Ark ; and as a punishment , seventy of them ( fifty thousand and seventy in some translations ) were smitten by the Lord ( 1 Samuel 6 : 19 ) . The Bethshemites sent to Kirjath - jearim , or Baal - Judah , to have the Ark removed ( 1 Samuel 6 : 21 ) ; and it was taken to the house of Abinadab , whose son Eleazar was sanctified to keep it . Kirjath - jearim remained the abode of the Ark for twenty years . Under Saul , the Ark was with the army before he first met the Philistines , but the king was too impatient to consult it before engaging in battle . In 1 Chronicles 13 : 3 it is stated that the people were not accustomed to consulting the Ark in the days of Saul . In the days of King David ( edit ) Illustration from the 13th century Morgan Bible of David bringing the Ark into Jerusalem ( 2 Samuel 6 ) . At the beginning of his reign over the United Monarchy , King David removed the Ark from Kirjath - jearim amid great rejoicing . On the way to Zion , Uzzah , one of the drivers of the cart that carried the Ark , put out his hand to steady the Ark , and was struck dead by God for touching it . The place was subsequently named `` Perez - Uzzah '' , literally `` Outburst Against Uzzah '' , as a result . David , in fear , carried the Ark aside into the house of Obed - edom the Gittite , instead of carrying it on to Zion , and there it stayed three months ( 2 Samuel 6 : 1 - 11 ; 1 Chronicles 13 : 1 - 13 ) . On hearing that God had blessed Obed - edom because of the presence of the Ark in his house , David had the Ark brought to Zion by the Levites , while he himself , `` girded with a linen ephod ... danced before the Lord with all his might '' and in the sight of all the public gathered in Jerusalem - a performance that caused him to be scornfully rebuked by his first wife , Saul 's daughter Michal ( 2 Sam . 6 : 12 - 16 , 20 - 22 ; 1 Chron. 15 ) . In Zion , David put the Ark in the tabernacle he had prepared for it , offered sacrifices , distributed food , and blessed the people and his own household ( 2 Sam . 6 : 17 - 20 ; 1 Chron. 16 : 1 - 3 ; 2 Chron. 1 : 4 ) . The Levites were appointed to minister before the Ark ( 1 Chron. 16 : 4 ) . David 's plan of building a temple for the Ark was stopped at the advice of God ( 2 Sam . 7 : 1 - 17 ; 1 Chron. 17 : 1 - 15 ; 28 : 2 , 3 ) . The Ark was with the army during the siege of Rabbah ( 2 Sam . 11 : 11 ) ; and when David fled from Jerusalem at the time of Absalom 's conspiracy , the Ark was carried along with him until he ordered Zadok the priest to return it to Jerusalem ( 2 Sam . 15 : 24 - 29 ) . In Solomon 's Temple ( edit ) The Ark carried into the Temple from the early 15th century Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry When Abiathar was dismissed from the priesthood by King Solomon for having taken part in Adonijah 's conspiracy against David , his life was spared because he had formerly borne the Ark ( 1 Kings 2 : 26 ) . Solomon worshipped before the Ark after his dream in which God promised him wisdom ( 1 Kings 3 : 15 ) . During the construction of Solomon 's Temple , a special inner room , named Kodesh Hakodashim ( Eng . Holy of Holies ) , was prepared to receive and house the Ark ( 1 Kings 6 : 19 ) ; and when the Temple was dedicated , the Ark -- containing the original tablets of the Ten Commandments -- was placed therein ( 1 Kings 8 : 6 - 9 ) . When the priests emerged from the holy place after placing the Ark there , the Temple was filled with a cloud , `` for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord '' ( 1 Kings 8 : 10 - 11 ; 2 Chron. 5 : 13 , 14 ) . When Solomon married Pharaoh 's daughter , he caused her to dwell in a house outside Zion , as Zion was consecrated because of its containing the Ark ( 2 Chron. 8 : 11 ) . King Josiah also had the Ark returned to the Temple ( 2 Chron. 35 : 3 ) , from which it appears to have been removed by one of his predecessors ( cf. 2 Chron. 33 - 34 and 2 Kings 21 - 23 ) . The Babylonian conquest and aftermath ( edit ) In 587 BC , the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and Solomon 's Temple . There is no record of what became of the Ark in the Books of Kings and Chronicles . An ancient Greek version of the biblical third Book of Ezra , 1 Esdras , suggests that Babylonians took away the vessels of the ark of God , but does not mention taking away the Ark : And they took all the holy vessels of the Lord , both great and small , with the vessels of the ark of God , and the king 's treasures , and carried them away into Babylon -- 1 Esdras 1 : 54 In Rabbinic literature , the final disposition of the Ark is disputed . Some rabbis hold that it must have been carried off to Babylon , while others hold that it must have been hidden lest it be carried off into Babylon and never brought back . A late 2nd - century rabbinic work known as the Tosefta states the opinions of these rabbis that Josiah , the king of Judah , stored away the Ark , along with the jar of manna , and a jar containing the holy anointing oil , the rod of Aaron which budded and a chest given to Israel by the Philistines . This was said to have been done in order to prevent their being carried off into Babylon as had already happened to the other vessels . Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Shimon , in the same rabbinic work , state that the Ark was , in fact , taken into Babylon . Rabbi Yehudah , dissenting , says that the Ark was stored away in its own place , meaning , somewhere on the Temple Mount . References in scripture ( edit ) Tanakh ( edit ) The Ark is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus , and then numerous times in Deuteronomy , Joshua , Judges , I Samuel , II Samuel , I Kings , I Chronicles , II Chronicles , Psalms and Jeremiah . In the Book of Jeremiah , it is referenced by Jeremiah , who , speaking in the days of Josiah ( Jer. 3 : 16 ) , prophesied a future time , possibly the end of days , when the Ark will no longer be talked about or be made again : And it shall be that when you multiply and become fruitful in the land , in those days - the word of the LORD - they will no longer say , ' The Ark of the Covenant of the LORD ' and it will not come to mind ; they will not mention it , and will not recall it , and it will not be used any more . Rashi comments on this verse that `` The entire people will be so imbued with the spirit of sanctity that God 's Presence will rest upon them collectively , as if the congregation itself was the Ark of the Covenant . '' Second Book of Maccabees ( edit ) See also : 2 Maccabees According to Second Maccabees , at the beginning of chapter 2 : The records show that it was the prophet Jeremiah who ... prompted by a divine message ... gave orders that the Tent of Meeting and the ark should go with him . Then he went away to the mountain from the top of which Moses saw God 's promised land . When he reached the mountain , Jeremiah found a cave - dwelling ; he carried the tent , the ark , and the incense - altar into it , then blocked up the entrance . Some of his companions came to mark out the way , but were unable to find it . When Jeremiah learnt of this he reprimanded them . `` The place shall remain unknown '' , he said , `` until God finally gathers his people together and shows mercy to them . The Lord will bring these things to light again , and the glory of the Lord will appear with the cloud , as it was seen both in the time of Moses and when Solomon prayed that the shrine might be worthily consecrated . '' II Maccabees 2 : 4 -- 8 ( Douay - Rheims , 1899 ) The `` mountain from the top of which Moses saw God 's promised land '' would be Mount Nebo , located in what is now Jordan . New Testament ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carrying the Ark of the Covenant : gilded bas - relief at Auch Cathedral In the New Testament , the Ark is mentioned in the Letter to the Hebrews and the Revelation to St. John . Hebrews 9 : 4 states that the Ark contained `` the golden pot that had manna , and Aaron 's rod that budded , and the tablets of the covenant . '' Revelation 11 : 19 says the prophet saw God 's temple in heaven opened , `` and the ark of his covenant was seen within his temple . '' Roman Catholic writers connect this verse with the Woman of the Apocalypse in Revelation 12 : 1 , which immediately follows , and say that the Blessed Virgin Mary is the `` Ark of the New Covenant . '' Carrying the saviour of mankind within her , she herself became the Holy of Holies . This is the interpretation given in the third century by Gregory Thaumaturgus , and in the fourth century by Saint Ambrose , Saint Ephraem of Syria and Saint Augustine . The Catholic Church teaches this in the Catechism of the Catholic Church : `` Mary , in whom the Lord himself has just made his dwelling , is the daughter of Zion in person , the Ark of the Covenant , the place where the glory of the Lord dwells . She is ' the dwelling of God ... with men '' In the Gospel of Luke , the author 's accounts of the Annunciation and Visitation are constructed using eight points of literary parallelism to compare Mary to the Ark . It is believed by Roman Catholics that Athanasius the bishop of Alexandria wrote about the connections between the Ark and the Virgin Mary : `` O noble Virgin , truly you are greater than any other greatness . For who is your equal in greatness , O dwelling place of God the Word ? To whom among all creatures shall I compare you , O Virgin ? You are greater than them all O ( Ark of the ) Covenant , clothed with purity instead of gold ! You are the Ark in which is found the golden vessel containing the true manna , that is , the flesh in which Divinity resides '' ( Homily of the Papyrus of Turin ) . However , some question the authenticity of this work and suggest it is an example of the writing of yet another Pseudo-Athanasius . The Ark in Islamic sources ( edit ) Chapter 2 ( Sura 2 ) of the Quran ( Verse 248 ) , is believed to refer to the Ark : And their prophet said to them , `` Indeed , a sign of his kingship is that the chest ( tābūt ) will come to you in which is assurance ( sakīnatun ) from your Lord and a remnant of what the family of Moses ( Mūsā ) and the family of Aaron ( Hārūn ) had left , carried by the angels . Indeed in that is a sign for you , if you are believers . '' The Arabic word sakīna ( variously translated `` peace of reassurance '' or `` spirit of tranquility '' ) is related to the post-Biblical Hebrew shekhinah , meaning `` dwelling or presence of God '' . The Islamic scholar Al Baidawi mentioned that the sakina could be Tawrat , the Books of Moses . According to Al - Jalalan , the relics in the Ark were the fragments of the two tablets , rods , robes , shoes , mitres of Moses and the vase of manna . Al - Tha'alibi , in Qisas Al - Anbiya ( The Stories of the Prophets ) , has given an earlier and later history of the Ark . According to Uri Rubin the Ark of the Covenant has a religious basis in Islam , and Islam gives it special significance . A Shia sect of Muslims believes that it will be found by the Mahdi near the end of times from Lake Tiberias . Possible locations ( edit ) Since its disappearance from the Biblical narrative , there have been a number of claims of having discovered or of having possession of the Ark , and several possible places have been suggested for its location . Mount Nebo ( edit ) 2 Maccabees 2 : 4 - 10 , written around 100 BC , says that the prophet Jeremiah , `` being warned by God '' before the Babylonian invasion , took the Ark , the Tabernacle , and the Altar of Incense , and buried them in a cave on Mount Nebo , informing those of his followers who wished to find the place that it should remain unknown `` until the time that God should gather His people again together , and receive them unto mercy . '' Mount Nebo is also described in the Bible ( Deuteronomy 34 ) as the site from which Moses views the Promised Land , and apparently also is his final burial place . Mount Nebo is approximately 47 km ( 29 miles ) slightly south of due east from Jerusalem , near the east bank of the Jordan River . Ethiopia ( edit ) The Chapel of the Tablet at the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Axum allegedly houses the original Ark of the Covenant . The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church claims to possess the Ark of the Covenant , or Tabot , in Axum . The object is currently kept under guard in a treasury near the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion . Replicas of the Axum tabot are kept in every Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo church , each with its own dedication to a particular saint ; the most popular of these include Mary , George and Michael . The Kebra Nagast was composed to legitimise the Solomonic dynasty , which ruled the Ethiopian Empire following its establishment in 1270 . It narrates how the real Ark of the Covenant was brought to Ethiopia by Menelik I with divine assistance , while a forgery was left in the Temple in Jerusalem . Although the Kebra Nagast is the best - known account of this belief , it predates the document . Abu al - Makarim , writing in the last quarter of the twelfth century , makes one early reference to this belief that they possessed the Ark . `` The Abyssinians possess also the Ark of the Covenant '' , he wrote , and , after a description of the object , describes how the liturgy is celebrated upon the Ark four times a year , `` on the feast of the great nativity , on the feast of the glorious Baptism , on the feast of the holy Resurrection , and on the feast of the illuminating Cross . '' In his 1992 book The Sign and the Seal , British writer Graham Hancock suggests , contrary to the Kebra Nagast , that the ark spent several years in Egypt before it came to Ethiopia via the Nile River , where it was kept in the islands of Lake Tana for about four hundred years and finally taken to Axum . Archaeologist John Holladay of the University of Toronto called Hancock 's theory `` garbage and hogwash , '' while Edward Ullendorff , a former Professor of Ethiopian Studies at the University of London , said he `` wasted a lot of time reading it . '' On 25 June 2009 , the patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Ethiopia , Abune Paulos , said he would announce to the world the next day the unveiling of the Ark of the Covenant , which he said had been kept safe and secure in a church in Axum , Ethiopia . The following day , on 26 June 2009 , the patriarch announced that he would not unveil the Ark after all , but that instead he could attest to its current status . Southern Africa ( edit ) The Lemba people of South Africa and Zimbabwe have claimed that their ancestors carried the Ark south , calling it the ngoma lungundu or `` voice of God '' , eventually hiding it in a deep cave in the Dumghe mountains , their spiritual home . On 14 April 2008 , in a UK Channel 4 documentary , Tudor Parfitt , taking a literalist approach to the Biblical story , described his research into this claim . He says that the object described by the Lemba has attributes similar to the Ark . It was of similar size , was carried on poles by priests , was not allowed to touch the ground , was revered as a voice of their God , and was used as a weapon of great power , sweeping enemies aside . In his book The Lost Ark of the Covenant ( 2008 ) , Parfitt also suggests that the Ark was taken to Arabia following the events depicted in the Second Book of Maccabees , and cites Arabic sources which maintain it was brought in distant times to Yemen . One Lemba clan , the Buba , which was supposed to have brought the Ark to Africa , have a genetic signature called the Cohen Modal Haplotype . This suggests a male Semitic link to the Levant . Lemba tradition maintains that the Ark spent some time in Sena in Yemen . Later , it was taken across the sea to East Africa and may have been taken inland at the time of the Great Zimbabwe civilization . According to their oral traditions , some time after the arrival of the Lemba with the Ark , it self - destructed . Using a core from the original , the Lemba priests constructed a new one . This replica was discovered in a cave by a Swedish German missionary named Harald von Sicard in the 1940s and eventually found its way to the Museum of Human Science in Harare . Parfitt had this artifact radio - carbon dated to about 1350 , which coincided with the sudden end of the Great Zimbabwe civilization . Europe ( edit ) Chartres Cathedral , France ( edit ) French author Louis Charpentier claimed that the Ark was taken to the Chartres Cathedral by the Knights Templar . Rennes - le - Château , then to the United states ( edit ) One author has theorised that the Ark was taken from Jerusalem to the village of Rennes - le - Château in Southern France . Karen Ralls has cited Freemason Patrick Byrne , who believes the Ark was moved from Rennes - le - Château at the outbreak of World War I to the United States . Rome ( edit ) The Ark of the Covenant was said to have been kept in the Basilica of St. John Lateran , surviving the pillages of Rome by Genseric and Alaric I but lost when the basilica burned . `` Rabbi Eliezer ben José stated that he saw in Rome the mercy - seat of the temple . There was a bloodstain on it . On inquiry he was told that it was a stain from the blood which the high priest sprinkled thereon on the Day of Atonement . '' United Kingdom ( edit ) In 2003 , author Graham Phillips hypothetically concluded that the Ark was taken to Mount Sinai in the Valley of Edom by the Maccabees . Phillips claims it remained there until the 1180s , when Ralph de Sudeley , the leader of the Templars found the Maccabean treasure at Jebel al - Madhbah , and returned home to his estate at Herdewyke in Warwickshire , England taking the treasure with him . Ireland ( edit ) During the turn of the 20th century British Israelites carried out some excavations of the Hill of Tara in Ireland looking for the Ark of the Covenant -- the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland campaigned successfully to have them stopped before they destroyed the hill . Egypt ( edit ) Tutankhamun 's tomb ( edit ) Main article : Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun 1922 photograph of the tomb of Tutankhamun . Photograph by Harry Burton ( 1879 - 1940 ) In 1922 in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt , the royal tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun ( KV62 ) was opened by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon . Among the artifacts was a processional ark , listed as Shrine 261 , the Anubis Shrine . Almost immediately after publication of the photographs of this sensational archaeological find , some claimed that the Anubis Shrine could be the Ark of the Covenant . John M. Lundquist , author of The Temple of Jerusalem : Past , Present , and Future ( 2008 ) , discounts this idea . The Anubis Shrine measures 95 centimetres ( 37 in ) long , 37 centimetres ( 15 in ) wide , and 54.3 centimetres ( 21.4 in ) high in the shape of a pylon . The Biblical Ark of the Covenant is approximately 133 centimetres ( 52 in ) long , 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) wide , and 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) high in the shape of a rectangular chest . Lundquist observes that the Anubis Shrine is not strictly analogous to the Ark of the Covenant ; it can only be said that the it is `` ark - like '' , constructed of wood , gessoed and gilded , stored within a sacred tomb , `` guarding '' the treasury of the tomb ( and not the primary focus of that environment ) , that it contains compartments within it that store and hold sacred objects , that it has a figure of Anubis on its lid , and that it was carried by two staves permanently inserted into rings at its base and borne by eight priests in the funerary procession to Tutankhamun 's tomb . Its value is the insight it provides to the ancient culture of Egypt . In popular culture ( edit ) The Ark of the Covenant is the main plot device in Steven Spielberg 's 1981 adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark , which depicts it as located by Indiana Jones in the Egyptian city of Tanis in 1936 . It is mentioned briefly in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) and appears in a cameo in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) . In the Danish family film The Lost Treasure of the Knights Templar from 2006 , the main part of the treasure found in the end is the Ark of the Covenant . The power of the Ark comes from charged static electricity from different metal plates like a giant battery . Yom HaAliyah ( edit ) Yom HaAliyah ( Aliyah Day ) ( Hebrew : יום העלייה ) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the Ark of the Covenant . See also ( edit ) List of artifacts in biblical archaeology The Exodus Decoded ( television documentary ) Foucault 's Pendulum History of ancient Israel and Judah Jewish symbolism Lost history Mikoshi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ackermann 2000 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Numbers 4 : 5 - 6 Jump up ^ Exodus 25 : 22 Jump up ^ Exodus 19 : 20 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 18 Jump up ^ Exodus 31 Jump up ^ Joseph Ponessa , Laurie Watson Manhardt , Moses and The Torah : Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , Deuteronomy , pages 85 - 86 ( Emmaus Road Publishing , 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931018 - 45 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Deu 10 : 1 - 5 NIV - Tablets Like the First Ones - At that - Bible Gateway '' . Bible Gateway . Jump up ^ `` '' Four feet `` ; see Exodus 25 : 12 , majority of translations . `` Four corners '' in KJV `` . Biblestudytools.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 6 : 8 , footnote in NKJV Jump up ^ `` Ark of the Covenant '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Tosefta ( Sotah 13 : 1 ) ; cf . Babylonian Talmud ( Kereithot 5b ) Jump up ^ Jeremiah 3 : 16 , Tanach . Brooklyn , New York : ArtScroll . p. 1078 . ^ Jump up to : Ray , Steve ( October 2005 ) . `` Mary , the Ark of the New Covenant '' . This Rock . 16 ( 8 ) . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ David Michael Lindsey , The Woman and The Dragon : Apparitions of Mary , page 21 ( Pelican Publishing Company , Inc. , 2000 ) ISBN 1 - 56554 - 731 - 4 Jump up ^ Dwight Longenecker , David Gustafson , Mary : A Catholic Evangelical Debate , page 32 ( Gracewing , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 85244 - 582 - 2 Jump up ^ `` CCC , 2676 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ https://stpaulcenter.com/studies/lesson/lesson-three-the-ark-of-the-new-covenant Jump up ^ `` Thoughts of Francis Turretin : Athanasius - `` Homily of the Papyrus of Turin '' - Pseudographic ? `` . turretinfan.blogspot.com.es . Jump up ^ Translation ( 1 ) Sahih International . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Patrick ; Hughes , Thomas Patrick ( 1995 ) ( 1885 ) . A Dictionary of Islam . New Delhi : Asian Educational Services . p. 624 . ISBN 9788120606722 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Uri ( 2001 ) . `` Traditions in Transformation : The Ark of the Covenant and the Golden Calf in Biblical and Islamic Historiography '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Iqd al - Durar fi Akbar al - Imam al - Muntadhar , by Shaikh Jamaluddin Yusuf al Damishqi , p. 51 - a Jump up ^ Cf . Deuteronomy 34 : 1 - 3 and 2 Maccabees 2 : 4 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stuart Munro - Hay , 2005 , The Quest for the Ark of the Covenant , Tauris ( reviewed in Times Literary Supplement 19 August 2005 p. 36 ) Jump up ^ B.T.A. Evetts ( translator ) , The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighboring Countries attributed to Abu Salih , the Armenian , with added notes by Alfred J. Butler ( Oxford , 1895 ) , pp. 287f Jump up ^ Hancock , Graham ( 1992 ) . The Sign and the Seal : The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant . New York : Crown . ISBN 0517578131 . Jump up ^ Hiltzik , Michael H. ( June 9 , 1992 ) . `` Does Trail to Ark of Covenant End Behind Aksum Curtain ? A British author believes the long - lost religious object may actually be inside a stone chapel in Ethiopia '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Fendel , Hillel ( 2009 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Holy Ark Announcement Due on Friday '' , Aruta Sheva ( Israel International News ) . Retrieved on 2009 - 06 - 25 Jump up ^ IGN ( 2009 - 06 - 19 ) . Ho visto l'Arca dell'Alleanza ed è in buone condizioni . Retrieved on 2009 - 06 - 26 Jump up ^ The Lost Ark of the Covenant by Tudor Parfitt , published by HarperCollins 2008 . ^ Jump up to : A Lead on the Ark of the Covenant , by David Van Biema Thursday , Time.com , Feb. 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Debates & Controversies - Quest for the Lost Ark '' . Channel4.com. 2008 - 04 - 14 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Brian Haughton , Haunted Spaces , Sacred Places : A Field Guide to Stone Circles , Crop Circles , Ancient Tombs , and Supernatural Landscapes , page 142 ( Career Press , Inc. , 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60163 - 000 - 1 Jump up ^ Louis Charpentier , Les Mystères de la Cathédrale de Chartres ( Paris : Robert Laffont , 1966 ) , translated as The Mysteries of Chartres Cathedral ( London : Research Into Lost Knowledge Organisation , 1972 ) . Jump up ^ Karen Ralls , The Templars and The Grail : Knights of The Quest , page 99 , pages 163 - 164 ( Quest Books , Theosophical Publishing House , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8356 - 0807 - 7 . Citing Patrick Byrne , Templar Gold : Discovering the Ark of the Covenant ( Blue Dolphin Publishing , Inc. , 2001 ) . ISBN 1 - 57733 - 099 - 4 Jump up ^ J. Salmon , A Description of The Works of Art of Ancient and Modern Rome , Particularly In Architecture , Sculpture & Painting , Volume One , page 108 ( London : J. Sammells , 1798 ) . Jump up ^ Debra J. Birch , Pilgrimage To Rome In The Middle Ages : Continuity and Change , page 111 ( The Boydell Press , 1998 ) . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 771 - 8 Jump up ^ Midrash Tanḥuma . p. 33 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Legend Hunters - Ark of the Covenant ( FactualTV - Knights Templar Documentary ) Jump up ^ Ivan McAvinchey . `` News 2006 ( March 9 ) '' . Rsai.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Photographs by Harry Burton , The Griffith Institute , Tutankhamun : Anatomy of an Excavation : The Howard Carter Archives . Jump up ^ Lundquist , John M. The Temple of Jerusalem : past , present , and future , Chapter 2 `` The World of the First Temple '' , pp. 66 - 67 , © 2008 by John M. Lundquist , first published 2008 , Praeger Publishers , 88 Post Road West , Westport , CT 06881 ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98339 - 0 www.praeger.com . Jump up ^ `` Philip Kaufman '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` Tempelriddernes Skat - Filmens Handling '' . filmcentralen.dk. 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Further reading ( edit ) Ackerman , Susan ( 2000 ) . `` Ark of the Covenant '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . Carew , Mairead , Tara and the Ark of the Covenant : A Search for the Ark of the Covenant by British Israelites on the Hill of Tara , 1899 - 1902 . Royal Irish Academy , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 9543855 - 2 - 7 Cline , Eric H. ( 2007 ) , From Eden to Exile : Unravelling Mysteries of the Bible , National Geographic Society , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0084 - 7 Fisher , Milton C. , The Ark of the Covenant : Alive and Well in Ethiopia ? . Bible and Spade 8 / 3 , pp. 65 -- 72 , 1995 . Foster , Charles , Tracking the Ark of the Covenant . Monarch , 2007 . Grierson , Roderick & Munro - Hay , Stuart , The Ark of the Covenant . Orion Books Ltd , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 1010 - 7 Hancock , Graham , The Sign and the Seal : The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant . Touchstone Books , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 86541 - 2 Haran , M. , The Disappearance of the Ark , IEJ 13 ( 1963 ) , 46 - 58 Hertz , J.H. , The Pentateuch and Haftoras . Deuteronomy . Oxford University Press , 1936 . Hubbard , David ( 1956 ) The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast Ph. D. dissertation , St. Andrews University , Scotland Munro - Hay , Stuart , The Quest For The Ark of The Covenant : The True History of The Tablets of Moses . L.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 248 - 2 Ritmeyer , L. , The Ark of the Covenant : Where It Stood in Solomon 's Temple . Biblical Archaeology Review 22 / 1 : 46 - 55 , 70 - 73 , 1996 . Stolz , Fritz . `` Ark of the Covenant . '' In The Encyclopedia of Christianity , edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley , 125 . Vol. 1 . Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans , 1999 . ISBN 0802824137 External links ( edit ) This section 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Ark of the Covenant Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ark of the Covenant . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ark of the Covenant Portions of this article have been taken from the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906 . Ark of the Covenant Initial text from Easton 's Bible Dictionary , 1897 . Ark of the Covenant The Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume I. Ark of the Covenant Shemot ( Exodus ) - Chapter 25 Smithsonian.com `` Keepers of the Lost Ark ? '' Derby , Josiah , `` The Gold of The Ark '' , Jewish Bible Quarterly . Havergal , William Henry . Six Lectures on The Ark of The Covenant ( London : Hamilton , Adams And Co , 1867 ) . Available on Google Books . ( 3 ) Pendleton , Philip Y. , A Brief Sketch of the Jewish Tabernacle. 1901 . ( International Sunday - school Lessons for 1902 . Standard Eclectic Commentary comprising original and selected notes , explanatory , illustrative , practical . Embellished with maps , diagrams , chronological charts , tables , etc . ) Schatz , Elihu , `` The Weight of The Ark of The Covenant '' , Jewish Bible Quarterly . Shyovitz , David , The Lost Ark of the Covenant . Jewish Virtual Library . <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Ark of the Covenant topics People Moses Kohanim High Priest of Israel Israelites Levites Bezalel Tribe of Judah Oholiab Kehath Tribe of Levi Jeremiah Joshua Samuel Solomon Menelik I Contents Tablets of Stone Ten Commandments Manna Aaron 's rod Cherub Locations Mount Sinai Jericho Jordan River Holy of Holies Tabernacle Ai Shiloh Gibeah Gilgal Eben - Ezer Philistia Beth Shemesh Kiriath - Jearim Temple Mount Dome of the Rock Well of Souls Cathedral of Chartres Tana Qirqos Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion Related The Sign and the Seal ( 1992 book ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) People and things in the Quran <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Characters God in Islam ( Allah ) Names of God found in the Quran Angels Israfil Izra'il / Azrael ( Malak al - Mawt ) Jibra'il / Gabriel ( Al - Ruh al - Amin ) and Holy Spirit ( Al - Ruh al - Qudus ) and Al - Ruh ( The Spirit ) Maalik Mika'il Harut and Marut Jinns Iblīs / Devil Shaitan / Satan Ifrit ( and Marid ) Qareen In Heaven ( Jannah ) Ghilman and Wildan Houri In Hell ( Jahannam ) Zabaniyya Zaqqum Prophets and apostles ( messengers ) of God Mentioned Ādam / Adam Alyasa ' / Elisha Ayyub / Job Dawud / David Dhul - Kifl / Ezekiel ? Harun / Aaron Hud / Eber ? Ibrahim / Abraham ( Khalilullah ) Idris / Enoch ? Ilyas / Elijah Imran / Joachim ( father of Maryam ) Isa / Jesus Isḥaq / Isaac Isma'il / Ishmael Dhabih Ullah Lut / Lot Muhammad or Ahmad / Paraclete Musa / Moses ( Kalimullah ) Nuh / Noah Saleh / Shelah ? Shuaib / Jethro Sulayman / Solomon Uzair / Ezra ? Yahya / John the Baptist Yaqub / Jacob ( Israel ) Yunus / Jonah ( Dhul - Nun , Sahib al - Hut ) Yūsuf / Joseph Zakariya / Zechariah Implied Ermia / Jeremiah Samuel Yusha ' ibn Nūn / Joshua Good people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Dhul - Qarnayn Luqman Maryam / Mary ( mother of Isa ) Talut / Saul Implicitly mentioned Asiyah bint Muzahim / Bithiah ? ( wife of Fir'aun ) Asif ibn Barkhiya Bilquis ( Queen of Saba / Sheba ) Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Beniamin / Benjamin Habib the Carpenter ( believer of Ya - Sin ) Kaleb / Caleb Khidr Magicians of Fir'aun Simon Cephas / Simon Peter Other people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Āzar ( uncle of Ibrahim ) Fir'aun / Pharaoh Haman Jalut / Goliath Qarun / Korah Sāmiri Implicitly mentioned Abraha Bal'am / Balaam Barṣīṣā Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Potiphar ( Al - Aziz ) Shaddad Simeon ( son of Ya'qub ) Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Valid ibn Rayyan ( king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf ) Zuleika ( wife of al - Aziz ) Mentioned people ( after inception of Islam ) Abū Lahab Zayd ibn Harithah Relatives of prophets Specified good relatives Daughters of Lut / Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Elizabeth or ' Ishā ' ( wife of Zakariya ) Habil / Abel ( son of Adam ) Hawwa ' / Eve ( wife of Adam ) Kulthum / Miriam ( sister of Musa ) Saffurah / Zipporah ( wife of Musa ) and Layya ( Saffura 's sister ) Sarah ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isḥaq ) Yukabed / Jochebed ( mother of Musa ) Non-specified good relatives Abiona / Amtelai daughter of Karnebo ( mother of Ibrahim ) Bathsheba ( wife of Dawud ) Muhammad 's wives Daughters of Muhammad Hājar / Hagar ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isma'il ) Hannah / Anne daughter of Faquz ( mother of Maryam ) Imran / Amram ( father of Musa ) Lamech ( father of Nuh ) Rāhil / Rachel ( wife of Ya'qub ) Rahma / Dinah ( wife of Ayyub ) Shamkha bint Anush / Betenos ( mother of Nuh ) Son of Luqman Other relatives Brothers of Yūsuf Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ? Tārah / Terah ( father of Ibrahim ) Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ? ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Groups and tribes Tribes and ethnicities Mentioned ' Ād ( people of Hud ) Arabs and Ajam Children of Israel / Israelites Companions of the Rass People of Saba ' / Sheba People of Shu'aib ( people of Madyan and people of Aykah / Wood ) People of Tubba ' Quraysh Romans Thamud ( people of Saleh , companions of Hijr ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Bayt Amalek Banu Hashim Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Groups Mentioned Christian apostles Disciples of Jesus Companions of Noah 's Ark Companions of Sabbath ( Aşḥāb al - Sabt ) Companions of the Cave / Seven Sleepers and Companions of al - Raqaim Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of the City ( People of Ya - Sin ) People of the Burned Garden ( Aşḥāb al - Jannah ) Ulu'l azm prophets Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Aus and Khazraj Copts Hezbollah Muhajirun ( The emigrants ) and Ansar ( The helpers ) Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Christians ( People of Injil ) Jews Kafir ( Infidels ) Majus Zoroastrians Munafiq Hypocrites Mushrik Polytheists Muslims People of the Book ( ′ Ahl al - Kitāb ) Sabians Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Rabbani / Rabbi Ruhban ( Christian monks ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Locations , entities and events Locations Mentioned Ahqāf Al - Aqsa Mosque Arafat and Mash'ar al - Harām Bābil / Babylon Badr Door of Hittah Hijr / Hegra Holy Land ( Palestine and Levant ) Hunayn Iram Ka'bah / Kaaba ( Bayt al - Harām / Sacred House , Bayt al - ' Atīq / Ancient House ) Madyan / Midian Madinah / Medina ( formerly Yathrib ) Majma ' al - Bahrain Makkah / Mecca ( Umm al - Qura , Balad al - Amin , Bakkah ) Maqām Ibrahim Masjid al - Dirar Masjid al - Haram Mount Judi Mu'tafikat ( Sodom ) Rass Saba ' / Sheba Al - Safa and Al - Marwah Tur Sinā ' / Mount Sinai and Jabal al - Tur Egypt Valley of Tuwa Implicitly mentioned Antioch Antakya Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas and ' Ariha Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) and Al - Hijr of Isma'il Canaan Cave of Hira and Cave of Thawr Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār al - Nadwa Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Ma'rib Dam Masjid al - Nabawi ( Prophet 's Mosque ) Mesopotamia Nile River Nineveh Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Quba Mosque Sinai Desert and Tīh Desert Ta'if Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Mihrab Monastery Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Non-human physical entities Religious texts Injil / Gospel Quran Suhuf - i Ibrahim ( Scrolls of Abraham ) Tawrat / Torah , Suhuf - i - Musa ( Scrolls of Moses ) and Tablets of Stone Zabur Related animals Cow of Israelites and Golden calf Dog of Seven Sleepers Fish of Yunis Hoopoe of Sulayman She - Camel of Saleh Related objects Forbidden fruit of Adam Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tabut al - Sakina ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) Baal Lāt , ' Uzza and Manāt Wadd , Suwa ' , Yaghuth , Ya'uq and Nasr ( Jibt and Taghut Ansāb ) Events Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of the Trench ( Battle of the Confederates ) Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Hadith of the pond of Khumm Incident of Ifk Layla al - Mabit Mubahala The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Umrah al - Qaza Yawm al - Dār <Td_colspan="2"> Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Bibilical name ( title or relationship ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Temple in Jerusalem Structures Tabernacle First Temple / Solomon 's Temple Second Temple / Ezra 's Temple / Herod 's Temple Third Temple / Ezekiel 's Temple Elements Altar Ark of the Covenant Shekhinah Holy of Holies Seven - branched candelabrum Foundation Stone Mercy seat Solomon 's Porch Temple treasury Boaz and Jachin Western Wall Warren 's Gate Western Stone Wilson 's Arch The Sanctuary Molten Sea Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer Priesthood Priestly sash Ephod Holy anointing oil Priestly breastplate Priestly tunic High Priest Sacrifice Priestly robe Priestly undergarments Priestly turban Priestly divisions Shemen Afarsimon Priestly crown Urim and Thummim Priestly covenant History Bar Kokhba revolt Siege of Jerusalem Tisha B'Av Judaea Capta coinage Temple Mount Gates Excavations Mount Zion City of David See also Replicas of the Jewish Temple Navel of the World Temple Denial <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Indiana Jones <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Video game Soundtrack <Td_colspan="1"> Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Video game ( NES ) Soundtrack <Td_colspan="1"> Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Video games Soundtrack <Td_colspan="1"> Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Soundtrack Television The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 1993 ) episodes Characters Indiana Jones Marion Ravenwood Sallah Marcus Brody Henry Jones Sr . Mutt Williams Games Video games Lost Kingdom Revenge of the Ancients Fate of Atlantis The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles The Pinball Adventure Instruments of Chaos Greatest Adventures Desktop Adventures Infernal Machine Emperor 's Tomb Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Staff of Kings Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues Adventure World Role - playing games The Adventures of Indiana Jones The World of Indiana Jones Tomb of the Templars Attractions Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Temple du Péril Indiana Jones Adventure Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries Books <Td_colspan="2"> The Peril at Delphi The Dance of the Giants The Seven Veils The Philosopher 's Stone Comics Iron Phoenix Spear of Destiny Tomb of the Gods Other media Lego Indiana Jones The Raiders of the Lost Brick Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory Golden Idol Montana Jones <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ark_of_the_Covenant&oldid=797379168 '' Categories : Hebrew Bible topics Hebrew Bible words and phrases Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from January 2014 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2016 Articles lacking reliable references from January 2016 Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia external links cleanup from February 2016 Wikipedia spam cleanup from February 2016 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 18 : 05 . 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6,628,241,132,486,125,000 | when was the wall in san diego built | Mexico -- United States barrier - wikipedia Mexico -- United States barrier Border fence near El Paso , Texas Border fence between San Diego 's border patrol offices in California ( left ) and Tijuana , Mexico ( right ) The Mexico -- United States barrier is a series of walls and fences along the Mexico -- United States border aimed at preventing illegal crossings from Mexico into the United States . The barrier is not one contiguous structure , but a grouping of relatively short physical walls , secured in between with a `` virtual fence '' which includes a system of sensors and cameras monitored by the United States Border Patrol . As of January 2009 , U.S. Customs and Border Protection reported that it had more than 580 miles ( 930 km ) of barriers in place . The total length of the continental border is 1,989 miles ( 3,201 km ) . Contents 1 Background 2 Status 2.1 Secure Fence Act 2.2 Rethinking the expansion 2.3 Expansion freeze 2.4 Local efforts 2.5 Trump administration 3 Controversy 3.1 Divided land 3.2 Hidalgo County 3.3 Mexico 's condemnations 3.4 Migrant deaths 3.5 Environmental impact 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Mexico -- United States border and Illegal immigration to the United States Two men scale the border fence into Mexico near Douglas , Arizona , in 2009 The barriers were built from 1994 as part of three larger `` Operations '' to taper transportation of illegal drugs manufactured in Latin America and immigration : Operation Gatekeeper in California , Operation Hold - the - Line in Texas , and Operation Safeguard in Arizona . 97 % of border apprehensions ( foreign nationals who are caught being in the U.S. illegally ) by the Border Patrol in 2010 occurred at the southwest border . The number of Border Patrol apprehensions declined 61 % from 1,189,000 in 2005 to 723,840 in 2008 to 463,000 in 2010 . The decrease in apprehensions may be due to a number of factors including , changes in U.S. economic conditions and border enforcement efforts . Border apprehensions in 2010 were at their lowest level since 1972 . In December 2016 apprehensions were at 58,478 , whereas in March 2017 , there were 17,000 apprehensions , which was the fifth month in a row of decline . The 1,954 - mile ( 3,145 km ) border between the United States and Mexico traverses a variety of terrains , including urban areas and deserts . The barrier is located on both urban and uninhabited sections of the border , areas where the most concentrated numbers of illegal crossings and drug trafficking have been observed in the past . These urban areas include San Diego , California and El Paso , Texas . As of August 29 , 2008 , the U.S. Department of Homeland Security had built 190 miles ( 310 km ) of pedestrian border fence and 154.3 miles ( 248.3 km ) of vehicle border fence , for a total of 344.3 miles ( 554.1 km ) of fence . The completed fence is mainly in New Mexico , Arizona , and California , with construction underway in Texas . U.S. Customs and Border Protection reported that it had more than 580 miles ( 930 km ) of fence in place by the second week of January 2009 . Work is still under way on fence segments in Texas and on the Border Infrastructure System in California . As a result of the effect of the barrier , there has been a marked increase in the number of people trying to illegally cross areas which have no fence such as the Sonoran Desert and the Baboquivari Mountain in Arizona . Such illegal immigrants must cross 50 miles ( 80 km ) of inhospitable terrain to reach the first road , which is located in the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation . Status ( edit ) Aerial view of El Paso , Texas ( on the left ) and Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua ( on the right ) , the border can clearly be seen as it divides the two cities at night The United States Border Patrol in the Algodones Dunes , California The wall ending in the Pacific Ocean Douglas , Arizona , 2009 U.S. Representative Duncan Hunter , a Republican from California and the then - chairman of the House Armed Services Committee , proposed a plan to the House on November 3 , 2005 calling for the construction of a reinforced fence along the entire United States -- Mexican border . This would also have included a 100 - yard ( 91 m ) border zone on the U.S. side . On December 15 , 2005 , Congressman Hunter 's amendment to the Border Protection , Anti-terrorism , and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 ( H.R. 4437 ) passed in the House . This plan called for mandatory fencing along 698 miles ( 1,123 km ) of the 1,954 - mile ( 3,145 - kilometre ) border . On May 17 , 2006 the U.S. Senate proposed with Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 ( S. 2611 ) what could be 370 miles ( 600 km ) of triple layered - fencing and a vehicle fence . Although that bill died in committee , eventually the Secure Fence Act of 2006 was passed by Congress and signed by President George W. Bush on October 26 , 2006 . The government of Mexico and ministers of several Latin American countries condemned the plans . Rick Perry , Governor of Texas , also expressed his opposition saying that instead of closing the border it should be opened more and through technology , support legal and safe migration . The barrier expansion was also opposed by a unanimous vote by the Laredo , Texas City Council . Laredo 's Mayor , Raul G. Salinas , defended his town 's people by saying that the bill , which included miles of border wall , would devastate Laredo . He stated `` These are people that are sustaining our economy by forty percent , and I am gon na ( sic ) close the door on them and put ( up ) a wall ? You do n't do that . It 's like a slap in the face . '' He hoped that Congress would revise the bill to better reflect the realities of life on the border . Secure fence Act ( edit ) Main article : Secure Fence Act of 2006 hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article duplicates the scope of other articles . Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia 's Manual of Style . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) H.R. 6061 , the `` Secure Fence Act of 2006 '' , was introduced on September 13 , 2006 . It passed through the U.S. House of Representatives on September 14 , 2006 with a vote of 283 -- 138 . On September 29 , 2006 , by a vote of 80 -- 19 the U.S. Senate confirmed H.R. 6061 authorizing , and partially funding the `` possible '' construction of 700 miles ( 1,125 km ) of physical fence / barriers along the border . The very broad support implied that many assurances were made by the Administration -- to the Democrats , Mexico , and the pro `` Comprehensive immigration reform '' minority among Republicans -- that Homeland Security would proceed very cautiously . Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff , announced that an eight - month test of the virtual fence he favored would precede any construction of a physical barrier . On October 26 , 2006 , President George W. Bush signed H.R. 6061 which was voted upon and passed by the 109th Congress of the United States . The signing of the bill came right after a CNN poll showed that most Americans `` prefer the idea of more Border Patrol agents to a 700 - mile ( 1,125 - kilometer ) fence . '' The Department of Homeland Security has a down payment of $1.2 billion marked for border security , but not specifically for the border fence . As of January 2010 , the fence project had been completed from San Diego , California to Yuma , Arizona . From there it continued into Texas and consisted of a fence that was 21 feet ( 6.4 m ) tall and 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) deep in the ground , cemented in a 3 - foot ( 0.91 m ) - wide trench with 5,000 psi ( 345 bar ; 352 kg / cm2 ) concrete . There were no fatalities during construction , but there were 4 serious injuries with multiple aggressive acts against building crews . There was one reported shooting with no injury to a crew member in the Mexicali region . All fence sections are south of the All - American Canal , and have access roads giving border guards the ability to reach any point easily , including the dunes area where a border agent was killed 3 years prior and is now sealed off . The Republican Party 's 2012 platform stated that `` The double - layered fencing on the border that was enacted by Congress in 2006 , but never completed , must finally be built . '' The Secure Fence Act 's costs were estimated at $6 billion , more than the Customs and Border Protection 's entire annual discretionary budget of $5.6 billion . The Washington Office on Latin America noted on its Border Fact Check site in 2013 that the cost of complying with the Secure Fence Act 's mandate was the reason it had not been completely fulfilled . Rethinking the expansion ( edit ) The border fence between El Paso and Juarez has an elaborate gate structure to allow floodwaters to pass under . The grates prevent people being able to cross under , and can be raised for floodwaters carrying debris . Beyond the fence is a canal and levee before the Rio Grande ; the Border Patrol cars hang out on the levee . The Real ID Act , attached as a rider to a supplemental appropriations bill funding the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan , decreed , `` Not withstanding any other provision of law , the Secretary of Homeland Security shall have the authority to waive all legal requirements such Secretary , in such Secretary 's sole discretion , determines necessary to ensure expeditious construction of the barriers and roads . '' Secretary Chertoff used his new power to `` waive in their entirety '' the Endangered Species Act , the Migratory Bird Treaty Act , the National Environmental Policy Act , the Coastal Zone Management Act , the Clean Water Act , the Clean Air Act , and the National Historic Preservation Act to extend triple fencing through the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve near San Diego . The Real ID Act further stipulates that the Secretary 's decisions are not subject to judicial review , and in December 2005 a federal judge dismissed legal challenges by the Sierra Club , the Audubon Society , and others to Chertoff 's decision . Secretary Chertoff exercised his waiver authority on April 1 , 2008 . In June 2008 , the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the appeal of a lower court ruling upholding the waiver authority in a case filed by the Sierra Club . In September 2008 a federal district court judge in El Paso dismissed a similar lawsuit brought by El Paso County , Texas . By January 2009 , U.S. Customs and Border Protection and Homeland Security had spent $40 million on environmental analysis and mitigation measures aimed at blunting any possible adverse impact that the fence might have on the environment . On January 16 , 2009 , DHS announced it was pledging an additional $50 million for that purpose , and signed an agreement with the U.S. Department of the Interior for utilization of the additional funding . Expansion freeze ( edit ) On March 16 , 2010 , the Department of Homeland Security announced that there would be a halt to expand the `` virtual fence '' beyond two pilot projects in Arizona . Contractor Boeing Corporation had numerous delays and cost overruns . Boeing had initially used police dispatching software that was unable to process all of the information coming from the border . The $50 million of remaining funding would be used for mobile surveillance devices , sensors , and radios to patrol and protect the border . At the time , the Department of Homeland Security had spent $3.4 billion on border fences and had built 640 miles ( 1,030 km ) of fences and barriers as part of the Secure Border Initiative . Local efforts ( edit ) See also : Texas Virtual Border Watch Piecemeal fencing has also been established . In 2005 , under its president , Ramón H. Dovalina , Laredo Community College , located on the border , obtained a 10 - foot fence built by the United States Marine Corps . The structure was not designed as a border barrier as such but was intended to divert smugglers and illegal immigrants to places where the authorities can halt entrance into the U.S. Trump administration ( edit ) Further information : Executive Order 13767 See also : Immigration policy of Donald Trump and 2017 Mexico -- United States diplomatic crisis President Donald Trump signing Executive Order 13767 Throughout his 2016 presidential campaign , Donald Trump called for the construction of a much larger and fortified wall , and claimed Mexico will pay for its construction , estimated at $8 to $12 billion , while others state there are enough uncertainties to drive up the cost between $15 to $25 billion . In January 2017 , Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto said the country would not pay for the wall . On January 25 , 2017 , the Trump administration signed a Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements Executive Order , 13767 to commence extending the border wall . Trump had planned to meet Nieto at the White House on January 27 , 2017 to discuss topics including border security , and announced the U.S. would impose a 20 % tariff on Mexican goods to effectively pay for the wall . Peña Nieto gave a national televised address confirming they would not pay , adding `` Mexico does n't believe in walls '' , and cancelled the meeting . In March 2017 , the Trump administration submitted a budget amendment for fiscal year 2017 that includes a $3 billion continuing budget for border security and immigration enforcement . Trump 's FY 2018 Budget Blueprint increases discretionary funds for the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) by $2.8 billion ( to $44.1 billion ) . The DHS Secretary John F. Kelly told the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee during a hearing the Budget Blueprint `` includes $2.6 billion for high - priority border security technology and tactical infrastructure , including funding to plan , design and construct the border wall '' . A survey conducted by the National Border Patrol Council found that 89 % of border patrol agents said a `` wall system in strategic locations is necessary to securing the border . '' 7 % of agents disagreed . However , U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill ( D - MO ) said during a hearing that while Americans want a secure border , she has `` not met anyone that says the most effective way is to build a wall across the entirety of our southern border . The only one who keeps talking about that is President Trump . '' Trump proposed in a White House meeting that the wall should be covered with solar panels , claiming that this would generate revenue and improve its appearance . On June 21 , 2017 , Trump told a rally in Cedar Rapids Iowa that he is working on ways `` Mexico will have to pay much less money '' , saying that the wall would be a `` solar wall '' that could `` create energy and pay for itself '' . Trump also touted a report he had seen on Fox News that cited a study by the Center for Immigration Studies , in which it claimed that a wall along the Mexican border could save taxpayers $64 billion by reducing crime and welfare costs for undocumented immigrants over the next 10 years . Some dispute this , claiming the wall and maintenance would cost more than predicted and that illegal immigrants would just find another way into the nation . In August 2017 , while speaking at a rally in Phoenix , Arizona , Trump stated he will close down the U.S. government if necessary to force Congress to pay for the wall . As of the end of 2017 , Mexico has not entered into any agreement to pay for any amount of the wall . In March , 2018 , Congress appropriated $1.6 billion out of a $1.3 trillion spending bill , which helped toward adding and repairing fence along the border . President Trump visiting border wall prototypes in San Diego , March 2018 On September 12 , 2017 , the United States Department of Homeland Security issued a notice Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine Duke would be waiving `` certain laws , regulations and other legal requirements '' to begin construction of the new wall near Calexico , California . The waiver allows the Department of Homeland Security to bypass the National Environmental Policy Act , the Endangered Species Act , the Clean Water Act , the Clean Air Act , the National Historic Preservation Act , the Migratory Bird Treaty Act , the Migratory Bird Conservation Act , the Archaeological Resources Protection Act , the Safe Drinking Water Act , the Noise Control Act , the Solid Waste Disposal Act , the Antiquities Act , the Federal Land Policy and Management Act , the Administrative Procedure Act , the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act , and the American Indian Religious Freedom Act . In September 2017 , the U.S. government announced the start of construction of eight prototype barriers made from concrete and other materials . On June 3 , 2018 the San Diego section of the US border wall construction began . Controversy ( edit ) Divided Land ( edit ) Tribal lands of three indigenous nations would be divided by a proposed border fence . On January 27 , 2008 , a Native American human rights delegation in the United States , which included Margo Tamez ( Lipan Apache - Jumano Apache ) and Teresa Leal ( Opata - Mayo ) reported the removal of the official International Boundary obelisks of 1848 by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in the Las Mariposas , Sonora - Arizona sector of the Mexico -- U.S. border . The obelisks were moved southward approximately 20 meters , onto the property of private landowners in Sonora , as part of the larger project of installing the 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) steel barrier wall . The proposed route for the border fence would divide the campus of the University of Texas at Brownsville into two parts , according to Antonio N. Zavaleta , a vice president of the university . There have been campus protests against the wall by students who feel it will harm their school . In August 2008 , UT - Brownsville reached an agreement with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security for the university to construct a portion of the fence across and adjacent to its property . The final agreement , which was filed in federal court on Aug 5 and formally signed by the Texas Southmost College Board of Trustees later that day , ended all court proceedings between UTB / TSC and DHS . On August 20 , 2008 , the university sent out a request for bids for the construction of a 10 - foot ( 3.0 m ) high barrier that incorporates technology security for its segment of the border fence project . The southern perimeter of the UTB / TSC campus will be part of a laboratory for testing new security technology and infrastructure combinations . The border fence segment on the UTB campus was substantially completed by December 2008 . Hidalgo County ( edit ) In the spring of 2007 more than 25 landowners , including a corporation and a school district , from Hidalgo and Starr County in Texas refused border fence surveys , which would determine what land was eligible for building on , as an act of protest . In July 2008 , Hidalgo County and Hidalgo County Drainage District No. 1 entered into an agreement with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security for the construction of a project that combines the border fence with a levee to control flooding along the Rio Grande . As of September 2008 , construction of two of the Hidalgo County fence segments was under way , with five more segments scheduled to be built during the fall of 2008 . The Hidalgo County section of the border fence was planned to constitute 22 miles ( 35 km ) of combined fence and levee . Mexico 's condemnations ( edit ) See also : Mexico -- United States relations Mexico -- United States barrier at the pedestrian border crossing in Tijuana In 2006 , the Mexican government vigorously condemned the Secure Fence Act of 2006 . Mexico has also urged the U.S. to alter its plans for expanded fences along their shared border , saying that it would damage the environment and harm wildlife . In June 2007 , it was announced that a section of the barrier had been mistakenly built from 1 to 6 feet ( 2 meters ) inside Mexican territory . This will necessitate the section being moved at an estimated cost of over $3 million ( U.S. ) . In 2012 , then presidential candidate of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto was campaigning in Tijuana at the Playas de Monumental , less than 600 yards ( 550 m ) from the U.S. -- Mexico border adjacent to Border Field State Park . In one of his speeches he criticized the U.S. government for building the barriers , and asked for them to be removed . Ultimately , he mocked Ronald Reagan 's `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech from Berlin in 1987 . Migrant deaths ( edit ) Main article : Migrant deaths along the Mexico -- United States border The Wall at the border of Tijuana , Mexico and San Diego ; the crosses represent migrants who have died in crossing attempts Between 1994 and 2007 , there were around 5,000 migrant deaths along the Mexico -- United States border , according to a document created by the Human Rights National Commission of Mexico , also signed by the American Civil Liberties Union . Between 43 and 61 people died trying to cross the Sonoran Desert from October 2003 to May 2004 ; three times that of the same period the previous year . In October 2004 the Border Patrol announced that 325 people had died crossing the entire border during the previous 12 months . Between 1998 and 2004 , 1,954 persons are officially reported to have died along the Mexico -- U.S. border . Since 2004 , the bodies of 1,086 migrants have been recovered in the southern Arizona desert . U.S. Border Patrol Tucson Sector reported on October 15 , 2008 that its agents were able to save 443 undocumented immigrants from certain death after being abandoned by their smugglers , during FY 2008 , while reducing the number of deaths by 17 % from 202 in FY 2007 to 167 in FY 2008 . Without the efforts of these agents , hundreds more could have died in the deserts of Arizona . According to the same sector , border enhancements like the wall have allowed the Tucson Sector agents to reduce the number of apprehensions at the borders by 16 % compared with fiscal year 2007 . Environmental impact ( edit ) `` Wildlife - friendly '' border wall in Brownsville , Texas , which would allow wildlife to cross the border . A young man climbs the wall using horizontal beams for foot support . See also : Environmental issues along the Mexico -- United States border In April 2008 , the Department of Homeland Security announced plans to waive more than 30 environmental and cultural laws to speed construction of the barrier . Despite claims from then Homeland Security Chief Michael Chertoff that the department would minimize the construction 's impact on the environment , critics in Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas , asserted the fence endangered species and fragile ecosystems along the Rio Grande . Environmentalists expressed concern about butterfly migration corridors and the future of species of local wildcats , the ocelot , the jaguarundi , and the jaguar . U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) conducted environmental reviews of each pedestrian and vehicle fence segment covered by the waiver , and published the results of this analysis in Environmental Stewardship Plans ( ESPs ) . Although not required by the waiver , CBP has conducted the same level of environmental analysis ( in the ESPs ) that would have been performed before the waiver ( in the `` normal '' NEPA process ) to evaluate potential impacts to sensitive resources in the areas where fence is being constructed . ESPs completed by CBP contain extremely limited surveys of local wildlife . For example , the ESP for border fence built in the Del Rio Sector included a single survey for wildlife completed in November 2007 , and only `` 3 invertebrates , 1 reptile species , 2 amphibian species , 1 mammal species , and 21 bird species were recorded . '' The ESPs then dismiss the potential for most adverse effects on wildlife , based on sweeping generalizations and without any quantitative analysis of the risks posed by border barriers . Approximately 461 acres ( 187 ha ) of vegetation will be cleared along the impact corridor . From the Rio Grande Valley ESP : `` The impact corridor avoids known locations of individuals of Walker 's manioc ( Manihot walkerae ) and Zapata bladderpod ( Physaria thamnophila ) , but approaches several known locations of Texas ayenia ( Ayenia limitaris ) . For this reason , impacts on federally listed plants are anticipated to be short - term , moderate , and adverse . '' This excerpt is typical of the ESPs in that the risk to endangered plants is deemed short - term without any quantitative population analysis . By August 2008 , more than 90 % of the southern border in Arizona and New Mexico had been surveyed . In addition , 80 % of the California - Mexico border has been surveyed . The Gulf Coast jaguarundi is already threatened by extinction . About 100 species of plants and animals , many already endangered , are threatened by the wall , including the jaguar , ocelot , Sonoran pronghorn , Mexican wolf , a pygmy owl , the thick - billed parrot , and the Quino checkerspot butterfly . According to Scott Egan of Rice University , a wall can create a population bottleneck , increase inbreeding , and cut off natural migration routes as well as range expansion . An initial 75 - mile ( 121 km ) wall for which U.S. funding has been requested on the nearly 2,000 - mile ( 3,200 km ) mile border would pass through the Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge in California , the Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge and Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge in Texas , and Mexico 's Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge and El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve , which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that the U.S. is bound by global treaty to protect . The U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) plans to build the wall using the Real ID Act to avoid the process of making environmental impact statements , a strategy devised by Michael Chertoff during the Bush administration . Reuters said , `` The Real ID Act also allows the secretary of Homeland Security to exempt CBP from adhering to the Endangered Species Act '' which would otherwise prohibit construction in a wildlife refuge . See also ( edit ) Architecture portal International relations portal Mexico portal United States portal Executive Order 13767 Guatemala -- Mexico border Immigration reduction in the United States List of Mexico -- United States border crossings List of walls Open border Salt of the Earth Tortilla Wall United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garcia , Michael John ( November 18 , 2016 ) . Barriers Along the U.S. Borders : Key Authorities and Requirements ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . 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Jump up ^ Roebuck , Jeremy ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` Local : Hidalgo border fence suits head to court '' . Brownsville Herald . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Border wall in Hidalgo County moves forward Brownsville Herald , September 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` US border fences ' an eco-danger ' '' . BBC News . July 31 , 2007 . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Border Fence Built In Mexico By Mistake '' . CBS News . June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ El Universal de Mexico ( Spanish ) Retrieved November 9 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Border deaths of illegal migrants cause concern '' . Jump up ^ New Matilda The Long Graveyard Jump up ^ `` CBP Border Patrol Announces Fiscal Year 2008 Achievements for Tucson Sector '' . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tucson Sector Makes Significant Gains in 2008 '' . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marosi , Richard ; Gaouette , Nicole ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Border fence will skirt environmental laws '' . Latimes.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Border Wall Could Threaten Northern Jaguar July 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Environmental Stewardship Plans ( ESPs ) Environmental Stewardship Summary Reports ( ESSRs ) '' . U.S. Customs and Border Protection . January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruth , David ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Border wall would put more than 100 endangered species at risk , says expert '' . Phys.org . Science X Network . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Noah ; et al. ( May 2017 ) . `` A Wall In the Wild '' ( PDF ) . Center for Biological Diversity . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Barclay , Eliza ; Frostenson , Sarah ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` The ecological disaster that is Trump 's border wall : a visual guide '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Uhlemann , Sarah ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Commentary : Trump 's border wall endangers wildlife refuges , World Heritage sites '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flitter , Emily ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Trump administration seeks to sidestep border wall environmental study : sources '' . Thomson Reuters . Reuters . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to US - Mexico barrier . This Is What the U.S. -- Mexico Border Wall Actually Looks Like . 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-478,061,812,038,416,100 | what do the aliens from toy story say | List of Toy Story characters - wikipedia List of Toy Story characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of characters from Disney / Pixar 's Toy Story franchise which consists of the animated films Toy Story ( 1995 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) and the animated short films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Primary characters 1.1 Sheriff Woody 1.2 Buzz Lightyear 1.3 Jessie 2 Toy characters by owner 2.1 Andy 's toys 2.1. 1 Hamm the Piggy Bank 2.1. 2 Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex 2.1. 3 Slinky Dog 2.1. 4 Mr. Potato Head 2.1. 5 Mrs. Potato Head 2.1. 6 Bullseye 2.1. 7 Squeeze Toy Aliens / Little Green Men 2.1. 8 Barbie 2.1. 9 Sarge and the Bucket O ' Soldiers 2.1. 10 Bo Peep 2.1. 11 RC 2.1. 12 Wheezy 2.1. 13 Etch 2.1. 14 Mr. Spell 2.1. 15 Rocky Gibraltar 2.1. 16 Lenny 2.1. 17 Snake 2.1. 18 Robot 2.1. 19 Mr. Shark 2.1. 20 Mr. Mike 2.1. 21 See ' n Say 2.1. 22 Roly Poly Clown 2.1. 23 Troikas 2.1. 24 Troll 2.1. 25 Toddle Tots Fire Truck 2.2 Bonnie 's toys 2.2. 1 Chuckles 2.2. 2 Dolly 2.2. 3 Mr. Pricklepants 2.2. 4 Trixie 2.2. 5 Buttercup 2.2. 6 Peas - in - a-Pod 2.2. 7 Angel Kitty 2.2. 8 Totoro 2.3 Sid and Hannah 's toys 2.3. 1 Combat Carl 2.3. 2 Hannah 's dolls 2.3. 3 Mutant toys 2.4 Mason 's Toys 3 Toy characters by location 3.1 Al 's Toy Barn and apartment 3.1. 1 Stinky Pete the Prospector 3.1. 2 Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear 3.1. 3 Evil Emperor Zurg 3.1. 4 Tour Guide Barbie 3.2 Sunnyside Daycare 3.2. 1 Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear 3.2. 2 Ken 3.2. 3 Big Baby 3.2. 4 Twitch 3.2. 5 Stretch 3.2. 6 Chunk 3.2. 7 Sparks 3.2. 8 Chatter Telephone 3.2. 9 Bookworm 3.2. 10 Cymbal - banging monkey 3.3 Toys in other projects 3.3. 1 Discarded Fun Meal Toys 3.3. 2 Sleep Well Toys 4 Non-toy characters 4.1 Humans 4.1. 1 Andy Davis 4.1. 2 Bonnie Anderson 4.1. 3 Molly Davis 4.1. 4 Mrs. Davis 4.1. 5 Sid Phillips 4.1. 6 Hannah Phillips 4.1. 7 Al McWhiggin 4.1. 8 Geri the Cleaner 4.1. 9 Emily 4.1. 10 Daisy 4.1. 11 Ron 4.1. 12 Mason 4.2 Animals 4.2. 1 Scud 4.2. 2 Buster 4.2. 3 Crazy Critters 4.2. 4 Mr. Jones 5 References Primary characters ( edit ) Sheriff Woody ( edit ) Main article : Sheriff Woody Voiced by : Tom Hanks ( 1995 -- present ) Jim Hanks ( 1996 -- 2016 ) Sheriff Woody Pride is a 1950s old traditional pull string cowboy doll , and Andy 's favorite toy . Appearing in all three Toy Story films , he usually acts as the leader of the gang . His rivalry with Buzz forms the basis of the plot of the first film . In Toy Story 2 , he is stolen at a yard sale by a toy collector , causing the other toys to embark on a rescue mission . In Toy Story 3 he and the other toys are shipped to a daycare center . Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) Main article : Buzz Lightyear Voiced by : Tim Allen ( 1995 -- present ) Patrick Warburton ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Treats , few video games , merchandise , attractions ) ( 1996 -- 2005 ) Mike MacRae ( video games 2010 -- 2015 ) Javier Fernandez - Peña ( Spanish Buzz ) Previously known as Tinny and Lunar Larry , Buzz Lightyear is a modern - day `` space ranger '' action figure , and wears a green and white space suit with various features such as retractable wings and transparent air helmet , a laser `` weapon , '' and various sound effects . In the films , he acts as Woody 's second - in - command . In Toy Story , he begins the series believing he is a real space ranger ( the other toys are aware that they are toys ) and develops a rivalry with Woody , who resents him for getting more attention as the newcomer . During the film , he comes to realize that he is just a toy , and eventually becomes good friends with Woody . He is extremely loyal to his friends . During his time trapped at Sid 's house , Hannah , Sid 's sister , called Buzz Mrs. Nesbit . In Toy Story 2 , Buzz goes to save Woody from Al with Potato Head , Hamm , Rex , and Slink ( Slinky Dog ) where he gets stuck in the Buzz Lightyear aisle in Al 's Toy Barn by another Buzz and finds out for himself what he was really like . In Toy Story 3 , a relationship begins to develop between Buzz and Jessie . He is particularly open with his affection when accidentally switched to `` Spanish mode . '' Jessie ( edit ) Main article : Jessie ( Toy Story ) Voiced by : Joan Cusack ( 1999 -- present ) Mary Kay Bergman ( yodeling voice ) Toy Story 2 Sarah McLachlan ( singing voice ) Toy Story 2 Kathryn Cressida ( Disney Infinity ) Jessie is a cowgirl doll , and part of the Woody 's Round Up gang . She first appeared in Toy Story 2 along with Bullseye ( her horse ) and Stinky Pete . Initially , Jessie was hesitant to join Andy 's friends . After she becomes part of the family , she is very happy ( despite that Andy first calls her Bazooka Jane ) . In Toy Story 3 , she was riding Bullseye when Woody fell off the train in Andy 's opening sequence . She argued with Woody on their way to Sunnyside Daycare because of when the others think Andy threw them out . Later in the film , Jessie feels close with Buzz , even when Buzz got switched into Spanish . At the end , Jessie and Buzz danced to the Spanish version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' Jessie also makes a cameo appearance in Monsters , Inc. as one of the toys Boo gives Sulley . Jessie also appears in Pixar 's production of Toy Story of Terror ! as the main character that saves the other toys from the toy stealer and seller at the rest stop . Toy characters by owner ( edit ) Andy 's toys ( edit ) Hamm the piggy bank ( edit ) Voiced by : John Ratzenberger ( 1995 -- present ) Hamm is a wisecracking realist piggy bank with a cork in his belly in place of a stopper . He and Mr. Potato Head appear to be best friends , and are often seen playing games , such as Battleship ( with Hamm always winning ) . Out of all the toys , he is shown to have the most knowledge of the outside , often being very familiar with various gadgets that are shown , likely as an homage to Ratzenberger 's famous role of mail carrier and bar know - it - all Cliff Clavin on the sitcom Cheers . In Toy Story , Hamm interrupts Woody 's staff meeting by alerting the crowd telling them that the birthday guests are arriving at 3 : 00 . Hamm becomes fascinated with Buzz 's features and ridicules of Woody , along with Potato Head . When Woody inadvertently knocks Buzz off the window , Hamm is one of the many toys who believes that Woody did it intentionally and he turns on him . However , Hamm realizes the truth that Buzz is alive . At the end , Hamm cheers for Potato Head when Molly gets a Mrs. Potato Head for Christmas . In Toy Story 2 , Hamm resents the Al 's Toy Barn chicken mascot . When Woody is stolen , he and Mr. Potato Head organize a crime scene to present Woody 's kidnapping to the other toys . After helping the toys find the Al 's Toy Barn commercial on TV , Hamm goes with Buzz , Slinky , Rex , and Mr. Potato Head on a mission to rescue Woody . In Al 's Toy Barn , Hamm spots a `` Bonus Belt '' Buzz , thinking he is Andy 's Buzz , though he comments on the new Buzz 's odd behavior . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he and Mr. Potato Head operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised to pull the gear lever to get the truck to move . While reading the truck 's manual , he states `` I seriously doubt he 's getting this kinda mileage '' . Eventually , Hamm and the other toys are able to rescue Woody and are able to return home in a stolen baggage carrier . In Toy Story 3 , Hamm is `` Evil Dr. Porkchop '' in Andy 's western play opening sequence , appearing in a giant pig - shaped spaceship to rescue One - Eyed Bart and thwart Woody and his gang . Later , when the toys are accidentally thrown out , Hamm is angry , believing that Andy threw them out on purpose . He escapes with the rest of the toys to Sunnyside Daycare , where he is initially happy to be played with , but dismayed as he realizes the toddlers are too rough . Later that night , Hamm and his friends realize that Woody was telling the truth about Andy . When the toys are imprisoned by Lotso and his henchmen , Hamm is shown to be able to play the harmonica . When Woody comes back to rescue the toys from Sunnyside he quotes `` Return of the Astro - Nut '' on Buzz being turned back to demo . He helps the toys escape by fighting with Rex to distract Buzz , who has been switched to demo mode by Lotso , so that Jessie can trap him under a plastic container . Hamm and Rex , being the heaviest of the toys , sit on top of the container to prevent Buzz from escaping . When Woody returns with Buzz 's instruction manual to switch him back , Hamm reads the instructions while the others hold Buzz down . When they were about to die in the incinerator , Hamm grabbed the hands of Slinky and Rex . Later , after the toys are rescued from an incinerator - related death at the dump due to Lotso 's selfishness , Hamm , along with Slinky , wants revenge , but Woody talks them both out of it . He is donated along with Andy 's other toys to Bonnie , where he becomes best friends with Buttercup . In a 2010 advertisement for the United States Postal Service promoting Toy Story 3 , Hamm wears a postal worker 's hat while promoting the Priority Mail service ; Ratzenberger is best known for his role as mailman Cliff Clavin on the long - running sitcom Cheers . He also makes an appearance in the Toy Story 3 video game as the mayor in Toy Box mode . Hamm also appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex ( edit ) Voiced by : Wallace Shawn ( 1995 -- present ) Earl Boen ( video games ) Rex is an excitable large , green , plastic Tyrannosaurus Rex . Rex suffers from anxiety , an inferiority complex and the concern that he is not scary enough . Rex 's worst fear ( after Sid ) is that Andy will get another , scarier dinosaur . He is among the largest of Andy 's toys , and is often depicted as the heaviest . He is voiced by Earl Boen in the video games Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue ( 1999 ) and Toy Story Racer ( 2001 ) . Although Rex is a toy dinosaur he dislikes confrontation and is sensitive in nature . In Toy Story , he states that he was manufactured by a smaller company that was purchased in a leveraged buyout by Mattel ( coincidentally , real - life Rex toys used to be made by Hasbro , but as of 2009 are indeed made by Mattel ) . He is first introduced when he moves Woody 's doodle pad , then tries to scare Woody with his roar . When Buzz arrives , Rex is fascinated by his cool features . Later , when Woody knocks Buzz out the window , he reluctantly sides against Woody out of pressure from the other toys . He is , however , a great deal less antagonistic than most of the other toys . He later feels guilty when everyone discovers Woody was telling the truth all along . He gains confidence at the end , saying he could play as the dominant predator if Andy gets a leaf eater . The beginning of Toy Story 2 , he is shown playing the `` Buzz Lightyear : Attack on Zurg '' video game , which he loses , much to his frustration . He is responsible for the toys seeing the commercial for Al 's Toy Barn commercial when he accidentally clicks the remote control . When Woody was kidnapped by Al , Rex tried to send a message to the FBI for help , but he did n't know how to write FBI , and later joins Buzz ' team to rescue Woody . Inside Al 's Toy Barn , he excitedly finds a `` Buzz Lightyear '' video game strategy guide , which he takes with him . He loses the guide later , but is still able to give Buzz two tips from the guide on defeating Zurg . In a parody of Jurassic Park , he chases a car driven by the toys in Al 's Toy Barn , in which Mr. Potato Head spots his reflection in the rear view mirror . It is Rex 's tail sticking out of Al 's bag that later causes the real Buzz to go after them . When the other Toys , led by Buzz 2 reach Al 's Apartment , the toys use an unwilling Rex as a battering ram to break in against the unlocked grate . When Zurg is about to finish off Buzz 2 , he turns away , not bearing to look anymore , but his tail knocks Zurg down the elevator shaft , making him feel overjoyed about finally defeating Zurg for real . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he serves as the navigator and tells Buzz which way to go since he ca n't see out the window while controlling the steering wheel . Eventually , he and the others manage to rescue Woody and return home in a stolen baggage carrier . In Toy Story 3 , he is Woody 's `` Dinosaur who Eats Force Field Dogs '' in Andy 's opening western play sequence , where he frightens One - Eyed Bart and his gang with a terrifying roar , but is then overpowered by a flood of monkeys . He is seen to be especially sad about Andy 's lack of attention to the toys , expressing joy when Andy touches him for only a few moments . When the toys are initially left for the garbage pickup , he is ultimately responsible for saving them when they use his tail to rip a hole in the garbage bag . He is initially happy to be at Sunnyside , and is visibly sad when Woody leaves , but becomes dismayed after a rough playtime with the toddlers , commenting `` Andy never played with us like that ! '' He is imprisoned along with Andy 's other toys by Lotso and his gang . Later , at the garbage dump , Rex is the last to escape the shredder , only barely escaping when he grabs onto a broken fan . He discovers a source of light thinking that it 's daylight , but Woody convinces him that it 's not ; it 's the light of the flame from the incinerator . When the toys are finally given to Bonnie , Rex becomes close friends with Trixie the Triceratops . In an outtake of Toy Story 2 , when used as a battering ram , Rex hurt his head when banged against the locked grate . Rex makes an appearance in an outtake of Monsters , Inc. where he waits at the crosswalk with Mike and Sulley in a scene reminiscent of Jurassic Park . Rex is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . In the movie WALL - E , Rex is seen in the background inside WALL - E 's truck . Rex reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , Partysaurus Rex and in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! , and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Slinky Dog ( edit ) `` Slinky Dog '' redirects here . For the original toy , see Slinky -- Slinky Dog ( section ) . Voiced by : Jim Varney -- ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Blake Clark -- ( 2010 -- present ) Darryl Kurylo -- ( Toy Story Racer ) Slinky Dog ( usually called just Slinky or sometimes Slink ) is a toy dachshund with a metal Slinky for a body , who speaks with a southern accent . Slinky 's head , feet , and tail are plastic and he is missing his pull string . Slinky also has a green collar . Slinky Dog is based on Slinky , a pull toy by James Industries , which was popular in the 1950s , 1960s and early 1970s . With the permission of James Industries , Slinky Dog was partially redesigned for the film by Pixar artist Bud Luckey to make him more appealing as an animated character . In Toy Story , he likes playing checkers with Woody , usually choosing the red side . Slinky is shown to be the most loyal to Woody and stands up for him when Potato Head complains . Slinky is fascinated by Buzz , along with the rest of the toys , but does not make fun of Woody when Buzz arrives like the others do . When Woody knocks Buzz out of the window , Slinky is one of the few toys who believes it was an accident . Later , when Andy notices Woody is missing , he and Bo Peep are worried about him , in contrast to the others , who are glad he 's gone . Later , he attempts to help when Woody throws a chain of Christmas lights from Sid 's house to Andy 's , but Potato Head stops him . Even Slinky appears to give up on Woody when he pretends Buzz is with him but accidentally reveals his broken arm . He is stretched almost to the point of breaking when helping rescue Woody and Buzz on the moving truck , but is fixed by the end of the film . At the beginning of Toy Story 2 , Slinky is the one who finds Woody 's hat , and joins Buzz , Hamm , Mr. Potato Head and Rex on a mission to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin . His springy coil is used as a bungee cord when the toys jump from the roof of Andy 's house . When the toys break into Al 's apartment , Slinky uses his spring to hold Jessie and Bullseye back by coiling them up so the toys can safely rescue Woody . After Al packs up Woody and his Roundup gang and heads for the airport , Slinky , stretching down from the elevator ceiling by Buzz , Hamm and Potato Head , reaches for the case that contains Woody , and almost manages to save him , but is thwarted by the Prospector . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he operates the truck 's gas and brake pedals . They manage to reach the airport and use a pet carrier to get inside . When a girl approaches them ( mistaking the toys for a puppy ) , Slinky barks to scare her off to prevent their discovery . After rescuing Woody , they return home with the rest of the group in a stolen baggage carrier . In an outtake , he is seen petting his own hind section and talking to it . In Toy Story 3 , Slinky has a smaller role compared to the previous two films . He is the only original character that had to be re-cast ( due to Jim Varney 's death ) , and was replaced by Blake Clark ( with a professional Jim Varney voice ) in this film . Slinky is One - Eyed Bart 's `` Attack Dog with a Built - in Force Field '' and protects the bad guys with his shield in Andy 's western play sequence . At Sunnyside Daycare , Slinky has been tangled up by the young children . Later that night , Slinky reveals that Woody was telling them the truth about Andy 's intention to store the toys into the attic . Slinky and his friends are imprisoned by Lotso 's gang . He is shown to be the happiest toy to see Woody return , and assists him in subduing the Monkey toy who monitors the security cameras . When the toys reach the dumpster , Slinky stretches himself to create a bridge for the toys to climb across to safety , although they are stopped by Lotso . When the toys end up at the dump , Slinky is the first to be taken up by a magnetic ceiling due to the metallic section ( Slinky ) of his body . When Lotso betrays the toys and leaves them to be burned up in the incinerator , Slinky is the first to follow Buzz in joining hands in acceptance of their fate . After the toys are rescued by the Squeeze Toy Aliens , he and Hamm are the most vocal about wanting to get revenge on Lotso for leaving them to die before Woody convinces them Lotso is n't worth it . He is eventually donated to Bonnie along with the rest of the toys . His catchphrase , said in all three movies , is `` Golly bob - howdy ! '' Slinky reappears in the short film Hawaiian Vacation , in which he acts as a hotel porter as part of Ken and Barbie 's Hawaiian adventures . He also appears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . He does not speak in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins , silently appearing along with Jessie in one scene . Mr. Potato Head ( edit ) Voiced by Don Rickles ( 1995 -- 2017 , Toy Story Treats , Toy Story Toons and all video games ) Mr. Potato Head ( often referred to as simply Potato Head ) is a Brooklyn - accented doll based on the real - life toy Mr. Potato Head by Playskool . He is an outspoken and sarcastic potato - shaped toy : his patented design allows him to separate his detachable parts from his body by removing them from the holes on his body . He also has a compartment on his lower back to store extra appendages . He is capable of retaining control over his parts even if they are several meters away from his main body . For example , he can still see if one or both of his detachable eyes are removed , as well as being able to move his hands if they are detached . The same thing applies to his `` Mrs . '' counterpart , as she was able to see Andy in his room through her eye left behind . While this attribute is mostly used for comedic effect ( i.e. as a running gag , he often finds himself being split or falling apart due to outside forces ) , it does have its uses , particularly in the second and third films . In Toy Story , it is hinted that he used to be Andy 's favorite toy years before the events of the film , until he received Woody at the point of kindergarten , and therefore seems to have a strong jealousy towards Andy ` s love for Woody . Then , when Andy gets the Buzz Lightyear action figure for his birthday he becomes fascinated with all of Buzz 's features and ridicules Woody for not having a laser like Buzz as well as Woody 's pull - string . After Buzz is knocked out of the window , Potato Head ( perhaps due to his jealously towards Woody , and wanting to reclaim his long lost favorite toy position ) blames Woody for kicking him out , thinking that Woody might do the same to him if Andy plays with him more often , and turns the other toys against Woody and leads a mutiny with them . When Woody reveals himself at Sid 's House later , Mr. Potato Head convinces the others to refuse to help him , still assuming that Woody attacked Buzz . But when they are packed up Mr. Potato Head is still unhappy because he is stuck with Rex as a moving buddy and put in a moving truck . Later when Woody catches up with them and tosses RC onto the street to rescue Buzz , Potato Head , still distrusting Woody ( and perhaps still eager to reclaim his favorite toy position ) , orders the other toys to mutiny again , and `` toss him overboard '' , however , when Bo Peep reveals that `` Woody was telling the truth , '' the toys realize their mistake . He decides to reform himself as an apology to Woody by holding Slinky 's tail to help Woody and Buzz back at the truck but gets hit after Slinky 's attempt fails . When Woody tosses RC in the truck , Potato Head gets hit . At the end of the film , he is surprised to hear Molly receiving Mrs. Potato Head for her Christmas present and promptly decides to shave by removing his mustache . In Toy Story 2 , after Al McWhiggin steals Woody , he goes with Buzz , Hamm , Rex , and Slinky to rescue Woody . Later , when they are going to leave , Mrs. Potato Head packs some extra pair of shoes and angry eyes on his back compartment . When the toys cross the street to Al 's Toy Barn , they cause a semi to jackknife , and the chains restraining a large pipe on the semi break , freeing the pipe , which rolls down the street , during which Mr. Potato Head gets one of his feet stuck in a chewing gum and has to pull his foot off the gum before the pipe can crush him . After the toys break into Al 's room using Rex as a battering ram , Potato Head attempts to frighten Jessie by reaching into his back compartment for his angry eyes , but attaches his spare pair of shoes by mistake . When the toys leave the apartment after Al leaves with Woody , Potato Head throws his hat like a frisbee to jam the closing doors , letting the toys pass through . Outside , he is the first to spot an idling Pizza Planet delivery truck nearby . While the toys chase Al in the truck , Potato Head and Hamm operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised by three alien toys to pull the truck 's gear lever to get the truck to move . He later saves the alien toys from flying out the window . In the airport , when he sees the luggage area , he gasps and his angry eyes and pair of shoes come out after his compartment opens . He feels annoyed when the aliens repeatedly express their eternal gratefulness towards him , but after the toys return home in a stolen baggage carrier , he reluctantly gives in when his wife wants to adopt the aliens , much to his dismay . In an outtake , he is seen taking a dislike with the Barrel of Monkeys , saying he is `` drawing the line at monkeys '' and wants to call his agent . In Toy Story 3 , Potato Head is resentful of the aliens , who still worship him for saving their lives . Potato Head is sad that Andy does n't play with them anymore , and complains all that to Woody . He is frustrated that Andy `` threw them away '' , when he was actually going to put them in the attic . Again , Potato Head is the toy most doubtful of Woody when he and the other toys are almost thrown away by accident . Potato Head is excited to get played with in Sunnyside . After a rough playtime with the toddlers , he and Mrs. Potato Head 's parts are scattered on the floor , and he gets his parts stuck up a kid 's mouth and nose . Later that night , his wife Mrs. Potato Head through the other eye left in Andy 's bedroom , spots that Andy is looking for his toys , making Mr. Potato Head and the other toys shocked . When Lotso 's dark attitude is revealed , he tries to defend his friends from Lotso , but Big Baby throws him into `` The Box '' on Lotso 's orders . When Jessie told Woody she was wrong to leave Andy , Potato Head agrees saying that she was wrong . The toys hatch an escape plan which Potato Head initiates by arguing with and distracting the captors , and he is thrown in the box once again . Only his smaller parts are able to escape , through a small hole . He reassembles onto a floppy tortilla , checks if Lotso is sleeping and then gives the signal . Pecked at by a pigeon , the tortilla falls apart , and Potato Head rejoins the other toys using a cucumber for a body . Bullseye returns his original plastic body to him . The toys manage to escape Sunnyside , and he and the other toys jump onto a garbage truck . Eventually , they end up in a landfill , facing death in the incinerator . However , Potato Head and the toys are saved by his alien children , who he now accepts and declares himself to be eternally grateful , just as the aliens had told him when they met . They eventually return to Andy 's home and get washed . Mr. Potato Head then says his farewell to Woody before Andy comes into the room . Potato Head is donated to Bonnie at the end of the film . Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appears in Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Mr Potato Head 's actor , Don Rickles , however died in 2017 so his voice actor is currently unknown for 2019 's upcoming film , Toy Story 4 . He is seen as an Interactive Audio - Animatronic at Toy Story Midway Mania ! . It is stated on the Toy Story website that Mr. Potato Head was Andy 's second toy . Mrs. Potato Head ( edit ) Voiced by Estelle Harris ( 1999 -- present ) Mrs. Potato Head is Mr. Potato Head 's wife and female counterpart . Unlike her husband , Mrs. Potato Head is sweet and not hot - headed or impatient . Although mentioned as one of Molly 's Christmas presents near the end of the first movie , she is not seen until Toy Story 2 . In Toy Story 2 , her husband has found her lost earring . Before her husband leaves with Buzz and his troops , she stores his `` extra pair of shoes and angry eyes '' into his back compartment . She also warns the toys by saying `` Do n't talk to any toy you do n't know ! '' She is not seen again until the end of the film . She becomes an adoptive mother of the three Squeeze Toy Aliens that Andy 's toys had found in the Pizza Planet truck , as they will not leave because Mr. Potato Head saved their lives . She is then happily watching Wheezy sing his version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' with her husband . In Toy Story 3 , she has a more central role . She is `` One - Eyed Betty '' , One - Eyed Bart 's wife in the opening sequence . She uses her ninja skills and her nunchuk to herd Woody to the back , and eventually off the train . After One - Eyed Bart and Betty rob tons of gold , they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft . At the present time when Andy 's toys all cram themselves in the toy box , Mrs. Potato Head loses one of her eyes . She is one of the toys who believe Andy threw them out on purpose . They are later donated to Sunnyside Daycare . She and her husband experience a rough playtime with the toddlers at the Caterpillar Room . When the toys hear something from the halls , Mrs. Potato Head uses her eye and looks under the door . She at first just sees the dark hall , but then she sees Andy looking for the toys in his room , due to the eye she left behind in Andy 's house . She tells the toys it truly was an accident that they were thrown away . When Lotso is revealed to be evil , Mrs. Potato Head complains about her chewed up pocketbook and yells at him when he calls her `` Sweet Potato , '' along with telling him she needs more respect and having over 30 accessories . But Lotso takes off her mouth . Near the end of the film , she is saved from death in an incinerator by her adoptive children , and much to her delight , her husband now accepts them . She recovers her missing eye before she and the toys are donated to Bonnie . Even though she was Molly 's Christmas gift in the first film , the second and third films imply that she is one of Andy 's toys . Mrs. Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short film Hawaiian Vacation and acts as a tour guide for Ken and Barbie in their Hawaiian adventures . She also reappears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Bullseye ( edit ) Vocal effects by Frank Welker ( 1999 -- present ) Bullseye is a toy horse who was introduced in Toy Story 2 . He is the first toy with which Woody interacted in Al 's penthouse . He was very happy to finally see Woody after a long time in storage . Bullseye is shown to loathe fights as he hides in a can when Jessie jumps on Woody . He is also upset at Woody 's intention to abandon the Roundup gang to return to Andy , as Bullseye does not want Woody to leave . When Woody ultimately decides to return to Andy 's room , it is Bullseye 's loyalty that causes Woody to try to get the other toys to join him . At the airport , after Bullseye escapes from Al 's case , Woody and Buzz Lightyear mount Bullseye and gallop across the airfield to rescue Jessie from being sent to Japan . Although Woody gets separated from Buzz , Buzz commandeers Bullseye to follow Woody , as they are seen galloping next to the wheels of the plane Woody and Jessie are on as it heads down the runway . The mission finally ends when Woody and Jessie swing down from the plane and land on Bullseye right behind Buzz , seconds before the plane takes off . After the toys return home , both Bullseye and Jessie become part of Andy 's toys . Bullseye has every letter of Andy 's name printed on the sole of each of his hooves . Bullseye returns in Toy Story 3 as one of the remaining toys in Andy 's room . He is still Woody 's horse in the opening sequence and saves him when he falls off the train by One - Eyed Betty . Bullseye 's fast speed helps Woody catch the train and rescue the orphans . Bullseye is really sad when Andy would n't play with them anymore . After Andy 's mother thought the bag that the toys were in was trash , Bullseye and the toys manage to safely hide in a recycling bin . The toys are donated to Sunnyside Daycare . At Sunnyside , he proves his loyalty to Woody when he makes clear he wants to stay with him . He only stays when Woody tells him to since Woody does n't want him to be alone in the attic . Bullseye is roughly tumbled over by a screaming toddler with a rolling wheel toy . After the toddler play session , Bullseye is covered with paint and has a blue sticker in his snout , which is removed by Jessie . When Lotso is revealed to be evil , he locks the toys up and shows them Woody 's hat , making Bullseye miss Woody and sad he 's gone . Bullseye is extremely happy when Woody comes back to Sunnyside and gives him back his hat . The toys then plan an escape . Bullseye helps by going through the playground , carrying the aliens on his back . He goes with Woody and is almost caught by Big Baby when Bullseye jumps and accidentally makes an alien fall and squeak . But they hide inside a pail safely . The toys then go to the garbage dump , and Bullseye is the most desperate to escape from the incinerator . They are rescued by the three aliens . At the end , Bullseye is donated to Bonnie , along with the rest of the toys . In Bonnie 's room Bullseye changes the channel of a radio to a Spanish channel causing Buzz and Jessie to dance to the Spanish version of `` You 've got a friend in me . '' Bullseye acts like a dog in many ways . Unlike most of the other toys , Bullseye can not communicate in clear speech but sounds like an actual horse and uses body language to speak . According to a character interview that used to be on the Toy Story website , Bullseye communicated with Jessie while in storage by tapping his hooves to yes or no questions . Bullseye reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex . Squeeze Toy aliens / Little Green Men ( edit ) Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon and Debi Derryberry -- Toy Story Jeff Pidgeon -- ( 1999 -- present ) Patrick Warburton -- Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Squeeze Toy Aliens , also known as Little Green Men ( or `` LGMs '' ) in the Buzz Lightyear of Star Command television series , are a series of green , three - eyed squeaky toy aliens . They appear in all three films , and some were among Andy 's toys after the events of Toy Story 2 . Similar to Buzz , they think they 're real aliens . Though it is not certain whether they are male or female at first glance , they are identified in the third film by Mr. Potato Head as `` ( his ) boys , '' implying that all three are male . In Toy Story , Buzz and Woody climb inside a giant rocket - shaped claw game at Pizza Planet . Inside the claw game are hundreds of squeeze toy aliens . When Buzz asks who is in charge , the Little Green Men say `` the claw '' , which belongs in the machine ; the Little Green Men say that the claw will `` decide who will go and who will stay '' . Sid spots Buzz inside the claw game and tries to win him . Woody attempts to save Buzz and escape through the claw game 's maintenance hatch , but the Little Green Men stop him and say that they must not fight the claw . Woody , Buzz , and a Little Green Man get taken to Sid 's house . Sid gives the Little Green Man to his dog , Scud , who violently chews it as Woody and Buzz watch in horror . Near the end of the movie , the same Little Green Man is seen to be intact , and it helps Woody try to scare Sid by getting out of Scud 's food bowl and walking like a zombie toward Sid . In Toy Story 2 , a trio of them are hanging above the dashboard in the Pizza Planet truck . Buzz groans when he sees them , remembering them from the claw game in the first film . When the toys are having trouble getting the truck to move , they tell Mr. Potato Head to `` use the wand of power '' ( the truck 's gear lever ) , which they mistook for the control lever of the giant claw game . They nearly fall out of the window , due to the sharp turns from Buzz trying to catch Al in his car . Fortunately , Mr. Potato Head saves them . The Little Green Men are thankful and hand him his ear . Throughout the rest of the movie they frequently say `` You have saved our lives , we are eternally grateful , '' much to Potato Head 's dismay . The Little Green Men join the quest to save Woody and mistake the entrance to the baggage area for the `` Mystic Portal '' . They chase after the luggage with Rex , Hamm , and Potato Head , only to find cameras . Back home , the trio , along with Bullseye and Jessie , end up becoming some of Andy 's toys . They say their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head , and Mrs. Potato Head is so happy that he saved their lives , so she suggests that they adopt them , with the Little Green Men calling Potato Head `` daddy '' . They reappear in Toy Story 3 as the `` henchmen '' under One - Eyed Bart and One - Eyed Betty , and serve as the getaway drivers during the western opening sequence and drive Barbie 's corvette . The car is destroyed by Buzz 's laser and they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft . In the present time , the same trio continues to express their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head . When Andy 's mother mistakes the trash bag containing them as trash , she puts the toys on the curb , but they manage to escape the garbage bag . They are donated to Sunnyside along with the rest of Andy 's toys . In Sunnyside , the Little Green Men find a toy crane , which reminds them of the claw game in Pizza Planet . The Little Green Men get sat on and bounced on during a rough playtime with the toddlers . The toys plan to escape Sunnyside . The Little Green Men have to go through the playground with Woody and ride on Bullseye . They almost get caught by Big Baby because one of the Little Green Men falls off Bullseye and squeaks , but manage to hide inside a pail . Later when Andy 's toys escape , one of the Little Green Men 's feet gets stuck in the lid of the bin at the bottom of the chute , possibly after being pulled by Lotso , who had been thrown in the bin by Big Baby . Woody goes in to help , but after he helps the Little Green Man , Lotso grabs Woody 's feet and pulls him into the bin just as the refuse truck arrives . The toys are collected by the truck and subsequently sent to landfill . The Little Green Men are separated from the others by a bulldozer when they wander off , having spotted a crane . Woody and Mrs. Potato Head yell and try to warn them , but they are presumed to be dead after being crushed by the bulldozer . In the end , however , they are revealed to have avoided the conveyor belt and later rescue everyone from an incinerator with a giant claw crane for which the Potato Heads finally acknowledges them as his children , reciting their repetitive line , `` You have saved our lives and we are eternally grateful . '' The trio are later delivered to Bonnie along with Andy 's other toys . The Aliens reappear in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson -- ( 1999 -- present ) In Toy Story 2 , when the toys discover Barbie dolls in an aisle while searching for Woody , Tour Guide Barbie volunteers to help them . During the end credits she is a cinema usherette and is seen giving out instructions to the audience . After a while she asks if everyone has gone and promptly stops smiling and complains that it hurts her face . She then leaves for her break . In Toy Story 3 , a Barbie appears to be one of the toys that Andy 's sister , Molly , owns . In Sunnyside , she falls in love with Ken , but after Lotso 's minions reset Buzz 's personality , and reveal that they want to sacrifice Andy 's old toys in order to protect themselves , she ingratiates herself with Ken in order to obtain the Buzz Lightyear manual that lets her friends reset Buzz to his original form . When she stands up to Lotso by saying that being treated fairly is better than living under his rule , Ken switches his allegiance to her and her friends . In the end credits of the film , they get back together and change Sunnyside , becoming its co-leaders , after Lotso is defeated . Barbie appears with Ken in Hawaiian Vacation . They sneak out of the daycare and stowaway in Bonnie 's backpack to go to Hawaii but Ken is disappointed to find out that Bonnie did n't take her backpack on her family vacation . The gang creates their own Hawaiian paradise to cheer Ken and Barbie up . They share their first kiss outside and then get trapped in the snow . Sarge and the Bucket O ' soldiers ( edit ) Voiced by R. Lee Ermey ( Sarge ) Sarge ( also known as Army Sarge and Sergeant ) is the gung - ho commander of an army of plastic toy soldiers from Bucket O Soldiers and loosely based on his voice actor 's role as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket . In Toy Story , he and the Bucket O ' Soldiers are set in particular positions . They are highly disciplined with a `` Leave no man behind '' policy and are masters of reconnaissance . Woody describes them as `` professionals . '' The soldiers venture out of Andy 's room with one of Andy 's baby monitors ( while the other monitor resides in Andy 's room with Woody operating it ) and hide in an indoor plant to report Andy 's birthday presents to the toys and one of his comrades was injured after Mrs. Davis accidentally steps on one of them . They announced the first few presents to the other toys in Andy 's room through the monitors , but did n't get to tell them that Andy got a Buzz Lightyear action figure after Rex accidentally breaks the monitor . However , they were able to warn them that Andy and his friends are coming upstairs upon Woody fixing the monitor . Sarge and his soldiers thought Woody was a murderer when he knocked Buzz off the window , so they `` frag '' him and each one of them attack Woody , along with the other toys . In the moving van , the soldiers attack Woody when he pushed RC off the van , making Sarge and the toys think he 's murdering him now . However , Sarge sees that Woody knocking Buzz out the window was an accident , attempts to helps him on the van with the other toys , and is proud to work under Woody once again as shown at the end of the film when they hide in a Christmas tree and Christmas lights with the baby monitor to report to the toys what Andy and Molly are getting for Christmas . In Toy Story 2 , the role of Sarge is very minor . He first orders the soldiers to keep looking for Woody 's hat in the toy box . When Buster was about to come to the room , Sarge and his army held back the door ( with help from Rocky ) to prevent Buster 's entry , but Buster bursts open the door , causing the soldiers to go flying everywhere . When Woody alerts the toys about the yard sale occurring outside the house , he signals Sarge for an `` emergency roll call '' and Sarge orders the toys to line up in a single - file line . At the end , Sarge and his soldiers watch Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' In Toy Story 3 , several years after Toy Story 2 , only Sarge and two paratroopers are seen . Woody orders Sarge and his men to retrieve Andy 's cellphone . That plan , however , fails , and knowing that Andy is going to get out the garbage bag , Sarge and his last two men leave Andy 's room to find a better life . Buzz believes they are going AWOL , but Sarge claims that their mission is complete , and that when trash bags come out , the Army men are always the first to be thrown away ( it 's likely that the rest of the soldiers had either left prior to that day , or were sold in a yard sale ) . They appear again at the end of the film where they land in Sunnyside , and possibly recognizing Barbie , begin a happy new life under Barbie and Ken 's leadership . Bo Peep ( edit ) Voiced by : Annie Potts ( 1995 -- present ) Rebecca Wink ( Toy Story Racer ) Bo Peep is a porcelain figurine attached to Molly 's bedside lamp inspired by the heroine of the famed nursery rhyme ; a beautiful , sweet - natured shepherdess accompanied by a single figure merged to resemble three sheep , who serves as Woody 's romantic interest of the films . In spite of her status as one of Molly 's toys , like Mrs. Potato Head she may fall under the category of Andy 's toy . In Andy 's games of imaginative play she is used as the damsel - in - distress of the stories , and she is depicted as gentle , ladylike , and kindhearted . In the first film , after Woody 's exclusion from the group when Buzz Lightyear started to attract more attention , she remained loyal to him rather than taunting him because of Buzz 's rise in popularity . After Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window , she one of the only toys who did not antagonize him . She continued to show her attraction to Woody in Toy Story 2 , flirting with him while playing a minor role . However , she did not return in Toy Story 3 , except in flashback footage , as , over the years , she had apparently been sold , much to Woody 's distress , like a few of the other characters . The particular reason for her disappearance was never disclosed officially , though Woody shows grief over her loss . In August 2015 , however , it was revealed that Bo Peep will have a major role in Toy Story 4 . The fourth film will focus on her relationship with Woody , along with Woody and Buzz trying to find and bring her back . RC ( edit ) RC is Andy 's remote controlled buggy . He has a green body with blue splash decals on the front . RC `` speaks '' with revving sounds , although Mr. Potato Head and the other toys can understand him regardless . RC is a playable character in Toy Story Racer . In Toy Story , RC was fascinated with Buzz 's features . When Woody becomes really jealous , he calls out to Buzz that there is a toy ( a magic 8 - ball ) trapped underneath the desk . Woody sneaks over to RC , starts him up , and tried to hit Buzz but misses . However , RC hits a board instead , causing thumbtacks on the board to fall and a globe to roll . Buzz falls out a window when the globe hits a red lamp and swings around and hits him . RC says to the other toys that Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window . RC then turns on Woody and thinks that he murdered Buzz . When Woody went to the moving van , he got RC out of the box and pushes him into the street and controlled him to rescue Buzz during the moving scene at the end of the film . After the toys mistakenly think that Woody is trying to get rid of RC , they toss Woody out of the moving truck into the street . RC finds Buzz hiding under the car in the streets and is thrilled to see him alive and well . Buzz controlled RC to catch Woody . Woody switched the remote to turbo mode to catch up with the truck , but RC 's batteries deplete , causing him to slow down and finally stop . When Woody lights the rocket taped onto Buzz 's back , Woody and Buzz hold onto RC as they rocket toward the truck , but the force of the rocket lifts Woody up from RC . Nevertheless , Woody manages to toss RC back into the truck ( knocking Mr. Potato Head apart in the process ) before he and Buzz go skyrocketing into the air . In Toy Story 2 , RC has a very minor role . He was used when Andy played with his toys . With Buzz riding him , he crashed into Evil Dr. Porkchop and knocked him down . He is not seen again until the end of the film , when he watched Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' . RC does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 , having seemingly been sold in a yard sale alongside a number of other toys . Instead , he only appears via archival footage . Wheezy ( edit ) Voiced by : Joe Ranft ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Robert Goulet ( singing voice ) Phil LaMarr ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) Wheezy ( also known as Wheezy the Penguin ) is a squeeze toy penguin with a red bow tie . In Toy Story 2 , Wheezy is introduced when Woody finds him on the shelf . Wheezy was one of Andy 's favourite toys until one day his squeaker broke . Andy 's mom then put him on the shelf , intending to fix his broken squeaker later , but she forgot about him . He is about to be sold at the yard sale , and in saving him , Woody ends up falling so that he is stuck at the yard sale himself and subsequently stolen by Al . At the end of the film , he gets a new `` squeaker '' and sings `` You 've Got a Friend in Me , '' the ending theme of the movie . During the outtakes , he describes himself as `` not a good catcher '' as he fails to catch Mike 's microphone thus hurting himself several times . Wheezy does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 as he was sold in a yard sale after Toy Story 2 , as mentioned by Woody , but he does appear in footage of Andy as a boy ( Toy Story 3 ) . Wheezy appears in the Toy Story 3 video game , where he is voiced by Phil LaMarr in toy box mode along with Bo Peep . Etch ( edit ) Etch is an Etch A Sketch magic screen by Ohio Art Company . Etch can draw quickly and accurately . Such sketches include guns , portraits of Buzz , Woody and Al , and even semi-complicated maps . This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk . In Toy Story , Woody compliments Etch 's art by saying that he has the fastest knobs in the west . He was also seen in the background many times , such as during the staff meetings and during Andy 's birthday and Christmas gift opening scenes . He became fascinated with Buzz during the middle of the film when he sketched a portrait of him . Angered by this , Woody erased it . He apparently , like most of the toys , temporarily believes Woody deliberately knocked Buzz out of the window ; he helps Mr. Potato Head threaten Woody by sketching a hangman 's noose . In Toy Story 2 , Etch was seen helping Hamm , Mr. Potato Head and the gang to identify Woody 's kidnapper , Al . Later on , when the toys were surfing channels to find the location on how to find Al 's Toy Barn , Etch is seen in the back as he was ready to draw a map for Buzz . Near the end of the movie , sometime before Andy comes back from cowboy camp , Etch , as well as the rest of the toys ( then including Jessie , Bullseye , and the Aliens ) , were aligned to welcome Andy home , with a `` Welcome Home , Andy '' sign written on Etch . Etch was sold in yard sale years after the second Toy Story , was mentioned by Woody , and only appeared in the archive footage of Andy as a kid in Toy Story 3 . Mr. Spell ( edit ) Voiced by Jeff Pidgeon Mr. Spell is based on a popular 1970s Speak & Spell toy by Texas Instruments . He frequently holds or has held seminars on a variety of topics such as `` plastic corrosion awareness '' and `` what to do if you or part of you is swallowed . '' He also reveals the words he is saying . When Andy 's friends came to his birthday party , the toys panicked in thinking that they might be replaced with new toys and Mr. Spell , along with basically everyone else aside from Woody , ran to the window in panic to see the size of the presents . Then later , when Andy 's friends were running up to his room , Woody told everyone to go back to their places and the toys began to scatter and Mr. Spell can be seen in the overhead shot running in fright and then again behind Mr. Potato Head . In Toy Story 2 , when Buster finds Woody , Mr. Spell displays 13.5 , the amount of time in seconds it has elapsed for Buster to find Woody , setting a new record . Later , after Woody is stolen from a yard sale , Buzz uses Mr. Spell to help Andy 's toys figure out who has stolen Woody . Mr. Spell does not appear in Toy Story 3 . He was sold in a yard sale along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Rocky Gibraltar , Lenny , Snake , Robot , Mr. Shark , Mr. Mike , Roly Poly Clown , See ' n Say , the Troikas , Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Rocky Gibraltar ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel ( Toy Story ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Racer ) Rocky Gibraltar , more simply referred to as Rocky , is a figure of a heavyweight wrestler . He is the second strongest toy in Andy 's room , after Buzz Lightyear . In the first movie , he is seen lifting weights ( Tinker Toys ) with Snake , Troll , Buzz , Mr. Potato Head , and Rex . Rocky lifts the heaviest weights out of all of Andy 's toys . Rocky is silent and plays a minor role in the movies , but he can speak in the Disney Adventures comics and in the Toy Story Animated Storybook and Toy Story Activity Center CD - ROM games from Disney Interactive . In the Activity Center computer game , he can be seen on the top shelf playing cards with Hamm and speaks in third - person , saying , `` Rocky needs to work on brain muscles . '' He is one of the toys who turn against Woody , who accidentally knocked Buzz off a window . After Woody throws RC off the moving truck , Rocky , under Mr. Potato Head 's orders , spins Woody in the air and later tosses him off the truck personally . But when the toys realize that Woody 's only use of RC is to help Buzz onto the truck , Bo Peep calls Rocky who then redeems himself by lowering the truck 's ramp for them . In Toy Story 2 , Rocky , along with Sarge 's toy soldiers , tries to hold back the door to prevent Buster from entering , but Buster rams the door open , causing Rocky and the soldiers to go flying . Rocky is also seen holding Wheezy as Wheezy begs Buzz to rescue Woody and when waving Buzz and his rescue squad goodbye as they leave on their mission . At the end of the movie , Rocky is seen enjoying Wheezy 's rendition of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' He only appears in the third film via archive footage of Andy as a child . Rocky 's name and a logo on his championship belt are references to the Rock of Gibraltar . Rocky is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Lenny ( edit ) Voiced by : Joe Ranft ( Toy Story ) Lenny ( often known as Lenny the Binoculars ) is a pair of wind up binoculars . He is used as binoculars by the other toys in various situations and is talkative when he warns the toys what he sees on his watch . Lenny does not speak in Toy Story 2 , unlike the first film , and his role is more minor ; Buzz uses Lenny to keep watch on Woody during the events at the yard sale until Al McWhiggin of Al 's Toy Barn steals Woody . Lenny appears in Toy Story 3 through archive footage from when Andy was young . Lenny was sold , possibly at a yard sale , before the events of Toy Story 3 . Lenny is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Snake ( edit ) Snake is a green and purple jointed rattlesnake toy who is best friends with Robot , as they are often seen together . He is unable to talk , but he communicates through hissing . When Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window , he sided with Mr. Potato Head against Woody . Later , at the end of the film , he and the other toys try to help Woody , Buzz and RC get back onto the moving van when they realized their mistake . In Toy Story 2 , Snake has a very minor role in the film . He is first seen when Hamm , Mr. Potato Head , Etch and everyone else try to figure out who stole Woody . He is n't seen again until the end of the movie where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me '' . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 along with Robot , Bo Peep , Etch , Lenny and the other toys , but he made two cameos in the home videos at the start of the film . Robot ( edit ) Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon Robot is an educational robot toy from Playskool . Unlike his best pal Snake , he speaks English . He is shown to be good with building blocks . In Toy Story , he stands on his head for Buzz to run on his treads like a treadmill and also repairs his ship . He is also one of the toys who turn against Woody when Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window . He and Rocky later throw Woody out of the moving truck , but then try to help Woody , Buzz and RC when the toys realized that they made a big mistake . In Toy Story 2 , he assists Buzz in the yard sale role call and is n't seen again until later at the end of the film where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me '' . Robot does not appear in Toy Story 3 . He was sold at yard sale along with Snake and the others , but he made a cameo in the home videos at the beginning of the film . Mr. Shark ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel Mr. Shark is a blue rubber , squeaky shark toy who appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . The back of him is never seen because he spends most of his time in the toy box . In the first film , he steals Woody 's hat and imitates him before he takes his hat back . In Toy Story 2 , he is used as one of the death traps during Andy 's playtime . At the end of the film , he repairs Wheezy by finding him an extra squeaker . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 . Mr. Mike ( edit ) Mr. Mike , also known as Microphone , is a toy tape recorder who helps Woody amplify his voice during staff meetings with his attached microphone . In Toy Story 2 , Wheezy uses him as a karaoke machine . He was sold at a yard sale prior to the events of Toy Story 3 . See ' n Say ( edit ) See ' n Say is an educational animal toy that appeared in Toy Story . Whenever he feels strong emotions , his central arrow wheel spins rapidly . This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk and just like Etch , Mr. Spell and Mike , he gets around by waddling on his stand . See ' n say did not appear in Toy Story 2 . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 . However , a different See ' n Say was seen when Ken , Twitch , Sparks , Chunk and Stretch were seen gambling inside a vending machine . Roly Poly Clown ( edit ) Roly Poly Clown is a rocking , chiming clown toy with a painted jacket and hands and a party hat seen in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . While not being able to talk , he mainly communicates through facial expressions . He also must rely on rolling around to get places since he does n't have feet . When not out , Roly Poly Clown resides in the toy box . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Lenny , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Robot , Snake , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Mr. Shark , the Troikas , and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Troikas ( edit ) The Troikas are a set of five non-talking egg - shaped toys that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . They are in the style of the Russian doll with a picture of five animals : a dog ( largest ) , a cat ( second largest ) , a duck ( medium ) , a fish ( smallest ) , and a ladybug ( second smallest ) . They were sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Troll ( edit ) Troll is a Troll doll with pink hair and a blue bathing suit that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . In the first film it became fascinated with Buzz and is seen lifting weights ( Tinker dolls ) with Rocky , Rex , Mr. Potatoe Head , Robot and Snake . In Toy Story 2 it is seen alongside with Bo Peep to help for searching Woody 's hat before Andy is about to go to the summer camp . It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with RC , Bo Peep , her sheep , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , the Troikas and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Toddle Tots Fire truck ( edit ) The Toddle Tots Fire Truck is a fire truck toy directly taken from the Little Tikes company that appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . It is piloted by the Fireman Toddle Tots . It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with RC , Bo Peep , her sheep , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , the Troikas and Troll . Bonnie 's toys ( edit ) These characters are the toys owned by Bonnie in Toy Story 3 and the short films . Chuckles ( edit ) Voiced by Bud Luckey Chuckles is a brokenhearted toy clown who was once owned by Daisy ( along with Lotso and Big Baby ) , and is later owned by Bonnie . He is first seen mournfully looking out the kitchen window in Bonnie 's house , where he tells Woody about Lotso 's past , stating that Lotso used to be a good friend . Chuckles explains that he , Lotso , and Big Baby were accidentally left behind on a trip with Daisy 's family , and when they finally made it back to Daisy 's house , both him and Lotso discovered that Lotso had been replaced , which caused Lotso to snap . Chuckles objected when Lotso claimed all three had been replaced , but Lotso silenced him , and lied to Big Baby , saying that Daisy did not love him anymore . After the three found their way to Sunnyside and Lotso took over , running it like a prison , Chuckles was damaged and Bonnie found him and took him home . He still feels sorry for what happened to Lotso , but knows that what Lotso is doing at Sunnyside is wrong . He gives Woody a pendant ( which formerly belonged to Big Baby ) that says My heart belongs to Daisy , which later leads Big Baby to discover Lotso 's deception and rebel against him . In one of the end credits sequences , Chuckles sees a crayon - drawn picture of him , and Dolly says that `` Bonnie really got your smile , '' making Chuckles happy again , for the first time in many years . Chuckles returns in the short film Hawaiian Vacation and he sings a Hawaiian love song while playing a ukulele when Barbie and Ken get their recreated Hawaiian adventures . He also appears in Small Fry . Dolly ( edit ) Voiced by Bonnie Hunt Dolly is a soft dress - up rag doll with purple hair , googly - eyes , an orange dress with buttons sewn on , and gently blushing cheeks . She helps Woody get back to Sunnyside Daycare Center with the rest of Andy 's toys . In the Toy Story 3 video game , she is seen as a witch . It 's indicated that she is the leader of Bonnie 's toys . Dolly appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex . Mr. Pricklepants ( edit ) Voiced by Timothy Dalton Mr. Pricklepants is a stuffed spiny anteater . He wears lederhosen and a Tyrolean hat , and views himself as a thespian . Mr. Pricklepants was made in Germany ( although he speaks with an English accent and actor 's diction ) and is from the Waldfreunde ( Forest Friends ) collection of premium imported plush toys . Throughout Toy Story 3 , he expresses great interest in theater arts and in the same respect , takes the art of role playing as a child 's toy very seriously . Buttercup refers to him sarcastically as `` Baron von Shush '' due to his habit of `` shushing '' the other toys when they break character . During the credits , he plays Romeo , with one of the aliens playing Juliet . Mr. Pricklepants reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appeared in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Trixie ( edit ) Voiced by Kristen Schaal Trixie is a blue toy Triceratops . She chats online with `` a dinosaur toy down the street '' who goes by the name `` Velocistar237 . '' She becomes best friends with Rex during the credits , playing cooperatively on a computer . Trixie reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appears in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Buttercup ( edit ) Voiced by Jeff Garlin Buttercup is a white unicorn with a yellow mane and a pink nose . Despite his appearance , he has a very gruff voice and sarcastic personality . He is the first to introduce himself to Woody when Bonnie brings him home . He later appears at the end of the movie , now very close friends with Hamm . He also appears in Small Fry , Hawaiian Vacation , and Partysaurus Rex . Peas - in - a-Pod ( edit ) Voiced by Charlie Bright , Amber Kroner , and Brianna Maiwand in Toy Story 3 Zoe Levin in Hawaiian Vacation and Small Fry Peas - in - a-Pod are three soft , plush green balls in a green zip - up case that looks like a pea pod . They have the personalities of small children , and their names are Peaty , Peatrice , and Peanelope . The Peas - in - a-Pod reappear in the short film Hawaiian Vacation . They also appear in Small Fry . Angel Kitty ( edit ) Voiced by Emma Hudak Angel Kitty is a Christmas ornament that only appears in Toy Story That Time Forgot . A running gag in the film is Angel Kitty giving a moral about Christmas much to other toys ' ( mostly Trixie ) dismay and joy . She is mostly seen with a trumpet giving morals . She was last seen in Toy Story That Time Forgot giving one last moral and `` vanishes '' . Totoro ( edit ) Totoro , the title character from My Neighbor Totoro , who is also the mascot of Studio Ghibli , appears as one of Bonnie 's toys . He is a big plush toy and does not speak at all during the film , nor is he spoken to by anyone by his name . He does however display his famous grin during the credit scenes , and at the end of the film , he is seen juggling the alien triplets , while Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head watch . According to the tie - in book , The Art of Toy Story 3 , Totoro 's appearance in the film was intended as a tribute to Hayao Miyazaki , who is a close friend of Pixar executive John Lasseter . In addition to Lasseter 's relationship to Miyazaki , another factor that contributed to Totoro 's appearance was Disney 's role in dubbing Studio Ghibli films for their English - language releases . Sid and Hannah 's toys ( edit ) The following toys are only seen in the first film . Combat Carl ( edit ) Combat Carl is a G.I. Joe - type toy character . He first appears as a toy of Sid 's that Sid blows up with an M - 80 explosive in his first scene in Toy Story . Pieces of him are later seen coming to life during Woody 's plan to frighten Sid into altering his behavior near the end of the film . A different character with the same name appears in Toy Story of Terror ! . Hannah 's dolls ( edit ) For Janie , see `` Janie and Pterodactyl '' under `` Mutant toys . '' Sally -- Sally is Hannah 's replacement doll for Janie . Sally has brown hair and a yellow dress . After Sid is attacked by the toys , Sid sees Sally , then runs off in fright , thinking that Sally will come to life . Marie Antoinette and her little sister -- Marie Antoinette and her little sister are a company of two headless dolls from Hannah 's tea party . One is Barbie without her original legs ( she has spare legs from a rag doll body ) , and the second is rag doll in violet bloom dress . A dark brown headless teddy bear is also seen with the dolls . It is because Sid tortured Hannah 's toys . Yet , she is able to play with them . `` Marie Antoinette '' is probably a nickname ( given by Buzz ) , based on their headlessness rather than the actual name of one of the toys . Mutant toys ( edit ) The Mutant Toys are mutilated toys who live their unhappy lives in the darkest corners of Sid 's room . They are assembled by Sid from mixed pieces of several toys that belong to him and Hannah ( hence the baby doll 's parts ) . They do not speak , though it is revealed they know Morse Code . Woody and Buzz initially think that they are cannibals who are going to eat them , before they learn that the toys are actually friendly and compassionate . They fix Buzz 's broken arm , Janie and the Pterodactyl , and also help Woody implement his plan to save Buzz from Sid . They close in on Sid as Woody tells Sid how much they hate being mutilated , and they all rejoice in victory after Woody frightens Sid away with his own voice . In Toy Story Treats , the Mutant Toys appear in Andy 's house . Baby Face -- The leader of the mutant toys , he is a one - eyed baby doll head staked on top of a spider - like body with crab - like pincers made of Erector set pieces . Baby Face lives in the shadows under Sid 's bed . One way Baby Face communicates with the other toys is by banging in Morse code on the side of Sid 's metal bedpost with his big claw . This method is used when he signals the other mutant toys to gather around to listen to Woody as he formulates his plan to rescue Buzz from Sid . When the mutant toys gain on Sid , Baby Face , suspended by Legs , lands on Sid 's head , scaring him . Baby Face is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Legs -- A toy fishing rod with Barbie doll legs . She is shown to be very strong , being able to hold Ducky 's and Baby Face 's weight . When Woody formulates his plan to save Buzz from Sid , he assigns Legs to partner up with Ducky . Legs opens the vent grating so she and Ducky can go to the front porch , where Legs lowers Ducky through the hole Ducky created so Ducky can swing toward the doorbell . After Ducky catches the Frog , Legs pulls both toys up to safety . Later , when the mutant toys advance on Sid , Legs lowers Baby Face onto Sid 's head , scaring him . Hand - in - the - Box -- Hand - in - the - box is based on the character Thing from the 1960s TV horror spoof The Addams Family . A green rubber arm that emerges from a black box , it appears to be based on the electro - mechanical coin - bank that was marketed as part of the show 's merchandising . During Woody 's plan to save Buzz from Sid , Hand - in - the - box , held by Rockmobile mounted on Babyface 's head , extends its hand to the doorknob , ready to open the door when the signal comes . After the Frog is let out the room to distract Scud , Hand - in - the - box mounts Roller Bob ( held by Rockmobile ) and extends its hand to pull Jingle Joe ( carrying Janie and the Pterodactyl ) when Woody motions the other mutant toys to go down to Sid 's backyard . The Hand also grabs Sid 's leg when the mutant toys surround him . Roller Bob -- A jet pilot action figure , whose torso has been attached to an old - school mini-skateboard . After the Frog is let out of Sid 's room to distract Scud , Roller Bob ferries Woody and the other mutant toys outside the house to Sid 's yard . The Frog -- The speediest toy of all . A tin wind - up frog with two different wheels ( left is from an erector set and right is from a monster truck ) instead of back legs . The Frog is missing his left front foot . As part of Woody 's plot to rescue Buzz from Sid , Woody orders , `` Wind the Frog ! '' , and the Walking Car twists the wind - up key on the Frog 's back to provide energy . When Ducky rings the doorbell , the Frog is let out of Sid 's room , allowing Scud to chase him down the stairs and out to the front porch , where he is caught by Ducky , and Legs reels both toys up to safety . Jingle Joe -- The result of a triple toy combination . He is a Combat Carl head staked on top of a Melody Push Chime toddler toy with an arm which is missing from a Mickey Mouse figure . He appears at the part when he turns Woody 's flashlight off by pressing the button . He helps in the plan to save Buzz by supplying motion for Janie and the Pterodactyl when there is no room on Roller Bob . Ducky -- Another triple toy combination : a duck - headed Pez dispenser with a baby doll torso and plunger base . Other than Rockmobile , he is the only one of Sid 's toys that can communicate orally . He and Legs go to the front porch via the vent , and Ducky , suspended from the porch ceiling by Legs , swings toward the doorbell until he finally activates it , giving Woody the signal to release the Frog . Ducky catches the Frog as Legs reels both toys up to safety . Rockmobile -- A figure with an insect 's head who sits in a headless upper torso of Rocky Gibraltar , in which is a steering wheel from a toy car . Rockmobile also walks on the Rocky doll 's hands . Walking Car -- A yellow 1957 Austin - Healey 3000 car with small baby doll arms . He can run and climb very quickly . As part of Woody 's plot to save Buzz from Sid , when Woody orders to wind the Frog , the Walking Car twists the screw on the Frog 's back , giving the Frog enough energy to speed from Sid 's room to the porch . Janie and Pterodactyl -- Hannah 's beloved rag doll , Janie , and Sid 's creepy toy , Pterodactyl ( a small plastic pterodactyl ) , are the subjects of Sid 's last `` operation '' , called a `` double bypass brain transplant '' ( he ripped off their heads and replaced Janie 's head with a pterodactyl 's ) . The mutant toys later put their heads on the correct bodies . After the Frog is released from Sid 's room for Scud to chase after , Janie and the Pterodactyl ride Jingle Joe ( since Roller Bob has run out of capacity ) as Woody motions the toys to go down to Sid 's backyard . Janie has yellow hair and a striped dress . Red Pickup Truck -- The Red Pickup Truck is a toy Toyota Hilux . It is a broken red pickup truck with crooked parts , missing ear windows and is covered in sand because it was abused and buried in the sandbox . It helps Woody and the other mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear from being blown up with a rocket by emerging from the sandbox along with Burned Rag Doll and Walking Car . Burned Rag Doll -- The Burned Rag Doll is a one eyed rag doll that was possibly burnt in an explosion or a fire . It repeatedly utters `` Mama ! '' , which signifies that it talks . It helps Woody and the mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear by coming out of the sandbox along with Walking Car and Red Pickup Truck . Mason 's toys ( edit ) Appearing in Toy Story That Time Forgot , these are the toys of Bonnie 's best friend Mason . Battlesaurs - A group of mostly humanoid dinosaur toys who initially believe themselves to be real beings rather than playthings ( like Buzz in the first and third films , and Buzz 2 in the second film ) . This illusion is encouraged by Mason 's greater interest in a new videogame system that he received for Christmas , and they become hostile to Mason 's other toys and to Bonnie 's when they are brought over for a playdate . However , Trixie is eventually able to convince them that being played with brings its own joy , and they happily embrace their life as toys . Reptillus Maximus ( voiced by Kevin McKidd ) - The Carcharodontosaurus - like Champion of the Battlesaurs , who is fascinated by Trixie after meeting her . Initially , Reptillus is resistant to the idea of being a plaything , feeling that to submit to the will of his child would be surrender and dishonorable . However , Trixie later helps him to see that being there for Mason is honorable , and he helps her divert Mason 's attention to his new toys . Near at the end of Toy Story That Time Forgot it 's implied that he has a crush on Trixie . The Cleric ( voiced by Steve Purcell ) - An anthropomorphic Ludodactylus and the `` spiritual '' leader of the Battlesaurs . The Cleric is the first Battlesaur shown to be aware of their status as toys , but conceals it from the others so that he can rule over them and Mason 's other toys . However , his plans are thwarted when Reptillus sides with Trixie ; he is later shown apparently enjoying his new role as Mason 's plaything . Ray - Gon ( voiced by Jonathan Kydd ) - A Scelidosaurus who serves as the armorer of the Battlesaurs , his main contribution is providing Trixie and Rex with battle armor , with the latter featuring remote - control arms that the Cleric uses to manipulate Rex . Goliathon - An Erythrosuchus that is kept as a pet by the other Battlesaurs and used to imprison their enemies in its belly . Guards - Various guards are part of the Battlesaur collections , with raptor - like males and Parasaurolophus - like females amongst others . Toy characters by location ( edit ) Al 's Toy Barn and apartment ( edit ) Shown in a Buzz Lightyear commercial in Toy Story , this section contains characters from Toy Story 2 . Al 's Toy Barn appears in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game . Stinky Pete the Prospector ( edit ) Voiced by : Kelsey Grammer ( Toy Story 2 ) Stephen Stanton ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) Stinky Pete , also known as Prospector , is a prospector doll and the primary antagonist of Toy Story 2 . He is a toy modeled after a character on the fictional television show , Woody 's Roundup , where the characters consists of Sheriff Woody , Jessie , Stinky Pete , and Bullseye . The Prospector doll seen in the film had never been opened and was still `` Mint in the Box '' making him sought after by thousands of collectors . In contrast to the character on the show , Stinky Pete is quite intelligent , manipulative , and well - spoken and , when he first appears , he seems to be a grandfather figure and mentor . However , he becomes embittered because he has never been sold or played with until Al McWhiggin eventually found him . Stinky Pete makes no secret of his hatred for space toys like Buzz Lightyear , whom he blames for causing the show to be canceled after the launch of Sputnik , causing children all over America to lose their interest in cowboy toys , shifting their interest to space adventures instead . Years after being purchased , Stinky Pete would spend years in storage while Al bought more toys and advertisements from Woody 's Roundup . After Al had stolen Woody , Stinky Pete and Jessie were excited because now they could go to the Konishi Toy Museum in Japan , where they will be treated with respect . Woody reveals that he has an owner named Andy Davis , which infuriates Jessie and leads the Prospector to become determined to make sure Woody does n't go back to Andy at any cost , despite the fact that he is now aware that Al actually has stolen Woody because he still belongs to Andy . When Al accidentally rips off Woody 's arm , Stinky Pete secretly leaves his box and he sabotages Woody 's attempt to recover his arm and return to Andy by turning on the TV . He then frames Jessie for this by putting the TV remote near her before returning to his box and pretending that he `` does n't know '' how the TV turned on after Woody falls for his trick . He later convinces Woody to wait until his arm is supposed to be fixed in the morning , which is done after Al calls in a cleaner . After Woody 's arm is fixed , Stinky Pete convinces Woody after a story that Jessie tells him about her old owner , that Andy wo n't play with him anymore by the time he goes to college , but in Japan , Woody will be treasured forever . Woody agrees to stay with them instead of going back to Andy , much to Stinky Pete , Jessie and Bullseye 's delight . However , Woody 's friends arrive during a celebration of going to Japan and they demand that Woody returns to Andy , but Woody angrily refuses , resulting in the toys sadly saying goodbye and leaving without him . However , before leaving , Buzz says an upset goodbye to Woody by saying that he 'll be staying behind glass forever and not being loved again if he chooses to go to Japan , leaving Woody to think over his choice . However , Woody has a change of heart and tells Buzz that he is coming with them , and invites his friends to come with him to Andy 's house . However , Stinky Pete is very angry with Woody for attempting to leave with Jessie and Bullseye back to Andy 's house , and once again he sabotages Woody 's attempt to escape by tightening the bolt to the vent ( as well as revealing to the others that he can actually get out of his box whenever he wants ) and uses his pick axe to turn off the TV , causing Woody to realize that it was the Prospector who foiled his escape the previous night by turning on the TV and framing Jessie for it . He sees unpopular toys like him and the Roundup Gang doomed to either always ending up in storage or `` spending a lifetime on a dime store shelf watching every other toy be sold , '' similar to his fate before Al found him , and does not want Woody , Jessie , and Bullseye to suffer the same fate . He also sees children as destroyers of toys whose ultimate fate will be `` spending eternity rotting in some landfill '' . This makes him all the more determined to go to the Tokyo museum and become an exhibit for the rest of his life , unlike Woody and Jessie . When Slinky attempts to get Woody out of Al 's suitcase , Stinky Pete quickly stops them and yanks Woody back in . When an angry Stinky Pete punches Buzz off the ramp at the airport to prevent Woody 's rescue , Woody confronts and fights Stinky Pete for harming his friend . Stinky Pete manages to overpower him , ripping his right arm in the process . He then attempts to finish Woody off after he refuses to get back in the case as told , assuring him that he will be fixed again in Japan while saying that going home will eventually end up with him being in pieces . The other toys blind and stun Stinky Pete with flash cameras that the toys found after they confused and mistook another green luggage case for Woody 's . Buzz , surviving the fall , captures Stinky Pete and Woody instructs Buzz and the other toys to dump Stinky Pete into a Barbie doll backpack that belongs to a little girl named Amy ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ) , who enjoys decorating her dolls ' faces with tattoos , as punishment and revenge for his betrayal , knowing it will make him learn the true meaning of playtime . Upon learning of Amy 's occupations of decorating her dolls , Stinky Pete starts to weep as he is taken to his new owner 's home . Ironically , this fate is a rectification of a past injustice done to Stinky Pete . Since much of his anger came from never being sold , opened or played with ; now he is finally being owned by a child after waiting 50 years . However , after the film 's release , the film 's website featured interviews with the characters . In Stinky Pete 's interview , he has reformed and said that he has become accustomed to Amy decorating him , as well of being fond of Amy herself . Despite his appearance , Stinky Pete does not appear in the third film , because he was no longer mentioned , though he seems to accurately predict the events of Toy Story 3 ( as what he had said after his defeat started to come true in the film ) . He asks Woody if Andy will take him to college , and later tells the rest of the toys that children destroy toys , which occurs in the Sunnyside Daycare , and that they will be forgotten and end up in a landfill permanently , where the toys are narrowly rescued from the incinerator after an escape attempt and return to Andy 's . The last part of his prediction did not come true . According to his box , Stinky Pete had a total of 9 sayings . In one outtake , Stinky Pete is seen talking to two Barbie dolls in the box , promising them a role in the third film . In another outtake , Stinky Pete gives Woody a choice to go back to Andy 's home or stay , until he suffers a bout of flatulence , which he later implies is the reason for his nickname . Despite the fact that he does not appear in the third film , Stinky Pete does appear in the Toy Box Mode of Toy Story 3 : The Video Game . According to the DVD commentary , the Pixar team had deliberated for a while what the proper comeuppance for the Prospector would be before it was decided for him to be placed in a Barbie bag with a face - painted Barbie . Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) Voiced by Tim Allen When searching for Woody at Al 's Toy Barn , Buzz comes across the Buzz Lightyear aisle , causing him to stare in awe . While looking around , Buzz notices that there is a display case labeled `` New Utility Belt . '' Buzz then climbs up the display case to find a newer Buzz Lightyear with a Utility Belt . When Buzz tries to take the belt , the newer Buzz ( who thinks he a real Space Ranger , similar to Andy 's Buzz in the original film ) springs to life and grabs him , believing him to be an AWOL Space Ranger . Buzz finds himself wondering out loud if he was this deluded , which Utility Belt Buzz mistakes for talking back and threatens to use his laser on him . Buzz tries to prove to him that he is not an actual Space Ranger by showing him that his laser actually a light bulb . This does n't work however and Utility Belt Buzz jumps out of the way and tells him that he could 've killed him . Buzz then decides that he 's had enough and tries to leave , only for Utility Belt Buzz to jump out and attack him . After trapping Buzz in a box similar to the one he came in , he is mistaken for the original Buzz by the gang . When Rex mentions that he knows how to defeat Emperor Zurg -- having recently acquired a walkthrough guide for the Buzz Lightyear video game that he 's been stuck on , Utility Belt Buzz quickly decides to tag along thinking that the toys are trying to find Zurg . While the gang search Al 's Toy Barn and through the vents of Al 's apartment with Utility Belt Buzz , they become increasingly suspicious of his cocky attitude ( `` I 'm Buzz Lightyear ! I 'm always sure ! '' ) and strange actions ( such as thinking that he is flying up the elevator shift and is unaware that he 's standing on the elevator , which is helping him fly ) until they are finally reunited with Andy 's Buzz , who defuses his counterpart 's confusion by claiming that the situation is a ' Code 546 ' ( Precisely what this involves is unknown , but it prompted Utility Belt Buzz to refer to Woody as `` Your Majesty '' ) . Heading to the elevator on the way down , they encounter a savage Emperor Zurg toy and Utility Belt Buzz engages him in battle . When Utility Belt Buzz claims Zurg killed his father , Zurg responds he is his father , causing Utility Belt Buzz to scream in dismay ( a parody of The Empire Strikes Back ) . Rex defeats Zurg by accident , sending him falling off the elevator to his apparent doom by knocking him off - balance with his tail when he turns away as Zurg prepares to shoot Utility Belt Buzz , upsetting him . He is last seen playing catch with his `` father , '' the Zurg toy , whose attitude towards Utility Belt Buzz has changed after the fall . Evil Emperor Zurg ( edit ) Voiced by : Andrew Stanton ( 1999 -- present ) Wayne Knight in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Jess Harnell ( mini counterpart ) Evil Emperor Zurg is a space villain action figure and Buzz Lightyear 's archenemy . He has red evil eyes with neon gritting teeth , silver horns on his head , a purple tunic with a black cape on it and his weapon , a gun ( which has a power control that , as an homage to This is Spinal Tap , goes to 11 ) . In some cases , he does not have a gun but a hand like the one on his other arm . In the first film , Zurg is a referenced character , and does not appear at all . However , Zurg is first seen in the opening sequence of the second film when Buzz is trying to take his main power away from him ( Zurg 's main power is from an AA battery which is actually revealed to be a hologram ) . In the ensuing battle , Zurg vaporizes the top half of Buzz Lightyear 's body with his gun , killing him . The sequence then cuts showing that the opening sequence was actually a video game played by Rex . As the story progresses , a Zurg toy in Al 's Toy Barn bursts out from its box and follows Andy 's Buzz Lightyear , who is on the way to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin . Zurg is deluded , similar to Andy 's Buzz in the first film . In the second film , another copy of Buzz Lightyear , who also acts similar to Buzz in the first film , escapes from Al 's Toy Barn and battles with Zurg ( who says the exact same thing he said in the video game before the fight ) using toy components ( pin balls and lights ) . In a reference to the relationship of Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader , the principal hero and villain respectively of the original Star Wars trilogy , Evil Emperor Zurg claims he is in fact the father of Buzz , in an almost word - for - word parody of the scene in The Empire Strikes Back . As Zurg attempts to finish off Utility Belt Buzz ( at point - blank range ) , Rex accidentally hits Zurg with his large tail , sending him falling down the elevator shaft . The second Buzz then looks over the shaft and reaches his hand out , thinking he has lost his father , while Rex is excited that he has finally managed to defeat Zurg in real life . Near the end of the film , Zurg is seen to have survived his fall with a bent horn and is now playing catch with the Buzz copy . He supposedly bumped his head so hard as he forgot he was Buzz Lightyear 's worst enemy . The second Buzz Lightyear then says , `` Oh , you 're a great dad ! '' as he rushes to catch another ball fired by Zurg . In the novelisation , however , Zurg is killed by the fall , Utility Belt Buzz finds him and takes him back to Al 's Toy Barn to bury him . Zurg is mentioned in the third film by Buzz in his bad guy character after Lotso resets him to Demo mode . Zurg appears briefly during a sequence in the end credits , where he is donated to Sunnyside Daycare center and greeted by Stretch . Zurg also appears as in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and its direct - to - video movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins . Zurg says he is Lightyear 's father during a fight in order to shock Lightyear , before regaining the advantage during the fight and then denying the truth of that previous claim . Whether or not this is actually true , Buzz definitely does not know who his father is . This version of Zurg is also severely lightened up , going from the movie 's Darth Vader-esque version to a far less intimidating one ; in the TV series Zurg is a flamboyant villain who is just as much a comic relief character as he is a formidable opponent , similar to Skeletor . This Zurg is known for videotaping Buzz 's speeches , maintaining a troll doll collection , and various other comedic habits . He is shown to have a bit of a British accent throughout the series . It is revealed in the first episode that there is a Nana Zurg , but she is never seen at all ( although he claims that she 's `` plenty evil '' ) . Zurg would appear to be a cyborg of some description , also much like Darth Vader . However , it has also been discussed amongst fans that his `` cybernetic '' traits could also very well be because of advanced technology . There is yet to be a clear answer . In the TV series , he is the warlord - like ruler of an evil empire and is in command of an army of Hornet robots , as well of a minion workforce consisting of Grubs and Brainpods . The seat of which is the hellish Planet Z ( standing for Xrghthung ) . In various media surrounding the film , his planet is said to be called Xrghthung . However , because this is unpronounceable in the TV series it is changed to simply `` Z . '' It is unknown whether Zurg rules over any other worlds , but , if he does , they have not been revealed . Planet Z evidently possesses vast resources and forces enabling Zurg to be a serious threat to the Galactic Alliance . Despite being frequently gullible and bungling , Zurg is evidently highly intelligent , able to concoct sound military tactics and Machiavellian evil schemes . Additionally , he occasionally references stereotypes of typical evil villains and intentionally violates them , showing how aware he is of his similarity to them . For example , when designing a vast prison on Planet Z , he declines building an execution arena , for it simply `` gives the captives more time to get away . '' When he was designing a schematic for a new base , he expressedly forbade for air vents that allow `` hero - sized objects '' into the control room . `` And , may I remind you , no giant trash compactor ! When heroes fall in , they always have enough time to figure a way out . Make it -- an incinerator ! '' Despite his camp nature , he is just as fearsome and ruthless as his movie counterpart . Zurg is frequently mentioned to be the most evil villain in the galaxy and appears to possess authority over all other villains . In fact , he would appear to be a physical manifestation of pure evil . He is particularly proud of this and frequently brags of how `` evil '' he is . He is a parody of Darth Vader on Star Wars , Darkseid on DC Comics , Ming the Merciless on Flash Gordon , Megatron on Transformers , Doctor Doom on Marvel Comics as well as The Six Million Dollar Man . Zurg appears as a playable character in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game on the PlayStation 3 in Toy Box Mode after completing several missions . He also has a convertible ( the ZurgsMobile ) that matches his personality . His mini counterpart is featured in a short called Small Fry . Zurg appeared in the 2015 live - action Disney movie , Tomorrowland . Tour guide Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson Tour Guide Barbie is a Barbie doll initially from Al 's Toy Barn in Toy Story 2 . When Hamm , Slinky Dog , Rex and Mr. Potato Head come upon the Barbie aisle at Al 's Toy Barn while searching for Woody , Tour Guide Barbie hops into the toy car they are driving . She gives the toys a tour in the toy barn and helps them locate Buzz Lightyear ( they actually find a different , ' limited - edition ' Buzz Lightyear ) . After the outtakes of the film , Tour Guide Barbie waves goodbye to the audience until her face hurts from smiling . She then leaves for a break . Sunnyside Daycare ( edit ) These characters live at Sunnyside Daycare Centre . All appear in Toy Story 3 only . Lots - O ' - Huggin ' bear ( edit ) Voiced by Ned Beatty Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear ( Lotso for short ) is a plush , hot pink teddy bear with a big plum nose , a sweet strawberry scent and a southern accent , who uses a wooden toy mallet as an assistive cane . He is the self - proclaimed leader of the toys at the Sunnyside Daycare Center and the main antagonist of the third film . He initially acts like a kind - hearted and wise caretaker , but is eventually revealed to be a ruthless prison warden , although his backstory makes him more of a tragic villain . In Toy Story 3 , he welcomes Andy 's toys to Sunnyside and assigns them to the Caterpillar Room . Woody tries to escape from Sunnyside so he could go back to Andy , but is instead found and taken by a little girl named Bonnie . Woody learns from Chuckles , one of Bonnie 's toys , that Lotso was once owned and loved by a girl named Daisy , having become Daisy 's favorite toy when she obtained it for Christmas . Lotso became friends with Chuckles and Big Baby . One day , Daisy and her family had a picnic in the countryside . When she fell asleep , her parents drove her home , inadvertently leaving the toys behind . Not wanting to give up , Lotso led his two friends on a long trek back to Daisy 's house , only to discover that Daisy had gotten another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear . Lotso became embittered and convinced Big Baby that they had been replaced , leaving Daisy 's home with Chuckles . Lotso eventually discovered Sunnyside Daycare Center and turned it into an internment camp for toys . Big Baby took on the role of Lotso 's enforcer while Chuckles was discovered by Bonnie and taken home . Meanwhile , Lotso realizes that Buzz is actually requesting a transfer of himself and the rest of Andy 's toys to the Butterfly Room . Thinking of Buzz to be useful to him , Lotso only approves the transfer to him . When Buzz refuses Lotso 's offer to stay in the Caterpillar Room , Lotso reverses Buzz to demo mode and manipulates him into imprisoning Andy 's other toys . When Woody and Andy 's toys attempt to flee from the daycare center . Lotso catches the group and once again offers them to stay at Sunnyside when a garbage truck arrives , but the toys refuse and Lotso instructs Stretch to push the toys into the dumpster . Woody argues with Lotso over his wrongdoings and reveals to him what he knows about Daisy and tosses Daisy 's ownership tag to him ; Lotso destroys it and says that toys are supposed to be discarded . His henchmen then turn on him and Big Baby throws him into the dumpster . As the toys attempt to flee , a vengeful Lotso pulls Woody into the dumpster just as the truck collects it to get the other toys to be sent to the dump . At the landfill , the toys end up on a conveyor belt leading to a shredder . Finding Lotso stuck under a large golf bag , Woody and Buzz rescue him and escape the shredder , only to realize that it leads to an incinerator . As they are about to reach the incinerator , Lotso sees an emergency stop button , and with Woody and Buzz 's help , manages to reach it . However , instead of pushing the button , he chooses to leave them behind , as he is still evil and selfish on the inside and still believes that all toys are meant to be at the dump . When Woody and the toys are rescued by the aliens , Hamm and Slinky want to get back at Lotso for leaving them to die , but Woody talks them out of it , claiming that `` he 's not worth it '' and that the dump is the right place for him . Lotso ( who is unaware the Andy 's toys are still alive ) is eventually found by a garbage man who recalls that he once had a Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear as a child , and straps Lotso to the grill of a garbage truck with three other toys before driving away . Lotso was intended to be in the first film ( originally for a sequel to Tin Toy ) , but the technology to design the fur to the proper consistency had yet to exist until Monsters , Inc. in 2001 , so he was saved for the third film . However , an early version of Lotso can be seen in the first film when Woody says `` Everybody hear me ? Up on the shelf , can you hear me ? Great ! '' and can be seen in the second film during the first Al 's Toy Barn Commercial . Test audiences who had sympathized with Lotso for his backstory had wanted him to push the button in the incinerator scene to redeem himself . However , according to the DVD commentary , director Lee Unkrich explained that Lotso not pushing the button to save the toys was intended for the audience to really care about the characters after three films of getting to know them when it looked like it was the end for them in the incinerator . The Pixar team took note of the people 's concerns and made Lotso to be an outright , selfish liar . Lotso also makes a cameo appearance in Pixar 's 2009 movie Up in a little girl 's room in the city where Mr. Fredricksen 's house goes by in the bottom left corner in the shadow of the bed . Ned Beatty was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain for his performance as Lotso , and Pixar and he received widespread praise for the character 's back story and Beatty 's performance . IGN named Lotso the best villain of the summer of 2010 . Ken ( edit ) Voiced by Michael Keaton Ken is a smooth - talking doll who falls in love with Barbie . He first appears wearing light blue pleated and cuffed shorts , and a tucked - in leopard - print shirt with short sleeves . His accessories include matching ascot , sensible loafers and a fashion - forward gold belt . He lives in Ken 's Dreamhouse , a big yellow doll house with three stories , a large wardrobe room , and an elevator . Barbie originally breaks up with Ken when she finds him , Lotso , his other henchmen , and a reset Buzz Lightyear locking up her friends and discovering their ulterior motive . Piqued , Ken orders her locked up as well . However , as part of a plan to escape , she pretends to forgive Ken , gaining access to his dream house . Barbie then ties Ken hostage to try to get him to reveal how to reset Buzz back to normal . As a provocation , she rips his clothing apart . Ken reveals the truth after she begins to sabotage his Nehru jacket . He is not seen again until Lotso has the toys cornered at the dumpster , where he is the first to turn on Lotso . Ken comes to Barbie 's help by trying to stop Lotso , having realized Barbie through her understanding of civics . Lotso tells Ken `` there 's 100,000,000 just like her '' , but Ken insists that for him , there is no one else like her , and wins back her affections . In the end credits of the film , he and Barbie are seen greeting new toys at Sunnyside as Barbie becomes his girlfriend again , and with Lotso gone , they both take charge of the Sunnyside toys as the new leaders . He resembles a real doll from 1988 called Animal Lovin ' Ken . Due to being called a `` girl 's toy , '' it is often joked about his femininity : such as his large selection and obsession with clothes , him wearing Barbie 's scarf , his rather feminine boxer - shorts , Bookworm not being suspicious seeing who he believed being Ken ( Barbie in a spacesuit outfit ) in high heels , as well as at the end Buzz believing Barbie wrote them the fancy note , only to discover Ken 's signature at the end . Ken , along with Barbie , appears in the theatrical short , Hawaiian Vacation , in which the two embark on a journey to Hawaii , but ends up in Bonnie 's room , where Woody and the other toys reenact various Hawaiian scenes . Big Baby ( edit ) Voiced by Woody Smith ( 2010 - present ) Big Baby is a Bitty Baby doll with a lazy eye who carries around a bottle and is adorned with childlike scribbling that resembles ferocious tattoos . He normally does not speak , instead communicating through baby sounds , with the exception of one spoken line after the toys escape Sunnyside . Big Baby was once one of Daisy 's toys before he , Lotso , and Chuckles were lost at a rest area . After returning home , Lotso lied to Big Baby that Daisy replaced them and arrived at Sunnyside . While there , Lotso took full control and Big Baby acted as his second - in - command and enforcer at Sunnyside . Eventually , Woody reveals to Lotso that Daisy still cared about them , causing Big Baby to regain his memory of his former owner , whom he called `` Mama '' . Lotso , infuriated , insults and bullies Big Baby for his attachment to Daisy ( still believing that she had abandoned them ) and destroys the name tag by smashing it to pieces with his mallet , and pokes Big Baby for being a dummy . Angered by that , Big Baby turns against Lotso where he throws him in the dumpster ( A parody of a scene from Return of the Jedi ) , blows him a raspberry , and helps Woody and his friends escape Sunnyside . In the credits , Big Baby is shown to be having a happier time at Sunnyside under Barbie and Ken 's care and is seen happily hugging and spinning the couple . At a party at Sunnyside he is shown wearing gold just like Barbie and Ken . The baby who provided the voice for Big Baby is named `` Woody , '' according to Lee Unkrich 's Twitter account , and the film 's credits confirm it as being Woody Smith ( listed under Additional voices ) . Twitch ( edit ) Voiced by John Cygan Twitch is a green `` insectaloid warrior '' action figure with a bug 's head , orange eyes with ferocious chomping mandibles , wings , and two muscular arms . He is one of the toy thugs working for Lotso . He helps to reprogram Buzz , and later apprehends Andy 's other toys . He keeps a search light working in the playground . He and Sparks `` break '' the Chatter telephone before he is convinced of Lotso 's evil by Woody and Ken . Because of how Lotso abused Big Baby , Twitch turns on Lotso , along with the other gang members . During the credits , he is seen living in a happier Sunnyside and is shown taking a turn to endure playtime with the young children in the Caterpillar Room , switching with Chunk so he can rest . Twitch is reminiscent of the 1980s `` He - Man and the Masters of the Universe '' toy line , and other similar lines . Stretch ( edit ) Voiced by Whoopi Goldberg Stretch is a toy rubber octopus with sticky suckers on her eight long arms and a glittery , purple body . She is the sole female member of Lotso 's gang , and at first welcomes the toys , but later helps capture them with her elastic tentacles . With her cohorts , she later catches Woody and his friends , and was eager to push them into the dumpster , should they not admit defeat . However , Stretch was also seen to be the first toy to doubt Lotso 's leadership and motives , as she was seen to visibly cringe at Lotso 's true character being revealed . After Lotso destroys Big Baby 's locket , he angrily orders Stretch to push Woody and his friends into the dumpster , which Stretch is now reluctant to do , causing Lotso to reveal his true feelings about all toys . Eventually , Lotso is thrown into the dumpster by Big Baby for his lies and treachery , and Stretch immediately leaves the area , shocked at what had happened but relieved . In the credits , she welcomes new toys happily without Lotso and is later seen sneaking a message to Woody and the gang in Bonnie 's backpack . She is based on a purple Wacky WallWalker toy from the 1980s . Chunk ( edit ) Voiced by Jack Angel Chunk is an orange muscular rock monster toy . He has two red eyes when fierce , blue eyes when he 's friendly , huge fists , and a face that you can change by rolling it up or down to a different facial expression or pressing a button at the top of his head . He welcomes the toys to Sunnyside , but later helps Lotso and Buzz imprison them . He is then convinced of Lotso 's deception when he abuses Big Baby , and is seen helping Woody and his friends climb to safety . In the credits , he is seen taking the abuse of the younger children , later taking a rest while Twitch takes his place . He is based on the short lived Rock Lords toyline . Chunk has a very low level of intelligence : During a gambling scene , he describes Buzz as `` He ai n't the sharpest knife in the ... place ... where they ... keep the knives '' . He enjoys teasing Ken during the gambling scene since he called him a `` girl 's toy . '' Sparks ( edit ) Voiced by Jan Rabson Sparks is a robot toy at Sunnyside Daycare . He has shown to be both blunt and sarcastic . Sparks ' retro design has flashing red LED eyes and a blaster cavity in his chest that spits out real sparks when he 's rolling around on his wheels , but is completely safe for children . He sports telescoping arms with working pincers and he can also elevate his body to make himself taller . He starts out as one of Lotso 's henchmen , but in the dumpster scene , when Ken states that Lotso put all of the toys in Sunnyside Daycare into a pyramid and placed himself on the top , he and Twitch ( and likely Chunk as well ) start to doubt Lotso 's leadership as both of them look at each other . Both of them are also in shock when Lotso shows his true colors and pokes Big Baby angrily in the stomach . They also witness Big Baby who retaliates by throwing Lotso into the dumpster , and he and the rest of his fellow henchmen let Andy 's toys escape . In the end , he and the rest of Lotso 's former henchmen reform for the better and become nicer . Sparks has only one line , when he points out Chunk 's low intelligence , he says , `` Neither are you , Chunk '' after Chunk gives his opinion on Buzz . Chatter Telephone ( edit ) Voiced by Teddy Newton Chatter Telephone is a character based on the real - life toy of the same name . He can only speak when his receiver is lifted from its cradle . He lives in the Caterpillar Room . He is the oldest toy at Sunnyside , and becomes an ally to Woody . When Woody returns to Sunnyside , he immediately says that coming back was a mistake because Lotso had rigged his security after he left and that the best action would be to just lay low . He reluctantly gives him instructions on how to escape Sunnyside . For this , he is later brutally beaten and broken for helping Woody and his group escape , and eventually rats Woody out when convinced that Woody and the other toys had already escaped , but are caught just before they can do so . He sadly apologizes to Woody who fortunately shows sympathy for the broken toy . In the credits , he has been repaired and now lives a happier life there at Sunnyside Daycare without Lotso , having been invited into the Butterfly Room . When Woody talked to him , he called him Ol ' Timer . Bookworm ( edit ) Voiced by Richard Kind The Bookworm is a green toy worm with a built - in flashlight who wears glasses . He is a genius who loves reading books . He keeps a library of instruction manuals in a closet at Sunnyside , and gives Lotso the instruction manual for Buzz Lightyear . He later gives the same manual to Barbie ( who he thinks is Ken since she is disguised in his spacesuit outfit ) . It is unknown if he is in allegiance with Lotso but is most likely not , since he is never seen with him very often . In the credits , he is happy without Lotso , and is seen using his flashlight to light a disco ball during a party at Sunnyside . He is based on the Glo Worm toys from the 1980s . He only has two lines in the film . Cymbal - banging monkey ( edit ) The cymbal - banging monkey is a monkey toy based on the Musical Jolly Chimp toy from the 1960s. he monitors the Sunnyside Daycare security cameras at night , and can alert Lotso and the gang of any toys attempting to escape by screeching into a microphone to broadcast over the intercom . Chatter Telephone tells Woody that he must get rid of the monkey before he and his friends can escape . Woody and Slinky manage to succeed in taking him down by wrapping him up in Scotch Tape and shutting him in a filing cabinet . In the credits , he is seen in a much happier situation , gently playing his clash cymbals while wearing star - shaped sunglasses . Toys in other projects ( edit ) The following toy characters were seen in other Toy Story projects : Discarded Fun Meal Toys ( edit ) Appearing in Small Fry , the Discarded Fun Meal Toys are toys that were discarded by children and have formed a support group in a storage room at Poultry Palace . Buzz Lightyear came across them at the time when he was replaced by the Fun Meal Toy version of Buzz . Among the Fun Meal Toys are : Queen Neptuna ( voiced by Jane Lynch ) -- Queen Neptuna is a mermaid toy who is leader of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She was from the `` Mermaid Battle Squadron '' line where the Mermaid Battle Squadron 's duties are to protect the oceans from pollution and exploitation . T - Bone ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- T - Bone is a steak - like Transformer who is Queen Neptuna 's second - in - command of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He was from the `` Steak Force '' line where they fight the Vegetenarians . DJ Blu - Jay ( voiced by Bret Parker ) -- DJ Blu - Jay is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a small blue jay toy wearing a set of headphones with a disco player with a tree trunk to stand it up . Lizard Wizard ( voiced by Josh Cooley ) -- Lizard Wizard is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a small lime green lizard toy with a beard , a violet wizard hat and a wizard robe . Bozu the Ninja Clown -- Bozu is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a circus clown by day , 15th century ninja from Feudal Japan by night . Vlad the Engineer ( voiced by Jess Harnell in a Transylvanian accent ) -- Vlad the Engineer is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . Vlad is a vampire in a conductor 's hat that rides in a purple steam engine . Vlad got discarded because `` nobody wanted to board the Vampire Express . '' Gary Grappling Hook ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Gary Grappling Hook is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a green toy gun with hands and legs and a blue grappling hook for a face . Buzz uses him to escape the toy psychotherapy meeting when he was paired up with Lizard Wizard . Tae - Kwon Doe ( voiced by Lori Alan ) -- Tae - Kwon Doe is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is an anthropomorphic karate deer toy that can chop through the boards that are part of her toy . At one point , Queen Neptuna sees her hand up and thinks she is raising her hand . When Neptuna calls on her , Tae - Kwon Doe explains that it 's simply her play feature at which point her left hoof goes down hitting the plastic boards and `` breaking '' it . Her name is a play on `` Taekwondo '' . Super Pirate ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Super Pirate is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a pirate - themed superhero with an eyepatch on his left eye and a peg leg in place of the lower part of the left leg . Beef Stewardess -- Beef Stewardess is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is an anthropomorphic cow that is dressed as a stewardess . Nervous Sys - Tim ( voiced by Kitt Hiraski ) -- Nervous Sys - Tim is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a clear plastic human that shows many body parts such as the brain , the eyes , and the nervous system . Nervous Sys - Tim mentioned that nobody wanted him because he is an accurate depiction of the human nervous system and that would seem gross when kids were eating . Ghost Burger ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Ghost Burger is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a normal hamburger dressed in a ghost sheet . Koala Kopter ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui in an Australian accent ) -- Koala Kopter is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a plastic koala on a helicopter that has a propeller on the top of his hat that is part of the `` Down Undermals '' set . Koala Kopter stated that he was switched out for a Kangaroo Kanoe . Roxy Boxy ( voiced by Emily Forbes ) -- Roxy Boxy is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is a boxing - themed turtle . Roxy Boxy mentioned that she was recalled because her boxing glove hands will come out and could hurt kids . This has happened during the meeting where it hit Lizard Wizard twice . Recycle Bin ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) -- Recycle Bin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a blue recycling bin with arms . Recycle Ben claimed that `` he was recycled . '' Funky Monk ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Funky Monk is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a monk with sunglasses and a gold chain with his initials around his neck . Condorman ( voiced by Bob Bergen ) -- Condorman is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a condor - themed superhero in his vehicle . Condorman is an allusion to the live - action 1981 Disney film of the same name . Franklin ( voiced by Jim Ward ) -- Franklin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a bald eagle sitting on a rolled - up version of the constitution that supports a feather pen on the back of it and the wheels are made up of quarters . Franklin did n't understand why kids disliked him because `` he is history , but on wheels . '' Pizza - Bot ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Pizza - Bot is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a blue pizza box - headed robot whose right hand holds a pizza and his left hand is a pizza cutter . It reads PIZZABOT5000 on his chest . His chest is possibly a pizza - carrying chest , such as the ones that you see when someone brings you pizza or the boxes that carry the pizzas at baseball games . Kids do not like Pizza - Bot for some reason which makes him sad . Sleep well toys ( edit ) A set of toys who were stolen from their owners during their stay at the Sleep Well roadside motel by Manager Ron 's pet iguana , Mr. Jones , so that Ron could sell them online . They appear in Toy Story of Terror ! , where they are held along with Bonnie 's toys while Ron auctions them off on the Internet . They eventually escape with help from Jessie , and depart the Sleep Well on a mail truck . Combat Carl ( voiced by Carl Weathers ) - A G.I. Joe-esque action figure . He is African - American in appearance , unlike the Caucasian character of the same name who briefly appeared in the first film . He is encountered by Jessie after all of her friends have been captured , having eluded Mr. Jones though losing a hand in the process . Carl is extremely paranoid and refers to himself in the third person , but later helps Jessie overcome her fears to save everyone . He was owned by a boy named Billy , to whom he is determined to return . Combat Carl Jr. ( voiced by Carl Weathers in a high - pitched voice ) - A miniature version of Combat Carl who has a close relationship with his larger self . Pocketeer ( voiced by Ken Marino ) - Part of an action figure line known as the `` Fastener Four , '' the Pocketeer has an outfit covered in pockets in which he keeps various helpful items . His fellows Zipper Man , Snaps , and Speed Lacer were sold by Ron prior to the capture of Bonnie 's toys . Pez Cat ( voiced by Kate McKinnon ) - a Pez dispenser whose head is that of a cat wearing glasses , and who serves as the lookout for the trapped toys in the Sleep Well motel . Transitron ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) - a Transformers-esque transforming robot who splits into five vehicle components . Jessie freed Transitron from a box he was to be shipped in and then had him seal her inside so she could rescue Woody ; Transitron later joined up with the other stolen toys and departed the Sleep Well . Non-toy characters ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Andy Davis ( edit ) Voiced by : John Morris -- Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , Toy Story 3 Charlie Bright -- Toy Story 3 ( as a child ) Andrew `` Andy '' Davis Jr. is the owner of Woody , Buzz and the other toys in each of the three films . He lived with his mother and sister Molly , but left to go to college when he was 17 . However , his father is never seen or mentioned in the films . Toy Story 2 implies that Woody might be a hand - me - down toy , and when introducing the 2009 set of Toy Story collectibles , John Lasseter said `` We always imagined he was a hand - me - down to Andy from his father . '' In Toy Story , Andy receives a Buzz Lightyear action figure for his 6th birthday party . Tension erupts between Buzz and Woody , who has always prided himself on being Andy 's favorite . Andy initially spends much more time with his new toy , but still has a special place in his heart for Woody . Thus , he becomes concerned when both toys go missing for a time , fearing they would be lost during his family 's move to a new house . In Toy Story 2 , Andy is only seen in the beginning and for a short while in the ending . During his appearances , it is clear that he still loves his toys very much . At the end of the film , Andy is pleased to have five new toys -- Jessie , Bullseye , and the three Squeeze Toy Aliens -- added into his collection . He marks them , as he has all his toys , with his name on the soles of their feet , or in Bullseye 's case , one letter of his name on each hoof . In Toy Story 3 , Andy is 17 and preparing to go off to college , intending to put most of his toys in the attic except for Woody , whom he initially plans to take with him . While he apparently has not played with his toys for some years and has given many of them away , he is still resistant to his mother 's suggestion to either donate or sell his remaining toys , referring to them as `` junk '' ( which the toys believe is what he truly thinks ) . When they go missing , however , he becomes upset and confused when he can not find them . Before he goes to college , Woody secretly puts the address of Bonnie ( the young daughter of a family friend ) on the box with the toys in it , causing Andy to come around to the idea of donating them . He passes them on to young Bonnie , who he realizes will look after his childhood playthings and gives them each their own introduction , stating the qualities that make each of them special . When Bonnie finds Woody in the box as well , Andy shows great reluctance to pass on his favorite toy , but ultimately relents , allowing the toys to stay together in an environment where they will be loved and played with . He spends time with Bonnie and the toys one last time before departing for college , and is noticeably sad when Bonnie has Woody `` wave '' to him . He then responds with a quiet `` Thanks , guys '' . According to Toy Story producer Ralph Guggenheim in a December 1995 Animation Magazine article : John Lasseter and the story team for Toy Story reviewed the names of Pixar employees ' children looking for the right name for Woody 's owner . Davis was ultimately named after and based on Andy Luckey , the son of legendary animator Bud Luckey , Pixar 's fifth employee and the creator of Woody . Luckey has declined to publicly comment on the connection . In the DVD feature for Toy Story 3 on the voice cast , the Pixar crew remark that they were n't sure if Morris would want to do it or would sound right , and were ecstatic when they heard his voice on an answering machine , Morris was perfect for teenage Andy . Bonnie Anderson ( edit ) Voiced by Emily Hahn Bonnie Anderson appears in Toy Story 3 as one of the children who goes to Sunnyside Daycare . She becomes the owner of Woody , Buzz and the other toys at the end of the film . Her mother , Mrs. Anderson ( voiced by Lori Alan ) , works in the front desk . Although she has an active imagination and boisterous manner when playing with her toys , she is shy and withdrawn when she is around adults , but she quickly warms up to Andy , when he donates his toys to her . She finds Woody , who was trying to escape Sunnyside , takes him home , and plays with him . Woody is impressed by what he sees at her house and ultimately gets himself ( and all of Andy 's other toys ) donated to her . Andy briefly plays with her after handing over his toys , and tells her he needs someone `` very special '' to take care of them for him . In the short film Hawaiian Vacation , Bonnie goes on a vacation to Hawaii and leaves Barbie and Ken in her room . Molly Davis ( edit ) Voiced by : Hannah Unkrich -- Toy Story , Toy Story 2 Bea Miller -- Toy Story 3 Molly Davis is Andy 's younger sister , seen as an infant in the first film , a toddler in the second film , and as a preteen in the third film . Andy uses her crib as the town jail during playtime at the beginning of the first film , implying they are sharing a room . When the family moves later in the film , Andy and Molly get separate rooms , though Molly has plans to move into Andy 's presumably larger room once he leaves for college . In the first film , she slobbers on Mr. Potato Head and throws him from the crib , causing his parts to scatter and earning her the nickname `` Princess Drool '' from him . At the end of the film , she receives a Mrs. Potato Head toy for Christmas . In Toy Story 3 , she also owned a Barbie doll , which she donates to the daycare center as she was less interested in dolls and toys by that time and is now a preteen . Mrs. Davis ( edit ) Voiced by Laurie Metcalf ( 1995 -- present ) Mrs. Davis is Andy and Molly 's single mother . In the first film , she has brown hair and ties it in a ponytail . In the other two films , her physical appearance is noticeably different and instead of brown , she has blonde hair and leaves it down . Though presented as a loving mother to Andy and Molly , Mrs. Davis is actually a major ( though indirect ) threat to the toys , as she frequently asks Andy to throw out the toys he no longer wants . Mrs. Davis ' actions regarding the toys sets the plot in motion in all three films , though they are not malicious . In the first film , she purchases a Buzz Lightyear toy for Andy on his birthday , prompting the rivalry between Buzz and Woody which leads to them being lost and forced to find their way home . In the second film , she puts Wheezy up for sale at a yard sale ( due to a broken squeaker ) , prompting Woody 's rescue attempt where he is subsequently stolen by Al . In the third film , she orders Andy to clean out his room before going to college and mistakenly throws away the bag of toys Andy was putting in the attic , causing them to be donated to a daycare center . Despite this , in the second film , she is overly protective of Woody , describing him as an old family toy . At the end of the third film , she breaks down and weeps at the departure of her first son , but Andy reassures her that she will always be with him even if they are apart . This moment between mother and son plays a major factor in Woody deciding to have Andy donate his toys to Bonnie , thus giving them a new lease on their lives . Some 2014 articles explore the possibility that Mrs. Davis is Jessie 's original owner , Emily from her flashback memories . The evidence cited references the flashbacks of Jessie and Emily from Toy Story 2 . The flashback sequence shows Emily as a child in the 1960s , which is when she would have been a child . The sequence also shows that the cowboy hat that Emily had is very similar to Andy 's hat but with an additional white lace area , and Emily 's hair was brown , just like Mrs. Davis 's hair in the first film . Sid Phillips ( edit ) Voiced by Erik von Detten Sid Phillips is Andy 's neighbor until Andy moves , but it is unknown if he and Andy know each other . Sid is known for torturing and destroying toys . Many of his toys are either destroyed , have missing pieces , or replaced with parts from other toys , even Sid `` torturing '' Woody by burning his forehead with a magnifying glass . He is also shown tormenting his sister and destroying her toys by certain methods such as exploding , burning , and decapitating them . He also enjoys skateboarding , and his shirt depicts the logo for Zero Skateboards . The toys mention that he was consistently kicked out of summer camp ; and in the audio commentary on the tenth anniversary DVD , the directors mention that he is a bully but also the `` most creative character in the movie '' . It is also implied that he does not have the best home life . His parents do not make any major appearances : his mother 's voice is only heard briefly several times in the film , and his father is only seen briefly asleep on a chair in front of the TV in the living room . He also seems to be the only human depicted in the film to observe toys actually coming to life . At the end of the first film , Woody and Sid 's mutant toys decide to rescue Buzz by scaring Sid , which causes him to become very frightened of toys . The last straw is Woody coming alive and telling him to take good care of his toys or else . This causes Sid to panic and run back into his house screaming , and then to his room when his sister scares him with her toy doll . Sid does not appear in the second film , although he is mentioned once by Buzz during the toys ' mission to rescue Woody from the greedy toy collector Al McWhiggin . Sid also appears in the four - issue Monsters , Inc. comic mini-series produced by Boom ! Comics . In the third film , Sid ( now an adult ) makes brief appearances in two scenes once again voiced by Erik von Detten . He is shown to be a garbageman with a small beard , recognizable by his characteristic T - shirt . His only dialogue in this movie involves humming guitar riffs , and he is depicted listening to heavy metal music through a pair of large headphones . Hannah Phillips ( edit ) Voiced by Sarah Freeman Hannah Phillips is Sid 's sweet - natured , younger sister who appears a few times in the first film . In Toy Story , Hannah has adjusted to her toys being mutilated by Sid . Most of her dolls either have different heads or altered body parts , and at the end of the film she finds enjoyment in scaring her brother after he has been horrified by Woody and the other toys . She spends most of the time during the movie playing with her altered dolls . Al McWhiggin ( edit ) Voiced by Wayne Knight Al McWhiggin - nicknamed `` The Chicken Man '' by Andy 's toys - is the owner of a chain of local toy stores and also an obsessive collector of all things related to the old Woody 's Roundup TV series . He steals Woody from a yard sale held by Andy 's mother in hopes of selling him to a toy museum in Tokyo , Japan . He is unscrupulously obsessive , overweight , very impatient , and lazy , as he complains of having to `` drive all the way to work on a Saturday '' , despite his apartment only being across the street from the store . He is partially inspired by his voice actor Wayne Knight ; during the production of Toy Story 2 , Knight had a goatee like Al in the movie . Cartoonist and animator Scott Shaw has also been acknowledged as another model and inspiration for Al . Al is the owner of a large toy store called `` Al 's Toy Barn '' . The store is mentioned in the first Toy Story in an advertisement of Buzz Lightyear toys , but Al did not appear . He is first seen in Toy Story 2 during an advertisement on TV in which he is dressed up in a chicken suit of which Hamm remarks `` I despise that chicken '' after turning off the TV . He later is seen trying to buy Woody in a yard sale held by Andy 's mom . After Andy 's mother refuses to hand over the doll and locks him in a box , Al steals Woody with the intent of selling him , along with the rest of his collection of Woody 's Roundup toys and memorabilia , to a Japanese toy museum for a large sum of money . Andy 's toys arrived at his apartment to rescue Woody but Stinky Pete 's interference allow Al to leave for the airport with the Roundup Gang . Andy 's toys follow him there on a stolen pizza planet truck . ( In the original script , Andy 's toys steal Al 's car and Al steals the pizza planet truck and gives chase ) As Al 's plane is about to fly off to Japan with the Roundup Gang packed in the luggage , Andy 's toys are able to save Woody , Jessie and Bullseye , while the Prospector is placed in a little girl 's backpack for his betrayal . During his latest commercial , Al is unable to control himself from hysterically sobbing over his losses as a result , which Hamm responded to by saying `` Well , I guess crime does n't pay . '' Al was originally conceived to appear in the first Toy Story film , but was cut in the final screenplay . However , Al 's Toy Barn makes an appearance in the first film during a television advertisement for Buzz Lightyear toys . Al 's last name was revealed on the nameplate on his office desk ; also , when he is done taking pictures , he answers his cellphone and Mr. Konishi can be heard saying his full name . According to Disney Adventures magazine , Al was not permitted to play with his toys when he was a kid , which led to his toy - collecting niche . It is implied that Al 's full name is actually Carl McWhiggin , since Mr. Konishi is heard calling him that on the phone . His car 's license plate reads LZTYBRN , which is `` Al 's Toy Barn '' ( minus the vowel letters ) . It is also the actual license plate of Ash Brannon , co-director of Toy Story 2 , according to the Toy Story 2 : Special Edition commentary . Geri the cleaner ( edit ) Voiced by Jonathan Harris Geri , an elderly specialist in toy restoration and repair with a fully loaded toy repair kit , comes to Al 's apartment in Toy Story 2 to fix Woody up in preparation for his trip to Japan . He insists that Al let him take his time with the work and views it as more than a simple job , asserting , `` You ca n't rush art . '' Geri 's character model was reused from a previous Pixar short , Geri 's Game , where he plays a chess game against himself . In that short , he is voiced by Bob Peterson . One of the drawers in his carrying case contains chess pieces , a reference to the short . Emily ( edit ) Emily was the name of Jessie 's former owner and is mentioned by her in the second film . She appears in a flashback musical sequence while `` When She Loved Me '' by Sarah McLachlan is played . During this sequence , Jessie tells Woody of her first experience with an owner who was Emily and why she resented being a child 's toy . As a young child she was a fan of the Wild West and horses , along with the Woody 's Roundup TV show , apparent through her love of Jessie . As she became a teenager , her interest began to shift towards makeup , pop culture of the time and gossip with her friends which led to Jessie being neglected then thrown away through a donation box . She is mentioned by Jessie for the second time in the third film , when she fears of being thrown away by Andy , saying `` I should 've seen this coming ! It 's Emily all over again ! '' . Daisy ( edit ) Daisy is a little girl who appears in flashbacks in Toy Story 3 . She owned Lotso , Big Baby and Chuckles in the beginning , but accidentally left them behind at a rest area along the road . In order to pacify her , Daisy 's parents bought her another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear rather than finding Lotso and the rest of her toys , which made Lotso think he had been replaced and forgotten about , and changed him into a sinister , ruthless toy . Ron ( edit ) Voiced by Stephen Tobolowsky Ron is the greedy manager of the Sleep Well Motel , appearing in Toy Story of Terror . He has a habit of stealing toys from customers in his motel and selling them on the Internet , with the help from his pet iguana , Mr. Jones . When Bonnie and her mother went to Sleep Well after their car got a flat tire , Mr. Jones steals a number of Bonnie 's toys , including Woody , Buzz , and Jessie . Ron then takes pictures of the toys and puts them on his bidding sale , awaiting buyers . Jessie manages to trick Mr. Jones into tearing off the curtain , revealing the toys ' location and Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother , who then calls the police . Two police officers later arrive to question Ron , who attempts to escape by stealing their car but is forced to flee on foot after immediately crashing it into the motel sign . The police officers initiate a manhunt for him . Mason ( edit ) Voiced by R.C. Cope Mason is Bonnie 's best friend , and a post-Christmas playdate between the pair serves as the setting for Toy Story That Time Forgot . Mason receives an entire Battlesaurs collection for Christmas but is distracted from them by a new video game system . However , due to Trixie and Reptillus ' efforts he abandons the video game and plays with his new toys . He is later shown to write his name on his toys in similar fashion to Andy and Bonnie . Animals ( edit ) Scud ( edit ) Voiced by Frank Welker Scud is Sid 's vicious Bull Terrier . His viciousness is first demonstrated when Sid sets a Squeeze Toy Alien on his nose and commands him to maul it mercilessly . Scud serves as an obstacle for Woody and Buzz as they try to escape Sid 's house . First , as Woody tries to run off when Sid leaves the bedroom door open he encounters Scud sleeping and accidentally wakes him , forcing him and Buzz to hide . When Sid takes Buzz to the backyard to blow him up with a rocket , Woody tries to save him but Scud traps him in Sid 's room . The mutant toys help Woody distract Scud so they can rescue Buzz . Scud later spots Woody and Buzz trying to escape on the moving van and pursues them , but is eluded when he runs after them into the middle of a traffic intersection and is trapped by the cars as they crash while trying to avoid him . Buster ( edit ) Voiced by Frank Welker Buster is Andy 's pet dachshund , whom he receives at the end of Toy Story . Buster appears in Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 . In Toy Story 2 , he is depicted as being very energetic . Buster is considered to be nice to the toys in Andy 's room and is the only one in Andy 's house who knows that the toys are alive , and is fiercely loyal to Woody , obeying all commands given to him by Woody : when Wheezy is taken by Andy 's mother to be sold at a yard sale , Woody is able to command Buster to carry him down to the yard sale so he can rescue Wheezy . However , he does not respond to commands from Andy whatsoever . Slinky is also able to communicate with him due to the fact they are both dogs . At the beginning of Toy Story 2 , Buster finds Woody in a record of 13.5 seconds . In Toy Story 3 , Buster is now older and looks very aged , with mixed brown and gray fur , a gray - white snout , overweight , and too old to help Woody save the other toys ( in a direct parody of the rescue scene from Toy Story 2 ) , although he remains nice and loyal to them . He tends to fall asleep as well . Crazy Critters ( edit ) Crazy Critters are a bunch of 2 - dimensional animal puppets from the Woody 's Roundup show including an armadillo , bat , bear , beaver , bird , deer , vulture , bear cub , porcupine , flying squirrel , rabbit , skunk , snake , fox , raccoon , tortoise and bobcat . They come quickly when Jessie calls them , with the tortoise falling slightly behind the others . Woody understands them in the Woody 's Roundup show . The Crazy Critters make cameo appearances as prizes determined by the score of players in Toy Story Midway Mania ! , and in the Toy Story 2 video game on the Nintendo 64 . Mr. Jones ( edit ) Voiced by Dee Bradley Baker Mr. Jones is an iguana appearing in `` Toy Story of Terror ! , '' owned by the manager of Sleep Well Motel , Ron . He is loyal to his master and is trained to secretly steal toys from customers so that his master can sell the toys off the Internet . During the majority of the special , he is seen snatching most of Bonnie 's toys away in a flash through the air shafts and ventilation systems . Eventually , he accidentally swallowed Mr. Potato Head 's left arm and Combat Carl 's right hand . However , he is forced to regurgitate them out after Jessie tricks him into ripping off the curtain , revealing Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother . It is unknown what happens to him afterwards , although it is implied that he will be sent to Animal Control . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Toy Story 4 plot details emerge '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Toy Story 4 ′ Finds Buzz and Woody on the Search for Bo Peep '' . Collider . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Totoro Makes Cameo in Pixar 's 3rd Toy Story 3 Trailer . '' Anime News Network . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher . `` Pixar Chief Discusses Totoro Cameo In ' Toy Story 3 ' Trailer . '' MTV . February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Favorite Villain -- Lotso ( Ned Beatty ) , Toy Story 3 '' . IGN . Summer 2010 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story 3 Easter Eggs '' . Slashfilm.com. 2010 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Unkrich , Lee ( @ leeunkrich ) ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Big Baby says one line in Toy Story 3 . And the name of the baby actor who supplied the voice ? Woody . Truth '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Medina , Joseph ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Toy Story : Woody 's Odd Case Of Amnesia Finally Explained ! '' . Latino Review Media . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` A Bonkers Theory on The True Identity of Andy 's Mom In Toy Story '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ Negroni , Jon ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Toy Story : The True Identity of Andy 's Mom Makes The Movie More Epic '' . Moviepilot . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Toy Story Films Toy Story Toy Story 2 Toy Story 3 Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear RC Racer Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania ! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Toy_Story_characters&oldid=832798742 '' Categories : Lists of Disney characters Toy Story characters Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano ქართული 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 01 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Toy Story franchise
2. Primary characters (Sheriff Woody, Buzz Lightyear, Jessie)
3. Toy characters by owner (Andy's toys, Bonnie's toys, Sid and Hannah's toys)
4. Toy characters by location (Al's Toy Barn and apartment, Sunnyside Daycare)
5. Non-toy characters (Humans, Animals) |
-5,101,193,437,484,594,000 | what was the goals of the new deal | New Deal - wikipedia New Deal This article is about the United States economic program . For other uses , see New Deal ( disambiguation ) . New Deal <Td_colspan="2"> Top left : The TVA signed into law in 1933 Top right : President Roosevelt led the New Dealers ; Bottom : A public mural from arts program of the WPA Duration 1933 -- 1936 Location United States Type Economic program Cause Great Depression Organized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt Outcome Reform of Wall Street ; relief for farmers and unemployed ; Social Security ; political power shifts to Democratic New Deal Coalition ; Disputed / slow economic recovery Part of a series on Progressivism History ( show ) Atomic Age Enlightenment Industrial Age Information Age Jet Age Machine Age Progressive Era Space Age Ideas ( show ) Economic development Broad measures Economic growth Empirical evidence Direct democracy Freedom of movement Human enhancement Idea of Progress Industrialisation Linear history Modernity Philosophical progress Progressive education in Latin America Progressive rationalism Reform movement Social organization Social progress List of countries Scientific progress Social change Sustainable design Ecological engineering Self - determination Scientific management Scientific method Sustainable development Technological change Techno - progressivism Welfare Women 's suffrage People ( show ) Edith Abbott Grace Abbott Jane Addams Sophonisba Breckinridge William Jennings Bryan Marquis de Condorcet Charles Evans Hughes Robert M. La Follette Immanuel Kant John Stuart Mill Theodore Roosevelt Al Smith William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Long Yun By region ( show ) In the Muslim world In South Korea In the United States Philosophy portal Politics portal The New Deal was a series of programs , public work projects , financial reforms and regulations enacted in the United States 1933 - 36 , in response to the Great Depression . Some of these federal programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , the Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) and the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) . These programs included support for farmers , the unemployed , youth and the elderly . It included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply . New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The programs focused on what historians refer to as the `` 3 Rs '' : relief for the unemployed and poor , recovery of the economy back to normal levels and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression . The New Deal produced a political realignment , making the Democratic Party the majority ( as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 -- 1969 ) with its base in liberal ideas , the South , traditional Democrats , big city machines and the newly empowered labor unions and ethnic minorities . The Republicans were split , with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as hostile to business and economic growth and liberals in support . The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalition that dominated presidential elections into the 1960s while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress in domestic affairs from 1937 -- 1964 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary of First and Second New Deal programs 2 Origins 2.1 Economic collapse ( 1929 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Campaign 3 First New Deal ( 1933 -- 1934 ) 3.1 The First 100 Days ( 1933 ) 3.1. 1 Fiscal policy 3.1. 2 Banking reform 3.1. 3 Monetary reform 3.1. 4 Securities Act of 1933 3.1. 5 Repeal of Prohibition 3.2 Relief 3.2. 1 Public works 3.2. 2 Farm and rural programs 3.3 Recovery 3.3. 1 NRA `` Blue Eagle '' campaign 3.3. 2 Housing sector 3.4 Reform 3.4. 1 Trade liberalization 3.4. 2 Puerto Rico 4 Second New Deal ( 1935 -- 1936 ) 4.1 Social Security Act 4.2 Labor relations 4.3 Works Progress Administration 4.4 Tax policy 4.5 Housing Act of 1937 5 Court - packing plan and jurisprudential shift 6 Recession of 1937 and recovery 7 World War II and full employment 7.1 Federal budget soars 7.2 Wartime welfare projects 7.3 Fair Employment Practices 7.4 Growing equality of income 8 Legacy 9 Historiography and evaluation of New Deal policies 9.1 Fiscal policy 9.2 Race and gender 9.2. 1 African Americans 9.2. 1.1 Segregation 9.2. 2 Women and the New Deal 9.3 Relief 9.4 Recovery 9.4. 1 Economic growth and unemployment ( 1933 -- 1941 ) 9.4. 2 Mainstream economics interpretation 9.4. 2.1 Keynesians : halted the collapse but lacked Keynesian deficit spending 9.4. 2.2 Monetarist interpretation 9.4. 2.2. 1 Milton Friedman 9.4. 2.2. 2 Bernanke and Parkinson : cleared the way for a natural recovery 9.4. 2.3 New Keynesian economics : crucial source of recovery 9.4. 3 Real business - cycle theory : rather harmful 9.4. 4 Libertarian interpretation : rather harmful 9.5 Reform 9.6 Impact on federal government and states 10 Charges 10.1 Charges of fascism 10.2 Charges of conservatism 10.3 Communists in government 11 Political metaphor 12 Works of art and music 13 New Deal programs 14 Statistics 14.1 Depression statistics 14.2 Relief statistics 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 17.1 Surveys 17.2 State and local studies 17.3 Biographies 17.4 Economics , farms , labor and relief 17.5 Social and cultural history 17.6 Politics 17.7 Primary sources 18 External links Summary of first and Second New Deal programs ( edit ) By 1936 , the term `` liberal '' typically was used for supporters of the New Deal and `` conservative '' for its opponents . From 1934 to 1938 , Roosevelt was assisted in his endeavors by a `` pro-spender '' majority in Congress ( drawn from two - party , competitive , non-machine , progressive and left party districts ) . In the 1938 midterm election , Roosevelt and his liberal supporters lost control of Congress to the bipartisan conservative coalition . Many historians distinguish between a First New Deal ( 1933 -- 1934 ) and a Second New Deal ( 1935 -- 1938 ) , with the second one more liberal and more controversial . The First New Deal ( 1933 -- 1934 ) dealt with the pressing banking crises through the Emergency Banking Act and the 1933 Banking Act . The Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) provided $500 million ( $9.45 billion today ) for relief operations by states and cities , while the short - lived CWA gave locals money to operate make - work projects in 1933 -- 1934 . The Securities Act of 1933 was enacted to prevent a repeated stock market crash . The controversial work of the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) was also part of the First New Deal . The Second New Deal in 1935 -- 1938 included the Wagner Act to protect labor organizing , the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) relief program ( which made the federal government by far the largest single employer in the nation ) , the Social Security Act and new programs to aid tenant farmers and migrant workers . The final major items of New Deal legislation were the creation of the United States Housing Authority and the FSA , which both occurred in 1937 ; and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , which set maximum hours and minimum wages for most categories of workers . The FSA was also one of the oversight authorities of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration , which administered relief efforts to Puerto Rican citizens affected by the Great Depression . The economic downturn of 1937 -- 1938 and the bitter split between the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) and Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) labor unions led to major Republican gains in Congress in 1938 . Conservative Republicans and Democrats in Congress joined in the informal conservative coalition . By 1942 -- 1943 , they shut down relief programs such as the WPA and the CCC and blocked major liberal proposals . Nonetheless , Roosevelt turned his attention to the war effort and won reelection in 1940 -- 1944 . Furthermore , the Supreme Court declared the NRA and the first version of the Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) unconstitutional , but the AAA was rewritten and then upheld . Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) left the New Deal largely intact , even expanding it in some areas . In the 1960s , Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs , which Republican Richard Nixon generally retained . However , after 1974 the call for deregulation of the economy gained bipartisan support . The New Deal regulation of banking ( Glass -- Steagall Act ) lasted until it was suspended in the 1990s . Several New Deal programs remain active and those operating under the original names include the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation ( FCIC ) , the Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) and the Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) . The largest programs still in existence today are the Social Security System and the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . Origins ( edit ) Economic collapse ( 1929 -- 1933 ) ( edit ) American annual real GDP from 1910 to 1960 , with the years of the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1939 ) highlighted Unemployment rate in the United States from 1910 -- 1960 , with the years of the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1939 ) highlighted ( accurate data begins in 1939 ) From 1929 to 1933 manufacturing output decreased by one third . Prices fell by 20 % , causing deflation that made repaying debts much harder . Unemployment in the United States increased from 4 % to 25 % . Additionally , one - third of all employed persons were downgraded to working part - time on much smaller paychecks . In the aggregate , almost 50 % of the nation 's human work - power was going unused . Before the New Deal , there was no insurance on deposits at banks . When thousands of banks closed , depositors lost their savings as at that time there was no national safety net , no public unemployment insurance and no Social Security . Relief for the poor was the responsibility of families , private charity and local governments , but as conditions worsened year by year demand skyrocketed and their combined resources increasingly fell far short of demand . The depression had devastated the nation . As Roosevelt took the oath of office at noon on March 4 , 1933 , all state governors had authorized bank holidays or restricted withdrawals -- many Americans had little or no access to their bank accounts . Farm income had fallen by over 50 % since 1929 . An estimated 844,000 non-farm mortgages had been foreclosed between 1930 -- 1933 , out of five million in all . Political and business leaders feared revolution and anarchy . Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr. , who remained wealthy during the Depression , stated years later that `` in those days I felt and said I would be willing to part with half of what I had if I could be sure of keeping , under law and order , the other half '' . Campaign ( edit ) The phrase `` New Deal '' was coined by an adviser to Roosevelt , Stuart Chase , although the term was originally used by Mark Twain in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court . Upon accepting the 1932 Democratic nomination for president , Roosevelt promised `` a new deal for the American people '' , saying : `` Throughout the nation men and women , forgotten in the political philosophy of the Government , look to us here for guidance and for more equitable opportunity to share in the distribution of national wealth ... I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people . This is more than a political campaign . It is a call to arms . '' First New Deal ( 1933 -- 1934 ) ( edit ) 1935 cartoon by Vaughn Shoemaker in which he parodied the New Deal as a card game with alphabetical agencies Roosevelt entered office without a specific set of plans for dealing with the Great Depression -- so he improvised as Congress listened to a very wide variety of voices . Among Roosevelt 's more famous advisers was an informal `` Brain Trust '' , a group that tended to view pragmatic government intervention in the economy positively . His choice for Secretary of Labor , Frances Perkins , greatly influenced his initiatives . Her list of what her priorities would be if she took the job illustrates : `` a forty - hour workweek , a minimum wage , worker 's compensation , unemployment compensation , a federal law banning child labor , direct federal aid for unemployment relief , Social Security , a revitalized public employment service and health insurance '' . The New Deal policies drew from many different ideas proposed earlier in the 20th century . Assistant Attorney General Thurman Arnold led efforts that hearkened back to an anti-monopoly tradition rooted in American politics by figures such as Andrew Jackson and Thomas Jefferson . Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis , an influential adviser to many New Dealers , argued that `` bigness '' ( referring , presumably , to corporations ) was a negative economic force , producing waste and inefficiency . However , the anti-monopoly group never had a major impact on New Deal policy . Other leaders such as Hugh S. Johnson of the NRA took ideas from the Woodrow Wilson Administration , advocating techniques used to mobilize the economy for World War I. They brought ideas and experience from the government controls and spending of 1917 -- 1918 . Other New Deal planners revived experiments suggested in the 1920s , such as the TVA . The `` First New Deal '' ( 1933 -- 1934 ) encompassed the proposals offered by a wide spectrum of groups ( not included was the Socialist Party , whose influence was all but destroyed ) . This first phase of the New Deal was also characterized by fiscal conservatism ( see Economy Act , below ) and experimentation with several different , sometimes contradictory , cures for economic ills . There were dozens of new agencies created by Roosevelt through Executive Orders . They are typically known by their alphabetical initials . The first 100 days ( 1933 ) ( edit ) Main article : First 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's presidency The American people were generally extremely dissatisfied with the crumbling economy , mass unemployment , declining wages and profits and especially Herbert Hoover 's policies such as the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act and the Revenue Act of 1932 . Roosevelt entered office with enormous political capital . Americans of all political persuasions were demanding immediate action and Roosevelt responded with a remarkable series of new programs in the `` first hundred days '' of the administration , in which he met with Congress for 100 days . During those 100 days of lawmaking , Congress granted every request Roosevelt asked and passed a few programs ( such as the FDIC to insure bank accounts ) that he opposed . Ever since , presidents have been judged against Roosevelt for what they accomplished in their first 100 days . Walter Lippmann famously noted : At the end of February we were a congeries of disorderly panic - stricken mobs and factions . In the hundred days from March to June we became again an organized nation confident of our power to provide for our own security and to control our own destiny . The economy had hit bottom in March 1933 and then started to expand . Economic indicators show the economy reached nadir in the first days of March , then began a steady , sharp upward recovery . Thus the Federal Reserve Index of Industrial Production sank to its lowest point of 52.8 in July 1932 ( with 1935 -- 1939 = 100 ) and was practically unchanged at 54.3 in March 1933 . However , by July 1933 it reached 85.5 , a dramatic rebound of 57 % in four months . Recovery was steady and strong until 1937 . Except for employment , the economy by 1937 surpassed the levels of the late 1920s . The Recession of 1937 was a temporary downturn . Private sector employment , especially in manufacturing , recovered to the level of the 1920s , but failed to advance further until the war . The U.S. population was 124,840,471 in 1932 and 128,824,829 in 1937 , an increase of 3,984,468 . The ratio of these numbers , times the number of jobs in 1932 , means there was a need for 938,000 more 1937 jobs to maintain the same employment level . Fiscal policy ( edit ) The Economy Act , drafted by Budget Director Lewis Williams Douglas , was passed on March 14 , 1933 . The act proposed to balance the `` regular '' ( non-emergency ) federal budget by cutting the salaries of government employees and cutting pensions to veterans by fifteen percent . It saved $500 million per year and reassured deficit hawks , such as Douglas , that the new President was fiscally conservative . Roosevelt argued there were two budgets : the `` regular '' federal budget , which he balanced ; and the emergency budget , which was needed to defeat the depression . It was imbalanced on a temporary basis . Roosevelt initially favored balancing the budget , but soon found himself running spending deficits to fund his numerous programs . However , Douglas -- rejecting the distinction between a regular and emergency budget -- resigned in 1934 and became an outspoken critic of the New Deal . Roosevelt strenuously opposed the Bonus Bill that would give World War I veterans a cash bonus . Congress finally passed it over his veto in 1936 and the Treasury distributed $1.5 billion in cash as bonus welfare benefits to 4 million veterans just before the 1936 election . New Dealers never accepted the Keynesian argument for government spending as a vehicle for recovery . Most economists of the era , along with Henry Morgenthau of the Treasury Department , rejected Keynesian solutions and favored balanced budgets . Banking reform ( edit ) Crowd at New York 's American Union Bank during a bank run early in the Great Depression Roosevelt 's ebullient public personality , conveyed through his declaration that `` the only thing we have to fear is fear itself '' and his `` fireside chats '' on the radio did a great deal to help restore the nation 's confidence Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis Roosevelt 's first Fireside Chat on the Banking Crisis ( March 12 , 1933 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . At the beginning of the Great Depression , the economy was destabilized by bank failures followed by credit crunches . The initial reasons were substantial losses in investment banking , followed by bank runs . Bank runs occurred when a large number of customers withdrew their deposits because they believed the bank might become insolvent . As the bank run progressed , it generated a self - fulfilling prophecy : as more people withdrew their deposits , the likelihood of default increased and this encouraged further withdrawals . Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz have argued that the drain of money out of the banking system caused the monetary supply to shrink , forcing the economy to likewise shrink . As credit and economic activity diminished , price deflation followed , causing further economic contraction with disastrous impact on banks . Between 1929 and 1933 , 40 % of all banks ( 9,490 out of 23,697 banks ) failed . Much of the Great Depression 's economic damage was caused directly by bank runs . Herbert Hoover had already considered a bank holiday to prevent further bank runs , but rejected the idea because he was afraid to trip a panic . However , Roosevelt gave a radio address , held in the atmosphere of a Fireside Chat , in which he explained to the public in simple terms the causes of the banking crisis , what the government will do and how the population could help . He closed all the banks in the country and kept them all closed until he could pass new legislation . On March 9 , 1933 , Roosevelt sent to Congress the Emergency Banking Act , drafted in large part by Hoover 's top advisors . The act was passed and signed into law the same day . It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under Treasury supervision , with federal loans available if needed . Three - quarters of the banks in the Federal Reserve System reopened within the next three days . Billions of dollars in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month , thus stabilizing the banking system . By the end of 1933 , 4,004 small local banks were permanently closed and merged into larger banks . Their deposits totalled $3.6 billion : depositors lost a total of $540 million and eventually received on average 85 cents on the dollar of their deposits -- it is a common myth that they received nothing back . The Glass -- Steagall Act limited commercial bank securities activities and affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms to regulate speculations . It also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , which insured deposits for up to $2,500 , ending the risk of runs on banks . This banking reform offered unprecedented stability as while throughout the 1920s more than five hundred banks failed per year , it was less than ten banks per year after 1933 . Monetary reform ( edit ) Under the gold standard , the United States kept the dollar convertible to gold . The Federal Reserve would have had to execute an expansionary monetary policy to fight the deflation and to inject liquidity into the banking system to prevent it from crumbling -- but lower interest rates would have led to a gold outflow . Under the gold standards , price -- specie flow mechanism countries that lost gold , but nevertheless wanted to maintain the gold standard had to permit their money supply to decrease and the domestic price level to decline ( deflation ) . As long as the Federal Reserve had to defend the gold parity of the Dollar it had to sit idle while the banking system crumbled . In March and April in a series of laws and executive orders , the government suspended the gold standard . Roosevelt stopped the outflow of gold by forbidding the export of gold except under license from the Treasury . Anyone holding significant amounts of gold coinage was mandated to exchange it for the existing fixed price of U.S. dollars . The Treasury no longer paid out gold in exchange for dollars and gold would no longer be considered valid legal tender for debts in private and public contracts . The dollar was allowed to float freely on foreign exchange markets with no guaranteed price in gold . With the passage of the Gold Reserve Act in 1934 , the nominal price of gold was changed from $20.67 per troy ounce to $35 . These measures enabled the Federal Reserve to increase the amount of money in circulation to the level the economy needed . Markets immediately responded well to the suspension in the hope that the decline in prices would finally end . In her essay `` What ended the Great Depression ? '' ( 1992 ) , Christina Romer argued that this policy raised industrial production by 25 % until 1937 and by 50 % until 1942 . Securities Act of 1933 ( edit ) Before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , there was no regulation of securities at the federal level . Even firms whose securities were publicly traded published no regular reports or even worse rather misleading reports based on arbitrarily selected data . To avoid another Wall Street Crash , the Securities Act of 1933 was enacted . It required the disclosure of the balance sheet , profit and loss statement , the names and compensations of corporate officers , about firms whose securities were traded . Additionally those reports had to be verified by independent auditors . In 1934 , the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission was established to regulate the stock market and prevent corporate abuses relating to the sale of securities and corporate reporting . Repeal of prohibition ( edit ) In a measure that garnered substantial popular support for his New Deal , Roosevelt moved to put to rest one of the most divisive cultural issues of the 1920s . He signed the bill to legalize the manufacture and sale of alcohol , an interim measure pending the repeal of prohibition , for which a constitutional amendment of repeal ( the 21st ) was already in process . The repeal amendment was ratified later in 1933 . States and cities gained additional new revenue and Roosevelt secured his popularity especially in the cities and ethnic areas by helping the beer start flowing . Relief ( edit ) Relief was the immediate effort to help the one - third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression . Relief was also aimed at providing temporary help to suffering and unemployed Americans . Local and state budgets were sharply reduced because of falling tax revenue , but New Deal relief programs were used not just to hire the unemployed but also to build needed schools , municipal buildings , waterworks , sewers , streets , and parks according to local specifications . While the regular Army and Navy budgets were reduced , Roosevelt juggled relief funds to help them out . All of the CCC camps were directed by army officers , who salaries came from the relief budget . The PWA built numerous warships , including two aircraft carriers ; the money came from the PWA agency . PWA also built warplanes , while the WPA built military bases and airfields . Public Works ( edit ) Public Works Administration Project Bonneville Dam To prime the pump and cut unemployment , the NIRA created the Public Works Administration ( PWA ) , a major program of public works , which organized and provided funds for the building of useful works such as government buildings , airports , hospitals , schools , roads , bridges and dams . From 1933 to 1935 PWA spent $3.3 billion with private companies to build 34,599 projects , many of them quite large . Under Roosevelt , many unemployed persons were put to work on a wide range of government financed public works projects , building bridges , airports , dams , post offices , hospitals and hundreds of thousands of miles of road . Through reforestation and flood control , they reclaimed millions of hectares of soil from erosion and devastation . As noted by one authority , Roosevelt 's New Deal `` was literally stamped on the American landscape '' . Farm and rural programs ( edit ) Pumping water by hand from sole water supply in this section of Wilder , Tennessee ( Tennessee Valley Authority , 1942 ) The rural U.S. was a high priority for Roosevelt and his energetic Secretary of Agriculture , Henry A. Wallace . Roosevelt believed that full economic recovery depended upon the recovery of agriculture and raising farm prices was a major tool , even though it meant higher food prices for the poor living in cities . Many rural people lived in severe poverty , especially in the South . Major programs addressed to their needs included the Resettlement Administration ( RA ) , the Rural Electrification Administration ( REA ) , rural welfare projects sponsored by the WPA , National Youth Administration ( NYA ) , Forest Service and Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , including school lunches , building new schools , opening roads in remote areas , reforestation and purchase of marginal lands to enlarge national forests . In 1933 , the Roosevelt administration launched the Tennessee Valley Authority , a project involving dam construction planning on an unprecedented scale to curb flooding , generate electricity and modernize poor farms in the Tennessee Valley region of the Southern United States . Under the Farmers ' Relief Act of 1933 , the government paid compensation to farmers who reduced output , thereby raising prices . As a result of this legislation , the average income of farmers almost doubled by 1937 . In the 1920s , farm production had increased dramatically thanks to mechanization , more potent insecticides and increased use of fertilizer . Due to an overproduction of agricultural products , farmers faced a severe and chronic agricultural depression throughout the 1920s . The Great Depression even worsened the agricultural crises and at the beginning of 1933 agricultural markets nearly faced collapse . Farm prices were so low that in Montana wheat was rotting in the fields because it could not be profitably harvested . In Oregon , sheep were slaughtered and left to the buzzards because meat prices were not sufficient to warrant transportation to markets . Roosevelt was keenly interested in farm issues and believed that true prosperity would not return until farming was prosperous . Many different programs were directed at farmers . The first 100 days produced the Farm Security Act to raise farm incomes by raising the prices farmers received , which was achieved by reducing total farm output . The Agricultural Adjustment Act created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration ( AAA ) in May 1933 . The act reflected the demands of leaders of major farm organizations ( especially the Farm Bureau ) and reflected debates among Roosevelt 's farm advisers such as Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace , M.L. Wilson , Rexford Tugwell and George Peek . The AAA aimed to raise prices for commodities through artificial scarcity . The AAA used a system of domestic allotments , setting total output of corn , cotton , dairy products , hogs , rice , tobacco and wheat . The farmers themselves had a voice in the process of using government to benefit their incomes . The AAA paid land owners subsidies for leaving some of their land idle with funds provided by a new tax on food processing . To force up farm prices to the point of `` parity , '' 10 million acres ( 40,000 km ) of growing cotton was plowed up , bountiful crops were left to rot and six million piglets were killed and discarded . The idea was to give farmers a `` fair exchange value '' for their products in relation to the general economy ( `` parity level '' ) . Farm incomes and the income for the general population recovered fast since the beginning of 1933 . Food prices remained still well below the 1929 peak . The AAA established an important and long - lasting federal role in the planning on the entire agricultural sector of the economy and was the first program on such a scale on behalf of the troubled agricultural economy . The original AAA did not provide for any sharecroppers or tenants or farm laborers who might become unemployed , but there were other New Deal programs especially for them . A Gallup poll printed in the Washington Post revealed that a majority of the American public opposed the AAA . In 1936 , the Supreme Court declared the AAA to be unconstitutional , stating that `` a statutory plan to regulate and control agricultural production , ( is ) a matter beyond the powers delegated to the federal government '' . The AAA was replaced by a similar program that did win Court approval . Instead of paying farmers for letting fields lie barren , this program subsidized them for planting soil enriching crops such as alfalfa that would not be sold on the market . Federal regulation of agricultural production has been modified many times since then , but together with large subsidies is still in effect today . The Farm Tenancy Act in 1937 was the last major New Deal legislation that concerned farming . In turn , it created the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , which replaced the Resettlement Administration . The Food Stamp Plan -- a major new welfare program for urban poor -- was established in 1939 to provide stamps to poor people who could use them to purchase food at retail outlets . The program ended during wartime prosperity in 1943 , but was restored in 1961 . It survived into the 21st century with little controversy because it was seen to benefit the urban poor , food producers , grocers and wholesalers as well as farmers , thus it gained support from both liberal and conservative Congressmen . In 2013 , Tea Party activists in the House nonetheless tried to end the program , now known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program , while the Senate fought to preserve it . Recovery ( edit ) Recovery was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health . By most economic indicators , this was achieved by 1937 -- except for unemployment , which remained stubbornly high until World War II began . Recovery was designed to help the economy bounce back from depression . Economic historians led by Price Fishback have examined the impact of New Deal spending on improving health conditions in the 114 largest cities , 1929 -- 1937 . They estimated that every additional $153,000 in relief spending ( in 1935 dollars , or $1.95 million in year 2000 dollars ) was associated with a reduction of one infant death , one suicide and 2.4 deaths from infectious disease . NRA `` Blue Eagle '' campaign ( edit ) Main article : National Recovery Administration National Recovery Administration Blue Eagle Manufacturing employment in the U.S. from 1920 to 1940 From 1929 to 1933 , the industrial economy had been suffering from a vicious cycle of deflation . Since 1931 , the U.S. Chamber of Commerce , the voice of the nation 's organized business , promoted an anti-deflationary scheme that would permit trade associations to cooperate in government - instigated cartels to stabilize prices within their industries . While existing antitrust laws clearly forbade such practices , organized business found a receptive ear in the Roosevelt Administration . Roosevelt 's advisers believed that excessive competition and technical progress had led to overproduction and lowered wages and prices , which they believed lowered demand and employment ( deflation ) . He argued that government economic planning was necessary to remedy this . New Deal economists argued that cut - throat competition had hurt many businesses and that with prices having fallen 20 % and more , `` deflation '' exacerbated the burden of debt and would delay recovery . They rejected a strong move in Congress to limit the workweek to 30 hours . Instead their remedy , designed in cooperation with big business , was the NIRA . It included stimulus funds for the WPA to spend and sought to raise prices , give more bargaining power for unions ( so the workers could purchase more ) and reduce harmful competition . At the center of the NIRA was the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) , headed by former General Hugh S. Johnson , who had been a senior economic official in World War I. Johnson called on every business establishment in the nation to accept a stopgap `` blanket code '' : a minimum wage of between 20 and 45 cents per hour , a maximum workweek of 35 -- 45 hours and the abolition of child labor . Johnson and Roosevelt contended that the `` blanket code '' would raise consumer purchasing power and increase employment . To mobilize political support for the NRA , Johnson launched the `` NRA Blue Eagle '' publicity campaign to boost what he called `` industrial self - government '' . The NRA brought together leaders in each industry to design specific sets of codes for that industry -- the most important provisions were anti-deflationary floors below which no company would lower prices or wages and agreements on maintaining employment and production . In a remarkably short time , the NRA announced agreements from almost every major industry in the nation . By March 1934 , industrial production was 45 % higher than in March 1933 . NRA Administrator Hugh Johnson was showing signs of mental breakdown due to the extreme pressure and workload of running the National Recovery Administration . After two meetings with Roosevelt and an abortive resignation attempt , Johnson resigned on September 24 , 1934 and Roosevelt replaced the position of Administrator with a new National Industrial Recovery Board , of which Donald Richberg was named Executive Director . On May 27 , 1935 , the NRA was found to be unconstitutional by a unanimous decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Schechter v. United States . After the end of the NRA , quotas in the oil industry were fixed by the Railroad Commission of Texas with Tom Connally 's federal Hot Oil Act of 1935 , which guaranteed that illegal `` hot oil '' would not be sold . By the time NRA ended in May 1935 , well over 2 million employers accepted the new standards laid down by the NRA , which had introduced a minimum wage and an eight - hour workday , together with abolishing child labor . These standards were reintroduced by the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 . Housing sector ( edit ) The New Deal had an important impact in the housing field . The New Deal followed and increased President Hoover 's lead and seek measures . The New Deal sought to stimulate the private home building industry and increase the number of individuals who owned homes . The New Deal implemented two new housing agencies ; Home Owners ' Loan Corporation ( HOLC ) and the Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) . HOLC set uniform national appraisal methods and simplified the mortgage process . The Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) created national standards for home construction . Reform ( edit ) Reform was based on the assumption that the depression was caused by the inherent instability of the market and that government intervention was necessary to rationalize and stabilize the economy and to balance the interests of farmers , business and labor . Reforms targeted the causes of the depression and sought to prevent a crisis like it from happening again . In other words , financially rebuilding the U.S. while ensuring not to repeat history . Trade Liberalization ( edit ) There is consensus amongst economic historians that protectionist policies , culminating in the Smoot - Hawley Act of 1930 , worsened the Depression . Roosevelt already spoke against the act while campaigning for president during 1932 . In 1934 , the Reciprocal Tariff Act was drafted by Cordell Hull . It gave the president power to negotiate bilateral , reciprocal trade agreements with other countries . The act enabled Roosevelt to liberalize American trade policy around the globe and it is widely credited with ushering in the era of liberal trade policy that persists to this day . Puerto Rico ( edit ) A separate set of programs operated in Puerto Rico , headed by the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration . It promoted land reform and helped small farms , it set up farm cooperatives , promoted crop diversification and helped local industry . The Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration was directed by Juan Pablo Montoya Sr. from 1935 to 1937 . Second New Deal ( 1935 -- 1936 ) ( edit ) See also : Second New Deal In the spring of 1935 , responding to the setbacks in the Court , a new skepticism in Congress and the growing popular clamor for more dramatic action , New Dealers passed important new initiatives . Historians refer to them as the `` Second New Deal '' and note that it was more liberal and more controversial than the `` First New Deal '' of 1933 -- 1934 . Social Security Act ( edit ) A poster publicizing Social Security benefits Until 1935 there were just a dozen states that had old age insurance laws , but these programs were woefully underfunded and therefore almost worthless . Just one state ( Wisconsin ) had an insurance program . The United States was the only modern industrial country where people faced the Depression without any national system of social security . The work programs of the `` First New Deal '' such as CWA and FERA were designed for immediate relief , for a year or two . The most important program of 1935 and perhaps the New Deal as a whole was the Social Security Act . It established a permanent system of universal retirement pensions ( Social Security ) , unemployment insurance and welfare benefits for the handicapped and needy children in families without a father present . It established the framework for the U.S. welfare system . Roosevelt insisted that it should be funded by payroll taxes rather than from the general fund -- he said : `` We put those payroll contributions there so as to give the contributors a legal , moral , and political right to collect their pensions and unemployment benefits . With those taxes in there , no damn politician can ever scrap my social security program '' . Compared to the social security systems in western European countries , the Social Security Act of 1935 was rather conservative , but for the first time the federal government took responsibility for the economic security of the aged , the temporarily unemployed , dependent children and the handicapped . Labor Relations ( edit ) The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 , also known as the Wagner Act , finally guaranteed workers the rights to collective bargaining through unions of their own choice . The Act also established the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) to facilitate wage agreements and to suppress the repeated labor disturbances . The Wagner Act did not compel employers to reach agreement with their employees , but it opened possibilities for American labor . The result was a tremendous growth of membership in the labor unions , especially in the mass - production sector , led by the older and larger American Federation of Labor and the new . more radical Congress of Industrial Organizations . Labor thus became a major component of the New Deal political coalition . However , the intense battle for members between the AFL and the CIO coalitions weakened labor 's power . The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 set maximum hours ( 44 per week ) and minimum wages ( 25 cents per hour ) for most categories of workers . Child labour of children under the age of 16 was forbidden , children under 18 years were forbidden to work in hazardous employment . As a result , the wages of 300,000 workers , especially in the South , were increased and the hours of 1.3 million were reduced . It was the last major New Deal legislation and it passed with support of Northern industrialists who wanted to stop the drain of jobs to the low - wage South . Works Progress Administration ( edit ) Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) poster promoting the LaGuardia Airport project ( 1937 ) Roosevelt nationalized unemployment relief through the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , headed by close friend Harry Hopkins . Roosevelt had insisted that the projects had to be costly in terms of labor , long - term beneficial and the WPA was forbidden to compete with private enterprises -- therefore the workers had to be paid smaller wages . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) was created to return the unemployed to the work force . The WPA financed a variety of projects such as hospitals , schools and roads , and employed more than 8.5 million workers who built 650,000 miles of highways and roads , 125,000 public buildings as well as bridges , reservoirs , irrigation systems , parks , playgrounds and so on . Prominent projects were the Lincoln Tunnel , the Triborough Bridge , the LaGuardia Airport , the Overseas Highway and the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge . The Rural Electrification Administration used co-ops to bring electricity to rural areas , many of which still operate . The National Youth Administration was another the semi-autonomous WPA program for youth . Its Texas director , Lyndon B. Johnson , later used the NYA as a model for some of his Great Society programs in the 1960s . The WPA was organized by states , but New York City had its own branch Federal One , which created jobs for writers , musicians , artists and theater personnel . It became a hunting ground for conservatives searching for communist employees . The Federal Writers ' Project operated in every state , where it created a famous guide book -- it also catalogued local archives and hired many writers , including Margaret Walker , Zora Neale Hurston and Anzia Yezierska , to document folklore . Other writers interviewed elderly ex-slaves and recorded their stories . Under the Federal Theater Project , headed by charismatic Hallie Flanagan , actresses and actors , technicians , writers and directors put on stage productions . The tickets were inexpensive or sometimes free , making theater available to audiences unaccustomed to attending plays . One Federal Art Project paid 162 trained woman artists on relief to paint murals or create statues for newly built post offices and courthouses . Many of these works of art can still be seen in public buildings around the country , along with murals sponsored by the Treasury Relief Art Project of the Treasury Department . During its existence , the Federal Theatre Project provided jobs for circus people , musicians , actors , artists and playwrights , together with increasing public appreciation of the arts . Tax policy ( edit ) In 1935 , Roosevelt called for a tax program called the Wealth Tax Act ( Revenue Act of 1935 ) to redistribute wealth . The bill imposed an income tax of 79 % on incomes over $5 million . Since that was an extraordinary high income in the 1930s , the highest tax rate actually covered just one individual -- John D. Rockefeller . The bill was expected to raise only about $250 million in additional funds , so revenue was not the primary goal . Morgenthau called it `` more or less a campaign document '' . In a private conversation with Raymond Moley , Roosevelt admitted that the purpose of the bill was `` stealing Huey Long 's thunder '' by making Long 's supporters his own . At the same time , it raised the bitterness of the rich who called Roosevelt `` a traitor to his class '' and the wealth tax act a `` soak the rich tax '' . A tax called the undistributed profits tax was enacted in 1936 . This time the primary purpose was revenue , since Congress had enacted the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act , calling for payments of $2 billion to World War I veterans . The bill established the persisting principle that retained corporate earnings could be taxed . Paid dividends were tax deductible by corporations . Its proponents intended the bill to replace all other corporation taxes -- believing this would stimulate corporations to distribute earnings and thus put more cash and spending power in the hands of individuals . In the end , Congress watered down the bill , setting the tax rates at 7 to 27 % and largely exempting small enterprises . Facing widespread and fierce criticism , the tax deduction of paid dividends was repealed in 1938 . Housing Act of 1937 ( edit ) Main article : Housing Act of 1937 The United States Housing Act of 1937 created the United States Housing Authority within the U.S. Department of the Interior . It was one of the last New Deal agencies created . The bill passed in 1937 with some Republican support to abolish slums . Court - packing plan and jurisprudential shift ( edit ) Main article : Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 When the Supreme Court started abolishing New Deal programs as unconstitutional , Roosevelt launched a surprise counter-attack in early 1937 . He proposed adding five new justices , but conservative Democrats revolted , led by the Vice President . The Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 failed -- it never reached a vote . Momentum in Congress and public opinion shifted to the right and very little new legislation was passed expanding the New Deal . However , retirements allowed Roosevelt to put supporters on the Court and it stopped killing New Deal programs . Recession of 1937 and recovery ( edit ) Main article : Recession of 1937 The Roosevelt administration was under assault during Roosevelt 's second term , which presided over a new dip in the Great Depression in the fall of 1937 that continued until most of 1938 . Production and profits declined sharply . Unemployment jumped from 14.3 % in May 1937 to 19.0 % in June 1938 . The downturn was perhaps due to nothing more than the familiar rhythms of the business cycle , but until 1937 Roosevelt had claimed responsibility for the excellent economic performance . That backfired in the recession and the heated political atmosphere of 1937 . World war II and full employment ( edit ) Female factory workers in 1942 , Long Beach , California The U.S. reached full employment after entering World War II in December 1941 . Under the special circumstances of war mobilization , massive war spending doubled the gross national product ( GNP ) . Military Keynesianism brought full employment and federal contracts were cost - plus . Instead of competitive bidding to get lower prices , the government gave out contracts that promised to pay all the expenses plus a modest profit . Factories hired everyone they could find regardless of their lack of skills -- they simplified work tasks and trained the workers , with the federal government paying all the costs . Millions of farmers left marginal operations , students quit school and housewives joined the labor force . The emphasis was for war supplies as soon as possible , regardless of cost and inefficiencies . Industry quickly absorbed the slack in the labor force and the tables turned such that employers needed to actively and aggressively recruit workers . As the military grew , new labor sources were needed to replace the 12 million men serving in the military . Propaganda campaigns started pleading for people to work in the war factories . The barriers for married women , the old , the unskilled -- and ( in the North and West ) the barriers for racial minorities -- were lowered . Federal budget soars ( edit ) In 1929 , federal expenditures accounted for only 3 % of GNP . Between 1933 and 1939 , federal expenditures tripled , but the national debt as a percent of GNP showed little change . Spending on the war effort quickly eclipsed spending on New Deal programs . In 1944 , government spending on the war effort exceeded 40 % of GNP . The U.S. economy experienced dramatic growth during the Second World War mostly due to the deemphasis of free enterprise in favor of the imposition of strict controls on prices and wages . These controls shared broad support among labor and business , resulting in cooperation between the two groups and the U.S. government . This cooperation resulted in the government subsidizing business and labor through both direct and indirect methods . Wartime welfare projects ( edit ) Conservative domination of Congress during the war meant that all welfare projects and reforms had to have their approval , which was given when business supported the project . For example , the Coal Mines Inspection and Investigation Act of 1941 significantly reduced fatality rates in the coal - mining industry , saving workers ' lives and company money . In terms of welfare , the New Dealers wanted benefits for everyone according to need . However , conservatives proposed benefits based on national service -- especially tied to military service or working in war industries -- and their approach won out . The Community Facilities Act of 1940 ( the Lanham Act ) provided federal funds to defense - impacted communities where the population had soared and local facilities were overwhelmed . It provided money for the building of housing for war workers as well as recreational facilities , water and sanitation plants , hospitals , day care centers and schools . The Servicemen 's Dependents Allowance Act of 1942 provided family allowances for dependents of enlisted men . Emergency grants to states were authorized in 1942 for programs for day care for children of working mothers . In 1944 , pensions were authorized for all physically or mentally helpless children of deceased veterans regardless of the age of the child at the date the claim was filed or at the time of the veteran 's death , provided the child was disabled at the age of sixteen and that the disability continued to the date of the claim . The Public Health Service Act , which was passed that same year , expanded federal - state public health programs and increased the annual amount for grants for public health services . The Emergency Maternity and Infant Care Program ( EMIC ) , introduced in March 1943 by the Children 's Bureau , provided free maternity care and medical treatment during an infant 's first year for the wives and children of military personnel in the four lowest enlisted pay grades . One out of seven births was covered during its operation . EMIC paid $127 million to state health departments to cover the care of 1.2 million new mothers and their babies . The average cost of EMIC maternity cases completed was $92.49 for medical and hospital care . A striking effect was the sudden rapid decline in home births as most mothers now had paid hospital maternity care . Under the 1943 Disabled Veterans Rehabilitation Act , vocational rehabilitation services were offered to wounded World War II veterans and some 621,000 veterans would go on to receive assistance under this program . The G.I. Bill ( Servicemen 's Readjustment Act of 1944 ) was a landmark piece of legislation , providing 16 million returning veterans with benefits such as housing , educational and unemployment assistance and played a major role in the postwar expansion of the American middle class . Fair employment practices ( edit ) Main article : Fair Employment Practice Committee In response to the March on Washington Movement led by A. Philip Randolph , Roosevelt promulgated Executive Order 8802 in June 1941 , which established the President 's Committee on Fair Employment Practices ( FEPC ) `` to receive and investigate complaints of discrimination '' so that `` there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race , creed , color , or national origin '' . Growing equality of income ( edit ) A major result of the full employment at high wages was a sharp , long lasting decrease in the level of income inequality ( Great Compression ) . The gap between rich and poor narrowed dramatically in the area of nutrition because food rationing and price controls provided a reasonably priced diet to everyone . White collar workers did not typically receive overtime and therefore the gap between white collar and blue collar income narrowed . Large families that had been poor during the 1930s had four or more wage earners and these families shot to the top one - third income bracket . Overtime provided large paychecks in war industries and average living standards rose steadily , with real wages rising by 44 % in the four years of war , while the percentage of families with an annual income of less than $2,000 fell from 75 % to 25 % of the population . In 1941 , 40 % of all American families lived on less than the $1,500 per year defined as necessary by the Works Progress Administration for a modest standard of living . The median income stood at $2,000 a year , while 8 million workers earnt below the legal minimum . From 1939 to 1944 , wages and salaries more than doubled , with overtime pay and the expansion of jobs leading to a 70 % rise in average weekly earnings during the course of the war . Membership in organized labor increased by 50 % between 1941 and 1945 and because the War Labor Board sought labor - management peace , new workers were encouraged to participate in the existing labor organizations , thereby receiving all the benefits of union membership such as improved working conditions , better fringe benefits and higher wages . As noted by William H. Chafe , `` with full employment , higher wages and social welfare benefits provided under government regulations , American workers experienced a level of well - being that , for many , had never occurred before '' . As a result of the new prosperity , consumer expenditures rose by nearly 50 % , from $61.7 billion at the start of the war to $98.5 billion by 1944 . Individual savings accounts climbed almost sevenfold during the course of the war . The share of total income held by the top 5 % of wage earners fell from 22 % to 17 % while the bottom 40 % increased their share of the economic pie . In addition , during the course of the war the proportion of the American population earning less than $3,000 ( in 1968 dollars ) fell by half . Legacy ( edit ) The New Deal was the inspiration for President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society in the 1960s : Johnson ( on right ) headed the Texas NYA and was elected to Congress in 1938 Analysts agree the New Deal produced a new political coalition that sustained the Democratic Party as the majority party in national politics into the 1960s . A 2013 study found that `` an average increase in New Deal relief and public works spending resulted in a 5.4 percentage point increase in the 1936 Democratic voting share and a smaller amount in 1940 . The estimated persistence of this shift suggests that New Deal spending increased long - term Democratic support by 2 to 2.5 percentage points . Thus , it appears that Roosevelt 's early , decisive actions created long - lasting positive benefits for the Democratic party ... The New Deal did play an important role in consolidating Democratic gains for at least two decades '' . However , there is disagreement about whether it marked a permanent change in values . Cowie and Salvatore in 2008 argued that it was a response to Depression and did not mark a commitment to a welfare state because the U.S. has always been too individualistic . MacLean rejected the idea of a definitive political culture . She says they overemphasized individualism and ignored the enormous power that big capital wields , the Constitutional restraints on radicalism and the role of racism , antifeminism and homophobia . She warns that accepting Cowie and Salvatore 's argument that conservatism 's ascendancy is inevitable would dismay and discourage activists on the left . Klein responds that the New Deal did not die a natural death -- it was killed off in the 1970s by a business coalition mobilized by such groups as the Business Roundtable , the Chamber of Commerce , trade organizations , conservative think tanks and decades of sustained legal and political attacks . Historians generally agree that during Roosevelt 's 12 years in office there was a dramatic increase in the power of the federal government as a whole . Roosevelt also established the presidency as the prominent center of authority within the federal government . Roosevelt created a large array of agencies protecting various groups of citizens -- workers , farmers and others -- who suffered from the crisis and thus enabled them to challenge the powers of the corporations . In this way , the Roosevelt administration generated a set of political ideas -- known as New Deal liberalism -- that remained a source of inspiration and controversy for decades . New Deal liberalism lay the foundation of a new consensus . Between 1940 and 1980 , there was the liberal consensus about the prospects for the widespread distribution of prosperity within an expanding capitalist economy . Especially Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal and in the 1960s Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs . The New Deal 's enduring appeal on voters fostered its acceptance by moderate and liberal Republicans . As the first Republican President elected after Roosevelt , Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) built on the New Deal in a manner that embodied his thoughts on efficiency and cost - effectiveness . He sanctioned a major expansion of Social Security by a self - financed program . He supported such New Deal programs as the minimum wage and public housing -- he greatly expanded federal aid to education and built the Interstate Highway system primarily as defense programs ( rather than jobs program ) . In a private letter , Eisenhower wrote : Should any party attempt to abolish social security and eliminate labor laws and farm programs , you would not hear of that party again in our political history . There is a tiny splinter group of course , that believes you can do these things ( ... ) Their number is negligible and they are stupid . In 1964 , Barry Goldwater , an unreconstructed anti-New Dealer , was the Republican presidential candidate on a platform that attacked the New Deal . The Democrats under Lyndon B. Johnson won a massive landslide and Johnson 's Great Society programs extended the New Deal . However , the supporters of Goldwater formed the New Right which helped to bring Ronald Reagan into the White House in the 1980 presidential election . Once an ardent supporter of the New Deal , Reagan turned against it , now viewing government as the problem rather than solution and as president moved the nation away from the New Deal model of government activism , shifting greater emphasis to the private sector . A 2017 review study of the existing literature in the Journal of Economic Literature summarized the findings of the research as follows : The studies find that public works and relief spending had state income multipliers of around one , increased consumption activity , attracted internal migration , reduced crime rates , and lowered several types of mortality . The farm programs typically aided large farm owners but eliminated opportunities for share croppers , tenants , and farm workers . The Home Owners ' Loan Corporation 's purchases and refinancing of troubled mortgages staved off drops in housing prices and home ownership rates at relatively low ex post cost to taxpayers . The Reconstruction Finance Corporation 's loans to banks and railroads appear to have had little positive impact , although the banks were aided when the RFC took ownership stakes . Historiography and evaluation of New Deal policies ( edit ) Historians debating the New Deal have generally divided between liberals who support it , conservatives who oppose it and some New Left historians who complain it was too favorable to capitalism and did too little for minorities . There is consensus on only a few points , with most commentators favorable toward the CCC and hostile toward the NRA . Consensus historians of the 1950s , such as Richard Hofstadter , according to Lary May : ( B ) elieved that the prosperity and apparent class harmony of the post-World War II era reflected a return to the true Americanism rooted in liberal capitalism and the pursuit of individual opportunity that had made fundamental conflicts over resources a thing of the past . They argued that the New Deal was a conservative movement that built a welfare state , guided by experts , that saved rather than transformed liberal capitalism . Liberal historians argue that Roosevelt restored hope and self - respect to tens of millions of desperate people , built labor unions , upgraded the national infrastructure and saved capitalism in his first term when he could have destroyed it and easily nationalized the banks and the railroads . Historians generally agree that apart from building up labor unions , the New Deal did not substantially alter the distribution of power within American capitalism . `` The New Deal brought about limited change in the nation 's power structure '' . The New Deal preserved democracy in the United States in a historic period of uncertainty and crises when in many other countries democracy failed . The most common arguments can be summarized as follows : Harmful Further information : List of critics of the New Deal The New Deal vastly increased the federal debt ( Billington and Ridge ) while liberal Keynesians criticize that the federal deficit between 1933 and 1939 averaged only 3.7 % which was not enough to offset the reduction in private sector spending during the Great Depression Fostered bureaucracy and administrative inefficiency ( Billington and Ridge ) and enlarged the powers of the federal government Slowed the growth of civil service reform by multiplying offices outside the merit system ( Billington and Ridge ) Infringed upon free business enterprise ( Billington and Ridge ) Rescued capitalism when the opportunity was at hand to nationalize banking , railroads and other industries ( New Left critique ) Neutral Stimulated the growth of class consciousness among farmers and workers ( Billington and Ridge ) Raised the issue of how far economic regulation could be extended without sacrificing the liberties of the people ( Billington and Ridge ) Beneficial The nation came through its greatest depression without undermining the capitalist system ( Billington and Ridge ) Making the capitalist system more beneficial by enacting banking and stock market regulations to avoid abuses and providing greater financial security through , for example the introduction of Social Security or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( David M. Kennedy ) Created a better balance among labor , agriculture and industry ( Billington and Ridge ) Produced a more equal distribution of wealth ( Billington and Ridge ) Help conserve natural resources ( Billington and Ridge ) Permanently established the principle that the national government should take action to rehabilitate and preserve America 's human resources ( Billington and Ridge ) Fiscal policy ( edit ) National debt as gross national product climbs from 20 % to 40 % under President Herbert Hoover ; levels off under Roosevelt ; and soars during World War II from Historical States US ( 1976 ) Julian Zelizer ( 2000 ) has argued that fiscal conservatism was a key component of the New Deal . A fiscally conservative approach was supported by Wall Street and local investors and most of the business community -- mainstream academic economists believed in it as apparently did the majority of the public . Conservative southern Democrats , who favored balanced budgets and opposed new taxes , controlled Congress and its major committees . Even liberal Democrats at the time regarded balanced budgets as essential to economic stability in the long run , although they were more willing to accept short - term deficits . As Zelizer notes , public opinion polls consistently showed public opposition to deficits and debt . Throughout his terms , Roosevelt recruited fiscal conservatives to serve in his administration , most notably Lewis Douglas the Director of Budget in 1933 -- 1934 ; and Henry Morgenthau Jr. , Secretary of the Treasury from 1934 to 1945 . They defined policy in terms of budgetary cost and tax burdens rather than needs , rights , obligations , or political benefits . Personally , Roosevelt embraced their fiscal conservatism , but politically he realized that fiscal conservatism enjoyed a strong wide base of support among voters , leading Democrats and businessmen . On the other hand , there was enormous pressure to act and spending money on high visibility work programs with millions of paychecks a week . Douglas proved too inflexible and he quit in 1934 . Morgenthau made it his highest priority to stay close to Roosevelt , no matter what . Douglas 's position , like many of the Old Right , was grounded in a basic distrust of politicians and the deeply ingrained fear that government spending always involved a degree of patronage and corruption that offended his Progressive sense of efficiency . The Economy Act of 1933 , passed early in the Hundred Days , was Douglas 's great achievement . It reduced federal expenditures by $500 million , to be achieved by reducing veterans ' payments and federal salaries . Douglas cut government spending through executive orders that cut the military budget by $125 million , $75 million from the Post Office , $12 million from Commerce , $75 million from government salaries and $100 million from staff layoffs . As Freidel concludes : `` The economy program was not a minor aberration of the spring of 1933 , or a hypocritical concession to delighted conservatives . Rather it was an integral part of Roosevelt 's overall New Deal '' . Revenues were so low that borrowing was necessary ( only the richest 3 % paid any income tax between 1926 and 1940 ) . Douglas therefore hated the relief programs , which he said reduced business confidence , threatened the government 's future credit and had the `` destructive psychological effects of making mendicants of self - respecting American citizens '' . Roosevelt was pulled toward greater spending by Hopkins and Ickes and as the 1936 election approached he decided to gain votes by attacking big business . Morgenthau shifted with Roosevelt , but at all times tried to inject fiscal responsibility -- he deeply believed in balanced budgets , stable currency , reduction of the national debt and the need for more private investment . The Wagner Act met Morgenthau 's requirement because it strengthened the party 's political base and involved no new spending . In contrast to Douglas , Morgenthau accepted Roosevelt 's double budget as legitimate -- that is a balanced regular budget and an `` emergency '' budget for agencies , like the WPA , PWA and CCC , that would be temporary until full recovery was at hand . He fought against the veterans ' bonus until Congress finally overrode Roosevelt 's veto and gave out $2.2 billion in 1936 . His biggest success was the new Social Security program as he managed to reverse the proposals to fund it from general revenue and insisted it be funded by new taxes on employees . It was Morgenthau who insisted on excluding farm workers and domestic servants from Social Security because workers outside industry would not be paying their way . Race and gender ( edit ) African Americans ( edit ) While many Americans suffered economically during the Great Depression , African Americans also had to deal with social ills , such as racism , discrimination and segregation . Black workers were especially vulnerable to the economic downturn since most of them worked the most marginal jobs such as unskilled or service - oriented work , therefore they were the first to be discharged and additionally many employers preferred white workers . When jobs were scarce some employers even dismissed blacks to create jobs for whites . In the end there were three times more African American workers on public assistance or relief than white workers . The WPA , NYA and CCC relief programs allocated 10 % of their budgets to blacks ( who comprised about 10 % of the total population , and 20 % of the poor ) . They operated separate all - black units with the same pay and conditions as white units . Some leading white New Dealers , especially Eleanor Roosevelt , Harold Ickes and Aubrey Williams , worked to ensure blacks received at least 10 % of welfare assistance payments . However , these benefits were small in comparison to the economic and political advantages that whites received . Most unions excluded blacks from joining and enforcement of anti-discrimination laws in the South was virtually impossible , especially since most blacks worked in hospitality and agricultural sectors . The New Deal programs put millions of Americans immediately back to work or at least helped them to survive . The programs were not specifically targeted to alleviate the much higher unemployment rate of blacks . Some aspects of the programs were even unfavorable to blacks . The Agricultural Adjustment Acts for example helped farmers which were predominantly white , but reduced the need of farmers to hire tenant farmers or sharecroppers which were predominantely black . While the AAA stipulated that a farmer had to share the payments with those who worked the land this policy was never enforced . The Farm Service Agency ( FSA ) , a government relief agency for tenant farmers , created in 1937 , made efforts to empower African Americans by appointing them to agency committees in the South . Senator James F. Byrnes of South Carolina raised opposition to the appointments because he stood for white farmers who were threatened by an agency that could organize and empower tenant farmers . Initially , the FSA stood behind their appointments , but after feeling national pressure FSA was forced to release the African Americans of their positions . The goals of the FSA were notoriously liberal and not cohesive with the southern voting elite . Some New Deal measures inadvertently discriminated against harmed blacks . Thousands of blacks were thrown out of work and replaced by whites on jobs where they were paid less than the NRA 's wage minimums because some white employers considered the NRA 's minimum wage `` too much money for Negroes '' . By August 1933 , blacks called the NRA the `` Negro Removal Act '' . An NRA study found that the NIRA put 500,000 African Americans out of work . However , since blacks felt the sting of the depression 's wrath even more severely than whites they welcomed any help . Until 1936 almost all African Americans ( and many whites ) shifted from the `` Party of Lincoln '' to the Democratic Party . This was a sharp realignment from 1932 , when most African Americans voted the Republican ticket . New Deal policies helped establish a political alliance between blacks and the Democratic Party that survives into the 21st century . There was no attempt whatsoever to end segregation , or to increase black rights in the South . Roosevelt appointed an unprecedented number of blacks to second - level positions in his administration -- these appointees were collectively called the Black Cabinet . The wartime Fair Employment Practices Commission ( FEPC ) executive orders that forbade job discrimination against African Americans , women and ethnic groups was a major breakthrough that brought better jobs and pay to millions of minority Americans . Historians usually treat FEPC as part of the war effort and not part of the New Deal itself . Segregation ( edit ) The New Deal was racially segregated as blacks and whites rarely worked alongside each other in New Deal programs . The largest relief program by far was the WPA -- it operated segregated units , as did its youth affiliate the NYA . Blacks were hired by the WPA as supervisors in the North , but of 10,000 WPA supervisors in the South only 11 were black . Historian Anthony Badger argues that `` New Deal programs in the South routinely discriminated against blacks and perpetuated segregation '' . In its first few weeks of operation , CCC camps in the North were integrated . By July 1935 , practically all the camps in the United States were segregated , and blacks were strictly limited in the supervisory roles they were assigned . Kinker and Smith argue that `` even the most prominent racial liberals in the New Deal did not dare to criticize Jim Crow '' . Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes was one of the Roosevelt Administration 's most prominent supporters of blacks and former president of the Chicago chapter of the NAACP . In 1937 , when Senator Josiah Bailey Democrat of North Carolina accused him of trying to break down segregation laws Ickes wrote him to deny that : I think it is up to the states to work out their social problems if possible , and while I have always been interested in seeing that the Negro has a square deal , I have never dissipated my strength against the particular stone wall of segregation . I believe that wall will crumble when the Negro has brought himself to a high educational and economic status ... . Moreover , while there are no segregation laws in the North , there is segregation in fact and we might as well recognize this . The New Deal 's record came under attack by New Left historians in the 1960s for its pusillanimity in not attacking capitalism more vigorously , nor helping blacks achieve equality . The critics emphasize the absence of a philosophy of reform to explain the failure of New Dealers to attack fundamental social problems . They demonstrate the New Deal 's commitment to save capitalism and its refusal to strip away private property . They detect a remoteness from the people and indifference to participatory democracy and call instead for more emphasis on conflict and exploitation . Women and the New Deal ( edit ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) camp for unemployed women in Maine , 1934 At first , the New Deal created programs primarily for men as it was assumed that the husband was the `` breadwinner '' ( the provider ) and if they had jobs the whole family would benefit . It was the social norm for women to give up jobs when they married -- in many states , there were laws that prevented both husband and wife holding regular jobs with the government . So too in the relief world , it was rare for both husband and wife to have a relief job on FERA or the WPA . This prevailing social norm of the breadwinner failed to take into account the numerous households headed by women , but it soon became clear that the government needed to help women as well . Many women were employed on FERA projects run by the states with federal funds . The first New Deal program to directly assist women was the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , begun in 1935 . It hired single women , widows , or women with disabled or absent husbands . The WPA employed about 500,000 women and they were assigned mostly to unskilled jobs . 295,000 worked on sewing projects that made 300 million items of clothing and bedding to be given away to families on relief and to hospitals and orphanages . Women also were hired for the WPA 's school lunch program . Both men and women were hired for the small but highly publicized arts programs ( such as music , theater , and writing ) . The Social Security program was designed to help retired workers and widows but did not include domestic workers , farmers or farm laborers , the jobs most often held by blacks . However , Social Security was not a relief program and it was not designed for short - term needs , as very few people received benefits before 1942 . Relief ( edit ) Anti-relief protest sign near Davenport , Iowa by Arthur Rothstein , 1940 The New Deal expanded the role of the federal government , particularly to help the poor , the unemployed , youth , the elderly and stranded rural communities . The Hoover administration started the system of funding state relief programs , whereby the states hired people on relief . With the CCC in 1933 and the WPA in 1935 , the federal government now became involved in directly hiring people on relief in granting direct relief or benefits . Total federal , state and local spending on relief rose from 3.9 % of GNP in 1929 to 6.4 % in 1932 and 9.7 % in 1934 -- the return of prosperity in 1944 lowered the rate to 4.1 % . In 1935 -- 1940 , welfare spending accounted for 49 % of the federal , state and local government budgets . In his memoirs , Milton Friedman said that the New Deal relief programs were an appropriate response . He and his wife were not on relief , but they were employed by the WPA as statisticians . Friedman said that programs like the CCC and WPA were justified as temporary responses to an emergency . Friedman said that Roosevelt deserved considerable credit for relieving immediate distress and restoring confidence . Recovery ( edit ) In a survey of economic historians conducted by Robert Whaples , Professor of Economics at Wake Forest University , anonymous questionnaires were sent to members of the Economic History Association . Members were asked to disagree , agree , or agree with provisos with the statement that read : `` Taken as a whole , government policies of the New Deal served to lengthen and deepen the Great Depression '' . While only 6 % of economic historians who worked in the history department of their universities agreed with the statement , 27 % of those that work in the economics department agreed . Almost an identical percent of the two groups ( 21 % and 22 % ) agreed with the statement `` with provisos '' ( a conditional stipulation ) while 74 % of those who worked in the history department and 51 % in the economic department disagreed with the statement outright . Economic growth and unemployment ( 1933 -- 1941 ) ( edit ) WPA employed 2 to 3 million unemployed at unskilled labor From 1933 to 1941 , the economy expanded at an average rate of 7.7 % per year . Despite high economic growth , unemployment rates fell slowly . Unemployment rate 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 Workers in job creation programs counted as unemployed 24.9 % 21.7 % 20.1 % 16.9 % 14.3 % 19.0 % 17.2 % 14.6 % 9.9 % Workers in job creation programs counted as employed 20.6 % 16.0 % 14.2 % 9.9 % 9.1 % 12.5 % 11.3 % 9.5 % 8.0 % John Maynard Keynes explained that situation as an underemployment equilibrium where skeptic business prospects prevent companies from hiring new employees . It was seen as a form of cyclical unemployment . There are different assumptions as well . According to Richard L. Jensen , cyclical unemployment was a grave matter primarily until 1935 . Between 1935 and 1941 , structural unemployment became the bigger problem . Especially the unions successes in demanding higher wages pushed management into introducing new efficiency - oriented hiring standards . It ended inefficient labor such as child labor , casual unskilled work for subminimum wages and sweatshop conditions . In the long term , the shift to efficiency wages led to high productivity , high wages and a high standard of living , but it necessitated a well - educated , well - trained , hard - working labor force . It was not before war time brought full employment that the supply of unskilled labor ( that caused structural unemployment ) downsized . Mainstream Economics interpretation ( edit ) U.S. GDP annual pattern and long - term trend ( 1920 -- 1940 ) in billions of constant dollars Keynesians : halted the collapse but lacked Keynesian deficit spending ( edit ) At the beginning of the Great Depression , many economists traditionally argued against deficit spending . The fear was that government spending would `` crowd out '' private investment and would thus not have any effect on the economy , a proposition known as the Treasury view , but Keynesian economics rejected that view . They argued that by spending vastly more money -- using fiscal policy -- the government could provide the needed stimulus through the multiplier effect . Without that stimulus , business simply would not hire more people , especially the low skilled and supposedly `` untrainable '' men who had been unemployed for years and lost any job skill they once had . Keynes visited the White House in 1934 to urge President Roosevelt to increase deficit spending . Roosevelt afterwards complained that `` he left a whole rigmarole of figures -- he must be a mathematician rather than a political economist '' . The New Deal tried public works , farm subsidies and other devices to reduce unemployment , but Roosevelt never completely gave up trying to balance the budget . Between 1933 and 1941 , the average federal budget deficit was 3 % per year . Roosevelt did not fully utilize deficit spending . The effects of federal public works spending were largely offset by Herbert Hoover 's large tax increase in 1932 , whose full effects for the first time were felt in 1933 and it was undercut by spending cuts , especially the Economy Act . According to Keynesians like Paul Krugman , the New Deal therefore was not as successful in the short run as it was in the long run . Following the Keynesian consensus ( that lasted until the 1970s ) , the traditional view was that federal deficit spending associated with the war brought full - employment output while monetary policy was just aiding the process . In this view , the New Deal did not end the Great Depression , but halted the economic collapse and ameliorated the worst of the crises . Monetarist interpretation ( edit ) Milton Friedman ( edit ) More influential among economists has been the monetarist interpretation of Milton Friedman , which includes a full - scale monetary history of what he calls the `` Great Contraction '' . Friedman concentrated on the failures before 1933 and points out that between 1929 and 1932 the Federal Reserve allowed the money supply to fall by a third which is seen as the major cause that turned a normal recession into a Great Depression . Friedman especially criticized the decisions of Hoover and the Federal Reserve not to save banks going bankrupt . Monetarists state that the banking and monetary reforms were a necessary and sufficient response to the crises . They reject the approach of Keynesian deficit spending . You have to distinguish between two classes of New Deal policies . One class of New Deal policies was reform : wage and price control , the Blue Eagle , the national industrial recovery movement . I did not support those . The other part of the new deal policy was relief and recovery ... providing relief for the unemployed , providing jobs for the unemployed , and motivating the economy to expand ... an expansive monetary policy . Those parts of the New Deal I did support . Bernanke and Parkinson : cleared the way for a natural recovery ( edit ) Ben Bernanke and Martin Parkinson declared in `` Unemployment , Inflation , and Wages in the American Depression '' ( 1989 ) that `` the New Deal is better characterized as having cleared the way for a natural recovery ( for example , by ending deflation and rehabilitating the financial system ) rather than as being the engine of recovery itself '' . New Keynesian Economics : crucial source of recovery ( edit ) Challenging the traditional view , monetarists and New Keynesians like J. Bradford DeLong , Lawrence Summers and Christina Romer argued that recovery was essentially complete prior to 1942 and that monetary policy was the crucial source of pre-1942 recovery . The extraordinary growth in money supply beginning in 1933 lowered real interest rates and stimulated investment spending . According to Bernanke , there was also a debt - deflation effect of the depression which was clearly offset by a reflation through the growth in money supply . However , before 1992 scholars did not realize that the New Deal provided for a huge aggregate demand stimulus through a de facto easing of monetary policy . While Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz argued in A Monetary History of the United States ( 1963 ) that the Federal Reserve System had made no attempt to increase the quantity in high - powered money and thus failed to foster recovery , they somehow did not investigate the impact of the monetary policy of the New Deal . In 1992 , Christina Romer explained in `` What Ended the Great Depression ? '' that the rapid growth in money supply beginning in 1933 can be traced back to a large unsterilized gold inflow to the U.S. which was partly due to political instability in Europe , but to a larger degree to the revaluation of gold through the Gold Reserve Act . The Roosevelt administration had chosen not to sterilize the gold inflow precisely because they hoped that the growth of money supply would stimulate the economy . Replying to DeLong et al. in the Journal of Economic History , J.R. Vernon argues that deficit spending leading up to and during World War II still played a large part in the overall recovery , according to his study `` half or more of the recovery occurred during 1941 and 1942 '' . According to Peter Temin , Barry Wigmore , Gauti B. Eggertsson and Christina Romer , the biggest primary impact of the New Deal on the economy and the key to recovery and to end the Great Depression was brought about by a successful management of public expectations . The thesis is based on the observation that after years of deflation and a very severe recession important economic indicators turned positive just in March 1933 when Roosevelt took office . Consumer prices turned from deflation to a mild inflation , industrial production bottomed out in March 1933 , investment doubled in 1933 with a turnaround in March 1933 . There were no monetary forces to explain that turnaround . Money supply was still falling and short - term interest rates remained close to zero . Before March 1933 , people expected a further deflation and recession so that even interest rates at zero did not stimulate investment . However , when Roosevelt announced major regime changes people began to expect inflation and an economic expansion . With those expectations , interest rates at zero began to stimulate investment just as they were expected to do . Roosevelt 's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped to make his policy objectives credible . The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investments . The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard , a balanced budget in times of crises and small government led endogenously to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70 -- 80 percent of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937 . If the regime change had not happened and the Hoover policy had continued , the economy would have continued its free - fall in 1933 and output would have been 30 percent lower in 1937 than in 1933 . Real business - cycle theory : rather harmful ( edit ) Followers of the real business - cycle theory believe that the New Deal caused the depression to persist longer than it would otherwise have . Harold L. Cole and Lee E. Ohanian say Roosevelt 's policies prolonged the depression by seven years . According to their study , the `` New Deal labor and industrial policies did not lift the economy out of the Depression '' , but that the `` New Deal policies are an important contributing factor to the persistence of the Great Depression '' . They claim that the New Deal `` cartelization policies are a key factor behind the weak recovery '' . They say that the `` abandonment of these policies coincided with the strong economic recovery of the 1940s '' . The study by Cole and Ohanian is based on a real business - cycle theory model . The underlying assumptions of this theory are subject to numerous criticisms and the theory is unable to posit any convincing explanations for the initial causes of the Great Depression . Laurence Seidman noted that according to the assumptions of Cole and Ohanian , the labor market clears instantaneously , which leads to the incredible conclusion that the surge in unemployment between 1929 and 1932 ( before the New Deal ) was in their opinion both optimal and solely based on voluntary unemployment . Additionally , Cole and Ohanian 's argument does not count workers employed through New Deal programs . Such programs built or renovated 2,500 hospitals , 45,000 schools , 13,000 parks and playgrounds , 7,800 bridges , 700,000 miles ( 1,100,000 km ) of roads , 1,000 airfields and employed 50,000 teachers through programs that rebuilt the country 's entire rural school system . Libertarian interpretation : rather harmful ( edit ) Lowell E. Gallaway and Richard K. Vedder argue on the basis of libertarian theories that the Great Depression was caused by too high wages which they say had caused a loss of depositor confidence which caused the bank runs . They further conclude that the `` Great Depression was very significantly prolonged in both its duration and its magnitude by the impact of New Deal programs '' . They suggest that without Social Security , work relief , unemployment insurance , mandatory minimum wages and without special government - granted privileges for labor unions , business would have hired more workers and the unemployment rate during the New Deal years would have been 6.7 % instead of 17.2 % . Amity Shlaes wrote that `` from 1929 to 1940 , from Hoover to Roosevelt , government intervention helped to make the Depression Great '' . Shlaes said that the NRA was misguided because it used price setting to fix monetary problems . According to Shlaes , Roosevelt 's experimentation frightened business into inaction and prevented recovery . Eric Rauchway showed that Shlaes tried to diminish the economic growth by referring to the unrepresentative Dow Jones Industrial Average . He continued that usually a historian or economist would have referred to the gross domestic product , which according to the Historical Statistics of the United States grew impressively by 9 % annually during Roosevelt 's first term and by 11 % annually after the short recession of 1937 -- 1938 . Reform ( edit ) Francis Perkins looks on as Roosevelt signs the National Labor Relations Act The economic reforms were mainly intended to rescue the capitalist system by providing a more rational framework in which it could operate . The banking system was made less vulnerable . The regulation of the stock market and the prevention of some corporate abuses relating to the sale of securities and corporate reporting addressed the worst excesses . Roosevelt allowed trade unions to take their place in labor relations and created the triangular partnership between employers , employees and government . David M. Kennedy wrote that `` the achievements of the New Deal years surely played a role in determining the degree and the duration of the postwar prosperity '' . Paul Krugman stated that the institutions built by the New Deal remain the bedrock of the United States economic stability . Against the background of the 2007 -- 2012 global financial crisis , he explained that the financial crises would have been much worse if the New Deals Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had not insured most bank deposits and older Americans would have felt much more insecure without Social Security . Libertarian economist Milton Friedman after 1960 attacked Social Security from a free market view stating that it had created welfare dependency . The New Deal banking reform was weakened since the 1980s . The repeal of the Glass - Steagall Act in 1999 allowed the shadow banking system to grow rapidly . Since it was neither regulated nor covered by a financial safety net , the shadow banking system was central to the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 and the subsequent Great Recession . Impact on federal government and States ( edit ) While it is essentially consensus among historians and academics that the New Deal brought about a large increase in the power of the federal government , there has been some scholarly debate concerning the results of this federal expansion . Historians like Arthur M. Schlesinger and James T. Patterson have argued that the augmentation of the federal government exacerbated tensions between the federal and state governments . However , contemporaries such as Ira Katznelson have suggested that due to certain conditions on the allocation of federal funds , namely that the individual states get to control them , the federal government managed to avoid any tension with states over their rights . This is a prominent debate concerning the historiography of federalism in the United States and -- as Schlesinger and Patterson have observed -- the New Deal marked an era when the federal - state power balance shifted further in favor of the federal government , which heightened tensions between the two levels of government in the United States . Ira Katznelson has argued that although the federal government expanded its power and began providing welfare benefits on a scale previously unknown in the United States , it often allowed individual states to control the allocation of the funds provided for such welfare . This meant that the states controlled who had access to these funds , which in turn meant many Southern states were able to racially segregate -- or in some cases , like a number of counties in Georgia , completely exclude African - Americans -- the allocation of federal funds . This enabled these states to continue to relatively exercise their rights and also to preserve the institutionalization of the racist order of their societies . While Katznelson has conceded that the expansion of the federal government had the potential to lead to federal - state tension , he has argued it was avoided as these states managed to retain some control . As Katznelson has observed , `` furthermore , they ( state governments in the South ) had to manage the strain that potentially might be placed on local practices by investing authority in federal bureaucracies ... To guard against this outcome , they key mechanism deployed was a separation of the source of funding from decisions about how to spend the new monies '' . However , Schlesinger has disputed Katznelson 's claim and has argued that the increase in the power of the federal government was perceived to come at the cost of states ' rights , thereby aggravating state governments , which exacerbated federal - state tensions . Schlesinger has utilized quotes from the time to highlight this point , Schlesinger has observed that `` the actions of the New Deal , ( Ogden L . ) Mills said , `` abolish the sovereignty of the States . They make of a government of limited powers one of unlimited authority over the lives of us all '' . Moreover , Schlesinger has argued that this federal - state tension was not a one - way street and that the federal government became just as aggravated with the state governments as they did with it . State governments were often guilty of inhibiting or delaying federal policies . Whether through intentional methods , like sabotage , or unintentional ones , like simple administrative overload -- either way these problems aggravated the federal government and thus heightened federal - state tensions . As Schlesinger has also noted that `` students of public administration have never taken sufficient account of the capacity of lower levels of government to sabotage or defy even a masterful President '' . James T. Patterson has reiterated this argument , though he observes that this increased tension can be accounted for not just from a political perspective , but from an economic one too . Patterson has argued that the tension between the federal and state governments at least partly also resulted from the economic strain under which the states had been put by the federal government 's various policies and agencies . Some states were either simply unable to cope with the federal government 's demand and thus refused to work with them , or admonished the economic restraints and actively decided to sabotage federal policies . This was demonstrated , Patterson has noted , with the handling of federal relief money by Ohio governor , Martin L. Davey . The case in Ohio became so detrimental to the federal government that Harry Hopkins , supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration , had to federalize Ohio relief . Although this argument differs somewhat from Schlesinger 's , the source of federal - state tension remained the growth of the federal government . As Patterson has asserted , `` though the record of the FERA was remarkably good -- almost revolutionary -- in these respects it was inevitable , given the financial requirements imposed on deficit - ridden states , that friction would develop between governors and federal officials '' . In this dispute it can be inferred that Katznelson and Schlesinger and Patterson have only disagreed on their inference of the historical evidence . While both parties have agreed that the federal government expanded and even that states had a degree of control over the allocation of federal funds , they have disputed the consequences of these claims . Katznelson has asserted that it created mutual acquiescence between the levels of government , while Schlesinger and Patterson have suggested that it provoked contempt for the state governments on the part of the federal government and vice versa , thus exacerbating their relations . In short , irrespective of the interpretation this era marked an important time in the historiography of federalism and also nevertheless provided some narrative on the legacy of federal - state relations . Charges ( edit ) Charges of fascism ( edit ) Further information : The New Deal and corporatism Worldwide , the Great Depression had the most profound impact in the German Reich and the United States . In both countries the pressure to reform and the perception of the economic crisis were strikingly similar . When Hitler came to power he was faced with exactly the same task that faced Roosevelt , overcoming mass unemployment and the global Depression . The political responses to the crises were essentially different : while American democracy remained strong , Germany replaced democracy with fascism , a Nazi dictatorship . The initial perception of the New Deal was mixed . On the one hand , the eyes of the world were upon the United States because many democrats in Europe and the United States saw in Roosevelt _́ s reform program a positive counterweight to the seductive powers of the two great alternative systems , communism and fascism . As the historian Isaiah Berlin wrote in 1955 : `` The only light in the darkness was the administration of Mr. Roosevelt and the New Deal in the United States '' . By contrast , enemies of the New Deal sometimes called it `` fascist '' , but they meant very different things . Communists denounced the New Deal in 1933 and 1934 as fascist in the sense that it was under the control of big business . They dropped that line of thought when Stalin switched to the `` Popular Front '' plan of cooperation with liberals . In 1934 , Roosevelt defended himself against those critics in a `` fireside chat '' : ( Some ) will try to give you new and strange names for what we are doing . Sometimes they will call it ' Fascism ' , sometimes ' Communism ' , sometimes ' Regimentation ' , sometimes ' Socialism ' . But , in so doing , they are trying to make very complex and theoretical something that is really very simple and very practical ... Plausible self - seekers and theoretical die - hards will tell you of the loss of individual liberty . Answer this question out of the facts of your own life . Have you lost any of your rights or liberty or constitutional freedom of action and choice ? After 1945 , only few observers continued to see similarities and later on some scholars such as Kiran Klaus Patel , Heinrich August Winkler and John Garraty came to the conclusion that comparisons of the alternative systems do not have to end in an apology for Nazism since comparisons rely on the examination of both similarities and differences . Their preliminary studies on the origins of the fascist dictatorships and the American ( reformed ) democracy came to the conclusion that besides essential differences `` the crises led to a limited degree of convergence '' on the level of economic and social policy . The most important cause was the growth of state interventionism since in the face of the catastrophic economic situation both societies no longer counted on the power of the market to heal itself . John Garraty wrote that the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) was based on economic experiments in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , without establishing a totalitarian dictatorship . Contrary to that , historians such as Hawley have examined the origins of the NRA in detail , showing the main inspiration came from Senators Hugo Black and Robert F. Wagner and from American business leaders such as the Chamber of Commerce . The model for the NRA was Woodrow Wilson 's War Industries Board , in which Johnson had been involved too . Historians argue that direct comparisons between Fascism and New Deal are invalid since there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization . Gerald Feldman wrote that fascism has not contributed anything to economic thought and had no original vision of a new economic order replacing capitalism . His argument correlates with Mason _́ s that economic factors alone are an insufficient approach to understand fascism and that decisions taken by fascists in power can not be explained within a logical economic framework . In economic terms , both ideas were within the general tendency of the 1930s to intervene in the free market capitalist economy , at the price of its laissez - faire character , `` to protect the capitalist structure endangered by endogenous crises tendencies and processes of impaired self - regulation '' . Stanley Payne , a historian of fascism , examined possible fascist influences in the United States by looking at the KKK and its offshoots and movements led by Father Coughlin and Huey Long . He concluded that `` the various populist , nativist , and rightist movements in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s fell distinctly short of fascism '' . According to Kevin Passmore , lecturer in History at Cardiff University , the failure of fascism in the United States was due to the social policies of the New Deal that channelled anti-establishment populism into the left rather than the extreme right . Charges of conservatism ( edit ) For decades , the New Deal was generally held in very high regard in the scholarship and the textbooks . That changed in the 1960s when New Left historians began a revisionist critique that said the New Deal was a bandaid for a patient that needed radical surgery to reform capitalism , put private property in its place and lift up workers , women and minorities . The New Left believed in participatory democracy and therefore rejected the autocratic machine politics typical of the big city Democratic organizations . In the 1960s , New Left historians have been among the New Deal 's harsh critics . In a 1968 essay , Barton J. Bernstein compiled a chronicle of missed opportunities and inadequate responses to problems . The New Deal may have saved capitalism from itself , Bernstein charged , but it had failed to help -- and in many cases actually harmed -- those groups most in need of assistance . In The New Deal ( 1967 ) , Paul K. Conkin similarly chastised the government of the 1930s for its weak policies toward marginal farmers , for its failure to institute sufficiently progressive tax reform , and its excessive generosity toward select business interests . In 1966 , Howard Zinn criticized the New Deal for working actively to actually preserve the worst evils of capitalism . By the 1970s , liberal historians were responding with a defense of the New Deal based on numerous local and microscopic studies . Praise increasingly focused on Eleanor Roosevelt , seen as a more appropriate crusading reformer than her husband . Since then , research on the New Deal has been less interested in the question of whether the New Deal was a `` conservative '' , `` liberal '' , or `` revolutionary '' phenomenon than in the question of constraints within which it was operating . In a series of articles , political sociologist Theda Skocpol has emphasized the issue of `` state capacity '' as an often - crippling constraint . Ambitious reform ideas often failed , she argued , because of the absence of a government bureaucracy with significant strength and expertise to administer them . Other more recent works have stressed the political constraints that the New Deal encountered . Conservative skepticism about the efficacy of government was strong both in Congress and among many citizens . Thus some scholars have stressed that the New Deal was not just a product of its liberal backers , but also a product of the pressures of its conservative opponents . Communists in government ( edit ) During the New Deal the communists established a network of a dozen or so members working for the government . They were low level and had a minor influence on policies . Harold Ware led the largest group which worked in the Agriculture Adjustment Administration ( AAA ) . Secretary of Agriculture Wallace got rid of them all in a famous purge in 1935 . Ware died in 1935 and some individuals such as Alger Hiss moved to other government jobs . Other communists worked for the National Labor Relations Board , the National Youth Administration , the Works Progress Administration , the Federal Theater Project , the Treasury and the Department of State . Political metaphor ( edit ) Since 1933 , politicians and pundits have often called for a `` new deal '' regarding an object -- that is , they demand a completely new , large - scale approach to a project . As Arthur A. Ekirch Jr. ( 1971 ) has shown , the New Deal stimulated utopianism in American political and social thought on a wide range of issues . In Canada , Conservative Prime Minister Richard B. Bennett in 1935 proposed a `` new deal '' of regulation , taxation and social insurance that was a copy of the American program , but Bennett 's proposals were not enacted and he was defeated for reelection in October 1935 . In accordance with the rise of the use of U.S. political phraseology in Britain , the Labour government of Tony Blair termed some of its employment programs `` new deal '' , in contrast to the Conservative Party 's promise of the `` British Dream '' . Works of Art and music ( edit ) The federal government commissioned a series of public murals from the artists it employed : William Gropper 's `` Construction of a Dam '' ( 1939 ) is characteristic of much of the art of the 1930s , with workers seen in heroic poses , laboring in unison to complete a great public project The Works Progress Administration subsidized artists , musicians , painters and writers on relief with a group of projects called Federal One . While the WPA program was by far the most widespread , it was preceded by three programs administered by the US Treasury which hired commercial artists at usual commissions to add murals and sculptures to federal buildings . The first of these efforts was the short - lived Public Works of Art Project , organized by Edward Bruce , an American businessman and artist . Bruce also led the Treasury Department 's Section of Painting and Sculpture ( later renamed the Section of Fine Arts ) and the Treasury Relief Art Project ( TRAP ) . The Resettlement Administration ( RA ) and Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) had major photography programs . The New Deal arts programs emphasized regionalism , social realism , class conflict , proletarian interpretations and audience participation . The unstoppable collective powers of common man , contrasted to the failure of individualism , was a favorite theme . `` Created Equal '' : Act I , Scene 3 of `` Spirit of 1776 '' , Boston ( Federal Theatre Project , 1935 ) Post Office murals and other public art , painted by artists in this time , can still be found at many locations around the U.S. The New Deal particularly helped American novelists . For journalists and the novelists who wrote non-fiction , the agencies and programs that the New Deal provided , allowed these writers to describe about what they really saw around the country . Many writers chose to write about the New Deal and whether they were for or against it and if it was helping the country out . Some of these writers were Ruth McKenney , Edmund Wilson and Scott Fitzgerald . Another subject that was very popular for novelists was the condition of labor . They ranged from subjects on social protest to strikes . Under the WPA , the Federal Theatre project flourished . Countless theatre productions around the country were staged . This allowed thousands of actors and directors to be employed , among them were Orson Welles , and John Huston . The FSA photography project is most responsible for creating the image of the Depression in the U.S. Many of the images appeared in popular magazines . The photographers were under instruction from Washington as to what overall impression the New Deal wanted to give out . Director Roy Stryker 's agenda focused on his faith in social engineering , the poor conditions among cotton tenant farmers and the very poor conditions among migrant farm workers -- above all he was committed to social reform through New Deal intervention in people 's lives . Stryker demanded photographs that `` related people to the land and vice versa '' because these photographs reinforced the RA 's position that poverty could be controlled by `` changing land practices '' . Though Stryker did not dictate to his photographers how they should compose the shots , he did send them lists of desirable themes , such as `` church '' , `` court day '' , `` barns '' . Films of the late New Deal era such as Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) ridiculed so - called `` great men '' while the heroism of the common man appeared in numerous movies , such as The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) . Thus in Frank Capra 's famous films , including Mr. Smith Goes to Washington ( 1939 ) , Meet John Doe ( 1941 ) and It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) , the common people come together to battle and overcome villains who are corrupt politicians controlled by very rich , greedy capitalists . By contrast , there was also a smaller but influential stream of anti-New Deal art . Gutzon Borglum 's sculptures on Mount Rushmore emphasized great men in history ( his designs had the approval of Calvin Coolidge ) . Gertrude Stein and Ernest Hemingway disliked the New Deal and celebrated the autonomy of perfected written work as opposed to the New Deal idea of writing as performative labor . The Southern Agrarians celebrated a premodern regionalism and opposed the TVA as a modernizing , disruptive force . Cass Gilbert , a conservative who believed architecture should reflect historic traditions and the established social order , designed the new Supreme Court building ( 1935 ) . Its classical lines and small size contrasted sharply with the gargantuan modernistic federal buildings going up in the Washington Mall that he detested . Hollywood managed to synthesize liberal and conservative streams as in Busby Berkeley 's Gold Digger musicals , where the storylines exalt individual autonomy while the spectacular musical numbers show abstract populations of interchangeable dancers securely contained within patterns beyond their control . New Deal programs ( edit ) The New Deal had many programs and new agencies , most of which were universally known by their initials . Most were abolished during World War II while others remain in operation today . They included the following : National Youth Administration ( NYA ) , 1935 : program that focused on providing work and education for Americans between the ages of 16 and 25 . Ended in 1943 . Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) : a Hoover agency expanded under Jesse Holman Jones to make large loans to big business . Ended in 1954 . The WPA hired unemployed teachers to provide free adult education programs Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) : a Hoover program to create unskilled jobs for relief ; expanded by Roosevelt and Harry Hopkins ; replaced by WPA in 1935 . United States bank holiday , 1933 : closed all banks until they became certified by federal reviewers . Abandonment of gold standard , 1933 : gold reserves no longer backed currency ; still exists . Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , 1933 -- 1942 : employed young men to perform unskilled work in rural areas ; under United States Army supervision ; separate program for Native Americans . Homeowners Loan Corporation ( HOLC ) : helped people keep their homes , the government bought properties from the bank allowing people to pay the government instead of the banks in installments they could afford , keeping people in their homes and banks afloat . Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) , 1933 : effort to modernize very poor region ( most of Tennessee ) , centered on dams that generated electricity on the Tennessee River ; still exists . Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) , 1933 : raised farm prices by cutting total farm output of major crops and livestock ; replaced by a new AAA because the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional . National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) , 1933 : industries set up codes to reduce unfair competition , raise wages and prices ; ended 1935 . The Supreme Court ruled the NIRA unconstitutional . Public Works Administration ( PWA ) , 1933 : built large public works projects ; used private contractors ( did not directly hire unemployed ) . Ended 1938 . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) : insures bank deposits and supervises state banks ; still exists . Glass -- Steagall Act : regulates investment banking ; repealed 1999 ( not repealed , only two provisions changed ) . Securities Act of 1933 , created the SEC , 1933 : codified standards for sale and purchase of stock , required awareness of investments to be accurately disclosed ; still exists . FERA camp for unemployed black women , Atlanta , 1934 Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , 1933 -- 1934 : provided temporary jobs to millions of unemployed . Indian Reorganization Act , 1934 : moved away from assimilation ; policy dropped . Social Security Act ( SSA ) , 1935 : provided financial assistance to : elderly , handicapped , paid for by employee and employer payroll contributions ; required 7 years contributions , so first payouts were in 1942 ; still exists . Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , 1935 : a national labor program for more than 2 million unemployed ; created useful construction work for unskilled men ; also sewing projects for women and arts projects for unemployed artists , musicians and writers ; ended 1943 . National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ) ; Wagner Act , 1935 : set up National Labor Relations Board to supervise labor - management relations ; In the 1930s , it strongly favored labor unions . Modified by the Taft - Hartley Act ( 1947 ) ; still exists . Judicial Reorganization Bill , 1937 : gave the President power to appoint a new Supreme Court judge for every judge 70 years or older ; failed to pass Congress . Federal Crop Insurance Corporation ( FCIC ) , 1938 : insures crops and livestock against loss of production or revenue . Was restructured during the creation of the Risk Management Agency in 1996 but continues to exist . Surplus Commodities Program ( 1936 ) : gives away food to poor ; still exists as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program . Fair Labor Standards Act 1938 : established a maximum normal work week of 44 hours and a minimum wage of 40 cents / hour and outlawed most forms of child labor ; still exists , hours have been lowered to 40 hours over the years . Surplus Commodities Program , 1936 Rural Electrification Administration ( REA ) : one of the federal executive departments of the United States government charged with providing public utilities ( electricity , telephone , water , sewer ) to rural areas in the U.S. via public - private partnerships . still exists . Resettlement Administration ( RA ) : resettled poor tenant farmers ; replaced by Farm Security Administration in 1935 . Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) : helped poor farmers by a variety of economic and educational programs ; some programs still exists as part of the Farmers Home Administration . Statistics ( edit ) Depression Statistics ( edit ) `` Most indexes worsened until the summer of 1932 , which may be called the low point of the depression economically and psychologically '' . Economic indicators show the American economy reached nadir in summer 1932 to February 1933 , then began recovering until the recession of 1937 -- 1938 . Thus the Federal Reserve Industrial Production Index hit its low of 52.8 on July 1 , 1932 and was practically unchanged at 54.3 on March 1 , 1933 , but by July 1 , 1933 it reached 85.5 ( with 1935 -- 39 = 100 and for comparison 2005 = 1,342 ) . In Roosevelt 's 12 years in office , the economy had an 8.5 % compound annual growth of GDP , the highest growth rate in the history of any industrial country , but recovery was slow and by 1939 the gross domestic product ( GDP ) per adult was still 27 % below trend . Table 1 : statistics 1929 1931 1933 1937 1938 1940 Real Gross National Product ( GNP ) ( 1 ) 101.4 84.3 68.3 103.9 96.7 113.0 Consumer Price Index ( 2 ) 122.5 108.7 92.4 102.7 99.4 100.2 Index of Industrial Production ( 2 ) 109 75 69 112 89 126 Money Supply M2 ( $ billions ) 46.6 42.7 32.2 45.7 49.3 55.2 Exports ( $ billions ) 5.24 2.42 1.67 3.35 3.18 4.02 Unemployment ( % of civilian work force ) 3.1 16.1 25.2 13.8 16.5 13.9 ( 1 ) in 1929 dollars ( 2 ) 1935 -- 1939 = 100 Table 2 : unemployment ( % labor force ) Year Lebergott Darby 1933 24.9 20.6 1934 21.7 16.0 1935 20.1 14.2 1936 16.9 9.9 1937 14.3 9.1 1938 19.0 12.5 1939 17.2 11.3 1940 14.6 9.5 1941 9.9 8.0 1942 4.7 4.7 1943 1.9 1.9 1944 1.2 1.2 1945 1.9 1.9 Darby counts WPA workers as employed ; Lebergott as unemployed Source : Historical Statistics US ( 1976 ) series D - 86 ; Smiley 1983 Relief statistics ( edit ) Families on relief 1936 -- 1941 Relief cases 1936 -- 1941 ( monthly average in 1,000 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 <Td_colspan="7"> Workers employed : WPA 1,995 2,227 1,932 2,911 1,971 1,638 CCC and NYA 712 801 643 793 877 919 Other federal work projects 554 663 452 488 468 681 <Td_colspan="7"> Public assistance cases : Social security programs 602 1,306 1,852 2,132 2,308 2,517 General relief 2,946 1,484 1,611 1,647 1,570 1,206 Total families helped 5,886 5,660 5,474 6,751 5,860 5,167 Unemployed workers ( Bur Lab Stat ) 9,030 7,700 10,390 9,480 8,120 5,560 Coverage ( cases / unemployed ) 65 % 74 % 53 % 71 % 72 % 93 % See also ( edit ) Book : Great Depression Arthurdale , West Virginia , New Deal planned community Conservative coalition , the opponents of the New Deal Fair Deal of U.S. President Harry S. Truman Great Depression in the United States Liberalism in the United States Living New Deal , a research project about the impact of the New Deal Modern liberalism in the United States New Deal coalition Square Deal of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt Social programs in the United States Timeline of the Great Depression References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carol Berkin ; et al. ( 2011 ) . Making America , Volume 2 : A History of the United States : Since 1865 . Cengage Learning . pp. 629 -- 632 . ISBN 0495915246 . Jump up ^ Elliot A. Rosen , The Republican Party in the Age of Roosevelt : Sources of Anti-Government Conservatism in the United States ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Sieff , M. ( 2012 ) . That Should Still Be Us : How Thomas Friedman 's Flat World Myths Are Keeping Us Flat on Our Backs . Wiley . ISBN 9781118240632 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Edwin `` Eddie '' Harrell ; et al. ( 2005 ) . Unto A Good Land : A History Of The American People . Wm . B. Eerdmans . p. 902 . 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He was one of the last surviving members of the small group of advisers who helped President Roosevelt shape the New Deal . Jump up ^ `` President , Presented With Medal by Author 's Cousin , Recalls Reading Term '' . The New York Times . December 5 , 1933 . Cyril Clemens , a distant cousin of Mark Twain claimed that Roosevelt took the phrase `` New Deal '' from A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court . Jump up ^ The phrase was perhaps borrowed from the title of Stuart Chase 's book A New Deal published in February 1932 and serialized in the New Republic that summer . Gary Dean Best , Peddling panaceas : popular economists in the New Deal era ( 2005 ) p. 117 . Jump up ^ The phrase was also used by Gifford Pinchot in 1910 , when he said in a speech rallying young men to political action to remove special interests from politics the following : `` The people of the United States demand a new deal and a square deal '' . Address by Gifford Pinchot before the Roosevelt Club of St. Paul , Minnesota , June 11 , 1910 . Jump up ^ `` The Roosevelt Week '' . Time . New York . July 11 , 1932 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg pp. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg p. 58 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kirstin ( 2009 ) . The Woman Behind the New Deal ; The Life of Frances Perkins , FDR 's Secretary of Labor and His Moral Conscience . New York : Nan A. Talese , an imprint of The Doubleday Publishing Group , a division of Random House , Inc. , . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51365 - 4 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg p. 34 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg p. 188 . Jump up ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger , The coming of the New Deal , 1933 -- 1935 , Houghton Mifflin , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 34086 - 6 , S. 22 Jump up ^ `` NPG Historical U.S. Population Growth : 1900 -- 1998 '' . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg p. 45 -- 46 ; Robert Paul Browder and Thomas G. Smith , Independent : A Biography of Lewis W. 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Kennedy , The Banking Crisis of 1933 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom From Fear ( 1999 ) pp. 65 , 366 ^ Jump up to : Randall E. Parker , Reflections on the Great Depression , Edward Elgar Publishing , 2003 , ISBN 9781843765509 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Randall E. Parker , Reflections on the Great Depression , Edward Elgar Publishing , 2003 , ISBN 9781843765509 , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Meltzer , Allan H. ( 2004 ) . `` A History of the Federal Reserve : 1913 -- 1951 '' : 442 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Romer , Christina D. ( December 1992 ) . `` What Ended the Great Depression ? '' . The Journal of Economic History . Economic History Association . 52 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 84 . doi : 10.1017 / s002205070001189x . JSTOR 2123226 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom From Fear ( 1999 ) p. 367 Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg , Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal pp. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ Conrad Black ( 2012 ) . Franklin Delano Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom . p. 348 . ^ Jump up to : Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe , second edition , p. 117 Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg pp. 70 , 133 -- 34 ; Jason Scott Smith , Building New Deal Liberalism : The Political Economy of Public Works , 1933 -- 1956 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Time - Life Books , Library of Nations : United States , Sixth European English language printing , 1989 Jump up ^ Paul S. Boyer , The Oxford Companion to United States History , Oxford University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 508209 - 5 , pp. 20 , 21 Jump up ^ Peter Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 , Hodder Education , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 965887 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Coming of the New Deal pp. 27 -- 84 Jump up ^ Ronald L. Heinemann , Depression and New Deal in Virginia . ( 1983 ) p. 107 Jump up ^ Paul S. Boyder , The Oxford Companion to United States History , Oxford University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 508209 - 5 , p. 21 Jump up ^ `` Average Income in the United States ( 1913 -- 2006 ) -- Visualizing Economics '' . Visualizingeconomics.com . May 3 , 2008 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 p. 137 Jump up ^ Badger , New Deal pp. 89 . 153 -- 57 . for price data and farm income see Statistical Abstract 1940 online Archived October 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Barry Cushman , Rethinking the New Deal Court ( 1998 ) p. 34 Jump up ^ Rachel Louise Moran , `` Consuming Relief : Food Stamps and the New Welfare of the New Deal , '' Journal of American History , March 2011 , Vol. 97 Issue 4 , pp. 1001 -- 22 online Jump up ^ Alan Bjerga & Derek Wallbank , `` Food Stamps Loom Over Negotiations to Pass Farm Bill '' BloombergOct 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Robert Whaples and Randall E. Parker , eds. ( 2013 ) . Routledge Handbook of Modern Economic History . Routledge . p. 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Price V. Fishback , Michael R. Haines , and Shawn Kantor , `` Births , deaths , and New Deal relief during the Great Depression . '' The Review of Economics and Statistics 89.1 ( 2007 ) : 1 -- 14 , citing page online Jump up ^ Data was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau , Statistical Abstract Archived December 29 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . and converted into SVG format by me . The numbers come from this U.S. Census document , p. 17 , column 127 . Note that the graph only covers factory employment . Jump up ^ Bernard Bellush , The Failure of the NRA , ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Pederson , William D. ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . The FDR Years . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 9780816074600 . Jump up ^ Arthur Schlesinger , Jr . The Coming of the New Deal ( 1959 ) , 87 -- 135 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve System , National Summary of Business Conditions ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ Black , Conrad . Franklin Delano Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom . New York : PublicAffairs , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 184 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 6859 - Reorganizing the N.R.A. and Establishing the National Industrial Recovery Board . '' September 27 , 1934 . John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters . The American Presidency Project . ( Online . ) Santa Barbara , Calif. : University of California ( hosted ) , Gerhard Peters ( database ) . Jump up ^ `` 9.2. 1 Records of the National Industrial Recovery Board . '' Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States . 3 vols . Compiled by Robert B. Matchette , et al. Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration , 1995 . Jump up ^ The Handbook of Texas Online : Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 Archived September 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David ( 1969 ) . `` What the New Deal Did '' . Political Science Quarterly . 124 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 68 . Jump up ^ David C. Wheelock , `` The Federal response to home mortgage distress : Lessons from the Great Depression . '' Review 90 ( 2008 ) . online Jump up ^ Robert Whaples , `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 55 , No. 1 ( Mar. 1995 ) , S. 139 -- 154 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Smoot - Hawley '' . The Economist . December 18 , 2008 Jump up ^ Hiscox , Michael J. ( Autumn 1999 ) . `` The Magic Bullet ? The RTAA , Institutional Reform , and Trade Liberalization '' . International Organization . 53 ( 4 ) : 669 -- 98 . doi : 10.1162 / 002081899551039 . Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 , ( 1999 ) p. 258 , 260 Jump up ^ Sitkoff , ed . Fifty Years Later : The New Deal Evaluated ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Social Security History . Ssa.gov . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2009 ) . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States . Since 1865 . Cengage . p. 670 . ISBN 0547175604 . Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 , Oxford University Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 503834 - 7 , p. 291 Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein , `` The Growth of American Unions , '' American Economic Review 44 # 3 ( 1954 ) , pp. 301 - 318 online ^ Jump up to : Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 p. 109 Jump up ^ Lubell , Samuel ( 1955 ) . The Future of American Politics . Anchor Press . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom From Fear pp. 250 -- 52 Jump up ^ Peter Fearon , War , Prosperity , and Depression ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2009 ) . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States . Since 1865 . Cengage . p. 669 . ISBN 0547175604 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom From Fear p. 252 Jump up ^ Deward Clayton Brown , Electricity for Rural America : The Fight for the REA ( 1980 ) ^ Jump up to : Lorraine Brown , `` Federal Theatre : Melodrama , Social Protest , and Genius , '' U.S. Library of Congress Quarterly Journal , 1979 , Vol. 36 Issue 1 , pp. 18 -- 37 Jump up ^ William D. Pederson ( 2011 ) . A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt . Wiley . p. 224 . ISBN 9781444395174 . Jump up ^ Hemming , Heidi and Julie Hemming Savage , Women Making America , Clotho Press , 2009 , pp. 243 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Sue Bridwell Beckham , Depression Post Office Murals and Southern Culture : A Gentle Reconstruction ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy . Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 . Oxford University Press . pp. 275 , 276 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503834 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : John K. McNulty , `` Unintegrated Corporate and Individual Income Taxes : USA '' , in : Paul Kirchhof et al. , International and Comparative Taxation , Kluwer Law International , 2002 , ISBN 90 - 411 - 9841 - 5 , p. 173 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy . Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 . Oxford University Press . p. 280 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503834 - 7 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Graham . Security Analysis : The Classic 1940 Edition . McGraw - Hill Professional , 2002 . pp. 386 -- 287 Jump up ^ Jeff Jeff Shesol , Supreme Power : Franklin Roosevelt Vs . The Supreme Court ( 2010 ) online review Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom From Fear p. 352 Jump up ^ GNP was $99.7 billion in 1940 and $210.1 billion in 1944 . Historical Statistics ( 1976 ) series F1 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Richard J. ( 1989 ) . `` The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 19 ( 4 ) : 553 -- 83 . JSTOR 203954 . Jump up ^ D'Ann Campbell ( 1984 ) . Women at war with America : private lives in a patriotic era . Harvard University Press . pp. 110 -- 15 . ISBN 9780674954755 . Jump up ^ Vatter , The U.S. Economy in World War II Jump up ^ Curtis E. Harvey , Coal in Appalachia : an economic analysis Jump up ^ Sarah Jo Peterson ( 2013 ) . Planning the Home Front : Building Bombers and Communities at Willow Run . pp. 85 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Eve P. Smith ; Lisa A. Merkel - Holguín ( 1996 ) . A History of Child Welfare . pp. 87 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Online '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Hamlett Bremner , ed. ( 1974 ) . Children and Youth in America : A Documentary History . Harvard UP . pp. 1257 -- 63 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nathan Sinai , and Odin Waldemar Anderson . `` EMIC ( Emergency Maternity and Infant Care ) . A Study of Administrative Experience . '' Bureau of Public Health Economics . Research Series 3 ( 1948 ) . Jump up ^ Martha M. Eliot , `` The Children 's Bureau , EMIC and postwar planning for child health : A statement . '' Journal of Pediatrics 25 # 4 ( 1944 ) : 351 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Martha M. Eliot , and Lillian R. Freedman . `` Four years of the EMIC Program . '' Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 19 # 4 ( 1947 ) : 621 + online Jump up ^ Piehler , G.K. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Military Science . SAGE Publications . p. 220 . ISBN 9781452276328 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Bennett , When Dreams Came True : The GI Bill and the Making of Modern America ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Merl E. Reed , Seedtime for the Modern Civil Rights Movement : The President 's Committee on Fair Employment Practice , 1941 -- 1946 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom from Fear ch 18 Jump up ^ America in our time : from World War II to Nixon -- what happened and why by Godfrey Hodgson Jump up ^ The Unfinished Journey : America Since World War II by William H. Chafe ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Iwan W. ( 1994 ) . Beyond the Liberal Consensus : Political History of the United States Since 1965 . C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1850652045 . Jump up ^ Kantor , Shawn ; Fishback , Price V. ; Wallis , John Joseph ( October 2013 ) . `` Did the New Deal solidify the 1932 Democratic realignment ? '' . Explorations in Economic History . New Views of Roosevelt 's New Deal . 50 ( 4 ) : 620 -- 633 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2013.08. 001 . Jump up ^ Cowie , Jefferson ; Salvatore , Nick ( 2008 ) . `` The Long Exception : Rethinking the Place of the New Deal in American History '' . International Labor & Working - Class History . 74 : 3 -- 32 . doi : 10.1017 / s0147547908000112 . Jump up ^ MacLean , Nancy ( 2008 ) . `` Getting New Deal History Wrong '' . International Labor & Working - Class History . 74 : 49 -- 55 . doi : 10.1017 / s014754790800015x . Jump up ^ Klein , Jennifer ( August 2008 ) . `` A New Deal Restoration : Individuals , Communities , and the Long Struggle for the Collective Good '' . International Labor & Working - Class History . 74 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 48 . doi : 10.1017 / S0147547908000148 . ISSN 1471 - 6445 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Herman , Arthur . Freedom 's Forge : How American Business Produced Victory in World War II , pp. 68 -- 75 , 119 , 254 , 329 -- 30 , 340 -- 41 , Random House , New York , NY , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6964 - 4 . Jump up ^ Parker , Dana T. Building Victory : Aircraft Production in the Los Angeles Area in World War II , p. 8 , Cypress , CA , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9897906 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Iwan W. ( 1994 ) . Beyond the Liberal Consensus : Political History of the United States Since 1965 . C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 1850652045 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Iwan W. ( 1994 ) . Beyond the Liberal Consensus : Political History of the United States Since 1965 . C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1850652045 . Jump up ^ Roderick P. Hart ( 2001 ) . Politics , Discourse , and American Society : New Agendas . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 46 . ISBN 0742500713 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Michael S. ( 2009 ) . The Eisenhower Years . p. xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5387 - 2 . Jump up ^ Browne , Blaine T. ; Cottrell , Robert C. ( 2008 ) . Modern American Lives : Individuals and Issues in American History Since 1945 . M.E. Sharpe , Inc. p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 2222 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fishback , Price ( 2017 ) . `` How Successful Was the New Deal ? The Microeconomic Impact of New Deal Spending and Lending Policies in the 1930s '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Economic Literature. 55 ( 4 ) : 1435 -- 1485 . doi : 10.1257 / jel. 20161054 . ISSN 0022 - 0515 . Jump up ^ Lary May , `` Review , '' Journal of American History ( December 2010 ) 97 # 3 p. 765 Jump up ^ Sitkoff ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Quote from Mary Beth Norton , et al . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States ( 1994 ) , 2 : 783 . See also Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr . The Coming of the New Deal , 1933 -- 1935 ( 1958 ) p. ix ; Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks , `` How FDR Saved Capitalism '' , in It Did n't Happen Here : Why Socialism Failed in the United States ( 2001 ) ; Eric Rauchway , The Great Depression and the New Deal ( 2007 ) , pp. 86 , 93 -- 97 ; Cass R. Sunstein , The Second Bill of Rights : FDR 's Unfinished Revolution , ( 2006 ) pp. 129 -- 30 ; C. Wright Mills , The Power Elite ( 1959 ) 272 -- 74 ; David Edwin Harrell , Jr. et al. Unto a Good Land : A History of the American People ( 2005 ) p. 921 ; William Leuchtenburg , The White House Looks South ( 2005 ) p. 121 ; Robert S. McElvaine , The Great Depression : America , 1929 -- 1941 ( 1993 ) p. 168 ; Alan Brinkley , Liberalism and Its Discontents ( 1998 ) p. 66 . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Carol Sheriff und David M. Katzman , A People and a Nation : A History of the United States , Volume II : Since 1865 , Wadsworth Inc Fulfillment , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0495915904 , p. 681 ^ Jump up to : Ray Allen Billington ; Martin Ridge ( 1981 ) . American History After 1865 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 193 . Jump up ^ Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 p. 205 Jump up ^ Ira Katznelson and Mark Kesselman , The Politics of Power , 1975 Jump up ^ Paul K. Conkin Jump up ^ as summarized by Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 p. 219 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer , `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal : Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration , 1933 -- 1938 , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly , ( 2000 ) 30 # 2 . pp 331 + online Jump up ^ Zelizer , `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal : Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration , 1933 -- 1938 '' Jump up ^ Freidel 1990 , p. 96 Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census . Statistical Abstract of the United States : 1946 . p. 321 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal '' Jump up ^ Zelizer , `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal : Fiscal Conservatism ; Savage 1998 Jump up ^ Hamilton Cravens , Great Depression : People and Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , 2009 , ISBN 9781598840933 , p. 106 ^ Jump up to : Sitkoff ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Ira Katznelson , When Affirmative Action was White ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Hamilton Cravens , Great Depression : People and Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , 2009 , ISBN 9781598840933 , pp. 105 , 108 ^ Jump up to : Hamilton Cravens , Great Depression : People and Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , 2009 , ISBN 9781598840933 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Hamilton Cravens , Great Depression : People and Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , 2009 , ISBN 9781598840933 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Philip S. Foner . Organized Labor and the Black Worker , 1619 -- 1981 ( New York : International Publishers , 1981 ) , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Bruce Bartlett . Wrong on Race : The Democratic Party 's Buried Past . ( New York : Palgrave McMillan , 2008 ) , Kindle location 2459 . Jump up ^ Sitkoff ( 2008 ) ; Nancy J. Weiss , Farewell to the Party of Lincoln : Black Politics in the Age of FDR ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Charles L. Lumpkins ( 2008 ) . American Pogrom : The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics . Ohio UP . p. 179 . Jump up ^ Cheryl Lynn Greenberg ( 2009 ) . To Ask for an Equal Chance : African Americans in the Great Depression . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Anthony J. Badger ( 2011 ) . New Deal / New South : An Anthony J. Badger Reader . U. of Arkansas Press . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Kay Rippelmeyer ( 2015 ) . The Civilian Conservation Corps in Southern Illinois , 1933 -- 1942 . Southern Illinois Press . pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Harold Ickes , The secret diary of Harold L. Ickes Vol. 2 : The inside struggle , 1936 -- 1939 ( 1954 ) p. 115 Jump up ^ David L. Chappell ( 2009 ) . A Stone of Hope : Prophetic Religion and the Death of Jim Crow . pp. 9 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Philip A. Klinkner ; Rogers M. Smith ( 2002 ) . The Unsteady March : The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America . U of Chicago Press . p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Auerbach , Jerold S. ( 1969 ) . `` New Deal , Old Deal , or Raw Deal : Some Thoughts on New Left Historiography '' . Journal of Southern History . 35 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 30 . JSTOR 2204748 . Jump up ^ Unger , Irwin ( 1967 ) . `` The ' New Left ' and American History : Some Recent Trends in United States Historiography '' . American Historical Review . 72 ( 4 ) : 1237 -- 63 . JSTOR 1847792 . Jump up ^ Children in the family were allowed to hold CCC or NYA jobs -- indeed , CCC jobs were normally given to young men whose fathers were on relief . Young women were eligible for NYA jobs which began in 1935 . Jump up ^ Susan Ware , Beyond Suffrage : Women in the New Deal ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Martha Swain , ' `` The Forgotten Woman ' : Ellen S. Woodward and Women 's Relief in the New Deal '' Prologue , ( 1983 ) 15 # 4 pp 201 - 213 . Jump up ^ Sara B. Marcketti , `` The Sewing - Room Projects of the Works Progress Administration . '' Textile History 41.1 ( 2010 ) : 28 - 49 . Jump up ^ Louise Rosenfield Noun , Iowa Women in the WPA ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1975 ) p. 340 series H1 and H2 Jump up ^ Milton Friedman ; Rose D. Friedman ( 1999 ) . Two Lucky People : Memoirs . U. of Chicago Press . p. 59 . ISBN 9780226264158 . Jump up ^ Milton Friedman ; Rose D. Friedman ( 1981 ) . Free to Choose . Avon Books . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 52548 - 8 . Jump up ^ Robert Whaples , `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 55 , No. 1 ( March 1995 ) , pp. 139 -- 54 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census ( 1975 ) . Historical statistics of the United States , colonial times to 1970 . pp. 217 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Gene Smiley , `` Recent Unemployment Rate Estimates for the 1920s and 1930s '' , Journal of Economic History ( 1983 ) 43 # 2 pp. 487 -- 93 . In JSTOR Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 , Oxford University Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 503834 - 7 , p. 249 Jump up ^ Jensen , Richard J ( 1989 ) . `` The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 19 : 553 -- 83 . JSTOR 203954 . Jump up ^ W. Elliot Brownlee , Federal Taxation in America : A Short History ( 2004 ) p. 103 Jump up ^ Government Spending Chart : United States 1900 -- 2016 -- Federal State Local Data . Usgovernmentdebt.us . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , Paul Krugman , Franklin Delano Obama ? , November 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jason Scott Smith , A Concise History of the New Deal , Cambridge University Press , 2014 , ISBN 9781139991698 , p. 2 Jump up ^ PBS , Interview with Milton Friedman , 10.01. 2000 ^ Jump up to : Romer , Christina ( December 1992 ) . `` What Ended the Great Depression ? '' . The Journal of Economic History . 52 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 84 . doi : 10.1017 / s002205070001189x . JSTOR 2123226 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben ( May 1989 ) . `` Unemployment , Inflation , and Wages in the American Depression : Are There Lessons for Europe ? '' . The American Economic Review . 79 ( 2 ) : 210 -- 14 . JSTOR 1827758 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ DeLong , J. Bradford , Lawrence H. Summers , N. Gregory Mankiw , and Christina D. Romer . `` How does macroeconomic policy affect output ? . '' Brookings Papers on Economic Activity ( 1988 ) : 467 . Jump up ^ Vernon , J.R. ( December 1994 ) . `` World War II fiscal policies and the end of the Great Depression '' . Journal of Economic History . 54 ( 4 ) : 850 -- 68 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022050700015515 . JSTOR 2123613 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Gauti B. Eggertsson , `` Great Expectations and the End of the Depression '' , American Economic Review 2008 , 98 : 4 , 1476 -- 516 Jump up ^ Christina Romer , `` The Fiscal Stimulus , Flawed but Valuable '' , The New York Times , October 20 , 2012 Jump up ^ Peter Temin , Lessons from the Great Depression , MIT Press , 1992 , ISBN 9780262261197 , pp. 87 -- 101 Jump up ^ FDR 's Policies Prolonged Depression by 7 Years , UCLA Economists Calculate , ucla.edu , 8 / 10 / 2004 ^ Jump up to : Cole , Harold L. and Ohanian , Lee E. New Deal Policies and the Persistence of the Great Depression : A General Equilibrium Analysis Archived May 17 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2004 . Jump up ^ Snowden , Brian ( Fall 2007 ) . `` The New Classical Counter-Revolution : False Path or Illuminating Complement ? '' . Eastern Economic Journal . 33 ( 4 ) : 541 -- 62 . JSTOR 20642377 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Seidman , Laurence ( Fall 2007 ) . `` Reply to : `` The New Classical Counter-Revolution : False Path or Illuminating Complement ? '' `` . Eastern Economic Journal . 33 ( 4 ) : 563 -- 65 . doi : 10.1057 / eej. 2007.41 . JSTOR 20642378 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` The right - wing New Deal conniption fit SalonRevisionist historians and economists keep trying to stomp on FDR 's legacy . But declaring that WPA workers were unemployed is just silly '' . Salon.com . February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Darby , Michael R. ( 1976 ) . `` Three - And - A-Half Million U.S. Employees Have Been Mislaid : Or , An Explanation of Unemployment , 1934 -- 1941 '' . Journal of Political Economy. 84 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1086 / 260407 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Daniel ( 1994 ) . `` Out of Work : Unemployment and Government in Twentieth - Century America by Richard K. Vedder ; Lowell E. Gallaway '' . Public Choice . 79 ( 3 / 4 ) : 373 -- 75 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01047782 . JSTOR 30026888 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Gallaway , Lowell E. and Vedder , Richard K. Out of Work : Unemployment and Government in Twentieth - Century America , New York University Press ; Updated edition ( July 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Amity Shlaes , The Forgotten Man : A New History of the Great Depression . New York : HarperCollins Publishers , Inc. , 2007 . Kindle location 170 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Politiko , Matthew Dallek , Revisionists ' blind view of New Deal Archived September 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , February 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford University Press , 1999 ) p. 363 Jump up ^ Milton Friedman ; Rose D. Friedman ( 1962 ) . Capitalism and Freedom : Fortieth Anniversary Edition . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 182 -- 87 . ISBN 9780226264189 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Crafts , Peter Fearon , The Great Depression of the 1930s : Lessons for Today , Oxford University Press , 2013 , ISBN 9780199663187 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Katznelson , Ira ( 2005 ) . When Affirmative Action was White : An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth - Century America . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Katznelson , Ira ( 2005 ) . When Affirmative Action was White : An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth - Century America . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur M. ( 1958 ) . The Age of Roosevelt : The Coming of the New Deal . Cambridge , MA : The Riverside Press . p. 473 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur M. ( 1958 ) . The Age of Roosevelt : The Coming of the New Deal . Cambridge , MA : The Riverside Press . p. 536 . Jump up ^ Patterson , James T. ( 1969 ) . The New Deal and the States : Federalism in Transition . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Patterson , James T. ( 1969 ) . The New Deal and the States : Federalism in Transition . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Kiran Klaus Patel , Soldiers of Labor : Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America , 1933 -- 1945 Cambridge University Press 2005 , pp. 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ Kiran Klaus Patel , Soldiers of Labor : Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America , 1933 -- 1945 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83416 - 2 , Cambridge University Press 2005 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Isaiah Berlin , `` The Natural '' ( 1955 ) . Atlantic Monthly . pp. 230 -- . Jump up ^ Fraser M. Ottanelli ( 1991 ) . The Communist Party of the United States : From the Depression to World War II . Rutgers University Press . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Franklin Delano Roosevelt ; edited by Russell D. Buhite and David W. Levy ( 1992 ) . Fdr 's Fireside Chats . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0806123702 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kiran Klaus Patel , Soldiers of Labor : Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America , 1933 -- 1945 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83416 - 2 , Cambridge University Press 2005 , pp. 5 , 6 Jump up ^ Garraty , John A . The American Nation : A History of the United States Since 1865 . New York : Harper & Row , Publishers ( 1979 ) , p. 656 ISBN 0 - 06 - 042268 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ellis Hawley , The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly , Princeton University Press , 1966 , ISBN 0 - 8232 - 1609 - 8 , p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Daniel Woodley , Fascism and Political Theory : Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology , Routledge Chapman & Hall , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 87157 - 7 , pp. 160 , 161 Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne ( 1996 ) . A History of Fascism , 1914 -- 1945 . University of Wisconsin Pres . p. 350 . ISBN 0299148734 . Jump up ^ Kevin Passmore , Fascism : A Very Short Introduction , Chapter 6 , Oxford University Press , 2002 Jump up ^ For a list of relevant works , see the list of suggested readings appearing toward the bottom of the article . Jump up ^ Krueger , Thomas A. ( 1975 ) . `` New Deal Historiography at Forty '' . Reviews in American History . 3 ( 4 ) : 483 -- 88 . JSTOR 2701507 . Jump up ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger . Jr. ( 1959 ) . The Age of Roosevelt : The coming of New Deal , 1933 -- 1935 . Houghton Mifflin . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 0618340866 . Jump up ^ Aaron D. Purcell ( 2011 ) . White Collar Radicals : TVA 's Knoxville Fifteen , the New Deal , and the McCarthy Era . U. of Tennessee . ISBN 9781572336834 . Jump up ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger . Jr . The Age of Roosevelt : The coming of New Deal , 1933 -- 1935 . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Arthur Herman ( 2000 ) . Joseph McCarthy : Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America 's Most Hated Senator . The Free Press . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Mathews 1975 Jump up ^ William E. Leuchtenbrg . The FDR Years : On Roosevelt and his Legacy ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1995 ) , 243 . ^ Jump up to : M.J. Heale. Franklin . D. Roosevelt : The New Deal and War ( London , 1999 ) 36 Jump up ^ John Braeman , Robert H. Bremner , David Brody . The New Deal : The National Level ( Columbus : Ohio State University Press , 1975 ) 310 . Jump up ^ John Braeman , Robert H. Bremner , David Brody . The New Deal : The National Level ( Columbus : Ohio State University Press , 1975 ) 312 . Jump up ^ John Braeman , Robert H. Bremner , David Brody . The New Deal : The National Level ( Columbus : Ohio State University Press , 1975 ) 314 . Jump up ^ Cara A. Finnegan . Picturing Poverty : Print Culture and FSA Photographs ( Smithsonian Books , 2003 ) pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Harry M. Benshoff , Sean Griffin , America on film : representing race , class , gender , and sexuality at the movies ( 2003 ) pp. 172 -- 74 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blodgett , `` Cass Gilbert , Architect : Conservative at Bay , '' Journal of American History , December 1985 , Vol. 72 Issue 3 , pp. 615 -- 36 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Szalay 2000 Jump up ^ Mitchell , p. 404 . Jump up ^ `` Industrial Production Index '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1976 ) series F31 Jump up ^ Angus Maddison , The World Economy : Historical Statistics ( OECD 2003 ) ; Japan is close , see p 174 Jump up ^ U.S. Dept of Commerce , National Income and Product Accounts Real GDP and GNP ; Mitchell 446 , 449 , 451 ; Consumer Price Index AND M2 Money Supply : 1800 -- 2003 Jump up ^ Smiley , Gene , `` Recent Unemployment Rate Estimates for the 1920s and 1930s '' , Journal of Economic History , June 1983 , 43 , 487 -- 93 . Further Reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of Franklin D. Roosevelt Surveys ( edit ) Badger , Anthony J. The New Deal : The Depression Years , 1933 -- 1940 . ( 2002 ) general survey from British perspective Burns , James Macgregor . Roosevelt the Lion and the Fox ( 1956 ) online Chafe , William H. ed . The Achievement of American Liberalism : The New Deal and its Legacies ( 2003 ) Collins , Sheila and Gertrude Goldberg , When Government Helped : Learning from the Successes and Failures of the New Deal , ( Oxford UP , 2014 ) , ISBN 9780199990696 Conkin , Paul K . The New Deal . ( 1967 ) , a brief New Left critique . Dubofsky , Melvyn , ed . The New Deal : Conflicting Interpretations and Shifting Perspectives. ( 1992 ) , older historiography Eden , Robert , ed . New Deal and Its Legacy : Critique and Reappraisal ( 1989 ) , essays by scholars Hiltzik , Michael . The New Deal : A Modern History ( 2011 ) , popular history by journalist ; 512pp Leuchtenburg , William E. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal , 1932 -- 1940 . ( 1963 ) . A standard interpretive history . online Kennedy , David M. `` What the New Deal Did , '' Political Science Quarterly , 124 ( Summer 2009 ) , 251 -- 68 . online Kennedy , David M. Freedom From Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 . ( 1999 ) , survey ; Pulitzer Prize borrow for 14 days Kirkendall , Richard S . `` The New Deal As Watershed : The Recent Literature '' , The Journal of American History , ( 1968 ) 54 # 4 pp. 839 -- 52 . in JSTOR , older historiography McElvaine Robert S . The Great Depression 2nd ed ( 1993 ) , social history Polenberg , Richard . `` The Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933 -- 1945 A Brief History with Documents '' ISBN 0 - 312 - 13310 - 3 Schlesinger , Arthur M. Jr ( 1957 -- 60 ) , The Age of Roosevelt , the 3 - volume classic narrative history . Strongly supports FDR . Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr . The Age of Roosevelt vol 1 : The Crisis Of The Old Order ( 1919 -- 1933 ) ( 1956 ) online to March 1933 Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr . The Age Of Roosevelt vol 2 : The Coming of the New Deal ( 1958 ) online covers 1933 -- 34 Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr . The Age of Roosevelt vol 3 : The Age of Upheaval ( 1960 ) ; ( https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.462866/2015.462866.The-Age.pdf online Sitkoff , Harvard . ed . Fifty Years Later : The New Deal Evaluated. ( 1984 ) . A friendly liberal evaluation . Smith , Jason Scott . A Concise History of the New Deal ( 2014 ) State and local studies ( edit ) Arrington , Leonard J. `` Western Agriculture and the New Deal . '' Agricultural History 44 # 4 ( 1970 ) : 337 -- 53 . Biles , Roger . The South and the New Deal ( 2006 ) . Biles , Roger . Big City Boss in Depression and War : Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago . ( 1984 ) ; mayor 1933 -- 1947 Biles , Roger . Memphis : In the Great Depression ( U of Tennessee Press , 1986 ) . Blakey , George T. Hard Times and New Deal in Kentucky : 1929 -- 1939 ( 1986 ) . Braeman , John , Robert H. Bremner and David Brody , eds . The New Deal : Volume Two -- the State and Local Levels ( 1975 ) ; 434 pp ; chapters on Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , Ohio , Virginia , Louisiana , Oklahoma , Wyoming , Montana , Colorado , New Mexico , Oregon , Pittsburgh , and Kansas City . Christin , Pierre , and Olivier Balez , eds . Robert Moses : The Master Builder of New York City ( 2014 ) . Ferguson , Karen Jane . Black Politics in New Deal Atlanta ( 2002 ) . Grant , Michael Johnston . Down and Out on the Family Farm : Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2002 ) . Heineman , Kenneth J. A Catholic New Deal : Religion and Reform in Depression Pittsburgh ( 2005 ) . Ingalls , Robert P. Herbert H. Lehman and New York 's Little New Deal ( 1975 ) . Leader , Leonard . Los Angeles and the Great Depression . ( 1991 ) . 344 pp . Lowitt , Richard . The New Deal and the West ( 1984 ) . Malone , Michael P ( 1969 ) . `` the New Deal in Idaho '' . Pacific Historical Review . 38 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 310 . JSTOR 3636101 . Mullins , William H. The Depression and the Urban West Coast , 1929 -- 1933 : Los Angeles , San Francisco , Seattle , and Portland . ( 1991 ) . 176 pp . Nicolaides , Becky M. My Blue Heaven : Life and Politics in the Working - Class Suburbs of Los Angeles , 1920 -- 1965 . ( 2002 ) . 412 pp . Patterson , James T . The New Deal and the States : Federalism in Transition ( Princeton UP , 1969 ) . Starr , Kevin . Endangered Dreams : The Great Depression in California ( 1997 ) ; excerpt and text search ; Stave , Bruce M. The New Deal and the Last Hurrah : Pittsburgh Machine Politics ( 1970 ) . Sternsher , Bernard ed. , Hitting Home : The Great Depression in Town and Country ( 1970 ) , essays by scholars on local history . Stock , Catherine McNicol . Main Street in Crisis : The Great Depression and the Old Middle Class on the Northern Plains ( 1992 ) . Strickland , Arvarh E. `` The New Deal Comes to Illinois . '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 63 # 1 ( 1970 ) : 55 -- 68 . in JSTOR Thomas , Jerry Bruce . An Appalachian New Deal : West Virginia in the Great Depression ( 1998 ) . Trout , Charles H. Boston , the Great Depression , and the New Deal ( 1977 ) . Tweton , D. Jerome , and Roberta Klugman . The New Deal at the Grass Roots : Programs for the People in Otter Tail County , Minnesota ( Minnesota Historical Society Press , 1988 ) . Volanto , Keith J. Texas , Cotton , and the New Deal ( 2005 ) . Volanto , Keith . `` Where are the New Deal Historians of Texas ? : A Literature Review of the New Deal Experience in Texas . '' East Texas Historical Journal 48 + 2 ( 2010 ) : 7 + online Wickens , James F. `` The New Deal in Colorado . '' Pacific Historical Review 38 # 3 ( 1969 ) : 275 -- 91 . in JSTOR Williams , Mason B. City of Ambition : FDR , LaGuardia , and the Making of Modern New York ( 2013 ) . Biographies ( edit ) Beasley , Maurine H. , Holly C. Shulman , Henry R. Beasley . The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia ( 2001 ) Brands , H.W. Traitor to His Class : The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( 2008 ) Charles , Searle F. Minister of Relief : Harry Hopkins and the Depression ( 1963 ) Cohen , Adam , Nothing to Fear : FDR 's Inner Circle and the Hundred Days that Created Modern America ( 2009 ) Graham , Otis L. and Meghan Robinson Wander , eds. Franklin D. Roosevelt : His Life and Times . ( 1985 ) . An encyclopedic reference . Ingalls , Robert P. Herbert H. Lehman and New York 's Little New Deal ( 1975 ) Pederson , William D. ed . A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt ( Blackwell Companions to American History ) ( 2011 ) ; 35 essays by scholars ; many deal with politics Economics , farms , labor and relief ( edit ) Bernstein , Irving . Turbulent Years : A History of the American Worker , 1933 -- 1941 ( 1970 ) , cover labor unions Best , Gary Dean . Pride , Prejudice , and Politics : Roosevelt Versus Recovery , 1933 -- 1938 . ( 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 275 - 93524 - 8 ; conservative perspective Blumberg Barbara . The New Deal and the Unemployed : The View from New York City ( 1977 ) . Bremer William W. `` Along the American Way : The New Deal 's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed '' . Journal of American History 62 ( December 1975 ) : 636 -- 52 . in JSTOR Brock William R. Welfare , Democracy and the New Deal ( 1988 ) , a British view Burns , Helen M. The American Banking Community and New Deal Banking Reforms , 1933 -- 1935 ( 1974 ) Folsom , Burton . New Deal or Raw Deal ? : How FDR 's Economic Legacy has Damaged America ( 2008 ) ISBN 1 - 4165 - 9222 - 9 , conservative interpretation Fox , Cybelle . Three Worlds of Relief : Race , Immigration , and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Gordon , Colin . New Deals : Business , Labor , and Politics , 1920 -- 1935 ( 1994 ) Grant , Michael Johnston . Down and Out on the Family Farm : Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2002 ) Hawley , Ellis W . The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly ( 1966 ) Howard , Donald S . The WPA and Federal Relief Policy ( 1943 ) Huibregtse , Jon R. American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal , 1919 -- 1935 ; ( University Press of Florida ; 2010 ; 172 pp . ) Jensen , Richard J ( 1989 ) . `` The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 19 : 553 -- 83 . JSTOR 203954 . Leff , Mark H. The Limits of Symbolic Reform : The New Deal and Taxation ( 1984 ) Lindley , Betty Grimes and Ernest K. Lindley . A New Deal for Youth : The Story of the National Youth Administration ( 1938 ) Malamud ; Deborah C. `` ' Who They Are -- or Were ' : Middle - Class Welfare in the Early New Deal '' University of Pennsylvania Law Review v 151 No. 6 2003 . pp. 2019 + . Meriam ; Lewis . Relief and Social Security ( 1946 ) . Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs ; 912 pages online Mitchell , Broadus . Depression Decade : From New Era through New Deal , 1929 -- 1941 ( 1947 ) , survey by economic historian Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 -- 1939 ( PublicAffairs , 2017 ) , 389 pp. online review Parker , Randall E. Reflections on the Great Depression ( 2002 ) interviews with 11 leading economists Powell , Jim FDR 's Folly : How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression ( 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 7615 - 0165 - 7 Rosenof , Theodore . Economics in the Long Run : New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies , 1933 -- 1993 ( 1997 ) Rosen , Elliot A. Roosevelt , the Great Depression , and the Economics of Recovery ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2368 - 9 Rothbard , Murray . America 's Great Depression ( 1963 ) . Saloutos , Theodore . The American Farmer and the New Deal ( 1982 ) . Schwartz , Bonnie Fox . The Civil works administration , 1933 -- 1934 : the business of emergency employment in the New Deal ( Princeton University Press , 2014 ) Singleton , Jeff . The American Dole : Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression ( 2000 ) Skocpol , Theda ; Finegold , Kenneth ( 1982 ) . `` State Capacity and Economic Intervention in the Early New Deal '' . Political Science Quarterly . 97 : 255 -- 78 . JSTOR 2149478 . Skocpol , Theda ; Finegold , Kenneth ( 1977 ) . `` Explaining New Deal Labor Policy '' . American Political Science Review . 84 : 1297 -- 304 . JSTOR 1963265 . Zelizer ; Julian , E ( 2000 ) . `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal : Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration , 1933 -- 1938 '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 30 ( 2 ) : 331 . Social and cultural History ( edit ) Best , Gary Dean . The Nickel and Dime Decade : American Popular Culture during the 1930s ( 1993 ) online Cooney , Terry A. Balancing Acts : American Thought and Culture in the 1930s ( Twayne , 1995 ) Dickstein , Morris . Dancing in the Dark : A Cultural History of the Great Depression ( 2009 ) Eldridge , David Nicholas . American Culture in the 1930s ( Edinburgh University Press , 2008 ) online Kelly , Andrew . Kentucky by Design : The Decorative Arts , American Culture , and the Federal Art Project 's Index of American Design ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) McKinzie , Richard . The New Deal for Artists ( 1984 ) , well illustrated scholarly study Mathews , Jane De Hart ( 1975 ) . `` Arts and the People : The New Deal Quest for a Cultural Democracy '' . Journal of American History . 62 : 316 -- 39 . JSTOR 1903257 . Pells , Richard . Radical Visions and American Dreams : Culture and Social Thought in the Depression Years ( 1973 ) . Roddick , Nick . A New Deal in Entertainment : Warner Brothers in the 1930s ( London , BFI , 1983 ) . Shlaes , Amity . The Forgotten Man : A New History of the Great Depression ( 2007 ) , a conservative approach Shindler , Colin . Hollywood in Crisis : Cinema and American Society , 1929 -- 1939 ( Routledge , 1996 ) . Stott , William . Documentary Expression and Thirties America ( University of Chicago Press , 1973 ) . Wecter , Dixon . The Age of the Great Depression , 1929 -- 1941 ( 1948 ) , social history Politics ( edit ) Alswang , John . The New Deal and American Politics ( 1978 ) , voting analysis Alter , Jonathan . The Defining Moment : FDR 's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope ( 2006 ) , popular account Badger , Anthony J. FDR : The First Hundred Days ( 2008 ) Badger , Anthony J. New Deal / New South : An Anthony J. Badger Reader ( 2007 ) Bernstein , Barton J. `` The New Deal : The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform '' . In Barton J. Bernstein , ed. , Towards a New Past : Dissenting Essays in American History , pp. 263 -- 88 . ( 1968 ) , an influential New Left attack on the New Deal . Best , Gary Dean . The Critical Press and the New Deal : The Press Versus Presidential Power , 1933 -- 1938 ( 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 275 - 94350 - X Best , Gary Dean . Retreat from Liberalism : Collectivists versus Progressives in the New Deal Years ( 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 275 - 94656 - 8 Brinkley , Alan . The End of Reform : New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War . ( 1995 ) what happened after 1937 Cobb , James and Michael Namaroto , eds . The New Deal and the South ( 1984 ) . Conklin , Paul K . `` The Myth of New Deal Radicalism '' in Myth America : A Historical Anthology , Volume II . 1997 . Gerster , Patrick , and Cords , Nicholas . ( editors . ) Brandywine Press , ISBN 1 - 881089 - 97 - 5 Domhoff , G. William , and Michael J. Webber . Class and Power in the New Deal : Corporate Moderates , Southern Democrats , and the Liberal - Labor Coalition ( Stanford University Press ; 2011 ) 304 pp. uses class dominance theory to examine the Agricultural Adjustment Act , the National Labor Relations Act , and the Social Security Act . Ekirch Jr. , Arthur A. Ideologies and Utopias : The Impact of the New Deal on American Thought ( 1971 ) Fraser , Steve and Gary Gerstle , eds. , The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order , ( 1989 ) , essays focused on the long - term results . Garraty , John A ( 1973 ) . `` The New Deal , National Socialism , and the Great Depression '' . American Historical Review . 78 ( 4 ) : 907 -- 44 . JSTOR 1858346 . Higgs , Robert . Crisis and Leviathan : Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government ( 1987 ) , libertarian critique Ladd , Everett Carll and Charles D. Hadley . Transformations of the American Party System : Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s ( 1975 ) , voting behavior Lowitt , Richard . The New Deal and the West ( 1984 ) . Manza ; Jeff ( 2000 ) . `` Political Sociological Models of the U.S. New Deal '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 26 : 297 -- 322 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. soc. 26.1. 297 . Milkis , Sidney M. and Jerome M. Mileur , eds . The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism ( 2002 ) Rosen , Eliot A . The Republican Party in the Age of Roosevelt : Sources of Anti-Government Conservatism in the United States ( 2014 ) Sitkoff , Harvard . A New Deal for Blacks : The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue : The Depression Decade ( 2008 ) Smith , Jason Scott . Building New Deal Liberalism : The Political Economy of Public Works , 1933 -- 1956 ( 2005 ) . Szalay , Michael . New Deal Modernism : American Literature and the Invention of the Welfare State ( 2000 ) Tindall George B . The Emergence of the New South , 1915 -- 1945 ( 1967 ) . survey of entire South Trout Charles H. Boston , the Great Depression , and the New Deal ( 1977 ) Venn , Fiona ( 1998 ) . The New Deal . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 145 - 5 . Ware , Susan . Beyond Suffrage : Women and the New Deal ( 1981 ) Williams , Gloria - Yvonne. ( 2014 ) . `` African - Americans and the Politics of Race During the New Deal . '' In The New Deal and the Great Depression ( pp. 131 -- 44 ) . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press . on academia.edu author 's page Williams , Mason B. City of Ambition : FDR , La Guardia , and the Making of Modern New York ( 2013 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Bureau of the Census , Statistical Abstract of the United States : 1951 ( 1951 ) full of useful data ; online Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States : Colonial Times to 1970 ( 1976 ) part 1 online ; part 2 online Cantril , Hadley and Mildred Strunk , eds . Public Opinion , 1935 -- 1946 ( 1951 ) , massive compilation of many public opinion polls Carter , Susan B. et al. eds . The Historical Statistics of the United States ( 6 vol : Cambridge UP , 2006 ) ; huge compilation of statistical data ; online at some universities Gallup , George Horace , ed . The Gallup Poll ; Public Opinion , 1935 -- 1971 3 vol ( 1972 ) summarizes results of each poll . Lowitt , Richard and Beardsley Maurice , eds . One Third of a Nation : Lorena Hickock Reports on the Great Depression ( 1981 ) Moley , Raymond . After Seven Years ( 1939 ) , conservative memoir by ex-Brain Truster Nixon , Edgar B. ed. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs ( 3 vol 1969 ) , covers 1933 -- 37 . 2nd series 1937 -- 39 available on microfiche and in a 14 vol print edition at some academic libraries . Roosevelt , Franklin D. ; Rosenman , Samuel Irving , ed . The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 13 vol , 1938 , 1945 ) ; public material only ( no letters ) ; covers 1928 -- 1945 . Zinn , Howard , ed . New Deal Thought ( 1966 ) , a compilation of primary sources . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Deal . Wikiquote has quotations related to : New Deal The Living New Deal Project , a digital database of the lasting effects of the New Deal founded in the Department of Geography at the University of California , Berkeley The Smithsonian American Art Museum 's Exhibition `` 1934 : A New Deal for Artists '' Art , Culture , and Government : The New Deal at 75 . Library of Congress , American Folklife Center Documentation of March 13 -- 14 , 2008 Symposium including webcasts of presentations Hannsgen , Greg E. and Papadimitriou , Dimitri B. Lessons from the New Deal : Did the New Deal Prolong or Worsen the Great Depression ? Working Paper No. 581 , The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College . October 2009 . New Deal by Alan Brinkley on History.com Robert E. Burke Collection . 1892 -- 1994 . 60.42 cubic feet ( 68 boxes plus 2 oversize folders and one oversize vertical file ) . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . Contains material collected by Robert E. Burke on the New Deal from 1932 to 1959 . <Th_colspan="2"> Franklin D. Roosevelt <Td_colspan="2"> 32nd President of the United States ( 1933 -- 1945 ) 44th Governor of New York ( 1929 -- 1932 ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( 1913 -- 1920 ) New York State Senator ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Presidency Inaugurations ( 1st 2nd 3rd 4th ) New Deal overview New Deal coalition First 100 days Second New Deal Federal Emergency Relief Administration Civilian Conservation Corps Agricultural Adjustment Administration Emergency Banking Act Tennessee Valley Authority National Labor Relations Act National Industry Recovery Act Public Works Administration National Recovery Administration Works Progress Administration National Youth Administration Social Security Act Aid to Families with Dependent Children Communications Act of 1934 Federal Communications Commission Securities and Exchange Commission Monetary gold ownership Gold Reserve Act Silver seizure Record on civil rights Defense industry non-discrimination Fair Employment Practices Commission Indian Reorganization Act Executive Orders 9066 , 9102 War Relocation Authority Japanese American internment German - American internment Italian - American internment Brownlow Committee Executive Office of the President G.I. Bill of Rights Cullen -- Harrison Act Roerich Pact Four Freedoms Four Freedoms Monument Black Cabinet Jefferson 's Birthday holiday Judicial Court - Packing Bill Federal Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet `` Brain Trust '' Modern Oval Office Official car Criticism Presidential Foreign policy Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua , 1912 -- 1933 U.S. occupation of Haiti , 1915 -- 1934 Good Neighbor Policy ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Montevideo Convention ( 1933 ) Second London Naval Treaty ( 1936 ) ABCD line ( 1940 ) Export Control Act Four Policemen Lend - Lease 1940 Selective Service Act Atlantic Charter ( 1941 ) Military history of the United States during World War II Home front during World War II Combined Munitions Assignments Board War Production Board Declaration by United Nations ( 1942 ) Dumbarton Oaks Conference World War II conferences Quebec Agreement Europe first Morgentau Plan support Presidential speeches Commonwealth Club Address Madison Square Garden speech `` Four Freedoms '' Infamy Speech Arsenal of Democracy `` ... is fear itself '' Fireside chats `` Look to Norway '' Quarantine Speech `` The More Abundant Life '' Second Bill of Rights State of the Union Address ( 1934 1938 1939 1940 1941 1945 ) Other events Early life , education , career Warm Springs Institute Governorship of New York Business Plot Assassination attempt Elections New York state election , 1928 1930 Democratic National Convention , 1920 1924 1932 1936 1940 1944 United States presidential election , 1920 1932 theme song 1936 1940 1944 Life and homes Early life and education Groton School `` Springwood '' birthplace , home , and gravesite Campobello home Paralytic illness Top Cottage Little White House , Warm Springs , Georgia Legacy Presidential Library and Museum Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Roosevelt Island Four Freedoms Park White House Roosevelt Room Roosevelt Study Center Four Freedoms Award Four Freedoms paintings Unfinished portrait U.S. Postage stamps Roosevelt dime Films The Roosevelt Story 1947 Sunrise at Campobello 1960 Eleanor and Franklin 1976 , The White House Years 1977 World War II : When Lions Roared Warm Springs 2005 Hyde Park on Hudson 2012 The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Other namesakes Roosevelt family Delano family Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( wife ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( daughter ) James Roosevelt II ( son ) Elliott Roosevelt ( son ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. ( son ) John Aspinwall Roosevelt II ( son ) Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves ( granddaughter ) Curtis Roosevelt ( grandson ) Sara Delano Roosevelt ( granddaughter ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt III ( grandson ) John Roosevelt Boettiger ( grandson ) James Roosevelt III ( grandson ) James Roosevelt I ( father ) Sara Ann Delano ( mother ) James Roosevelt Roosevelt ( half - brother ) Isaac Roosevelt ( grandfather ) Jacobus Roosevelt ( great - grandfather ) Fala ( family dog ) <Td_colspan="2"> ← Herbert Hoover Harry S. 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4,858,087,335,394,936,000 | game of thrones season 1 episode 1 running time | Winter is Coming - Wikipedia Winter is Coming Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Winter Is Coming ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Winter Is Coming '' <Td_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones episode <Td_colspan="2"> Lord Eddard Stark , as portrayed by Sean Bean before executing Will for deserting the Night 's Watch . Episode no . Season 1 Episode 1 Directed by Tim Van Patten Written by David Benioff D.B. Weiss Featured music Ramin Djawadi Cinematography by Alik Sakharov Editing by Oral Norrie Ottey Original air date April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) Running time 62 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Donald Sumpter as Maester Luwin Jamie Sives as Jory Cassel Ron Donachie as Rodrik Cassel Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Roger Allam as Magister Illyrio Dar Salim as Qotho Esmé Bianco as Ros Susan Brown as Septa Mordane Bronson Webb as Will John Standing as Jon Arryn Rob Ostlere as Waymar Royce Dermot Keaney as Gared Art Parkinson as Rickon Stark Callum Wharry as Tommen Baratheon Aimee Richardson as Myrcella Baratheon Kristian Nairn as Hodor <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous -- Next → `` The Kingsroad '' <Td_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) List of Game of Thrones episodes `` Winter Is Coming '' is the first episode of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones . It was written by the show creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , in a faithful adaptation of the first chapters of George R.R. Martin 's book A Game of Thrones . The episode was directed by Tim Van Patten , redoing the work done by director Tom McCarthy in an unaired pilot . As the first episode of the series , it introduces the setting and the main characters of the show . The episode centers on the Stark family , and how its lord , Eddard Stark , gets involved in the court politics after the king chooses Eddard to replace his recently deceased chief administrator ( `` Hand of the King '' ) . The episode received largely positive reviews , and was seen initially by 2.2 million viewers . A week before the episode first aired , HBO made the first 15 minutes available as an Internet preview . The title of the episode is the motto of House Stark , which is spoken several times in the episode and in the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Beyond the Wall 1.2 In King 's Landing 1.3 In the North 1.4 In Pentos 2 Production 2.1 Conception and development 2.2 Writing 2.3 Filming 2.4 Original pilot 2.5 Aired episode 3 Reception 3.1 Preview 3.2 Ratings 3.3 International 3.4 Critical response 3.5 Accolades 3.5. 1 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The episode begins the process of interweaving action happening in multiple separate locations within and around the fictional continent of Westeros . Most of the action takes place in and around Winterfell where Lord Eddard Stark is the feudal overlord of the northern reaches of the kingdom . Outside of Westeros is a land across the Narrow Sea where the two surviving members of House Targaryen , previous rulers of Westeros , live in exile . Beyond the Wall ( edit ) The episode opens with three rangers of the Night 's Watch -- Ser Waymar Royce , Will and Gared -- scouting beyond the Wall , a massive barrier of ice at the north end of the kingdom . After finding the mutilated corpses of some wildlings ( tribal humans who live north of the Wall ) , the rangers are confronted by White Walkers ( demonic creatures ) and undead wildlings . Two of the rangers are killed by the White Walkers , while the third , Will , is for some reason left alive . Fearing for his life , Will deserts the Night 's Watch , going South , without returning to the Wall . In King 's landing ( edit ) Queen Cersei , and her twin brother , Jaime Lannister , are watching as the dead body of Jon Arryn , The Hand of The King is tended to by the Silent Sisters . They discuss whether he revealed any dangerous information regarding the two of them to anyone before his death . Jaime assures his sister that if Arryn had spoken to anyone , they would already have been executed . In the north ( edit ) After the opening sequence , the Starks of Winterfell are introduced , including Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , his wife , Lady Catelyn `` Cat '' Stark and his five children : their heir Robb , their elder daughter Sansa , younger daughter Arya , ten - year - old son Bran and youngest son , Rickon . Also introduced are Ned 's illegitimate son Jon Snow and hostage / ward Theon Greyjoy , who , like Robb , are older teenagers . Ned is informed that a deserter of the Night 's Watch , Will , has been captured . Members of the Night 's Watch are sworn never to desert their posts , upon penalty of death . Ned takes his sons to witness Will 's execution . Will reports repeatedly that he saw White Walkers , but nobody believes him . The young man faces death bravely , admitting that he `` should have gone back to the Wall and warned them '' . Ned himself passes sentence and beheads him . When Bran asks his father about the ranger 's talk of White Walkers , Ned dismisses it as a madman 's ravings , insisting that the Walkers have been considered extinct for thousands of years . Upon their return , the Starks find a dead stag , sigil ( seal ) of House Baratheon . A bit farther they find a dead dire wolf and her surviving pups . Noting that the dire wolf is the sigil of the Stark family and there are as many pups as the Stark children ( even an albino runt for Jon ) , they take the pups in as companions . Back at Winterfell , Catelyn informs her husband of a letter announcing the death of Lord Arryn , Eddard 's old friend and Catelyn 's brother - in - law . An additional message reports that the king himself is coming to Winterfell . Winterfell receives the royal court , including King Robert Baratheon ; his wife Queen Cersei ; their three children : the heir Prince Joffrey , Princess Myrcella and the youngest Prince Tommen ; as well as Cersei 's twin brother , Jaime Lannister , a member of the Kingsguard ; and their younger brother , Tyrion Lannister , a dwarf known as `` The Imp '' . As Robert pays his respects to Lyanna Stark , his late fiancée and Ned 's sister , Robert confides to his old friend that he does n't trust anyone around him . He decides to name Ned as the new Hand of the King , and to solidify the alliance between the two families , he suggests that Ned 's daughter , Sansa , be betrothed to his son , Joffrey . At night , Catelyn receives a troubling message from her sister , Lord Arryn 's widow . She suspects her husband Jon was murdered by the king 's in - laws , the powerful Lannisters . Ned , who at first was reluctant to accept the position of Hand of the King , does so in order to protect his old friend . Bran , who enjoys climbing the walls of Winterfell , climbs an abandoned tower where he stumbles on Queen Cersei and Jaime having sex . To keep the incestuous relationship a secret , Jaime shoves Bran out of the high window . In Pentos ( edit ) Exiled prince Viserys Targaryen plots to overthrow King Robert and reclaim his father 's throne . To this end , he brokers a marriage between his sister Daenerys and a powerful warlord Khal Drogo , leader of a nomadic horde of Dothraki . Daenerys voices her fear of the barbarian lord , but her brother tells her to marry him . During the wedding ceremony , Daenerys is given two wedding gifts . The first is a collection of books from the Seven Kingdoms , given by Ser Jorah Mormont , an exiled knight loyal to the Targaryens . The second gift is a chest containing three petrified dragon eggs , given by Magister Illyrio Mopatis , the man who helped arrange the marriage . Production ( edit ) Conception and development ( edit ) A number of Hollywood studios had contacted George R. R. Martin about possible adaptation of his book series A Song of Ice and Fire into a film , however Martin expressed the opinion the books could not be made into a film as too much would have to be cut from the books , but thought it could be made into a television series . In January 2006 , David Benioff spoke to Martin 's literary agent about the books he represented for possible adaption , and the agent sent the first four books of A Song of Ice and Fire to David Benioff . Benioff read a few hundred pages of the first book in the series , A Game of Thrones , called D.B. Weiss and said : `` Maybe I 'm crazy , but I have n't had this much fun reading anything in about 20 years . So take a look because I think it might make a great HBO series . '' Weiss , who then read the first book in two days , was very enthusiastic about a possible television project based on the books . They arranged a meeting with Martin , who asked them if they knew who Jon Snow 's real mother might be , and was satisfied with their answer . In March 2006 , a few weeks after meeting Martin , Benioff and Weiss pitched the show to Showtime and Carolyn Strauss of HBO , who accepted their proposal . HBO acquired the rights to the novels to turn them into a television series , with Benioff and Weiss as writers and executive producers of the series . The series went into development in January 2007 . The series would begin with the 1996 first book of A Song of Ice and Fire , `` A Game of Thrones '' , with the intention that each novel in the series would form the basis for a season 's worth of episodes . However , Benioff and Weiss had to resubmit a proposal after Carolyn Strauss stepped down as president of HBO in 2008 . The first and second drafts of the pilot script , written by Benioff and Weiss , were submitted in August 2007 and June 2008 respectively . While HBO found both drafts to their liking , a pilot was not ordered until November 2008 . Writing ( edit ) Series co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss wrote the episode . Scripted by the show creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the first episode includes the plot of the book 's chapters 1 -- 9 and 12 ( Prologue , Bran I , Catelyn I , Daenerys I , Eddard I , Jon I , Catelyn II , partial Arya I , Bran II , Daenerys II ) . Changes in the adaptation include the sequence of events in the prologue ( in the books it is Gared and not Will who survives and is beheaded by Eddard afterwards , and Arya 's material is set before the arrival of the royal family ) , new scenes showing the Lannister twins ' perspective , and Daenerys 's wedding night showing Drogo not waiting for her to consent to sex . Filming ( edit ) Sean Bean portrays Ned Stark in the series . Tom McCarthy was chosen to direct the pilot episode , shot between October 24 and November 19 , 2009 on location in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Morocco . However , the pilot was deemed unsatisfactory and had to be reshot . The new pilot episode was filmed in 2010 by new director Tim Van Patten , and several actors appearing in the original pilot did not return for the series . Tamzin Merchant was replaced as Daenerys Targaryen by Emilia Clarke , and Jennifer Ehle was replaced as Catelyn Stark by Michelle Fairley . Additionally , Ian McNeice was replaced as Magister Illyrio by Roger Allam , Richard Ridings as Gared by Dermot Keaney , and Jamie Campbell Bower as Ser Waymar Royce by Rob Ostlere . Another difference is that the original pilot featured scenes shot in Scotland and scenes in Pentos were shot in Morocco , but in the aired series , Winterfell was filmed in a combination of locations in Northern Ireland , while scenes from Pentos were from Malta . The Doune Castle in Scotland was originally used to recreate Winterfell , and its great hall was used for some interior shots . Some scenes survived , but as it was not practical to return to Scotland for the reshoot , an exact replica of Doune 's Great Hall was recreated in the soundstage in Belfast for the series . Castle Ward in Northern Ireland was used in the reshoot to film King Robert 's entourage entry into Winterfell castle . A car park stood in for the Winterfell castle 's courtyard and a wine cellar for the Stark family crypt . The Tollymore Forest Park was used for the opening scene of the encounter with the White Walkers . All the scenes shot in Morocco were reshot in Malta . The original pilot reused the sets of Kingdom of Heaven in Morocco to stand in for Pentos and the site of Drogo and Daenerys 's wedding . In Malta , the Verdala Palace , the 16th century summer palace of the president of Malta , was used for the exterior scenes at Illyrio 's mansion . The Azure Window was used as the backdrop for the wedding . Filming at the Azure Window , however , caused some controversy when a protected ecosystem was damaged by a subcontractor . In the sex scene , the then - pregnant Lena Headey was substituted by a body double ; the production hid her pregnancy for the rest of the season . In the scene in which the Starks encounter a stag killed by a dire wolf as they return from the execution , an actual animal was used rather than a prop . As the stag had been dead for two days , it stank so much that the actors had to take much care not to let it show on their faces . Some scenes filmed were never aired , for example a flashback to the death of Eddard Stark 's brother , and the death of Jon Arryn . Original pilot ( edit ) The original pilot from 2009 was poorly received in a private viewing with friends , one of whom , Craig Mazin , said to Benioff and Weiss , `` You guys have a massive problem '' , and said `` change everything '' when asked for ideas . It was so disliked that Kit Harington joked that when he annoys Benioff and Weiss , they threaten to release the episode on YouTube . Weiss said of the viewing : `` Watching them watch the pilot was a deeply humiliating , painful experience , because these are very smart individuals , and it just clearly was n't working for any of them on a very basic level . '' For example , it was never established that the two major characters , Jaime and Cersei Lannister were in fact brother and sister , a major plot point . HBO did not make a decision for four months after the pilot was delivered . In March 2010 , HBO 's decision to greenlight the series including the pilot was announced , with the production of the series scheduled to start June 2010 . HBO however demanded extensive reshoot of the pilot , and wanted all the scenes from Morocco scrapped . A cameo appearance by George RR Martin as a Pentoshi nobleman at Daenerys 's wedding filmed in Morocco was therefore also cut . In all 90 percent of the pilot was re-shot in 2010 , with some cast changes and a different director . Aired episode ( edit ) The original pilot remained unaired , although some footage from the original pilot was used in the first aired episode . This includes Sansa 's scenes with Catelyn ( Michelle Fairley 's footage as Catelyn was inserted over Jennifer Ehle 's performance ) , Will 's ride through the woods ( retained though also portrayed by a different actor ) , most of the feast at Winterfell , and Ned and Robert 's scene in the crypt . That scene is one of a few to be filmed on 35 mm film , and consequently slight film grain can be seen in the HD version of the episode . Reception ( edit ) Preview ( edit ) On April 3 , 2011 , two weeks before the series premiere aired , the first 15 minutes of `` Winter Is Coming '' were released as a preview on HBO 's website . Wired 's Dave Banks called the preview `` much better than anticipated . ( How 's that even possible ? ) '' Scott Stinson of Toronto 's National Post noted that `` you know you are n't watching a network drama when there have been two beheadings in the first 15 minutes . '' Ratings ( edit ) The first episode of Game of Thrones obtained 2.2 million viewers in its premiere airing , with an additional 2 million viewers in the reruns aired during the same night . The day after the premiere HBO aired the episode six additional times , adding another 1.2 million to the viewer 's figures . Reruns aired during the following week upped the total viewership to 6.8 million . International ( edit ) The show premiered on HBO Canada at the same time as its U.S. premiere . On April 18 , 2011 , the show premiered in United Kingdom and Ireland through Sky Atlantic , gathering 750,000 viewers , a ratings record for the network . The series was broadcast throughout Latin America beginning on May 8 , 2011 . New Zealand 's Dominion Post noted in an article on copyright laws that the popular series was downloaded via file sharing service regularly before its release to that market . In Australia , the July 17 premiere of the series was largely overshadowed by the release of A Dance with Dragons , but according to The Sydney Morning Herald was successful `` especially with women , who are n't seen as a target market for sword - fighting sagas '' . Critical response ( edit ) The critical response to the first episode of the series was positive . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 10 reviews of the episode and judged 100 % of them to be positive with an average score of 8.5 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` ' Winter is Coming ' is an introduction to a wonderfully bleak journey that honors its source material with stellar execution and an impressive cast . '' James Poniewozik from Time considered it an `` epic win '' , and Jace Lacob from The Daily Beast deemed it `` unforgettable '' . HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall wrote that while it was too early to say if Game of Thrones belonged to the HBO pantheon with shows like The Sopranos or The Wire , it had many things in common with those shows . IGN 's Matt Fowler wrote that the pilot `` effortlessly takes us along , faithfully , through the book , but it also manages to capture the majestically morbid spirit of Martin 's pages and turn them into thrilling television '' . Much praise was given to the production values and the acting : Scott Meslow from The Atlantic states that `` the show 's immense cast is almost universally strong , and the fantasy land of Westeros feels lived - in , and looks terrific '' . Alan Sepinwall also qualifies the casting as `` really exceptional '' , and states that the show is `` feast for the eyes '' , with all the different locations having their own memorable looks . The opening sequence , with an aerial view of the world where the series takes place with the different settings emerging from it , was also acclaimed . On April 19 , less than two days after the initial airing , HBO announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . In a press teleconference , HBO executives announced their satisfaction with initial ratings , which they compared favorably to True Blood . Accolades ( edit ) Tim Van Patten received a 2011 Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series , and the episode was also nominated for Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2011 Portal Award Best Episode Won 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Tim Van Patten Nominated 63rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Paul Engelen and Melissa Lackersteen Nominated 2012 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Sound Effects and Foley in Television Won 64th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Tim Van Patten Nominated Visual Effects Society Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Broadcast Program Lucy Ainsworth - Taylor , Angela Barson , Ed Bruce and Adam McInnes Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones 01 '' . HBO . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Cindy ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Mindhole Blowers : 20 Facts About `` Game of Thrones '' That Might Leave You Crippled , a Bastard or a Broken Thing `` . Pajiba . Jump up ^ Cogman , Bryan ( November 6 , 2014 ) . Inside HBO 's Game of Thrones . Gollancz . ASIN B00P187U0Y . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Elvis ( May 8 , 2013 ) . UpClose : Game of Thrones with David Benioff and D.B. Weiss ( FULL LENGTH ) . KCRW . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windolf , Jim ( April 2014 ) . `` The Gathering Storm '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Producers David Benioff , Dan Weiss & George R.R. Martin Talk GAME OF THRONES Season 3 and 4 , Martin 's Cameo , the End of the Series , and More '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Winter Is Coming ... Around the Globe '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns Fire into fantasy series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Surprising Connection Between Game of Thrones and Monty Python '' . Vanity Fair . March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` Ice & Fire on HBO '' . Not a Blog . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` HBO orders fantasy pilot ' Thrones ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Elio . `` EP101 : Winter is Coming '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lacob , Jace ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : 10 Secrets About HBO 's Adaptation '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Game of Thrones ' recasts noble role '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tonnel , Merwin ( September 17 , 2010 ) . `` Changement d'acteur pour Illyrio Mopatis '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Three for the Prologue '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2009 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Winter Is Coming on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , Dave ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` A Heroic Fantasy for Skeptics '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` Magic in Morocco '' . Not a Blog . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Harry Lloyd '' . Westeros.org . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cogman , Bryan ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Chapter II : Winterfell '' . Inside HBO 's Game of Thrones . Gollancz . ASIN B00P187U0Y . Jump up ^ Jennings , Mike ( February 2012 ) . `` 46 things we learned from the Game Of Thrones Blu - rays '' . Den of Geeks . Jump up ^ Cogman , Bryan ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Chapter I : The Wall '' . Inside HBO 's Game of Thrones . Gollancz . ASIN B00P187U0Y . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin Talks Santa Fe , Interactive Art , and ' Game of Thrones ' '' . National Geographic . April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGloin , Catherine ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` 44 incredible Game of Thrones locations '' . Skyscanner . Jump up ^ Peregin , Christian ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` ' Total elimination of ecosystem ' at Dwejra '' . The Times ( Malta ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Lena Headey on The Purge , Game of Thrones Nudity , and Finding Peace in Horror Movies '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jennings , Mike ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` 46 things we learned from the Game Of Thrones Blu - rays '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Citing the extra material of the season 1 Blu - ray box set . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones cut a ' lunatic ' Jon Arryn death scene from pilot '' . Jump up ^ `` Scriptnotes , Ep 235 : The one with Jason Bateman and the Game of Thrones guys -- Transcript '' . johnaugust.com . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Rebecca ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) . `` ' I 'm not always going to play swords and horses ' : Kit Harington on life after Game Of Thrones '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Show - Runners Get Extremely Candid About Their Original `` Piece of Sh -- t '' Pilot `` . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators : We Know How It 's Going to End '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 2 , 2010 ) . `` HBO greenlights ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` HBO Picks Up Thrones , Places Bet on Dustin Hoffman '' . Time . Jump up ^ Jackson , Matthew ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why you 'll never see the Thrones cameo George R.R. Martin filmed '' . Blastr . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Phelim ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Game Of Thrones : do n't believe the gripes '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hatzigiannis , Marielena ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` '' Game of Thrones '' preview wows ( VIDEO ) `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Banks , Dave ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` 10 Reasons Why You Should Watch Game Of Thrones '' . Wired . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stinson , Scott ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones is behead of the class '' . National Post . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James . `` ' Game of Thrones ' premiere ratings are in '' . Inside TV . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Game of Thrones ' ratings steady for second episode '' . Inside TV . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HBO renueva Game of Thrones para una segunda temporada '' . La Tercera. April 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gutiérrez Segura , Eduardo ( May 8 , 2011 ) . `` Game of thrones , una guerra sensual y sangrienta '' . La Crónica de Hoy . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Torrie , Bronwyn ( September 3 , 2011 ) . `` Where you stand under new copyright law '' . Dominion Post . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . `` Shows such as the much - talked about American epic fantasy Game of Thrones become overnight sensations but , with the prospect of waiting years for it to hit our TV screens , Kiwis download them in droves . '' Jump up ^ Birmingham , John ( July 30 , 2011 ) . `` Hit and Myth '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Is Coming '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` Epic Win ! HBO 's Bloody , Bold Game of Thrones '' . TIME . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lacob , Jace . `` Where Wolves Prey : An Advance Review of HBO 's Unforgettable Game of Thrones '' . Televisionary . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' an epic , mature , well - crafted fantasy series '' . HitFix . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt . `` Game of Thrones : `` Winter is Coming '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Meslow , Scott . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Premiere : ' Winter Is Coming ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Second Season ! ! ! '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` HBO Orders a Second Season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Winter is Coming `` Winter Is Coming '' at HBO `` Winter Is Coming '' on IMDb `` Winter Is Coming '' at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Game of Thrones episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 1 `` Winter Is Coming '' `` The Kingsroad '' `` Lord Snow '' `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' `` The Wolf and the Lion '' `` A Golden Crown '' `` You Win or You Die '' `` The Pointy End '' `` Baelor '' `` Fire and Blood '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Is_Coming&oldid=814870022 '' Categories : 2011 American television episodes Game of Thrones episodes American television pilots Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Magyar 日本 語 Português Română Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 11 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Game of Thrones episode "Winter Is Coming"
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2,338,276,871,753,276,400 | in perfect competition p = mc is the condition that | Perfect competition - wikipedia Perfect competition Jump to : navigation , search Economics A supply and demand diagram , illustrating the effects of an increase in demand . Index Outline History Types Classification History of economics Economic history ( academic study ) Schools of economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Methodology Heterodox economics JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Econometrics Economic growth Economic system Experimental economics Mathematical economics Game theory Post-scarcity Market National accounting By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Computational Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Geography Health Industrial organization Information International Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary / Financial Natural resource Organizational Personnel Public / Welfare economics Regional Rural Service Social Urban Welfare Lists Economists Publications ( journals ) Business and economics portal In economics , specifically general equilibrium theory , a perfect market is defined by several idealizing conditions , collectively called perfect competition . In theoretical models where conditions of perfect competition hold , it has been theoretically demonstrated that a market will reach an equilibrium in which the quantity supplied for every product or service , including labor , equals the quantity demanded at the current price . This equilibrium will be a Pareto optimum , meaning that nobody can be made better off by exchange without making someone else worse off . Perfect competition provides both allocative efficiency and productive efficiency : Such markets are allocatively efficient , as output will always occur where marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue ( MC = MR ) . In perfect competition , any profit - maximizing producer faces a market price equal to its marginal cost ( P = MC ) . This implies that a factor 's price equals the factor 's marginal revenue product . It allows for derivation of the supply curve on which the neoclassical approach is based . This is also the reason why `` a monopoly does not have a supply curve '' . The abandonment of price taking creates considerable difficulties for the demonstration of a general equilibrium except under other , very specific conditions such as that of monopolistic competition . In the short - run , perfectly competitive markets are not necessarily productively efficient as output will not always occur where marginal cost is equal to average cost ( MC = AC ) . However , in long - run , productive efficiency occurs as new firms enter the industry . Competition reduces price and cost to the minimum of the long run average costs . At this point , price equals both the marginal cost and the average total cost for each good ( P = MC = AC ) . The theory of perfect competition has its roots in late - 19th century economic thought . Léon Walras is gave the first rigorous definition of perfect competition and derived some of its main results . In the 1950s , the theory was further formalized by Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu. Real markets are never perfect . Those economists who believe that in perfect competition as a useful approximation to real markets may classify those as ranging from close - to - perfect to very imperfect . Share and foreign exchange markets are commonly said to be the most similar to the perfect market . The real estate market is an example of a very imperfect market . In such markets , the Theory of the second best proves that if one optimality condition in an economic model can not be satisfied , it is possible that the next - best solution involves changing other variables away from the values that would otherwise be optimal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Idealizing conditions of perfect competition 2 Normal profit 2.1 In competitive and contestable markets 2.2 In uncompetitive markets 2.3 Government intervention 3 Results 3.1 Profit 4 The shutdown point 5 Short - run supply curve 6 Examples 7 Criticisms 8 Equilibrium in perfect competition 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Idealizing conditions of perfect competition ( edit ) There is a set of market conditions which are assumed to prevail in the discussion of what perfect competition might be if it were theoretically possible to ever obtain such perfect market conditions . These conditions include : A large number of buyers and sellers -- A large number of consumers with the willingness and ability to buy the product at a certain price , and a large number of producers with the willingness and ability to supply the product at a certain price . Perfect information -- All consumers and producers know all prices of products and utilities each person would get from owning each product . Homogeneous products -- The products are perfect substitutes for each other , ( i.e. , the qualities and characteristics of a market good or service do not vary between different suppliers ) . Well defined property rights -- These determine what may be sold , as well as what rights are conferred on the buyer . No barriers to entry or exit Every participant is a price taker -- No participant with market power to set prices Perfect factor mobility -- In the long run factors of production are perfectly mobile , allowing free long term adjustments to changing market conditions . Profit maximization of sellers -- Firms sell where the most profit is generated , where marginal costs meet marginal revenue . Rational buyers : Buyers make all trades that increase their economic utility and make no trades that do not increase their utility . No externalities -- Costs or benefits of an activity do not affect third parties . This criteria also excludes any government intervention . Zero transaction costs -- Buyers and sellers do not incur costs in making an exchange of goods in a perfectly competitive market . Non-increasing returns to scale and no network effects -- The lack of economies of scale or network effects ensures that there will always be a sufficient number of firms in the industry . Anti-competitive regulation - It is assumed that a market of perfect competition shall provide the regulations and protections implicit in the control of and elimination of anti-competitive activity in the market place . Normal profit ( edit ) In a perfect market the sellers operate at zero economic surplus : sellers make a level of return on investment known as normal profits . Normal profit is a component of ( implicit ) costs and not a component of business profit at all . It represents the opportunity cost , as the time that the owner spends running the firm could be spent on running a different firm . The enterprise component of normal profit is thus the profit that a business owner considers necessary to make running the business worth her or his while i.e. it is comparable to the next best amount the entrepreneur could earn doing another job . Particularly if enterprise is not included as a factor of production , it can also be viewed a return to capital for investors including the entrepreneur , equivalent to the return the capital owner could have expected ( in a safe investment ) , plus compensation for risk . In other words , the cost of normal profit varies both within and across industries ; it is commensurate with the riskiness associated with each type of investment , as per the risk - return spectrum . Only normal profits arise in circumstances of perfect competition when long run economic equilibrium is reached ; there is no incentive for firms to either enter or leave the industry . In competitive and contestable markets ( edit ) Only in the short run can a firm in a perfectly competitive market make an economic profit . Economic profit does not occur in perfect competition in long run equilibrium ; if it did , there would be an incentive for new firms to enter the industry , aided by a lack of barriers to entry until there was no longer any economic profit . As new firms enter the industry , they increase the supply of the product available in the market , and these new firms are forced to charge a lower price to entice consumers to buy the additional supply these new firms are supplying as the firms all compete for customers ( See `` Persistence '' in the Monopoly Profit discussion ) . Incumbent firms within the industry face losing their existing customers to the new firms entering the industry , and are therefore forced to lower their prices to match the lower prices set by the new firms . New firms will continue to enter the industry until the price of the product is lowered to the point that it is the same as the average cost of producing the product , and all of the economic profit disappears . When this happens , economic agents outside of the industry find no advantage to forming new firms that enter into the industry , the supply of the product stops increasing , and the price charged for the product stabilizes , settling into an equilibrium . The same is likewise true of the long run equilibria of monopolistically competitive industries and , more generally , any market which is held to be contestable . Normally , a firm that introduces a differentiated product can initially secure a temporary market power for a short while ( See `` Persistence '' in Monopoly Profit ) . At this stage , the initial price the consumer must pay for the product is high , and the demand for , as well as the availability of the product in the market , will be limited . In the long run , however , when the profitability of the product is well established , and because there are few barriers to entry , the number of firms that produce this product will increase until the available supply of the product eventually becomes relatively large , the price of the product shrinks down to the level of the average cost of producing the product . When this finally occurs , all monopoly profit associated with producing and selling the product disappears , and the initial monopoly turns into a competitive industry . In the case of contestable markets , the cycle is often ended with the departure of the former `` hit and run '' entrants to the market , returning the industry to its previous state , just with a lower price and no economic profit for the incumbent firms . Profit can , however , occur in competitive and contestable markets in the short run , as firms jostle for market position . Once risk is accounted for , long - lasting economic profit in a competitive market is thus viewed as the result of constant cost - cutting and performance improvement ahead of industry competitors , allowing costs to be below the market - set price . In uncompetitive markets ( edit ) A monopolist can set a price in excess of costs , making an economic profit ( shaded ) . The above Picture shows a Monopolist ( only 1 Firm in the Industry / Market ) that obtains a ( Monopoly ) Economic Profit . An Oligopoly usually has `` Economic Profit '' also , but usually faces an Industry / Market with more than just 1 Firm ( they must share available Demand at the Market Price ) . Economic profit is , however , much more prevalent in uncompetitive markets such as in a perfect monopoly or oligopoly situation . In these scenarios , individual firms have some element of market power : Though monopolists are constrained by consumer demand , they are not price takers , but instead either price - setters or quantity setters . This allows the firm to set a price which is higher than that which would be found in a similar but more competitive industry , allowing them economic profit in both the long and short run . The existence of economic profits depends on the prevalence of barriers to entry : these stop other firms from entering into the industry and sapping away profits , like they would in a more competitive market . In cases where barriers are present , but more than one firm , firms can collude to limit production , thereby restricting supply in order to ensure the price of the product remains high enough to ensure all of the firms in the industry achieve an economic profit . However , some economists , for instance Steve Keen , a professor at the University of Western Sydney , argue that even an infinitesimal amount of market power can allow a firm to produce a profit and that the absence of economic profit in an industry , or even merely that some production occurs at a loss , in and of itself constitutes a barrier to entry . In a single - goods case , a positive economic profit happens when the firm 's average cost is less than the price of the product or service at the profit - maximizing output . The economic profit is equal to the quantity of output multiplied by the difference between the average cost and the price . Government intervention ( edit ) Often , governments will try to intervene in uncompetitive markets to make them more competitive . Antitrust ( US ) or competition ( elsewhere ) laws were created to prevent powerful firms from using their economic power to artificially create the barriers to entry they need to protect their economic profits . This includes the use of predatory pricing toward smaller competitors . For example , in the United States , Microsoft Corporation was initially convicted of breaking Anti-Trust Law and engaging in anti-competitive behavior in order to form one such barrier in United States v. Microsoft ; after a successful appeal on technical grounds , Microsoft agreed to a settlement with the Department of Justice in which they were faced with stringent oversight procedures and explicit requirements designed to prevent this predatory behaviour . With lower barriers , new firms can enter the market again , making the long run equilibrium much more like that of a competitive industry , with no economic profit for firms . In a regulated industry , the government examines firms ' marginal cost structure and allows them to charge a price that is no greater than this marginal cost . This does not necessarily ensure zero Economic profit for the firm , but eliminates a `` Pure Monopoly '' Profit . If a government feels it is impractical to have a competitive market -- such as in the case of a natural monopoly -- it will sometimes try to regulate the existing uncompetitive market by controlling the price firms charge for their product . For example , the old AT&T ( regulated ) monopoly , which existed before the courts ordered its breakup , had to get government approval to raise its prices . The government examined the monopoly 's costs , and determined whether or not the monopoly should be able raise its price and if the government felt that the cost did not justify a higher price , it rejected the monopoly 's application for a higher price . Although a regulated firm will not have an economic profit as large as it would in an unregulated situation , it can still make profits well above a competitive firm in a truly competitive market . Results ( edit ) In the short run , it is possible for an individual firm to make an economic profit . This situation is shown in this diagram , as the price or average revenue , denoted by P , is above the average cost denoted by C . However , in the long run , economic profit can not be sustained . The arrival of new firms or expansion of existing firms ( if returns to scale are constant ) in the market causes the ( horizontal ) demand curve of each individual firm to shift downward , bringing down at the same time the price , the average revenue and marginal revenue curve . The final outcome is that , in the long run , the firm will make only normal profit ( zero economic profit ) . Its horizontal demand curve will touch its average total cost curve at its lowest point . ( See cost curve . ) In a perfectly competitive market , the demand curve facing a firm is perfectly elastic . As mentioned above , the perfect competition model , if interpreted as applying also to short - period or very - short - period behaviour , is approximated only by markets of homogeneous products produced and purchased by very many sellers and buyers , usually organized markets for agricultural products or raw materials . In real - world markets , assumptions such as perfect information can not be verified and are only approximated in organized double - auction markets where most agents wait and observe the behaviour of prices before deciding to exchange ( but in the long - period interpretation perfect information is not necessary , the analysis only aims at determining the average around which market prices gravitate , and for gravitation to operate one does not need perfect information ) . In the absence of externalities and public goods , perfectly competitive equilibria are Pareto - efficient , i.e. no improvement in the utility of a consumer is possible without a worsening of the utility of some other consumer . This is called the First Theorem of Welfare Economics . The basic reason is that no productive factor with a non-zero marginal product is left unutilized , and the units of each factor are so allocated as to yield the same indirect marginal utility in all uses , a basic efficiency condition ( if this indirect marginal utility were higher in one use than in other ones , a Pareto improvement could be achieved by transferring a small amount of the factor to the use where it yields a higher marginal utility ) . A simple proof assuming differentiable utility functions and production functions is the following . Let w be the ' price ' ( the rental ) of a certain factor j , let MP and MP be its marginal product in the production of goods 1 and 2 , and let p and p be these goods ' prices . In equilibrium these prices must equal the respective marginal costs MC and MC ; remember that marginal cost equals factor ' price ' divided by factor marginal productivity ( because increasing the production of good by one very small unit through an increase of the employment of factor j requires increasing the factor employment by 1 / MP and thus increasing the cost by w / MP , and through the condition of cost minimization that marginal products must be proportional to factor ' prices ' it can be shown that the cost increase is the same if the output increase is obtained by optimally varying all factors ) . Optimal factor employment by a price - taking firm requires equality of factor rental and factor marginal revenue product , w = p MP , so we obtain p = MC = w / MP , p = MC = w / MP . Now choose any consumer purchasing both goods , and measure his utility in such units that in equilibrium his marginal utility of money ( the increase in utility due to the last unit of money spent on each good ) , MU / p = MU / p , is 1 . Then p = MU , p = MU . The indirect marginal utility of the factor is the increase in the utility of our consumer achieved by an increase in the employment of the factor by one ( very small ) unit ; this increase in utility through allocating the small increase in factor utilization to good 1 is MP MU = MP p = w , and through allocating it to good 2 it is MP MU = MP p = w again . With our choice of units the marginal utility of the amount of the factor consumed directly by the optimizing consumer is again w , so the amount supplied of the factor too satisfies the condition of optimal allocation . Monopoly violates this optimal allocation condition , because in a monopolized industry market price is above marginal cost , and this means that factors are underutilized in the monopolized industry , they have a higher indirect marginal utility than in their uses in competitive industries . Of course this theorem is considered irrelevant by economists who do not believe that general equilibrium theory correctly predicts the functioning of market economies ; but it is given great importance by neoclassical economists and it is the theoretical reason given by them for combating monopolies and for antitrust legislation . Profit ( edit ) In contrast to a monopoly or oligopoly , in perfect competition it is impossible for a firm to earn economic profit in the long run , which is to say that a firm can not make any more money than is necessary to cover its economic costs . In order not to misinterpret this zero - long - run - profits thesis , it must be remembered that the term ' profit ' is used in different ways : Neoclassical theory defines profit as what is left of revenue after all costs have been subtracted ; including normal interest on capital plus the normal excess over it required to cover risk , and normal salary for managerial activity . This means that profit is calculated after the actors are compensated for their opportunity costs . Classical economists on the contrary define profit as what is left after subtracting costs except interest and risk coverage . Thus , the classical approach does not account for opportunity costs . Thus , if one leaves aside risk coverage for simplicity , the neoclassical zero - long - run - profit thesis would be re-expressed in classical parlance as profits coinciding with interest in the long period ( i.e. the rate of profit tending to coincide with the rate of interest ) . Profits in the classical meaning do not necessarily disappear in the long period but tend to normal profit . With this terminology , if a firm is earning abnormal profit in the short term , this will act as a trigger for other firms to enter the market . As other firms enter the market , the market supply curve will shift out , causing prices to fall . Existing firms will react to this lower price by adjusting their capital stock downward . This adjustment will cause their marginal cost to shift to the left causing the market supply curve to shift inward . However , the net effect of entry by new firms and adjustment by existing firms will be to shift the supply curve outward . The market price will be driven down until all firms are earning normal profit only . It is important to note that perfect competition is a sufficient condition for allocative and productive efficiency , but it is not a necessary condition . Laboratory experiments in which participants have significant price setting power and little or no information about their counterparts consistently produce efficient results given the proper trading institutions . The shutdown point ( edit ) In the short run , a firm operating at a loss ( R < TC ( revenue less than total cost ) or P < ATC ( price less than unit cost ) ) must decide whether to continue to operate or temporarily shutdown . The shutdown rule states `` in the short run a firm should continue to operate if price exceeds average variable costs . '' Restated , the rule is that for a firm to continue producing in the short run it must earn sufficient revenue to cover its variable costs . The rationale for the rule is straightforward . By shutting down a firm avoids all variable costs . However , the firm must still pay fixed costs . Because fixed cost must be paid regardless of whether a firm operates they should not be considered in deciding whether to produce or shutdown . Thus in determining whether to shut down a firm should compare total revenue to total variable costs ( VC ) rather than total costs ( FC + VC ) . If the revenue the firm is receiving is greater than its total variable cost ( R > VC ) then the firm is covering all variable cost plus there is additional revenue ( `` contribution '' ) , which can be applied to fixed costs . ( The size of the fixed costs is irrelevant as it is a sunk cost . The same consideration is used whether fixed costs are one dollar or one million dollars . ) On the other hand , if VC > R then the firm is not even covering its production costs and it should immediately shut down . The rule is conventionally stated in terms of price ( average revenue ) and average variable costs . The rules are equivalent ( If you divide both sides of inequality TR > TVC by Q gives P > AVC ) . If the firm decides to operate , the firm will continue to produce where marginal revenue equals marginal costs because these conditions insure not only profit maximization ( loss minimization ) but also maximum contribution . Another way to state the rule is that a firm should compare the profits from operating to those realized if it shutdown and select the option that produces the greater profit . A firm that is shutdown is generating zero revenue and incurring no variable costs . However , the firm still has to pay fixed cost . So the firm 's profit equals fixed costs or − FC . An operating firm is generating revenue , incurring variable costs and paying fixed costs . The operating firm 's profit is R − VC − FC . The firm should continue to operate if R − VC − FC ≥ − FC , which simplified is R ≥ VC . The difference between revenue , R , and variable costs , VC , is the contribution to fixed costs and any contribution is better than none . Thus , if R ≥ VC then firm should operate . If R < VC the firm should shut down . A decision to shut down means that the firm is temporarily suspending production . It does not mean that the firm is going out of business ( exiting the industry ) . If market conditions improve , and prices increase , the firm can resume production . Shutting down is a short - run decision . A firm that has shut down is not producing . The firm still retains its capital assets ; however , the firm can not leave the industry or avoid its fixed costs in the short run . Exit is a long - term decision . A firm that has exited an industry has avoided all commitments and freed all capital for use in more profitable enterprises . However , a firm can not continue to incur losses indefinitely . In the long run , the firm will have to earn sufficient revenue to cover all its expenses and must decide whether to continue in business or to leave the industry and pursue profits elsewhere . The long - run decision is based on the relationship of the price and long - run average costs . If P ≥ AC then the firm will not exit the industry . If P < AC , then the firm will exit the industry . These comparisons will be made after the firm has made the necessary and feasible long - term adjustments . In the long run a firm operates where marginal revenue equals long - run marginal costs . Short - run supply curve ( edit ) The short run supply curve for a perfectly competitive firm is the marginal cost ( MC ) curve at and above the shutdown point . Portions of the marginal cost curve below the shut down point are not part of the SR supply curve because the firm is not producing in that range . Technically the SR supply curve is a discontinuous function composed of the segment of the MC curve at and above minimum of the average variable cost curve and a segment that runs with the vertical axis from the origin to but not including a point `` parallel '' to minimum average variable costs . Examples ( edit ) Though there is no actual perfectly competitive market in the real world , a number of approximations exist : An example is that of a large action of identical goods with all potential buyers and sellers present . By design , a stock exchange resembles this , not as a complete description ( for no markets may satisfy all requirements of the model ) but as an approximation . The flaw in considering the stock exchange as an example of Perfect Competition is the fact that large institutional investors ( e.g. investment banks ) may solely influence the market price . This , of course , violates the condition that `` no one seller can influence market price '' . Horse betting is also quite a close approximation . When placing bets , consumers can just look down the line to see who is offering the best odds , and so no one bookie can offer worse odds than those being offered by the market as a whole , since consumers will just go to another bookie . This makes the bookies price - takers . Furthermore , the product on offer is very homogeneous , with the only differences between individual bets being the pay - off and the horse . Of course , there are not an infinite amount of bookies , and some barriers to entry exist , such as a license and the capital required to set up . Free software works along lines that approximate perfect competition as well . Anyone is free to enter and leave the market at no cost . All code is freely accessible and modifiable , and individuals are free to behave independently . Free software may be bought or sold at whatever price that the market may allow . Criticisms ( edit ) The use of the assumption of perfect competition as the foundation of price theory for product markets is often criticized as representing all agents as passive , thus removing the active attempts to increase one 's welfare or profits by price undercutting , product design , advertising , innovation , activities that -- the critics argue -- characterize most industries and markets . These criticisms point to the frequent lack of realism of the assumptions of product homogeneity and impossibility to differentiate it , but apart from this the accusation of passivity appears correct only for short - period or very - short - period analyses , in long - period analyses the inability of price to diverge from the natural or long - period price is due to active reactions of entry or exit . Some economists have a different kind of criticism concerning perfect competition model . They are not criticizing the price taker assumption because it makes economic agents too `` passive '' , but because it then raises the question of who sets the prices . Indeed , if everyone is price taker , there is the need for a benevolent planner who gives and sets the prices , in other word , there is a need for a `` price maker '' . Therefore , it makes the perfect competition model appropriate not to describe a decentralize `` market '' economy but a centralized one . This in turn means that such kind of model has more to do with communism than capitalism . Another frequent criticism is that it is often not true that in the short run differences between supply and demand cause changes in price ; especially in manufacturing , the more common behaviour is alteration of production without nearly any alteration of price . The critics of the assumption of perfect competition in product markets seldom question the basic neoclassical view of the working of market economies for this reason . The Austrian School insists strongly on this criticism , and yet the neoclassical view of the working of market economies as fundamentally efficient , reflecting consumer choices and assigning to each agent his contribution to social welfare , is esteemed to be fundamentally correct . Some non-neoclassical schools , like Post-Keynesians , reject the neoclassical approach to value and distribution , but not because of their rejection of perfect competition as a reasonable approximation to the working of most product markets ; the reasons for rejection of the neoclassical ' vision ' are different views of the determinants of income distribution and of aggregated demand . In particular , the rejection of perfect competition does not generally entail the rejection of free competition as characterizing most product markets ; indeed it has been argued that competition is stronger nowadays than in 19th century capitalism , owing to the increasing capacity of big conglomerate firms to enter any industry : therefore the classical idea of a tendency toward a uniform rate of return on investment in all industries owing to free entry is even more valid today ; and the reason why General Motors , Exxon or Nestlé do not enter the computers or pharmaceutical industries is not insurmountable barriers to entry but rather that the rate of return in the latter industries is already sufficiently in line with the average rate of return elsewhere as not to justify entry . On this few economists , it would seem , would disagree , even among the neoclassical ones . Thus when the issue is normal , or long - period , product prices , differences on the validity of the perfect competition assumption do not appear to imply important differences on the existence or not of a tendency of rates of return toward uniformity as long as entry is possible , and what is found fundamentally lacking in the perfect competition model is the absence of marketing expenses and innovation as causes of costs that do enter normal average cost . The issue is different with respect to factor markets . Here the acceptance or denial of perfect competition in labour markets does make a big difference to the view of the working of market economies . One must distinguish neoclassical from non-neoclassical economists . For the former , absence of perfect competition in labour markets , e.g. due to the existence of trade unions , impedes the smooth working of competition , which if left free to operate would cause a decrease of wages as long as there were unemployment , and would finally ensure the full employment of labour : labour unemployment is due to absence of perfect competition in labour markets . Most non-neoclassical economists deny that a full flexibility of wages would ensure the full employment of labour and find a stickiness of wages an indispensable component of a market economy , without which the economy would lack the regularity and persistence indispensable to its smooth working . This was , for example , John Maynard Keynes 's opinion . Particularly radical is the view of the Sraffian school on this issue : the labour demand curve can not be determined hence a level of wages ensuring the equality between supply and demand for labour does not exist , and economics should resume the viewpoint of the classical economists , according to whom competition in labour markets does not and can not mean indefinite price flexibility as long as supply and demand are unequal , it only means a tendency to equality of wages for similar work , but the level of wages is necessarily determined by complex sociopolitical elements ; custom , feelings of justice , informal allegiances to classes , as well as overt coalitions such as trade unions , far from being impediments to a smooth working of labour markets that would be able to determine wages even without these elements , are on the contrary indispensable because without them there would be no way to determine wages . Equilibrium in perfect competition ( edit ) Equilibrium in perfect competition is the point where market demands will be equal to market supply . A firm 's price will be determined at this point . In the short run , equilibrium will be affected by demand . In the long run , both demand and supply of a product will affect the equilibrium in perfect competition . A firm will receive only normal profit in the long run at the equilibrium point . See also ( edit ) Supply and demand Contestable market Imperfect competition Monopolistic competition Microeconomics Bertrand competition Cournot competition Efficient - market hypothesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gerard Debreu , Theory of Value : An Axiomatic Analysis of Economic Equilibrium , Yale University Press , New Haven CT ( September 10 , 1972 ) . ISBN 0 - 300 - 01559 - 3 Jump up ^ Lipsey , R.G. ; Lancaster , Kelvin ( 1956 ) . `` The General Theory of Second Best '' . Review of Economic Studies . 24 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 2296233 . JSTOR 2296233 . Jump up ^ Bork , Robert H. ( 1993 ) . The Antitrust Paradox ( second edition ) . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 904456 - 1 . Jump up ^ Carbaugh , 2006 . p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Lipsey , 1975 . p. 217 . Jump up ^ Lipsey , 1975 . pp. 285 -- 59 . ^ Jump up to : Chiller , 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , 1979 . ^ Jump up to : LeRoy Miller , 1982 . ^ Jump up to : Tirole , 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Black , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America , Plaintiff , v. Microsoft Corporation , Defendant '' , Final Judgement , Civil Action No. 98 - 1232 , November 12 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microeconomics -- Zero Profit Equilibrium '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Frank ( 2008 ) 351 . Jump up ^ Profit equals ( P − ATC ) × Q . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1987 ) 245 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J. ( 2009 ) p. 231 . Jump up ^ Lovell ( 2004 ) p. 243 . Jump up ^ Revenue , R , equals price , P , times quantity , Q . Jump up ^ Samuelson , W & Marks , S ( 2003 ) p. 227 . Jump up ^ Melvin & Boyes , ( 2002 ) p. 222 . Jump up ^ Samuelson , W & Marks , S ( 2003 ) p. 296 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J. ( 2009 ) p. 237 . Jump up ^ Samuelson , W & Marks , S ( 2006 ) p. 286 . Jump up ^ Png , I : 1999 . p. 102 Jump up ^ Landsburg , S ( 2002 ) p. 193 . Jump up ^ Bade and Parkin , pp. 353 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Landsburg , S ( 2002 ) p. 193 Jump up ^ Landsburg , S ( 2002 ) p. 194 Jump up ^ Binger & Hoffman , Microeconomics with Calculus , 2nd ed . ( Addison - Wesley 1998 ) at 312 -- 14 . A firm 's production function may display diminishing marginal returns at all production levels . In that case both the MC curve and the AVC curve would originate at the origin and there would be no minimum avc ) or min avc = 0 ) Consequently the entire MC curve would be the SR supply curve . Jump up ^ This was the kind of criticism made by the `` autisme economie '' movement Example of this kind of criticisms : http://www.paecon.net/PAEtexts/Guerrien1.htm Jump up ^ Lee ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Kirzner ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Petri ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Clifton ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Garegnani ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Arrow , K.J. ( 1959 ) , `` Toward a theory of price adjustment '' , in M. Abramovitz ( ed . ) , The Allocation of Economic Resources , Stanford : Stanford University Press , pp. 41 -- 51 . Aumann , R.J. ( 1964 ) , `` Markets with a Continuum of Traders '' , Econometrica , Vol. 32 , No. 1 / 2 , Jan. -- Apr. , pp. 39 -- 50 . Frank , R. , Microeconomics and Behavior 7th ed . ( McGraw - Hill ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 126349 - 8 . Garegnani , P. ( 1990 ) , `` Sraffa : classical versus marginalist analysis '' , in K. Bharadwaj and B. Schefold ( eds ) , Essays on Piero Sraffa , London : Unwin and Hyman , pp. 112 -- 40 ( reprinted 1992 by Routledge , London ) . Kirzner , I. ( 1981 ) , `` The ' Austrian ' perspective on the crisis '' , in D. Bell and I. Kristol ( eds ) , The Crisis in Economic Theory , New York : Basic Books , pp. 111 -- 38 . Kreps , D.M. ( 1990 ) , A Course in Microeconomic Theory , New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf . Lee , F.S. ( 1998 ) , Post-Keynesian Price Theory , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . McNulty , P.J. ( 1967 ) , `` A note on the history of perfect competition '' , Journal of Political Economy , vol. 75 , no . 4 pt. 1 , August , pp. 395 -- 99 Novshek , W. , and H. Sonnenschein ( 1987 ) , `` General Equilibrium with Free Entry : A Synthetic Approach to the Theory of Perfect Competition '' , Journal of Economic Literature , Vol. 25 , No. 3 , September , pp. 1281 -- 306 . Petri , F. ( 2004 ) , General Equilibrium , Capital and Macroeconomics , Cheltenham : Edward Elgar . Roberts , J. ( 1987 ) . `` Perfectly and imperfectly competitive markets '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , pp. 837 -- 41 . Smith V.L. ( 1987 ) . `` Experimental methods in economics '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 2 , pp. 241 -- 49 . Stigler J.G. ( 1987 ) . `` Competition '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , Ist edition , vol. 3 , pp. 531 -- 46 . External links ( edit ) The Perfect Market Economy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfect_competition&oldid=810362117 '' Categories : Competition ( economics ) Market structure General equilibrium theory Perfect competition Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 20 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Perfect competition
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-8,087,165,237,045,011,000 | who played eowyn in the lord of the rings | Miranda Otto - Wikipedia Miranda Otto Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Miranda Otto <Td_colspan="2"> Miranda Otto at InStyle Women of Style Awards Red Carpet 2012 ( 1967 - 12 - 16 ) 16 December 1967 ( age 49 ) Brisbane , Australia Alma mater National Institute of Dramatic Art Occupation Actress Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Peter O'Brien ( m . 2003 ) Children Miranda Otto ( born 16 December 1967 ) is an Australian actress . Otto is a daughter of actors Barry and Lindsay Otto , and half - sister of actress Gracie Otto . She began her acting career at age 18 in 1986 , and has appeared in a variety of independent and major studio films . Otto made her major film debut in Emma 's War , in which she played a teenager who moves to Australia 's bush country during World War II . After a decade of critically acclaimed roles in Australian films , Otto gained Hollywood 's attention during the 1990s after appearing in supporting roles in the films The Thin Red Line and What Lies Beneath . She played Éowyn in the second and third installments of Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings film series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Hollywood 2.3 Theatre 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Otto was raised in Newcastle and Brisbane , where she was born , and briefly resided in Hong Kong following her parents ' 1974 divorce . She spent weekends and holidays with her father in Sydney and developed an interest in acting through him . During her childhood , Otto and her friends wrote scripts and designed costumes and flyers in their spare time . She appeared in several plays at the Nimrod Theatre , which attracted the attention of casting director Faith Martin . Subsequently , Otto received a role in the 1986 World War II drama Emma 's War . She had wanted to be a ballerina but was forced to abandon this goal due to moderate scoliosis . Otto graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney in 1990 . Prior to graduation , she appeared in minor film roles including Initiation ( 1987 ) and The 13th Floor ( 1988 ) . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) Otto 's first post-graduation film role in 1991 , as Nell Tiscowitz in The Girl Who Came Late , was her breakthrough role , which brought her to the attention of the Australian film industry and the general public . In the film , directed by Kathy Mueller , she starred as a young woman who could communicate with horses . Her appearance garnered Otto her first Australian Film Institute nomination for Best Actress the following year . Otto 's next role was in the film The Last Days of Chez Nous , which portrayed the complex relationships between the members of an Australian family . The film earned Otto her second Australian Film Institute nomination , this time for Best Supporting Actress . In 1993 , Otto co-starred with Noah Taylor in the sexually provocative comedy film The Nostradamus Kid , which was based on the memories of author Bob Ellis during the 1960s . Otto was drawn to the film because she was `` fascinated by the period and the people who came out of it . '' A small role in the independent film Sex Is a Four Letter Word followed in 1995 . In 1995 , she began to doubt her career choice as she failed to get the parts for which she auditioned . She fled to her home in Newcastle for almost a year , during which she painted her mother 's house . In 1996 , director Shirley Barrett cast Otto as a shy waitress in the film Love Serenade . She played Dimity Hurley , a lonely young woman , who competes with her older sister Vicki - Ann for the attention of a famous DJ from Brisbane . She starred in the 1997 films The Well and Doing Time for Patsy Cline . When Otto received the film script for The Well , she refused to read it , fearing that she would not get the part . Otto believed that she could not convincingly play the role of Katherine , who is supposed to be 18 , as she was 30 at the time . The film , directed by Samantha Lang , starred Otto as a teenager involved in a claustrophobic relationship with a lonely older woman . The Well received mixed reviews ; critic Paul Fisher wrote that Otto 's performance was not `` convincing '' as she was `` playing another repetitious character about whom little is revealed '' , while Louise Keller stated that Otto had delivered `` her best screen performance yet . '' Otto earned her third Australian Film Institute nomination for the film . Later that year , she co-starred with Richard Roxburgh in the drama Doing Time for Patsy Cline . The low - budget Australian film required Otto to perform country music standards and also received mixed reviews from film critics . Soon after the release of The Well and Doing Time for Patsy Cline , magazines and other media outlets were eager to profile the actress . In 1997 , Otto began dating her Doing Time for Patsy Cline co-star Richard Roxburgh . Her involvement with Roxburgh made her a regular subject of Australian tabloid magazines and media at the time , a role to which she was unaccustomed . Otto 's next project was the romantic comedy Dead Letter Office ( 1998 ) . The film was Otto 's first with her father , Barry , who makes a brief appearance . In the Winter Dark , directed by James Bogle , followed later that year . Otto played Ronnie , a pregnant woman recently abandoned by her boyfriend . The film was a critical success in Australia , and Otto was nominated for her fourth Australian Film Institute Award . A small role in The Thin Red Line , led to further film roles outside of Australia , such as in Italy , where she co-starred as Ruth in the low - budget Italian film La volpe a tre zampe ( `` The Three - legged Fox '' ) , produced in 2001 and broadcast for the first time on Italian television in March 2009 . Hollywood ( edit ) Miranda Otto at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International . Otto 's first Hollywood role was opposite Harrison Ford and Michelle Pfeiffer in the suspense thriller What Lies Beneath in 2000 . She played Mary Feur , a mysterious next - door neighbor . The film was met with mixed reviews , but was an international success , grossing US $291 million . In 2001 , she was cast as a naturalist in the comedy Human Nature . Writer Charlie Kaufman , impressed by her audition two years earlier for his film Being John Malkovich , arranged for Otto to audition and meet with the film 's director Michel Gondry . Human Nature was both a commercial and critical disappointment . Critic Jeffrey M. Anderson criticized Otto 's French accent and wrote that she `` does n't seem to mesh with what 's going on around her '' . That same year , she also appeared in the BBC adaptation of Anthony Trollope 's The Way We Live Now , as a strong - willed American Southerner determined to manipulate Cillian Murphy 's character into marrying her . In 1999 , Otto was cast as Éowyn in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy , after Uma Thurman turned down the role . Director Peter Jackson cast her immediately after viewing the audition video she had filmed in Australia . For the role , Otto spent six weeks learning stunt choreography and horseback riding . Otto 's character was introduced in the trilogy 's second film The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers in 2002 and appeared in the third film , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , the following year . The Lord of the Rings trilogy was a critical and financial success , and the third film won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 2004 . Otto 's performance earned her an Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films nomination for Best Supporting Actress . Otto 's next project was the Australian television miniseries Through My Eyes : The Lindy Chamberlain Story ( 2004 ) . The film is a drama that portrays the story of Lindy Chamberlain , who was convicted in 1982 of killing her baby daughter , Azaria , in one of Australia 's most publicized murder trials . Otto was cast as Chamberlain after her husband , Peter O'Brien , had been cast as prosecutor Ian Barker . She was drawn to the role because it provided her with the `` prospect of exploring an unconventional character . '' At the 2005 Logie Awards , Otto won Most Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series for her role . Director Steven Spielberg , impressed by Otto 's performance in The Lord of the Rings , called her to ask if she would play opposite Tom Cruise in the big - budget science fiction film War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) . Otto , pregnant at the time , believed she would have to turn down the role , but the script was reworked to accommodate her . After giving birth to her daughter , she took a rest from films to concentrate on motherhood and theatre roles in Australia . In 2007 , Otto starred as Cricket Stewart , the wife of a successful director , in the television miniseries The Starter Wife . That same year , she was cast in the American television series Cashmere Mafia . In the series she plays Juliet Draper , a successful female executive who must rely on her friends to juggle the demands of a career and family in New York City . Otto chose to star in the series because `` American television at the moment is so interesting and , particularly , the characters for women are so fantastic '' and she `` liked the idea of having a character over a long period of time and developing it . '' The series was cancelled in May 2008 . Otto starred opposite Stephanie Sigman and Anthony LaPaglia in the horror prequel Annabelle : Creation , directed by David F. Sandberg . The film was released on August 12 , 2017 . Theatre ( edit ) Otto made her theatrical debut in the 1986 production of The Bitter Tears of Petra Von Kant for the Sydney Theatre Company . Three more theatrical productions for the Sydney Theatre Company followed in the late 1980s and early 1990s . In 2002 , she returned to the stage playing Nora Helmer in A Doll 's House opposite her future husband Peter O'Brien . Otto 's performance earned her a 2003 Helpmann Award nomination and the MO Award for `` Best Female Actor in a Play '' . Her next stage role was in the psychological thriller Boy Gets Girl ( 2005 ) , in which she played Theresa , a journalist for a New York magazine . Otto committed to the project days before she found out she was pregnant . Robyn Nevin , the director , rescheduled the production from December 2004 to September 2005 so Otto could appear in it . In 2005 , Nevin began pre-production on a play commissioned especially for Otto . Personal Life ( edit ) On 1 January 2003 , she married actor Peter O'Brien , after the two had met while performing in A Doll 's House . Otto and O'Brien have one child , a daughter named Darcey , who was born on 1 April 2005 . The pregnancy almost forced her to turn down her role in War of the Worlds . Since the birth of her daughter , Otto has limited her work so she can spend time with her family at their home in Australia . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Emma 's War Emma Grange Initiation Stevie The 13th Floor Rebecca 1991 The Girl Who Came Late Nell Tiscowitz Nominated -- Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress Heroes II : The Return Roma Page Television film The Last Days of Chez Nous Annie Nominated -- Australian Film Institute Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated -- Film Critics Circle of Australia Award for Best Female Supporting Actor The Nostradamus Kid Jennie O'Brien 1995 Sex Is a Four Letter Word Viv Love Serenade Dimity Hurley The Well Katherine Nominated -- Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress Nominated -- Film Critics Circle of Australia Award for Best Female Actor True Love and Chaos Mimi Doing Time for Patsy Cline Patsy Cline 1998 Dead Letter Office Alice Walsh Nominated -- Film Critics Circle of Australia Award for Best Female Actor In the Winter Dark Ronnie Nominated -- Australian Film Institute Award for Best Supporting Actress The Thin Red Line Marty Bell 1999 The Jack Bull Cora Redding Television film 2000 Kin Anna What Lies Beneath Mary Feur 2001 The Three - Legged Fox Ruth Human Nature Gabrielle The Way We Live Now Mrs. Hurtle Miniseries 2002 Doctor Sleep Clara Strother Julie Walking Home Julie The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Éowyn Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Internet Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress Internet Movie Award for Breakthrough Performance Nominated -- Empire Award for Best Actress Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2003 Danny Deckchair Glenda Lake The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Éowyn Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast Internet Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress National Board of Review Award for Best Cast Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated -- International Online Cinema Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated -- Utah Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress In My Father 's Den Penny Through My Eyes : The Lindy Chamberlain Story Lindy Chamberlain Miniseries Silver Logie Award for Most Outstanding Drama Actress Nominated -- Australian Film Institute Award for Best Lead Television Actress Flight of the Phoenix Kelly Johnson 2005 War of the Worlds Mary Ann Davis 2007 The Starter Wife Cricket Stewart Miniseries Cashmere Mafia Juliet Draper 7 episodes 2009 In Her Skin Mrs. Barber Blessed Bianca South Solitary Meredith Appleton Get It at Goode 's Patty Williams 2012 Miss Fisher 's Murder Mysteries Lydia Andrews Episode : `` Cocaine Blues '' 2013 Reaching for the Moon Elizabeth Bishop The Turning Sherry 2014 I , Frankenstein Queen Leonore The Homesman Theoline Belknapp Rake Maddy Deane 13 episodes 2015 Homeland Allison Carr 12 episodes Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series The Daughter Charlotte Finch AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role 2017 24 : Legacy Rebecca Ingram 13 episodes 2017 Dance Academy : The Movie Madeline Moncur 2017 Annabelle : Creation Esther Mullins 2018 The Chaperone Ruth St. Dennis 2018 Zoe Post-production References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Right Stage of Life '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 September 2005 ; retrieved 8 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Scobie , Claire . `` Balancing Act '' . The Herald Sun . 26 June 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Keenan , Catherine . `` Family Viewing '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 1 October 2005 ; retrieved 6 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Williams , Sue . `` Doing It Her Way '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . July 2003 ; retrieved 6 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Slee , Amruta . `` Miranda Otto Goes Off '' . HQ Magazine . September / October 1997 ; retrieved 6 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miranda Otto Filmography '' Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Yahoo ! Movies ; retrieved 6 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miranda Otto Biography '' Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 9 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Bass , Matthew . `` Miranda Otto Interview '' . Cinema Papers . October 1997 ; retrieved 7 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Paul and Louise Keller . `` The Well Reviews '' . UrbanCinefile.com.au. 1997 ; retrieved 7 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Doing Time for Patsy Cline '' Reviews '' Archived 17 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Rotten Tomatoes ; retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Scobie , Claire . `` Serene , Not Dreamy '' . The Age . 26 June 2005 ; retrieved 8 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` What Lies Beneath Box Office Data '' . Box Office Mojo ; retrieved 10 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Landry , B. Jude ( April 2002 ) , `` Have Talent , Will Travel '' . Venice : L.A. 's Arts and Entertainment Magazine ; retrieved 11 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Human Nature Box Office Data , Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jeffrey M. ( April 2002 ) , `` To Err Is ' Human ' '' . CombustibleCelluloid.com . Retrieved 11 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Uma Thurman Regrets Turning Down `` Lord of the Rings '' Role `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Ian ( January 2003 ) , `` Meet Éowyn , Tolkien 's Ballsiest Lady '' Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Empire Magazine ; retrieved 11 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Emerging Eowyn : Heavy Burdens and Slashing Swords '' . LordOfTheRings.net . November 2003 . Retrieved 11 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rings scores Oscars clean sweep Awards '' . BBC . 4 March 2004 ; retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Enker , Debi . `` Through Their Eyes '' . The Age . 18 November 2004 . 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for Miranda Otto '' . IMDB.com ; retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Starter Wife Characters '' Archived 10 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... USA Network ; retrieved 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Three Pilots Using ' Sex ' Guide '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 9 January 2007 ; retrieved 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Amatangelo , Amy . `` TV Insider : Miranda Otto '' . Boston Herald . 12 January 2008 ; retrieved 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cashmere Mafia and Miss Guided : ABC Cancels Two More '' . TVSeriesFinale.com. 12 May 2008 ; retrieved 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spectre ' Actress Stephanie Sigman to Star in ' Annabelle ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck 's Crime Drama ' Live by Night , ' 3 More Warner Bros. Films Dated for 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Biographies '' . InMyFathersDen.com . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . Archived 14 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Otto CV '' Archived 14 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... UnitedAgents.co.uk ; retrieved 30 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Bios : Miranda Otto '' . Tribute.ca . Retrieved 8 April 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miranda Otto . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Miranda Otto Miranda Otto on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for Miranda Otto <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role <Td_colspan="2"> Melissa Jaffer / Jacki Weaver ( 1976 ) Veronica Lang ( 1977 ) Angela Punch McGregor ( 1978 ) Pat Evison ( 1979 ) Jill Perryman ( 1980 ) Judy Davis ( 1981 ) Kris McQuade ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Anna Maria Monticelli ( 1984 ) Annie Byron ( 1985 ) Lindy Davies ( 1986 ) Jan Adele ( 1987 ) Tina Bursill ( 1988 ) Victoria Longley ( 1989 ) Julia Blake ( 1990 ) Fiona Press ( 1991 ) Pat Thomson ( 1992 ) Judy Davis ( 1993 ) Rachel Griffiths ( 1994 ) Amanda Douge ( 1995 ) Toni Collette ( 1996 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1997 ) Toni Collette ( 1998 ) Sacha Horler ( 1999 ) Greta Scacchi ( 2000 ) Rachael Blake ( 2001 ) Judi Farr ( 2002 ) Sacha Horler ( 2003 ) Lynette Curran ( 2004 ) Noni Hazlehurst ( 2005 ) Susie Porter ( 2006 ) Emma Booth ( 2007 ) Toni Collette ( 2008 ) Rachel Griffiths ( 2009 ) Deborah Mailman ( 2010 ) Louise Harris ( 2011 ) Jessica Mauboy ( 2012 ) Elizabeth Debicki ( 2013 ) Susan Prior ( 2014 ) Judy Davis ( 2015 ) Miranda Otto ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) : Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby Chicago ( 2002 ) : Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) : Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways ( 2004 ) : Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh Crash ( 2005 ) : Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) : Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear Hairspray ( 2007 ) : Nikki Blonsky , Amanda Bynes , Paul Dooley , Zac Efron , Allison Janney , Elijah Kelley , Queen Latifah , James Marsden , Michelle Pfeiffer , Brittany Snow , Jerry Stiller , John Travolta , Christopher Walken Milk ( 2008 ) : Josh Brolin , Joseph Cross , James Franco , Victor Garber , Emile Hirsch , Diego Luna , Denis O'Hare , Sean Penn , Alison Pill Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) : Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke ( 2010 -- present ) The Fighter ( 2010 ) : Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Melissa Leo , Jack McGee , Mark Wahlberg The Help ( 2011 ) : Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) : Bradley Cooper , Robert De Niro , Anupam Kher , Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Tucker , Jacki Weaver American Hustle ( 2013 ) : Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) : Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts Spotlight ( 2015 ) : Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci Moonlight ( 2016 ) : Mahershala Ali , Patrick Decile , Alex R. Hibbert , Naomie Harris , André Holland , Jharrel Jerome , Janelle Monáe , Jaden Piner , Trevante Rhodes , Ashton Sanders <Th_colspan="2"> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( 2001 -- 2010 ) 2001 Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 No Country for Old Men Javier Bardem , Josh Brolin , Garret Dillahunt , Tess Harper , Woody Harrelson , Tommy Lee Jones , Kelly Macdonald 2008 Slumdog Millionaire Rubina Ali , Tanay Chheda , Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala , Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail , Anil Kapoor , Irrfan Khan , Ayush Mahesh Khedekar , Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar , Madhur Mittal , Dev Patel , Freida Pinto 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke The King 's Speech Anthony Andrews , Helena Bonham Carter , Jennifer Ehle , Colin Firth , Michael Gambon , Derek Jacobi , Guy Pearce , Geoffrey Rush , Timothy Spall <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) VIAF : 70928174 LCCN : no00010784 ISNI : 0000 0000 7825 014X GND : 131515810 SUDOC : 076743438 BNF : cb14213016c ( data ) MusicBrainz : 7bad107f - c2da - 4e14 - a897 - af21f1f01381 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda_Otto&oldid=804281044 '' Categories : 1967 births 20th - century Australian actresses 21st - century Australian actresses Actresses from Brisbane Actresses from New South Wales Australian film actresses Australian stage actresses Australian television actresses Living people Logie Award winners National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Newcastle , New South Wales The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Australian English from February 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from April 2011 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 23 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Miranda Otto - Australian actress
2. Early career in Australian films
3. Hollywood roles and success in The Lord of the Rings trilogy
4. Personal life and family
5. Theatre career and awards |
3,919,314,040,209,948,000 | who has the most subscribers on youtube of all time | List of Most - Subscribed YouTube Channels - wikipedia List of Most - Subscribed YouTube Channels Swedish Let 's Player and vlogger PewDiePie is the most subscribed user on YouTube , with over 65 million subscribers as of August 2018 . American singer and songwriter Katy Perry is the most subscribed female user on YouTube , with over 31 million subscribers as of August 2018 . This article lists the fifty most - subscribed channels on the video platform YouTube . The ability to subscribe to channels was introduced by October 2005 , and the website began publishing a list of its most - subscribed channels by May 2006 , at which time Smosh , with fewer than three thousand subscribers , occupied the number - one position . Since December 22 , 2013 , the most - subscribed channel has been PewDiePie , with over 65 million as of August 2018 . Contents 1 Top channels 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country and territory 2 Historical progression of most - subscribed channels 2.1 Timeline 3 Reactions 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Top Channels All - Time The following table lists the fifty most subscribed channels on YouTube , with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers , as well as the network and language of each channel . Channels marked as `` Auto - generated by YouTube '' ( such as Music , Gaming , Sports and Movies ) and channels whose content has been transferred ( such as JustinBieberVEVO and RihannaVEVO ) are excluded . As of August 2018 , 33 of these channels primarily produce content in English . N / A Self - owned channel ( without a network ) Rank Chg Channel name Network Primary language ( s ) Subscribers ( millions ) Content category 1 . PewDiePie N / A English 65 Comedy 2 . T - Series T - Series Hindi 59 Music 3 . Justin Bieber N / A English 40 Entertainment 4 . Canal KondZilla ONErpm Portuguese 38 Music 5 . HolaSoyGerman . HolaSoyGerman . Spanish 34 Entertainment 6 . Dude Perfect N / A English Sports 7 . Ed Sheeran 33 Music 8 . 5 - Minute Crafts Channel Frederator 32 How - to 9 . WWE WWE Sports 10 . whinderssonnunes Fullscreen Portuguese 31 Comedy 11 . Katy Perry N / A English Music 12 . Taylor Swift 30 13 . elrubiusOMG Mixicom Spanish Comedy 14 . Rihanna N / A English Entertainment 15 . SET India SET Hindi Shows 16 . EminemMusic UniversalMC English 29 Music 17 . Fernanfloo BroadbandTV Spanish Games 18 . JuegaGerman HolaSoyGerman . 28 19 . One Direction N / A English Music 20 . TheEllenShow WarnerMedia 27 Entertainment 21 . YouTube Spotlight Google News 22 . Ariana Grande ` N / A 25 Music 23 . Felipe Neto Maker Studios Portuguese 24 Entertainment 24 . VEGETTA777 Mixicom Spanish 23 Games 25 . VanossGaming N / A English 26 . Smosh Break Comedy 27 . Shakira N / A Spanish and English 22 People 28 . Badabun Spanish Entertainment 29 . Zee Music Company Zee Music Company Hindi Music 30 . Spinnin ' Records Spinnin ' Records English Entertainment 31 . Bruno Mars N / A English Music 32 . Trap Nation 33 . Yuya Spanish How - to 34 . Markiplier Maker Studios English 21 Games 35 . Luis Fonsi N / A Spanish Entertainment 36 . nigahiga English 37 . jacksepticeye Disney Digital Network 20 Games 38 . DanTDM StyleHaul 39 . Get Movies LetsonCorp Russian 19 Shows 40 . Selena Gomez N / A English Films 41 . Maroon 5 Music 42 . KSI StyleHaul Entertainment 43 . ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs ChuChu TV Studios Education 44 . rezendeevil Disney Digital Network Portuguese Games 45 . JennaMarbles N / A English 18 Comedy 46 . WatchMojo.com WatchMojo Entertainment 47 . Marshmello Monstercat Media Music 48 . Ozuna Rimas Entertainment Spanish 49 . ToyPudding TV Machinima English Entertainment 50 . Logan Paul Vlogs Studio71 <Th_colspan="7"> As of August 29 , 2018 By country and territory The following table lists the most subscribed YouTube channel in each country and territory from which at least one channel with at least five million subscribers originates , according to social media statistics compiler DBase . Country or territory Channel Subscribers ( millions ) Argentina DrossRotzank 14 Australia Wengie 12 Austria Red Bull 7 Brazil Canal KondZilla 38 Canada VanossGaming 23 Chile HolaSoyGerman . 34 Colombia toycantando 8 El Salvador Fernanfloo 29 France David Guetta 18 Germany freekickerz 6 India T - Series 59 Indonesia Ricis Official 5 Iraq الرماس ميوزك 8 Ireland jacksepticeye 20 Japan キッズ ライン ♡ Kids Line 6 Jordan toyorbabytv 5 Latvia TrapMusicHDTV Mexico Badabun 22 Morocco Saad Lamjarred سعد لمجرد 5 Netherlands Trap City 10 Norway Alan Walker 16 Philippines ABS - CBN Entertainment 11 Puerto Rico Ozuna 18 Russia Get Movies 19 Saudi Arabia Rotana 8 South Korea ibighit 16 Spain elrubiusOMG 30 Sweden PewDiePie 65 Thailand Workpoint Official 17 Turkey netd müzik 11 Ukraine SlivkiShow United Arab Emirates Noor Stars 8 United Kingdom Ed Sheeran 33 United States Dude Perfect 34 Uruguay dosogas 5 Venezuela LA DIVAZA 7 Vietnam FAP TV 6 <Th_colspan="3"> As of August 26 , 2018 Historical progression of Most - Subscribed Channels The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube 's most subscribed channel , from May 2006 to present . Current record Former record Channel name Network / owner Country Date achieved Days held Reference PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Dec 22 , 2013 1711 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Dec 12 , 2013 10 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Dec 8 , 2013 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Nov 2 , 2013 36 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Aug 15 , 2013 80 Smosh Defy Media USA Jan 12 , 2013 215 Ray William Johnson Ray Johnson Jun 28 , 2011 564 nigahiga Ryan Higa Aug 20 , 2009 677 Fяᴇᴅ Lucas Cruikshank Oct 6 , 2008 318 nigahiga Ryan Higa Sep 24 , 2008 12 Smosh Defy Media Apr 26 , 2007 517 lonelygirl15 Mesh Flinders Sep 17 , 2006 221 geriatric1927 Peter Oakley GBR Aug 17 , 2006 31 Brookers Brooke Brodack USA Jul 3 , 2006 45 Judson Laipply Judson Laipply Jun 12 , 2006 21 Smosh Defy Media May 17 , 2006 26 <Th_colspan="6"> As of December 22 , 2013 Timeline Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels ( May 2006 -- August 2018 ) Reactions In late 2006 , when Peter Oakley , also known as Geriatric1927 , became most subscribed , a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame . The Daily Mail and TechBlog published an article about him and his success . In 2009 , the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers . Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed , Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo . A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa , Shane Dawson , Felix Kjellberg , Michael Buckley , Kassem Gharaibeh , The Fine Brothers , and Johnson himself , congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel . See also Internet portal Lists portal List of most - viewed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - viewed Vevo videos List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - disliked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours Notes Jump up ^ These are not to be mistaken for the channels Justin Bieber and Rihanna , both of which are included . Jump up ^ All entries are as of February 2017 except where noted . Jump up ^ As of May 2016 Jump up ^ As of June 2017 Jump up ^ As of July 2016 Jump up ^ As of November 2016 Jump up ^ As of May 2017 Jump up ^ Time Warner was renamed WarnerMedia in June 2017 . Jump up ^ As of December 2016 Jump up ^ As of December 2016 Jump up ^ As of January 2017 Jump up ^ As of August 2017 Jump up ^ As of August 2017 . Maker Studios was absorbed into the Disney Digital Network in May 2017 . Jump up ^ As of January 2017 Jump up ^ As of November 2015 Jump up ^ As of July 2017 . Maker Studios was absorbed into the Disney Digital Network in May 2017 . References Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald . `` The Superstar You 've Never Heard Of -- At Least , Not from Us '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Subscribed YouTube Channels ( Sorted by Subscriber Count ) '' . Social Blade . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's been awhile since our last update '' . Official YouTube Blog . Blogspot . October 25 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Members ( This Month ) '' . 2006 - 05 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` PewDiePie '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney , Google Cut Ties with YouTube Star PewDiePie for Posting Anti-Semitic Content '' . Entrepreneur . Archived from the original on 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ McAlone , Nathan . `` Disney Has Dropped PewDiePie , the World 's Highest - Earning YouTube Star , Over Anti-Semitic Videos '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` T - Series '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` T - Series -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber '' . YouTube . Def Jam . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` kidrauhl -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canal KondZilla '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canal KondZilla -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HolaSoyGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HolaSoyGerman . -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dude Perfect '' . YouTube . Whistle Sports . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dude Perfect -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 - Minute Crafts '' . YouTube . Channel Frederator Network . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 5 - Minute Crafts -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE '' . YouTube . WWE . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` whinderssonnunes '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` whinderssonnunes -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry '' . YouTube . Capitol Records . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift '' . YouTube . Big Machine Records . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` elrubiusOMG '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` elrubiusOMG -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna '' . YouTube . Roc Nation . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SET India '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SET India -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EminemMusic '' . YouTube . Aftermath Records . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EminemMusic -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fernanfloo '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fernanfloo -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JuegaGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JuegaGerman -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction '' . YouTube . Columbia Records . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TheEllenShow '' . YouTube . Warner Bros. Television . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TheEllenShow -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube Spotlight '' . YouTube . 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Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` YouTube Spotlight - YouTube '' . 2013 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) . `` YouTube Is Now The Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) . `` It 's Official : PewDiePie Becomes # 1 Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Smosh Passes Ray William Johnson as # 1 Most Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SMOSH Becomes The # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel - New Media Rockstars '' . 2013 - 01 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Michael . `` Ray William Johnson : = 3 Adds Up To Most - Subscribed On YouTube '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson Surpasses Nigahiga To Become The Most Subscribed YouTuber Of All Time '' . socialtimes. comdeadurl = no . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Parr , Ben . `` DETHRONED : Fred No Longer # 1 on YouTube '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ William Hyde ( 2009 - 08 - 21 ) , YouTube Winners & Losers ! NigaHiga and Fred , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ `` FRED '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : BuckHollywood ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) , Fred , Smosh or Nigahiga ? ! , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia . `` A Big Deal : The Run - Off on YouTube ! ! '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` lonelygirl15 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Stars ! : The Lonelygirl15 Story '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jr , Tom Zeller ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Lonelygirl15 : Prank , Art or Both '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Internet Memes of All Time12 . Lonelygirl15 '' . Complex . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` geriatric1927 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The meteoric rise of geriatric1927 '' . 2006 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Brookers '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brooke BRODACK EMC '' . www.entertainment-masterclass.tv . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Channels '' . 2006 - 07 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Judson Laipply '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutelle , Sam ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` The History Of YouTube 's Most - Subscribed Channels Is A Fun Nostalgia Trip '' . tubefilter . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . In the early days , anyone who made a big viral video could enter the top ten , with `` Evolution of Dance '' performer Judson Laipply even holding the top spot for a bit . Jump up ^ `` The first YouTube channel to hit one million subscribers '' . Variety . April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ray William Johnson ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` RWJ vs SMOSH '' . YouTube . = 3 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joshua Cohen ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` YouTubers Respond to Smosh Becoming # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . 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9,082,915,401,300,572,000 | where did the suits of cards come from | Suit ( cards ) - wikipedia Suit ( cards ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Black Suit '' redirects here . For the fictional character , see Venom ( comics ) . The four French playing cards suits used primarily in the English - speaking world : diamonds ( ) , clubs ( ♣ ) , hearts ( ♥ ) and spades ( ♠ ) This article contains suit card Unicode characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . In playing cards , a suit is one of the categories into which the cards of a deck are divided . Most often , each card bears one of several pips ( symbols ) showing to which suit it belongs ; the suit may alternatively or additionally be indicated by the color printed on the card . The rank for each card is determined by the number of pips on it , except on face cards . Ranking indicates which cards within a suit are better , higher or more valuable than others , whereas there is no order between the suits unless defined in the rules of a specific card game . Unless playing with multiple decks , there is exactly one card of any given rank in any given suit . A deck may include special cards that belong to no suit , often called jokers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin and development of the Latin suits 1.2 Invention of the Germanic suits 1.3 Tarot 2 Suits in games with traditional decks 2.1 Trumps 2.2 Special suits 2.3 Ranking of suits 2.4 Pairing or ignoring suits 2.5 Four - color suits 3 Historical French decks with extra suits 3.1 Five - suit decks 3.1. 1 Historical decks 3.1. 2 Commercial decks 3.2 Six - suit decks 3.2. 1 Historical decks 3.2. 2 Commercial decks 3.3 Eight - suit decks 3.3. 1 Commercial decks 4 Other suited decks 4.1 Suited - and - ranked decks 4.2 Other modern decks 4.3 Fictional decks 5 Uses of playing card suit symbols 6 Character encodings 7 Metaphorical uses 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References History ( edit ) Various languages have different terminology for suits such as colors , signs , or seeds . Modern Western playing cards are generally divided into two or three general suit - systems . The older Latin suits are subdivided into the Italian and Spanish suit - systems . The younger Germanic suits are subdivided into the German and Swiss suit - systems . The French suits are a derivative of the German suits but are generally considered a separate system on its own . Origin and development of the Latin suits ( edit ) <Th_colspan="5"> Latin suits Italian Cups ( Coppe ) Coins ( Denari ) Clubs ( Bastoni ) Swords ( Spade ) Spanish Cups ( Copas ) Coins ( Oros ) Clubs ( Bastos ) Swords ( Espadas ) The Latin suits consist of coins , clubs , cups , and swords . They are the earliest suit - system in Europe , having been adopted from the cards imported from Mamluk Egypt and Moorish Granada in the 1370s . These Turko - Arabic cards , called Kanjifa , employed the same suits , but the clubs represented polo sticks . Europeans changed that suit as polo was an obscure sport to them . Ultimately the suits can trace their roots back to China where playing cards were first invented . The earliest card games were trick - taking games and the invention of suits increased the level of strategy and depth in these games . A card of one suit can not beat a card from another regardless of its rank . The concept of suits predate playing cards and can be found in Chinese dice and domino games such as Tien Gow . Chinese money - suited cards are believed to be the oldest ancestor to the Latin suit - system . The money - suit system is based on denominations of currency : Coins , Strings of Coins , Myriads of Strings , and Tens of Myriads. Old Chinese coins had holes in the middle to allow them to be strung together . A string of coins could easily be misinterpreted as a stick to those unfamiliar with them . The Mamluks called their suit of cups Myriads and this may have been due to inverting the Chinese character for myriad ( 万 ) . The Mamluk suit of swords may also have been inspired by the Chinese numeral for Ten ( 十 ) . Another clue linking these Chinese , Muslim , and European cards are the ranking of certain suits . In many early Chinese games like Madiao , the suit of coins was in reverse order so that the lower ones beat the higher ones . In the Indo - Persian game of Ganjifa , half the suits were also inverted , including a suit of coins . This was also true for the European games of Tarot and Ombre . The inverting of suits had no purpose in regards to gameplay but was an artifact from the earliest games . There are four types of Latin suits : Italian , Spanish , Portuguese , and an extinct archaic type . The systems can be distinguished by the pips of their long suits : swords and clubs . Italian swords are curved outward and the clubs appear to be batons . They intersect one another . Spanish swords are straight , and the clubs appear to be knobbly cudgels . They do not cross each other . Portuguese pips are like the Spanish , but they intersect like Italian ones . They sometimes have dragons on the aces . This system lingers on only in the Tarocco Siciliano and the Unsun Karuta of Japan . The archaic system is like the Italian one , but the swords are curved inward so they touch each other without intersecting . Minchiate used a mixed system of Italian clubs and Portuguese swords . Despite a long history of trade with China , Japan was introduced to playing cards with the arrival of the Portuguese in the 1540s . Early locally made cards , Karuta , were very similar to Portuguese decks . Increasing restrictions by the Tokugawa shogunate on gambling , card playing , and general foreign influence , resulted in the Hanafuda card deck that today is used most often for fishing - type games . The role of rank and suit in organizing cards became switched , so the hanafuda deck has 12 suits , each representing a month of the year , and each suit has 4 cards , most often two normal , one Ribbon and one Special ( though August , November and December each differ uniquely from this convention ) . Invention of the Germanic suits ( edit ) <Th_colspan="5"> Germanic suits Swiss - German Roses Bells Acorns Shields German Hearts Bells Acorns Leaves French Hearts Tiles ( Diamonds ) Clovers ( Clubs ) Pikes ( Spades ) During the 15th - century , manufacturers in German speaking lands experimented with various new suit systems to replace the Latin suits . One early deck had five suits , the Latin ones with an extra suit of shields . The Swiss - Germans developed their own suits of shields , roses , acorns , and bells around 1450 . Instead of roses and shields , the Germans settled with hearts and leaves around 1460 . The French derived their suits of trèfles ( clovers or clubs ♣ ) , carreaux ( tiles or diamonds ) , cœurs ( hearts ♥ ) , and piques ( pikes or spades ♠ ) from the German suits around 1480 . French suits correspond closely with German suits with the exception of the tiles with the bells but there is one early French deck that had crescents instead of tiles . The English names for the French suits of clubs and spades may simply have been carried over from the older Latin suits . Tarot ( edit ) Beginning around 1440 in northern Italy , some decks started to include of an extra suit of ( usually ) 21 numbered cards known as trionfi or trumps , to play tarot card games . Always included in tarot decks is one card , the Fool or Excuse , which may be part of the trump suit depending on the game or region . These cards do not have pips or face cards like the other suits . Most tarot decks used for games come with French suits but Italian suits are still used in Piedmont , Bologna , and pockets of Switzerland . A few Sicilian towns use the Portuguese - suited Tarocco Siciliano , the only deck of its kind left in Europe . Suits in games with traditional decks ( edit ) Trumps ( edit ) In a large and popular category of trick - taking games , one suit may be designated in each deal to be trump and all cards of the trump suit rank above all non-trump cards , and automatically prevail over them , losing only to a higher trump if one is played to the same trick . Non-trump suits are called plain suits . Special suits ( edit ) Some games treat one or more suits as being special or different from the others . A simple example is Spades , which uses spades as a permanent trump suit . A less simple example is Hearts , which is a kind of point trick game in which the object is to avoid taking tricks containing hearts . With typical rules for Hearts ( rules vary slightly ) the queen of spades and the two of clubs ( sometimes also the jack of diamonds ) have special effects , with the result that all four suits have different strategic value . Tarot decks have a dedicated trump suit . Ranking of suits ( edit ) Whist - style rules generally preclude the necessity of determining which of two cards of different suits has higher rank , because a card played on a card of a different suit either automatically wins or automatically loses depending on whether the new card is a trump . However , some card games also need to define relative suit rank . An example of this is in auction games such as bridge , where if one player wishes to bid to make some number of heart tricks and another to make the same number of diamond tricks , there must be a mechanism to determine which takes precedence in the bidding order . As there is no truly standard way to order the four suits , each game that needs to do so has its own convention ; however , the ubiquity of bridge has gone some way to make its ordering a de facto standard . Typical orderings of suits include ( from highest to lowest ) : Bridge ( for bidding and scoring ) and occasionally poker : spades , hearts , diamonds , clubs ; ' notrump ' ranks above all the suits Preferans : hearts , diamonds , clubs , spades . Only used for bidding , and No Trump is considered higher than hearts . Five Hundred : hearts , diamonds , clubs , spades ( for bidding and scoring ) Ninety - nine : clubs , hearts , spades , diamonds ( supposedly mnemonic as they have respectively 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 lobes ; see article for how this scoring is used ) Skat : clubs , spades , hearts , diamonds ( for bidding and to determine which Jack beats which in play ) Big Two : spades , hearts , clubs , diamonds ( Presidents and Arseholes reverses suit strength : hearts , diamonds , spades , clubs ) Teen patti : In the case where two players have flushes with cards of the same rank , the winning hand is based on suit color as ranked by clubs , hearts , spades , diamonds . Thirteen : Hearts , Diamonds , Clubs , Spades ( in descending order ) . Pairing or ignoring suits ( edit ) The pairing of suits is a vestigial remnant of Ganjifa , a game where half the suits were in reverse order , the lower cards beating the higher . In Ganjifa , progressive suits were called `` strong '' while inverted suits were called `` weak '' . In Latin decks , the traditional division is between the long suits of swords and clubs and the round suits of cups and coins . This pairing can be seen in Ombre and Tarot card games . German and Swiss suits lack pairing but French suits maintained them and this can be seen in the game of Spoil Five . In some games , such as blackjack , suits are ignored . In other games , such as Canasta , only the color ( red or black ) is relevant . In yet others , such as bridge , each of the suit pairings are distinguished . Fundamentally , there are three ways to divide four suits into pairs : by color , by rank and by shape resulting in six possible suit combinations . Color is used to denote the red suits ( hearts and diamonds ) and the black suits ( spades and clubs ) . Rank is used to indicate the major ( spades and hearts ) versus minor ( diamonds and clubs ) suits . Shape is used to denote the pointed ( diamonds and spades , which visually have a sharp point uppermost ) versus rounded ( hearts and clubs ) suits . In the event of widespread introduction of four - color decks , it has been suggested that the red / black distinction could be replaced by pointed bottoms ( hearts and diamonds visually have a sharp point downwards , whereas spades and clubs have a blunt stem ) . Four - color suits ( edit ) The aces of a four - color deck See also : Four - color deck Some decks , while using the French suits , give each suit a different color to make the suits more distinct from each other . In bridge , such decks are known as no - revoke decks , and the most common colors are black spades , red hearts , blue diamonds and green clubs , although in the past the diamond suit usually appeared in a golden yellow - orange . A pack occasionally used in Germany uses green spades ( comparable to leaves ) , red hearts , yellow diamonds ( comparable to bells ) and black clubs ( comparable to acorns ) . This is a compromise deck devised to allow players from East Germany ( who used German suits ) and West Germany ( who adopted the French suits ) to be comfortable with the same deck when playing tournament Skat after the German reunification . Historical French decks with extra suits ( edit ) Numerous variations of the 52 - card French deck have existed over the years . Most notably , Tarot Nouveau has a separate trump series in addition to the four suits ; however this fifth suit is a series of cards of a different number and style than the suited cards . There have been many attempts at expanding the French deck to five , six or even more suits where the additional suits have the same number and style of cards as the French suits , and have proposed rules for expanded versions of popular games such as rummy , hearts , bridge , and poker that could be played with such a deck . In 1895 , Hiram Jones of the United States created one of the earliest decks with extra suits called International Playing Cards . In addition to the four standard French suits , it had two additional suits , red crosses and black bullets . ( The bullets of that period were spherical , hence the pip was a circle . ) In the summer of 1937 in Vienna , Walter W. Marseille , with the help of Paul Stern , published rules for five - suit bridge which included a fifth suit of green Leaves , taken from German - suited William Tell cards . This set off a fad for five - suited decks which would last until the end of 1938 . De La Rue of London published packs called Five - Suit Bridge Playing Cards . This deck contained cards using blue crowns called Royals as a fifth suit . In the new suit , the court cards used the Paris pattern 's heart suit designs . Waddingtons ' print was like De La Rue 's with the exception of more detailed Royal crown pips . They also published several decks that used green crowns but the face cards for that suit were a duplicate of other English pattern suits . Due to unpopularity , they were withdrawn in 1939 . These packs arrived in the US on March 1938 . American manufacturers responded with a green Eagle as the fifth suit to avoid paying royalties as the Royals were copyrighted . The deck published by United States Playing Card Company ( USPCC ) had a medium green Eagle and the pips in the corner index were inside green circles . A second deck was by Russell Playing Cards ( owned by the USPCC ) used the same Eagle but in a darker shade and the pips in the corner index were devoid of the circle . These two decks reused the club courts for the new suit . A third deck was made by Arrco which had a different Eagle and reused the spade courts . At least six bridge books were subsequently published to support playing bridge with rules for this fifth suit by authors such as Oswald Jacoby , P. Hal Sims and Howard Schenken . It is more than likely the book that Arrco published was for their own deck . The title of a 1952 science - fiction novel by James Blish , Jack of Eagles , refers to the main character being different . Also in 1938 , Parker Brothers created a five - suit bridge deck called Castle Bridge , in which the fifth suit of Castles looked like a Rook chess piece and was colored green . This pack reused the diamond courts for the new suit . The manual that came with this deck did not use Marseille 's rules but Ammiel F. Decker 's 1933 rules . Five - suit decks ( edit ) Historical decks ( edit ) In the mid to late 1930s there was an increase in the popularity of bridge . Thought up one summer night by Austrian gamester Walther Marseille , Ph. D. , rules were first devised for a fifth suit based on a green or invulnerable suit . In 1937 , a book for rules using the fifth suit was written in Vienna , Austria , and patented for this set of rules . This fifth suit was produced by a number of companies . In 1935 , De La Rue of Great Britain created a Bridge deck called De La Rue 's Five Suit Contract Bridge Playing Cards . This deck contained cards using grey - blue colored crowns called Royals as a fifth suit . According to the rules published by Parker Brothers , credit is given to Ammiel F. Decker for the rules in 1933 . The fifth suit of Greens was called Blätter , or leaves . In 1937 and 1938 , Waddington 's of London created a fifth suit of more detailed crowns also called Royals , which respectively featured light blue and dark green crowns . In the same year there were three American decks that included a green Eagle as a fifth suit in similar Bridge decks of playing cards . The deck published by United States Playing Card Company used the Eagle in a medium green and the pips in the corners were inside green circles . The second deck was by Russell Playing Cards ( owned by the United States Playing Card Company ) used the same Eagle but in a darker shade and the pips in the corners were devoid of the circle . The third deck was by Arrco in 1938 and used an Eagle as well . At least five other bridge books were subsequently published to support playing Bridge with rules for this fifth suit , including one by Arrco in 1938 . It is more than likely the book that Arrco published was for their own deck . Parker Brothers created a fifth - suit Bridge deck in 1938 called Castle Bridge , in which the fifth suit of Castles looked like a Rook chess piece and was colored green . After 1938 , the popularity of this fifth suit fell off and the decks were no longer produced for Bridge . The title of a science - fiction novel by James Blish , Jack of Eagles , refers to the main character being different . A number of the following out - of - print decks may be found , especially through on - line auctions . Previously , Five Star Playing Cards poker sized , was manufactured by Five Star Games , which had a gold colored fifth suit of five pointed stars . The court cards are almost identical to the diamond suit in a Gemaco Five - Star deck . Five - suit decks using the Star suit are still in print in differing designs through vendors such as Stardeck and Newton 's Novelties . Cadaco manufactured a game Tripoley Wild with a fifth suit , ( and other Wild Cards , ) which contain pips of all four standard suits ( hearts , diamonds , spades , and clubs ) on one card . That poker sized deck is not sold separately , but as part of boxed game . Five suited decks include Cinco - Loco Poker Playing Cards , produced by the USA Playing Card Company ( not the United States Playing Card Company , ) which introduces a new suit design . The Cinco - Loco fifth suit uses a complicated pattern , with color designs in a repeating circular series of pentagrams with four traditional suits in a four color pattern , inner circles get increasingly smaller , the fifth symbol in the circle of pentagrams is a yellow pentagram . There are then a total of ten symbols in each of the outer and repeated in inner circles . The other suits use a four - color design . 5 ° Dimension is an 80 - card deck introduced in 2007 . The five suits are Hearts ( red ) , Spades ( black ) , Clubs ( green ) , Diamonds ( yellow ) and Stars ( blue ) . Each suit has 16 cards : 1 to 10 , King , Queen , Jack , Princess , Ace ( distinct from 1 ) and a Joker . Commercial decks ( edit ) A commercially available five - suit poker ( 65 - card ) deck is Stardeck , introduced in 1938 , which introduces stars as a fifth suit . In the Stardeck cards , the fifth suit is colored a mixture of black and red . This fifth suit can be counted as either a Red or a Black suit dependent upon the game being played . There are also 2 special cards ( or Jokers ) 1 each of red and black and shown with that colour star in the corner , but no numeral or letter . Estate Playing Cards designed in 2006 , is a contemporary five - suit ( 62 - card ) deck which adds a fifth suit ( estate ) called Waves . Estate cards signifies the five estates identified as Waves ( green ) , Hearts ( red ) , Diamonds ( orange ) , Clubs ( blue ) and Spades ( black ) . The three Royals are replaced with two Family - Man and Woman . Jokers are replaced with Imperials ( Pope and President ) . Most games can be played , however they become more involved . 5 Card Poker traditionally has over 2 million possible hands with Royal Flush as the lowest probability . Estate Poker has 5,461,512 possible hands with Family Flush as the lowest probability and new hands such as Five of a Kind . Five Crowns is yet another five - suited deck similar to that of 5 ° Dimension , The suits are Hearts ( red ) , Spades ( black ) , Clubs ( green ) , Diamonds ( blue ) and Stars ( yellow ) with no - revoke suits . The deck contains 3 Jokers but does not contain aces or twos , making the card count per deck 58 . Six - suit decks ( edit ) Historical decks ( edit ) In America in 1895 , Hiram Jones created a deck called International Playing Cards and it had two additional suits , a red suit with crosses and a black suit of bullets . ( The bullets of that period were spherical , hence the pip was a circle . ) Other attempts over the years experimented with either suit substitutions or additional suits added to decks of playing cards . Most of these did not last long , but some such as Civil War era card decks enjoyed limited success and are reprinted today . Out of print is the Nu - Dek Sextet Bridge deck ( copyright Ralph E. Peterson 1964 , 1966 ) , manufactured for Sextet Contract Bridge Associates ( `` SECOBRA '' ) by the United States Playing Card Company . Two blue suits are added to the standard four : Rackets being a pair of crossed tennis rackets , and Wheels from a ship 's steering wheel design . Another out of print six - suited ( 78 - card ) deck of poker sized playing cards is the Empire Deck , introduced in 1990 . It has three red suits and three black suits , introducing crowns in red and anchors in black as in the dice game Crown and Anchor . Commercial decks ( edit ) Deck6 is a six - suited deck with three red suits ( hearts , diamonds , shields ) , three black suits ( clubs , spades , cups ) and three jokers ( total 81 cards ) . A six - suited ( 120 - card ) deck of poker sized playing cards is the K6T deck . The traditional suits are colored ( green clubs and orange diamonds ) and are completed with blue moons and purple stars . Each suit has 20 cards ranked as 0 ( = Joker ) - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - J-C ( Cavalier ) - B ( Bishop ) - R ( Rook ) - Q-K - Ace . Eight - suit decks ( edit ) Commercial decks ( edit ) 8 Suits Playing Cards , conceived in the late 1970s and manufactured through BrienmarK Products Inc. , adds red Moons , black Stars , red four - leaved Clovers and black Tears . This deck was originally created to allow more players in a game of euchre . The Fat Pack adds red Roses , black Axes , black Tridents and red Doves to the standard deck . Toss TM Double Deluxe Decks consists of the traditional French suits plus gold Crosses and Oracles , blue Castles and Shields , five Jokers ( one for each color plus a Boss Joker ) and two Null cards . Other suited decks ( edit ) Suited - and - ranked decks ( edit ) A large number of games are based around a deck in which each card has a rank and a suit ( usually represented by a color ) , and for each suit there is exactly one card having each rank , though in many cases the deck has various special cards as well . Examples include Mü und Mehr , Lost Cities , DUO , Sticheln , Rage , Schotten Totten , UNO , Phase 10 , Oh - No ! , Skip - Bo , and Rook . Other modern decks ( edit ) Decks for some games are divided into suits , but otherwise bear little relation to traditional games . An example would be the board game Taj Mahal , in which each card has one of four background colors , the rule being that all the cards played by a single player in a single round must be the same color . The selection of cards in the deck of each color is approximately the same and the player 's choice of which color to use is guided by the contents of their particular hand . Roodles , a game published in 1912 by A.J. Patterson of Kalamazoo and later by Flinch Card Co. , uses a deck with 14 cards in each of four suits ( all black ) -- Wishbones , Horseshoes , 4 - Leaf Clovers , and Swastikas -- plus a joker labeled `` Roodles '' . Roodles was described on its box cover as simple , instructive , scientific and entertaining . In the trick - taking card game Flaschenteufel ( `` The Bottle Imp '' ) , all cards are part of a single sequence ranked from 1 to 37 but split into three suits depending on its rank . players must follow the suit led , but if they are void in that suit they may play a card of another suit and this can still win the trick if its rank is high enough . For this reason every card in the deck has a different number to prevent ties . A further strategic element is introduced since one suit contains mostly low - ranking cards and another , mostly high - ranking cards . Whereas cards in a traditional deck have two classifications -- suit and rank -- and each combination is represented by one card , giving for example 4 suits × 13 ranks = 52 cards , each card in a Set deck has four classifications each into one of three categories , giving a total of 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81 cards . Any one of these four classifications could be considered a suit , but this is not really enlightening in terms of the structure of the game . Fictional decks ( edit ) Several people have invented decks which are not meant to be seriously played . The Double Fanucci deck from Zork takes the most imaginative licence with the suits : it has no fewer than fifteen , with the names Mazes , Books , Rain , Bugs , Fromps , Inkblots , Scythes , Plungers , Faces , Time , Lamps , Hives , Ears , Zurfs , and Tops . The Cripple Mr. Onion deck uses eight fictional suits , but may be simulated by combining the standard French suits with the traditional Latin suited ones or by using a modern 8 - suited deck . The Discordian deck is a parody of the Tarot deck , its five suits corresponding to the five Discordian elements . The card game of sabacc from the Star Wars universe has the suits of staves , flasks , sabers , and coins ( similar to Latin suits ) , with cards ranked one through fifteen , plus two each of eight other cards which have no suit . The deck used in Firefly has suits of Plum , Peach , Orange , Apple , Apricot , and Banana . In World of Warcraft , there are cards that randomly drop from humanoid enemies . If a player collected the entire suit , he / she could trade it for a trinket that would grant special abilities . Initially , this was limited to the ace through eight of the suits of Elementals , Beasts , Warlords , and Portals . A later content patch added the suits of Lunacy , Storms , Furies , and Blessings . The Inscription skill allowed the crafting of cards of the suits of Mages , Swords , Rogues , and Demons . In Robert Asprin 's MythAdventures series , Dragon Poker is played using a standard deck , but with the suits consisting of elves , ogres , unicorns and dragons . Uses of Playing card suit symbols ( edit ) Card suit symbols occur in places outside card playing : The four suits were famously employed by the 101st Airborne Division during World War II to distinguish its four constituent regiments : Clubs ( ♣ ) identified the 327th Glider Infantry Regiment ; currently worn by the 1st Brigade Combat Team . Diamonds ( ) identified the 501st PIR . 1st Battalion , 501st Infantry Regiment is now part of the 4th Brigade ( ABN ) , 25th Infantry Division in Alaska ; the Diamond is currently used by the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade . Hearts ( ♥ ) identified the 502nd PIR ; currently worn by the 2nd Brigade Combat Team . Spades ( ♠ ) identified the 506th PIR ; currently worn by the 4th Brigade Combat Team . British Navy Fleet Air Arm search and rescue units ( helicopters , etc . ) sport an ace of clubs symbol . The United States Navy 's Strike Fighter Squadron 41 ( VFA - 41 ) is nicknamed The Black Aces and their emblem is an Ace of Spades with the number 41 . For fighter pilots , `` ace '' carries the meaning of flying ace . The Bartle Test uses the four suits as symbols of different player personalities that arise typically in a video game : Clubs ( Killers ) ( ♣ ) enjoy competition and take pleasure in causing physical destruction in the virtual environment . Diamonds ( Achievers ) ( ) enjoy gaining points , levels , or any physical measure of their in - game achievement . Hearts ( Socializers ) ( ♥ ) enjoy playing games for the social aspect or by interacting with other players . Spades ( Explorers ) ( ♠ ) enjoy digging around , discovering new areas , or learning about easter eggs or glitches in the game . Character encodings ( edit ) In computer and another digital media , suit symbols are represented with character encoding , notably in the ISO and Unicode standards , and as Web standard ( SGML 's named entity `` &name ; '' syntax ) : UTF code : U + 2660 ( 9824 ) U + 2665 ( 9829 ) U + 2666 ( 9830 ) U + 2663 ( 9827 ) Symbol : ♠ ♥ ♣ Name : Black Spade Suit Black Heart Suit Black Diamond Suit Black Club Suit Entity : &spades ; &hearts ; &diams ; &clubs ; UTF code : U + 2664 ( 9828 ) U + 2661 ( 9825 ) U + 2662 ( 9826 ) U + 2667 ( 9831 ) Symbol : ♤ ♡ ♢ ♧ Name : White Spade Suit White Heart Suit White Diamond Suit White Club Suit <Td_colspan="5"> UTF codes are expressed by the Unicode code point `` U + hexadecimal number '' syntax , and as subscript the respective decimal number . Symbols are expressed here as they are in the web browser 's HTML renderization . Name is the formal name adopted in the standard specifications . Unicode is the most frequently used encoding standard , and suits are in the Miscellaneous Symbols Block ( 2600 -- 26FF ) of the Unicode . Metaphorical uses ( edit ) In some card games the card suits have a dominance order : club ( lowest ) - diamond - heart - spade ( highest ) . That led to in spades being used to mean more than expected , in abundance , very much . Other expressions drawn from bridge and similar games include strong suit ( any area of personal strength ) and follow suit ( to imitate another 's actions ) . See also ( edit ) Hearts ( card game ) Spades ( card game ) Stripped deck Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sample pips come from the Venetian pattern Jump up ^ Sample pips come from the Castilian pattern Jump up ^ `` Portuguese '' is slightly misleading nomenclature . The suit system may have originated in Catalonia and spread out through the western Mediterranean before being replaced by the `` Spanish '' system . The association with Portugal comes from the fact that they continued to use it until completely going over to French suits at the beginning of the 20th century . Jump up ^ Probably associated with the Duchy of Ferrara and likely abandoned after the 15th century . Jump up ^ The French suit system is generally considered a separate from the Germans and Swiss due to its different set of face cards . However , when comparing only the pips , it is Germanic . Jump up ^ There does not appear to be a single universal system of correspondences between Swiss - German and French suits . Cards combining the two suit systems are manufactured in different versions with different combinations of suits . Jump up ^ Swiss - German : Rosen Jump up ^ Swiss - German : Schellen Jump up ^ Swiss - German : Eichel Jump up ^ Swiss - German : Schilten Jump up ^ German : Herz ( heart ) , Rot ( red ) , Hungarian : Piros ( red ) , Czech : Srdce ( heart ) , Červené ( red ) Jump up ^ German : Schellen ( bells ) , Hungarian : Tök ( pumpkin ) , Czech : Kule ( balls ) Jump up ^ German : Eichel ( acorn ) , Ecker ( beechnut ) , Hungarian : Makk ( acorn ) , Czech : Žaludy ( acorns ) Jump up ^ German : Laub ( leaves ) , Grün ( green ) , Gras ( grass ) , Blatt ( leaf ) Hungarian : Zöld ( green ) , Czech : Listy ( leaves ) , Zelené ( green ) Jump up ^ The shape of the clubs symbol is believed to be an adaptation of the German suit of acorns . Clubs are also known as clovers , flowers and crosses . The French name for the suit is trèfles meaning clovers , the Italian name for the suit is fiori meaning flowers and the German name for the suit is Kreuz meaning cross . Jump up ^ In the Germanic countries the spade was the symbol associated with the blade of a spade . The English term spade originally did not refer to the tool but was derived from the Spanish word espada meaning sword from the Spanish suit . Those symbols were later changed to resemble the digging tool instead to avoid confusion . In German and Dutch the suit is alternatively named Schippen and schoppen respectively , meaning shovels . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Parlett , David ( 1990 ) . The Oxford Guide to Card Games . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 27 -- 34 . Jump up ^ McLeod , John . Games classified by type of cards or tiles used at pagat.com . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Pollett , Andrea ( 2002 ) . `` Tuman , or the Ten Thousand Cups of the Mamluk Cards '' . The Playing - Card. 31 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Mann , Sylvia ( 1974 ) . `` A Suit - System Subdivided '' . The Playing - Card. 3 ( 1 ) : 51 . Jump up ^ McLeod , John . Games played with Latin suited cards at pagat.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Wintle , Adam . Portuguese Playing Cards at the World of Playing Cards . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dummett , Michael ( 1990 -- 1991 ) . `` A Survey of ' Archaic ' Italian Cards '' . The Playing - Card. 19 ( 2 , 4 ) : 43 -- 51 , 128 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Gjerde , Tor . Italian renaissance woodcut playing cards at old.no . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Huck . Liechtenstein'sches Spiel at trionfi.com . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dummett , Michael ( 1980 ) . The Game of Tarot . London : Duckworth . pp. 14 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Berry , John ( 1999 ) . `` French suits and English names '' . The Playing - Card. 28 ( 2 ) : 84 -- 89 . Jump up ^ McLeod , John . Card Games : Tarot Games at pagat.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ McLeod , John . Mechanics of Card Games at pagat.com . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Parlett , David . The Language of Cards at David Parlett Gourmet Games . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Leyden , Rudolf von ; Dummett , Michael ( 1982 ) . Ganjifa , The Playing Cards of India . London : Victoria and Albert Museum . pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ `` Kartenbilder '' ( in German ) . deutscherskatverband.de. 17 January 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Tom ; Dawson , Judy ( 2014 ) . The Hochman Encyclopedia of American Playing Cards - Volume 4 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Conjuring Arts Research Center . pp. 268 -- 274 . Jump up ^ `` Five Aces - All Different '' . Reading Eagle . 27 January 1938 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Pocock , Derek ( 2007 ) . `` Five Suit Bridge '' ( PDF ) . Australian Bridge Federation Newsletter ( 127 ) . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tricky 5 - Suit Bridge Scores Slam in London '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . 25 February 1938 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five - Suit Bridge '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 24 January 1938 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Ken . Waddington , Including Some of Their Less Common Packs at The World of Playing Cards . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Five - Suit Bridge Looms as a New National Fad . Life . 14 March 1938 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Kinkead , Eugene ; Maloney , Russell . `` Quintract Decks '' ( 14 May 1938 ) . Condé Nast . The New Yorker . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Castle Bridge at BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Zaloga , Steven J ( 2007 ) . US Airborne Divisions in the ETO 1944 - 45 . Osprey Publishing . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Martin , Gary . `` ' In spades ' - the meaning and origin of this phrase '' . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Playing cards Standard 52 - card deck Suit / rank Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Spades ♠ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Hearts ♥ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Diamonds Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Clubs ♣ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Others Face card Pip card Knight Joker Card nicknames Stripped deck Unicode Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suit_(cards)&oldid=810595118 '' Categories : Card game terminology Playing cards Contract bridge Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing Chinese - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 06 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Playing card suits
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-6,365,313,337,917,548,000 | when do weekly college football rankings come out | AP Poll - wikipedia AP Poll Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Inaugural AP polls Div I / FBS football 1936 Div I / FCS football 1978 Div I men 's basketball 1948 -- 49 Div I women 's basketball 1976 -- 77 <Th_colspan="2"> Current AP polls FBS football 2017 season FCS football 2017 season Div I men 's basketball 2017 -- 18 season Div I women 's basketball 2017 -- 18 season The Associated Press ( AP Poll ) provides weekly rankings of the top 25 NCAA teams in one of three Division I college sports : football , men 's basketball and women 's basketball . The rankings are compiled by polling 65 sportswriters and broadcasters from across the nation . Each voter provides his own ranking of the top 25 teams , and the individual rankings are then combined to produce the national ranking by giving a team 25 points for a first place vote , 24 for a second place vote , and so on down to 1 point for a twenty - fifth place vote . Ballots of the voting members in the AP Poll are made public . Contents ( hide ) 1 College football 1.1 History 1.2 No. 1 vs. No. 2 1.3 AP Poll inclusion in the BCS 1.4 Final AP football polls 1.5 Other media football polls 2 College basketball 2.1 Men 's basketball 2.2 Women 's basketball 3 NFL football 4 See also 5 References 6 External links College football ( edit ) The football poll is released Sundays at 2pm Eastern time during the football season , unless ranked teams have not finished their games . History ( edit ) The AP college football poll has a long history . The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was , by popular opinion , the best football team in the country at the end of the season . One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll , first run in 1934 . In 1935 , AP sports editor Alan J. Gould declared a three way tie for national champion in football between Minnesota , Princeton , and Southern Methodist . Minnesota fans protested , and a number of Gould 's colleagues led by Charles `` Cy '' Sherman suggested he create a poll of sports editors instead of only using his own list , and the next year the poll was born . It has run continuously from 1936 . Due to the long - standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high - paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl , the NCAA had not held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division , NCAA Division I , Football Bowl Subdivision ( the Division I , Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments ) . As a result , the public and the media began to acknowledge the leading vote - getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season . While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation , from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams . From 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized . From 1968 to 1988 , the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to the current 25 teams in 1989 . The AP began conducting a preseason poll starting in 1950 . At the end of the 1947 season the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll . Until the 1968 college football season , the final AP poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season , with the lone exception of the 1965 season . In 1964 , Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season , but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas , leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated , untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic . In 1965 , the AP 's decision to wait to crown its champion paid handsomely , as top - ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl , number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic , and fourth - ranked Alabama defeated third - ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl , vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP 's final poll ( Michigan State was named national champion in the final UPI Coaches Poll , which did not conduct a post-bowl poll ) . Beginning in the 1968 season , the post bowl game poll became permanent and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results . The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches ' poll until the 1974 season . No. 1 vs. No. 2 ( edit ) As of the completion of the 2015 season the number one ranked team has faced the number two ranked team 50 times since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936 . The number one team has a record of 28 -- 20 -- 2 against the number two team . No. 1 vs. No. 2 games <Td_colspan="6"> Light blue indicates bowl game Season No. 1 Result No. 2 Site Event 1943 Notre Dame 35 -- 12 Michigan Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor , MI 1943 Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry game 1943 Notre Dame 14 -- 13 Iowa Pre-Flight Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN 1944 Army 23 -- 7 Navy Baltimore Stadium Baltimore , MD 1944 Army -- Navy Game 1945 Army 48 -- 0 Notre Dame Yankee Stadium New York , NY 1945 Army -- Notre Dame football rivalry game 1945 Army 32 - 13 Navy Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Philadelphia , PA 1945 Army -- Navy Game 1946 Army 0 -- 0 Notre Dame Yankee Stadium New York , NY 1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game 1962 USC 42 -- 37 Wisconsin Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 1963 Rose Bowl 1963 Oklahoma 7 -- 28 Texas Cotton Bowl Dallas , TX 1963 Red River Shootout game 1963 Texas 28 -- 6 Navy Cotton Bowl Dallas , TX 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic 1966 Notre Dame 10 -- 10 Michigan State Spartan Stadium East Lansing , MI 1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game 1968 Purdue 37 -- 22 Notre Dame Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN 1968 Shillelagh Trophy game 1968 Ohio State 27 -- 16 USC Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 1969 Rose Bowl 1969 Texas 15 -- 14 Arkansas Razorback Stadium Fayetteville , AR 1969 Texas vs. Arkansas football game 1971 Nebraska 35 -- 31 Oklahoma Oklahoma Memorial Stadium Norman , OK 1971 Nebraska vs. Oklahoma football game 1971 Nebraska 38 -- 6 Alabama Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1972 Orange Bowl 1978 Penn State 7 -- 14 Alabama Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 1979 Sugar Bowl 1981 USC 28 -- 24 Oklahoma Los Angeles Coliseum Los Angeles 1982 Georgia 23 -- 27 Penn State Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 1983 Sugar Bowl 1985 Iowa 12 -- 10 Michigan Kinnick Stadium Iowa City , IA 1986 Oklahoma 16 -- 28 Miami Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1986 Miami 10 -- 14 Penn State Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 1987 Fiesta Bowl Nebraska 7 -- 17 Oklahoma Memorial Stadium Lincoln , NE 1987 Nebraska -- Oklahoma football rivalry game Oklahoma 14 -- 20 Miami Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1988 Orange Bowl 1988 Notre Dame 27 -- 10 USC Los Angeles Coliseum Los Angeles 1988 Jeweled Shillelagh game 1989 Notre Dame 24 -- 19 Michigan Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor , MI 1989 Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry game 1991 Florida State 16 -- 17 Miami Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL 1991 Miami vs. Florida State football game 1992 Miami 13 -- 34 Alabama Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 1993 Sugar Bowl 1993 Florida State 24 -- 31 Notre Dame Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN 1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame football game 1993 Florida State 18 -- 16 Nebraska Miami Orange Bowl Miami , FL 1994 Orange Bowl 1995 Nebraska 62 -- 24 Florida Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 1996 Fiesta Bowl Florida 21 -- 24 Florida State Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL 1996 Florida -- Florida State football rivalry game 1998 Tennessee 23 -- 16 Florida State Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 1999 Fiesta Bowl 1999 Florida State 46 -- 29 Virginia Tech Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 2000 Sugar Bowl 2002 Miami 24 -- 31 Ohio State Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , AZ 2003 Fiesta Bowl USC 55 -- 19 Oklahoma Pro Player Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 2005 Orange Bowl 2005 USC 38 -- 41 Texas Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 2006 Rose Bowl 2006 Ohio State 24 -- 7 Texas Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium Austin , TX 2006 Ohio State 42 -- 39 Michigan Ohio Stadium Columbus , OH 2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game 2006 Ohio State 14 -- 41 Florida University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , AZ 2007 BCS National Championship Game 2007 Ohio State 24 -- 38 LSU Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , LA 2008 BCS National Championship Game 2008 Alabama 20 -- 31 Florida Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 2008 SEC Championship Game 2008 Florida 24 -- 14 Oklahoma Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 2009 BCS National Championship Game 2009 Florida 13 -- 32 Alabama Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 2009 SEC Championship Game 2009 Alabama 37 -- 21 Texas Rose Bowl Stadium Pasadena , CA 2010 BCS National Championship Game Auburn 22 -- 19 Oregon University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , AZ 2011 BCS National Championship Game 2011 LSU 9 -- 6 Alabama Bryant -- Denny Stadium Tuscaloosa , AL 2011 LSU vs. Alabama football game 2011 LSU 0 -- 21 Alabama Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans , LA 2012 BCS National Championship Game 2012 Notre Dame 14 -- 42 Alabama Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens , FL 2013 BCS National Championship Game 2013 Florida State 34 -- 31 Auburn Rose Bowl Pasadena , CA 2014 BCS National Championship Game 2015 Clemson 40 -- 45 Alabama University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , AZ 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship AP Poll inclusion in the BCS ( edit ) In 1997 , the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) was developed to try to unify the poll results by picking two teams for a `` real '' national championship game . For the first several years the AP Poll factored in the determination of the BCS rankings , along with other factors including the Coaches Poll and computer - based polls . Because of a series of controversies surrounding the BCS , the AP demanded in December , 2004 , that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings , and so the 2004 -- 2005 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used for this purpose . In the 2003 season the BCS system broke down when the final BCS standings ranked the University of Southern California ( USC ) at No. 3 while the two human polls in the system had ranked USC at No. 1 . As a result , USC did not play in the BCS ' designated national championship game . After defeating another highly ranked team , Michigan , in its final game , the AP Poll kept USC at No. 1 while the Coaches Poll was contractually obligated to select the winner of the BCS game , Louisiana State University ( LSU ) , as the No. 1 team . The resulting split national title was the very problem that the BCS was created to solve , and has been widely considered an embarrassment . In 2004 , a new controversy erupted at the end of the season when Auburn and Utah , who both finished the regular season 12 -- 0 , were left out of the BCS title game in favor of Oklahoma who also was 12 -- 0 and had won decisively over Colorado in the Big 12 Championship game . USC went on to a win easily over Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl while Auburn and Utah both won their bowl games , leaving three undefeated teams at the end of the season . Also , in that same year , Texas made up late ground on California ( Cal ) in the BCS standings and as a result grabbed a high - payout , at - large spot in the Rose Bowl . Previous to that poll , Cal had been ranked ahead of Texas in both human polls and the BCS poll . Going into their final game , the Golden Bears were made aware that while margin of victory did not affect computer rankings , it did affect human polls and just eight voters changing their vote could affect the final standings . Both teams won their game that week , but the Texas coach , Mack Brown , had made a public effort to lobby for his team to be moved higher in the ranking . When the human polls were released , Texas remained behind Cal , but it had closed the gap enough so that the BCS poll ( which determines placement ) placed Texas above Cal , angering both Cal and its conference , the Pac - 10 . The final poll positions had been unchanged with Cal at No. 4 AP , No. 4 coaches , and No. 6 computers polls and Texas at No. 6 AP , No. 5 coaches , and No. 4 computer polls . The AP Poll voters were caught in the middle because their vote changes were automatically made public , while the votes of the Coaches poll were kept confidential . Although there had been a more substantial shift in the votes of the Coaches Poll , the only clear targets for the ire of fanatical fans were the voters in the AP Poll . While officials from both Cal and the Pac - 10 called for the coaches ' votes to be made public , the overtures were turned down and did little to solve the problem of AP voters . Cal went on to lose to Texas Tech in the Holiday Bowl . Texas defeated Michigan in the Rose Bowl . Many members of the press who voted in the AP Poll were upset by the controversy and , at the behest of its members , the AP asked that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings . The 2004 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used in the BCS rankings , it was replaced in the BCS equation by the newly created Harris Interactive College Football Poll . Final AP football polls ( edit ) Main article : AP National Championship Trophy Other media football polls ( edit ) The AP Poll is not the only college football poll . The other major poll is the Coaches Poll , which has been sponsored by several organizations : the United Press ( 1950 -- 1957 ) , the United Press International ( 1958 -- 1990 ) , USA Today ( 1991 -- present ) , CNN ( 1991 -- 1996 ) , and ESPN ( 1997 -- 2005 ) . Having two major polls has led to numerous `` split '' national titles , where the two polls disagreed on the No. 1 team . This has occurred on eleven different occasions ( 1954 , 1957 , 1965 , 1970 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1990 , 1991 , 1997 , 2003 ) . College basketball ( edit ) In Division I men 's and women 's college basketball , the AP Poll is largely just a tool to compare schools throughout the season and spark debate , as it has no bearing on postseason play . Generally , all top 25 teams in the poll are invited to the men 's and women 's NCAA basketball tournament , also known as March Madness . The poll is usually released every Monday and voters ' ballots are made public . Men 's basketball ( edit ) For rankings from the most recent season , see 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I men 's basketball rankings § AP Poll . The AP began compiling a ranking of the top 20 college men 's basketball teams during the 1948 -- 1949 season . It has issued this poll continuously since the 1950 -- 1951 season . UCLA has been ranked # 1 the most times ( 134 ) , with Duke and North Carolina trailing at 132 and 110 , respectively . Women 's basketball ( edit ) For rankings from the most recent season , see 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I women 's basketball rankings § AP Poll . The women 's basketball poll began during the 1976 -- 1977 season , and was initially compiled by Mel Greenberg and published by The Philadelphia Inquirer . At first , it was a poll of coaches conducted via telephone , where coaches identified top teams and a list of the Top 20 team was produced . The initial list of coaches did not include Pat Summitt , who asked to join the group , not to improve her rankings , but because of the lack of media coverage , Summitt believed it would be a good way to stay on top of who the top teams were outside of her own schedule . The contributors continued to be coaches until 1994 , when the AP took over administration of the poll from Greenberg , and switched to a panel of writers . In 1994 , Tennessee started out as No. 1 in the polls with Connecticut at No. 4 . After losses by the No. 2 and No. 3 teams , Tennessee and Connecticut were ranked No. 1 and No. 2 , headed into a showdown , scheduled as a special event on Martin Luther King day , the only women 's basketball game scheduled on that day . Because of the unusual circumstances , the decision was made to hold off the AP voting for one day , to ensure it would be after the game . Connecticut won the game , and moved into first place in the AP poll , published on Tuesday for the only time . ( Connecticut went on to complete an undefeated season . ) Over the history of the poll , over 255 coaches have had a team represented in polls . Nfl football ( edit ) Beginning in 2012 , the AP began issuing a weekly pro football ranking , the AP Pro32 rankings . See also ( edit ) College football portal 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings Bowl Championship Series Coaches ' Poll College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS Dickinson System Game of the Century ( college football ) Grantland Rice Award Harris Interactive College Football Poll List of college football teams by weekly appearances atop AP Poll List of NCAA college football rankings Mythical national championship NAIA Coach 's Poll References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Associated Press voters 2013 retrieved 2 January 2014 Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` AP College Poll Voters ( Football ) '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` November 15 , 1934 AP Football Poll '' . College Poll Archive -- Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings. 1934 - 11 - 15 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , David . Breaking news : how the Associated Press has covered war , peace , and everything else . Princeton Architectural Press , 2007 . p150 - 151 Jump up ^ `` 1936 Final Football Polls '' . College Poll Archive -- Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Zac ( 2013 - 08 - 17 ) . `` AP Poll : Alabama , Ohio State headline first preseason rankings '' . Campus Union - SI.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The official final AP poll , taken before the bowls , had Notre Dame No. 1 ( 107 first place votes ) and Michigan No. 2 ( 25 first place votes ) . Michigan won the Rose Bowl 49 -- 0 over USC while Notre Dame did not play in a bowl game . Detroit Free Press sports editor Lyall Smith arranged a post-bowl AP poll with only Michigan or Notre Dame as choices . Michigan won that poll 266 -- 119 . Kyrk , John . Natural Enemies . pp. 142 -- 7 . ISBN 1 - 58979 - 090 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : AP No. 1 vs. No. 2 games . Associated Press , August 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ AP Removes Its Poll From BCS , ncaasports.com , Dec. 22 , 2004 , Accessed June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Tim Layden , Embarrassing moments in College Football ( # 10 ) , SportsIllustrated.com , Aug. 2 , 2006 , Accessed Aug. 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kelly Whiteside = California bears burden of making point that it 's BCS - worthy . USA TODAY , November 29 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : * `` 2004 BCS Standings , BCS Rankings '' ( PDF ) . The National Football Foundation and College Hall of Fame , Inc . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ BCS Replaces AP Poll , ncaasports.com , July 12 , 2005 , Accessed June 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` AP College Poll Voters ( Men 's Basketball ) '' . College Poll Tracker . Jump up ^ ( 7 / 7 ) Florida Gators ( 5 - 0 ) vs. ( 1 / 1 ) Duke Blue Devils ( 7 - 0 ) , Duke University ( 25 November 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Mel . `` '' The stare '' may have been Summitt 's trademark , but it did not define her true personality `` . FullCourt.com . Retrieved 8 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mel Greenberg Class of 2004 / 2005 -- Sports Writer '' . Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame . Retrieved 1 Oct 2017 . Jump up ^ Mel Greenberg , Mel . `` Guru 's College Special : How A Previous NHL Lockout Enhanced WBB To UConn 's Benefit '' . Womhoops Guru . Retrieved 8 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Mel . `` Guru 's College Report : Associated Press Preseason Poll Trivia '' . Womhoops Guru . Retrieved 8 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( 31 July 2012 ) . `` Packers top first - ever AP Pro32 rankings '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) The Associated Press Top 25 College Football Poll at The Associated Press The Associated Press Top 25 Men 's College Basketball Poll at The Associated Press Index AP Ballot Information by Voter and Team for Football / Men 's Basketball AP Football Poll voters AP Men 's Basketball Poll voters Archive of all AP weekly polls for football and men 's / women 's basketball List of all Final AP football Poll results and champions <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA college football rankings NCAA 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 NCAA University Division 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 NCAA College Division 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 NCAA Division I 1973 1976 1977 NCAA Division I-A / FBS 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NCAA Division I - AA / FCS 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NCAA Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Polls AP Poll Coaches Poll <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I men 's basketball rankings navbox <Td_colspan="2"> 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 <Th_colspan="2"> Sports rating systems Concepts Home advantage Sabermetrics Strength of schedule Win probability Methods and computer models Advanced Football Analytics Albrecht Matrix Hybrid ARGH Power Ratings Dickinson System English Chess Federation grading Log5 Pomeroy College Basketball Ratings Pythagorean expectation Rating Percentage Index ( RPI ) Sonny Moore Power Ratings TrueSkill Elo family Chessmetrics DWZ Elo Glicko Universal Polls and opinion AP Poll FWAA - NFF Grantland Rice Super 16 Poll Harris Interactive College Football Poll Legends Poll NAIA Coaches ' Poll USA Today / Amway Coaches ' Poll People Mark Glickman John Hollinger Bill James Kenneth Massey Ken Pomeroy Jeff Sagarin Nate Silver Jeff Sonas Peter Wolfe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AP_Poll&oldid=818478224 '' Categories : Associated Press awards Bowl Championship Series College men 's basketball rankings in the United States College football rankings Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 20 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. AP Poll
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4,690,544,531,174,439,000 | she acts like we never met bob dylan | I Do n't Believe you ( She Acts Like We never have Met ) - Wikipedia I Do n't Believe you ( She Acts Like We never have Met ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Do n't Believe You ( She Acts Like We Never Have Met ) '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Bob Dylan <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Another Side of Bob Dylan Released August 8 , 1964 Recorded June 9 , 1964 Genre Folk Label Columbia Records Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Composer ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Tom Wilson <Th_colspan="2"> Another Side of Bob Dylan track listing <Td_colspan="2"> 11 tracks Side one `` All I Really Want to Do '' `` Black Crow Blues '' `` Spanish Harlem Incident '' `` Chimes of Freedom '' `` I Shall Be Free No. 10 '' `` To Ramona '' Side two `` Motorpsycho Nitemare '' `` My Back Pages '' `` I Do n't Believe You ( She Acts Like We Never Have Met ) '' `` Ballad in Plain D '' `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` I Do n't Believe You ( She Acts Like We Never Have Met ) '' is a 1964 song by Bob Dylan , from his fourth studio album , Another Side of Bob Dylan . Dylan biographer Robert Shelton describes it as being about `` the intoxication of a night of love followed by the throbbing headache of his partner 's emotional abandonment and detachment . '' Dylan , introducing it at his Halloween , 1964 performance ( released on The Bootleg Series Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall ) said , `` This is about all the people that say they 've never seen you ... '' Other live performances of the song by Dylan have been released on Biograph ( a performance recorded in Belfast on May 6 , 1966 ) , The Bootleg Series Vol. 4 : Bob Dylan Live 1966 , The `` Royal Albert Hall '' Concert ( recorded in Manchester on May 17 , 1966 ; also released on Live 1961 - 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances ) , The Last Waltz ( recorded in San Francisco on November 25 , 1976 ) , and The Bootleg Series Vol. 13 : Trouble No More 1979 -- 1981 ( Deluxe Edition ) ( recorded in London on June 27 , 1981 ) . The song was covered by Al Stewart on his 1972 album Orange . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shelton , Robert . No Direction Home : The Life and Music of Bob Dylan ( New York : Ballantine 1986 ) , p. 248 . External links ( edit ) I Do n't Believe You ( She Acts Like We Never Have Met ) lyrics at BobDylan.com <Th_colspan="2"> Bob Dylan <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards Bibliography Songs written by Dylan Studio albums Bob Dylan The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin ' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street - Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind Love and Theft Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Live albums Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Live 1961 -- 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert -- Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Compilations Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II Dylan The Basement Tapes Masterpieces Biograph Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan ( 1997 ) The Best of Bob Dylan , Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan Bob Dylan : The Collection The Best of Bob Dylan ( 2005 ) Blues Dylan The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan : The Complete Album Collection Vol . One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 Bootlegs Great White Wonder List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1967 , 1975 ) The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 Volume 4 : The Royal Albert Hall concert Vol. 5 : Bob Dylan Live 1975 , The Rolling Thunder Revue Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall Vol. 7 : No Direction Home : The Soundtrack Vol. 8 : Tell Tale Signs : Rare and Unreleased 1989 -- 2006 Vol. 9 : The Witmark Demos : 1962 -- 1964 Vol. 10 : Another Self Portrait ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 Vol. 13 : Trouble No More 1979 -- 1981 Concert tours England Tour ( 1965 ) World Tour ( 1966 ) Tour with The Band ( 1974 ) Rolling Thunder Revue ( 1975 -- 1976 ) World Tour ( 1978 ) Gospel Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) World Tour ( 1981 ) European Tour ( 1984 ) True Confessions Tour ( 1986 ) Tour with the Grateful Dead ( 1987 ) Temples in Flames Tour ( 1987 ) Never Ending Tour 2017 2018 Films Dont Look Back Eat the Document Renaldo and Clara Hard to Handle The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration Masked and Anonymous No Direction Home I 'm Not There 65 Revisited The Other Side of the Mirror : Bob Dylan Live at the Newport Folk Festival 1963 -- 1965 Trouble No More - A Musical Film Writings Tarantula Writings and Drawings Chronicles : Volume One Books about Dylan The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia Bob Dylan , Performing Artist Invisible Republic The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan Related The Band Traveling Wilburys Electric Dylan controversy Artists who have covered Dylan songs Joan Baez Suze Rotolo The Telegraph magazine Festival Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid Hearts of Fire Theme Time Radio Hour Gotta Serve Somebody : The Gospel Songs of Bob Dylan Chimes of Freedom ( album ) The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams Lost on the River : The New Basement Tapes Family Sara Dylan ( first wife ) Carolyn Dennis ( second wife ) Jesse Dylan ( son ) Jakob Dylan ( son ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal This 1960s song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Believe_You_(She_Acts_Like_We_Never_Have_Met)&oldid=815306529 '' Categories : 1964 songs Songs written by Bob Dylan Bob Dylan songs Glen Campbell songs Song recordings produced by Tom Wilson ( record producer ) 1960s song stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 02 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. "I Don't Believe You (She Acts Like We Never Have Met)"
2. Bob Dylan
3. Another Side of Bob Dylan
4. Songwriter: Bob Dylan
5. Emotional abandonment and detachment |
-7,541,835,656,391,760,000 | when does the movie peter rabit come out | Peter Rabbit ( film ) - wikipedia Peter Rabbit ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Peter Rabbit <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Will Gluck Produced by Will Gluck Zareh Nalbandian Screenplay by Will Gluck Rob Lieber Based on Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter Starring Rose Byrne Domhnall Gleeson Sam Neill Daisy Ridley Elizabeth Debicki Margot Robbie James Corden Music by Dominic Lewis Cinematography Peter Menzies Jr . Edited by Christian Gazal Production company Columbia Pictures Sony Pictures Animation Olive Bridge Entertainment Animal Logic 2.0 Entertainment Screen Australia Screen NSW Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date February 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) ( The Grove ) February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) ( United States ) March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) ( Australia ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Australia Language English Budget $50 million Box office $74.6 million Peter Rabbit is a 2018 3D live - action animated comedy film directed by Will Gluck from a screenplay by Gluck and Rob Lieber , based on the stories of the character of the same name created by Beatrix Potter . The film stars Domhnall Gleeson , Rose Byrne and Sam Neill , with the voices of James Corden , Daisy Ridley , Margot Robbie and Elizabeth Debicki . The film was released on February 9 , 2018 . It has grossed over $74 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Trailer criticism 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 `` Allergy bullying '' controversy 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Peter Rabbit , his cousin Benjamin , and his triplet sisters Flopsy , Mopsy and Cottontail , spend most of their days picking on Mr. McGregor and stealing his vegetables from his garden . They are friends with a local woman named Bea who spends her time painting pictures of the rabbits as well as the surrounding nature . Bea takes on a mother - like relationship with the rabbits due to the passing of their mother and father . One day Peter accidentally leaves his jacket back in McGregor 's garden and goes back to retrieve it . McGregor spots and catches him , but suddenly dies of a heart attack . Enthralled , Peter invites all of the woodland critters , and then takes over McGregor 's old house . Meanwhile in London , McGregor 's nephew Thomas works at the Harrod 's department store where he awaits for a promotion . He coldly accepts the news about his uncle 's death , but is infuriated over not getting the promotion and is fired . When he learns that his uncle 's house is valuable , he decides to refurbish it so he can sell it and start his own toy store to rival Harrod 's . He kicks out Peter and his friends and begins to secretly wall up the garden , despite Bea 's objections . When Peter and Benjamin sneak back into the garden , Thomas catches the latter and attempts to drown him . Peter and the triplets rescue him and Thomas accidentally tosses the binoculars that Bea had given him earlier . Thomas and Peter start a war with each other by setting up traps and other offensive nuisances . Thomas and Bea end up falling in love with each other which causes Peter to become jealous and wanting to separate them more . Bea soon gets mad at Peter for unintentionally ruining her paintings during one excursion and soon she also turns on Thomas when his violent tendencies begin to show . This all culminates when Thomas throws dynamite at Peter 's burrow , and uses it to attack Peter in the garden , before telling him that his antics caused him to become aggressive . When Peter detonates the dynamite to prove to Bea that Thomas was using it , he ends up knocking down the tree on top of the burrow , which crushes Bea 's art studio . Thinking that Thomas was responsible for the detonation , Bea breaks up with him , and he goes back to London to work at Harrod 's again . Peter feels bad for what he has done , and upon learning that Bea intends to leave Peter and his family , he and Benjamin head to London and finds Thomas at the store . They make up and rush back to the country where Peter reveals that he had activated the detonator , and he and Thomas apologize to Bea for their fighting . Thomas discovers that he can not go home because a snobbish couple , whom Thomas had an ugly encounter with prior , had just bought the house . Peter and his friends use their tricks to kick the couple out of the house . During the end credits , it is shown that Bea , Thomas , and the rabbits eventually moved to London together where Thomas has his own toy shop and Bea begins to write and illustrate books based on Peter and his friends . Cast ( edit ) Domhnall Gleeson as Thomas McGregor Rose Byrne as Bea Sam Neill as Mr. McGregor Marianne Jean - Baptiste as General Manager Felix Williamson as Derek Voice cast ( edit ) James Corden as Peter Rabbit Daisy Ridley as Cottontail Rabbit Margot Robbie as Flopsy Rabbit Margot Robbie also voices the narrator . Elizabeth Debicki as Mopsy Rabbit Colin Moody as Benjamin Bunny Domhnall Gleeson as Mr. Jeremy Fisher Rose Byrne as Jemima Puddle - Duck Sam Neill as Tommy Brock Sia as Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle Fayssal Bazzi as Mr. Tod Ewen Leslie as Pigling Bland Christian Gazal as Felix D'eer Rachel Ward as Josephine Rabbit Bryan Brown as Mr. Rabbit David Wenham as Johnny Town - Mouse Alexandra Gluck and Taryn Gluck as London Street Rats Will Reichelt as JW Rooster II The Singing Sparrows were voiced by Jessica Freedman , Shana Halligan , Katharine Hoye , Chris Man , Chad Reisser , and Fletcher Sheridan Production ( edit ) The film was first revealed in April 2015 through email leaks as a result of the Sony Pictures hack . The official announcement of the film came that December . On August 4 , 2016 , it was reported that Will Gluck would be directing the live action / animated film from a script by Gluck and Rob Lieber , with James Corden cast to voice Peter Rabbit and Rose Byrne to play one of the live - action roles . Gluck will also be producing the film along with Zareh Nalbandian of Animal Logic , which will be providing the visual effects and animation for the film . On September 26 , 2016 , Daisy Ridley and Elizabeth Debicki had joined the cast , with the live action production scheduled to commence in Sydney , Australia in January 2017 . On October 18 , Domhnall Gleeson was cast as Mr McGregor , known for chasing rabbits out of his vegetable garden , and on October 24 , Margot Robbie joined the cast , expected to voice a bunny . On November 7 , Sia was casted to join the film as Mrs Tiggy - Winkle . Filming ( edit ) On December 18 , 2016 , a first image of the title character , along with the movie 's logo , had been revealed . Production began in December 2016 . Live action scenes were filmed at Centennial Park in Sydney . In March 2017 , filming took place at Central railway station , Sydney which was depicted as London Paddington station . In April 2017 , a film crew were seen in Ambleside and Windermere in the Lake District . A local toy shop on Compston Road , Ambleside , was adapted to be Mr McGregors ' . Release ( edit ) Peter Rabbit was originally scheduled to be released on March 23 , 2018 , but it was moved up to February 9 , 2018 . Trailer criticism ( edit ) The first trailer was met with negative reception from critics and fans of the character , many of whom labelled the film as being too modern and insulting to Beatrix Potter 's works . Collider slammed the trailer as `` garbage '' and a `` low brow ' comedy ' cringe fest '' . Stuart Heritage from The Guardian stated that `` the Peter Rabbit film looks like the result of some blisteringly inept manhandling ( ... ) there 's something genuinely harrowing about the sight of Peter Rabbit -- gentle , Edwardian Peter Rabbit -- thoughtlessly injuring some birds , or grabbing a pile of lettuce leaves and making it rain like a banker in a strip club , or literally twerking '' and argued `` there is no way on Earth that ( Beatrix Potter would ) have ever given the green light to a slow motion car crash like this . '' Metro writer James Baldock found that the trailer was `` so gut wrenchingly bad '' and that `` if the movie lives up to its two minute preview -- ( it ) is set to be the greatest abomination to grace the big screen since The Emoji Movie . '' He finished by writing `` Listen carefully , and you can just about hear the sound of Beatrix Potter , turning furiously in her grave . '' On November 7 , a new trailer for the United Kingdom was released . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of February 25 , 2018 , Peter Rabbit has grossed $71.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $3 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $74.6 million , against a production budget of $50 million . In the United States and Canada , the film was released alongside Fifty Shades Freed and The 15 : 17 to Paris , and was projected to gross around $16 million from 3,725 theaters in its opening weekend , with some estimates as high as $25 million . It ended up making $25 million over the weekend , finishing second at the box office behind Fifty Shades ( $38.8 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 58 % based on 77 reviews and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Peter Rabbit updates Beatrix Potter 's classic characters with colorfully agreeable results that should entertain younger viewers while admittedly risking the wrath of purists . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 based on 24 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . `` Allergy bullying '' controversy ( edit ) In the first week after the film 's release , groups in multiple countries criticized it for `` allergy bullying '' and called for an apology from Sony . The accusations focused on a scene where Thomas McGregor -- whose character has a known severe allergy to blackberries -- is , in an act of self - defense by Peter Rabbit and his cohorts , pelted with the berries until one enters his mouth , causing him to enter anaphylactic shock and grab for his Epipen . In response , Sony published a statement saying `` We sincerely regret not being more aware and sensitive to this issue , and we truly apologise '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dominic Lewis to Score ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . Film Music Reporter . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit film set takes shape in Sydney '' . Jump up ^ Pressburg , Matt ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Why Sony , LStar Movie Finance Deal Fell Apart : Flops , ' Ghostbusters ' and Feet on Desk ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tweedie , Steven ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Leaked Sony emails reveal ' Peter Rabbit ' feature film is in the works '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Emoji Movie , Animated Spider - Man and Peter Rabbit Get Release Dates '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` James Corden , Rose Byrne in Talks to Star in Sony 's ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Daisy Ridley , Elizabeth Debicki Join ' Peter Rabbit ' Live - Action / Animated Pic ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gaul , Lou ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wish ' list : Bruce Willis to fill Charles Bronson 's shoes '' . Burlington County Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Rabbit Movie Coming from Columbia Pictures '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Domhnall Gleeson to Play Mr McGregor in Live - Action ' Peter Rabbit ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Margot Robbie in Talks to Join ' Peter Rabbit ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ sia . `` The new UK trailer for # PeterRabbitMovie has arrived ! Catch Sia as Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle in 2018 - Team Siapic.twitter.com/2fNIdnJwX5 '' . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit Images Offers First Look at New Beatrix Potter Adaptation - Screen Rant '' . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PETER RABBIT '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Rabbit First Look Photo Shows Off The Bunny Voice by James Corden '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Byrne , look alike body double , Domhnall Gleeson begin filming for Peter Rabbit in Centennial Park '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ These new signs at Central station are freaking Sydneysiders out Smoothfm March 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First ' Peter Rabbit ' Trailer Gives Us Another Reason to Be Mad at James Corden '' . Collider . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Corden 's Peter Rabbit : another kids ' classic wrecked forever '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the trailer for the new Peter Rabbit movie -- and it 's a total disaster '' . Metro . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony launches trailer for upcoming Peter Rabbit film '' . The Bookseller . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Worldwide Opening Weekend Will Steam Franchise Past $1 Billion -- B.O. Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Builds E.L. James Trilogy To $1 Billion Climax ; ' Peter Rabbit ' Bounces To $25 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit film criticised for depicting allergy bullying '' . The Guardian . February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seselja , Edwina ; Dawes , Samantha ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Peter Rabbit : Calls for Sony Pictures to apologise after food allergy bullying scene in new movie '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit film accused of food bullying as rabbits pelt allergic man with blackberries '' . The Daily Telegraph . February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Rabbit film producers apologise over allergy scene '' . BBC News . February 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Rabbit movie set , Centennial Park . Official website Peter Rabbit on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Beatrix Potter The Tales The Tale of Peter Rabbit The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin The Tailor of Gloucester The Tale of Benjamin Bunny The Tale of Two Bad Mice The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy - Winkle The Tale of the Pie and the Patty - Pan The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit The Story of Miss Moppet The Tale of Tom Kitten The Tale of Jemima Puddle - Duck The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly - Poly Pudding The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies The Tale of Ginger and Pickles The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes The Tale of Mr. Tod The Tale of Pigling Bland Appley Dapply 's Nursery Rhymes The Tale of Johnny Town - Mouse Cecily Parsley 's Nursery Rhymes The Tale of Little Pig Robinson Other books Tom Kitten 's Painting Book Jemima Puddle - Duck 's Painting Book Peter Rabbit 's Almanac for 1929 The Fairy Caravan Sister Anne Wag - by - Wall The Tale of the Faithful Dove The Sly Old Cat The Tale of Kitty - in - Boots Other media The Tales of Beatrix Potter The Tailor of Gloucester The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends Miss Potter Beswick Pottery The Game of Peter Rabbit Peter Rabbit Beatrix Potter 's The Tales of Peter Rabbit and Friends Peter Rabbit People Annie Moore Norman Warne Hardwicke Rawnsley Charlie McIntosh Leslie Linder Judy Taylor Locations Hill Top , Cumbria Beatrix Potter Gallery Near and Far Sawrey Dalguise Lake District Derwentwater St Herbert 's Island Little Town , Cumbria Newlands Church Newlands Valley Hawkshead Keswick , Cumbria Carleton Crematorium and Cemetery Armitt Library Esthwaite Water Sawrey Near Sawrey Melford Hall Moss Eccles Tarn Characters Peter Rabbit Mr. McGregor Tabitha Twitchit Publishers Frederick Warne & Co David McKay The Horn Book Magazine <Th_colspan="2"> Sony Pictures Animation Feature films Computer - animated Open Season ( 2006 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 ( 2013 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) The Star ( 2017 ) Live - action / animated The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Produced with Aardman Animations Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) The Pirates ! In an Adventure with Scientists ! ( 2012 ) Upcoming films Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) Goosebumps : Horror Land ( 2018 ) Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video Open Season 2 ( 2008 ) Open Season 3 ( 2010 ) Open Season : Scared Silly ( 2015 ) Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania ( 2017 ) Television series Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2017 -- ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- ) Ghostbusters : Ecto Force ( TBA ) Online series Go ! Cartoons ( 2017 -- 18 ) Short films The ChubbChubbs ! ( 2002 ) Early Bloomer ( 2003 ) Boog and Elliot 's Midnight Bun Run ( 2007 ) The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas ( 2007 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) So You Want to Be a Pirate ! ( 2012 ) Goodnight Mr. Foot ( 2012 ) The Smurfs : The Legend of Smurfy Hollow ( 2013 ) Super Manny ( 2013 ) Earl Scouts ( 2013 ) Steve 's First Bath ( 2014 ) Attack of the 50 - Foot Gummi Bear ( 2014 ) Puppy ! ( 2017 ) Franchises Open Season ( 2006 -- 2015 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 -- present ) The Smurfs ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 -- present ) See also Sony Pictures Imageworks Cartoon Hangover Screen Gems Cartoons <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Will Gluck <Td_colspan="2"> Fired Up ! ( 2009 ) Easy A ( 2010 ) Friends with Benefits ( 2011 ) Annie ( 2014 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Rabbit_(film)&oldid=828205353 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films Peter Rabbit American films American adventure comedy films American children 's films American children 's animated films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American fantasy adventure films Australian films Australian animated films Australian animated fantasy films Australian children 's films Columbia Pictures animated films Columbia Pictures films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about animals Films about rabbits and hares Films directed by Will Gluck Films scored by Dominic Lewis Films set in London Films shot in Sydney Films with live action and animation Sony Pictures Animation films 2018 computer - animated films Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote فارسی Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Русский Simple English Тоҷикӣ 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 04 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Peter Rabbit (film)
2. Beatrix Potter
3. Live-action animated comedy
4. Allergy bullying controversy
5. Box office success |
-6,398,542,498,779,198,000 | how many bullets in a chicago police handgun | Chicago Police Department - Wikipedia Chicago Police Department `` Chicago PD '' and `` Chicago P.D. '' redirect here . For the TV series , see Chicago P.D. ( TV series ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Chicago Police Department <Td_colspan="2"> Patch of the Chicago Police Department <Td_colspan="2"> Seal of the Chicago Police Department <Td_colspan="2"> Badge of a Chicago Police Department officer <Td_colspan="2"> Flag of the Chicago Police Department Common name Chicago P.D. Abbreviation CPD Motto We Serve and Protect <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview Formed 1835 ( 183 years ago ) Employees 12,051 ( 2018 ) Annual budget $1,552,346,776 ( 2018 est . ) <Th_colspan="2"> Jurisdictional structure Operations jurisdiction Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Size 237 sq mi ( 610 km ) Population 2,720,546 ( 2016 ) Legal jurisdiction City of Chicago Governing body Chicago City Council General nature Local civilian agency Headquarters 3510 S. Michigan Ave Chicago , Illinois , U.S. <Td_colspan="2"> Officers 11,944 ( 2012 ) Unsworn members 822 ( 2012 ) Agency executives Eddie T. Johnson , Superintendent of Police Anthony Riccio , First Deputy Superintendent Bureaus 5 ( show ) Bureau of Patrol Bureau of Detectives Bureau of Organized Crime Bureau of Organizational Development Bureau of Technical Services <Th_colspan="2"> Facilities Districts 22 ( show ) 001 : Central 002 : Wentworth 003 : Grand Crossing 004 : South Chicago 005 : Calumet 006 : Gresham 007 : Englewood 008 : Chicago Lawn 009 : Deering 010 : Ogden 011 : Harrison 012 : Near West 014 : Shakespeare 015 : Austin 016 : Jefferson Park 017 : Albany Park 018 : Near North 019 : Town Hall 020 : Lincoln 022 : Morgan Park 024 : Rogers Park 025 : Grand Central <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> www.chicagopolice.org The Chicago Police Department ( CPD ) is the law enforcement agency of the U.S. city of Chicago , Illinois , under the jurisdiction of the City Council . It is the second - largest municipal police department in the United States , behind only the New York City Police Department . It has about 12,244 officers and over 1,925 other employees . Tracing its roots back to 1835 , the Chicago Police Department is one of the oldest modern police forces in the world . The United States Department of Justice has criticized the Chicago Police Department for its poor training , lack of oversight , and routine use of excessive force . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Bureau of Detectives 1.2 Bureau of Patrol 1.3 Ranks 1.4 Insignia 1.5 Salary 2 Demographics 3 Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy ( C.A.P.S. ) 4 Strategic Subject List ( SSL ) 5 Weapons and duty equipment 6 History 6.1 19th century 6.1. 1 1820s -- 1830s 6.1. 2 1840s -- 1850s 6.1. 3 1860s -- 1870s 6.1. 4 1880s -- 1890s 6.2 20th century 6.2. 1 1900s -- 1910s 6.2. 2 1920s - 1930s 6.2. 3 1940s - 1950s 6.2. 4 1960s - 1970s 6.2. 5 1980s - 1990s 6.3 21st Century 6.3. 1 2000s - 2010s 6.3. 2 2010s - 2020s 7 Fallen officers 8 Union 9 Appearances in popular culture 10 Notable former officers 11 Pension system 12 Miscellaneous 13 Controversies and brutality 13.1 Summerdale scandals 13.2 1968 Democratic National Convention 13.3 The Black Panther raid 13.4 Ryan Harris murder 13.5 Russ / Haggerty shootings 13.6 Joseph Miedzianowski 13.7 William Hanhardt 13.8 Eddie C. Hicks 13.9 Jon Burge torture allegations 13.10 Nurse arrests 13.11 Bar attack 13.12 Jerome Finnigan 13.13 Shooting of Flint Farmer 13.14 Richard Zuley 13.15 Homan Square 13.16 Laquan McDonald 14 2017 Department of Justice report and agreement for enforcement 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Structure ( edit ) Chicago police officer The Superintendent of Police leads the Chicago Police Department . With the assistance of the First Deputy Superintendent , the Superintendent manages four bureaus , each commanded by a bureau chief . The mayor appointed former Bureau of Patrol Chief Eddie T. Johnson as Superintendent on March 28 , 2016 . He was preceded by Garry F. McCarthy , former director of the Newark , New Jersey , Police Department , as superintendent ; this was approved by the city council on June 8 , 2011 . McCarthy was the highest paid city employee with an annual salary of $260,004 . McCarthy resigned at the request of Mayor Emanuel on December 1 , 2015 over the city 's high murder rate and his department 's handling of the shooting of Laquan McDonald . Prior to McCarthy 's appointment , Jody P. Weis had served as superintendent of police since February 2008 . At the time , Weis was the second Chicago police superintendent hired from outside of the city . He replaced Philip J. Cline , who officially retired on August 3 , 2007 . Weis ' contract expired on March 1 , 2011 . Mayor Richard M. Daley appointed Cline 's predecessor , Terry Hillard , on an interim basis . The current First Deputy Superintendent is Kevin Navarro , appointed by Mayor Rahm Emanuel . As of December 2014 , the four bureaus of the department are : Bureau of Patrol ( BOP ) : Bureau Chief Fred Waller Bureau of Detectives : Bureau Chief Eugene Roy Bureau of Organized Crime ( BOC ) : Bureau Chief Anthony Riccio Bureau of Support Services ( BSS ) : Bureau Chief Barbara West The department is currently undergoing a major reorganization which eliminates the Bureau of Organizational Development , and places its duties primarily under the Bureau of Support Services . The Bureau of Internal Affairs is commanded by Chief Eddie L Welch III , and falls under the Office of the Superintendent . There are 22 police districts , consolidated from 25 in 2012 , each led by a commander who oversees his or her district . Commanders report to the three area deputy chiefs , who report to the Bureau of Patrol Chief . In 1960 , the municipal government created a five - member police board charged with nominating a superintendent to be the chief authority over police officers , drafting and adopting rules and regulations governing the police system , submitting budget requests to the city council , and hearing and deciding disciplinary cases involving police officers . Criminologist O.W. Wilson was brought on as Superintendent of Police , and served until 1967 when he retired . Bureau of detectives ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Investigative functions are under the Bureau of Detectives . The Bureau of Detectives is Headed by the Chief of Detectives . The Detective Division includes the three Area Detective Divisions . The Deputy Chief of the Special Investigations Unit oversees the Central Investigations Division , the Forensic Services Division which includes the Mobile Crime Lab of Forensic Investigators , ET - North and ET - South -- which are the two Evidence Technician Units , and the Youth Investigations Division . The Counterterrorism and Intelligence Division includes the Deployment Operations Center Section , the Intelligence Section , the Airport Law Enforcement Section , the Public Transportation Section , and the Bomb and Arson Section . The Organized Crime Division includes the Narcotics Section , Gang Investigations Section , Gang Enforcement Section , Vice Control Section , and the Asset Forfeiture Unit . The Chief of Detectives heads the Detective Division ; the Chief of Organized Crime heads that division -- both reporting to the First Deputy Superintendent . Two Deputy Chiefs assist the Chief of Detectives while one Deputy Chief assists the Chief of OCD . The city is covered by three Detective Division Areas ( North , Central , and South ) , each led by a Commander . Bureau of patrol ( edit ) The Bureau of Patrol includes the twenty - two districts . Also included in the Bureau of Patrol are the Special Functions Group , the Marine & Helicopter Units , Mounted Units , SWAT , the Traffic Section , and Canine Units . Following the disbanding of the Special Operations Section in 2007 after much negative publicity and controversies , the Special Functions Group was formed to absorb the specialized units that were not associated with the controversial plain - clothes unit known informally as SOS . A full - time SWAT team , organized in 2005 , includes 70 members . The dignitary protection unit , based at O'Hare International Airport , is the only unit that uses two - wheeled motorcycles . The Mounted Unit maintains 32 gelded horses at the South Shore Cultural Center . The marine unit maintains nine boats ; these bear an angled rendering of the Chicago City Flag at the bow , patterned after the United States Coast Guard `` racing stripe '' . Ranks ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Title Insignia Notes Superintendent Appointed by the Mayor of Chicago . Highest rank in the Chicago Police Department . First Deputy superintendent Chief Rank since September 8 , 2011 . Chiefs are typically in charge of a Bureau . Deputy chief Rank since September 8 , 2011 . Commander Commanders are typically in charge of a district . Captain Captains are typically Executive Officers of Districts . Lieutenant Sergeant Field training officer Field training officers wear one chevron over one rocker , with `` FTO '' in the center of the insignia , but are not considered ranking officers . Police officer / assigned as : detective / youth officer / gang specialist / police agent / major accident investigator / Chicago detectives are not considered ranking officers , but rather officers assigned to specialized units , e.g. violent crimes , robbery , gang and narcotics ( NAGIS ) , Internal Affairs Division ( IAD ) , Major Accident Investigation Section ( MAIS ) , etc . ( Unless they hold the rank of sergeant or above . ) Police officer Police officers are the first ranking officers . They are dispatched radio assignments , conduct patrol , and respond to other emergencies as needed . Insignia ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chicago Police Department officers in Marquette Park Chicago 's five - pointed star - shaped badge ( referred to as a `` star '' instead of a `` badge '' in the vernacular of the department ) also changes to reflect the different ranks of officers . The stars of most Chicago Police officers ( patrol officers through to captain ) are of silver - colored metal , with broad points . Command ranks have gold - colored stars with sharp points . A ring surrounding the full - color city seal in the star 's center changes color for each rank within these two classifications . Like most American police forces , the officer 's rank is written in an arc above the center element . The Chicago Police Department 's shoulder sleeve insignia , worn on the top of the left sleeve , is unusual in two regards . Its shape is octagonal instead of one of the more typical shapes used by most other American police forces . The embroidery colors vary depending upon the wearer 's rank . In all cases , the patch is a white octagon with a full - color rendering of the city seal , ringed in gold , with `` Chicago '' written in an arc above the seal , and `` Police '' written in an arc below the seal . For patrol officers and detectives ( detectives are occasionally uniformed for ceremonies and details ) , the octagon 's outer edge is finished in dark blue thread , and the text is embroidered in dark blue thread . For sergeants , lieutenants and captains , the octagon 's outer edge is finished in gold - colored thread , and the text is embroidered in dark blue thread . For `` command ranks '' ( commander through superintendent ) , the octagon 's outer edge is finished in gold - colored thread , and the text is embroidered in gold - colored thread . Service longevity is reflected just above the left cuff on most outer garments . Five years of service are indicated by a horizontal bar , embroidered in gold - colored thread ; ten years by two bars ; fifteen by three bars ; twenty by a five - pointed star , embroidered in gold colored thread ; twenty - five by one star and one bar and so - forth . An embroidered rendering of the flag of Chicago , its borders finished in gold - colored thread , is worn on the right shoulder sleeve . A two - part nameplate in gold - colored metal is worn above the right pocket . The upper portion bears the officer 's name ; the lower portion indicates the district or command to which the officer is assigned . The Chicago Police Department is one of only a handful of police agencies in the United States to use the checkered bands on its headgear , known as the Sillitoe Tartan after its originator , Percy Sillitoe , Chief Constable of Glasgow , Scotland in the 1930s . Where British , Australian and New Zealand Sillitoe tartans feature three rows of smaller squares , Chicago 's has two rows of larger squares . The checkerboard colors for patrol officers , detectives , dogs and horses are blue and white ; the colors for sergeants and higher ranks are blue and gold . Service caps , the campaign hats of the mounted unit , bicycle helmets , knit caps , dog collars , and horse browbands all bear the Sillitoe tartan ; the edge of the ball caps ' bills show a narrow , flattened Silitoe tartan . The department also uses the pattern on some signage , graphics , and architectural detail on newer police stations . Salary ( edit ) Starting salary for Chicago police officers in 2016 is $48,078 increased to $72,510 after 18 months . Promotions to specialized or command positions also increases an officer 's base pay . Salaries were supplemented with a $2,920 annual duty availability and an $1,800 annual uniform allowance . Demographics ( edit ) In 2010 , the composition of the department 's total personnel was : Male : 70 % Female : 30 % White : 49 % African - American / Black : 29 % Hispanic : 19 % Other : 3 % Chicago Alternative policing Strategy ( caps ) ( edit ) Main article : Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy Chicago Police Department Ford Interceptor Utility The Chicago Police Department is often credited for advancing community policing through the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy program . It was established in 1992 and implemented in 1993 by then - Chicago Police Superintendent Matt L. Rodriguez . CAPS is an ongoing effort to bring communities , police , and other city agencies together to prevent crimes rather than react to crimes after they happen . The program entails increasing police presence in individual communities with a force of neighborhood - based beat officers . Beat Community Meetings are held regularly for community members and police officials to discuss potential problems and strategies . Under CAPS , 9 - 10 beat officers are assigned to each of Chicago 's 279 police beats . The officers patrol the same beat for over a year , allowing them to get to know community members , residents , and business owners and to become familiar with community attitudes and trends . The system also allows for those same community members to get to know their respective officers and learn to be comfortable in approaching them for help when needed . Beat officers are fully equipped and patrol their neighborhoods in a variety of methods : by bike , by car , or by foot . Strategic subject list ( SSL ) ( edit ) Strategic Subject List ( SSL ) is an implementation of a computer algorithm developed by the Illinois Institute of Technology . SSL calculates the propensity of individuals committing or being targeted by gun violence . The fourth iteration now in use , has become a helpful indicator of murders , according to Eddie Johnson , Superintendent of Police . The system looks at an individual 's past criminal activities and specifically excludes biasing variables like race , gender , ethnicity and location according to Illinois Institute of Technology professor Miles Wernick . The algorithm assigns scores to individuals based on criminal records as well as any known gang affiliations and other variables . As of 2016 , the CPD created a list 1,400 of `` strategic subjects '' that has proven to be accurate and helpful to the department . In 2016 , over 70 percent of the people shot have been on the list , and 80 percent of the shooters . According to the CPD , 117 of the 140 people arrested during a citywide gang raid performed in 2016 were on the list . The list is used by social workers and community leaders . Weapons and duty equipment ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chicago Police camera in 2006 Chicago Police helmet & billy - club circa 1968 Chicago police officers are required to buy their own duty equipment ( except Taser x3 , x26 and Motorola radio Motorola phone ) . All field officers must also be qualified to carry a Taser . Some officers choose to carry a backup weapon as well , which must meet certain specifications and requires annual qualification . The prescribed semiautomatic pistol must meet the following requirements : Be manufactured by Beretta , SIG , Glock , Ruger , Smith & Wesson , or Springfield Armory . Be chambered in 9mm , . 40 S&W , or . 45 ACP . Be double - action only , hammer or striker - fired . Officers who were hired on or before 1 December 1991 may keep their older double - action / single - action pistols , as well as their 4 '' barrel Smith & Wesson , Ruger or Colt revolvers in . 38 Special or . 357 Magnum . Recruits hired on or after 28 August 2015 must choose from Springfield Armory , Smith & Wesson , or Glock striker - fired 9mm pistols . Officers hired before 19 May 2008 may continue to use the Double Action Only ( DAO ) Beretta , Ruger , SIG Sauer , and S&W pistols for duty use . Patrol vehicles contain long gun racks . Remington 870 12 - gauge shotguns are available in the event that additional firepower is needed . Officers must complete five days of training to carry an AR - 15 type rifle and have the option to purchase their own or use a department provided one . History ( edit ) 19th century ( edit ) 1820s -- 1830s ( edit ) Chicago Police Chief Francis O'Neill 1901 -- 1905 Chicago Police in the rain in 1973 on Michigan Avenue Chicago Police officer in 1973 inquiring about a traffic accident In 1825 , prior to the creation of Cook County , in what would later become , the village of Chicago , was in Putnam County . Archibald Clybourn was appointed to be Constable of the area between the DuPage River and Lake Michigan . Clybourn went on to become an important citizen of the city , and the diagonal Clybourn Avenue is named after him . When the town of Chicago was incorporated to become a city in 1837 , provisions were made to elect an officer called the High Constable . He in turn would appoint a Common Constable from each of the six city wards . 1840s -- 1850s ( edit ) In 1855 , the newly elected city council passed ordinances to formally establish the Chicago Police Department . Chicago was divided into three police precincts , each served by a station house . Station No. 1 was located in a building on State Street between Lake and Randolph streets . Station No. 2 was on West Randolph Street near Des Plaines Street . Station No. 3 was on Michigan Street ( since then renamed Hubbard Street ) near Clark Street . Political connections were important to joining the force ; formal requirements were few , until 1895 . After 1856 , the department hired many foreign - born recruits , especially unskilled , but English - speaking , Irish immigrants . 1860s -- 1870s ( edit ) In 1860 , the detective forces were established to investigate and solve crimes . In 1861 , the Illinois General Assembly passed a law creating a police board to become an executive department of Chicago autonomous of the mayor . The mayor was effectively stripped of his power to control the Chicago Police Department . Authority was given to three police commissioners . The commissioners created the office of superintendent to be the chief of police . The title is again in use today . The first African American officer was appointed in 1872 , but black police were assigned to duty in plain clothes only , mainly in largely black neighborhoods . In 1875 , the Illinois General Assembly found that the police commissioners were unable to control rampant corruption within the Chicago Police Department . The legislature passed a new law returning power over the police to the mayor . The mayor was allowed to appoint a single police commissioner with the advice and consent of the city council . 1880s -- 1890s ( edit ) In 1896 , a parade of Chicago police officers were the subject of the first film ever to be shot in Chicago . Women entered the force in 1885 , as matrons , caring for female prisoners . Marie Owens is believed to have been the first female police officer in the U.S. , joining the Chicago Police Department in 1891 , retiring in 1923 . Holding the rank of Sergeant , Owens enforced child labor and welfare laws . Despite centralized policies and practices , the captains who ran the precincts or districts were relatively independent of headquarters , owing their jobs to neighborhood politicians . Decentralization meant that police could respond to local concerns , but graft often determined which concerns got most attention . In 1895 , Chicago adopted civil service procedures , and written tests became the basis for hiring and promotion . Standards for recruits rose , though policing remained political . 20th century ( edit ) 1900s -- 1910s ( edit ) In 1906 , the Department 's Mounted Patrol was created to provide crowd control , and in 1908 , the force was granted its first three motor cars , expanding in 1910 to motorbikes and boats . Female officers were formally appointed beginning on August 13 , 1913 , starting with ten officers . In 1918 , Grace Wilson , possibly the first black female police officer in United States history , joined the force . In 1917 , the Chicago Police Reserves were formed , organised on a regimental basis . They were used to assist or replace regular officers in high - crowd events , such as Memorial Day , and during the 1918 flu pandemic , worked for two weeks to enforce stringent health regulations . 1920s - 1930s ( edit ) In 1920 , the Chicago Police Reserves were disbanded , owing to the failure of the City Council to provide for their organisation . The Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre led to the creation of the United State 's first crime laboratory at Northwestern University , purchased by the Department in 1938 . 1940s - 1950s ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) The Department 's Mounted Patrol was disbanded in 1948 . 1960s - 1970s ( edit ) Orlando W. Wilson , the first civilian superintendent , was appointed by the mayor in 1960 . A former dean of criminology , Wilson introduced major reforms to the Department , including a new and innovative communications center , the reduction of police stations , a fairer promotion process , and an emphasis on motorized patrol over foot patrol . Vehicles were painted blue and white and given blue lightbars , introducing the familiar silitoe tartan headbands , and the official motto , ' We Serve And Protect ' . In 1963 , the Cadet Program was also introduced . The 1968 Democratic National Convention in Grant Park led to major criticism of the Chicago Police 's crowd control methods , with the Walker Report criticizing both the Department and the National Guard for use of excessive force , and called the events a police riot . The Department 's Mounted Patrol , due to popular demand , was re-established in 1974 , renamed simply as the Mounted Unit . 1980s - 1990s ( edit ) In August 1983 , the Chicago Police Department 's first African American superintendent , Fred Rice , was appointed by Chicago 's first African American mayor , Harold Washington , followed by the first Hispanic superintendent , Matt L. Rodriguez , appointed by Mayor Richard M. Daley in 1992 . In 1994 , the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy ( CAPS ) was introduced , serving as a model for community policing operations nationwide , and in 1995 , the Emergency Management and Communications Center , also known as ' 9 - 1 - 1 Center ' , opened , combining call - taking operations for all the emergency services across Chicago . 21st century ( edit ) 2000s - 2010s ( edit ) The new Chicago Police Department Headquarters was opened on June 3 , 2000 , replacing an extremely aged and outdated building located at 1121 South State Street . 2010s - 2020s ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) New superintendent Eddie Johnson was sworn in on April 13 , 2016 , upon the resignation of Garry McCarthy . Fallen officers ( edit ) Marker under the Haymarket monument at Chicago Police headquarters Since 1853 , the Chicago Police Department has lost 540 officers in the line of duty . By custom , the department retires the stars of fallen officers and mounts them in a display case at Police Headquarters . Union ( edit ) The Chicago Police Department became unionized at the end of 1980 . This action was controversial as city officials resisted the union for as long as they could . Chicago police officers are represented by the Fraternal Order of Police . Appearances in popular culture ( edit ) Main article : Chicago Police Department in popular culture The 1957 -- 1960 television series M Squad centered on a squad of Chicago Police detectives . The episode `` The Jumper '' featured an officer taking bribes . It was reportedly this depiction that prompted then - Mayor Richard J. Daley to thereafter discourage motion picture and television location filming in the city for the rest of his administration and its aftermath . John Landis ' successful 1980 musical comedy motion picture The Blues Brothers ( see more below ) marked the reversal of that policy by Mayor Jane Byrne . Two notable exceptions to Daley 's ban were made for films released in 1975 . In Brannigan , John Wayne portrays Chicago Police Lieutenant Jim Brannigan . Cooley High ( set in 1964 ) was filmed entirely in Chicago and features a car chase through Navy Pier 's warehouse buildings ( since demolished ) , in which the pursuing Chicago police are repeatedly outmaneuvered by the joyriding teens . The Chicago Police Department and Illinois State Police are featured in the climactic car chase in 1980 's The Blues Brothers in which a Chicago Police dispatcher matter - of - factly advises responding officers that `` The use of unnecessary violence in the apprehension of the Blues Brothers has been approved . '' Reportedly in response to their portrayal in The Blues Brothers , the Chicago Police Department banned the use of the `` Chicago Police '' name and insignia in films until the early 2000s , resulting in several films and television shows replacing `` Chicago Police '' with `` Metro Police '' and other faux names , even if the films received technical assistance from the department , such as The Fugitive and The Negotiator . The television series Hill Street Blues ( 1981 -- 1987 ) never explicitly stated the name of the city in which it was set , although many exterior views ( lacking the principal actors ) were filmed in Chicago and used for establishing and transition shots . See the main article for expanded discussion on the setting . Robert De Niro portrays a former Chicago police officer turned bounty hunter in the 1988 film Midnight Run . Numerous references are made to the CPD as well as corruption within the department . There are also a number of scenes directly involving the CPD . The Chicago Police Department played a major role in 1993 's The Fugitive , showing them in a semi-brutal fashion after Kimble is incorrectly believed to have killed an on - duty police officer . The use of actual Chicago Police Department vehicles and uniforms is extensive and can be seen throughout the film . In the 1998 film The Negotiator , the Chicago Police played a major role within the film . The real Chicago Police Department provided technical support for the movie 's SWAT teams . The actors ' shoulder sleeve insignia were similar to the Chicago Police Department 's octagonal patches , albeit with `` Chicago '' replaced with `` Metropolitan . '' Chicago police officers are routinely depicted on the television series ER . The Chicago police are portrayed in the 2011 Fox Network series The Chicago Code . Unlike most depictions of Chicago police , the actors ' uniforms and insignia appear to be identical to their real - world counterparts , with the series being filmed on - location in the city . In The Lincoln Lawyer , Mickey Haller tells Detective Lankford that Frank Levin had been ex-Chicago PD to encourage him to investigate Levin 's murder . The Terra Nova character Jim Shannon said he was a detective with the department 's narcotics squad . The Chicago P.D. TV series is set inside the Chicago Police department . They appear in Square Enix 's title Hitman : Absolution where they hunt the player . The Chicago Police Department is featured in Ubisoft 's action - thriller video - game , Watch Dogs . In the Netflix series , Sense8 , character Will Gorski is suspended from the Chicago Police Department . CBS 's The Good Wife takes place in Chicago , and its characters frequently interact with officers of the Chicago Police Department . In the Season 6 finale of the show , protagonist Alicia Florrick 's client is detained at Homan Square , and she eventually has his admission while detained at the facility dismissed by a judge . Mike & Molly , television comedy series ( 2010 to 2016 ) , was based on an over weight couple , the lead character was a Chicago Police Officer . Melissa McCarthy and Billy Gardell star . Notable former officers ( edit ) Leonard Baldy , flying helicopter officer / traffic reporter for WGN Edward Allen Bernero , television writer and producer ( Third Watch , Criminal Minds ) Jon Burge , commander / detective , Area 2 ( 1970s - 1993 ; accused of torturing suspects to coerce confessions Alderman Edward M. Burke ( patrolman 1965 - 1968 ) - longest serving member of the Chicago City Council 1969 to Present and chairman of the Finance Committee ; past chairman of the city council Police and Fire Committee Don Cornelius , creator , producer , and former host of Soul Train Willie Cochran , Alderman , Chicago City Council 2007 -- present Dennis Farina , actor Terrance W. Gainer , former Sergeant at Arms for the United States Senate Jack Muller , author of I , Pig and Motorcycle Cop Sergio Oliva , professional bodybuilder - Mr Olympia Allan Pinkerton , first detective in department history ; founder of both the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the Union Intelligence Service ( predecessor of the United States Secret Service ) Charles H. Ramsey , Police Commissioner - Philadelphia P.D. ; Former Chief of Police - Washington , D.C. Renault Robinson , co-founder of the CPD 's Afro - American Patrolman 's League . Steve Wilkos , talk show host and former head of The Jerry Springer Show security team Richard Zuley , Chicago detective and later Guantánamo interrogator ; accused of torture Pension system ( edit ) The Policemen 's Annuity and Benefit Fund of Chicago , which is the pension fund for CPD police officers , is projected to run out of money to pay retirees by 2021 unless a taxpayer bailout props up the fund . At the end of 2020 , the fund `` will have less than $150 million in assets to pay $928 million promised to 14,133 retirees the following year . Fund assets will fall from $3.2 billion at the end of 2015 to $1.4 billion at the end of 2018 , $751 million at the end of 2019 and $143 million at the end of 2020 . '' Miscellaneous ( edit ) Saint Jude is the patron saint of the Chicago Police Department . Controversies and brutality ( edit ) The police motorcade awaits the start of the 2007 Chicago Marathon . Over the years , the Chicago Police Department has been the subject of a number of scandals , police misconduct and other controversies : Summerdale scandals ( edit ) The Chicago Police Department did not face large - scale reorganization efforts until 1960 under Mayor Richard J. Daley . That year , eight officers from the Summerdale police district on Chicago 's North Side were accused of operating a large - scale burglary ring . The Summerdale case dominated the local press , and became the biggest police - related scandal in the city 's history at the time . Mayor Daley appointed a committee to make recommendations for improvements to the police department . The action resulted in the creation of a five - member board charged with nominating a superintendent to be the chief authority over police officers , enacting rules and regulations governing the police system , submitting budget requests to the city council , and overseeing disciplinary cases involving officers . Criminologist O.W. Wilson was brought on as Superintendent of Police , and served until 1967 when he retired . 1968 Democratic National convention ( edit ) Main articles : 1968 Democratic National Convention and 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity Play media Film shot by DASPO of the protests and Chicago police and military response to the protests Both Daley and the Chicago Police Department faced a great deal of criticism for the department 's actions during the 1968 Democratic National Convention , which was held in Chicago from August 26 to 29 , 1968 . The convention was site of a series of protests , mainly over the war in Vietnam . Despite the poor behavior of some protesters , there was widespread criticism that the Chicago Police and National Guard used excessive force . Time published an article stating ; With billy clubs , tear gas and Mace , the blue - shirted , blue - helmeted cops violated the civil rights of countless innocent citizens and contravened every accepted code of professional police discipline . No one could accuse the Chicago cops of discrimination . They savagely attacked hippies , yippies , New Leftists , revolutionaries , dissident Democrats , newsmen , photographers , passers - by , clergymen and at least one handicapped . Winston Churchill 's journalist grandson got roughed up . Even Dan Rather ( the future CBS News anchor ) who was on the floor doing a report during the convention got roughed up by the Chicago Police Department . Playboy 's Hugh Hefner took a whack on the backside . The police even victimized a member of the British Parliament , Mrs. Anne Kerr , a vacationing Laborite who was maced outside the Conrad Hilton and hustled off to the lockup . Subsequently , the Walker Report to the U.S. National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence called the police response a `` police riot , '' assigning blame for the mayhem in the streets to the Chicago Police . The black Panther raid ( edit ) See also : Fred Hampton On December 4 , 1969 , Black Panther Party leaders Fred Hampton and Mark Clark were shot and killed by officers working for the Cook County state 's attorney . Though the police claimed they had been attacked by heavily armed Panthers , subsequent investigation showed that most bullets fired came from police weapons . Relatives of the two dead men eventually won a multimillion - dollar judgment against the city . For many African Americans , the incident symbolized prejudice and lack of restraint among the largely white police . The incident led to growing black voter disaffection with the Democratic machine . Ryan Harris murder ( edit ) On July 28 , 1998 , an 11 - year - old girl , Ryan Harris , was found raped and murdered in a vacant lot in the city 's Englewood neighborhood . The homicide caught the nation 's attention when , 12 days after Ryan 's body was found , authorities , with the blessing of police command , charged a 7 - year - old boy and 8 - year - old boy with the murder , making them the youngest murder suspects in the nation at the time . Semen found at the scene and subsequent DNA tests totally cleared the boys of the crime and pointed to convicted sex offender Floyd Durr . The boys each filed lawsuits against the city , which were eventually settled for millions of dollars . Durr pleaded guilty to the rape of Harris , but never admitted to her murder . Russ / Haggerty shootings ( edit ) In the summer of 1999 , two unarmed black motorists , Robert Russ and LaTanya Haggerty , were both fatally shot in separate incidents involving the Chicago Police . In the first incident , Russ , an honor student and star football player for Northwestern University , was shot inside of his car . This followed a high - speed chase and what the police claim was a struggle with the officer who shot him . In the second , Haggarty , a computer analyst , was shot by a female officer . Charges of racism against the CPD persisted , despite the fact that officers in both incidents were also black . Both shootings resulted in lawsuits and Haggerty 's family reached an $18 million settlement with the city . In Malcolm Gladwell 's book on the cognitive function of snap judgments , Blink , well - known criminologist and police administrator James Fyfe said that Chicago police instructions in cases such as Russ 's were `` very detailed . '' He said that the record shows that the officers involved all broke procedure and let the situation become unnecessarily deadly for the suspect . For instance , after claiming to see Russ drive erratically , the officers engaged in a driving pursuit . The pursuit , labeled `` high - speed , '' did not exceed 70 miles per hour , but Fyfe contends that the adrenaline rush of the chase , coupled with the officers ' reliance in their numbers , led to their ignoring impulses to maintain rational thinking in a potentially non-deadly situation . They speeded up a process that both allowed and required taking things more slowly and methodically . Russ 's car spun out on the Ryan Expressway , at which point several officers quickly approached his vehicle . According to Gladwell , the false safety of numbers gave the three officers `` the bravado to rush the car . '' Fyfe adds , `` The lawyers ( for the police ) were saying that this was a fast - breaking situation . But it was only fast - breaking because the cops let it become one . He was stopped . He was n't going anywhere . '' Fyfe describes appropriate police procedure and contrasts the events that contributed to Russ 's death thus , ( According to police instructions ) You are not supposed to approach the car . You are supposed to ask the driver to get out . Well , two of the cops ran up ahead and opened the passenger side door . The other ( officer ) was on the other side , yelling at Russ to open the door . But Russ just sat there . I do n't know what was going through his head . But he did n't respond . So this cop smashes the left rear window of his car and fires a single shot , and it hits Russ in the hand and chest . The cop says that he said , ' Show me your hands , show me your hands , ' and he 's claiming now that Russ was trying to grab his gun . I do n't know if that was the case . I have to accept the cop 's claim . But it 's beside the point . It 's still an unjustified shooting because he should n't have been anywhere near the car , and he should n't have broken the window . Gladwell also notes that the Russ and Haggerty killings occurred on the same night . Joseph Miedzianowski ( edit ) In April 2001 , Joseph Miedzianowski was convicted of racketeering and drug conspiracy during much of his 22 - year career with the department . In January 2003 he was sentenced to life without the possibility of parole . His partner John Galligan and 24 other drug dealers were also arrested as part of the same investigation . William Hanhardt ( edit ) In October 2001 , Deputy Superintendent William Hanhardt pleaded guilty to running a nationwide jewel - theft ring that over twenty years may have stolen five million dollars ' worth of diamonds and other gems . He had served with the department for 33 years and was sentenced to twelve years in federal custody . Eddie C. Hicks ( edit ) In December 2001 , Sergeant Eddie C. Hicks was indicted for operating a gang with other CPD officers . The group would raid drug houses , taking the contraband for resale . Hicks skipped a court appearance on June 9 , 2003 , and was placed on the FBI 's most - wanted list . Hicks was arrested in Detroit on September 12 , 2017 , nearly 15 years after he fled on the eve of trial on federal drug conspiracy charges . Hicks , 68 , has been the subject of an international manhunt since 2003 , according to the FBI . He appeared in federal court in Detroit on Tuesday and was ordered held until he can be brought to Chicago to face the charges . Jon Burge torture allegations ( edit ) Main article : Jon Burge Since the early 1980s , official investigations have responded to numerous allegations against former Commander Jon Burge , who has been accused of abusing more than two - hundred mostly African - American men from 1972 to 1991 in order to coerce confessions to crimes . Alleged victims claimed that Burge and his crew of detectives had them beaten , suffocated , burned , and treated with electric shock . In 1993 , Burge was fired from the department , and is currently collecting his police pension . In summer 2006 , special prosecutors completing a four - year investigation concluded that they had enough evidence to prove crimes against Burge and others , but `` regrettably '' could not bring charges because the statute of limitations had passed . In January 2008 , the City Council approved a $19.8 million settlement with four men who claimed abuse by Burge and his men . In October 2008 , Patrick J. Fitzgerald , United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois , had Burge arrested on charges of obstruction of justice and perjury in relation to a civil suit regarding the torture allegations against him . Burge was eventually convicted on all counts on June 28 , 2010 and was sentenced to four and one half years in federal prison on January 21 , 2011 . On May 6 , 2015 , Chicago City Council approved `` reparations '' of $5.5 million to victims of the torture , after spending $100 million in previous legal settlements . In addition , an apology was offered , and a promise to teach school children about these historical events . Nurse arrests ( edit ) On November 19 , 2002 , Rachelle Jackson , a registered nurse , was on her way to work when she witnessed a vehicle accident involving a patrol car , in which Officer Kelly Brogan was dazed and her partner was unconscious . Fearing an explosion , Jackson removed both officers from the vehicle , and voluntarily went to the police station under the assumption of giving a statement after being informed that Brogan 's service weapon was stolen . Instead she was interrogated for two days with little food or sleep and no access to a bathroom . She was coerced into signing a statement that she had battered Brogan and taken her gun . She was jailed for 10 months before the charges were dismissed . Jackson was awarded $7.9 million by a jury in her lawsuit against Brogan and the city . In 2009 , the amount was reduced to $1.9 million . More than half the original verdict was awarded for `` intentional inflection of emotional distress . '' Bar attack ( edit ) Bartender being punched and kicked by off duty Chicago Police officer Anthony Abbate . In 2007 , security camera footage surfaced of an intoxicated off - duty police officer , Anthony Abbate , punching and kicking a female bartender , Karolina Obrycka . This occurred at Jesse 's Shortstop Inn on February 19 , 2007 , after Obrycka refused to serve him any more alcohol . Abbate was later arrested , charged with felony battery , and stripped of police powers after TV news stations aired the footage . The Chicago Police soon terminated Abbate from the force , but questions remained over the city 's handling of the case . Abbate was allowed to enter his courtroom hearing through a side door , in order to shield himself from the press . This generated controversy and allegations surfaced that the police ticketed the vehicles of news organizations and threatened reporters with arrest . Superintendent Cline announced that he would demote the Captain who gave the orders , and launched investigations into the actions of the other officers involved . On April 27 , 2007 , 14 additional charges against Abbate were announced . These included official misconduct , conspiracy , intimidation , and speaking with a witness . Abbate pleaded not guilty to all 15 charges during a brief hearing on May 16 , 2007 . Referring to Abbate , Superintendent Phil Cline stated , `` He 's tarnished our image worse than anybody else in the history of the department . '' The video of the attack has been viewed worldwide on 24 - hour news channels and has garnered more than 100,000 views on YouTube . In the wake of this scandal and a similar scandal related to another videotaped police beating at a bar , Cline announced his retirement on April 2 , 2007 . While both men have denied it , some believe that Cline retired under pressure from Mayor Richard M. Daley . Daley has since announced a plan to create an independent police review authority to replace the current Office of Professional Standards ( OPS ) , which is under the jurisdiction of the police department . On April 30 , 2007 , attorneys representing Obrycka filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois against the city of Chicago and Abbate and several other individuals . On November 13 , 2012 , a federal jury found that a `` widespread code of silence '' within the Chicago Police Department had allowed Abbate to feel that he could attack Obrycka without fear of reprisal . They also found that Abbate participated in a conspiracy to cover up the attack . The jury awarded Obrycka $850,000 in damages . Abbate was convicted of aggravated battery , a felony , on June 2 , 2009 . Cook County Circuit Judge John J. Fleming rejected Abbate 's claims that he had acted in self - defense . However , since Obrycka testified that Abbate had not identified himself as an officer during the attack Abbate was acquitted of official misconduct charges . Abbate faced up to five years in prison for the attack . On June 23 , 2009 , Abbate was sentenced to two years probation , including a curfew between 8 pm and 6 am , mandatory attendance at anger management classes , and 130 hours of community service . On December 15 , 2009 , Abbate was officially fired from the CPD after a mandatory review by the Chicago Civilian Police Board . The firing was a formality , as the CPD does not allow convicted felons to serve on the force . Jerome Finnigan ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 ) Chicago Police Officers Jerome Finnigan , Keith Herrera , Carl Suchocki , and Thomas Sherry were indicted in September 2007 for robbery , kidnapping , home invasion , and other charges . They were alleged to have robbed drug dealers and ordinary citizens of money , drugs , and guns . The officers were all part of Special Operations Sections ( SOS ) . The officers had allegedly victimized citizens for years ; however , allegations of their misconduct was not investigated until 2004 . According to the State 's Attorney , the officers repeatedly missed court dates and allowed alleged drug dealers to go free . Several lawsuits alleging misconduct on behalf of Finnigan and his team have been filed in federal court . Since the original indictments , Jerome Finnigan has also been charged with attempting to have several fellow officers killed . Since the scandal involving Finnigan , SOS has been disbanded . On February 11 , 2009 , charges against Chicago Police Department officers Tom Sherry and Carl Suchocki were dropped . A Cook County judge dismissed all criminal charges accusing them of robbery and home invasion after some evidence was proven to be false , and witnesses in the case against Sherry and Suchocki were unable to place the officers at the scene of the crime . Charges against Herrera and Finnigan , however , are still pending . As of September 25 , 2009 , seven former SOS officers have pleaded guilty to charges relating to the scandal . The investigation is ongoing as police officers continue to come forward and cooperate with the state and federal investigation . Shooting of Flint Farmer ( edit ) On June 7 , 2011 , Flint Farmer was fatally shot three times in the back by Chicago police officer Gildardo Sierra . Sierra and a partner had responded to a domestic disturbance call allegedly involving Farmer . When confronted by the police , Farmer fled . Sierra shot at Farmer multiple times , hitting him in the leg and abdomen . Publicly available police video shows Sierra circle the prone Farmer as three bright flashes emit from approximately waist level . The coroner who performed the autopsy on Farmer reported that Farmer could have survived the shots to the leg and abdomen , but any of the three shots through the back would have been fatal . Officer Sierra had been involved in two other shootings in 2011 . Although the Chicago police department ruled the shooting justified , by October 23 , 2011 Sierra had been stripped of his police powers and the FBI had opened an investigation into the incident . Eventually , no charges were brought against the officers . The city settled the civil case with Farmer 's family for $4.1 million but did not admit fault . Richard Zuley ( edit ) After his retirement multiple inquiries into overturned convictions that had relied on confessions he coerced triggered the Conviction Integrity Unit of the Cook County State 's Attorney 's Office to plan to subpoena Zuley 's entire complaint history . Zuley faces multiple lawsuits from individuals who claim he framed them , or beat confessions from them . Lathierial Boyd was exonerated and freed in 2013 after serving 23 years in prison , based on evidence from Zuley and suppression of exculpatory evidence . He filed a federal civil rights lawsuit , as well as suing the city , saying that Zuley framed him for a murder and attempted murder outside a nightclub in 1990 . Anthony Garrett , who received a 100 - year sentence for killing a seven - year - old boy , alleged Zuley beat his confession out of him . On February 18 , 2015 , Spencer Ackerman , reporting in The Guardian , covered Zuley 's alleged involvement in the torture and forced confessions of several homicide cases in Chicago . He said several inmates claimed abuse by Zuley . In addition , he revealed additional details of Zuley 's participation as a US Navy Reserve lieutenant from late 2002 to 2004 in the interrogation and torture of Guantanamo captive Mohamedou Ould Slahi . Slahi was among several men classified by the US as high - value detainees , for whom the Secretary of Defense authorized extended interrogation techniques , since characterized as torture . Jason Meisner , writing in the Chicago Tribune , reported that The Guardian characterized Zuley 's use of torture as `` brutal and ineffective '' . Memos Zuley wrote , quoted in the Senate Intelligence Committee 's report on the CIA 's use of torture , described him using `` stress positions '' -- the shackling of interrogation subjects in painful postures for extended periods of time . Zuley currently faces lawsuits in Chicago for using these techniques against American civilians . Homan Square ( edit ) The Guardian reported in February 2015 that the Chicago Police Department `` operates an off - the - books interrogation compound , rendering Americans unable to be found by family or attorneys while locked inside what lawyers say is the domestic equivalent of a CIA black site . '' The Guardian added that the facility , the Homan Square Police Warehouse at 1011 S. Homan Ave in Chicago ( 41 ° 52 ′ 06 '' N 87 ° 42 ′ 36 '' W / 41.8684 ° N 87.71 ° W / 41.8684 ; - 87.71 ) , `` has long been the scene of secretive work by special police units . '' The Guardian said that interviews with local attorneys and one protester `` describe operations that deny access to basic constitutional rights ... The secretive warehouse ... trains its focus on Americans , most often poor , black and brown ... Witnesses , suspects or other Chicagoans who end up inside do not appear to have a public , searchable record entered into a database indicating where they are , as happens when someone is booked at a precinct . Lawyers and relatives insist there is no way of finding their whereabouts . Those lawyers who have attempted to gain access to Homan Square are most often turned away , even as their clients remain in custody inside . '' After the Guardian published the story , the Chicago Police provided a statement saying , without specifics , that there is nothing improper taking place at what it called the `` sensitive '' location , home to undercover units . The statement said `` CPD ( Chicago Police Department ) abides by all laws , rules and guidelines pertaining to any interviews of suspects or witnesses , at Homan Square or any other CPD facility . If lawyers have a client detained at Homan Square , just like any other facility , they are allowed to speak to and visit them . '' The Guardian said several attorneys and one Homan Square arrestee have denied this . The CPD statement continued by saying `` There are always records of anyone who is arrested by CPD , and this is not any different at Homan Square . '' The Guardian said the Chicago Police statement did not address how long into an arrest or detention those records are generated or their availability to the public , and that a department spokesperson did not respond to a detailed request for clarification . Laquan McDonald ( edit ) Play media Voice of America news report of the third day of protests in Chicago after the release of a video of the shooting of Laquan McDonald On October 20 , 2014 , 17 - year old Laquan McDonald was fatally shot by Officer Jason Van Dyke . The killing sparked protests and calls for the mayor to resign . A video released revealed McDonald walking down a street , carrying a knife . McDonald was walking parallel to the two police cars when he was shot 16 times . A criminal complaint filed in Cook County Circuit Court revealed that Van Dyke was the only officer to shoot . The complaint also said that McDonald was on PCP at the time of his death . Protestors were frustrated that the video took 13 months to release . A freelance journalist sued to have the footage released as it was a public record . A judge found in the reporter 's favor and the video became public in November 2015 . Van Dyke was charged with six counts of first - degree murder and one count of official misconduct . He remained on desk duty after the shooting . Van Dyke had a history of complaints in his career but was cleared in a majority of the cases . He pleaded not guilty on December 29 , 2015 to the charges against him . After his arraignment , his attorney , Daniel Herbert , said that he would be looking for evidence to clear his client 's name . 2017 Department of Justice report and agreement for Enforcement ( edit ) Following the McDonald shooting , Illinois State Attorney General Lisa Madigan requested that the US Department of Justice conduct a civil rights investigation of the Chicago Police Department . They released their report in January 2017 , announcing an agreement with the city to work on improvements under court supervision . They strongly criticized the police for a culture of excessive violence , especially against minority suspects and the community , and said there was insufficient and poor training , and lack of true oversight . See also ( edit ) Chicago portal Illinois portal Law enforcement / Law enforcement topics portal Citizen Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting Crime in Chicago Cook County Sheriff 's Office List of law enforcement agencies in Illinois References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Inspector General '' . chicagoinspectorgeneral.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` City of Chicago Police Districts and Community Areas '' . Chicago Police Department . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies , by Brian A Reaves , US Department of Justice , Office of Justice Programs , Bureau of Justice Statistics , July 2011 Jump up ^ Chicago Police Department 2011 Annual Report Archived June 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Police Department - History '' . chicagopolice.org . n.d. Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justice report rips Chicago police for excessive force , lax discipline , bad training '' . Chicago Tribune . January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` City Council unanimously approves McCarthy for police superintendent '' . WGN - TV . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Garry McCarthy '' . NBC Chicago . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Department Bureaus & Offices '' . Chicago Police Department . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Chooses Criminologist to Head and Clean Up the Police '' . United Press International / The New York Times . February 22 , 1960 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to the Orlando Winfield Wilson Papers , ca '' . Online Archive of California . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Mounted Unit '' . Portal.chicagopolice.org. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Position & Salary Schedule -- Chicago Police Department '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Police Department . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Annual Report A Year in Review '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beat Officers Chicago Police Department '' . home.chicagopolice.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Predictable policing '' . The Economist . ISSN 0013 - 0613 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago turns to big data to predict gun and gang violence '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Davey , Monica ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Chicago Police Try to Predict Who May Shoot or Be Shot '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ CPD Uniform and Property U04 - 02 - 01 Jump up ^ White , Jesse . Origin and Evolution of Illinois Counties . State of Illinois , March 2010 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ History of the Chicago Police : From the Settlement of the Community to the Present Time , Under Authority of the Mayor and Superintendent of the Force . John Joseph Flinn and John Elbert Wilkie . Published under the auspices of the Police book fund , 1887 Jump up ^ `` Forgotten Chicago '' . Forgotten Chicago . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The First Movie Ever Shot in Chicago '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mastony , Colleen ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` Was Chicago home to the country 's 1st female cop ? Researcher uncovers the story of Sgt . Marie Owens '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Police '' . Encyclopedia of Chicago . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Officer Down Memorial Page - Chicago Police Department '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arthur R. Rotstein ( November 11 , 1980 ) . `` Chicago police vote overwhelmingly to be unionized '' . The Madison Courier . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Leonard Baldy Jump up ^ Sergio Oliva ^ Jump up to : `` Projection : Chicago 's police pension fund will be broke in 2021 '' . Chicago City Wire. 2017 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Orsi , Robert A. ( 1996 ) . Thank you , St. Jude women 's devotion to the patron saint of hopeless causes . New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Press . p . X . ISBN 9780300162691 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dementia in the Second City '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sadovi , Carlos . `` Ryan Harris ' slaying haunts mother and city '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Offender Admits To 1998 Murder '' . CBS News . April 10 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Judge OKs $18 M Settlement '' . DigitalJournal.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gladwell , Malcolm ( 2005 ) . Blink : The Power of Thinking Without Thinking New York , NY : Black Bay Books / Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01066 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gladwell , p. 228 , Jump up ^ Gladwell , Malcolm ( 2005 ) . p. 228 Blink : The Power of Thinking Without Thinking New York , NY : Black Bay Books / Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01066 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rogue cop gets life ; Drug ring leader called betrayer of society , honest police , January 25 , 2003 , by Todd Lighty and Matt O'Connor , Chicago Tribune Jump up ^ High - ranking crooked cop released to halfway house ; Former chief of detectives ran jewel - theft ring , 82 - year - old nearing end of 12 - year sentence , July 19 , 2011 , by Becky Schlikerman , Chicago Tribune Jump up ^ O'Connor , Matt ; Ferkenhoff , Eric ( 5 December 2001 ) . `` 2 ex-cops indicted in string of thefts '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie C. HIcks '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Meisner , Jason . `` Ex-Chicago cop , a fugitive for almost 15 years , arrested in Detroit '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tools of Torture '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` City Council Approves $19.8 M Burge Settlement '' . cbs2chicago.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago approves $5.5 M package for police torture victims '' . May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago agrees to pay $5.5 m to victims of police torture in 1970s and 80s '' . May 6 , 1015 . Jump up ^ `` Rachelle Jackson Rescued Officer From Burning Squad Car And Spent Over Ten Months In Jail '' . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Woman gets $7.7 M in false arrest case '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Rachelle Jackson v. City of Chicago , et al '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Bond set for cop charged in bar attack '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2007 . Retrieved March 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cline takes on thug cops '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Officer faces new charges in videotaped beating of bartender '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cop pleads not guilty to taped bartender beating '' . CNN . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Videotaped beating dogs Chicago police '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago 's Top Cop Resigns '' . WMAQ - TV . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor wants cop oversight unit out of department '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woman Beaten on Video Sues Cop , Chicago '' . CBS Interactive Inc . April 30 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Annie ; Jason Meisner ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Police cover - up found in bartender beating '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Walberg , Matthew ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Bartender beating : Cop convicted in attack of female bartender that was caught on videotape : Judge rejects officer 's claims of self - defense '' . The Chicago Tribune . Chicago , Illinois : Tribune Company . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Police officer convicted of beating woman fired '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2009 . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frank Main and Rummana Hussain ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` Charges dropped against Special Operations Section officers '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org. 2011 - 08 - 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Murder for Hire '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived April 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Chicago police put antlers on black man and posed for pictures '' . First Look Media . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Gorner , Steve Mills and Stacy St. Clair ( October 22 , 2011 ) . `` Chicago cop under scrutiny for 3 shootings , 2 of them fatal '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ No charges against cop who shot unarmed man ; Prosecutors say disturbing 2011 video supports officer 's version of events , by Stacy St. Clair and Steve Mills , 6 November 2013 , Chicago Tribune Jump up ^ `` Report : Chicago cop investigated for shootings '' . Associated Press . October 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Meisner ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Retired Chicago detective focus of British newspaper investigation '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . The Chicago cop 's little - known role as a Guantanamo interrogator -- called into duty as a lieutenant in the Navy Reserve -- received wide attention last week in a two - part series in The Guardian . The British newspaper interviewed several former military investigators and culled details from the Senate report as well as Slahi 's recently released memoir , `` Guantanamo Diary , '' to paint a portrait of Zuley as a brutal and ineffective interrogator . Jump up ^ Spencer Ackerman ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Guantánamo torturer led brutal Chicago regime of shackling and confession '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 18 . A Chicago detective who led one of the most shocking acts of torture ever conducted at Guantánamo Bay was responsible for implementing a disturbingly similar , years - long regime of brutality to elicit murder confessions from minority Americans . ^ Jump up to : Ackerman , Spencer ( February 2015 ) . The disappeared : Chicago police detain Americans at abuse - laden ' black site ' , The Guardian Jump up ^ Lydersen , Kari . Guardian UK Exposes Detailing Horrific Abuses at Police ' Black Sites ' . `` Author and journalist Kari Lyderson says while the details of The Guardian 's exposes are certainly disturbing , many communities of color who have been victims of police brutality are not surprised . '' 26 February 2015 , The Real News Jump up ^ `` The disappeared : Chicago police detain Americans at abuse - laden ' black site ' '' . The Guardian . February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago ' black site ' : former US justice officials call for Homan Square inquiry '' . The Guardian . February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Homan Square black site '' . The Guardian . February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' It 's a domestic black site ' : inside one protester 's secretive US police detention ; video '' . The Guardian . February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gestapo ' tactics at US police ' black site ' ring alarm from Chicago to Washington '' . The Guardian . February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Held for hours at secret Chicago ' black site ' : ' You 're a hostage . It 's kidnapping ' '' . The Guardian . February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stories Continue To Emerge From Chicago Police Department ' Black Site ' '' . Chicagoist . February 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago cop pleads not guilty - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 29 . Further reading ( edit ) Basu , Tanya . `` Behind ' the Disappeared ' of Chicago 's Homan Square '' , The Atlantic , February 2015 . Bingham , Dennis , and Schultz , Russell A . A Proud Tradition : A Pictorial History of the Chicago Police Department . Chicago , IL : Chicago Police Department , 2005 . Burke , Edward M. , and O'Gorman , Thomas J. End of Watch : Chicago Police Killed in the Line of Duty , 1853 -- 2006 . Chicago , IL : Chicago 's Books Press , 2006 . Conroy , John , Unspeakable Acts , Ordinary People : The Dynamics of Torture , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23039 - 6 . Covers the Burge case . Flinn , John Joseph . History of the Chicago Police from the Settlement of the Community to the Present Time . Chicago : Police Book Fund , 1887 . Mitrani , Samuel . The Rise of the Chicago Police Department : Class and Conflict , 1850 -- 1894 , Champaign , IL : University of Illinois Press , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Police Department . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Chicago Police Department
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-7,680,287,680,764,638,000 | how many seats are in parliament of ghana | List of Ghana Parliament constituencies - wikipedia List of Ghana Parliament constituencies Jump to : navigation , search Ghana This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Ghana Constitution Executive ( show ) President ( list ) Nana Akufo - Addo Vice President Mahamudu Bawumia Ministers Council of State Legislative ( show ) Parliament Members of Parliament Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Chief Justice : Sophia Akuffo Human rights Elections ( show ) Constituencies Political parties Politicians Electoral Commission Recent elections General : 2008 2012 2016 Administrative divisions ( show ) Regions Districts Foreign relations ( show ) Minister for Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions Passport Nationality law Other countries Atlas This is a list of the 275 constituencies represented in the Parliament of the Republic of Ghana , as at the December 2012 parliamentary election . Each constituency is represented by a single Member of Parliament ( MP ) . The number of seats was increased from 200 to 230 after the December 2000 elections . The total list of constituencies was increased to 275 prior to the Ghanaian general election in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ashanti Region - 47 seats 2 Brong Ahafo Region - 29 seats 3 Central Region - 23 seats 4 Eastern Region - 33 seats 5 Greater Accra Region - 34 seats 6 Northern Region - 31 seats 7 Upper East Region - 15 seats 8 Upper West Region - 11 seats 9 Volta Region - 26 seats 10 Western Region - 26 seats 11 See also 12 Notes 13 External links and sources Ashanti region - 47 seats ( edit ) Districts of Ashanti . The number of constituencies in this region increased from 33 to 39 in 2004 and 47 in 2012 prior to the Ghana General Election , 2012 . Some new districts were created in 2008 affecting the location of some constituencies . Adansi North District Adansi - Asokwa Fomena Adansi South District New Edubease Afigya - Kwabre District - created 2008 Kwabre West - created 2004 Ahafo Ano North District Ahafo Ano North Ahafo Ano South District Ahafo - Ano South Amansie Central District Odotobri Amansie West District Amansie West Asante Akim North Municipal District Asante - Akim North Asante Akim South District Asante - Akim South Atwima Kwanwoma District - created 2008 Atwima - Kwanwoma Atwima Mponua District Atwima - Mponua Atwima Nwabiagya District Atwima - Nwabiagya Bekwai Municipal District Bekwai Bosome Freho District - created 2008 Bosome - Freho Botsomtwe District Bosomtwe Ejisu - Juaben Municipal District Ejisu Juaben Ejura / Sekyedumase District Ejura - Sekyedumase Kumasi Metropolitan District Mampong Asokwa Bantama Nhyiaeso - created 2004 Oforikrom - created 2004 Old Tafo Suame - created 2004 Subin Manhyia Kwadaso - created 2004 Kwabre East District Kwabre East Obuasi Municipal District Akrofuom - created 2004 Obuasi Offinso North District - created 2008 Offinso North Offinso South Municipal District Offinso South Sekyere Afram Plains District - created 2008 Kumawu Sekyere Central District - created 2008 Nsuta - Kwamang Sekyere East District Afigya Sekyere West Effiduase - Asokore Sekyere South District Afigya Sekyere East Brong ahafo region - 29 seats ( edit ) Districts of Brong Ahafo . The number of constituencies increased from 21 to 24 in 2004 and 29 in 2012 prior to the Ghana General Election , 2012 . Asunafo North Municipal District Asunafo North Asunafo South District Asunafo South Asutifi District Asutifi North Asutifi South Atebubu - Amantin District Atebubu - Amantin Banda District Banda Berekum Municipal District Berekum Dormaa East District - created 2008 Dormaa East Dormaa Municipal District Dormaa West Jaman North District Jaman North - created 2004 Jaman South District Jaman South Kintampo North Municipal District Kintampo North Kintampo South District Kintampo South - created 2004 Nkoranza North District - created 2008 Nkoranza North - created 2004 Nkoranza South District Nkoranza South Pru District Pru Sene District Sene Sunyani Municipal District Sunyani East Sunyani West District - created 2008 Sunyani West Tain District Tain Tano North District Tano North Tano South District Tano South Techiman Municipal District Techiman North Techiman South Wenchi Municipal District Wenchi Central region - 23 seats ( edit ) Districts of Central Ghana . The number of constituencies in the region increased from 17 to 19 in 2004 and 23 in 2012 prior to the Ghanaian general election , 2012 . Abura / Asebu / Kwamankese District Abura - Asebu - Kwamankese Agona East District - created 2008 Agona East Agona West Municipal District Agona West Ajumako / Enyan / Essiam District Ajumako - Enyan - Essiam Asikuma / Odoben / Brakwa District Asikuma - Odoben - Brakwa Assin North Municipal District Assin North Assin South District Assin South Awutu Senya District - created 2008 Awutu - Senya Cape Coast Metropolitan District Cape Coast Effutu Municipal District Effutu Gomoa East District - created 2008 Gomoa East Gomoa West District Gomoa West Komenda / Edina / Eguafo / Abirem District Komenda - Edina - Eguafo - Abirem Mfantsiman Municipal District Mfantseman East Mfantseman West Twifo / Heman / Lower Denkyira District Hemang Lower Denkyira - created 2004 Twifo - Atii Morkwaa Upper Denkyira East Municipal District Upper Denkyira East Upper Denkyira West District - created 2008 Upper Denkyira West - created 2004 Eastern region - 33 seats ( edit ) Districts of Eastern Ghana . The number of constituencies was increased from 26 to 28 in 2004 and 33 in 2012 prior to the Ghanaian general election , 2012 . Akuapim North District Akropong Okere Akuapim South Municipal District Aburi - Nsawam Akyemansa District - created 2008 Ofoase - Ayirebi - created 2004 Asuogyaman District Asuogyaman Atiwa District Atiwa Birim Central Municipal District Akim Oda Birim North District Abirem Birim South District - created 2008 Akim Swedru East Akim Municipal District Akim Abuakwa North - created 2004 Akim Abuakwa South Fanteakwa District Fanteakwa Kwaebibirem District Akwatia Kade Kwahu East District Abetifi Kwahu North District Afram Plains North Afram Plains South Kwahu South District Mpraeso Kwahu West Municipal District Nkawkaw Lower Manya Krobo District Lower Manya New - Juaben Municipal District New Juaben North New Juaben South Suhum / Kraboa / Coaltar District Ayensuano Suhum Upper Manya Krobo District - created 2008 Upper Manya West Akim District Lower West Akim Upper West Akim Yilo Krobo District Yilo Krobo Greater accra region - 34 seats ( edit ) Districts of Greater Accra . The number of constituencies increased from 22 to 27 in 2004 and 34 prior to the Ghanaian general election , 2012 . Accra Metropolis District Ablekuma Central Ablekuma North Ablekuma South Ablekuma West - created 2012 Ayawaso Central Ayawaso East Ayawaso North - created 2012 ? Ayawaso West Wuogon Dade Kotopon Domeabra - Obom - created 2004 Korle Klottey Odododiodoo Okaikwei North Okaikwei South Okaikwei Central - created 2012 ? Adenta Municipal District - created 2008 Adenta - created 2004 Ashaiman Municipal District - created 2008 Ashaiman Dangme East District Ada Sege - created 2004 Dangme West District Ningo - Prampram Ga East Municipal District Abokobi - Madina Dome - Kwabenya - created 2004 Ga South Municipal District - created 2008 Ga West Municipal District Trobu - Amasaman Weija - created 2004 but demarcated into Anyaa - Sowutuom , Bortianor - Ngleshie - Amanfrom , and Weija - Gbawe in 2012 . Ledzokuku - Krowor Municipal District - created 2008 Krowor Ledzokuku Tema Municipal District Kpone - Katamanso Shai - Osudoku Tema Central - created 2012 ? Tema East Tema West Northern region - 31 seats ( edit ) Districts of Northern Ghana . The number of constituencies increased from 23 to 26 in 2004 and 31 in 2012 prior to the Ghanaian general election , 2012 . Bole District Bole Bunkpurugu - Yunyoo District Bunkpurugu - Yunyoo Central Gonja District Yapei - Kusawgu Chereponi District - created 2008 Chereponi East Gonja District Salaga East Mamprusi District Nalerigu Gushegu District Gushegu Karaga District Karaga - created 2004 Kpandai District - created 2008 Kpandai Nanumba North District Bimbilla Nanumba South District Wulensi Saboba / Chereponi District Saboba Savelugu - Nanton District Nanton Savelugu Sawla - Tuna - Kalba District Sawla - Tuna - Kalba Tamale Municipal District Tamale Central Tamale North - created 2004 Tamale South - created 2004 Tolon / Kumbungu District Tolon Kumbungu West Gonja District Damango - Daboya West Mamprusi District Walewale Yagaba - Kubori ( Walewale West ) - created 2004 Yendi Municipal District Mion Yendi Zabzugu / Tatale District Zabzugu - Tatale Upper east region - 15 seats ( edit ) Districts of Upper East Ghana . The number of constituencies increased from 12 to 13 in 2004 and 15 in 2012 prior to the Ghanaian general election , 2012 . Bawku Municipal District Bawku Central Binduri Pusiga - created 2004 Bawku West District Zebilla Bolgatanga Municipal District Bolgatanga Bongo District Bongo Builsa District Builsa North Builsa South Garu - Tempane District Garu - Tempane Kassena Nankana East District Chiana - Paga Navrongo Central Kassena Nankana West District - created 2008 Talensi - Nabdam District Nabdam Talensi Upper West region - 11 seats ( edit ) Districts of Upper West Ghana . The number of constituencies increased from 8 to 10 and 11 in 2012 prior to the Ghanaian general election , 2012 . Jirapa District Jirapa Lambussie Karni District - created 2008 Lambussie Lawra District Lawra - Nandom Nadowli District Nadowli East Nadowli West Sissala East District Sissala East Sissala West District Sissala West - created 2004 Wa East District Wa East Wa Municipal District Wa Central Wa West District Wa West - created 2004 Volta region - 26 seats ( edit ) Districts of Volta . The number of constituencies increased from 19 to 22 in 2004 and 26 in 2012 prior to the Ghanaian general election , 2012 . Adaklu District The Adaklu District was created in 2012 from the former Adaklu - Anyigbe District . Adaklu - created 2012 Afadzato South District The Afadzato South District was created in 2012 from the Hohoe Municipal District . Afadjato South - created 2012 Agotime Ziope District The Agotime Ziope District was created in 2012 from the former Adaklu - Anyigbe District . Agotime - Ziope - created 2012 Akatsi North District The Akatsi North District was created in 2012 from the former Akatsi District . Akatsi North - created in 2012 Akatsi South District The Akatsi South District is the result of Akatsi North District being carved out of the former Akatsi District in 2012 . Akatsi South , formerly Avenor - Ave Biakoye District - created 2008 Biakoye Ho Municipal District Ho Central Ho West District The Ho West District was carved out of the Ho Municipal District in 2012 . Ho West Hohoe Municipal District Hohoe South Jasikan District Buem Kadjebi District Akan Keta Municipal District Anlo Keta Ketu North District Ketu North Ketu South District Ketu South Kpando District Kpando Krachi East District Krachi East - created 2004 Krachi Nchumuru District Carved out of Krachi West District Krachi Nchumuru Krachi West District Krachi West Nkwanta North District - created 2008 Nkwanta North - created 2004 Nkwanta South District Nkwanta South North Tongu District Central Tongu - created 2004 North Tongu North Dayi District North Dayi South Dayi District South Dayi South Tongu District South Tongu Western region - 26 seats ( edit ) Districts of Western Ghana . The number of constituencies increased from 19 to 22 in 2004 and 26 in 2012 . Ahanta West District Amenfi Central Amenfi East Ahanta West Aowin / Suaman District Aowin Suaman - created 2004 Bia District Bia Bibiani / Anhwiaso / Bekwai District Bibiani - Anhwiaso - Bekwai Ellembelle District - created 2008 Ellembelle Jomoro District Jomoro Juabeso District Juabeso Mpohor / Wassa East District Mpohor - Wassa East Nzema East Municipal District Evalue - Gwira Prestea - Huni Valley District Prestea - Huni Valley Sefwi Akontombra - created 2008 Sefwi - Akontombra - created 2004 Sefwi - Wiawso District Sefwi Wiawso Shama Ahanta East Metropolitan District Effia - Kwesimintsim Essikado - Ketan - created 2004 Sekondi Takoradi Shama District - created 2008 Shama Tarkwa - Nsuaem Municipal District Tarkwa - Nsuaem Wasa Amenfi East District Amenfi East Wasa Amenfi West District Amenfi West See also ( edit ) Ghanaian parliamentary election , 2008 MPs elected in the Ghana parliamentary election , 2008 Parliament of Ghana Districts of Ghana Regions of Ghana Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Parliament of Ghana - FAQ 's '' . The website of the Parliament of Ghana . Parliament of Ghana. 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 07 DECEMBER 2000 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION '' . AFRICAN ELECTIONS DATABASE . AfricanElections.tripod.com. 2006 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Controversy Over the Creation OF 45 New Constituencies '' . Modern Ghana . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Volta '' Adaklu ( New ) `` . GhanaDistricts.com . Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development and Maks Publications & Media Services . Archived from the original on 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Volta '' Afadzato South ( New ) `` . GhanaDistricts.com . Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development and Maks Publications & Media Services . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Volta '' Akatsi North ( New ) `` . GhanaDistricts.com . Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development and Maks Publications & Media Services . Archived from the original on 12 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Volta '' Akatsi North ( New ) `` . GhanaDistricts.com . Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development and Maks Publications & Media Services . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Volta '' Ho West ( New ) `` . GhanaDistricts.com . Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development and Maks Publications & Media Services . Archived from the original on 12 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . External links and sources ( edit ) Ghana Parliament Official Website Constituencies and MPs on GhanaDistrict.com List of new constituencies by region on Ghana government website The List of the new Constituencies created in 2004 by National Electoral Commission - Page 11 ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ghana_Parliament_constituencies&oldid=795468068 '' Categories : Politics of Ghana Parliament of Ghana Ghana politics - related lists Lists of constituencies Ghana Parliament constituencies Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 12 : 18 . About Wikipedia | 1. List of Ghana Parliament constituencies
2. Representation in the Parliament of Ghana
3. Number of seats in each region
4. Increase in constituencies over the years
5. Districts and their corresponding constituencies |
-3,008,207,235,729,285,600 | do police cars automatically scan license plates uk | Automatic number - plate recognition - wikipedia Automatic number - plate recognition The system must be able to deal with different styles of vehicle registration plates License - plate recognition process Automatic number - plate recognition ( ANPR ; see also other names below ) is a technology that uses optical character recognition on images to read vehicle registration plates to create vehicle location data . It can use existing closed - circuit television , road - rule enforcement cameras , or cameras specifically designed for the task . ANPR is used by police forces around the world for law enforcement purposes , including to check if a vehicle is registered or licensed . It is also used for electronic toll collection on pay - per - use roads and as a method of cataloguing the movements of traffic , for example by highways agencies . Automatic number plate recognition can be used to store the images captured by the cameras as well as the text from the license plate , with some configurable to store a photograph of the driver . Systems commonly use infrared lighting to allow the camera to take the picture at any time of day or night . ANPR technology must take into account plate variations from place to place . Concerns about these systems have centered on privacy fears of government tracking citizens ' movements , misidentification , high error rates , and increased government spending . Critics have described it as a form of mass surveillance . Contents 1 Other names 2 Development 3 Components 3.1 Technology 3.1. 1 In mobile systems 3.2 Algorithms 3.2. 1 Difficulties 3.3 Imaging hardware 4 Usage 4.1 Law enforcement 4.1. 1 Australia 4.1. 2 Belgium 4.1. 3 Canada 4.1. 4 Denmark 4.1. 5 France 4.1. 6 Germany 4.1. 7 Hungary 4.1. 8 Pakistan 4.1. 9 Saudi Arabia 4.1. 10 Sweden 4.1. 11 Turkey 4.1. 12 Ukraine 4.1. 13 United Kingdom 4.1. 14 United States 4.1. 14.1 Laws 4.2 Average - speed cameras 4.2. 1 Italy 4.2. 2 Netherlands 4.2. 3 United Kingdom 4.3 Crime deterrent 4.4 Enterprise security and services 4.5 Traffic control 4.6 Electronic toll collection 4.6. 1 Toll roads 4.6. 2 Portugal 4.6. 3 London congestion charge 4.6. 4 Sweden 4.7 Private use 4.8 Other uses 5 Challenges 5.1 Circumvention 5.2 Controversy 5.3 Plate inconsistency and jurisdictional differences 5.4 Accuracy and measurement of ANPR system performance 6 See also 7 References Other names ( edit ) ANPR is sometimes known by various other terms : Automatic ( or automated ) license - plate recognition ( ALPR ) Automatic ( or automated ) license - plate reader ( ALPR ) Automatic vehicle identification ( AVI ) Car - plate recognition ( CPR ) License - plate recognition ( LPR ) Lecture automatique de plaques d'immatriculation ( LAPI ) Mobile license - plate reader ( MLPR ) Vehicle license - plate recognition ( VLPR ) Vehicle recognition identification ( VRI ) Development ( edit ) ANPR was invented in 1976 at the Police Scientific Development Branch in the United Kingdom . Prototype systems were working by 1979 , and contracts were awarded to produce industrial systems , first at EMI Electronics , and then at Computer Recognition Systems ( CRS ) in Wokingham , UK . Early trial systems were deployed on the A1 road and at the Dartford Tunnel . The first arrest through detection of a stolen car was made in 1981 . However , ANPR did not become widely used until new developments in cheaper and easier to use software were pioneered during the 1990s . The collection of ANPR data for future use ( i.e. , in solving then - unidentified crimes ) was documented in the early 2000s . The first documented case of ANPR being used to help solve a murder occurred in November 2005 , in Bradford , UK , where ANPR played a vital role in locating and subsequently convicting killers of Sharon Beshenivsky . Components ( edit ) The software aspect of the system runs on standard home computer hardware and can be linked to other applications or databases . It first uses a series of image manipulation techniques to detect , normalize and enhance the image of the number plate , and then optical character recognition ( OCR ) to extract the alphanumerics of the license plate . ANPR systems are generally deployed in one of two basic approaches : one allows for the entire process to be performed at the lane location in real - time , and the other transmits all the images from many lanes to a remote computer location and performs the OCR process there at some later point in time . When done at the lane site , the information captured of the plate alphanumeric , date - time , lane identification , and any other information required is completed in approximately 250 milliseconds . This information can easily be transmitted to a remote computer for further processing if necessary , or stored at the lane for later retrieval . In the other arrangement , there are typically large numbers of PCs used in a server farm to handle high workloads , such as those found in the London congestion charge project . Often in such systems , there is a requirement to forward images to the remote server , and this can require larger bandwidth transmission media . Technology ( edit ) The font on Dutch plates was changed to improve plate recognition . ANPR uses optical character recognition ( OCR ) on images taken by cameras . When Dutch vehicle registration plates switched to a different style in 2002 , one of the changes made was to the font , introducing small gaps in some letters ( such as P and R ) to make them more distinct and therefore more legible to such systems . Some license plate arrangements use variations in font sizes and positioning -- ANPR systems must be able to cope with such differences in order to be truly effective . More complicated systems can cope with international variants , though many programs are individually tailored to each country . The cameras used can be existing road - rule enforcement or closed - circuit television cameras , as well as mobile units , which are usually attached to vehicles . Some systems use infrared cameras to take a clearer image of the plates . In mobile systems ( edit ) The Dubai police use ANPR cameras to monitor vehicles in front and either side of the patrol car A Merseyside Police car equipped with mobile ANPR . During the 1990s , significant advances in technology took automatic number plate recognition ( ANPR ) systems from limited expensive , hard to set up , fixed based applications to simple `` point and shoot '' mobile ones . This was made possible by the creation of software that ran on cheaper PC based , non-specialist hardware that also no longer needed to be given the pre-defined angles , direction , size and speed in which the plates would be passing the camera 's field of view . Further scaled - down components at more cost - effective price points led to a record number of deployments by law enforcement agencies around the world . Smaller cameras with the ability to read license plates at higher speeds , along with smaller , more durable processors that fit in the trunks of police vehicles , allowed law enforcement officers to patrol daily with the benefit of license plate reading in real time , when they can interdict immediately . Despite their effectiveness , there are noteworthy challenges related with mobile ANPRs . One of the biggest is that the processor and the cameras must work fast enough to accommodate relative speeds of more than 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , a likely scenario in the case of oncoming traffic . This equipment must also be very efficient since the power source is the vehicle battery , and equipment must be small to minimize the space it requires . Relative speed is only one issue that affects the camera 's ability to actually read a license plate . Algorithms must be able to compensate for all the variables that can affect the ANPR 's ability to produce an accurate read , such as time of day , weather and angles between the cameras and the license plates . A system 's illumination wavelengths can also have a direct impact on the resolution and accuracy of a read in these conditions . Installing ANPR cameras on law enforcement vehicles requires careful consideration of the juxtaposition of the cameras to the license plates they are to read . Using the right number of cameras and positioning them accurately for optimal results can prove challenging , given the various missions and environments at hand . Highway patrol requires forward - looking cameras that span multiple lanes and are able to read license plates at very high speeds . City patrol needs shorter range , lower focal length cameras for capturing plates on parked cars . Parking lots with perpendicularly parked cars often require a specialized camera with a very short focal length . Most technically advanced systems are flexible and can be configured with a number of cameras ranging from one to four which can easily be repositioned as needed . States with rear - only license plates have an additional challenge since a forward - looking camera is ineffective with oncoming traffic . In this case one camera may be turned backwards . Algorithms ( edit ) Steps 2 , 3 and 4 : The license plate is normalized for brightness and contrast , and then the characters are segmented to be ready for OCR . There are seven primary algorithms that the software requires for identifying a license plate : Plate localization -- responsible for finding and isolating the plate on the picture . Plate orientation and sizing -- compensates for the skew of the plate and adjusts the dimensions to the required size . Normalization -- adjusts the brightness and contrast of the image . Character segmentation -- finds the individual characters on the plates . Optical character recognition . Syntactical / Geometrical analysis -- check characters and positions against country - specific rules . The averaging of the recognised value over multiple fields / images to produce a more reliable or confident result . Especially since any single image may contain a reflected light flare , be partially obscured or other temporary effect . The complexity of each of these subsections of the program determines the accuracy of the system . During the third phase ( normalization ) , some systems use edge detection techniques to increase the picture difference between the letters and the plate backing . A median filter may also be used to reduce the visual noise on the image . Difficulties ( edit ) Early ANPR systems were unable to read white or silver lettering on black background , as permitted on UK vehicles built prior to 1973 . Swedish license plate Must be able to recognize international license plates as such . There are a number of possible difficulties that the software must be able to cope with . These include : Poor file resolution , usually because the plate is too far away but sometimes resulting from the use of a low - quality camera . Blurry images , particularly motion blur . Poor lighting and low contrast due to overexposure , reflection or shadows . An object obscuring ( part of ) the plate , quite often a tow bar , or dirt on the plate . Read license plates that are different at the front and the back because of towed trailers , campers , etc . Vehicle lane change in the camera 's angle of view during license plate reading . A different font , popular for vanity plates ( some countries do not allow such plates , eliminating the problem ) . Circumvention techniques . Lack of coordination between countries or states . Two cars from different countries or states can have the same number but different design of the plate . While some of these problems can be corrected within the software , it is primarily left to the hardware side of the system to work out solutions to these difficulties . Increasing the height of the camera may avoid problems with objects ( such as other vehicles ) obscuring the plate but introduces and increases other problems , such as the adjusting for the increased skew of the plate . On some cars , tow bars may obscure one or two characters of the license plate . Bikes on bike racks can also obscure the number plate , though in some countries and jurisdictions , such as Victoria , Australia , `` bike plates '' are supposed to be fitted . Some small - scale systems allow for some errors in the license plate . When used for giving specific vehicles access to a barricaded area , the decision may be made to have an acceptable error rate of one character . This is because the likelihood of an unauthorized car having such a similar license plate is seen as quite small . However , this level of inaccuracy would not be acceptable in most applications of an ANPR system . Imaging hardware ( edit ) At the front end of any ANPR system is the imaging hardware which captures the image of the license plates . The initial image capture forms a critically important part of the ANPR system which , in accordance to the garbage in , garbage out principle of computing , will often determine the overall performance . License plate capture is typically performed by specialized cameras designed specifically for the task , although new software techniques are being implemented that support any I.P. - based surveillance camera and increase the utility of ANPR for perimeter security applications . Factors which pose difficulty for license plate imaging cameras include the speed of the vehicles being recorded , varying level of ambient light , headlight glare and harsh environmental conditions . Most dedicated license plate capture cameras will incorporate infrared illumination in order to solve the problems of lighting and plate reflectivity . Portable traffic enforcement system used by the Hungarian police . The rows of infrared LEDs are visible on the right . Many countries now use license plates that are retroreflective . This returns the light back to the source and thus improves the contrast of the image . In some countries , the characters on the plate are not reflective , giving a high level of contrast with the reflective background in any lighting conditions . A camera that makes use of active infrared imaging ( with a normal colour filter over the lens and an infrared illuminator next to it ) benefits greatly from this as the infrared waves are reflected back from the plate . This is only possible on dedicated ANPR cameras , however , and so cameras used for other purposes must rely more heavily on the software capabilities . Further , when a full - colour image is required as well as use of the ANPR - retrieved details , it is necessary to have one infrared - enabled camera and one normal ( colour ) camera working together . To avoid blurring it is ideal to have the shutter speed of a dedicated camera set to 1 / 1000 of a second . It is also important that the camera uses a global shutter , as opposed to rolling shutter , to assure that the taken images are distortion - free . Because the car is moving , slower shutter speeds could result in an image which is too blurred to read using the OCR software , especially if the camera is much higher up than the vehicle . In slow - moving traffic , or when the camera is at a lower level and the vehicle is at an angle approaching the camera , the shutter speed does not need to be so fast . Shutter speeds of 1 / 500 of a second can cope with traffic moving up to 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) and 1 / 250 of a second up to 5 mph ( 8 km / h ) . License plate capture cameras can produce usable images from vehicles traveling at 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . To maximize the chances of effective license plate capture , installers should carefully consider the positioning of the camera relative to the target capture area . Exceeding threshold angles of incidence between camera lens and license plate will greatly reduce the probability of obtaining usable images due to distortion . Manufacturers have developed tools to help eliminate errors from the physical installation of license plate capture cameras . Usage ( edit ) Law enforcement ( edit ) Mobile ANPR cameras fitted to a New South Wales Police Force Highway Patrol vehicle . Closed - circuit television cameras such as these can be used to take the images scanned by automatic number plate recognition systems Australia ( edit ) Several State Police Forces , and the Department of Justice ( Victoria ) use both fixed and mobile ANPR systems . The New South Wales Police Force Highway Patrol were the first to trial and use a fixed ANPR camera system in Australia in 2005 . In 2009 they began a roll - out of a mobile ANPR system ( known officially as MANPR ) with three infrared cameras fitted to its Highway Patrol fleet . The system identifies unregistered and stolen vehicles as well as disqualified or suspended drivers as well as other ' persons of interest ' such as persons having outstanding warrants . Belgium ( edit ) The city of Mechelen uses an ANPR system since September 2011 to scan all cars crossing the city limits ( inbound and outbound ) . Cars listed on ' black lists ' ( no insurance , stolen , etc . ) generate an alarm in the dispatching room , so they can be intercepted by a patrol . As of early 2012 , 1 million cars per week are automatically checked in this way . Canada ( edit ) The police service in Ontario uses automatic licence plate recognition software to nab drivers behind the wheels of vehicles with Ontario number plates . Denmark ( edit ) The technique is tested by the Danish police . It will be in permanent use from the end of 2015 . France ( edit ) 180 gantries over major roads have been built throughout the country . These together with a further 250 fixed cameras is to enable a levy of an eco tax on lorries over 3.5 tonnes . The system is currently being opposed and whilst they may be collecting data on vehicles passing the cameras , no eco tax is being charged . Germany ( edit ) On 11 March 2008 , the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ruled that some areas of the laws permitting the use of automated number plate recognition systems in Germany violated the right to privacy . More specifically , the court found that the retention of any sort of information ( i.e. , number plate data ) which was not for any pre-destined use ( e.g. , for use tracking suspected terrorists or for enforcement of speeding laws ) was in violation of German law . These systems were provided by Jenoptik Robot GmbH , and called TraffiCapture . Hungary ( edit ) Road gantry traffic enforcement and data point on the M7 highway at Érd , Hungary In 2012 a state consortium was formed among the Hungarian Ministry of Interior , the National Police Headquarters and the Central Commission of Public Administration and Electronic Services with the aim to install and operate a unified intelligent transportation system ( ITS ) with nationwide coverage by the end of 2015 . Within the system , 160 portable traffic enforcement and data - gathering units and 365 permanent gantry installations were brought online with ANPR , speed detection , imaging and statistical capabilities . Since all the data points are connected to a centrally located ITS , each member of the consortium is able to separately utilize its range of administrative and enforcement activities , such as remote vehicle registration and insurance verification , speed , lane and traffic light enforcement and wanted or stolen vehicle interception among others . Several Hungarian auxiliary police units also use a system called Matrix Police in cooperation with the police . It consists of a portable computer equipped with a web camera that scans the stolen car database using automatic number plate recognition . The system is installed on the dashboard of selected patrol vehicles ( PDA - based hand - held versions also exist ) and is mainly used to control the license plate of parking cars . As the Auxiliary Police do not have the authority to order moving vehicles to stop , if a stolen car is found , the formal police is informed . Pakistan ( edit ) The technique is proposed by Lahore Police ; if approved it will be functional by 2018 . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Vehicle registration plates in Saudi Arabia use white background , but several vehicle types may have a different background . United States diplomatic plates have the letters ' USD ' , which in Arabic reads ' DSU ' when read from right to left in the direction of Arabic script . There are only 17 Arabic letters used on the registration plates . A Challenge for plates recognition in Saudi Arabia is the size of the digits . Some plates use both Eastern Arabic numerals and the ' Western Arabic ' equivalents . A research with source code is available for APNR Arabic digits . Sweden ( edit ) The technique is tested by the Swedish Police Authority at nine different locations in Sweden . Turkey ( edit ) Several cities have tested -- and some have put into service -- the KGYS ( Kent Guvenlik Yonetim Sistemi , City Security Administration System ) , ( 3 ) , i.e. , capital Ankara , has debuted KGYS - which consists of a registration plate number recognition system on the main arteries and city exits . The system has been used with two cameras per lane , one for plate recognition , one for speed detection . Now the system has been widened to network all the registration number cameras together , and enforcing average speed over preset distances . Some arteries have 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) limit , and some 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) , and photo evidence with date - time details are posted to registration address if speed violation is detected . As of 2012 , the fine for exceeding the speed limit for more than 30 % is approximately US $175 . Ukraine ( edit ) The project of system integration `` OLLI Technology '' and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine Department of State Traffic Inspection ( STI ) experiments on the introduction of a modern technical complex which is capable to locate stolen cars , drivers deprived of driving licenses and other problem cars in real time . The Ukrainian complex `` Video control '' working by a principle of video fixing of the car with recognition of license plates with check under data base . United Kingdom ( edit ) An ANPR Equipped Vauxhall Vectra belonging to Greater Manchester Police Main article : Automatic number plate recognition in the United Kingdom The Home Office states the purpose of automatic number plate recognition in the United Kingdom is to help detect , deter and disrupt criminality including tackling organised crime groups and terrorists . Vehicle movements are recorded by a network of nearly 8000 cameras capturing between 25 and 30 million ANPR ' read ' records daily . These records are stored for up to two years in the National ANPR Data Center , which can be accessed , analysed and used as evidence as part of investigations by UK law enforcement agencies . In 2012 , the UK Parliament enacted the Protection of Freedoms Act which includes several provisions related to controlling and restricting the collection , storage , retention , and use of information about individuals . Under this Act , the Home Office published a code of practice in 2013 for the use of surveillance cameras , including ANPR , by government and law enforcement agencies . The aim of the code is to help ensure their use is `` characterised as surveillance by consent , and such consent on the part of the community must be informed consent and not assumed by a system operator . Surveillance by consent should be regarded as analogous to policing by consent . '' In addition , a set of standards were introduced in 2014 for data , infrastructure , and data access and management . United states ( edit ) A City of Alexandria police car equipped with mobile ALPR . ANPR cameras in operation on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York . In the United States , ANPR systems are more commonly referred to as ALPR ( Automatic License Plate Reader / Recognition ) technology , due to differences in language ( i.e. , `` number plates '' are referred to as `` license plates '' in American English ) Mobile ANPR use is widespread among US law enforcement agencies at the city , county , state and federal level . According to a 2012 report by the Police Executive Research Forum , approximately 71 % of all US police departments use some form of ANPR . Mobile ANPR is becoming a significant component of municipal predictive policing strategies and intelligence gathering , as well as for recovery of stolen vehicles , identification of wanted felons , and revenue collection from individuals who are delinquent on city or state taxes or fines , or monitoring for `` Amber Alerts '' . With the widespread implementation of this technology , many U.S. states now issue misdemeanor citations of up to $500 when a license plate is identified as expired or on the incorrect vehicle . Successfully recognized plates may be matched against databases including `` wanted person '' , `` protection order '' , missing person , gang member , known and suspected terrorist , supervised release , immigration violator , and National Sex Offender lists . In addition to the real - time processing of license plate numbers , ANPR systems in the US collect ( and can indefinitely store ) data from each license plate capture . Images , dates , times and GPS coordinates can be stockpiled and can help place a suspect at a scene , aid in witness identification , pattern recognition or the tracking of individuals . The Department of Homeland Security has proposed a federal database to combine all monitoring systems , which was cancelled after privacy complaints . In 1998 , a Washington D.C. police lieutenant pleaded guilty to extortion after blackmailing the owners of vehicles parked near a gay bar . In 2015 , the Los Angeles Police Department proposed sending letters to the home addresses of all vehicles that enter areas of high prostitution . Early private sector mobile ANPR applications have been for vehicle repossession and recovery ) , although the application of ANPR by private companies to collect information from privately owned vehicles or collected from private property ( for example , driveways ) has become an issue of sensitivity and public debate . Other ANPR uses include parking enforcement , and revenue collection from individuals who are delinquent on city or state taxes or fines . The technology is often featured in the reality TV show Parking Wars featured on A&E Network . In the show , tow truck drivers and booting teams use the ANPR to find delinquent vehicles with high amounts of unpaid parking fines . Laws ( edit ) Laws vary among the states regarding collection and retention of license plate information . As of 2018 , 14 states have limits on how long the data may be retained , with the lowest being New Hampshire ( 3 minutes ) and Colorado ( 3 years ) . The Supreme Court of Virginia ruled in 2018 that data collected from ALPRs can constitute personal information . Average - speed cameras ( edit ) Main article : Speed limit enforcement ANPR is used for speed limit enforcement in Australia , Austria , Belgium , Dubai ( UAE ) , France , Italy , The Netherlands , Spain , South Africa , the UK , and Kuwait . This works by tracking vehicles ' travel time between two fixed points , and calculating the average speed . These cameras are claimed to have an advantage over traditional speed cameras in maintaining steady legal speeds over extended distances , rather than encouraging heavy braking on approach to specific camera locations and subsequent acceleration back to illegal speeds . Italy ( edit ) In Italian Highways has developed a monitoring system named Tutor covering more than 2500 km ( 2012 ) . The Tutor system is also able to intercept cars while changing lanes . Netherlands ( edit ) Average speed cameras ( trajectcontrole ) are in place in the Netherlands since 2002 . As of July 2009 , 12 cameras were operational , mostly in the west of the country and along the A12 . Some of these are divided in several `` sections '' to allow for cars leaving and entering the motorway . A first experimental system was tested on a short stretch of the A2 in 1997 and was deemed a big success by the police , reducing overspeeding to 0.66 % , compared to 5 to 6 % when regular speed cameras were used at the same location . The first permanent average speed cameras were installed on the A13 in 2002 , shortly after the speed limit was reduced to 80 km / h to limit noise and air pollution in the area . In 2007 , average speed cameras resulted in 1.7 million fines for overspeeding out of a total of 9.7 millions . According to the Dutch Attorney General , the average number of violation of the speed limits on motorway sections equipped with average speed cameras is between 1 and 2 % , compared to 10 to 15 % elsewhere . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom One of the most notable stretches of average speed cameras in the UK is found on the A77 road in Scotland , with 32 miles ( 51 km ) being monitored between Kilmarnock and Girvan . In 2006 it was confirmed that speeding tickets could potentially be avoided from the ' SPECS ' cameras by changing lanes and the RAC Foundation feared that people may play `` Russian Roulette '' changing from one lane to another to lessen their odds of being caught . However , in 2007 the system was upgraded for multi-lane use and in 2008 the manufacturer described the `` myth '' as `` categorically untrue '' . There exists evidence that implementation of systems such as SPECS has a considerable effect on the volume of drivers travelling at excessive speeds ; on the stretch of road mentioned above ( A77 Between Glasgow and Ayr ) there has been noted a `` huge drop '' in speeding violations since the introduction of a SPECS system . Crime deterrent ( edit ) Recent innovations have contributed to the adoption of ANPR for perimeter security and access control applications at government facilities . Within the US , `` homeland security '' efforts to protect against alleged `` acts of terrorism '' have resulted in adoption of ANPR for sensitive facilities such as embassies , schools , airports , maritime ports , military and federal buildings , law enforcement and government facilities , and transportation centers . ANPR is marketed as able to be implemented through networks of IP based surveillance cameras that perform `` double duty '' alongside facial recognition , object tracking , and recording systems for the purpose of monitoring suspicious or anomalous behavior , improving access control , and matching against watch lists . ANPR systems are most commonly installed at points of significant sensitivity , ingress or egress . Major US agencies such as the Department of Homeland Security , the Department of Justice , the Department of Transportation and the Department of Defense have purchased ANPR for perimeter security applications . Large networks of ANPR systems are being installed by cities such as Boston , London and New York City to provide citywide protection against acts of terrorism , and to provide support for public gatherings and public spaces . The Center For Evidence - Based Crime Policy in George Mason University identifies the following randomized controlled trials of automatic number plate recognition technology as very rigorous . Authors Study Results Braga , A.A. , & Bond , B.J. `` Policing crime and disorder hot spots : A randomized , controlled trial '' , 2008 Declines for disorder calls for service in target hot spots . Hegarty , T. , Williams , L.S. , Stanton , S. , & Chernoff , W . `` Evidence - Based Policing at Work in Smaller Jurisdictions '' , 2014 Decrease in crimes and calls for service across all hot spots during the trial . No statistically significant difference in crimes found between the visibility and visibility - activity hot spots . Enterprise security and Services ( edit ) In addition to government facilities , many private sector industries with facility security concerns are beginning to implement ANPR solutions . Examples include casinos , hospitals , museums , parking facilities , and resorts . In the US , private facilities typically can not access government or police watch lists , but may develop and match against their own databases for customers , VIPs , critical personnel or `` banned person '' lists . In addition to providing perimeter security , private ANPR has service applications for valet / recognized customer and VIP recognition , logistics and key personnel tracking , sales and advertising , parking management , and logistics ( vendor and support vehicle tracking ) . Traffic control ( edit ) Play media Video tolling at Schönberg , Austria Many cities and districts have developed traffic control systems to help monitor the movement and flow of vehicles around the road network . This had typically involved looking at historical data , estimates , observations and statistics , such as : Car park usage Pedestrian crossing usage Number of vehicles along a road Areas of low and high congestion Frequency , location and cause of road works CCTV cameras can be used to help traffic control centres by giving them live data , allowing for traffic management decisions to be made in real - time . By using ANPR on this footage it is possible to monitor the travel of individual vehicles , automatically providing information about the speed and flow of various routes . These details can highlight problem areas as and when they occur and help the centre to make informed incident management decisions . Some counties of the United Kingdom have worked with Siemens Traffic to develop traffic monitoring systems for their own control centres and for the public . Projects such as Hampshire County Council 's ROMANSE provide an interactive and real - time website showing details about traffic in the city . The site shows information about car parks , ongoing road works , special events and footage taken from CCTV cameras . ANPR systems can be used to provide average point - to - point journey times along particular routes , which can be displayed on a variable - message sign ( VMS ) giving drivers the ability to plan their route . ROMANSE also allows travellers to see the current situation using a mobile device with an Internet connection ( such as WAP , GPRS or 3G ) , allowing them to view mobile device CCTV images within the Hampshire road network . The UK company Trafficmaster has used ANPR since 1998 to estimate average traffic speeds on non-motorway roads without the results being skewed by local fluctuations caused by traffic lights and similar . The company now operates a network of over 4000 ANPR cameras , but claims that only the four most central digits are identified , and no numberplate data is retained . IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society published some papers on the plate number recognition technologies and applications . Electronic toll collection ( edit ) See also : List of electronic toll collection systems Toll roads ( edit ) The FasTrak system in Orange County , California , uses ANPR and radio transponders Play media Film showing the approach to and passing of a toll station in Italy , using a Telepass OBU . Note the yellow Telepass lane signs and road markings and the sound emitted by the OBU when passing the lane Two of the four ANPR cameras used for toll colllection on the Hardanger Bridge in Norway Ontario 's 407 ETR highway uses a combination of ANPR and radio transponders to toll vehicles entering and exiting the road . Radio antennas are located at each junction and detect the transponders , logging the unique identity of each vehicle in much the same way as the ANPR system does . Without ANPR as a second system it would not be possible to monitor all the traffic . Drivers who opt to rent a transponder for C $2.55 per month are not charged the `` Video Toll Charge '' of C $3.60 for using the road , with heavy vehicles ( those with a gross weight of over 5,000 kg ) being required to use one . Using either system , users of the highway are notified of the usage charges by post . There are numerous other electronic toll collection networks which use this combination of Radio frequency identification and ANPR . These include : The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco , California , began using an all - electronic tolling system combining Fastrak and ANPR on March 27 , 2013 . NC Quick Pass for the Interstate 540 ( North Carolina ) Triangle Expressway in Wake County , North Carolina Bridge Pass for the Saint John Harbour Bridge in Saint John , New Brunswick Quickpass at the Golden Ears Bridge , crossing the Fraser River between Langley and Maple Ridge e-TAG , Australia FasTrak in California , United States Highway 6 in Israel Tunnels in Hong Kong Autopista Central in Santiago , Chile ( site in Spanish ) E-ZPass in New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Massachusetts ( as Fast Lane until 2012 ) , Virginia ( formerly Smart Tag ) , and other states . Maryland Route 200 uses a combination of E-ZPass and ANPR . TollTag in North Texas and EZ - Tag in Houston , Texas . I - Pass in Illinois Pike Pass in Oklahoma Peach Pass I - 85 Atlanta , GA Gwinnett County OGS ( Otomatik Geçiş Sistemi ) used at Bosphorus Bridge , Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge , and Trans European Motorway entry points in İstanbul , Turkey M50 Westlink Toll in Dublin , Ireland Hi - pass in South Korea Northern Gateway , SH 1 , Auckland , New Zealand Evergreen Point Floating Bridge , Seattle , and Washington State Route 167 HOT - lanes in western Washington ETC in Taiwan SunPass In Florida Portugal ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Portuguese roads have old highways with toll stations where drivers can pay with cards and also lanes where there are electronic collection systems . However most new highways only have the option of electronic toll collection system . The electronic toll collection system comprises three different structures : ANPR which works with infrared cameras and reads license plates from every vehicle Lasers for volumetric measurement of the vehicle to confirm whether it is a regular car or an SUV or truck , as charges differ according to the type of vehicle RFID - like to read on - board smart tags . When the smart tag is installed in the vehicle , the car is quickly identified and owner 's bank account is automatically deducted . This process is realized at any speed up to over 250 km per hour . If the car does not have the smart tag , the driver is required to go to a pay station to pay the tolls between 3rd and 5th day after with a surplus charge . If he fails to do so , the owner is sent a letter home with a heavy fine . If this is not paid , it increases five-fold and after that , the car is inserted into a police database for vehicle impounding . This system is also used in some limited access areas of main cities to allow only entry from pre-registered residents . It is planned to be implemented both in more roads and in city entrance toll collection / access restriction . The efficacy of the system is considered to be so high that it is almost impossible for the driver to complain . London congestion charge ( edit ) The London congestion charge scheme uses 230 cameras and ANPR to help monitor vehicles in the charging zone The London congestion charge is an example of a system that charges motorists entering a payment area . Transport for London ( TfL ) uses ANPR systems and charges motorists a daily fee of £ 11.50 if they enter , leave or move around within the congestion charge zone between 7 a.m. and 6 : 00 p.m. , Monday to Friday . A reduced fee of £ 10.50 is paid by vehicle owners who sign up for the automatic deduction scheme . Fines for traveling within the zone without paying the charge are £ 65 per infraction if paid before the deadline , doubling to £ 130 per infraction thereafter . There are currently 1,500 cameras which use automatic number plate recognition ( ANPR ) technology . There are also a number of mobile camera units which may be deployed anywhere in the zone . It is estimated that around 98 % of vehicles moving within the zone are caught on camera . The video streams are transmitted to a data centre located in central London where the ANPR software deduces the registration plate of the vehicle . A second data centre provides a backup location for image data . Both front and back number plates are being captured , on vehicles going both in and out -- this gives up to four chances to capture the number plates of a vehicle entering and exiting the zone . This list is then compared with a list of cars whose owners / operators have paid to enter the zone -- those that have not paid are fined . The registered owner of such a vehicle is looked up in a database provided by the DVLA . Sweden ( edit ) In Stockholm , Sweden , ANPR is used for the Stockholm congestion tax , owners of cars driving into or out of the inner city must pay a charge , depending on the time of the day . From 2013 , also for the Gothenburg congestion tax , which also includes vehicles passing the city on the main highways . Private use ( edit ) Several UK companies and agencies use ANPR systems . These include Vehicle and Operator Services Agency ( VOSA ) , Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency ( DVLA ) and Transport for London . Other uses ( edit ) ANPR systems may also be used for / by : Section control , to measure average vehicle speed over longer distances . Border crossings Automobile repossessions Petrol stations to log when a motorist drives away without paying for their fuel . A marketing tool to log patterns of use Targeted advertising , a-la `` Minority Report '' - style billboards . Traffic management systems , which determine traffic flow using the time it takes vehicles to pass two ANPR sites Analyses of travel behaviour ( route choice , origin - destination etc . ) for transport planning purposes Drive Through Customer Recognition , to automatically recognize customers based on their license plate and offer them the items they ordered the last time they used the service . To assist visitor management systems in recognizing guest vehicles . Police and Auxiliary Police Car parking companies Hotels Enforcing Move Over laws for emergency vehicles Automated emissions testing Challenges ( edit ) Circumvention ( edit ) Vehicle owners have used a variety of techniques in an attempt to evade ANPR systems and road - rule enforcement cameras in general . One method increases the reflective properties of the lettering and makes it more likely that the system will be unable to locate the plate or produce a high enough level of contrast to be able to read it . This is typically done by using a plate cover or a spray , though claims regarding the effectiveness of the latter are disputed . In most jurisdictions , the covers are illegal and covered under existing laws , while in most countries there is no law to disallow the use of the sprays . Other users have attempted to smear their license plate with dirt or utilize covers to mask the plate . Novelty frames around Texas license plates were made illegal in Texas on 1 September 2003 by Texas Senate Bill 439 because they caused problems with ANPR devices . That law made it a Class C misdemeanor ( punishable by a fine of up to US $200 ) , or Class B ( punishable by a fine of up to US $2,000 and 180 days in jail ) if it can be proven that the owner did it to deliberately obscure their plates . The law was later clarified in 2007 to allow Novelty frames . If an ANPR system can not read the plate , it can flag the image for attention , with the human operators looking to see if they are able to identify the alphanumerics . In order to avoid surveillance or penalty charges , there has been an upsurge in car cloning . This is usually achieved by copying registration plates from another car of a similar model and age . This can be difficult to detect , especially as cloners may change the registration plates and travel behavior to hinder investigations . In 2013 researchers at Sunflex Zone Ltd created a privacy license plate frame that uses near infrared light to make the license plate unreadable to license plate recognition systems . Controversy ( edit ) The introduction of ANPR systems has led to fears of misidentification and the furthering of 1984 - style surveillance . In the United States , some such as Gregg Easterbrook oppose what they call `` machines that issue speeding tickets and red - light tickets '' as the beginning of a slippery slope towards an automated justice system : `` A machine classifies a person as an offender , and you ca n't confront your accuser because there is no accuser ... can it be wise to establish a principle that when a machine says you did something illegal , you are presumed guilty ? '' Similar criticisms have been raised in other countries . Easterbrook also argues that this technology is employed to maximize revenue for the state , rather than to promote safety . The electronic surveillance system produces tickets which in the US are often in excess of $100 , and are virtually impossible for a citizen to contest in court without the help of an attorney . The revenues generated by these machines are shared generously with the private corporation that builds and operates them , creating a strong incentive to tweak the system to generate as many tickets as possible . Older systems had been notably unreliable ; in the UK this has been known to lead to charges being made incorrectly with the vehicle owner having to pay £ 10 in order to be issued with proof ( or not ) of the offense . Improvements in technology have drastically decreased error rates , but false accusations are still frequent enough to be a problem . Perhaps the best known incident involving the abuse of an ANPR database in North America is the case of Edmonton Sun reporter Kerry Diotte in 2004 . Diotte wrote an article critical of Edmonton police use of traffic cameras for revenue enhancement , and in retaliation was added to an ANPR database of `` high - risk drivers '' in an attempt to monitor his habits and create an opportunity to arrest him . The police chief and several officers were fired as a result , and The Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada expressed public concern over the `` growing police use of technology to spy on motorists . '' Other concerns include the storage of information that could be used to identify people and store details about their driving habits and daily life , contravening the Data Protection Act along with similar legislation ( see personally identifiable information ) . The laws in the UK are strict for any system that uses CCTV footage and can identify individuals . Also of concern is the safety of the data once it is mined , following the discovery of police surveillance records lost in a gutter . There is also a case in the UK for saying that use of ANPR cameras is unlawful under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 . The breach exists , some say , in the fact that ANPR is used to monitor the activities of law - abiding citizens and treats everyone like the suspected criminals intended to be surveyed under the Act . The police themselves have been known to refer to the system of ANPR as a `` 24 / 7 traffic movement database '' which is a diversion from its intended purpose of identifying vehicles involved in criminal activities . The opposing viewpoint is that where the plates have been cloned , a ' read ' of an innocent motorist 's vehicle will allow the elimination of that vehicle from an investigation by visual examination of the images stored . Likewise , stolen vehicles are read by ANPR systems between the time of theft and report to the Police , assisting in the investigation . The Associated Press reported in August 2011 that New York Police Department cars and license plate tracking equipment purchased with federal HIDTA ( High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area ) funds were used to spy on Muslims at mosques , and to track the license plate numbers of worshipers . Police in unmarked cars outfitted with electronic license plate readers would drive down the street and automatically catalog the plates of everyone parked near the mosque , amassing a covert database that would be distributed among officers and used to profile Muslims in public . In 2013 the American Civil Liberties Union released 26,000 pages of data about ANPR systems obtained from local , state , and federal agencies through freedom of information laws . `` The documents paint a startling picture of a technology deployed with too few rules that is becoming a tool for mass routine location tracking and surveillance '' wrote the ACLU . The ACLU reported that in many locations the devices were being used to store location information on vehicles which were not suspected of any particular offense . `` Private companies are also using license plate readers and sharing the information they collect with police with little or no oversight or privacy protections . A lack of regulation means that policies governing how long our location data is kept vary widely , '' the ACLU said . In 2012 the ACLU filed suit against the Department of Homeland Security , which funds many local and state ANPR programs through grants , after the agency failed to provide access to records the ACLU had requested under the Freedom of Information Act about the programs . In mid-August 2015 , in Boston , it was discovered that the license plate records for a million people was online and unprotected . Plate inconsistency and jurisdictional differences ( edit ) Many ANPR systems claim accuracy when trained to match plates from a single jurisdiction or region , but can fail when trying to recognize plates from other jurisdictions due to variations in format , font , color , layout , and other plate features . Some jurisdictions offer vanity or affinity plates ( particularly in the US ) , which can create many variations within a single jurisdiction . From time to time , US states will make significant changes in their license plate protocol that will affect OCR accuracy . They may add a character or add a new license plate design . ALPR systems must adapt to these changes quickly in order to be effective . Another challenge with ALPR systems is that some states have the same license plate protocol . For example , more than one state uses the standard three letters followed by four numbers . So each time the ALPR systems alarms , it is the user 's responsibility to make sure that the plate which caused the alarm matches the state associated with the license plate listed on the in - car computer . For maximum effectiveness , an ANPR system should be able to recognize plates from any jurisdiction , and the jurisdiction to which they are associated , but these many variables make such tasks difficult . Currently at least one US ANPR provider ( PlateSmart ) claims their system has been independently reviewed as able to accurately recognize the US state jurisdiction of license plates , and one European ANPR provider claims their system can differentiate all EU plate jurisdictions . Accuracy and measurement of ANPR system performance ( edit ) A few ANPR software vendors publish accuracy results based on image benchmarks . These results may vary depending on which images the vendor has chosen to include in their test . In 2017 , Sighthound reported a 93.6 % accuracy on a private image benchmark . In 2017 , OpenALPR reported accuracy rates for their commercial software in the range of 95 - 98 % on a public image benchmark . April 2018 research from Brazil 's Federal University of Paraná and Federal University of Minas Gerais that compared both systems reported median recognition rate of 93.53 % and stated significant improvement from the 81.8 % rate obtained in previous works . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automatic number plate recognition . AI effect Applications of artificial intelligence Facial recognition system Road policing unit Vehicle location data Lists List of emerging technologies Outline of artificial intelligence References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ANPR Tutorial '' . ANPR Tutorial. 11 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_number-plate_recognition&oldid=866267508 '' Categories : Automatic number plate recognition Surveillance Applications of computer vision Artificial intelligence applications Authentication methods Electronic toll collection Law enforcement equipment Road traffic management Optical character recognition Automatic identification and data capture Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with dead external links from October 2018 Pages with URL errors CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with dead external links from April 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from August 2018 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 09 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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2. Law enforcement applications of ANPR
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5. International use and adoption of ANPR technology |
8,296,919,130,627,449,000 | what are the 5 major divisions of the old testament | Old Testament - wikipedia Old Testament Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Christian Bible . For the related Jewish text , see Tanakh . Part of a series on the Bible Canons and books ( hide ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Christian biblical canons Hebrew Bible Old Testament ( OT ) New Testament ( NT ) Deuterocanon Antilegomena Chapters and verses Apocrypha Jewish OT NT Authorship and development ( show ) Authorship Dating Hebrew canon Old Testament canon New Testament canon Documentary hypothesis Mosaic authorship Pauline epistles Petrine epistles Johannine works Translations and manuscripts ( show ) Samaritan Torah Dead Sea scrolls Masoretic Text Targumim Peshitta Septuagint Vulgate Gothic Bible Vetus Latina Luther Bible English Bibles Biblical studies ( show ) Archeology Artifacts Dating Historicity Internal consistency People Places Names Novum Testamentum Graece Documentary hypothesis Synoptic problem NT textual categories Biblical criticism Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation ( show ) Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Literalism Prophecy Inspiration Humor Violence Alcohol Ethics Slavery Women Muhammad Homosexuality Perspectives ( show ) Gnostic Islamic Qur'anic Inerrancy Infallibility Criticism of the Bible Outline of Bible - related topics Bible book Bible portal Part of a series on Christianity Jesus Christ ( show ) Jesus in Christianity Son of God Virgin birth Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Bible Foundations ( show ) Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Books Church Creed New Covenant Theology ( show ) God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Patriology Pneumatology Salvation History Tradition ( show ) Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Christianity Constantine Councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Luther Reformation Radical Reformation Related topics ( show ) Art Holidays ( list ) Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Denominations Groups ( show ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witness Latter Day Saint Oneness Pentecostal Christianity portal The Old Testament ( abbreviated OT ) is the first part of Christian Bibles , based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible ( or Tanakh ) , a collection of ancient religious writings by the Israelites believed by most Christians and religious Jews to be the sacred Word of God . The second part of the Christian Bible is the New Testament . The books that comprise the Old Testament canon , as well as their order and names , differ between Christian denominations . The Catholic canon comprises 46 books , and the canons of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches comprise up to 51 books and the most common Protestant canon comprises 39 books . The 39 books in common to all the Christian canons correspond to the 24 books of the Tanakh , with some differences of order , and there are some differences in text . The additional number reflects the splitting of several texts ( Kings , Samuel and Chronicles , Ezra -- Nehemiah and the minor prophets ) into separate books in Christian bibles . The books which are part of a Christian Old Testament but which are not part of the Hebrew canon are sometimes described as deuterocanonical . In general , Protestant Bibles do not include the deuterocanonical books in their canon , but some versions of Anglican and Lutheran bibles place such books in a separate section called Apocrypha . These extra books are ultimately derived from the earlier Greek Septuagint collection of the Hebrew scriptures and are also Jewish in origin . Some are also contained in the Dead Sea Scrolls . The Old Testament consists of many distinct books by various authors produced over a period of centuries . Christians traditionally divide the Old Testament into four sections : ( 1 ) the first five books or Pentateuch ( Torah ) ; ( 2 ) the history books telling the history of the Israelites , from their conquest of Canaan to their defeat and exile in Babylon ; ( 3 ) the poetic and `` Wisdom books '' dealing , in various forms , with questions of good and evil in the world ; and ( 4 ) the books of the biblical prophets , warning of the consequences of turning away from God . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 1.1 Table 2 Composition 3 Themes 4 Formation 4.1 Greek 4.2 Latin 4.3 Protestant 4.4 Other versions 5 Christian theology 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Content ( edit ) Main articles : Biblical canon and Development of the Old Testament canon The Old Testament contains 39 ( Protestant ) , 46 ( Catholic ) , or more ( Orthodox and other ) books , divided , very broadly , into the Pentateuch ( Torah ) , the historical books , the `` wisdom '' books and the prophets . Table ( edit ) The table uses the spellings and names present in modern editions of the Christian Bible , such as the Catholic New American Bible Revised Edition and the Protestant Revised Standard Version and English Standard Version . The spelling and names in both the 1609 -- 10 Douay Old Testament ( and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament ) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner ( the edition currently in print used by many Catholics , and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English ) and in the Septuagint differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions which are derived from the Hebrew Masoretic text . For the Orthodox canon , Septuagint titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions . For the Catholic canon , the Douaic titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions . Likewise , the King James Version references some of these books by the traditional spelling when referring to them in the New Testament , such as `` Esaias '' ( for Isaiah ) . In the spirit of ecumenism more recent Catholic translations ( e.g. the New American Bible , Jerusalem Bible , and ecumenical translations used by Catholics , such as the Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition ) use the same `` standardized '' ( King James Version ) spellings and names as Protestant Bibles ( e.g. 1 Chronicles as opposed to the Douaic 1 Paralipomenon , 1 -- 2 Samuel and 1 -- 2 Kings instead of 1 -- 4 Kings ) in those books which are universally considered canonical , the protocanonicals . The Talmud ( the Jewish commentary on the scriptures ) in Bava Batra 14b gives a different order for the books in Nevi'im and Ketuvim . This order is also cited in Mishneh Torah Hilchot Sefer Torah 7 : 15 . The order of the books of the Torah is universal through all denominations of Judaism and Christianity . The disputed books , included in one canon but not in others , are often called the Biblical apocrypha , a term that is sometimes used specifically to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text and most modern Protestant Bibles . Catholics , following the Canon of Trent ( 1546 ) , describe these books as deuterocanonical , while Greek Orthodox Christians , following the Synod of Jerusalem ( 1672 ) , use the traditional name of anagignoskomena , meaning `` that which is to be read . '' They are present in a few historic Protestant versions ; the German Luther Bible included such books , as did the English 1611 King James Version . Empty table cells indicate that a book is absent from that canon . Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ) ( 24 books ) Books in bold are part of the Ketuvim Protestant Old Testament ( 39 books ) Catholic Old Testament ( 46 books ) Eastern Orthodox Old Testament ( 50 books ) Original language Torah <Td_colspan="3"> Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses Bereishit Genesis Genesis Genesis Hebrew Shemot Exodus Exodus Exodus Hebrew Vayikra Leviticus Leviticus Leviticus Hebrew Bamidbar Numbers Numbers Numbers Hebrew Devarim Deuteronomy Deuteronomy Deuteronomy Hebrew Nevi'im ( Prophets ) <Td_colspan="3"> Historical books Yehoshua Joshua Joshua ( Josue ) Joshua ( Iesous ) Hebrew Shofetim Judges Judges Judges Hebrew Rut ( Ruth ) Ruth Ruth Ruth Hebrew Shemuel 1 Samuel 1 Samuel ( 1 Kings ) 1 Samuel ( 1 Kingdoms ) Hebrew 2 Samuel 2 Samuel ( 2 Kings ) 2 Samuel ( 2 Kingdoms ) Hebrew Melakhim 1 Kings 1 Kings ( 3 Kings ) 1 Kings ( 3 Kingdoms ) Hebrew 2 Kings 2 Kings ( 4 Kings ) 2 Kings ( 4 Kingdoms ) Hebrew Divrei Hayamim ( Chronicles ) 1 Chronicles 1 Chronicles ( 1 Paralipomenon ) 1 Chronicles ( 1 Paralipomenon ) Hebrew 2 Chronicles 2 Chronicles ( 2 Paraleipomenon ) 2 Chronicles ( 2 Paraleipomenon ) Hebrew 1 Esdras Hebrew Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Ezra ( 1 Esdras ) Ezra ( 2 Esdras ) Hebrew and Aramaic Nehemiah Nehemiah ( 2 Esdras ) Nehemiah ( 2 Esdras ) Hebrew Tobit ( Tobias ) Tobit Aramaic ( and Hebrew ? ) Judith Judith Hebrew Esther Esther Esther Esther Hebrew 1 Maccabees ( 1 Machabees ) 1 Maccabees Hebrew 2 Maccabees ( 2 Machabees ) 2 Maccabees Greek 3 Maccabees Greek 3 Esdras Greek ? 4 Maccabees Greek Ketuvim ( Writings ) <Td_colspan="3"> Wisdom books Iyov ( Job ) Job Job Job Hebrew Tehillim ( Psalms ) Psalms Psalms Psalms Hebrew Prayer of Manasseh Greek Mishlei ( Proverbs ) Proverbs Proverbs Proverbs Hebrew Qoheleth ( Ecclesiastes ) Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Hebrew Shir Hashirim ( Song of Songs ) Song of Solomon Song of Songs ( Canticle of Canticles ) Song of Songs ( Aisma Aismaton ) Hebrew Wisdom Wisdom Greek Sirach ( Ecclesiasticus ) Sirach Hebrew Nevi'im ( Latter Prophets ) <Td_colspan="3"> Major prophets Yeshayahu Isaiah Isaiah ( Isaias ) Isaiah Hebrew Yirmeyahu Jeremiah Jeremiah ( Jeremias ) Jeremiah Hebrew Eikhah ( Lamentations ) Lamentations Lamentations Lamentations Hebrew Baruch Baruch Hebrew Letter of Jeremiah Greek ( majority view ) Yekhezqel Ezekiel Ezekiel ( Ezechiel ) Ezekiel Hebrew Daniel Daniel Daniel Daniel Hebrew and Aramaic <Td_colspan="3"> Twelve Minor Prophets The Twelve or Trei Asar Hosea Hosea ( Osee ) Hosea Hebrew Joel Joel Joel Hebrew Amos Amos Amos Hebrew Obadiah Obadiah ( Abdias ) Obadiah Hebrew Jonah Jonah ( Jonas ) Jonah Hebrew Micah Micah ( Michaeas ) Micah Hebrew Nahum Nahum Nahum Hebrew Habakkuk Habakkuk ( Habacuc ) Habakkuk Hebrew Zephaniah Zephaniah ( Sophonias ) Zephaniah Hebrew Haggai Haggai ( Aggaeus ) Haggai Hebrew Zechariah Zechariah ( Zacharias ) Zechariah Hebrew Malachi Malachi ( Malachias ) Malachi Hebrew Several of the books in the Eastern Orthodox canon are also found in the appendix to the Latin Vulgate , formerly the official bible of the Roman Catholic Church . <Td_colspan="2"> Books in the Appendix to the Vulgate Bible Name in Vulgate Name in Eastern Orthodox use 3 Esdras 1 Esdras 4 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Prayer of Manasseh Psalm of David when he slew Goliath ( Psalm 151 ) Psalm 151 Composition ( edit ) The first five books -- Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , book of Numbers and Deuteronomy -- reached their present form in the Persian period ( 538 -- 332 BC ) , and their authors were the elite of exilic returnees who controlled the Temple at that time . The books of Joshua , Judges , Samuel and Kings follow , forming a history of Israel from the Conquest of Canaan to the Siege of Jerusalem c. 587 BC . There is a broad consensus among scholars that these originated as a single work ( the so - called `` Deuteronomistic history '' ) during the Babylonian exile of the 6th century BC . The two Books of Chronicles cover much the same material as the Pentateuch and Deuteronomistic history and probably date from the 4th century BC . Chronicles , and Ezra -- Nehemiah , were probably finished during the 3rd century BC . Catholic and Orthodox Old Testaments contain two ( Catholic Old Testament ) to four ( Orthodox ) Books of Maccabees , written in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC . These history books make up around half the total content of the Old Testament . Of the remainder , the books of the various prophets -- Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezekiel , Daniel and the twelve `` minor prophets '' -- were written between the 8th and 6th centuries BC , with the exceptions of Jonah and Daniel , which were written much later . The `` wisdom '' books -- Job , Proverbs , Ecclesiastes , Psalms , Song of Solomon -- have various dates : Proverbs possibly was completed by the Hellenistic time ( 332 - 198 BC ) , though containing much older material as well ; Job completed by the 6th Century BC ; Ecclesiastes by the 3rd Century BC . Themes ( edit ) God is consistently depicted as the one who created the world . Although the God of the Old Testament is not consistently presented as the only God who exists , he is always depicted as the only God whom Israel is to worship , or the one `` true God '' , that only Yahweh is Almighty , and both Jews and Christians have always interpreted the Bible ( both the `` Old '' and `` New '' Testaments ) as an affirmation of the oneness of Almighty God . The Old Testament stresses the special relationship between God and his chosen people , Israel , but includes instructions for proselytes as well . This relationship is expressed in the biblical covenant ( contract ) between the two , received by Moses . The law codes in books such as Exodus and especially Deuteronomy are the terms of the contract : Israel swears faithfulness to God , and God swears to be Israel 's special protector and supporter . Further themes in the Old Testament include salvation , redemption , divine judgment , obedience and disobedience , faith and faithfulness , among others . Throughout there is a strong emphasis on ethics and ritual purity , both of which God demands , although some of the prophets and wisdom writers seem to question this , arguing that God demands social justice above purity , and perhaps does not even care about purity at all . The Old Testament 's moral code enjoins fairness , intervention on behalf of the vulnerable , and the duty of those in power to administer justice righteously . It forbids murder , bribery and corruption , deceitful trading , and many sexual misdemeanors . All morality is traced back to God , who is the source of all goodness . The problem of evil plays a large part in the Old Testament . The problem the Old Testament authors faced was that a good God must have had just reason for bringing disaster ( meaning notably , but not only , the Babylonian exile ) upon his people . The theme is played out , with many variations , in books as different as the histories of Kings and Chronicles , the prophets like Ezekiel and Jeremiah , and in the wisdom books like Job and Ecclesiastes . Formation ( edit ) Main articles : Books of the Bible and Biblical canon See also : Development of the Hebrew Bible canon , Development of the Old Testament canon , Septuagint , and Books of the Latin Vulgate The interrelationship between various significant ancient manuscripts of the Old Testament , according to the Encyclopaedia Biblica ( 1903 ) . Some manuscripts are identified by their siglum . LXX here denotes the original Septuagint . The process by which scriptures became canons and Bibles was a long one , and its complexities account for the many different Old Testaments which exist today . Timothy H. Lim , a professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism at the University of Edinburgh , identifies the Old Testament as `` a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing . '' He states that it is not a magical book , nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind . By about the 5th century BC Jews saw the five books of the Torah ( the Old Testament Pentateuch ) as having authoritative status ; by the 2nd century BC the Prophets had a similar status , although without quite the same level of respect as the Torah ; beyond that , the Jewish scriptures were fluid , with different groups seeing authority in different books . Greek ( edit ) See also : Septuagint and Masoretic Text Hebrew texts commenced to be translated into Greek in Alexandria in about 280 and continued until about 130 BC . These early Greek translations -- supposedly commissioned by Ptolemy Philadelphus -- were called the Septuagint ( Latin : `` Seventy '' ) from the supposed number of translators involved ( hence its abbreviation `` LXX '' ) . This Septuagint remains the basis of the Old Testament in the Eastern Orthodox Church . It varies in many places from the Masoretic Text and includes numerous books no longer considered canonical in some traditions : 1 and 2 Esdras , Judith , Tobit , 3 and 4 Maccabees , the Book of Wisdom , Sirach , and Baruch . Early modern Biblical criticism typically explained these variations as intentional or ignorant corruptions by the Alexandrian scholars , but most recent scholarship holds it is simply based on early source texts differing from those later used by the Masoretes in their work . The Septuagint was originally used by Hellenized Jews whose knowledge of Greek was better than Hebrew . But the texts came to be used predominantly by gentile converts to Christianity and by the early Church as its scripture , Greek being the lingua franca of the early Church . The three most acclaimed early interpreters were Aquila of Sinope , Symmachus the Ebionite , and Theodotion ; in his Hexapla , Origen placed his edition of the Hebrew text beside its transcription in Greek letters and four parallel translations : Aquila 's , Symmachus 's , the Septuagint 's , and Theodotion 's . The so - called `` fifth '' and `` sixth editions '' were two other Greek translations supposedly miraculously discovered by students outside the towns of Jericho and Nicopolis : these were added to Origen 's Octapla . In 331 , Constantine I commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople . Athanasius recorded Alexandrian scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for Constans . Little else is known , though there is plenty of speculation . For example , it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists , and that Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus are examples of these Bibles . Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus , these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles . There is no evidence among the canons of the First Council of Nicaea of any determination on the canon , however , Jerome ( 347 -- 420 ) , in his Prologue to Judith , makes the claim that the Book of Judith was `` found by the Nicene Council to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures '' . Latin ( edit ) See also : Deuterocanonical books and Vulgate In Western Christianity or Christianity in the Western half of the Roman Empire , Latin had displaced Greek as the common language of the early Christians , and in 382 AD Pope Damasus I commissioned Jerome , the leading scholar of the day , to produce an updated Latin bible to replace the Vetus Latina , which was a Latin translation of the Septuagint . Jerome 's work , called the Vulgate , was a direct translation from Hebrew , since he argued for the superiority of the Hebrew texts in correcting the Septuagint on both philological and theological grounds . His Vulgate Old Testament became the standard bible used in the Western Church , specifically as the Sixto - Clementine Vulgate , while the Churches in the East continued , and still continue , to use the Septuagint . Jerome , however , in the Vulgate 's prologues describes some portions of books in the Septuagint not found in the Hebrew Bible as being non-canonical ( he called them apocrypha ) ; for Baruch , he mentions by name in his Prologue to Jeremiah and notes that it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews , but does not explicitly call it apocryphal or `` not in the canon '' . The Synod of Hippo ( in 393 ) , followed by the Council of Carthage ( 397 ) and the Council of Carthage ( 419 ) , may be the first council that explicitly accepted the first canon which includes the books that did not appear in the Hebrew Bible ; the councils were under significant influence of Augustine of Hippo , who regarded the canon as already closed . Protestant ( edit ) In the 16th century , the Protestant reformers sided with Jerome ; yet although most Protestant Bibles now have only those books that appear in the Hebrew Bible , they have them in the order of the Greek Bible . Rome then officially adopted a canon , the Canon of Trent , which is seen as following Augustine 's Carthaginian Councils or the Council of Rome , and includes most , but not all , of the Septuagint ( 3 Ezra and 3 and 4 Maccabees are excluded ) ; the Anglicans after the English Civil War adopted a compromise position , restoring the 39 Articles and keeping the extra books that were excluded by the Westminster Confession of Faith , but only for private study and for reading in churches , while Lutherans kept them for private study , gathered in an appendix as Biblical Apocrypha . Other versions ( edit ) While the Hebrew , Greek and Latin versions of the Hebrew Bible are the best known Old Testaments , there were others . At much the same time as the Septuagint was being produced , translations were being made into Aramaic , the language of Jews living in Palestine and the Near East and likely the language of Jesus : these are called the Aramaic Targums , from a word meaning `` translation '' , and were used to help Jewish congregations understand their scriptures . For Aramaic Christians there was a Syriac translation of the Hebrew Bible called the Peshitta , as well as versions in Coptic ( the everyday language of Egypt in the first Christian centuries , descended from ancient Egyptian ) , Ethiopic ( for use in the Ethiopian church , one of the oldest Christian churches ) , Armenian ( Armenia was the first to adopt Christianity as its official religion ) , and Arabic . Christian Theology ( edit ) Main article : Christian views on the Old Covenant Christianity is based on the belief that the historical Jesus is also the Christ , as in the Confession of Peter . This belief is in turn based on Jewish understandings of the meaning of the Hebrew term messiah , which , like the Greek `` Christ '' , means `` anointed '' . In the Hebrew Scriptures it describes a king anointed with oil on his accession to the throne : he becomes `` The LORD 's anointed '' or Yahweh 's Anointed . By the time of Jesus , some Jews expected that a flesh and blood descendant of David ( the `` Son of David '' ) would come to establish a real Jewish kingdom in Jerusalem , instead of the Roman province . Others stressed the Son of Man , a distinctly other - worldly figure who would appear as a judge at the end of time ; and some harmonised the two by expecting a this - worldly messianic kingdom which would last for a set period and be followed by the other - worldly age or World to Come . Some thought the Messiah was already present , but unrecognised due to Israel 's sins ; some thought that the Messiah would be announced by a fore - runner , probably Elijah ( as promised by the prophet Malachi , whose book now ends the Old Testament and precedes Mark 's account of John the Baptist ) . None predicted a Messiah who suffers and dies for the sins of all the people . The story of Jesus ' death therefore involved a profound shift in meaning from the tradition of the Old Testament . The name `` Old Testament '' reflects Christianity 's understanding of itself as the fulfillment of Jeremiah 's prophecy of a New Covenant ( which is similar to `` testament '' and often conflated ) to replace the existing covenant between God and Israel ( Jeremiah 31 : 31 ) . The emphasis , however , has shifted from Judaism 's understanding of the covenant as a racially or tribally - based contract between God and Jews to one between God and any person of faith who is `` in Christ '' . See also ( edit ) Abrogation of Old Covenant laws Biblical and Quranic narratives Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts Books of the Bible Covenant ( biblical ) Expounding of the Law Timeline of Genesis patriarchs Law and Gospel List of ancient legal codes List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts Marcion of Sinope Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible Quotations from the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament Supersessionism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Generally due to derivation from transliterations of names used in the Latin Vulgate in the case of Catholicism , and from transliterations of the Greek Septuagint in the case of the Orthodox ( as opposed to derivation of translations , instead of transliterations , of Hebrew titles ) such Ecclesiasticus ( DRC ) instead of Sirach ( LXX ) or Ben Sira ( Hebrew ) , Paralipomenon ( Greek , meaning `` things omitted '' ) instead of Chronicles , Sophonias instead of Zephaniah , Noe instead of Noah , Henoch instead of Enoch , Messias instead of Messiah , Sion instead of Zion , etc . Jump up ^ The foundational Thirty - Nine Articles of Anglicanism , in Article VI , asserts these disputed books are not used `` to establish any doctrine '' , but `` read for example of life . '' Although the Biblical apocrypha are still used in Anglican Liturgy , the modern trend is to not even print the Old Testament apocrypha in editions of Anglican - used Bibles . Jump up ^ The 24 books of the Hebrew Bible are the same as the 39 books of the Protestant Old Testament , only divided and ordered differently : the books of the Minor Prophets are in Christian Bibles twelve different books , and in Hebrew Bibles , one book called `` The Twelve '' . Likewise , Christian Bibles divide the Books of Kingdoms into four books , either 1 -- 2 Samuel and 1 -- 2 Kings or 1 -- 4 Kings : Jewish Bibles divide these into two books . The Jews likewise keep 1 -- 2 Chronicles / Paralipomenon as one book . Ezra and Nehemiah are likewise combined in the Jewish Bible , as they are in many Orthodox Bibles , instead of divided into two books , as per the Catholic and Protestant tradition . ^ Jump up to : This book is part of the Ketuvim , the third section of the Jewish canon . They have a different order in Jewish canon than in Christian canon . ^ Jump up to : The books of Samuel and Kings are often called First through Fourth Kings in the Catholic tradition , much like the Orthodox . ^ Jump up to : Names in parentheses are the Septuagint names and are often used by the Orthodox Christians . ^ Jump up to : One of 11 deuterocanonical books in the Russian Synodal Bible . Jump up ^ 2 Esdras in the Russian Synodal Bible . ^ Jump up to : Some Eastern Orthodox churches follow the Septuagint and Hebrew Bibles by considering the books of Ezra and Nehemiah as one book . Jump up ^ 1 Esdras in the Russian Synodal Bible . ^ Jump up to : The Catholic and Orthodox Book of Esther includes 103 verses not in the Protestant Book of Esther . ^ Jump up to : The Latin Vulgate , Douay - Rheims , and Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition place First and Second Maccabees after Malachi ; other Catholic translations place them after Esther . Jump up ^ In Greek Bibles , 4 Maccabees is found in the appendix . Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox churches include Psalm 151 and the Prayer of Manasseh , not present in all canons . Jump up ^ Part of 2 Paralipomenon in the Russian Synodal Bible . ^ Jump up to : In Catholic Bibles , Baruch includes a sixth chapter called the Letter of Jeremiah . Baruch is not in the Protestant Bible or the Tanakh . Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox Bibles have the books of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah separate . Jump up ^ Hebrew ( minority view ) ; see Letter of Jeremiah for details . ^ Jump up to : In Catholic and Orthodox Bibles , Daniel includes three sections not included in Protestant Bibles . The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children are included between Daniel 3 : 23 -- 24 . Susanna is included as Daniel 13 . Bel and the Dragon is included as Daniel 14 . These are not in the Protestant Old Testament . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jones 2001 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Preface to the New Revised Standard Version Anglicised Edition Jump up ^ Barton 2001 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Lim , Timothy H. ( 2005 ) . The Dead Sea Scrolls : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Boadt 1984 , pp. 11 , 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ The Apocrypha , Bridge of the Testaments ( PDF ) , Orthodox Anglican , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 02 - 05 , Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer , the Benedictus es and Benedicite , are taken from the Apocrypha . One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book ( Tob. 4 : 8 -- 9 ) . Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to be read in the daily , Sunday , and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer . There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary ( Books used are : II Esdras , Tobit , Wisdom , Ecclesiasticus , Baruch , Three Holy Children , and I Maccabees . ) Jump up ^ `` Baruch '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 1911 Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp 1998 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Rogerson 2003 , pp. 153 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Coggins 2003 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Grabbe 2003 , pp. 213 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Miller 1987 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Crenshaw 2010 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Barton 2001 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Barton 2001 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Brettler 2005 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Gentry 2008 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Würthwein 1995 . Jump up ^ Jones 2001 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Cave , William . A complete history of the lives , acts , and martyrdoms of the holy apostles , and the two evangelists , St. Mark and Luke , Vol. II . Wiatt ( Philadelphia ) , 1810 . Retrieved 6 Feb 2013 . Jump up ^ Apol . Const. 4 Jump up ^ The Canon Debate , pp. 414 -- 15 , for the entire paragraph Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Book of Judith '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Canonicity : `` ... '' the Synod of Nicaea is said to have accounted it as Sacred Scripture '' ( Praef. in Lib . ) . It is true that no such declaration is to be found in the Canons of Nicaea , and it is uncertain whether St. Jerome is referring to the use made of the book in the discussions of the council , or whether he was misled by some spurious canons attributed to that council `` . Jump up ^ Rebenich , S. , Jerome ( Routledge , 2013 ) , p. 58 . ISBN 9781134638444 Jump up ^ Würthwein 1995 , pp. 91 -- 99 . Jump up ^ `` The Bible '' . Jump up ^ Kevin P. Edgecomb , Jerome 's Prologue to Jeremiah Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders , editors of The Canon Debate , 2002 , chapter 5 : The Septuagint : The Bible of Hellenistic Judaism by Albert C. Sundberg Jr. , page 72 , Appendix D - 2 , note 19 . Jump up ^ Everett Ferguson , `` Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon '' , in The Canon Debate . eds . L.M. McDonald & J.A. Sanders ( Hendrickson , 2002 ) p. 320 ; F.F. Bruce , The Canon of Scripture ( Intervarsity Press , 1988 ) p. 230 ; cf . Augustine , De Civitate Dei 22.8 ^ Jump up to : Barton 1997 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Philip Schaff , `` Chapter IX . Theological Controversies , and Development of the Ecumenical Orthodoxy '' , History of the Christian Church , CCEL Jump up ^ Lindberg ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of Christianity . Blackwell Publishing . p. 15 . Jump up ^ F.L. Cross , E.A. Livingstone , ed. ( 1983 ) , The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 232 Jump up ^ Soggin 1987 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Würthwein 1995 , pp. 79 -- 90 , 100 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer 1991 , pp. 570 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Juel 2000 , pp. 236 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Herion 2000 , pp. 291 -- 92 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bandstra , Barry L ( 2004 ) , Reading the Old Testament : an introduction to the Hebrew Bible , Wadsworth , ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 39105 - 0 Barton , John ( 1997 ) , How the Bible came to be , Westminster John Knox Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25785 - 9 -- -- -- ( 2001 ) , `` Introduction to the Old Testament '' , in Muddiman , John ; Barton , John , Bible Commentary , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 875500 - 5 Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 1998 ) , `` The Pentateuch '' , in Barton , John , The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48593 - 7 Boadt , Lawrence ( 1984 ) , Reading the Old Testament : an introduction , Paulist Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 2631 - 6 Brettler , Marc Zvi ( 2005 ) , How to read the Bible , Jewish Publication Society , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8276 - 1001 - 9 Bultman , Christoph ( 2001 ) , `` Deuteronomy '' , in Barton , John ; Muddiman , John , Oxford Bible Commentary , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 875500 - 5 Coggins , Richard J ( 2003 ) , `` 1 and 2 Chronicles '' , in Dunn , James DG ; Rogerson , John William , Commentary on the Bible , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 0 Crenshaw , James L ( 2010 ) , Old Testament wisdom : an introduction , Westminster John Knox Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 23459 - 1 Davies , GI ( 1998 ) , `` Introduction to the Pentateuch '' , in Barton , John , Oxford Bible Commentary , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 875500 - 5 Dines , Jennifer M ( 2004 ) , `` The Septuagint '' , Continuum , ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 08464 - 4 Farmer , Ron ( 1991 ) , `` Messiah / Christ '' , in Mills , Watson E ; Bullard , Roger Aubrey , Mercer dictionary of the Bible , Mercer University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 373 - 7 Gentry , Peter R ( 2008 ) , `` Old Greek and Later Revisors '' , in Sollamo , Raija ; Voitila , Anssi ; Jokiranta , Jutta , Scripture in transition , Brill , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16582 - 3 Grabbe , Lester L ( 2003 ) , `` Ezra '' , in Dunn , James DG ; Rogerson , John William , Commentary on the Bible , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 0 Hasel , Gerhard F ( 1991 ) , Old Testament theology : basic issues in the current debate , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0537 - 9 Herion , Gary A ( 2000 ) , `` Covenant '' , in Freedman , David Noel , Dictionary of the Bible , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 90 - 5356 - 503 - 2 Jobes , Karen H ; Silva , Moises ( 2005 ) , Invitation to the Septuagint , Baker Academic Jones , Barry A ( 2000 ) , `` Canon of the Old Testament '' , in Freedman , David Noel , Dictionary of the Bible , William B Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 90 - 5356 - 503 - 2 Juel , Donald ( 2000 ) , `` Christ '' , in Freedman , David Noel , Dictionary of the Bible , William B Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 90 - 5356 - 503 - 2 Lim , Timothy H. ( 2005 ) . The Dead Sea Scrolls : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . McLay , Tim ( 2003 ) , The use of the Septuagint in New Testament research , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6091 - 0 Miller , John W ( 2004 ) , How the Bible came to be , Paulist Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4183 - 8 Miller , John W ( 1987 ) , Meet the prophets : a beginner 's guide to the books of the biblical prophets , Paulist Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 2899 - 0 Miller , Stephen R. ( 1994 ) , Daniel , B&H Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 8054 - 0118 - 0 Rogerson , John W ( 2003 ) , `` Deuteronomy '' , in Dunn , James DG ; Rogerson , John William , Commentary on the Bible , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 0 Sailhamer , John H. ( 1992 ) , The Pentateuch As Narrative , Zondervan , ISBN 0 - 310 - 57421 - 8 Schniedewind , William M ( 2004 ) , How the Bible Became a Book , Cambridge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53622 - 6 Soggin , J. Alberto ( 1987 ) , Introduction to the Old Testament , Westminster John Knox Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22156 - 0 Stuart , Douglas ( 1987 ) , Hosea - Jonah , Thomas Nelson , ISBN 0 - 8499 - 0230 - 4 Würthwein , Ernst ( 1995 ) , The text of the Old Testament : an introduction to the Biblia Hebraica , William B Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0788 - 5 Further reading ( edit ) Anderson , Bernhard . Understanding the Old Testament . ISBN 0 - 13 - 948399 - 3 Bahnsen , Greg , et al. , Five Views on Law and Gospel ( Grand Rapids : Zondervan , 1993 ) . Berkowitz , Ariel ; Berkowitz , D'vorah ( 2004 ) , Torah Rediscovered ( 4th ed . ) , Shoreshim , ISBN 0 - 9752914 - 0 - 8 . Dever , William G. ( 2003 ) , Who Were the Early Israelites ? , Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B Eerdmans , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 0975 - 8 . von Rad , Gerhard ( 1982 -- 1984 ) , Theologie des Alten Testaments ( Theology of the Old Testament ) ( in German ) , Band 1 -- 2 , Munich : Auflage . Hill , Andrew ; Walton , John ( 2000 ) , A Survey of the Old Testament ( 2nd ed . ) , Grand Rapids : Zondervan , ISBN 0 - 310 - 22903 - 0 . Kuntz , John Kenneth ( 1974 ) , The People of Ancient Israel : an introduction to Old Testament Literature , History , and Thought , Harper & Row , ISBN 0 - 06 - 043822 - 3 . Lancaster , D Thomas ( 2005 ) , Restoration : Returning the Torah of God to the Disciples of Jesus , Littleton \ : First Fruits of Zion . Papadaki - Oekland , Stella , Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts of the Book of Job , ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 53232 - 5 . Rouvière , Jean - Marc ( 2006 ) , Brèves méditations sur la Création du monde ( Brief meditations on the creation of the World ) ( in French ) , Paris : L'Harmattan . Salibi , Kamal ( 1985 ) , The Bible Came from Arabia , London : Jonathan Cape , ISBN 0 - 224 - 02830 - 8 . Schmid , Konrad ( 2012 ) , The Old Testament : A Literary History , Minneapolis : Fortress , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 9775 - 4 . Silberman , Neil A ; et al. ( 2003 ) , The Bible Unearthed ( hardback ) format = requires url = ( help ) , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 684 - 86912 - 8 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 86913 - 6 ( paperback ) . Sprinkle , Joseph ' Joe ' M ( 2006 ) , Biblical Law and Its Relevance : A Christian Understanding and Ethical Application for Today of the Mosaic Regulations ( clothbound ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Lanham , Maryland : University Press of America , ISBN 0 - 7618 - 3371 - 4 and ISBN 0 - 7618 - 3372 - 2 ( paperback ) . External links ( edit ) `` The Old Testament Canon '' , Scripture & tradition , Church Fathers . Bible gateway . Full texts of the Old ( and New ) Testaments including the full Roman and Orthodox Catholic canons . `` Old Testament '' , Écritures , La feuille d'Olivier , archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 07 . Protestant Old Testament on a single page . `` Old Testament '' , Reading Room , CA : Tyndale Seminary . Extensive online OT resources ( incl . commentaries ) . `` Old Testament '' , Religious studies ( video ) ( lectures ) , Yale University , 2011 - 11 - 30 . Bible , X10 host : Old Testament stories and commentary . Old Testament Timeline ( PDF ) , LDS . 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-169,186,031,540,789,540 | et was played by a kid with no legs | E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial - wikipedia E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial Jump to : navigation , search `` E.T. '' redirects here . For other uses , see ET . <Th_colspan="2"> E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Steven Spielberg Written by Melissa Mathison Starring Dee Wallace Peter Coyote Henry Thomas Music by John Williams Cinematography Allen Daviau Edited by Carol Littleton Production company Universal Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 26 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 26 ) ( Cannes ) June 11 , 1982 ( 1982 - 06 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 114 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $ 10.5 million Box office $ 792.9 million E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Peter Coyote , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . Elliott and his siblings help E.T. return to his home planet , while attempting to keep him hidden from their mother and the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci - fi horror film project Night Skies . It was filmed from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of $10.5 million USD . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 , by Universal Pictures , E.T. was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest - grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg - directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest - grossing film of the 1980s . Considered one of the greatest films ever made , it was widely acclaimed by critics as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 , to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Allegations of plagiarism 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Release and sales 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 20th anniversary version 7 Other portrayals 8 Cancelled sequel 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Plot ( edit ) While visiting Earth in a California forest at night , a group of alien botanists land in a spacecraft . When government agents appear on the scene , the aliens flee in their spaceship , leaving one of their own behind in their haste . At a suburban home , a ten - year - old boy named Elliott is spending time with his brother , Michael , and his friends . As he returns from picking up a pizza , he discovers that something is hiding in their tool shed . The alien promptly flees upon being discovered . Despite his family 's disbelief , Elliott leaves Reese 's Pieces candy to lure the alien to his house . Before going to sleep , Elliott realizes it is imitating his movements . He feigns illness the next morning to stay home from school and play with it . Later that day , Michael and their five - year - old sister , Gertie , meet it . They decide to keep it hidden from their mother , Mary . When they ask it about its origin , it levitates several balls to represent its planetary system and then demonstrates its powers by reviving dead chrysanthemums . Makeshift communicator used by E.T. to phone home . Among its parts is a Speak & Spell , an umbrella lined with tinfoil , and a coffee can filled with other electronics . At school the next day , Elliott begins to experience a psychic connection with the alien , including exhibiting signs of intoxication ( because it is at his home , drinking beer ) , and he begins freeing all the frogs in his biology class . As the alien watches John Wayne kiss Maureen O'Hara in The Quiet Man on television , Elliott then kisses a girl he likes in the same manner and he is sent to the principal 's office . The alien learns to speak English by repeating what Gertie says as she watches Sesame Street and , at Elliott 's urging , dubs itself `` E.T. '' E.T. reads a comic strip where Buck Rogers , stranded , calls for help by building a makeshift communication device and is inspired to try it himself . E.T. receives Elliott 's help in building a device to `` phone home '' by using a Speak & Spell toy . Michael notices that E.T. 's health is declining and that Elliott is referring to himself as `` we '' . On Halloween , Michael and Elliott dress E.T. as a ghost so they can sneak him out of the house . That night , Elliott and E.T. head through the forest , where they make a successful call home . The next day , Elliott wakes up in the field , only to find E.T. gone . Elliott returns home to his distressed family . Michael searches for and finds E.T. dying next to a culvert , being investigated by a raccoon . Michael takes E.T. home to Elliott , who is also dying . Mary becomes frightened when she discovers her son 's illness and the dying alien , just as government agents invade the house . Scientists set up a hospital at the house , questioning Michael , Mary and Gertie while treating Elliott and E.T. Their connection disappears and E.T. then appears to die while Elliott recovers . A grief - stricken Elliott is left alone with the motionless E.T. when he notices a dead chrysanthemum , the plant E.T. had previously revived , coming back to life . E.T. reanimates and reveals that his people are returning . Elliott and Michael steal a van that E.T. had been loaded into and a chase ensues , with Michael 's friends joining them as they attempt to evade the authorities by bicycles . Suddenly facing a police roadblock , they escape as E.T. uses telekinesis to lift them into the air and toward the forest , like he had done for Elliott before . Standing near the spaceship , E.T. 's heart glows as he prepares to return home . Mary , Gertie , and `` Keys '' , a friendly government agent , show up . E.T. says goodbye to Michael and Gertie , as she presents him with the chrysanthemum that he had revived . Before boarding the spaceship , he tells Elliott `` I 'll be right here '' , pointing his glowing finger to Elliott 's forehead . He then picks up the chrysanthemum , boards the spaceship , and it takes off , leaving a rainbow in the sky as everyone watches it leave . Cast ( edit ) Dee Wallace as Mary Henry Thomas as Elliott Peter Coyote as `` Keys '' Robert MacNaughton as Michael Drew Barrymore as Gertie Pat Welsh as the voice of E.T. K.C. Martel as Greg Sean Frye as Steve C. Thomas Howell as Tyler Erika Eleniak as the girl Elliott kisses Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) After his parents ' divorce in 1960 , Spielberg filled the void with an imaginary alien companion . He said that the imaginary alien was `` a friend who could be the brother ( he ) never had and a father that ( he ) did n't feel ( he ) had anymore '' . During 1978 , he announced he would shoot a film entitled Growing Up , which he would film in 28 days . The project was set aside because of delays on 1941 , but the concept of making a small autobiographical film about childhood would stay with him . He also thought about a follow - up to Close Encounters of the Third Kind , and began to develop a darker project he had planned with John Sayles called Night Skies in which malevolent aliens terrorize a family . Filming Raiders of the Lost Ark in Tunisia left Spielberg bored , and memories of his childhood creation resurfaced . He told screenwriter Melissa Mathison about Night Skies , and developed a subplot from the failed project , in which Buddy , the only friendly alien , befriends an autistic child . His abandonment on Earth in the script 's final scene inspired the E.T. concept . She wrote a first draft titled E.T. and Me in eight weeks , which he considered perfect . The script went through two more drafts , which deleted an `` Eddie Haskell '' -- esque friend of Elliott . The chase sequence was also created , and he also suggested having the scene where E.T. got drunk . In early summer 1981 , while Raiders of the Lost Ark was being promoted , Columbia Pictures met with Spielberg to discuss the script , after having to develop Night Skies with the director as the intended sequel to Close Encounters of the Third Kind . However , the head of Columbia Pictures ' marketing and research development , Marvin Atonowsky , concluded that it had a limited commercial potential , believing that it would appeal to mostly young kids . The President of Columbia 's worldwide productions , John Veitch , also felt that the script was not good or scary enough to draw enough crowd . On the advice of Atonowsky and Veitch , Columbia Pictures CEO Frank Price passed on the project , calling it `` a wimpy Walt Disney movie '' and thus putting it in a turnaround , so Spielberg approached the more receptive Sid Sheinberg , president of MCA , the then - parent company of Universal Studios . Spielberg told Sheinberg to acquire the E.T. script from Columbia Pictures , which he did for $1 million and struck a deal with Price in which Columbia would retain 5 % of the film 's net profits . Veitch later recalled that `` I think ( in 1982 ) we made more on that picture than we did on any of our films . '' Pre-production ( edit ) Italian special effects artist Carlo Rambaldi created E.T. 's design . Carlo Rambaldi , who designed the aliens for Close Encounters of the Third Kind , was hired to design the animatronics of E.T. Rambaldi 's own painting Women of Delta led him to give the creature a unique , extendable neck . Its face was inspired by those of Carl Sandburg , Albert Einstein and Ernest Hemingway . Producer Kathleen Kennedy visited the Jules Stein Eye Institute to study real and glass eyes . She hired Institute staffers to create E.T. 's eyes , which she felt were particularly important in engaging the audience . Four heads were created for filming , one as the main animatronic and the others for facial expressions , as well as a costume . Two dwarfs , Tamara De Treaux and Pat Bilon , as well as 12 - year - old Matthew DeMeritt , who was born without legs , took turns wearing the costume , depending on what scene was being filmed . DeMeritt actually walked on his hands and played all scenes where he walked awkwardly or fell over . The head was placed above that of the actors , and the actors could see through slits in its chest . Caprice Roth , a professional mime , filled prosthetics to play E.T. 's hands . The puppet was created in three months at the cost of $1.5 million . Spielberg declared it was `` something that only a mother could love '' . Mars , Incorporated refused to allow M&M 's to be used in the film , believing E.T. would frighten children . After Mars said `` No '' , The Hershey Company was asked if Reese 's Pieces could be used , and it agreed ; this product placement resulted in a large increase in Reese 's Pieces sales . Science and technology educator Henry Feinberg created E.T. 's communicator device . Casting ( edit ) Having worked with Cary Guffey on Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Spielberg felt confident in working with a cast composed mostly of child actors . For the role of Elliott , he auditioned hundreds of boys before Jack Fisk suggested Henry Thomas for the role because Henry had played the part of Harry in the film Raggedy Man which Jack Fisk had directed . Thomas , who auditioned in an Indiana Jones costume , did not perform well in the formal testing , but got the filmmakers ' attention in an improvised scene . Thoughts of his dead dog inspired his convincing tears . Robert MacNaughton auditioned eight times to play Michael , sometimes with boys auditioning for Elliott . Spielberg felt Drew Barrymore had the right imagination for mischievous Gertie after she impressed him with a story that she led a punk rock band . He enjoyed working with the children , and he later said that the experience made him feel ready to be a father . The major voice work of E.T. for the film was performed by Pat Welsh . She smoked two packs of cigarettes a day , which gave her voice a quality that sound effects creator Ben Burtt liked . She spent nine - and - a-half hours recording her part , and was paid $380 by Burtt for her services . He also recorded 16 other people and various animals to create E.T. 's `` voice '' . These included Spielberg , Debra Winger , his sleeping wife , who had a cold , a burp from his USC film professor , raccoons , otters , and horses . Doctors working at the USC Medical Center were recruited to play the ones who try to save E.T. after government agents take over Elliott 's house . Spielberg felt that actors in the roles , performing lines of technical medical dialogue , would come across as unnatural . During post-production , he decided to cut a scene featuring Harrison Ford as the principal at Elliott 's school . It featured his character reprimanding Elliott for his behavior in biology class and warning of the dangers of underage drinking . He is then taken aback as Elliott 's chair rises from the floor , while E.T. is levitating his `` phone '' equipment up the stairs with Gertie . Filming ( edit ) The film began shooting in September 1981 . The project was filmed under the cover name A Boy 's Life , as Spielberg did not want anyone to discover and plagiarize the plot . The actors had to read the script behind closed doors , and everyone on set had to wear an ID card . The shoot began with two days at a high school in Culver City , and the crew spent the next 11 days moving between locations at Northridge and Tujunga . The next 42 days were spent at Culver City 's Laird International Studios , for the interiors of Elliott 's home . The crew shot at a redwood forest near Crescent City for the production 's last six days . The exterior Halloween scene and the `` flying bicycle '' chase scenes were filmed in Porter Ranch . Spielberg shot the film in roughly chronological order to achieve convincingly emotional performances from his cast . In the scene in which Michael first encounters E.T. , his appearance caused MacNaughton to jump back and knock down the shelves behind him . The chronological shoot gave the young actors an emotional experience as they bonded with E.T. , making the quarantine sequences more moving . Spielberg ensured the puppeteers were kept away from the set to maintain the illusion of a real alien . For the first time in his career , he did not storyboard most of the film , in order to facilitate spontaneity in the performances . The film was shot so adults , except for Dee Wallace , are never seen from the waist up in its first half , as a tribute to Tex Avery 's cartoons . The shoot was completed in 61 days , four days ahead of schedule . According to Spielberg , the memorable scene where E.T. disguises himself as a stuffed toy in Elliott 's closet was suggested by colleague Robert Zemeckis , after he read a draft of the screenplay that Spielberg had sent him . Music ( edit ) Main article : E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( soundtrack ) Longtime Spielberg collaborator John Williams , who composed the film 's musical score , described the challenge of creating one that would generate sympathy for such an odd - looking creature . As with their previous collaborations , Spielberg liked every theme Williams composed and had it included . Spielberg loved the music for the final chase so much that he edited the sequence to suit it . Williams took a modernist approach , especially with his use of polytonality , which refers to the sound of two different keys played simultaneously . The Lydian mode can also be used in a polytonal way . Williams combined polytonality and the Lydian mode to express a mystic , dreamlike and heroic quality . His theme -- emphasizing coloristic instruments such as the harp , piano , celesta , and other keyboards , as well as percussion -- suggests E.T. 's childlike nature and his `` machine '' . Allegations of plagiarism ( edit ) There were allegations that the film was plagiarized from a 1967 script , The Alien , by Indian Bengali director Satyajit Ray . He stated , `` E.T. would not have been possible without my script of The Alien being available throughout the United States in mimeographed copies . '' Spielberg denied this claim , stating , `` I was a kid in high school when his script was circulating in Hollywood . '' Director and Spielberg 's friend , Martin Scorsese , has also alleged the film was influenced by Ray 's script . No legal action was taken , as Ray did not want to show himself as having a `` vindictive '' mindset against Spielberg and acknowledged that he `` has made good films and he is a good director . '' In 1984 , a federal appeals court ruled against playwright Lisa Litchfield , who sued Steven Spielberg in a $750 million lawsuit claiming he used her one - act musical play ' Lokey from Maldemar ' as the basis for the movie E.T. She lost the case , with the court panel stating `` No reasonable jury could conclude that Lokey and E.T. were substantially similar in their ideas and expression . '' `` Any similarities in plot exist only at the general level for which ( Ms. Litchfield ) can not claim copyright protection . '' Themes ( edit ) Spielberg admitted this scene triggered speculation as to whether the film was a spiritual parable . Spielberg drew the story of the film from his parents ' divorce ; Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it `` essentially a spiritual autobiography , a portrait of the filmmaker as a typical suburban kid set apart by an uncommonly fervent , mystical imagination '' . References to his childhood occur throughout : Elliott fakes illness by holding a thermometer to the bulb in his lamp while covering his face with a heating pad , a trick frequently employed by the young Spielberg . Michael picking on Elliott echoes Spielberg 's teasing of his younger sisters , and Michael 's evolution from tormentor to protector reflects how Spielberg had to take care of his sisters after their father left . Critics have focused on the parallels between E.T. 's life and Elliott , who is `` alienated '' by the loss of his father . A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that while E.T. `` is the more obvious and desperate foundling '' , Elliott `` suffers in his own way from the want of a home '' . E.T. is the first and last letter of Elliott 's name . At the film 's heart is the theme of growing up . Critic Henry Sheehan described the film as a retelling of Peter Pan from the perspective of a Lost Boy ( Elliott ) : E.T. can not survive physically on Earth , as Pan could not survive emotionally in Neverland ; government scientists take the place of Neverland 's pirates . Vincent Canby of The New York Times similarly observed that the film `` freely recycles elements from ( ... ) Peter Pan and The Wizard of Oz '' . Some critics have suggested that Spielberg 's portrayal of suburbia is very dark , contrary to popular belief . According to A.O. Scott , `` The suburban milieu , with its unsupervised children and unhappy parents , its broken toys and brand - name junk food , could have come out of a Raymond Carver story . '' Charles Taylor of Salon.com wrote , `` Spielberg 's movies , despite the way they 're often characterized , are not Hollywood idealizations of families and the suburbs . The homes here bear what the cultural critic Karal Ann Marling called ' the marks of hard use ' . '' Other critics found religious parallels between E.T. and Jesus . Andrew Nigels described E.T. 's story as `` crucifixion by military science '' and `` resurrection by love and faith '' . According to Spielberg biographer Joseph McBride , Universal Pictures appealed directly to the Christian market , with a poster reminiscent of Michelangelo 's The Creation of Adam and a logo reading `` Peace '' . Spielberg answered that he did not intend the film to be a religious parable , joking , `` If I ever went to my mother and said , ' Mom , I 've made this movie that 's a Christian parable , ' what do you think she 'd say ? She has a Kosher restaurant on Pico and Doheny in Los Angeles . '' As a substantial body of film criticism has built up around the film , numerous writers have analyzed it in other ways as well . It has been interpreted as a modern fairy tale and in psychoanalytic terms . Producer Kathleen Kennedy noted that an important theme of E.T. is tolerance , which would be central to future Spielberg films such as Schindler 's List . Having been a loner as a teenager , Spielberg described it as `` a minority story '' . Spielberg 's characteristic theme of communication is partnered with the ideal of mutual understanding : he has suggested that the story 's central alien - human friendship is an analogy for how real - world adversaries can learn to overcome their differences . Reception ( edit ) Release and sales ( edit ) The film was previewed in Houston , Texas , where it received high marks from viewers . It premiered at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival 's closing gala , and was released in the United States on June 11 , 1982 . It opened at number one with a gross of $11 million , and stayed at the top of the box office for six weeks ; it then fluctuated between the first and second positions until October , before returning to the top spot for the final time in December . In 1983 , E.T. surpassed Star Wars as the highest - grossing film of all - time , and by the end of its theatrical run it had grossed $359 million in North America and $619 million worldwide . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 120 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . Spielberg earned $500,000 a day from his share of the profits , while The Hershey Company 's profits rose 65 % due to its prominent use of Reese 's Pieces . The `` Official E.T. Fan Club '' offered photographs , a newsletter that let readers `` relive the film 's unforgettable moments ( and ) favorite scenes '' , and a phonographic record with `` phone home '' and other sound clips . The film was re-released in 1985 and 2002 , earning another $60 million and $68 million respectively , for a worldwide total of $792 million with North America accounting for $435 million . It held the global record until it was surpassed by Jurassic Park -- another Spielberg - directed film -- in 1993 , although it managed to hold on to the domestic record for a further four years , where a Star Wars reissue reclaimed it . It was eventually released on VHS and laserdisc on October 27 , 1988 ; to combat piracy , the tapeguards and tape hubs on the videocassettes were colored green , the tape itself was affixed with a small , holographic sticker of the 1963 Universal logo ( much like the holograms on a credit card ) , and encoded with Macrovision . In North America alone , VHS sales came to $75 million . In 1991 , Sears began selling E.T. videocassettes exclusively at their stores as part of a holiday promotion . It was reissued on VHS and Laserdisc again in 1996 . The Laserdisc included a 90 - minute documentary . Produced and directed by Laurent Bouzereau , it included interviews with Spielberg , producer Kathleen Kennedy , composer John Williams and other cast and crew members . It also included two theatrical trailers , an isolated music score , deleted scenes , and still galleries . The VHS included a 10 - minute version of the same documentary from the Laserdisc . Critical response ( edit ) Empire called Elliott and E.T. 's flight to the forest `` the most magical moment in cinema history '' . The image of them encircled by the moon is now the symbol for Spielberg 's company Amblin Entertainment . This scene is a tribute to Vittorio De Sica 's movie Miracle in Milan , one of Spielberg 's favorite films . The film received universal acclaim . Roger Ebert gave the film four stars and wrote , `` This is not simply a good movie . It is one of those movies that brush away our cautions and win our hearts . '' He later added it to his Great Movies list , structuring the essay as a letter to his grandchildren about the first time they watched it . Michael Sragow of Rolling Stone called Spielberg `` a space age Jean Renoir ... for the first time , ( he ) has put his breathtaking technical skills at the service of his deepest feelings '' . Derek Malcolm of The Guardian wrote that `` E.T. is a superlative piece of popular cinema ... a dream of childhood , brilliantly orchestrated to involve not only children but anyone able to remember being one '' . Leonard Maltin would include it in his list of `` 100 Must - See Films of the 20th Century '' as one of only two movies from the 1980s . George Will was one of the few to pan the film , feeling it spread subversive notions about childhood and science . The film holds a 98 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 120 reviews , and an average rating of 9.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` Playing as both an exciting sci - fi adventure and a remarkable portrait of childhood , Steven Spielberg 's touching tale of a homesick alien remains a piece of movie magic for young and old . '' On Metacritic , it has a weighted average score of 91 / 100 , based on 30 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . In addition to the many impressed critics , President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan were moved by it after a screening at the White House on June 27 , 1982 . Princess Diana was in tears after watching it . On September 17 , 1982 , it was screened at the United Nations , and Spielberg received a UN Peace Medal . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for nine Oscars at the 55th Academy Awards , including Best Picture . Gandhi won that award , but its director , Richard Attenborough , declared , `` I was certain that not only would E.T. win , but that it should win . It was inventive , powerful , ( and ) wonderful . I make more mundane movies . '' It won four Academy Awards : Best Original Score , Best Sound ( Robert Knudson , Robert Glass , Don Digirolamo and Gene Cantamessa ) , Best Sound Effects Editing ( Charles L. Campbell and Ben Burtt ) , and Best Visual Effects ( Carlo Rambaldi , Dennis Muren and Kenneth F. Smith ) . At the 40th Golden Globe Awards , the film won Best Picture in the Drama category and Best Score ; it was also nominated for Best Director , Best Screenplay , and Best New Male Star for Henry Thomas . The Los Angeles Film Critics Association awarded the film Best Picture , Best Director , and a `` New Generation Award '' for Melissa Mathison . The film won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Writing , Best Special Effects , Best Music , and Best Poster Art , while Henry Thomas , Robert McNaughton , and Drew Barrymore won Young Artist Awards . In addition to his Golden Globe and Saturn , composer John Williams won two Grammy Awards and a BAFTA for the score . It was also honored abroad : it won the Best Foreign Language Film award at the Blue Ribbon Awards in Japan , Cinema Writers Circle Awards in Spain , César Awards in France , and David di Donatello in Italy . In American Film Institute polls , the film has been voted the 24th greatest film of all time , the 44th most heart - pounding , and the sixth most inspiring . Other AFI polls rated it as having the 14th greatest music score and as the third greatest science - fiction one . The line `` E.T. phone home '' was ranked 15th on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes list , and 48th on Premiere 's top movie quote list . In 2005 , it topped a Channel 4 poll of the 100 greatest family films , and was also listed by Time as one of the 100 best movies ever made . In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly called the film the eighth most `` tear - jerking '' ; in 2007 , in a survey of both films and television series , the magazine declared it the seventh greatest work of science - fiction media in the past 25 years . The Times also named it as their ninth favorite alien in a film , calling it `` one of the best - loved non-humans in popular culture '' . It is among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . In 2011 , ABC aired Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time , revealing the results of a poll of fans conducted by ABC and People magazine : it was selected as the fifth best film of all time and the second best science fiction film . On October 22 , 2012 , Madame Tussauds unveiled wax likenesses of E.T. at six of its international locations . 20th Anniversary version ( edit ) The 20th anniversary version of the film replaces the guns used by the federal agents with walkie - talkies . An extended version of the film , including altered special effects , premiered at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles on March 22 , 2002 . Certain shots of E.T. had bothered Spielberg since 1982 , as he did not have enough time to perfect the animatronics . Computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) , provided by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , was used to modify several shots , including ones of E.T. running in the opening sequence and being spotted in the cornfield . The spaceship 's design was also altered to include more lights . Scenes shot for but not included in the original version were introduced . These included E.T. taking a bath , and Gertie telling Mary that Elliott went to the forest on Halloween . Spielberg did not add the scene featuring Harrison Ford , feeling that would reshape the film too drastically . He became more sensitive about the scene where gun - wielding federal agents confront Elliott and his escaping friends and had them digitally replaced with walkie - talkies . At the premiere , John Williams conducted a live performance of the score . The new release grossed $68 million in total , with $35 million coming from Canada and the United States . The changes to it , particularly the escape scene , were criticized as political correctness . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wondered , `` Remember those guns the feds carried ? Thanks to the miracle of digital , they 're now brandishing walkie - talkies ... Is this what two decades have done to free speech ? '' Chris Hewitt of Empire wrote , `` The changes are surprisingly low - key ... while ILM 's CGI E.T. is used sparingly as a complement to Carlo Rambaldi 's extraordinary puppet . '' South Park ridiculed many of the changes in the 2002 episode `` Free Hat '' . The two - disc DVD release which followed in October 22 , 2002 , contained the original theatrical and 20th Anniversary extended versions of the film . Spielberg personally demanded the release feature both versions . The features on disc one included an introduction with Steven Spielberg , a 20th Anniversary premiere featurette , John Williams ' performance at the 2002 premiere and a Space Exploration game . Disc two included a 24 - minute documentary about the 20th Anniversary edition changes , a `` Reunion '' featurette , a trailer , cast and filmmaker bios , production notes , and the still galleries ported from the 1996 LaserDisc set . The two - disc edition , as well as a three - disc collector 's edition containing a `` making of '' book , a certificate of authenticity , a film cell , and special features that were unavailable on the two - disc edition , were placed in moratorium on December 31 , 2002 . Later , it was re-released on DVD as a single - disc re-issue in 2005 , featuring only the 20th Anniversary version . In a June 2011 , interview , Spielberg said that in the future There 's going to be no more digital enhancements or digital additions to anything based on any film I direct ... When people ask me which E.T. they should look at , I always tell them to look at the original 1982 E.T. If you notice , when we did put out E.T. we put out two E.T. s . We put out the digitally enhanced version with the additional scenes and for no extra money , in the same package , we put out the original ' 82 version . I always tell people to go back to the ' 82 version . Other portrayals ( edit ) Universal Studios Florida . Atari , Inc. made a video game based on the film for the Atari 2600 . Released in 1982 , it was widely considered to be one of the worst video games ever made . William Kotzwinkle , author of the film 's novelization , wrote a sequel , E.T. : The Book of the Green Planet , which was published in 1985 . In the novel , E.T. returns home to the planet Brodo Asogi , but is subsequently demoted and sent into exile . He then attempts to return to Earth by effectively breaking all of Brodo Asogi 's laws . E.T. Adventure , a theme park ride , debuted at Universal Studios Florida in June 7 , 1990 . The $40 million attraction features the title character saying goodbye to visitors by name . In 1998 , E.T. was licensed to appear in television public service announcements produced by the Progressive Corporation . The announcements featured his voice reminding drivers to `` buckle up '' their seat belts . Traffic signs depicting a stylized E.T. wearing one were installed on selected roads around the United States . The following year , British Telecommunications launched the `` Stay in Touch '' campaign , with him as the star of various advertisements . The campaign 's slogan was `` B.T. has E.T. '' , with `` E.T. '' also taken to mean `` extra technology '' . At Spielberg 's suggestion , George Lucas included members of E.T. 's species as background characters in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . E.T. was one of the franchises featured in the 2016 crossover games Lego Dimensions . E.T. appears as one of the playable characters , and a world based off the movie where players can receive side quests from the characters is available . Cancelled sequel ( edit ) In July 1982 , during the film 's first theatrical run , Steven Spielberg and Melissa Mathison wrote a treatment for a sequel to be titled E.T. II : Nocturnal Fears . It would have shown Elliott and his friends getting kidnapped by evil aliens and follow their attempts to contact E.T. for help . Spielberg decided against pursuing it , feeling it `` would do nothing but rob the original of its virginity '' . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring extraterrestrials References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stewart , Jocelyn ( February 10 , 2008 ) . `` Artist created many famous film posters '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` E.T. the Extra Terrestrial ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 30 , 1982 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial '' . Box Office Mojo . 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Jump up ^ Trey Parker , Matt Stone ( 2002 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Free Hat '' . South Park . Season 6 . Episode 88 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ `` How Does Spielberg Feel About Going Back and Changing Movies '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schuchardt , Richard ( October 24 , 2002 ) . `` E.T. -- The 3 Disc Edition '' . DVD Active . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Quint ( aka Eric Vespe ) ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Spielberg Speaks ! Jaws Blu - Ray in the Works with No ' Digital Corrections ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Warshaw , `` Core Memory '' Jump up ^ Kotzwinkle 1985 Jump up ^ Madigan , Nick ( December 28 , 1998 ) . `` E.T. to drive home safe road message '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ET phones home again '' . BBC News . April 8 , 1999 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bloom , David ( June 13 , 1999 ) . `` Calling the shots '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Dimensions Expansions Trailer : Harry Potter , Goonies , Gremlins & more '' . Slashfilm.com . June 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Dimensions Adds Fantastic Beasts , Adventue Time , Gremlins , Sonic & ET '' . Cosmic Book News . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` The Incredibly Ill - Advised E.T. Sequel That Almost Was '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John M. Wilson ( June 16 , 1985 ) . `` E.T. Returns to Test His Midas Touch '' . Los Angeles Times . p . T22 . Jump up ^ `` A look at the E.T. sequel we mercifully never saw '' . Blastr . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Brode , Douglas ( 1995 ) . The Films of Steven Spielberg . Carol Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1951 - 7 . Kotzwinkle , William ( 1985 ) . E.T. : The Book of the Green Planet . Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 07642 - 3 . McBride , Joseph ( 1997 ) . Steven Spielberg : A Biography . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80900 - 1 . Rubin , Susan Goldman ( 2001 ) . Steven Spielberg . Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4492 - 8 . Shay , Don ; Duncan , Jody ( 1993 ) . The Making of Jurassic Park : An Adventure 65 Million Years in the Making . Boxtree . ISBN 1 - 85283 - 774 - 8 . Worsley , Sue Dwiggins ( 1997 ) . From Oz to E.T. : Wally Worsley 's Half - Century in Hollywood . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3277 - 1 . External links ( edit ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial on IMDb E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial at AllMovie E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial at the TCM Movie Database E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial at the American Film Institute Catalog E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial at Rotten Tomatoes E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial at Box Office Mojo E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial at Metacritic Media related to E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Other media E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( album ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( soundtrack ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( video game ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial in video games Related articles Atari video game burial E.T. Adventure Night Skies <Th_colspan="2"> Steven Spielberg <Td_colspan="2"> Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama <Td_colspan="2"> The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film <Td_colspan="2"> Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) Portals Access related topics 1980s portal Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal <Td_colspan="2"> Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata BNF : cb119645562 ( data ) GND : 4685519 - 1 LCCN : n83179501 VIAF : 175395600 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial&oldid=843118405 '' Categories : 1982 films English - language films E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 1980s science fiction films 1985 novels Alien visitations in films Amblin Entertainment films American films American science fiction films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Fictional extraterrestrial characters Films about Halloween Films about suburbia Films adapted into video games Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films involved in plagiarism controversies Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy Films produced by Steven Spielberg Films scored by John Williams Films set in the San Fernando Valley Films shot in Los Angeles Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Science fiction adventure films Screenplays by Melissa Mathison Telekinesis in film United States National Film Registry films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Featured articles Use mdy dates from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 00 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
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5,129,169,108,911,023,000 | describe the process of nutrition in a unicellular organism | Unicellular organism - wikipedia Unicellular organism <Th_colspan="2"> Unicellular organism <Td_colspan="2"> Valonia ventricosa , a species of alga with a diameter that ranges typically from 1 to 4 centimetres ( 0.39 to 1.57 in ) is among the largest unicellular species A unicellular organism , also known as a single - celled organism , is an organism that consists of only one cell , unlike a multicellular organism that consists of more than one cell . Unicellular organisms fall into two general categories : prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms . Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea . Many eukaryotes are multicellular , but the group includes the protozoa , unicellular algae , and unicellular fungi . Unicellular organisms are thought to be the oldest form of life , with early protocells possibly emerging 3.8 -- 4 billion years ago . Although some prokaryotes live in colonies , they are not specialised into cells with differing functions . These organisms live together , and each cell must carry out all life processes to survive . In contrast , even the simplest multicellular organisms have cells that depend on each other to survive . Most multicellular organisms have a unicellular life - cycle stage . Gametes , for example , are reproductive unicells for multicellular organisms . Additionally , multicellularity appears to have evolved independently many times in the history of life . Some organisms are partially unicellular , like Dictyostelium discoideum . Additionally , unicellular organisms can be multinucleate , like Myxogastria and Plasmodium . Contents 1 Evolutionary hypothesis 2 Prokaryotes 2.1 Bacteria 2.2 Archaea 3 Eukaryotes 3.1 Protozoa 3.2 Unicellular algae 3.3 Unicellular fungi 4 Macroscopic unicellular organisms 5 See also 6 References Evolutionary hypothesis ( edit ) Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Arthropods Molluscs Plants Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers Birds Primates ← Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Sexual reproduction ← Earliest plants ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Tetrapoda ← Earliest apes h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Ice_Ages Axis scale : million years Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Primitive protocells were the precursors to today 's unicellular organisms . Although the origin of life is largely still a mystery , in the currently prevailing theory , known as the RNA world hypothesis , early RNA molecules would have been the basis for catalyzing organic chemical reactions and self - replication . The RNA world hypothesis assumes that RNA molecules could form in abiotic conditions , which would require nucleic acids and ribose to be present . Theoretical and experimental findings show that nucleic acids and sugars could have been synthesized in early prebiotic conditions . Compartmentalization was necessary for chemical reactions to be more likely as well as to differentiate reactions with the external environment . For example , an early RNA replicator ribozyme may have replicated other replicator ribozymes of different RNA sequences if not kept separate . When amphiphiles like lipids are placed in water , the hydrophobic ( water fearing ) tails aggregate to form micelles and vesicles , with the hydrophilic ( water loving ) ends facing outwards . Primitive cells likely used self - assembling fatty - acid vesicles to separate chemical reactions and the environment . Because of their simplicity and ability to self - assemble in water , it 's likely that these simple membranes predated other forms of early biological molecules . Prokaryotes ( edit ) Prokaryotes lack membrane - bound organelles , such as mitochondria or a nucleus . Instead , most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA , known as the nucleoid . Most prokaryotes have a single , circular chromosome , which is in contrast to eukaryotes , which typically have linear chromosomes . Nutritionally , prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism , including sulfur , cellulose , ammonia , or nitrite . Prokaryotes as a whole are ubiquitous in the environment and exist in extreme environments as well . Bacteria ( edit ) Modern stromatolites in Shark Bay , Western Australia . It can take a century for a stromatolite to grow 5 cm . Bacteria are one of the world 's oldest forms of life , and are found virtually everywhere in nature . Many common bacteria have plasmids , which are short , circular , self - replicating DNA molecules that are separate from the bacteria chromosome . Plasmids can carry genes responsible for novel abilities , of current critical importance being antibiotic resistance . Bacteria predominantly reproduce asexually through a process called binary fission . However , about 80 different species can undergo a sexual process referred to as natural genetic transformation . Transformation is a bacterial process for transferring DNA from one cell to another , and is apparently an adaptation for repairing DNA damage in the recipient cell . In addition , plasmids can be exchanged through the use of a pilus in a process known as conjugation . The photosynthetic cyanobacteria are arguably the most successful bacteria , and changed the early atmosphere of the earth by oxygenating it . Stromatolites , structures made up of layers of calcium carbonate and trapped sediment left over from cyanobacteria and associated community bacteria , left behind extensive fossil records . The existence of stromatolites gives an excellent record as to the development of cyanobacteria , which are represented across the Archaean ( 4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago ) , Proterozoic ( 2.5 billion to 540 million years ago ) , and Phanerozoic ( 540 million years ago to present day ) eons . Much of the fossilized stromatolites of the world can be found in Western Australia . There , some of the oldest stromatolites have been found , some dating back to about 3,430 million years ago . Archaea ( edit ) A bottom - dwelling community found deep in the European Arctic . Hydrothermal vents release heat and hydrogen sulfide , allowing extremophiles to survive using chemolithotrophic growth . Archaea are generally similar in appearance to bacteria , hence their original classification as bacteria , but have significant molecular differences most notably in their membrane structure and ribosomal RNA . By sequencing the ribosomal RNA , it was found that the Archeae most likely split from bacteria and were the precursors to modern eukaryotes , and are actually more phylogenetically related to eukaryotes . As their name suggests , Archeae comes from a Greek word archaios , meaning original , ancient , or primitive . Some archaea inhabit the most biologically inhospitable environments on earth , and this is believed to in some ways mimic the early , harsh conditions that life was likely exposed to . Examples of these Archaean extremophiles are as follows : Thermophiles , optimum growth temperature of 50 ° C - 110 ° C , including the genera Pyrobaculum , Pyrodictium , Pyrococcus and Melanopyrus . Psychrophiles , optimum growth temperature of less than 15 ° C , including the genera Methanogenium and Halorubrum . Alkaliphiles , optimum growth pH of greater than 8 , including the genus Natronomonas . Acidophiles , optimum growth pH of less than 3 , including the genera Sulfolobus and Picrophilus . Piezophiles , ( also known as barophiles ) , prefer high pressure up to 130 MPa , such as deep ocean environments , including the genera Methanococcus and Pyrococcus . Halophiles , grow optimally in high salt concentrations between 0.2 M and 5.2 M NaCl , including the genera Haloarcula , Haloferax , Halococcus . Methanogens are a significant subset of archaea and include many extremophiles , but are also ubiquitous in wetland environments as well as the ruminant and hindgut of animals . This process utilizes hydrogen to reduce carbon dioxide into methane , releasing energy into the usable form of adenosine triphosphate . They are the only known organisms capable of producing methane . Under stressful environmental conditions that cause DNA damage , some species of archaea aggregate and transfer DNA between cells . The function of this transfer appears to be to replace damaged DNA sequence information in the recipient cell by undamaged sequence information from the donor cell . Eukaryotes ( edit ) Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles , such as mitochondria , a nucleus , and chloroplasts . Prokaryotic cells probably transitioned into eukaryotic cells between 2.0 -- 1.4 billion years ago . This was an important step in evolution . In contrast to prokaryotes , eukaryotes reproduce by using mitosis and meiosis . Sex appears to be a ubiquitous and ancient , and inherent attribute of eukaryotic life . Meiosis , a true sexual process , allows for efficient recombinational repair of DNA damage and a greater range of genetic diversity by combining the DNA of the parents followed by recombination . Metabolic functions in eukaryotes are more specialized as well by sectioning specific processes into organelles . The endosymbiotic theory holds that mitochondria and chloroplasts have bacterial origins . Both organelles contain their own sets of DNA and have bacteria - like ribosomes . It is likely that modern mitochondria were once a species similar to Rickettsia , with the parasitic ability to enter a cell . However , if the bacteria were capable of respiration , it would have been beneficial for the larger cell to allow the parasite to live in return for energy and detoxification of oxygen . Chloroplasts probably became symbiants through a similar set of events , and are most likely descendants of cyanobacteria . While not all eukaryotes have mitochondria or chloroplasts , mitochondria are found in most eukaryotes , and chloroplasts are found in all plants and algae . Photosynthesis and respiration are essentially the reverse of one another , and the advent of respiration coupled with photosynthesis enabled much greater access to energy than fermentation alone . Protozoa ( edit ) Paramecium tetraurelia , a ciliate , with oral groove visible Protozoa are largely defined by their method of locomotion , including flagella , cilia , and pseudopodia . While there has been considerable debate on the classification of protozoa caused by their sheer diversity , there are currently 7 phyla recognized under the kingdom protozoa : Euglenozoa , Amoebozoa , Choanozoa , Loukozoa , Percolozoa , Microsporidia and Sulcozoa . Protozoa , like plants and animals , can be considered heterotrophs or autotrophs . Autotrophs like Euglena are capable of producing their energy using photosynthesis , while heterotrophic protozoa consume food by either funneling it through a mouth - like gullet or engulfing it with pseudopods , a form of phagocytosis . While protozoa reproduce mainly asexually , some protozoa are capable of sexual reproduction . Protozoa with sexual capability include the pathogenic species Plasmodium falciparum , Toxoplasma gondii , Trypanosoma brucei , Giardia intestinalis and Leishmania species . Ciliophora , or ciliates , are a group of protists that utilize cilia for locomotion . Examples include Paramecium , Stentors , and Vorticella . Ciliates are widely abundant in almost all environments where water can be found , and the cilia beat rhythmically in order to propel the organism . Many ciliates have trichocysts , which are spear - like organelles that can be discharged to catch prey , anchor themselves , or for defense . Ciliates are also capable of sexual reproduction , and utilize two nuclei unique to ciliates : a macronucleus for normal metabolic control and a separate micronucleus that undergoes meiosis . Examples of such ciliates are Paramecium and Tetrahymena that likely employ meiotic recombination for repairing DNA damage acquired under stressful conditions . The Amebozoa utilize pseudopodia and cytoplasmic flow to move in their environment . Most Amebas are unicellular , although a few can become multicellular , such as Physarum polycephalum , a slime mold . Entamoeba histolytica is the cause of amebic dysentery . Entamoeba histolytica appears to be capable of meiosis . Unicellular algae ( edit ) A scanning electron microscope image of a diatom Unicellular algae are plant - like autotrophs and contain chlorophyl l . They include groups that have both multicellular and unicellular species : Euglenophyta , flagellated , mostly unicellular algae that occur often in fresh water . In contrast to most other algae , they lack cell walls and can be mixotrophic ( both autotrophic and heterotrophic ) . An example is Euglena gracilis . Chlorophyta ( green algae ) , mostly unicellular algae found in fresh water . The chlorophyta are of particular importance because they are believed to be most closely related to the evolution of land plants . Diatoms , unicellular algae that have siliceous cell walls . They are the most abundant form of algae in the ocean , although they can be found in fresh water as well . They account for about 40 % of the world 's primary marine production , and produce about 25 % of the world 's oxygen . Diatoms are very diverse , and comprise about 100,000 species . Dinoflagellates , unicellular flagellated algae , with some that are armored with cellulose . Dinoflagellates can be mixotrophic , and are the algae responsible for red tide . Some dinoflagellates , like Pyrocystis fusiformis , are capable of bioluminescence . Unicellular fungi ( edit ) Transmission electron microscope image of budding Ogataea polymorpha Unicellular fungi include the yeasts . Fungi are found in most habitats , although most are found on land . Yeasts reproduce through mitosis , and many use a process called budding , where most of the cytoplasm is held by the mother cell . Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferments carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and alcohol , and is used in the making of beer and bread . S. cerevisiae is also an important model organism , since it is a eukaryotic organism that 's easy to grow . It has been used to research cancer and neurodegenerative diseases as well as to understand the cell cycle . Furthermore , research using S. cerevisiae has played a central role in understanding the mechanism of meiotic recombination and the adaptive function of meiosis . Candida spp . are responsible for candidiasis , causing infections of the mouth and / or throat ( known as thrush ) and vagina ( commonly called yeast infection ) . Macroscopic unicellular organisms ( edit ) Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic size and are thus classified as microorganisms . However , some unicellular protists and bacteria are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye . Examples include : Xenophyophores , protozoans of the phylum Foraminifera , are the largest examples known , with Syringammina fragilissima achieving a diameter of up to 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) Nummulite , foraminiferans Valonia ventricosa , an alga of the class Chlorophyceae , can reach a diameter of 1 to 4 cm ( 0.4 to 2 in ) Acetabularia , algae Caulerpa , algae Gromia sphaerica , amoeba Thiomargarita namibiensis is the largest bacterium , reaching a diameter of up to 0.75 mm Epulopiscium fishelsoni , a bacterium See also ( edit ) Abiogenesis Colonial organism Individuality in biology Largest organisms Modularity in biology Protocel Superorganism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ An Introduction to Cells , ThinkQuest , retrieved 2013 - 05 - 30 ^ Jump up to : Pohorille , Andrew ; Deamer , David ( 2009 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Self - assembly and function of primitive cell membranes '' . Research in Microbiology. 160 : 449 -- 456 . doi : 10.1016 / j. resmic. 2009.06. 004 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Coates , Juliet C. ; Umm - E-Aiman ; Charrier , Bénédicte ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Understanding `` green '' multicellularity : do seaweeds hold the key ? `` . Plant Evolution and Development . 5 : 737 . doi : 10.3389 / fpls. 2014.00737 . PMC 4299406 . PMID 25653653 . ^ Jump up to : Andras , Peter ; Andras , Csaba ( 2004 - 11 - 26 ) . `` The origins of life -- the ' protein interaction world ' hypothesis : protein interactions were the first form of self - reproducing life and nucleic acids evolved later as memory molecules '' . Medical Hypotheses. 64 : 678 -- 688 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2004.11. 029 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exploring Life 's Origins : Fatty Acids '' . exploringorigins.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Prokaryotes '' . webprojects.oit.ncsu.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . 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Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . <Th_colspan="2"> Evolutionary biology <Td_colspan="2"> Evolutionary history of life Index of evolutionary biology articles Introduction Outline of evolution Timeline of evolution Evolution Abiogenesis Adaptation Adaptive radiation Cladistics Coevolution Common descent Convergence Divergence Earliest known life forms Evidence of evolution Extinction Event Gene - centered view Homology Last universal common ancestor Macroevolution Microevolution Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Speciation Taxonomy Population genetics Biodiversity Gene flow Genetic drift Mutation Natural selection Variation Development Canalisation Evolutionary developmental biology Inversion Modularity Phenotypic plasticity Of taxa Birds origin Brachiopods Molluscs Cephalopods Dinosaurs Fish Fungi Insects butterflies Life Mammals cats canids wolves dogs hyenas dolphins and whales horses primates humans lemurs sea cows Plants Reptiles Spiders Tetrapods Viruses influenza Of organs Cell DNA Flagella Eukaryotes symbiogenesis chromosome endomembrane system mitochondria nucleus plastids In animals eye hair auditory ossicle nervous system brain Of processes Aging Death Programmed cell death Avian flight Biological complexity Cooperation Color vision in primates Emotion Empathy Ethics Eusociality Immune system Metabolism Monogamy Morality Mosaic evolution Multicellularity Sexual reproduction Gamete differentiation / sexes Life cycles / nuclear phases Mating types Meiosis Sex - determination Snake venom Tempo and modes Gradualism / Punctuated equilibrium / Saltationism Micromutation / Macromutation Uniformitarianism / Catastrophism Speciation Allopatric Anagenesis Catagenesis Cladogenesis Cospeciation Ecological Hybrid Parapatric Peripatric Reinforcement Sympatric History Renaissance and Enlightenment Transmutation of species Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species History of paleontology Transitional fossil Blending inheritance Mendelian inheritance The eclipse of Darwinism Modern synthesis History of molecular evolution Extended evolutionary synthesis Philosophy Darwinism Alternatives Catastrophism Lamarckism Orthogenesis Mutationism Saltationism Structuralism Spandrel Theistic Vitalism Teleology in biology Related Biogeography Ecological genetics Molecular evolution Phylogenetics Tree Polymorphism Protocell Systematics <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unicellular_organism&oldid=855715289 '' Categories : Microorganisms Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 10 : 04 ( UTC ) . 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-4,202,059,710,667,809,000 | something to do with christmas that begins with x | Christmas - wikipedia Christmas Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Christmas ( disambiguation ) . `` Christmas Day '' redirects here . For other uses , see Christmas Day ( disambiguation ) . For Christmas traditions worldwide , see Christmas traditions . <Th_colspan="2"> Christmas Christmas Day <Td_colspan="2"> A depiction of the Nativity of Jesus with a Christmas tree backdrop Also called Noël , Nativity , Xmas , Yule Observed by Christians , many non-Christians Type Christian , cultural Significance Commemoration of the Nativity of Jesus Celebrations Gift - giving , family and other social gatherings , symbolic decoration , feasting etc . Observances Church services Date December 25 Western Christianity and some Eastern churches ; secular world January 7 ( O.S. December 25 ) Oriental Orthodoxy churches and most Eastern churches January 6 Armenian Apostolic Church January 19 ( O.S. January 6 ) Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem Frequency Annual Related to Christmastide , Christmas Eve , Advent , Annunciation , Epiphany , Baptism of the Lord , Nativity Fast , Nativity of Christ , Yule , St. Stephen 's Day , Boxing Day Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ , observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world . A feast central to the Christian liturgical year , it is preceded by the season of Advent or the Nativity Fast and initiates the season of Christmastide , which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night ; in some traditions , Christmastide includes an octave . Christmas Day is a public holiday in many of the world 's nations , is celebrated religiously by a majority of Christians , as well as culturally by many non-Christians , and forms an integral part of the holiday season centered around it . The traditional Christmas narrative , the Nativity of Jesus , delineated in the New Testament says that Jesus was born in Bethlehem , in accordance with messianic prophecies . When Joseph and Mary arrived in the city , the inn had no room and so they were offered a stable where the Christ Child was soon born , with angels proclaiming this news to shepherds who then further disseminated the information . Although the month and date of Jesus ' birth are unknown , by the early - to - mid fourth century the Western Christian Church had placed Christmas on December 25 , a date that was later adopted in the East . Today , most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar , which has been adopted almost universally in the civil calendars used in countries throughout the world . However , some Eastern Christian Churches celebrate Christmas on December 25 of the older Julian calendar , which currently corresponds to January 7 in the Gregorian calendar , the day after the Western Christian Church celebrates the Epiphany . This is not a disagreement over the date of Christmas as such , but rather a preference of which calendar should be used to determine the day that is December 25 . Moreover , for Christians , the belief that God came into the world in the form of man to atone for the sins of humanity , rather than the exact birth date , is considered to be the primary purpose in celebrating Christmas . The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian , Christian , and secular themes and origins . Popular modern customs of the holiday include gift giving , completing an Advent calendar or Advent wreath , Christmas music and caroling , lighting a Christingle , viewing a Nativity play , an exchange of Christmas cards , church services , a special meal , and the display of various Christmas decorations , including Christmas trees , Christmas lights , nativity scenes , garlands , wreaths , mistletoe , and holly . In addition , several closely related and often interchangeable figures , known as Santa Claus , Father Christmas , Saint Nicholas , and Christkind , are associated with bringing gifts to children during the Christmas season and have their own body of traditions and lore . Because gift - giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity , the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses . The economic impact of Christmas has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Other names 2 Nativity 3 History 3.1 Choice of December 25 date 3.1. 1 Solstice date 3.1. 2 Calculation hypothesis 3.1. 3 History of religions hypothesis 3.2 Introduction of feast 3.3 Relation to concurrent celebrations 3.4 Middle Ages 3.5 Reformation to the 18th century 3.6 19th century 3.7 20th century 4 Customs and traditions 4.1 Decorations 4.2 Music and carols 4.3 Traditional cuisine 4.4 Cards 4.5 Commemorative stamps 4.6 Gift giving 4.6. 1 Gift - bearing figures 4.7 Date according to Julian calendar 4.7. 1 Listing 5 Economy 6 Controversies 6.1 Secularization controversies 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology `` Christmas '' is a shortened form of `` Christ 's mass '' . It is derived from the Middle English Cristemasse , which is from Old English Crīstesmæsse , a phrase first recorded in 1038 followed by the word Cristes - messe in 1131 . Crīst ( genitive Crīstes ) is from Greek Khrīstos ( Χριστός ) , a translation of Hebrew Māšîaḥ ( מָשִׁיחַ ) , `` Messiah '' , meaning `` anointed '' ; and mæsse is from Latin missa , the celebration of the Eucharist . The form Christenmas was also historically used , but is now considered archaic and dialectal ; it derives from Middle English Cristenmasse , literally `` Christian mass '' . Xmas is an abbreviation of Christmas found particularly in print , based on the initial letter chi ( Χ ) in Greek Khrīstos ( Χριστός ) , `` Christ '' , though numerous style guides discourage its use ; it has precedent in Middle English Χρ̄es masse ( where `` Χρ̄ '' is an abbreviation for Χριστός ) . Other names In addition to `` Christmas '' , the holiday has been known by various other names throughout its history . The Anglo - Saxons referred to the feast as `` midwinter '' , or , more rarely , as Nātiuiteð ( from Latin nātīvitās below ) . `` Nativity '' , meaning `` birth '' , is from Latin nātīvitās . In Old English , Gēola ( Yule ) referred to the period corresponding to December and January , which was eventually equated with Christian Christmas . `` Noel '' ( or `` Nowel '' ) entered English in the late 14th century and is from the Old French noël or naël , itself ultimately from the Latin nātālis ( diēs ) meaning `` birth ( day ) '' . Nativity Main article : Nativity of Jesus Gospel according to Saint Luke Chapter 2 , v 1 -- 20 The canonical gospels of Luke and Matthew both describe Jesus as being born in Bethlehem in Judea , to a virgin mother . In the Gospel of Luke account , Joseph and Mary travel from Nazareth to Bethlehem for the census , and Jesus is born there and laid in a manger . It says that angels proclaimed him a savior for all people , and shepherds came to adore him . In the Matthew account , magi follow a star to Bethlehem to bring gifts to Jesus , born the king of the Jews . King Herod orders the massacre of all the boys less than two years old in Bethlehem , but the family flees to Egypt and later settles in Nazareth . History Eastern Orthodox icon of the birth of Christ by Saint Andrei Rublev , 15th century Nativity of Christ , medieval illustration from the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad of Landsberg ( 12th century ) Adoration of the Shepherds ( 1622 ) by Gerard van Honthorst depicts the nativity of Jesus The Nativity stories of Matthew and Luke are prominent in the gospels and early Christian writers suggested various dates for the anniversary . The first recorded Christmas celebration was in Rome in 336 . Christmas played a role in the Arian controversy of the fourth century . In the early Middle Ages , it was overshadowed by Epiphany . The feast regained prominence after 800 , when Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Christmas Day . Associating it with drunkenness and other misbehavior , the Puritans banned Christmas in the 17th century . It was restored as a legal holiday in 1660 , but remained disreputable . In the early 19th century , Christmas was revived with the start of the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church . Charles Dickens and other writers reinvented the holiday by emphasizing Christmas as a time for family , religion , gift - giving , and social reconciliation as opposed to the revelry that had been common historically . Choice of December 25 date In the 3rd century , the date of birth of Jesus was the subject of both great interest and great uncertainty . Around AD 200 , Clement of Alexandria wrote : `` There are those who have determined not only the year of our Lord 's birth , but also the day ; and they say that it took place in the 28th year of Augustus , and in the 25th day of ( the Egyptian month ) Pachon ( May 20 ) ... Further , others say that He was born on the 24th or 25th of Pharmuthi ( April 20 or 21 ) . '' In other writing of this time , May 20 , April 18 or 19 , March 25 , January 2 , November 17 , and November 20 are all suggested . Various factors contributed to the selection of December 25 as a date of celebration : it was the date of the winter solstice on the Roman calendar ; it was about nine months after March 25 , the date of the vernal equinox and a date linked to the conception of Jesus . Solstice date December 25 was the date of the winter solstice on the Roman calendar . Jesus chose to be born on the shortest day of the year for symbolic reasons , according to an early Christmas sermon by Augustine : `` Hence it is that He was born on the day which is the shortest in our earthly reckoning and from which subsequent days begin to increase in length . He , therefore , who bent low and lifted us up chose the shortest day , yet the one whence light begins to increase . '' Linking Jesus to the Sun was supported by various Biblical passages . Jesus was considered to be the `` Sun of righteousness '' prophesied by Malachi : `` Unto you shall the sun of righteousness arise , and healing is in his wings . '' John describes Jesus as `` the light of the world . '' Such solar symbolism could support more than one date of birth . An anonymous work known as De Pascha Computus ( 243 ) linked the idea that creation began at the spring equinox , on March 25 , with the conception or birth ( the word nascor can mean either ) of Jesus on March 28 , the day of the creation of the sun in the Genesis account . One translation reads : `` O the splendid and divine providence of the Lord , that on that day , the very day , on which the sun was made , March 28 , a Wednesday , Christ should be born . In the 17th century , Isaac Newton argued that the date of Christmas was selected to correspond with the solstice . According to Steven Hijmans of the University of Alberta , `` It is cosmic symbolism ... which inspired the Church leadership in Rome to elect the southern solstice , December 25 , as the birthday of Christ , and the northern solstice as that of John the Baptist , supplemented by the equinoxes as their respective dates of conception . '' Calculation hypothesis The Calculation hypothesis suggests that an earlier holiday held on March 25 became associated with the Incarnation . Modern scholars refer to this feast as the Quartodecimal . Christmas was then calculated as nine months later . The Calculation hypothesis was proposed by French writer Louis Duchesne in 1889 . In modern times , March 25 is celebrated as Annunciation . This holiday was created in the seventh century and was assigned to a date that is nine months before Christmas , in addition to being the traditional date of the equinox . It is unrelated to the Quartodecimal , which had been forgotten by this time . Early Christians celebrated the life of Jesus on a date considered equivalent to 14 Nisan ( Passover ) on the local calendar . Because Passover was held on the 14th of the month , this feast is referred to as the Quartodecimal . All the major events of Christ 's life , especially the passion , were celebrated on this date . In his letter to the Corinthians , Paul mentions Passover , presumably celebrated according to the local calendar in Corinth . Tertullian ( d . 220 ) , who lived in Latin - speaking North Africa , gives the date of passion celebration as March 25 . The date of the passion was moved to Good Friday in 165 when Pope Soter created Easter by reassigning the Resurrection to a Sunday . According to the Calculation hypothesis , celebration of the quartodecimal continued in some areas and the feast became associated with Incarnation . The Calculation hypothesis is considered academically to be `` a thoroughly viable hypothesis '' , though not certain . It was a traditional Jewish belief that great men lived a whole number of years , without fractions , so that Jesus was considered to have been conceived on March 25 , as he died on March 25 , which was calculated to have coincided with 14 Nisan . A passage in Commentary on the Prophet Daniel ( 204 ) by Hippolytus of Rome identifies December 25 as the date of the nativity . This passage is generally considered a late interpellation . But the manuscript includes another passage , one that is more likely to be authentic , that gives the passion as March 25 . In 221 , Sextus Julius Africanus ( c. 160 -- c. 240 ) gave March 25 as the day of creation and of the conception of Jesus in his universal history . This conclusion was based on solar symbolism , with March 25 the date of the equinox . As this implies a birth in December , it is sometimes claimed to be the earliest identification of December 25 as the nativity . However , Africanus was not such an influential writer that it is likely he determined the date of Christmas . The tractate De solstitia et aequinoctia conceptionis et nativitatis Domini nostri Iesu Christi et Iohannis Baptistae , falsely attributed to John Chrysostom , also argued that Jesus was conceived and crucified on the same day of the year and calculated this as March 25 . This anonymous tract also states : `` But Our Lord , too , is born in the month of December ... the eight before the calends of January ( 25 December ) ... , But they call it the ' Birthday of the Unconquered ' . Who indeed is so unconquered as Our Lord ... ? Or , if they say that it is the birthday of the Sun , He is the Sun of Justice . '' History of Religions hypothesis The rival `` History of Religions '' hypothesis suggests that the Church selected December 25 date to appropriate festivities held by the Romans in honor of the Sun god Sol Invictus . This feast was established by Aurelian in 274 . An explicit expression of this theory appears in an annotation of uncertain date added to a manuscript of a work by 12th - century Syrian bishop Jacob Bar - Salibi . The scribe who added it wrote : `` It was a custom of the Pagans to celebrate on the same 25 December the birthday of the Sun , at which they kindled lights in token of festivity . In these solemnities and revelries the Christians also took part . Accordingly when the doctors of the Church perceived that the Christians had a leaning to this festival , they took counsel and resolved that the true Nativity should be solemnised on that day . '' In 1743 , German Protestant Paul Ernst Jablonski argued Christmas was placed on December 25 to correspond with the Roman solar holiday Dies Natalis Solis Invicti and was therefore a `` paganization '' that debased the true church . It has been argued that , on the contrary , the Emperor Aurelian , who in 274 instituted the holiday of the Dies Natalis Solis Invicti , did so partly as an attempt to give a pagan significance to a date already important for Christians in Rome . Hermann Usener and others proposed that the Christians chose this day because it was the Roman feast celebrating the birthday of Sol Invictus . Modern scholar S.E. Hijmans , however , states that `` While they were aware that pagans called this day the ' birthday ' of Sol Invictus , this did not concern them and it did not play any role in their choice of date for Christmas . '' Moreover , Thomas J. Talley holds that the Roman Emperor Aurelian placed a festival of Sol Invictus on December 25 in order to compete with the growing rate of the Christian Church , which had already been celebrating Christmas on that date first . In the judgement of the Church of England Liturgical Commission , the History of Religions hypothesis has been challenged by a view based on an old tradition , according to which the date of Christmas was fixed at nine months after March 25 , the date of the vernal equinox , on which the Annunciation was celebrated . With regard to a December religious feast of the deified Sun ( Sol ) , as distinct from a solstice feast of the birth ( or rebirth ) of the astronomical sun , one scholar has commented that , `` while the winter solstice on or around December 25 was well established in the Roman imperial calendar , there is no evidence that a religious celebration of Sol on that day antedated the celebration of Christmas '' . `` Thomas Talley has shown that , although the Emperor Aurelian 's dedication of a temple to the sun god in the Campus Martius ( C.E. 274 ) probably took place on the ' Birthday of the Invincible Sun ' on December 25 , the cult of the sun in pagan Rome ironically did not celebrate the winter solstice nor any of the other quarter - tense days , as one might expect . '' The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought remarks on the uncertainty about the order of precedence between the religious celebrations of the Birthday of the Unconquered Sun and of the birthday of Jesus , stating that the hypothesis that December 25 was chosen for celebrating the birth of Jesus on the basis of the belief that his conception occurred on March 25 `` potentially establishes 25 December as a Christian festival before Aurelian 's decree , which , when promulgated , might have provided for the Christian feast both opportunity and challenge '' . Introduction of feast As Christmas was unknown to the early Christian writers , it must have been introduced sometime after 300 . Irenaeus and Tertullian omit it from their lists of feasts . In 245 , Origen of Alexandria , writing about Leviticus 12 : 1 -- 8 , commented that Scripture mentions only sinners as celebrating their birthdays , namely Pharaoh , who then had his chief baker hanged ( Genesis 40 : 20 -- 22 ) , and Herod , who then had John the Baptist beheaded ( Mark 6 : 21 -- 27 ) , and mentions saints as cursing the day of their birth , namely Jeremiah ( Jeremiah 20 : 14 -- 15 ) and Job ( Job 3 : 1 -- 16 ) . In 303 , Arnobius still ridiculed the idea of celebrating the birthdays of gods , a passage cited as evidence that Arnobius was unaware of any nativity celebration . But since Christmas does not celebrate Christ 's birth `` as God '' but `` as man '' , this does not necessarily show that Christmas was not a feast at this time . The earliest known Christmas celebration is recorded in a fourth - century manuscript compiled in Rome . This manuscript is thought to record a celebration that occurred in 336 . It was prepared privately for Furius Dionysius Filocalus , a Roman aristocrat , in 354 . The reference in question states , `` VIII kal . ian . natus Christus in Betleem Iudeæ '' translated as `` 8 Kalends January Birth of Christ in Bethlehem , Judea . '' This reference is in a section of the manuscript that was copied from earlier source material . The document also contains the earliest known reference to the feast of Sol Invictus . The fact the Donatists of North Africa celebrated Christmas suggests that the feast was established by the time that church was created in 311 . In Eastern Christianity the birth of Jesus was celebrated in connection with the Epiphany on January 6 , which however emphasized celebration of the baptism of Jesus . Christmas was promoted in the Christian East as part of the revival of Nicene Christianity following the death of the pro-Arian Emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianople in 378 . The feast was introduced at Constantinople in 379 , in Antioch by John Chrysostom towards the end of the fourth century , probably in 388 , and in Alexandria only in the following century . The feast disappeared after Gregory of Nazianzus resigned as bishop in 381 , although it was reintroduced by John Chrysostom in about 400 . Even in the West , January 6 celebration of the nativity of Jesus seems to have continued until after 380 . Relation to concurrent celebrations Many popular customs associated with Christmas developed independently of the commemoration of Jesus ' birth , with certain elements having origins in pre-Christian festivals that were celebrated around the winter solstice by pagan populations who were later converted to Christianity . These elements , including the Yule log from Yule and gift giving from Saturnalia , became syncretized into Christmas over the centuries . The prevailing atmosphere of Christmas has also continually evolved since the holiday 's inception , ranging from a sometimes raucous , drunken , carnival - like state in the Middle Ages , to a tamer family - oriented and children - centered theme introduced in a 19th - century transformation . In fact , the celebration of Christmas was banned on more than one occasion within certain Protestant groups , such as the Puritans , due to concerns that it was too pagan or unbiblical . Jehovah 's Witnesses also reject the celebration of Christmas . Mosaic of Jesus as Christus Sol ( Christ the Sun ) in Mausoleum M in the pre-fourth - century necropolis under St Peter 's Basilica in Rome . Prior to and through the early Christian centuries , winter festivals -- especially those centered on the winter solstice -- were the most popular of the year in many European pagan cultures . Reasons included the fact that less agricultural work needed to be done during the winter , as well as an expectation of better weather as spring approached . Many modern Christmas customs have been directly influenced by such festivals , including : Gift - giving and merrymaking from the Roman Saturnalia , Greenery , lights , and charity from the Roman New Year , and Yule logs and various foods from Germanic feasts . The Egyptian deity Horus , son to goddess Isis , was celebrated at the winter solstice . Horus was often depicted being fed by his mother , which also influenced the symbolism of the Virgin Mary with baby Christ . The pre-Christian Germanic peoples -- including the Anglo - Saxons and the Norse -- celebrated a winter festival called Yule , held in the late December to early January period , yielding modern English yule , today used as a synonym for Christmas . In Germanic language - speaking areas , numerous elements of modern Christmas folk custom and iconography stem from Yule , including the Yule log , Yule boar , and the Yule goat . Often leading a ghostly procession through the sky ( the Wild Hunt ) , the long - bearded god Odin is referred to as `` the Yule one '' and `` Yule father '' in Old Norse texts , while other gods are referred to as `` Yule beings '' . In eastern Europe also , old pagan traditions were incorporated into Christmas celebrations , an example being the Koleda , which was incorporated into the Christmas carol . Middle Ages The Nativity , from a 14th - century Missal ; a liturgical book containing texts and music necessary for the celebration of Mass throughout the year In the Early Middle Ages , Christmas Day was overshadowed by Epiphany , which in western Christianity focused on the visit of the magi . But the medieval calendar was dominated by Christmas - related holidays . The forty days before Christmas became the `` forty days of St. Martin '' ( which began on November 11 , the feast of St. Martin of Tours ) , now known as Advent . In Italy , former Saturnalian traditions were attached to Advent . Around the 12th century , these traditions transferred again to the Twelve Days of Christmas ( December 25 -- January 5 ) ; a time that appears in the liturgical calendars as Christmastide or Twelve Holy Days . The prominence of Christmas Day increased gradually after Charlemagne was crowned Emperor on Christmas Day in 800 . King Edmund the Martyr was anointed on Christmas in 855 and King William I of England was crowned on Christmas Day 1066 . The coronation of Charlemagne on Christmas of 800 helped promote the popularity of the holiday By the High Middle Ages , the holiday had become so prominent that chroniclers routinely noted where various magnates celebrated Christmas . King Richard II of England hosted a Christmas feast in 1377 at which twenty - eight oxen and three hundred sheep were eaten . The Yule boar was a common feature of medieval Christmas feasts . Caroling also became popular , and was originally a group of dancers who sang . The group was composed of a lead singer and a ring of dancers that provided the chorus . Various writers of the time condemned caroling as lewd , indicating that the unruly traditions of Saturnalia and Yule may have continued in this form . `` Misrule '' -- drunkenness , promiscuity , gambling -- was also an important aspect of the festival . In England , gifts were exchanged on New Year 's Day , and there was special Christmas ale . Christmas during the Middle Ages was a public festival that incorporated ivy , holly , and other evergreens . Christmas gift - giving during the Middle Ages was usually between people with legal relationships , such as tenant and landlord . The annual indulgence in eating , dancing , singing , sporting , and card playing escalated in England , and by the 17th century the Christmas season featured lavish dinners , elaborate masques , and pageants . In 1607 , King James I insisted that a play be acted on Christmas night and that the court indulge in games . It was during the Reformation in 16th -- 17th - century Europe that many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or Christkindl , and the date of giving gifts changed from December 6 to Christmas Eve . Reformation to the 18th century Public notice in Boston issued by the Puritans deeming Christmas illegal and sacrilegious Following the Protestant Reformation , many of the new denominations , including the Anglican Church and Lutheran Church , continued to celebrate Christmas . In 1629 , the Anglican poet John Milton penned On the Morning of Christ 's Nativity , a poem that has since been read by many during Christmastide . Donald Heinz , a professor at California State University , states that Martin Luther `` inaugurated a period in which Germany would produce a unique culture of Christmas , much copied in North America . '' Among the congregations of the Dutch Reformed Church , Christmas was celebrated as one of the principal evangelical feasts . However , in 17th century England , some groups such as the Puritans , strongly condemned the celebration of Christmas , considering it a Catholic invention and the `` trappings of popery '' or the `` rags of the Beast '' . In contrast , the established Anglican Church `` pressed for a more elaborate observance of feasts , penitential seasons , and saints ' days . The calendar reform became a major point of tension between the Anglican party and the Puritan party . '' The Catholic Church also responded , promoting the festival in a more religiously oriented form . King Charles I of England directed his noblemen and gentry to return to their landed estates in midwinter to keep up their old - style Christmas generosity . Following the Parliamentarian victory over Charles I during the English Civil War , England 's Puritan rulers banned Christmas in 1647 . Protests followed as pro-Christmas rioting broke out in several cities and for weeks Canterbury was controlled by the rioters , who decorated doorways with holly and shouted royalist slogans . The book , The Vindication of Christmas ( London , 1652 ) , argued against the Puritans , and makes note of Old English Christmas traditions , dinner , roast apples on the fire , card playing , dances with `` plow - boys '' and `` maidservants '' , old Father Christmas and carol singing . The Examination and Trial of Father Christmas , ( 1686 ) , published after Christmas was reinstated as a holy day in England The Restoration of King Charles II in 1660 ended the ban , but many Calvinist clergymen still disapproved of Christmas celebration . As such , in Scotland , the Presbyterian Church of Scotland discouraged the observance of Christmas , and though James VI commanded its celebration in 1618 , attendance at church was scant . The Parliament of Scotland officially abolished the observance of Christmas in 1640 , claiming that the church had been `` purged of all superstitious observation of days '' . It was not until 1958 that Christmas again became a Scottish public holiday . Following the Restoration of Charles II , Poor Robin 's Almanack contained the lines : `` Now thanks to God for Charles return , / Whose absence made old Christmas mourn . / For then we scarcely did it know , / Whether it Christmas were or no . '' The diary of James Woodforde , from the latter half of the 18th century , details the observance of Christmas and celebrations associated with the season over a number of years . In Colonial America , the Pilgrims of New England shared radical Protestant disapproval of Christmas . The Plymouth Pilgrims put their loathing for the day into practice in 1620 when they spent their first Christmas Day in the New World working -- thus demonstrating their complete contempt for the day . Non-Puritans in New England deplored the loss of the holidays enjoyed by the laboring classes in England . Christmas observance was outlawed in Boston in 1659 . The ban by the Puritans was revoked in 1681 by English governor Edmund Andros , however it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became fashionable in the Boston region . At the same time , Christian residents of Virginia and New York observed the holiday freely . Pennsylvania German Settlers , pre-eminently the Moravian settlers of Bethlehem , Nazareth and Lititz in Pennsylvania and the Wachovia Settlements in North Carolina , were enthusiastic celebrators of Christmas . The Moravians in Bethlehem had the first Christmas trees in America as well as the first Nativity Scenes . Christmas fell out of favor in the United States after the American Revolution , when it was considered an English custom . George Washington attacked Hessian ( German ) mercenaries on the day after Christmas during the Battle of Trenton on December 26 , 1776 , Christmas being much more popular in Germany than in America at this time . With the atheistic Cult of Reason in power during the era of Revolutionary France , Christian Christmas religious services were banned and the three kings cake was renamed the `` equality cake '' under anticlerical government policies . 19th century Ebenezer Scrooge and the Ghost of Christmas Present . From Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol , 1843 . In the UK , Christmas Day became a bank holiday in 1834 , Boxing Day was added in 1871 . In the early - 19th century , writers imagined Tudor Christmas as a time of heartfelt celebration . In 1843 , Charles Dickens wrote the novel A Christmas Carol that helped revive the `` spirit '' of Christmas and seasonal merriment . Its instant popularity played a major role in portraying Christmas as a holiday emphasizing family , goodwill , and compassion . Dickens sought to construct Christmas as a family - centered festival of generosity , linking `` worship and feasting , within a context of social reconciliation . '' Superimposing his humanitarian vision of the holiday , in what has been termed `` Carol Philosophy '' , Dickens influenced many aspects of Christmas that are celebrated today in Western culture , such as family gatherings , seasonal food and drink , dancing , games , and a festive generosity of spirit . A prominent phrase from the tale , `` Merry Christmas '' , was popularized following the appearance of the story . This coincided with the appearance of the Oxford Movement and the growth of Anglo - Catholicism , which led a revival in traditional rituals and religious observances . The Queen 's Christmas tree at Windsor Castle , published in the Illustrated London News , 1848 , and republished in Godey 's Lady 's Book , Philadelphia , December 1850 The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser , with `` Bah ! Humbug ! '' dismissive of the festive spirit . In 1843 , the first commercial Christmas card was produced by Sir Henry Cole . The revival of the Christmas Carol began with William Sandys 's `` Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern '' ( 1833 ) , with the first appearance in print of `` The First Noel '' , `` I Saw Three Ships '' , `` Hark the Herald Angels Sing '' and `` God Rest Ye Merry , Gentlemen '' , popularized in Dickens ' A Christmas Carol . In Britain , the Christmas tree was introduced in the early 19th century following the personal union with the Kingdom of Hanover by Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz , wife of King George III . In 1832 , the future Queen Victoria wrote about her delight at having a Christmas tree , hung with lights , ornaments , and presents placed round it . After her marriage to her German cousin Prince Albert , by 1841 the custom became more widespread throughout Britain . An image of the British royal family with their Christmas tree at Windsor Castle created a sensation when it was published in the Illustrated London News in 1848 . A modified version of this image was published in the United States in 1850 . By the 1870s , putting up a Christmas tree had become common in America . In America , interest in Christmas had been revived in the 1820s by several short stories by Washington Irving which appear in his The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon , Gent. and `` Old Christmas '' . Irving 's stories depicted harmonious warm - hearted English Christmas festivities he experienced while staying in Aston Hall , Birmingham , England , that had largely been abandoned , and he used the tract Vindication of Christmas ( 1652 ) of Old English Christmas traditions , that he had transcribed into his journal as a format for his stories . A Norwegian Christmas , 1846 painting by Adolph Tidemand The Christmas Visit . Postcard , c. 1910 In 1822 , Clement Clarke Moore wrote the poem A Visit From St. Nicholas ( popularly known by its first line : Twas the Night Before Christmas ) . The poem helped popularize the tradition of exchanging gifts , and seasonal Christmas shopping began to assume economic importance . This also started the cultural conflict between the holiday 's spiritual significance and its associated commercialism that some see as corrupting the holiday . In her 1850 book The First Christmas in New England , Harriet Beecher Stowe includes a character who complains that the true meaning of Christmas was lost in a shopping spree . While the celebration of Christmas was not yet customary in some regions in the U.S. , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow detected `` a transition state about Christmas here in New England '' in 1856 . `` The old puritan feeling prevents it from being a cheerful , hearty holiday ; though every year makes it more so . '' In Reading , Pennsylvania , a newspaper remarked in 1861 , `` Even our presbyterian friends who have hitherto steadfastly ignored Christmas -- threw open their church doors and assembled in force to celebrate the anniversary of the Savior 's birth . '' The First Congregational Church of Rockford , Illinois , `` although of genuine Puritan stock '' , was ' preparing for a grand Christmas jubilee ' , a news correspondent reported in 1864 . By 1860 , fourteen states including several from New England had adopted Christmas as a legal holiday . In 1875 , Louis Prang introduced the Christmas card to Americans . He has been called the `` father of the American Christmas card '' . On June 28 , 1870 , Christmas was formally declared a United States federal holiday . 20th century Up to the 1950s , in the UK , many Christmas customs were restricted to the upper classes and better - off families . The mass of the population had not adopted many of the Christmas rituals that later became general . The Christmas tree was rare . Christmas dinner might be beef -- certainly not turkey . In their stockings children might get an apple , orange and sweets . Full celebration of a family Christmas with all the trimmings only became widespread with increased prosperity from the 1950s . National papers were published on Christmas Day until 1912 . Post was still delivered on Christmas Day until 1961 . League football matches continued in Scotland until the 1970s while in England they ceased at the end of the 1950s . Under the state atheism of the Soviet Union , after its foundation in 1917 , Christmas celebrations -- along with other Christian holidays -- were prohibited in public . During the 1920s , 30s and 40s , the League of Militant Atheists encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions , such as the Christmas tree , as well as other Christian holidays , including Easter ; the League established an antireligious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement . At the height of this persecution , in 1929 , on Christmas Day , children in Moscow were encouraged to spit on crucifixes as a protest against the holiday . It was not until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 that the persecution ended and Orthodox Christmas became a state holiday again for the first time in Russia after seven decades . European History Professor Joseph Perry wrote that likewise , in Nazi Germany , `` because Nazi ideologues saw organized religion as an enemy of the totalitarian state , propagandists sought to deemphasize -- or eliminate altogether -- the Christian aspects of the holiday '' and that `` Propagandists tirelessly promoted numerous Nazified Christmas songs , which replaced Christian themes with the regime 's racial ideologies . '' As Christmas celebrations began to be held around the world even outside traditional Christian cultures in the 20th century , some Muslim - majority countries have banned the practice of Christmas , claiming it undermines Islam . Customs and traditions Main article : Christmas traditions Map of countries where Christmas is a formal public holiday either on December 24 / 25 or January 6 / 7 Map of countries where Christmas is not a formal public holiday either on December 24 / 25 or January 6 / 7 Christmas Day is celebrated as a major festival and public holiday in countries around the world , including many whose populations are mostly non-Christian . In some non-Christian areas , periods of former colonial rule introduced the celebration ( e.g. Hong Kong ) ; in others , Christian minorities or foreign cultural influences have led populations to observe the holiday . Countries such as Japan , where Christmas is popular despite there being only a small number of Christians , have adopted many of the secular aspects of Christmas , such as gift - giving , decorations , and Christmas trees . Countries in which Christmas is not a formal public holiday include Afghanistan , Algeria , Azerbaijan , Bahrain , Bhutan , Cambodia , China ( excepting Hong Kong and Macau ) , the Comoros , Iran , Israel , Japan , Kuwait , Laos , Libya , the Maldives , Mauritania , Mongolia , Morocco , North Korea , Oman , Pakistan , Qatar , the Sahrawi Republic , Saudi Arabia , Somalia , Tajikistan , Thailand , Tunisia , Turkey , Turkmenistan , the United Arab Emirates , Uzbekistan , Vietnam , and Yemen . Christmas celebrations around the world can vary markedly in form , reflecting differing cultural and national traditions . Among countries with a strong Christian tradition , a variety of Christmas celebrations have developed that incorporate regional and local cultures . For Christians , participating in a religious service plays an important part in the recognition of the season . Christmas , along with Easter , is the period of highest annual church attendance . A 2010 survey by LifeWay Christian Resources found that 47 % of American households attend church services during this time . In the United Kingdom , the Church of England reported an estimated attendance of 2.5 million people at Christmas services in 2015 . In Catholic countries , people hold religious processions or parades in the days preceding Christmas . In other countries , secular processions or parades featuring Santa Claus and other seasonal figures are often held . Family reunions and the exchange of gifts are a widespread feature of the season . Gift - giving takes place on Christmas Day in most countries . Others practice gift giving on Saint Nicholas Day , and January 6 , Epiphany . Decorations Main article : Christmas decoration A typical Neapolitan presepe or presepio , or Nativity scene . Local crèches are renowned for their ornate decorations and symbolic figurines , often mirroring daily life . The practice of putting up special decorations at Christmas has a long history . In the 15th century , it was recorded that in London it was the custom at Christmas for every house and all the parish churches to be `` decked with holm , ivy , bays , and whatsoever the season of the year afforded to be green '' . The heart - shaped leaves of ivy were said to symbolize the coming to earth of Jesus , while holly was seen as protection against pagans and witches , its thorns and red berries held to represent the Crown of Thorns worn by Jesus at the crucifixion and the blood he shed . Clifton Mill in Clifton , Ohio is the site of this Christmas display with over 3.5 million lights . Nativity scenes are known from 10th - century Rome . They were popularised by Saint Francis of Assisi from 1223 , quickly spreading across Europe . Different types of decorations developed across the Christian world , dependent on local tradition and available resources , and can vary from simple representations of the crib to far more elaborate sets -- renowned manger scene traditions include the colourful Kraków szopka in Poland , which imitate Kraków 's historical buildings as settings , the elaborate Italian presepi ( Neapolitan , Genoese and Bolognese ) , or the Provençal crèches in southern France , using hand - painted terracotta figurines called santons . In certain parts of the world , notably Sicily , living nativity scenes following the tradition of Saint Francis are a popular alternative to static crèches . The first commercially produced decorations appeared in Germany in the 1860s , inspired by paper chains made by children . In countries where a representation of the Nativity scene is very popular , people are encouraged to compete and create the most original or realistic ones . Within some families , the pieces used to make the representation are considered a valuable family heirloom . The traditional colors of Christmas decorations are red , green , and gold . Red symbolizes the blood of Jesus , which was shed in his crucifixion , while green symbolizes eternal life , and in particular the evergreen tree , which does not lose its leaves in the winter , and gold is the first color associated with Christmas , as one of the three gifts of the Magi , symbolizing royalty . The official White House Christmas tree for 1962 , displayed in the Entrance Hall and presented by John F. Kennedy and his wife Jackie . The Christmas tree is considered by some as Christianisation of pagan tradition and ritual surrounding the Winter Solstice , which included the use of evergreen boughs , and an adaptation of pagan tree worship ; according to eighth - century biographer Æddi Stephanus , Saint Boniface ( 634 -- 709 ) , who was a missionary in Germany , took an axe to an oak tree dedicated to Thor and pointed out a fir tree , which he stated was a more fitting object of reverence because it pointed to heaven and it had a triangular shape , which he said was symbolic of the Trinity . The English language phrase `` Christmas tree '' is first recorded in 1835 and represents an importation from the German language . The modern Christmas tree tradition is believed to have begun in Germany in the 18th century though many argue that Martin Luther began the tradition in the 16th century . From Germany the custom was introduced to Britain , first via Queen Charlotte , wife of George III , and then more successfully by Prince Albert during the reign of Queen Victoria . By 1841 the Christmas tree had become even more widespread throughout Britain . By the 1870s , people in the United States had adopted the custom of putting up a Christmas tree . Christmas trees may be decorated with lights and ornaments . On Christmas , the Christ Candle in the center of the Advent wreath is traditionally lit in many church services . Since the 16th century , the poinsettia , a native plant from Mexico , has been associated with Christmas . Other popular holiday plants include holly , mistletoe , red amaryllis , and Christmas cactus . Along with a Christmas tree , the interior of a home may be decorated with these plants , along with garlands and evergreen foliage . The display of Christmas villages has also become a tradition in many homes during this season . The outside of houses may be decorated with lights and sometimes with illuminated sleighs , snowmen , and other Christmas figures . Mistletoe features prominently in European myth and folklore ( for example the legend of Baldr ) , it is an evergreen parasitic plant which grows on trees , especially apple and poplar , and turns golden when it is dried . It is customary to hang a sprig of mistletoe in the house at Christmas , and anyone standing underneath it may be kissed . Mistletoe has sticky white berries , one of which was traditionally removed whenever someone was kissed under it . This is probably a fertility ritual . The mistletoe berry juice resembles semen . Outdoor Christmas decoration and lighting Other traditional decorations include bells , candles , candy canes , stockings , wreaths , and angels . Both the displaying of wreaths and candles in each window are a more traditional Christmas display . The concentric assortment of leaves , usually from an evergreen , make up Christmas wreaths and are designed to prepare Christians for the Advent season . Candles in each window are meant to demonstrate the fact that Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the ultimate light of the world . Christmas lights and banners may be hung along streets , music played from speakers , and Christmas trees placed in prominent places . It is common in many parts of the world for town squares and consumer shopping areas to sponsor and display decorations . Rolls of brightly colored paper with secular or religious Christmas motifs are manufactured for the purpose of wrapping gifts . In some countries , Christmas decorations are traditionally taken down on Twelfth Night , the evening of January 5 . Music and carols Main article : Christmas music Christmas carolers in Jersey The earliest extant specifically Christmas hymns appear in fourth - century Rome . Latin hymns such as `` Veni redemptor gentium '' , written by Ambrose , Archbishop of Milan , were austere statements of the theological doctrine of the Incarnation in opposition to Arianism . `` Corde natus ex Parentis '' ( `` Of the Father 's love begotten '' ) by the Spanish poet Prudentius ( d . 413 ) is still sung in some churches today . In the 9th and 10th centuries , the Christmas `` Sequence '' or `` Prose '' was introduced in North European monasteries , developing under Bernard of Clairvaux into a sequence of rhymed stanzas . In the 12th century the Parisian monk Adam of St. Victor began to derive music from popular songs , introducing something closer to the traditional Christmas carol . By the 13th century , in France , Germany , and particularly , Italy , under the influence of Francis of Assisi , a strong tradition of popular Christmas songs in the native language developed . Christmas carols in English first appear in a 1426 work of John Awdlay , a Shropshire chaplain , who lists twenty - five `` caroles of Cristemas '' , probably sung by groups of wassailers , who went from house to house . Child singers in Bucharest , 1841 The songs we know specifically as carols were originally communal folk songs sung during celebrations such as `` harvest tide '' as well as Christmas . It was only later that carols began to be sung in church . Traditionally , carols have often been based on medieval chord patterns , and it is this that gives them their uniquely characteristic musical sound . Some carols like `` Personent hodie '' , `` Good King Wenceslas '' , and `` The Holly and the Ivy '' can be traced directly back to the Middle Ages . They are among the oldest musical compositions still regularly sung . `` Adeste Fideles '' ( O Come all ye faithful ) appears in its current form in the mid-18th century , although the words may have originated in the 13th century . Singing of carols initially suffered a decline in popularity after the Protestant Reformation in northern Europe , although some Reformers , like Martin Luther , wrote carols and encouraged their use in worship . Carols largely survived in rural communities until the revival of interest in popular songs in the 19th century . The 18th - century English reformer Charles Wesley understood the importance of music to worship . In addition to setting many psalms to melodies , which were influential in the Great Awakening in the United States , he wrote texts for at least three Christmas carols . The best known was originally entitled `` Hark ! How All the Welkin Rings '' , later renamed `` Hark ! the Herald Angels Sing '' . Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing Performed by the U.S. Army Band Chorus <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Felix Mendelssohn wrote a melody adapted to fit Wesley 's words . In Austria in 1818 Mohr and Gruber made a major addition to the genre when they composed `` Silent Night '' for the St. Nicholas Church , Oberndorf . William Sandys ' Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern ( 1833 ) contained the first appearance in print of many now - classic English carols , and contributed to the mid-Victorian revival of the festival . Completely secular Christmas seasonal songs emerged in the late 18th century . `` Deck the Halls '' dates from 1784 , and the American `` Jingle Bells '' was copyrighted in 1857 . In the 19th and 20th century , African American spirituals and songs about Christmas , based in their tradition of spirituals , became more widely known . An increasing number of seasonal holidays songs were commercially produced in the 20th century , including jazz and blues variations . In addition , there was a revival of interest in early music , from groups singing folk music , such as The Revels , to performers of early medieval and classical music . John Rutter has composed many carols including `` All Bells in Paradise '' , `` Angels ' Carol '' , `` Candlelight Carol '' , `` Donkey Carol '' , `` Jesus Child '' , `` Shepherds ' Pipe Carol '' and `` Star Carol '' . Traditional cuisine Christmas pudding cooked on Stir - up Sunday , the Sunday before the beginning of the Advent season Christmas table in Serbia A special Christmas family meal is traditionally an important part of the holiday 's celebration , and the food that is served varies greatly from country to country . Some regions , such as Sicily , have special meals for Christmas Eve , when 12 kinds of fish are served . In the United Kingdom and countries influenced by its traditions , a standard Christmas meal includes turkey , goose or other large bird , gravy , potatoes , vegetables , sometimes bread and cider . Special desserts are also prepared , such as Christmas pudding , mince pies , fruit cake and Yule log cake . In Poland and other parts of eastern Europe and Scandinavia , fish often is used for the traditional main course , but richer meat such as lamb is increasingly served . In Sweden it is common with a special variety of smörgåsbord , where ham , meatballs and herring play a prominent role . In Germany , France , and Austria , goose and pork are favored . Beef , ham , and chicken in various recipes are popular throughout the world . The Maltese traditionally serve Imbuljuta tal - Qastan , a chocolate and chestnuts beverage , after Midnight Mass and throughout the Christmas season . Slovaks prepare the traditional Christmas bread potica , bûche de Noël in France , panettone in Italy , and elaborate tarts and cakes . The eating of sweets and chocolates has become popular worldwide , and sweeter Christmas delicacies include the German stollen , marzipan cake or candy , and Jamaican rum fruit cake . As one of the few fruits traditionally available to northern countries in winter , oranges have been long associated with special Christmas foods . Eggnog is a sweetened dairy - based beverage traditionally made with milk , cream , sugar , and whipped eggs ( which gives it a frothy texture ) . Spirits such as brandy , rum or bourbon are often added . The finished serving is often garnished with a sprinkling of ground cinnamon or nutmeg . Cards A 1907 Christmas card with Santa and some of his reindeer Main article : Christmas card Christmas cards are illustrated messages of greeting exchanged between friends and family members during the weeks preceding Christmas Day . The traditional greeting reads `` wishing you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year '' , much like that of the first commercial Christmas card , produced by Sir Henry Cole in London in 1843 . The custom of sending them has become popular among a wide cross-section of people with the emergence of the modern trend towards exchanging E-cards . Christmas cards are purchased in considerable quantities , and feature artwork , commercially designed and relevant to the season . The content of the design might relate directly to the Christmas narrative , with depictions of the Nativity of Jesus , or Christian symbols such as the Star of Bethlehem , or a white dove , which can represent both the Holy Spirit and Peace on Earth . Other Christmas cards are more secular and can depict Christmas traditions , mythical figures such as Santa Claus , objects directly associated with Christmas such as candles , holly and baubles , or a variety of images associated with the season , such as Christmastide activities , snow scenes and the wildlife of the northern winter . There are even humorous cards and genres depicting nostalgic scenes of the past such as crinolined shoppers in idealized 19th - century streetscapes . Some prefer cards with a poem , prayer , or Biblical verse ; while others distance themselves from religion with an all - inclusive `` Season 's greetings '' . Christmas stamp released in the United States in 1982 , featuring a painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo Commemorative stamps Main article : Christmas stamp A number of nations have issued commemorative stamps at Christmastide . Postal customers will often use these stamps to mail Christmas cards , and they are popular with philatelists . These stamps are regular postage stamps , unlike Christmas seals , and are valid for postage year - round . They usually go on sale some time between early October and early December , and are printed in considerable quantities . Gift giving Christmas gifts under a Christmas tree The exchanging of gifts is one of the core aspects of the modern Christmas celebration , making it the most profitable time of year for retailers and businesses throughout the world . On Christmas , people exchange gifts based on the Christian tradition associated with Saint Nicholas , and the gifts of gold , frankincense , and myrrh which were given to the baby Jesus by the Magi . The practice of gift giving in the Roman celebration of Saturnalia may have influenced Christian Christian customs , but on the other hand the Christian `` core dogma of the Incarnation , however , solidly established the giving and receiving of gifts as the structural principle of that recurrent yet unique event '' , because it was the Biblical Magi , `` together with all their fellow men , who received the gift of God through man 's renewed participation in the divine life . '' Gift - bearing figures Main articles : Santa Claus , Father Christmas , and Christkind Christmas gift - bringers in Europe Saint Nicholas , known as Sinterklaas in the Netherlands , is considered by many to be the original Santa Claus A number of figures are associated with Christmas and the seasonal giving of gifts . Among these are Father Christmas , also known as Santa Claus ( derived from the Dutch for Saint Nicholas ) , Père Noël , and the Weihnachtsmann ; Saint Nicholas or Sinterklaas ; the Christkind ; Kris Kringle ; Joulupukki ; tomte / nisse ; Babbo Natale ; Saint Basil ; and Ded Moroz . The Scandinavian tomte ( also called nisse ) is sometimes depicted as a gnome instead of Santa Claus . The best known of these figures today is red - dressed Santa Claus , of diverse origins . The name Santa Claus can be traced back to the Dutch Sinterklaas , which means simply Saint Nicholas . Nicholas was a 4th - century Greek bishop of Myra , a city in the Roman province of Lycia , whose ruins are 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) from modern Demre in southwest Turkey . Among other saintly attributes , he was noted for the care of children , generosity , and the giving of gifts . His feast day , December 6 , came to be celebrated in many countries with the giving of gifts . Saint Nicholas traditionally appeared in bishop 's attire , accompanied by helpers , inquiring about the behaviour of children during the past year before deciding whether they deserved a gift or not . By the 13th century , Saint Nicholas was well known in the Netherlands , and the practice of gift - giving in his name spread to other parts of central and southern Europe . At the Reformation in 16th -- 17th - century Europe , many Protestants changed the gift bringer to the Christ Child or Christkindl , corrupted in English to Kris Kringle , and the date of giving gifts changed from December 6 to Christmas Eve . The modern popular image of Santa Claus , however , was created in the United States , and in particular in New York . The transformation was accomplished with the aid of notable contributors including Washington Irving and the German - American cartoonist Thomas Nast ( 1840 -- 1902 ) . Following the American Revolutionary War , some of the inhabitants of New York City sought out symbols of the city 's non-English past . New York had originally been established as the Dutch colonial town of New Amsterdam and the Dutch Sinterklaas tradition was reinvented as Saint Nicholas . In 1809 , the New - York Historical Society convened and retroactively named Sancte Claus the patron saint of Nieuw Amsterdam , the Dutch name for New York City . At his first American appearance in 1810 , Santa Claus was drawn in bishops ' robes . However , as new artists took over , Santa Claus developed more secular attire . Nast drew a new image of `` Santa Claus '' annually , beginning in 1863 . By the 1880s , Nast 's Santa had evolved into the modern vision of the figure , perhaps based on the English figure of Father Christmas . The image was standardized by advertisers in the 1920s and continues through the present day . Santa Claus reacts to a toy request ( Jonathan Meath as Santa ) Father Christmas , a jolly , stout , bearded man who typified the spirit of good cheer at Christmas , predates the Santa Claus character . He is first recorded in early 17th century England , but was associated with holiday merrymaking and drunkenness rather than the bringing of gifts . In Victorian Britain , his image was remade to match that of Santa . The French Père Noël evolved along similar lines , eventually adopting the Santa image . In Italy , Babbo Natale acts as Santa Claus , while La Befana is the bringer of gifts and arrives on the eve of the Epiphany . It is said that La Befana set out to bring the baby Jesus gifts , but got lost along the way . Now , she brings gifts to all children . In some cultures Santa Claus is accompanied by Knecht Ruprecht , or Black Peter . In other versions , elves make the toys . His wife is referred to as Mrs. Claus . There has been some opposition to the narrative of the American evolution of Saint Nicholas into the modern Santa . It has been claimed that the Saint Nicholas Society was not founded until 1835 , almost half a century after the end of the American War of Independence . Moreover , a study of the `` children 's books , periodicals and journals '' of New Amsterdam by Charles Jones revealed no references to Saint Nicholas or Sinterklaas . However , not all scholars agree with Jones 's findings , which he reiterated in a book - length study in 1978 ; Howard G. Hageman , of New Brunswick Theological Seminary , maintains that the tradition of celebrating Sinterklaas in New York was alive and well from the early settlement of the Hudson Valley on . Current tradition in several Latin American countries ( such as Venezuela and Colombia ) holds that while Santa makes the toys , he then gives them to the Baby Jesus , who is the one who actually delivers them to the children 's homes , a reconciliation between traditional religious beliefs and the iconography of Santa Claus imported from the United States . In South Tyrol ( Italy ) , Austria , Czech Republic , Southern Germany , Hungary , Liechtenstein , Slovakia , and Switzerland , the Christkind ( Ježíšek in Czech , Jézuska in Hungarian and Ježiško in Slovak ) brings the presents . Greek children get their presents from Saint Basil on New Year 's Eve , the eve of that saint 's liturgical feast . The German St. Nikolaus is not identical with the Weihnachtsmann ( who is the German version of Santa Claus / Father Christmas ) . St. Nikolaus wears a bishop 's dress and still brings small gifts ( usually candies , nuts , and fruits ) on December 6 and is accompanied by Knecht Ruprecht . Although many parents around the world routinely teach their children about Santa Claus and other gift bringers , some have come to reject this practice , considering it deceptive . Multiple gift - giver figures exist in Poland , varying between regions and individual families . St Nicholas ( Święty Mikołaj ) dominates Central and North - East areas , the Starman ( Gwiazdor ) is most common in Greater Poland , Baby Jesus ( Dzieciątko ) is unique to Upper Silesia , with the Little Star ( Gwiazdka ) and the Little Angel ( Aniołek ) being common in the South and the South - East . Grandfather Frost ( Dziadek Mróz ) is less commonly accepted in some areas of Eastern Poland . It is worth noting that across all of Poland , St Nicholas is the gift giver on the Saint Nicholas Day on December 6 . Date according to Julian calendar Some jurisdictions of the Eastern Orthodox Church , including those of Russia , Georgia , Ukraine , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Jerusalem , mark feasts using the older Julian calendar . As of 2018 , there is a difference of 13 days between the Julian calendar and the modern Gregorian calendar , which is used internationally for most secular purposes . As a result , December 25 on the Julian calendar currently corresponds to January 7 on the calendar used by most governments and people in everyday life . Therefore , the aforementioned Orthodox Christians mark December 25 ( and thus Christmas ) on the day that is internationally considered to be January 7 . However , other Orthodox Christians , such as those belonging to the jurisdictions of Bulgaria , Greece , Romania , Constantinople , Antioch , Alexandria , Albania , Cyprus , Finland , and the Orthodox Church in America , among others , began using the Revised Julian calendar in the early 20th century , which at present corresponds exactly to the Gregorian calendar . Therefore , these Orthodox Christians mark December 25 ( and thus Christmas ) on the same day that is internationally considered to be December 25 , and which is also the date of Christmas among Western Christians . A further complication is added by the fact that the Armenian Apostolic Church continues the original ancient Eastern Christian practice of celebrating the birth of Christ not as a separate holiday , but on the same day as the celebration of his baptism ( Theophany ) , which is on January 6 . This is a public holiday in Armenia , and it is held on the same day that is internationally considered to be January 6 , because the Armenian Church in Armenia uses the Gregorian calendar . However , there is also a small Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem , which maintains the traditional Armenian custom of celebrating the birth of Christ on the same day as Theophany ( January 6 ) , but uses the Julian calendar for the determination of that date . As a result , this church celebrates `` Christmas '' ( more properly called Theophany ) on the day that is considered January 19 on the Gregorian calendar in use by the majority of the world . In summary , there are four different dates used by different Christian groups to mark the birth of Christ , given in the table below . Listing Church or section Date Calendar Gregorian date Note Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem January 6 Julian calendar January 19 Correspondence between Julian January 6 and Gregorian January 19 holds until 2100 ; in the following century the difference will be one day more . Armenian Apostolic Church , Armenian Catholic Church January 6 Gregorian calendar January 6 Eastern Orthodox Church jurisdictions , including those of Bulgaria , Greece , Romania , Constantinople , Antioch , Alexandria , Albania , Cyprus , and the Orthodox Church in America December 25 Revised Julian calendar December 25 Revised Julian calendar usage started in the early 20th century Other Eastern Orthodox : Russia , Georgia , Ukraine , Macedonia , Belarus , Moldova , Montenegro , Serbia and Jerusalem . Also , some Byzantine Rite Catholics . December 25 Julian calendar January 7 Correspondence between Julian December 25 and Gregorian January 7 of the following year holds until 2100 ; from 2101 to 2199 the difference will be one day more . Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Koiak 29 ( corresponding to Julian December 25 or 26 ) Coptic calendar January 7 or 8 Since the Coptic calendar 's leap day is inserted in what the Julian calendar considers September , the following Koiak 29 falls one day later than usual in the Julian and Gregorian calendars Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Tahsas 29 or 28 ( corresponding to Julian December 25 ) Ethiopian Calendar January 7 After the Ethiopian insertion of a leap day in what for the Julian calendar is September , Christmas is celebrated on Tahsas 28 in order to maintain the exact interval of 9 30 - day months and 5 days of the child 's gestation . The Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church uses the same calendar but , like the Coptic Church , does not make this adjustment . Western Christian churches , Finnish Orthodox Church , secular world December 25 Gregorian calendar December 25 Economy Main article : Economics of Christmas The King of Prussia Mall in King of Prussia , Pennsylvania decorated during the Christmas season Christmas market in Jena , Germany Christmas is typically a peak selling season for retailers in many nations around the world . Sales increase dramatically as people purchase gifts , decorations , and supplies to celebrate . In the U.S. , the `` Christmas shopping season '' starts as early as October . In Canada , merchants begin advertising campaigns just before Halloween ( October 31 ) , and step up their marketing following Remembrance Day on November 11 . In the UK and Ireland , the Christmas shopping season starts from mid-November , around the time when high street Christmas lights are turned on . In the United States , it has been calculated that a quarter of all personal spending takes place during the Christmas / holiday shopping season . Figures from the U.S. Census Bureau reveal that expenditure in department stores nationwide rose from $20.8 billion in November 2004 to $31.9 billion in December 2004 , an increase of 54 percent . In other sectors , the pre-Christmas increase in spending was even greater , there being a November -- December buying surge of 100 percent in bookstores and 170 percent in jewelry stores . In the same year employment in American retail stores rose from 1.6 million to 1.8 million in the two months leading up to Christmas . Industries completely dependent on Christmas include Christmas cards , of which 1.9 billion are sent in the United States each year , and live Christmas Trees , of which 20.8 million were cut in the U.S. in 2002 . In the UK in 2010 , up to £ 8 billion was expected to be spent online at Christmas , approximately a quarter of total retail festive sales . Each year ( most notably 2000 ) money supply in US banks is increased for Christmas shopping In most Western nations , Christmas Day is the least active day of the year for business and commerce ; almost all retail , commercial and institutional businesses are closed , and almost all industries cease activity ( more than any other day of the year ) , whether laws require such or not . In England and Wales , the Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 prevents all large shops from trading on Christmas Day . Scotland is currently planning similar legislation . Film studios release many high - budget movies during the holiday season , including Christmas films , fantasy movies or high - tone dramas with high production values to hopes of maximizing the chance of nominations for the Academy Awards . One economist 's analysis calculates that , despite increased overall spending , Christmas is a deadweight loss under orthodox microeconomic theory , because of the effect of gift - giving . This loss is calculated as the difference between what the gift giver spent on the item and what the gift receiver would have paid for the item . It is estimated that in 2001 , Christmas resulted in a $4 billion deadweight loss in the U.S. alone . Because of complicating factors , this analysis is sometimes used to discuss possible flaws in current microeconomic theory . Other deadweight losses include the effects of Christmas on the environment and the fact that material gifts are often perceived as white elephants , imposing cost for upkeep and storage and contributing to clutter . Controversies See also : Christmas controversy and Christmas in Puritan New England Further information : Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union Christmas has at times been the subject of controversy and attacks from various sources . Historically it was prohibited by Puritans when they briefly held power in England during the English Interregnum ( 1649 -- 1660 ) , and in Colonial America where the Puritans outlawed the celebration of Christmas in 1659 . The Parliament of Scotland , which was dominated by Presbyterians , passed a series of acts outlawing the observance of Christmas between 1637 and 1690 ; Christmas Day did not become a public holiday in Scotland until 1958 . Christmas celebrations have also been prohibited by atheist states such as the Soviet Union and more recently majority Muslim states such as Somalia , Tajikistan and Brunei . Modern scholars such as E.P. Sanders , Geza Vermes and Marcus Borg consider both Gospel narratives of the birth of Jesus to be non-historical , arguing that there are contradictions between them . Many biblical scholars view the discussion of historicity as secondary , given that gospels were primarily written as theological documents rather than historical accounts . Secularization controversies Some Christians and organizations such as Pat Robertson 's American Center for Law and Justice cite alleged attacks on Christmas ( dubbing them a `` war on Christmas '' ) . Such groups claim that any specific mention of the term `` Christmas '' or its religious aspects is being increasingly censored , avoided , or discouraged by a number of advertisers , retailers , government ( prominently schools ) , and other public and private organizations . One controversy is the occurrence of Christmas trees being renamed Holiday trees . In the U.S. there has been a tendency to replace the greeting Merry Christmas with Happy Holidays , which is considered inclusive at the time of the Jewish celebration of Hanukkah . In the U.S. and Canada , where the use of the term `` Holidays '' is most prevalent , opponents have denounced its usage and avoidance of using the term `` Christmas '' as being politically correct . Groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union have initiated court cases to bar the display of images and other material referring to Christmas from public property , including schools . Such groups argue that government - funded displays of Christmas imagery and traditions violate the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , which prohibits the establishment by Congress of a national religion . In 1984 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Lynch v. Donnelly that a Christmas display ( which included a Nativity scene ) owned and displayed by the city of Pawtucket , Rhode Island , did not violate the First Amendment . In November 2009 , the federal appeals court in Philadelphia upheld a school district 's ban on the singing of Christmas carols . The Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear an appeal . American Muslim scholar Abdul Malik Mujahid has said that Muslims must treat Christmas with respect , even if they disagree with it . See also Christmas portal Holidays portal Christianity portal Christmas traditions Christmas in July Christmas Sunday List of Christmas novels Little Christmas Nochebuena Mawlid Twin Holy Birthdays Yaldā winter festival Notes Jump up ^ 8 Kalends January is eight days before the Kalends ( or first day ) of January which is December 25 . The Roman calendar used inclusive counting , so the eight days are 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 and 1 . References ^ Jump up to : Christmas as a Multi-faith Festival -- BBC News . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` In the U.S. , Christmas Not Just for Christians '' . Gallup , Inc . December 24 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gwynne , Paul ( 2011 ) . World Religions in Practice . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 6005 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Ramzy , John . `` The Glorious Feast of Nativity : 7 January ? 29 Kiahk ? 25 December ? '' . Coptic Orthodox Church Network . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steinfels , Peter ( January 6 , 2007 ) . `` At Armenian Churches , a Distinct Observance Today '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Agadjanian , Alexander ( 2016 ) . Armenian Christianity Today : Identity Politics and Popular Practice . Routledge . p. 113 . ISBN 9781317178576 . The Armenian Apostolic Church follows the oldest Jerusalem version of Canons of Calendar , based on the Julian Calendar , and therefore celebrates Christmas and Theophany on the same day , January 6 Jump up ^ Jansezian , Nicole . `` 10 things to do over Christmas in the Holy Land '' . The Jerusalem Post ... the Armenians in Jerusalem -- and only in Jerusalem -- celebrate Christmas on January 19 ... Jump up ^ Christmas , Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Martindale , Cyril Charles. `` Christmas '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 3 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1908 . Jump up ^ Several branches of Eastern Christianity that use the Julian calendar also celebrate on December 25 according to that calendar , which is now January 7 on the Gregorian calendar . Armenian Churches observed the nativity on January 6 even before the Gregorian calendar originated . Most Armenian Christians use the Gregorian calendar , still celebrating Christmas Day on January 6 . Some Armenian churches use the Julian calendar , thus celebrating Christmas Day on January 19 on the Gregorian calendar , with January 18 being Christmas Eve . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas in Bethlehem '' . Jump up ^ `` The Global Religious Landscape Christians '' . Pew Research Center . December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Strongly Religious For Half in U.S. Who Celebrate It '' . Gallup , Inc . December 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Forbes , Bruce David ( October 1 , 2008 ) . Christmas : A Candid History . University of California Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25802 - 0 . In 567 the Council of Tours proclaimed that the entire period between Christmas and Epiphany should be considered part of the celebration , creating what became known as the twelve days of Christmas , or what the English called Christmastide . On the last of the twelve days , called Twelfth Night , various cultures developed a wide range of additional special festivities . The variation extends even to the issue of how to count the days . If Christmas Day is the first of the twelve days , then Twelfth Night would be on January 5 , the eve of Epiphany . If December 26 , the day after Christmas , is the first day , then Twelfth Night falls on January 6 , the evening of Epiphany itself . After Christmas and Epiphany were in place , on December 25 and January 6 , with the twelve days of Christmas in between , Christians gradually added a period called Advent , as a time of spiritual preparation leading up to Christmas . Jump up ^ Senn , Frank C. ( 2012 ) . Introduction to Christian Liturgy . Fortress Press . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 2433 - 1 . We noted above that late medieval calendars introduced a reduced three - day octave for Christmas , Easter , and Pentecost that were retained in Roman Catholic and passed into Lutheran and Anglican calendars . Jump up ^ Canadian Heritage -- Public holidays -- Government of Canada . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 2009 Federal Holidays -- U.S. Office of Personnel Management . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bank holidays and British Summer time -- HM Government . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ehorn , Lee Ellen ; Hewlett , Shirely J. ; Hewlett , Dale M. ( September 1 , 1995 ) . December Holiday Customs . Lorenz Educational Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4291 - 0896 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nick Hytrek , `` Non-Christians focus on secular side of Christmas '' , Sioux City Journal , November 10 , 2009 . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crump , William D. ( September 15 , 2001 ) . The Christmas Encyclopedia ( 3 ed . ) . McFarland . p. 39 . ISBN 9780786468270 . Christians believe that a number of passages in the Bible are prophecies about future events in the life of the promised Messiah or Jesus Christ . Most , but not all , of those prophecies are found in the Old Testament ... Born in Bethlehem ( Micah 5 : 2 ) : `` But thou , Bethlehem Ephratah , though though be little among the thousands of Juda , yet out of thee shall he come forth unto me that is to be ruler in Israel ; whose goings forth have been from of old , from everlasting . '' Jump up ^ Tucker , Ruth A. ( 2011 ) . Parade of Faith : A Biographical History of the Christian Church . Zondervan . p. 23 . ISBN 9780310206385 . According to gospel accounts , Jesus was born during the reign of Herod the Great , thus sometime before 4 BCE . The birth narrative in Luke 's gospel is one of the most familiar passages in the Bible . Leaving their hometown of Nazareth , Mary and Joseph travel to Bethlehem to pay taxes . Arriving late , they find no vacancy at the inn . They are , however , offered a stable , most likely a second room attached to a family dwelling where animals were sheltered -- a room that would offer some privacy from the main family room for cooking , eating , and sleeping . This `` city of David '' is the little town of Bethlehem of Christmas - carol fame , a starlit silhouette indelibly etched on Christmas cards . No sooner was the baby born than angels announced the news to shepherds who spread the word . Jump up ^ Corinna Laughlin , Michael R. Prendergast , Robert C. Rabe , Corinna Laughlin , Jill Maria Murdy , Therese Brown , Mary Patricia Storms , Ann E. Degenhard , Jill Maria Murdy , Ann E. Degenhard , Therese Brown , Robert C. Rabe , Mary Patricia Storms , Michael R. Prendergast , Sourcebook for Sundays , Seasons , and Weekdays 2011 : The Almanac for Pastoral Liturgy , LiturgyTrainingPublications , 2010 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronography of 354 AD . Part 12 : Commemorations of the Martyrs '' , The Tertullian Project . 2006 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roll , Susan K. , Toward the Origins of Christmas , ( Peeters Publishers , 1995 ) , p. 133 . Jump up ^ The Liturgical Year . Thomas Nelson . November 3 , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4185 - 8073 - 5 . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Christmas is not really about the celebration of a birth date at all . It is about the celebration of a birth . The fact of the date and the fact of the birth are two different things . The calendrical verification of the feast itself is not really that important ... What is important to the understanding of a life - changing moment is that it happened , not necessarily where or when it happened . The message is clear : Christmas is not about marking the actual birth date of Jesus . It is about the Incarnation of the One who became like us in all things but sin ( Heb. 4 : 15 ) and who humbled Himself `` to the point of death - even death on a cross '' ( Phil . 2 : 8 ) . Christmas is a pinnacle feast , yes , but it is not the beginning of the liturgical year . It is a memorial , a remembrance , of the birth of Jesus , not really a celebration of the day itself . We remember that because the Jesus of history was born , the Resurrection of the Christ of faith could happen . Jump up ^ `` The Christmas Season '' . CRI / Voice , Institute . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . The origins of the celebrations of Christmas and Epiphany , as well as the dates on which they are observed , are rooted deeply in the history of the early church . There has been much scholarly debate concerning the exact time of the year when Jesus was born , and even in what year he was born . Actually , we do not know either . The best estimate is that Jesus was probably born in the springtime , somewhere between the years of 6 and 4 BC , as December is in the middle of the cold rainy season in Bethlehem , when the sheep are kept inside and not on pasture as told in the Bible . The lack of a consistent system of timekeeping in the first century , mistakes in later calendars and calculations , and lack of historical details to cross reference events has led to this imprecision in fixing Jesus ' birth . This suggests that the Christmas celebration is not an observance of a historical date , but a commemoration of the event in terms of worship . Jump up ^ The School Journal , Volume 49 . Harvard University . 1894 . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Throughout the Christian world the 25th of December is celebrated as the birthday of Jesus Christ . There was a time when the churches were not united regarding the date of the joyous event . Many Christians kept their Christmas in April , others in May , and still others at the close of September , till finally December 25 was agreed upon as the most appropriate date . The choice of that day was , of course , wholly arbitrary , for neither the exact date not the period of the year at which the birth of Christ occurred is known . For purposes of commemoration , however , it is unimportant whether the celebration shall fall or not at the precise anniversary of the joyous event . Jump up ^ Alister McGrath ( February 13 , 2006 ) . Christianity : An Introduction . John Wiley & Sons . p. 15 . ISBN 9781405108997 . For Christians , the precise date of the birth of Jesus is actually something of a non-issue . What really matters is that he was born as a human being , and entered into human history . Jump up ^ West 's Federal Supplement . West Publishing Company . 1990 . While the Washington and King birthdays are exclusively secular holidays , Christmas has both secular and religious aspects . Jump up ^ `` Poll : In a changing nation , Santa endures '' , Associated Press , December 22 , 2006 . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cyril Charles Martindale , `` Christmas '' , in The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 3 , New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1908 ( accessed December 21 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Schoenborn , Christoph ( 1994 ) . God 's human face : the Christ - icon . p. 154 . ISBN 0 - 89870 - 514 - 2 . Jump up ^ Galey , John ( 1986 ) . Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine . p. 92 . ISBN 977 - 424 - 118 - 5 . Jump up ^ Christenmas , n. , Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved December 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas '' in the Middle English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Emma , `` Why get cross about Xmas ? '' , BBC , December 22 , 2004 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hutton , Ronald , The Stations of the Sun : A History of the Ritual Year , Oxford University Press , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Midwinter '' in Bosworth & Toller . Jump up ^ Serjeantson , Mary Sidney , A History of Foreign Words in English Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ Yule , Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved December 12 . Jump up ^ Noel Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved December 12 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical literature '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 2011 . Web . January 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas and its cycle '' , New Catholic Encyclopedia , 2nd edition , 2002 , Catholic University of America Press . Vol. 3 , pp. 550 -- 557 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Chronography of 354 AD . Part 12 : Commemorations of the Martyrs ... '' MGH Chronica Minora I ( 1892 ) , pp. 71 -- 72 . See the first entry . ^ Jump up to : Durston , Chris , `` Lords of Misrule : The Puritan War on Christmas 1642 -- 60 '' Archived March 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , History Today , December 1985 , 35 ( 12 ) pp. 7 -- 14 . ^ Jump up to : Rowell , Geoffrey ( December 1993 ) . `` Dickens and the Construction of Christmas '' . History Today . 43 ( 12 ) . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . There is no doubt that A Christmas Carol is first and foremost a story concerned with the Christian gospel of liberation by the grace of God , and with incarnational religion which refuses to drive a wedge between the world of spirit and the world of matter . Both the Christmas dinners and the Christmas dinner - carriers are blessed ; the cornucopia of Christmas food and feasting reflects both the goodness of creation and the joy of heaven . It is a significant sign of a shift in theological emphasis in the nineteenth century from a stress on the Atonement to a stress on the Incarnation , a stress which found outward and visible form in the sacramentalism of the Oxford Movement , the development of richer and more symbolic forms of worship , the building of neo-Gothic churches , and the revival and increasing centrality of the keeping of Christmas itself as a Christian festival ... In the course of the century , under the influence of the Oxford Movement 's concern for the better observance of Christian festivals , Christmas became more and more prominent . By the later part of the century cathedrals provided special services and musical events , and might have revived ancient special charities for the poor -- though we must not forget the problems for large : parish - church cathedrals like Manchester , which on one Christmas Day had no less than eighty couples coming to be married ( the signing of the registers lasted until four in the afternoon ) . The popularity of Dickens ' A Christmas Carol played a significant part in the changing consciousness of Christmas and the way in which it was celebrated . The popularity of his public readings of the story is an indication of how much it resonated with the contemporary mood , and contributed to the increasing place of the Christmas celebration in both secular and religious ways that was firmly established by the end of the nineteenth century . Jump up ^ McGowan , Andrew , How December 25 Became Christmas , Bible History Daily , 12 / 02 / 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elesha Coffman , `` Why December 25 ? '' `` . Christianitytoday.com . August 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bradt , Hale , Astronomy Methods , ( 2004 ) , p. 69 . Roll , p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Bruma Archived October 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Seasonal Festivals of the Greeks and Romans Pliny the Elder , Natural History , 18 : 59 Jump up ^ Augustine , Sermon 192 . Jump up ^ Malachi 4 : 2 . Jump up ^ John 8 : 12 . Jump up ^ Roll , Susan K. ( 1995 ) . Towards the Origin of Christmas . Kok Pharos Publishing . p. 82 , cf . note 115 . ISBN 90 - 390 - 0531 - 1 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newton , Isaac , Observations on the Prophecies of Daniel , and the Apocalypse of St. John ( 1733 ) . Ch . XI . A sun connection is possible because Christians considered Jesus to be the `` Sun of righteousness '' prophesied in Malachi 4 : 2 : `` But for you who fear my name , the sun of righteousness shall rise with healing in its wings . You shall go out leaping like calves from the stall . '' ^ Jump up to : Hijmans , S.E. , Sol , the sun in the art and religions of Rome , 2009 , p. 595 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 367 - 3931 - 3 Archived May 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Bradshaw , Paul F. , `` Christmas '' , The New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy of Worship , Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. , 2002 . Jump up ^ Roll , pp. 88 -- 90 . Duchesne , Louis , Les Origines du Culte Chrétien , Paris , 1902 , 262 ff . Jump up ^ Andrew McGowan . `` How December 25 Became Christmas '' . Bible Review & Bible History Daily . Biblical Archaeology Society . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annunciation , New Catholic Encyclopedia 2nd edition , 2003 , Catholic University of America Press . Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 5 : 7 -- 8 : `` Our paschal lamb , Christ , has been sacrificed . Therefore let us celebrate the festival ... '' Tally , pp. 2 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Roll , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Roll ( 1995 ) , p. 88 Jump up ^ `` Historical Dictionary of Catholicism '' . Jump up ^ Hippolytus and December 25th as the date of Jesus ' birth , Roll ( 1995 ) , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Joseph F. ( 2004 ) . The Origins of Christmas . Liturgical Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 2984 - 0 . Online here ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( Oxford University Press , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 ) , article `` Christmas '' . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Christian Liturgy '' . Jump up ^ ( cited in Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries , Ramsay MacMullen . Yale : 1997 , p. 155 ) . Jump up ^ `` Christmas '' , Encarta . Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 . Roll , Susan K. ( 1995 ) . Toward the Origins of Christmas . Peeters Publishers . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Tighe , William J. ( 2003 ) . `` Calculating Christmas '' . Touchstone. 16 ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ Hermann Usener , Das Weihnachtsfest . In : Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen , part 1 . Second edition . Verlag von Max Cohen & Sohn , Bonn 1911 . ( Note that the first edition , 1889 , does n't have the discussion of Natalis Solis Invicti ) ; also Sol Invictus ( 1905 ) . Jump up ^ Talley , Thomas J. ( 1991 ) . The Origins of the Liturgical Year . Liturgical Press . pp. 88 -- 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 6075 - 1 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Although this view is still very common , it has been seriously challenged '' -- Church of England Liturgical Commission , The Promise of His Glory : Services and Prayers for the Season from All Saints to Candlemas ( Church House Publishing 1991 ISBN 978 - 0 - 71513738 - 3 ) quoted in `` The Date of Christmas and Epiphany '' . Jump up ^ Hijmans , S.E. The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome . p. 588 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 367 - 3931 - 3 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Alan Anderson , Symbols of Saints : Theology , ritual , and kinship in music for John the Baptist and St. Anne ( 1175 -- 1563 ) The University of Chicago , UMI / ProQuest Dissertations Publishing , Ann Arbor 2008 , pp. 42 -- 46 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 54956551 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Karen B. Westerfield ( 2000 ) . `` Christmas '' . In Hastings , Adrian ; Mason , Alistair ; Pyper , Hugh . The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought . Oxford University Press . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860024 - 4 . Jump up ^ Origen , Leviticus , Homily VIII , Migne P.G. , XII , 495 ; partially quoted in `` Natal Day '' , The Catholic Encyclopedia , 1911 . Jump up ^ McCracken , George , Arnobius of Sicca , the Case Against the Pagans , Vol. 2 , p. 83 . `` Therefore if this is a fact , how can Jupiter be god if it is agreed that god is everlasting , while the other is represented by you to have a birthday , and frightened by the new experience , to have squalled like an infant . '' G. Brunner , `` Arnobius eine Zeuge gegen das Weihnachtsfest ? '' JLW 13 ( 1936 ) , pp. 178 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Singer , Tovia . `` Coping with Christmas '' . Outreach Judaism . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas '' . New Advent . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronography of 354 AD . Part 6 : the calendar of Philocalus '' . Inscriptiones Latinae Antiquissimae , Berlin ( 1893 ) , pp. 256 -- 278 . Jump up ^ Comerford Lawler , Thomas , ed. ( 1952 ) . Sermons for Christmas and Epiphany ( of Saint Augustine ) . Paulist Press . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 0137 - 5 . Jump up ^ Roll , Susan K. ( 1995 ) . Toward the Origin of Christmas . Kampen , Netherlands : Kok Pharos . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 3900531 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wainwright , Geoffrey ; Westerfield Tucker , Karen Beth , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Oxford History of Christian Worship . Oxford University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513886 - 3 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roy , Christian ( 2005 ) . Traditional Festivals : A Multicultural Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 089 - 5 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pokhilko , Hieromonk Nicholas . `` History of Epiphany '' . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hastings , James ; Selbie , John A. , eds. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. 6 . Kessinger Publishing Company . pp. 603 -- 604 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7661 - 3676 - 2 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hastings , James ; Selbie , John A. , eds. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. 6 . Kessinger Publishing Company . p. 605 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7661 - 3676 - 2 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Origin of the American Christmas Myth and Customs '' . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) -- Ball State University . Swartz Jr. , BK . Archived version . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Alexander , `` Medieval Christmas '' , History Today , December 1986 , 36 ( 12 ) , pp. 31 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Standiford , Les ( 2008 ) . The Man Who Invented Christmas : How Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits . Crown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40578 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Minzesheimer , Bob ( December 22 , 2008 ) . `` Dickens ' classic ' Christmas Carol ' still sings to us '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , James Harwood ( 1984 ) . The American Christmas : A Study in National Culture . Ayer Publishing . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 07671 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Joseph F. , The Origins of Christmas , Liturgical Press , 2004 , pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas -- An Ancient Holiday '' Archived May 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , The History Channel , 2007 . Jump up ^ Coffman , Elesha . `` Why December 25 ? '' Christian History & Biography , Christianity Today , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Simek ( 2007 : 379 ) . Jump up ^ Simek ( 2010 : 180 , 379 -- 380 ) . Jump up ^ `` Koliada '' . Encyclopediaofukraine.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McGreevy , Patrick . `` Place in the American Christmas , '' ( JSTOR ) , Geographical Review , Vol. 80 , No. 1 . January 1990 , pp. 32 -- 42 . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Restad , Penne L. ( 1995 ) . Christmas in America : a History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510980 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Forbes , Bruce David , Christmas : a candid history , University of California Press , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 25104 - 0 , pp. 68 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Scott C. ( January 11 , 2011 ) . Christmas . John Wiley & Sons . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 4145 - 4 . Jump up ^ Shawcross , John T. ( January 1 , 1993 ) . John Milton . University Press of Kentucky . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 7014 - 5 . Milton was raised an Anglican , trained to become an Anglican minister , and remained an Anglican through the signing of the subscription books of Cambridge University in both 1629 and 1632 , which demanded an allegiance to the state church and its Thirty - nine Articles . Jump up ^ Browne , Sammy R. A Brief Anthology of English Literature , Volume 1 . p. 412 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 105 - 70569 - 4 . His father had wanted him to practice law but Milton considered writing poetry his life 's work . At 21 years old , he wrote a poem , `` On the morning of Christ 's Nativity , '' a work that is still widely read during Christmas . Jump up ^ Heinz , Donald . Christmas : Festival of Incarnation . Fortress Press . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 0695 - 5 . Jump up ^ Old , Hughes Oliphant ( 2002 ) . Worship : Reformed According to Scripture . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22579 - 7 . Within a few years the Reformed church calendar was fairly well established . The heart of it was the weekly observance of the resurrection on the Lord 's Day . Instead of liturgical seasons being observed , `` the five evangelical feast days '' were observed : Christmas , Good Friday , Easter , Ascension , and Pentecost . They were chosen because they were understood to mark the essential stages in the history of salvation . Jump up ^ Old , Hughes Oliphant ( 2002 ) . Worship : Reformed According to Scripture . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22579 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carl Philipp Emanuel Nothaft ( October 2011 ) . `` From Sukkot to Saturnalia : The Attack on Christmas in Sixteenth - Century Chronological Scholarship '' . Journal of the History of Ideas . University of Pennsylvania Press . 72 ( 4 ) : 504 -- 505 . JSTOR 41337151 . However , when Thomas Mocket , rector of Gilston in Hertfordshire , decried such vices in a pamphlet to justify the parliamentary ' ban ' of Christmas , effective since June 1647 ... Jump up ^ Sandys , William ( 1852 ) . Christmastide : its history , festivities and carols . London : John Russell Smith . pp. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Robert ( 1885 ) . Domestic Annals of Scotland , p. 211 . Jump up ^ `` Act dischairging the Yule vacance '' . The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 ( in Middle Scots ) . St Andrews : University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Houston , Rab ; Houston , Robert Allan ( 2008 ) . Scotland : a very short introduction . Very short introductions. 197 . Oxford University Press . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 923079 - 2 . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miall , Anthony & Peter ( 1978 ) . The Victorian Christmas Book . Dent . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 460 - 12039 - 5 . Jump up ^ Woodforde , James ( 1978 ) . The Diary of a Country Parson 1758 -- 1802 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281241 - 6 . Jump up ^ Innes , Stephen ( 1995 ) . Creating the Commonwealth : The Economic Culture of Puritan New England . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03584 - 1 . Jump up ^ Marling , Karal Ann ( 2000 ) . Merry Christmas ! : Celebrating America 's Greatest Holiday . Harvard University Press . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00318 - 7 . Jump up ^ Smith Thomas , Nancy ( 2007 ) . Moravian Christmas in the South . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 3181 - 6 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Peter ( 1975 ) . Christmas in Colonial and Early America . United States : World Book Encyclopedia , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7166 - 2001 - 4 . Jump up ^ Christmas in France . World Book Encyclopedia . 1996 . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7166 - 0876 - 9 . Carols were altered by substituting names of prominent political leaders for royal characters in the lyrics , such as the Three Kings . Church bells were melted down for their bronze to increase the national treasury , and religious services were banned on Christmas Day . The cake of kings , too , came under attack as a symbol of the royalty . It survived , however , for a while with a new name -- the cake of equality . Jump up ^ Mason , Julia ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Why Was Christmas Renamed ' Dog Day ' During the French Revolution ? '' . HistoryBuff . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . How did people celebrate the Christmas during the French Revolution ? In white - knuckled terror behind closed doors . Anti-clericalism reached its apex on 10 November 1793 , when a Fête de la Raison was held in honor of the Cult of Reason . Churches across France were renamed `` Temples of Reason '' and the Notre Dame was `` de-baptized '' for the occasion . The Commune spared no expense : `` The first festival of reason , which took place in Notre Dame , featured a fabricated mountain , with a temple of philosophy at its summit and a script borrowed from an opera libretto . At the sound of Marie - Joseph Chénier 's Hymne à la Liberté , two rows of young women , dressed in white , descended the mountain , crossing each other before the ' altar of reason ' before ascending once more to greet the goddess of Liberty . '' As you can probably gather from the above description , 1793 was not a great time to celebrate Christmas in the capital . Jump up ^ Anon ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` Bank Holiday Fact File '' ( PDF ) . TUC press release . TUC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowell , Geoffrey , `` Dickens and the Construction of Christmas '' , History Today , Volume : 43 Issue : 12 , December 1993 , pp. 17 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Ronald ( February 15 , 2001 ) . The Stations of the Sun : A History of the Ritual Year in Britain . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 157842 - 7 . Jump up ^ Forbes , Bruce David ( October 1 , 2008 ) . Christmas : A Candid History . -- University of California Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25802 - 0 . What Dickens did advocate in his story was `` the spirit of Christmas '' . Sociologist James Barnett has described it as Dickens 's `` Carol Philosophy '' , which `` combined religious and secular attitudes toward to celebration into a humanitarian pattern . It excoriated individual selfishness and extolled the virtues of brotherhood , kindness , and generosity at Christmas ... Dickens preached that at Christmas men should forget self and think of others , especially the poor and the unfortunate . '' The message was one that both religious and secular people could endorse . Jump up ^ Kelly , Richard Michael , ed. ( 2003 ) . A Christmas Carol . Broadview Press . pp. 9 , 12 . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 476 - 3 . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Robertson . Wordplay : origins , meanings , and usage of the English language . University of Toronto Press , 1996 , p. 126 , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7752 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Ronald , The Stations of the Sun : The Ritual Year in England . 1996 . Oxford : Oxford University Press , p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285448 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joe L. Wheeler . Christmas in My Heart , Volume 10 , p. 97 . Review and Herald Pub Assoc , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8280 - 1622 - 4 . Jump up ^ Earnshaw , Iris ( November 2003 ) . `` The History of Christmas Cards '' . Inverloch Historical Society Inc . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Girlhood of Queen Victoria : a selection from Her Majesty 's diaries , p. 61 . Longmans , Green & Co. , 1912 . University of Wisconsin . ^ Jump up to : Lejeune , Marie Claire . Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe , p. 550 . University of Michigan ISBN 90 - 77135 - 04 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker , Alfred Lewis . ( 1959 ) Christmas in Pennsylvania : a folk - cultural study . Edition 40 . pp. 52 , 53 . Stackpole Books 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0328 - 2 . Jump up ^ Godey 's Lady 's Book , 1850 . Godey 's copied it exactly , except he removed the Queen 's tiara , and Prince Albert 's moustache , to remake the engraving into an American scene . Jump up ^ Kelly , Richard Michael ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) , A Christmas Carol , p. 20 . Broadview Literary Texts , New York : Broadview Press , ISBN 1 - 55111 - 476 - 3 . Jump up ^ Moore 's poem transferred the genuine old Dutch traditions celebrated at New Year in New York , including the exchange of gifts , family feasting , and tales of `` sinterklass '' ( a derivation in Dutch from `` Saint Nicholas '' , from whence comes the modern `` Santa Claus '' ) to Christmas. The history of Christmas : Christmas history in America , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Americans Celebrate Christmas in Diverse Ways '' Archived December 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Usinfo.state.gov , November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ First Presbyterian Church of Watertown `` Oh ... and one more thing '' December 11 , 2005 Archived February 25 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Restad , Penne L. ( 1995 ) , Christmas in America : a History , Oxford : Oxford University Press , p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510980 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Christian church of God -- history of Christmas '' . Christianchurchofgod.com . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Meggs , Philip B. A History of Graphic Design . 1998 John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p 148 ISBN 0 - 471 - 29198 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jacob R. Straus ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Federal Holidays : Evolution and Current Practices '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weightman , Gavin ; Humphries , Steve ( 1987 ) . Christmas Past . London : Sidgwick and Jackson . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Harding , Patrick ( 2003 ) . The Xmas Files : Facts Behind the Myths and Magic of Christmas . London : Metro Publishing . Jump up ^ `` When was the last time football matches in Britain were played on Christmas Day ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Mark ( 2000 ) . Christmas at the Movies : Images of Christmas in American , British and European Cinema . I.B. Tauris . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 397 - 2 . A chapter on representations of Christmas in Soviet cinema could , in fact be the shortest in this collection : suffice it to say that there were , at least officially , no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in 1917 . Jump up ^ Ramet , Sabrina Petra ( November 10 , 2005 ) . Religious Policy in the Soviet Union . Cambridge University Press . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 02230 - 9 . The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival . Antireligioznik obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for 1928 to anti-religious training in the schools . More such material followed in 1929 , and a flood of it the next year . It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemned -- carnivals , farces , and games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief . It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with Christmas ( including Christmas trees ) and Easter . Some schools , the League approvingly reported , staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month . Not teachers but the League 's local set the programme for this special occasion . Jump up ^ Zugger , Christopher Lawrence ( 2001 ) . Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin . Syracuse University Press . p. 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0679 - 6 . As observed by Nicholas Brianchaninov , writing in 1929 -- 1930 , after the NEP and just as the worst of collectivization was beginning , the Soviets deemed it necessary to drive into the heads of the people the axiom that religion was the synthesis of everything most harmful to humanity . It must be presented as the enemy of man and society , of life and learning , of progress ... In caricatures , articles , Bezbozhnik , Antireligioznik , League of Militant Atheists propaganda and films . School courses ( were give ) on conducting the struggle against religion ( how to profane a church , break windows , objects of piety ) . The young , always eager to be with the latest trend , often responded to such propaganda . In Moscow in 1929 children were brought to spit on the crucifixes at Christmas . Priests in Tiraspol diocese were sometimes betrayed by their own young parishioners , leading to their imprisonment and even death , and tearing their families apart . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Carey ( January 7 , 1991 ) . `` A Russian Christmas -- Better Late Than Never : Soviet Union : Orthodox Church celebration is the first under Communists . But , as with most of Yeltsin 's pronouncements , the holiday stirs a controversy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . For the first time in more than seven decades , Christmas -- celebrated today by Russian Orthodox Christians -- is a full state holiday across Russia 's vast and snowy expanse . As part of Russian Federation President Boris N. Yeltsin 's ambitious plan to revive the traditions of Old Russia , the republic 's legislature declared last month that Christmas , long ignored under atheist Communist ideology , should be written back into the public calendar . `` The Bolsheviks replaced crosses with hammers and sickles , '' said Vyacheslav S. Polosin , head of the Russian legislature 's committee on religion . `` Now they are being changed back . '' Jump up ^ Perry , Joseph ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` How the Nazis co-opted Christmas : A history of propaganda '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Somalia joins Brunei by banning Christmas celebrations ' to protect Islam ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Americans Celebrate Christmas , Yet Many Stray From Religious Meaning '' . LifeWay Christian Resources . December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bingham , John ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` British families only attend church at Christmas , new figures suggest '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miles , Clement A , Christmas customs and traditions , Courier Dover Publications , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 23354 - 5 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Heller , Ruth , Christmas : Its Carols , Customs & Legends , Alfred Publishing ( 1985 ) , ISBN 0 - 7692 - 4399 - 1 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Ace ( April 1 , 2010 ) . Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 87388 - 4 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace , Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas , Zondervan , ( 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 310 - 24880 - 9 p. 47 . Jump up ^ Google Books Susan Topp Weber , Nativities of the World , Gibbs Smith , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Alla scoperta dei cinque presepi più belli di Bologna Nuok '' . Nuok.it . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Presepi in Liguria : provincia di Genova , Tigullio - sito di Paolino '' . Digilander.libero.it . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Holidays at the Museums : Carnegie Museum of Natural History '' . Carnegiemnh.org . November 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bershad , David ; Carolina Mangone , The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy , Zondervan , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The Provençal Nativity Scene '' . Simplytreasures.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seaburg , Carl , Celebrating Christmas : An Anthology , iUniverse , 2003 . Jump up ^ Bowler , Gerry , The World Encyclopedia of Christmas , Random House LLC , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carol King ( December 24 , 2012 ) . `` A Christmas Living Nativity Scene in Sicily '' . Italy Magazine . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : van Renterghem , Tony . When Santa was a shaman . St. Paul : Llewellyn Publications , 1995 . ISBN 1 - 56718 - 765 - X . Jump up ^ Fritz Allhoff , Scott C. Lowe ( 2010 ) . Christmas . John Wiley & Sons . His biographer , Eddius Stephanus , relates that while Boniface was serving as a missionary near Geismar , Germany , he had enough of the locals ' reverence for the old gods . Taking an axe to an oak tree dedicated to Norse god Thor , Boniface chopped the tree down and dared Thor to zap him for it . When nothing happened , Boniface pointed out a young fir tree amid the roots of the oak and explained how this tree was a more fitting object of reverence as it pointed towards the Christian heaven and its triangular shape was reminiscent of the Christian trinity . ^ Jump up to : Harper , Douglas , Christ , Online Etymology Dictionary , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronological History of the Christmas Tree '' . The Christmas Archives . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tradition -- The Christmas Tree Custom '' . Fashion Era . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Legends and Traditions of Holiday Plants Horticulture and Home Pest News '' . www.ipm.iastate.edu . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mistletoe Traditions '' . The Mistletoe Pages . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liturgical Year : Symbolic Lights and Fires of Christmas ( Activity ) '' . Catholic Culture . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Murray , Brian . `` Christmas lights and community building in America , '' History Matters , Spring 2006 . Archived June 29 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Miles , Clement , Christmas customs and traditions , Courier Dover Publications , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 23354 - 5 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Miles , pp. 31 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Miles , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Dudley - Smith , Timothy ( 1987 ) . A Flame of Love . London : Triangle / SPCK . ISBN 0 - 281 - 04300 - 0 . Jump up ^ Richard Michael Kelly . A Christmas Carol , Broadview Press , 2003 , p. 10 . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 476 - 3 . Jump up ^ Broomfield , Andrea ( 2007 ) , Food and Cooking in Victorian England : A History , Greenwood Publishing Group , 2007 , pp. 149 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Muir , Frank ( 1977 ) , Christmas customs & traditions , Taplinger Pub. Co. , 1977 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Imbuljuta '' . Schoolnet.gov.mt . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas card sold for record price '' , BBC News . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace ( April 20 , 2010 ) . Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas . Zondervan . p. 17 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . The legend of St. Nicholas , who became the bishop of Myra in the beginning of the fourth century , is the next link in the Christmas - gift chain . Legend has it that during his life the priest rode across Asia Minor bestowing gifts upon poor children . Jump up ^ Trexler , Richard ( May 23 , 1997 ) . The Journey of the Magi : Meanings in History of a Christian Story . Princeton University Press . p. 17 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . This exchange network of ceremonial welcome was mirrored in a second reciprocity allowing early Christians to imagine their own magi : the phenomenon of giving gifts . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace ( April 20 , 2010 ) . Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas . Zondervan . p. 17 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Most people today trace the practice of giving gifts on Christmas Day to the three gifts that the Magi gave to Jesus . Jump up ^ Berking , Helmuth ( March 30 , 1999 ) . Sociology of Giving . SAGE Publications . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85702 - 613 - 2 . For the Enlightenment educationalist , gift - giving turned out to be a relic of a pagan custom , namely , the Roman Saturnalia . After the introduction of the Julian calendar in Rome , the 25th of December became the day of Sol invictus when people greeted the winter solstice . It was the day of the Sun 's rebirth , and it was the day of the Christmas festivities -- although it was only in the year 336 AD that it appears to have become established as the day of Jesus 's birth ( see Pannenberg 1989 : 57 ) . The Eastern Church adopted this date even later , towards the end of the 4th century , having previously regarded the 6th of January as the day of gift - giving , as it still is in the Italian community of Befana . The winter solstice was a time of festivity in every traditional culture , and the Christian Christmas probably took its place within this mythical context of the solar cult . Its core dogma of the Incarnation , however , solidly established the giving and receiving of gifts as the structural principle of that recurrent yet unique event . ' Children were given presents as the Jesus child received gifts from the magi or kings who came from afar to adore him . But in reality it was they , together with all their fellow men , who received the gift of God through man 's renewed participation in the divine life ' ( ibid. : 61 ) . Jump up ^ Seward , Pat ; Lal , Sunandini Arora ( 2006 ) . Netherlands . Marshall Cavendish . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 2052 - 1 . Until quite recently , the celebrations focused solely on Saint Nicholas , or Sinterklaas ( SIN - ter - klahs ) , as the Dutch call him ... Interestingly , the American Santa Claus was born out of the Dutch Sinterklaas . Jump up ^ Domenico , Roy Palmer ( 2002 ) . The regions of Italy : a reference guide to history and culture . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30733 - 4 . Saint Nicholas ( Bishop of Myra ) replaced Sabino as the patron saint of the city ... A Greek from what is now Turkey , he lived in the early fourth century . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace ( 2009 ) . Stories Behind Men of Faith . Zondervan . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 56456 - 0 . Nicholas was born in the Greek city of Patara around 270 AD . The son of a businessman named Theophanes and his wife , Nonna , the child 's earliest years were spent in Myra ... As a port on the Mediterranean Sea , in the middle of the sea lanes that linked Egypt , Greece and Rome , Myra was a destination for traders , fishermen , and merchant sailors . Spawned by the spirit of both the city 's Greek heritage and the ruling Roman government , cultural endeavours such as art , drama , and music were mainstays of everyday life . Jump up ^ Jona Lendering ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` Saint Nicholas , Sinterklaas , Santa Claus '' . Livius.org . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John Steele Gordon , The Great Game : The Emergence of Wall Street as a World Power : 1653 -- 2000 ( Scribner ) , 1999 . Jump up ^ Forbes , Bruce David , Christmas : A Candid History , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara and David P. , `` The Claus That Refreshes '' , Snopes.com , 2006 . Jump up ^ Win Rosenfeld ( December 25 , 2007 ) . `` America 's Next Top Santa '' . NPR . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 ... Father Christmas -- but this Santa also goes by the name Jonathan Meath ... Jump up ^ Mary Ann Georgantopoulos ( December 25 , 2007 ) . `` Miracle on Mass . Ave. : City Santa takes suit seriously '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 ... Meath , who is in his first year of being a full - time Santa , makes appearances around Massachusetts at places such as Swing City in Newton ... Jump up ^ `` History of the Society '' . The Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York . Retrieved December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jones , Charles W. `` Knickerbocker Santa Claus '' . The New - York Historical Society Quarterly . XXXVIII ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Jones , Charles W. , Saint Nicholas of Myra , Bari , and Manhattan : Biography of a Legend ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Hageman , Howard G. ( 1979 ) . `` Review of Saint Nicholas of Myra , Bari , and Manhattan : Biography of a Legend '' . Theology Today . 36 ( 3 ) . Princeton : Princeton Theological Seminary . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` St. Basil ( 330 -- 379 ) '' . Skiathosbooks.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matera , Mariane . `` Santa : The First Great Lie '' , Citybeat , Issue 304 . Jump up ^ `` Kto przynosi Wam prezenty ? Św . Mikołaj , Gwiazdor , Aniołek , Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz ? '' . Bezprawnik ( in Polish ) . December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nie tylko Mikołaj , czyli kto według tradycji rozdaje prezenty w różnych regionach Polski ? '' . gazeta.pl ( in Polish ) . Jump up ^ `` Siegbert Uhlig , Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He - N , p. 538 '' . Google . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Varga , Melody . `` Black Friday , About : Retail Industry . Archived May 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Definition Christmas Creep -- What is Christmas Creep '' . Womeninbusiness.about.com . November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South Molton and Brook Street Christmas Lights '' ( November 16 , 2010 ) , View London.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : Kollewe , Julia , ( November 29 , 2010 ) , `` West End spree worth £ 250m marks start of Christmas shopping season '' , The Guardian . Jump up ^ Gwen Outen ( December 3 , 2004 ) . `` ECONOMICS REPORT -- Holiday Shopping Season in the U.S. '' Voice of America . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ US Census Bureau . `` Facts . The Holiday Season '' December 19 , 2005 . ( accessed November 30 , 2009 ) Archived copy at the Library of Congress ( May 7 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ US Census 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Deadweight Loss of Christmas '' , American Economic Review , December 1993 , 83 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ `` Is Santa a deadweight loss ? '' The Economist December 20 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Reuters . `` Christmas is Damaging the Environment , Report Says '' , December 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Marta Patiño , The Puritan Ban on Christmas '' . Timetravel-britain.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christmas in the Colonies Time . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Todd , Margo ( 2002 ) . The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland . Yale University Press . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09234 - 2 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Carey ( January 7 , 1991 ) . `` A Russian Christmas -- Better Late Than Never : Soviet Union : Orthodox Church Celebration Is the First Under Communists . But , as with Most of Yeltsin 's Pronouncements , the Holiday Stirs a Controversy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolf , Nicky ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Christmas celebrations banned in Somalia , Tajikistan and Brunei '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vermes , Géza ( November 2 , 2006 ) . The Nativity : History and Legend . Penguin Books Ltd , p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 102446 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sanders , E.P. The Historical Figure of Jesus . Penguin , 1993 ( ISBN 978 - 0140144994 ) . Sanders discusses both birth narratives in detail , contrasts them , and judges them not historical on pp. 85 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Borg , Marcus , `` The Meaning of the Birth Stories '' in Marcus Borg , N.T. Wright , The Meaning of Jesus : Two Visions ( Harper One , 1999 ) , p. 179 : `` I ( and most mainline scholars ) do not see these stories as historically factual . '' Jump up ^ Wiarda , Timothy , Interpreting Gospel Narratives : Scenes , People , and Theology , Broadman & Holman Publishers , 2010 , ISBN 0 - 8054 - 4843 - 8 , pp. 75 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Brennan R. Hill , Jesus , the Christ : Contemporary Perspectives , 2004 , ISBN 1 - 58595 - 303 - 2 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Timothy , The Gospel of Luke , 1992 ISBN 0 - 8146 - 5805 - 9 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Yoder , Thomas R. , Recovering Jesus : the Witness of the New Testament , Neufeld , 2007 , ISBN 1 - 58743 - 202 - 1 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ `` ACLJ , Christmas laws '' . Aclj.org . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christmas controversy article -- Muslim Canadian Congress . Jump up ^ `` Jews for Christmas '' -- NewsMax article . Jump up ^ Feder , Don , `` In the culture , Christmas morphs into holiday '' , Jewish World Review , December 13 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` The Brits Have It Right : Forget Happy Holidays , Just Wish People Merry Christmas '' . The Guardian . London . August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jankowski , Paul ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Is Saying ' Merry Christmas ' Politically Correct ? Who Cares ? '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` If We Ca n't Say ' Merry Christmas ' in Canada , Multiculturalism Failed '' . The Huffington Post . August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibson , John , The War on Christmas , Sentinel Trade , 2006 , pp. 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Ostling , Richard . `` Have Yourself A Merry Little Lawsuit This Season . '' Buffalo Law Journal January 12 , 2005 , Vol. 77 , Issue 96 , pp. 1 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Lynch vs. Donnelly '' . Belcherfoundation.org. 1984 . Jump up ^ `` Appeals Court : School district can ban Christmas carols '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . November 25 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2009 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rundquist , Jeanette ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Ban On School Christmas Carols Upheld '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mujahid , Abdul Malik . `` Treating Christmas with respect , '' Sound Vision . Further Reading Bowler , Gerry , The World Encyclopedia of Christmas ( October 2004 : McClelland & Stewart ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 1535 - 9 Bowler , Gerry , Santa Claus : A Biography ( November 2007 : McClelland & Stewart ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 1668 - 4 Comfort , David , Just Say Noel : A History of Christmas from the Nativity to the Nineties ( November 1995 : Fireside ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80057 - 8 Count , Earl W. , 4000 Years of Christmas : A Gift from the Ages ( November 1997 : Ulysses Press ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56975 - 087 - 2 Federer , William J. , There Really Is a Santa Claus : The History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions ( December 2002 : Amerisearch ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9653557 - 4 - 2 Kelly , Joseph F. , The Origins of Christmas ( August 2004 : Liturgical Press ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 2984 - 0 Miles , Clement A. , Christmas Customs and Traditions ( 1976 : Dover Publications ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 23354 - 3 Nissenbaum , Stephen , The Battle for Christmas ( 1996 ; New York : Vintage Books , 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 679 - 74038 - 4 Restad , Penne L. ( 1995 ) . Christmas in America : A History . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509300 - 3 . Rosenthal , Jim , St. Nicholas : A Closer Look at Christmas ( July 2006 : Nelson Reference ) . ISBN 1 - 4185 - 0407 - 6 Sammons , Peter ( May 2006 ) . The Birth of Christ . Glory to Glory Publications ( UK ) . ISBN 0 - 9551790 - 1 - 7 . `` Christmas '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . pp. 293 -- 294 . 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( ) indicate demographic LCCN : sh85025303 GND : 4065075 - 3 SUDOC : 027319466 BNF : cb11938756z ( data ) HDS : 27289 NDL : 00567029 ► Public holidays by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas&oldid=826164056 '' Categories : Christmas December observances Quarter days Birthdays Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Iñupiak IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Мокшень မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ ತುಳು Türkçe Тыва дыл Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 16 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Christmas traditions
2. Nativity of Jesus
3. History of Christmas
4. December 25th as the date of Christmas
5. Customs and traditions of Christmas |
3,439,430,956,683,747,300 | a new original product that is based upon content from one or more previously existing works | Derivative work - Wikipedia Derivative work L.H.O.O.Q. ( 1919 ) . Derivative work by Marcel Duchamp based on the Mona Lisa ( La Gioconda ) by Leonardo da Vinci . Also known as The Mona Lisa With a Moustache . Often used by law professors to illustrate the legal concept of derivative work . In copyright law , a derivative work is an expressive creation that includes major copyright - protected elements of an original , previously created first work ( the underlying work ) . The derivative work becomes a second , separate work independent in form from the first . The transformation , modification or adaptation of the work must be substantial and bear its author 's personality sufficiently to be original and thus protected by copyright . Translations , cinematic adaptations and musical arrangements are common types of derivative works . Most countries ' legal systems seek to protect both original and derivative works . They grant authors the right to impede or otherwise control their integrity and the author 's commercial interests . Derivative works and their authors benefit in turn from the full protection of copyright without prejudicing the rights of the original work 's author . Contents 1 Definition 1.1 Berne 1.2 United States 1.3 European Union 2 When does derivative - work copyright apply ? 2.1 Originality requirement 2.2 Lawful works requirement 3 When does derivative - work liability apply ? 3.1 Fixation requirement 4 The fair use defense in derivative work cases 4.1 Transformativeness 4.2 Examples of derivative works under U.S. law 5 Canadian law 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Definition ( edit ) Berne ( edit ) The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works , an international copyright treaty , stipulates that derivative works shall be protected although it does not use the term , namely that `` Translations , adaptations , arrangements of music and other alterations of a literary or artistic work shall be protected as original works without prejudice to the copyright in the original work '' . United states ( edit ) In U.S. law , this derivative work of a chest radiograph ( which is in the Public Domain ) is copyrightable because of the additional graphics . Yet the chest radiograph component of the work is still in the Public Domain . An extensive definition of the term is given by the United States Copyright Act in 17 U.S.C. § 101 : A `` derivative work '' is a work based upon one or more preexisting works , such as a translation , musical arrangement , dramatization , fictionalization , motion picture version , sound recording , art reproduction , abridgment , condensation , or any other form in which a work may be recast , transformed , or adapted . A work consisting of editorial revisions , annotations , elaborations , or other modifications which , as a whole , represent an original work of authorship , is a `` derivative work '' . 17 U.S.C. § 103 ( b ) provides : The copyright in a compilation or derivative work extends only to the material contributed by the author of such work , as distinguished from the preexisting material employed in the work , and does not imply any exclusive right in the preexisting material . The copyright in such work is independent of , and does not affect or enlarge the scope , duration , ownership , or subsistence of , any copyright protection in the preexisting material . 17 U.S.C. § 106 provides : Subject to sections 107 through 122 , the owner of copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the following : ( 1 ) to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies ... ; ( 2 ) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work ; ( 3 ) to distribute copies ... of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership , or by rental , lease , or lending ... US Copyright Office Circular 14 : Derivative Works notes that : A typical example of a derivative work received for registration in the Copyright Office is one that is primarily a new work but incorporates some previously published material . This previously published material makes the work a derivative work under the copyright law . To be copyrightable , a derivative work must be different enough from the original to be regarded as a `` new work '' or must contain a substantial amount of new material . Making minor changes or additions of little substance to a preexisting work will not qualify the work as a new version for copyright purposes . The new material must be original and copyrightable in itself . Titles , short phrases , and format , for example , are not copyrightable . The statutory definition is incomplete and the concept of derivative work must be understood with reference to explanatory case law . Three major copyright law issues arise concerning derivative works : ( 1 ) what acts are sufficient to cause a copyright - protected derivative work to come into existence ; ( 2 ) what acts constitute copyright infringement of a copyright in a copyright - protected work ; and ( 3 ) in what circumstances is a person otherwise liable for infringement of copyright in a copyright - protected derivative work excused from liability by an affirmative defense , such as first sale or fair use ? European Union ( edit ) French law prefers the term `` œuvre composite '' ( `` composite work '' ) although the term ' `` œuvre dérivée '' is sometimes used . It is defined in article L 113 - 2 , paragraph 2 of the Intellectual Property Code as `` new works into which pre-existing work ( is incorporated ) , without the collaboration of its author '' . The Court of Cassation has interpreted this statue as requiring two distinct inputs at different points in time . The Court of Justice of the European Union in 2010 decided on a matter of derivative works in Systran v. European Commission ( Case T ‐ 19 / 07 ) . However , it was overturned in 2013 based on the conclusion that the case did not fall within the General Court 's jurisdiction , after concluding that the dispute had been of a contractual nature , instead of a non-contractual one . When does derivative - work copyright apply ? ( edit ) Originality requirement ( edit ) For copyright protection to attach to a later , allegedly derivative work , it must display some originality of its own . It can not be a rote , uncreative variation on the earlier , underlying work . The latter work must contain sufficient new expression , over and above that embodied in the earlier work for the latter work to satisfy copyright law 's requirement of originality . Although serious emphasis on originality , at least so designated , began with the Supreme Court 's 1991 decision in Feist v. Rural , some pre-Feist lower court decisions addressed this requirement in relation to derivative works . In Durham Industries , Inc. v. Tomy Corp. and earlier in L. Batlin & Son , Inc. v. Snyder . the Second Circuit held that a derivative work must be original relative to the underlying work on which it is based . Otherwise , it can not enjoy copyright protection and copying it will not infringe any copyright of the derivative work itself ( although copying it may infringe the copyright , if any , of the underlying work on which the derivative work was based ) . The Batlin case rested on the copyrightability of an `` Uncle Sam '' toy bank , first copyrighted in 1886 . These toys have Uncle Sam 's extended arm and outstretched hand adapted to receive a coin ; when the user presses a lever , Uncle Sam appears to put the coin into a carpet bag . One maker of these banks , Jeffrey Snyder , had filed a copyright on such a bank in 1975 , planning to import them for the American Bicentennial . Shortly thereafter , another company , L. Batlin & Sons , Inc. , also began making a very similar toy bank which was based on Snyder 's version ( and not , incidentally , on the 19th century original ) . When the latter attempted to import the toy banks , the US Customs service notified them that they appeared to be infringing on Snyder 's copyright , and would not allow the toy banks to be imported . Batlin then got an injunction against Snyder to deny the recording of his copyright and allowing them to import their banks . On appeal to the Second Circuit Court , Snyder took great pains to demonstrate how his banks varied in size and shape from the 19th century original , arguing that his banks , though similar to the older work , differed in a number of significant ways and warranted protection under a new copyright . However , his appeal was denied and the injunction against Snyder 's copyright upheld ( six members of the court voted to deny , the other three filing a dissenting opinion ) . Much of this decision focused on the fact that nearly all of the alterations in Snyder 's version were made solely to allow the object to be more easily manufactured in plastic rather than metal , and therefore were functional , not artistic or creative . `` To extend copyrightability to minuscule variations would simply put a weapon for harassment in the hands of mischievous copiers intent on appropriating and monopolizing public domain work . '' The issue was not whether or not Batlin 's bank was a copy of Snyder 's -- it undoubtedly was -- but whether or not Snyder could claim copyright protection , which the court decided he could not . In the subsequent Durham case , the court applied the same principle in a suit between two different Disney toy licensees in which one licensee claimed that the other had pirated his Mickey Mouse , Donald Duck and Pluto . Durham conceded that in making these toys it used Tomy 's Disney figures as models . That was not determinative . The court said that `` the only aspects of Tomy 's Disney figures entitled to copyright protection are the non-trivial , original features , if any , contributed by the author or creator of these derivative works . '' But Tomy 's toys reflected `` no independent creation , no distinguishable variation from preexisting works , nothing recognizably the author 's own contribution that sets Tomy 's figures apart from the prototypical Mickey , Donald , and Pluto , authored by Disney and subsequently represented by Disney or its licensees in a seemingly limitless variety of forms and media . '' Because the court considered that `` it is clear that the originality requirement imposed by the Constitution and the Copyright Act has particular significance in the case of derivative works based on copyrighted preexisting works , '' it denied relief and dismissed the claim . Thus the law is clear that a derivative work is protectable only to the extent that it embodies original expression . Its non-original aspects are not copyright - protectable ( what is loosely called `` uncopyrightable '' ) . In both of these cases , the defendants were held not to be liable for copyright infringement , even though they presumably copied a considerable amount from the plaintiff 's work . They were not liable because the plaintiff did not enjoy copyright protection . The plaintiffs ' works lacked enough originality to acquire copyright protection of their own . They were too close to the original works on which they were based . Lawful works requirement ( edit ) Copyright ownership in a derivative work attaches only if the derivative work is lawful , because of a license or other `` authorization . '' The U.S. Copyright Office says in its circular on derivative works : In any case where a copyrighted work is used without the permission of the copyright owner , copyright protection will not extend to any part of the work in which such material has been used unlawfully . The courts have so far addressed little attention to the issue of lawful ( i.e. , not unlawful ) use without authorization , as in fair - use cases such as the Pretty Woman case . Recently , however , in Keeling v. Hars , the Second Circuit held that , if the creator of an unauthorized work stays within the bounds of fair use and adds sufficient original content , the original contributions in such an unauthorized derivative work are protectable under the Copyright Act . In that case , the plaintiff created a parody stage adaptation of a motion picture , without authorization . When does derivative - work liability apply ? ( edit ) This issue sometimes arises in the context of the defendant purchasing a copy of a picture or some other work from the copyright owner or a licensee and then reselling it in different context . For example , pictures from greeting cards might be affixed to tiles or one kind of textile product might be turned into another that can be sold at a higher price . In Lee v. A.R.T. Co. , ( the Annie Lee case ) , the defendant affixed the copyright owner 's copyright - protected note cards and small lithographs to tiles and then resold them . The original art was not changed or reproduced , only bonded to ceramic and sold . The court held that this act was not original and creative enough to rise to the level of creating a derivative work , but effectively similar to any other form of display or art frame . Distribution rights differ from reproduction rights . While the first - sale doctrine entitles the copyright holder to begin the distribution chain of a copyrighted work - by selling note cards , for instance , or giving them away - it does not permit the copyright holder to control what is done with the item after it is distributed . Unless there is a separate contract between the parties , the person who owns the object has the right to give it away or resell it him or herself . In the case of Lee v. A.R.T. , since bonding the cards to ceramic did not create a derivative work , A.R.T. Co. was legally within their rights to resell the cards in such a fashion . When the defendant 's modification of the plaintiff 's work is de minimis , too insubstantial to `` count '' , there is no infringing preparation of a derivative work . So long as there is no derivative work , there is no infringement -- since no conduct that the Copyright Act forbids has occurred . Fixation requirement ( edit ) In a House Report , Congress said : The exclusive right to prepare derivative works , specified separately in clause ( 2 ) of section 106 , overlaps the exclusive right of reproduction to some extent . It is broader than that right , however , in the sense that reproduction requires fixation in copies or phonorecords , whereas the preparation of a derivative work , such as a ballet , pantomime , or improvised performance , may be an infringement even though nothing is ever fixed in tangible form . The 9th Circuit , however , has resisted this expansive view of liability for derivative works by imposing its own quasi-fixation requirement . In Micro Star v. FormGen Inc . Judge Kozinski wrote : To narrow the statute to a manageable level , we have developed certain criteria a work must satisfy in order to qualify as a derivative work . One of these is that a derivative work must exist in a `` concrete or permanent form , '' ... The requirement that a derivative work must assume a concrete or permanent form was recognized without much discussion in Galoob . The fair use defense in derivative work cases ( edit ) Even if a work is found to be an unauthorized derivative work , an alleged infringer can escape liability via the defense of fair use . For example , in Campbell v. Acuff - Rose Music , Inc. , the Supreme Court found that although a parody of the song `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' by 2 Live Crew was an unauthorized derivative work , fair use was still available as a complete defense . This case marked the Supreme Court 's pointing to transformativeness as a major clue to application of the fair use defense to derivative works . The defense of fair use has become very important in computer - and Internet - related works . Two 1992 Ninth Circuit decisions are illustrative . In Lewis Galoob Toys , Inc. v. Nintendo of America , Inc. , the appellate court held that it was a fair use for owners of copies of video games , such as Super Mario Bros. , to use Galoob 's product the Game Genie to customize the difficulty or other characteristics of the game by granting a character more strength , speed , or endurance . Nintendo strongly opposed Galoob 's product , allegedly because it interfered with the maintenance of the `` Nintendo Culture , '' which Nintendo claimed was important to its marketing program . The court held , among other things , that the fair use defense shielded Galoob 's conduct . The court said that `` a party who distributes a copyrighted work can not dictate how that work is to be enjoyed . Consumers may use ... a Game Genie to enhance a Nintendo Game cartridge 's audiovisual display in such a way as to make the experience more enjoyable . '' In Sega Enterprises , Ltd. v. Accolade , Inc. , the court excused Accolade from copyright infringement liability on fair use grounds . Nintendo and Sega produced video game consoles . Each stored the games in plastic cartridges that provided game data to the consoles . By way of analogy , the Sega hardware console 's `` platform '' differed from Nintendo 's , as a Macintosh platform differs from that of a PC . Hence , a video game cartridge that works on one system does not work on the other . Sega and Nintendo sought to `` license '' access to their hardware platforms , and each company developed software `` locks '' to keep out cartridges that did not have the proper `` key . '' Accolade sought a license from Sega for its key , but negotiations broke down over price . Accolade then decided to reverse engineer Sega 's lock and key system . To do so , it had to download ( copy ) all of the computer code from Sega 's product and disassemble it ( translate it from machine code into human - readable assembly ) . Accolade succeeded and began to market new video games that it independently wrote , which were capable of being operated in Sega consoles . This led to copyright infringement litigation , in which Sega alleged that the downloading was improper copying ( reproduction ) of Sega 's code . The court held that Sega was trying to use the copyright in its computer code to maintain a monopoly over the sale of video games , to which it was not legally entitled . Accolade downloaded the computer code only to ascertain how the lock worked , so that it could make a key that would permit its games to work in Sega consoles . The court held that such a use was fair use : `` We conclude that where disassembly is the only way to gain access to the ideas and functional elements embodied in a copyrighted computer program and where there is a legitimate reason for seeking such access , disassembly is a fair use of the copyrighted work , as a matter of law . '' However , note that since the passage of the anti-circumvention statutes contained in the DMCA , further court cases involving the fair - use defense of such activities have yet to be actually litigated . Transformativeness ( edit ) Main article : Transformativeness A crucial factor in current legal analysis of derivative works is transformativeness , largely as a result of the Supreme Court 's 1994 decision in Campbell v. Acuff - Rose Music , Inc . The Court 's opinion emphasized the importance of transformativeness in its fair use analysis of the parody of `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' involved in the Campbell case . In parody , as the Court explained , the transformativeness is the new insight that readers , listeners , or viewers gain from the parodic treatment of the original work . As the Court pointed out , the words of the parody `` derisively demonstrat ( e ) how bland and banal the Orbison ( Pretty Woman ) song '' is . The modern emphasis of transformativeness in fair use analysis stems from a 1990 article by Judge Pierre N. Leval in the Harvard Law Review , `` Toward a Fair Use Standard '' , which the Court quoted and cited extensively in its Campbell opinion . In his article , Leval explained the social importance of transformative use of another 's work and what justifies such a taking : I believe the answer to the question of justification turns primarily on whether , and to what extent , the challenged use is transformative . The use must be productive and must employ the quoted matter in a different manner or for a different purpose from the original ... ( If ) the secondary use adds value to the original -- if the quoted matter is used as raw material , transformed in the creation of new information , new aesthetics , new insights and understandings -- this is the very type of activity that the fair use doctrine intends to protect for the enrichment of society . Transformative uses may include criticizing the quoted work , exposing the character of the original author , proving a fact , or summarizing an idea argued in the original in order to defend or rebut it . They also may include parody , symbolism , aesthetic declarations , and innumerable other uses . The concept , as Leval and the Campbell Court described it , developed in relation to fair use of traditional works : literary works , musical works , and pictorial works . But recently courts have extended this rationale to Internet and computer - related works . In such cases , as illustrated by Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corporation and Perfect 10 , Inc. v. Amazon.com , Inc. , the courts find a use ( such as that of thumbnails in an image search engine , for indexing purposes ) transformative because it provides an added benefit to the public , which was not previously available and might remain unavailable without the derivative or secondary use . The Ninth Circuit Court explained this in the Perfect 10 case : Google 's use of thumbnails is highly transformative . In Kelly we concluded that Arriba 's use of thumbnails was transformative because `` Arriba 's use of the images served a different function than Kelly 's use -- improving access to information on the Internet versus artistic expression . '' Although an image may have been created originally to serve an entertainment , aesthetic , or informative function , a search engine transforms the image into a pointer directing a user to a source of information . Just as a `` parody has an obvious claim to transformative value '' because `` it can provide social benefit , by shedding light on an earlier work , and , in the process , creating a new one , '' a search engine provides social benefit by incorporating an original work into a new work , namely , an electronic reference tool . Indeed , a search engine may be more transformative than a parody because a search engine provides an entirely new use for the original work , while a parody typically has the same entertainment purpose as the original work . ... In conducting our case - specific analysis of fair use in light of the purposes of copyright , we must weigh Google 's superseding and commercial uses of thumbnail images against Google 's significant transformative use , as well as the extent to which Google 's search engine promotes the purposes of copyright and serves the interests of the public . Although the district court acknowledged the `` truism that search engines such as Google Image Search provide great value to the public , '' the district court did not expressly consider whether this value outweighed the significance of Google 's superseding use or the commercial nature of Google 's use . The Supreme Court , however , has directed us to be mindful of the extent to which a use promotes the purposes of copyright and serves the interests of the public . ... We conclude that the significantly transformative nature of Google 's search engine , particularly in light of its public benefit , outweighs Google 's superseding and commercial uses of the thumbnails in this case. ... We are also mindful of the Supreme Court 's direction that `` the more transformative the new work , the less will be the significance of other factors , like commercialism , that may weigh against a finding of fair use . '' The Ninth Circuit 's treatment of transformativeness and fair use in the Arriba Soft and Perfect 10 cases illustrates different data points on the copyright infringement spectrum , at least with respect to transformativeness and fair use . Arriba Soft was a relatively polar case . The harm to Kelly , the copyright owner , was negligible ; it was hardly more than hurt feelings , because as the Ninth Circuit said in its opinion -- `` Arriba 's creation and use of the thumbnails ( the derivative work ) does not harm the market for or value of Kelly ' s images . '' On the other hand , the court found that Arriba 's use benefited the public : `` Arriba 's use of the images serves a different function than Kelly 's use -- improving access to information on the internet versus artistic expression . '' The balance thus tilted strongly in Arriba 's favor . The foregoing analysis in this case thus made the Ninth Circuit to be the first court to make the equation highly beneficial to public = transformative , and as the Supreme Court explained in Campbell , the more transformative a derivative use the more likely the use is to be a fair use . The Campbell Court recognized that the balance may not always be one - sided , as it was in Campbell itself and in Arriba Soft . In the Perfect 10 case the interests were more evenly balanced , for the first time in a derivative work case involving new information technology . Both Google and Perfect 10 had legitimate interests at stake and support for their respective positions . Thus , there was a finding that `` Google 's wide - ranging use of thumbnails is highly transformative : their creation and display is designed to , and does , display visual search results quickly and efficiently to users of Google Image Search . '' But Google 's use had some commercial aspects and was claimed to impair P10 's commercial interests . Yet , on balance the Ninth Circuit found that the transformativeness outweighed the other fair use factors because `` Google has provided a significant benefit to the public '' in facilitating image searches by means of thumbnail images . This opinion provided a second instance of the `` beneficial = transformative '' equation described in the preceding paragraph ( from the Arriba Soft case ) . Screenshot of Half.com pop - up ad over Amazon 's Web page The use of pop - up advertising , in which third - party advertisements pop up on a competitor 's Web page and change its appearance to allegedly create a derivative work , may present transformativeness issues . The proponents of such pop - ups ( the defendants in infringement litigation ) argue that they provide the public with additional information about making buying decisions ( particularly in the form of price comparisons ) , but the opponents ( the plaintiffs in these cases ) argue that the defendants ' conduct adversely affects the Web page proprietor 's interest in the `` integrity '' of its Web page and its investment interest in creating and maintaining the page . An example of promotional advertising for a pop - up company , illustrating various pop - up techniques for changing the appearance of another firm 's Web page is shown in this Flash . Little attention has been paid to the balancing of the interests at stake in derivative work copyright disputes where conflicting interests are present . In the Perfect 10 and Castle Rock cases , however , the courts appeared to have recognized that some conflict existed , but they finessed the balancing task by finding one side or the other 's interest negligible , so that no serious work had to be done in gauging the balance . although several courts have found no copyright infringement for one reason or another . In an analogous area of copyright law , a solution reached was to permit the use challenged as infringement , but to require payment of a reasonable royalty . Examples of derivative works under U.S. law ( edit ) The most famous derivative work in the world has been said to be L.H.O.O.Q. , also known as the Mona Lisa With a Moustache . Generations of U.S. copyright law professors -- since at least the 1950s -- have used it as a paradigmatic example . Marcel Duchamp created the work by adding , among other things , a moustache , goatee , and the caption L.H.O.O.Q. ( meaning in French `` She is hot in the ass '' ) to Leonardo 's iconic work . These few seemingly insubstantial additions were highly transformative because they incensed contemporary French bourgeoisie by mocking their cult of `` Jocondisme , '' at that time said to be `` practically a secular religion of the French bourgeoisie and an important part of their self image . '' Duchamp 's defacement of their icon was considered `` a major stroke of épater le bourgeois . '' Thus it has been said that the `` transformation of a cult icon into an object of ridicule by adding a small quantum of additional material can readily be deemed preparation of a derivative work . '' A parodic derivative work based on Duchamp 's parodic derivative work is shown at this location . The mockery of `` Oh , Pretty Woman , '' discussed in Campbell v. Acuff - Rose Music , Inc. , is a similar example of transforming a work by showing it in a harsh new light or criticizing its underlying assumptions . Because of the parody 's transformativeness , the Supreme Court found the derivative work a fair use . Trivia books based on TV shows , such as Seinfeld , are considered derivative works , for purposes of infringement liability , at least if they incorporate a substantial amount of copyright - protected content from the TV episodes . In Castle Rock the court found that any transformative purpose possessed in the derivative work was `` slight to non-existent . '' Accordingly , the court held that defendants had prepared an infringing derivative work . A 2007 lawsuit , CBS Operations v. Reel Funds International , ruled that television series that have some episodes lapse into the public domain can be classified as derivative works and subject to indirect copyright accordingly . The lawsuit centered around 16 episodes of The Andy Griffith Show from the show 's third season that had lapsed into the public domain in 1989 ; CBS successfully argued that because all of the episodes from the show 's first two seasons were still under valid copyright , that CBS still held copyright on the characters used in those episodes and could block a public domain distributor from selling DVDs with those episodes . The musical West Side Story , is a derivative work based on Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , because it uses numerous expressive elements from the earlier work . However , Shakespeare 's drama Romeo and Juliet is also a derivative work that draws heavily from Pyramus and Thisbe and other sources . Nevertheless , no legal rule prevents a derivative work from being based on a work that is itself a derivative work based on a still earlier work -- at least , so long as the last work borrows expressive elements from the second work that are original with the second work rather than taken from the earliest work . The key is whether the copied elements are original and expressive ( not merely conventional or mise en scène ) ; if that is so , the second or derivative work is independently subject to copyright protection , and if that is not , the second work ( if unauthorized ) may infringe the first , but it is not independently copyrightable . Examples of derivative works Pop - up advertising provides derivative works that can be transformative , in that they provide the public with new functionality not previously offered -- they may provide comparative price information , for example . Yet , pop - ups may also impair interests of the proprietors of Web pages subjected to them . For example , the Half.com pop - up ad shown above left informs the public as to price competition between Half.com and Amazon.com . But the derivative - work version of Amazon 's web page partially covers up Amazon 's advertising ( at least temporarily ) and adversely affects Amazon 's investment interest in the preparation and maintenance of its web page . This may present a more difficult case of balancing interests than that which the court faced in Arriba Soft or Perfect 10 . The gif animation parody of Duchamp 's work referred to above in this section , and pop - up advertising are examples of derivative works that became possible only with the advent of recent technology . The last sentence of section 101 's definition of derivative work ( at the beginning of section 1.1 of this Article ) defines annotations as derivative works . Annotations of other works have long existed , but new technology permits the creation of new forms of annotation . An illustration of such a new - technology annotation is provided in this example of an annotation of Chaucer 's Prologue to the Canterbury Tales , in which a small pop - up window provides the definition of a difficult word when the cursor is moused over the word . Canadian law ( edit ) Though Canadian copyright law does not explicitly define `` derivative work '' , the Copyright Act of Canada does provide the following generally agreed - upon examples of what constitutes a derivative work in section 3 : `` copyright '' ... includes the sole right ( a ) to produce , reproduce , perform or publish any translation of the work , ( b ) in the case of a dramatic work , to convert it into a novel or other non-dramatic work , ( c ) in the case of a novel or other non-dramatic work , or of an artistic work , to convert it into a dramatic work , by way of performance in public or otherwise , ( d ) in the case of a literary , dramatic or musical work , to make any sound recording , cinematograph film or other contrivance by means of which the work may be mechanically reproduced or performed , ( e ) in the case of any literary , dramatic , musical or artistic work , to reproduce , adapt and publicly present the work as a cinematographic work In Théberge v. Galerie d'Art du Petit Champlain Inc. , ( 2002 ) 2 S.C.R. 336 , 2002 SCC 34 , the Supreme Court of Canada clarified the statutory recognition of derivative works extended only to circumstances where there was production and multiplication , i.e. reproduction . Where there is no derivation , reproduction , or production of a new and original work which incorporates the artist 's work , there is no violation of the Copyright Act . See also ( edit ) Authorship Plagiarism Copyright Act of 1976 Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing Derivative Work Controversy in Hong Kong Galoob v. Nintendo Intellectual property Merchandising Patent Trademark Trade secret Work for hire Creative Commons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the US , 17 U.S.C. § 106 ( 2 ) protects derivative works . For the UK , see UK Copyright Service , `` Fact Sheet P - 22 : Derivative works '' ( Last updated : 10 December 2012 ) . French law protects derivative works as `` œuvres composites '' or as `` une œuvre dérivée . '' See Article L. 112 -- 13 of the French Intellectual Property Code ( CODE DE LA PROPRIÉTÉ INTELLECTUELLE , Art . L. 112 -- 13 ) . The German Copyright Act , UrhG , sec. 3 , 23 , and 69c No. 2 , protects translations ( Übersetzungen ) and other adaptations ( andere Bearbeitungen ) , as well as other types of elaborations such as dramatizations , orchestrations , and new versions of works . In Spain , Art. 11 TRLPI grants protection to derivative works such as translations , adaptations , revisions , musical arrangements and any transformation of a literary , artistic , or scientific work . Art . 4 of the Italian Copyright Act affords protection to creative elaborations of works , such as translations in another language , transformations from a literary or artistic form into another one , modifications or additions that constitute a substantial remake of the original work , adaptations , `` reductions '' ( intended as shorter versions of protected works ) , compendia , and variations which do not constitute original works . In the Netherlands , Article 10 - 2 of the Dutch Copyright Act states that reproductions in a modified form of a work of literature , science or art , such as translations , musical arrangements , adaptations , and other elaborations , can be protected as original , without prejudice to the primary work . The Berne Convention , Art . 2 , § 3 states : `` Translations , adaptations , arrangements of music and other alterations of a literary or artistic work shall be protected as original works without prejudice to the copyright of the original work . '' This provision is incorporated into the TRIPS Agreement . For a comparison of different countries ' regimes for protecting derivative works , see Daniel Gervais , The Derivative Right , or Why Copyright Law Protects Foxes Better than Hedgehogs , 15 VANDERBILT J. OF ENT . AND TECH . LAW 785 2013 ; Institute for Information Law , Univ. of Amsterdam , The digitisation of cultural heritage : originality , derivative works , and ( non ) original photographs . Jump up ^ Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works , Paris Act of July 24 , 1971 , as amended on September 28 , 1979 Article 2 , paragraph 3 . Accessed 25 October 2013 Jump up ^ Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle , Book I , Title I , Chapter III , Article L 113 - 2 ( in French ) `` Est dite composite l'oeuvre nouvelle à laquelle est incorporée une oeuvre préexistante sans la collaboration de l'auteur de cette dernière . '' Jump up ^ Bellefonds ( 2002 : 147,148 ) Jump up ^ http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document_print.jsf;jsessionid=9ea7d2dc30dbf6e17ed69f4241e282a8ab831dcf0e05.e34KaxiLc3qMb40Rch0SaxuLc390?doclang=EN&text=&pageIndex=0&part=1&mode=DOC&docid=79037&occ=first&dir=&cid=452972 Jump up ^ http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=136432&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=342091 Jump up ^ 630 F. 2d 905 ( 2d Cir , 1980 ) , available at http://www.altlaw.org/v1/cases/551553 and http://cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F2/630/905/238194/ Jump up ^ 536 F. 2d 486 ( 2d Cir . ) ( en banc ) , available at http://www.altlaw.org/v1/cases/554959 and `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Snyder , 536 F. 2d at 488 . Jump up ^ For a visual comparison , see http://coolcopyright.com/contents/chapter-2/l-batlin-son-v-snyder Jump up ^ ( copyright.gov/circs/circ14.pdf U.S. Copyright Office ) , Copyright in Derivative Works and Compilations . To the same effect , see Gracen v. Bradford Exch. , 698 F. 2d 300 , 302 ( 7th Cir. 1983 ) ( dictum ) ; Eden Toys , Inc. v. Florelee Undergarment Co. , 697 F. 2d 27 , 34 n. 6 ( 2d Cir. 1982 ) ( dictum ) ; Pickett v. Prince , 52 F. Supp . 2d 893 , 906 ( N.D. Ill . 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Based on the Copyright Office 's statement , it may appear that the Office will not register a copyright in a parody such as that involved in the Pretty Woman case , even though the Supreme Court suggested strongly that the preparation of that derivative work was lawful fair use , albeit unauthorized . The Court noted that parodies are usually unauthorized works . However , the Office states in its Compendium of its Practices ( 3d ed . ) , § 313.6 ( B ) : `` Ordinarily , the Office will not examine the preexisting material that appears in a derivative work , a compilation , or a collective work to determine whether that material is protected by copyright or whether it has been used in a lawful manner . However , the registration specialist may communicate with the applicant if the preexisting material has not been excluded from the claim and it is reasonably clear that the claimant may not own the copyright in that material , such as a mix tape containing a compilation of well - known sound recordings . The Office also may question derivative claims that appear to be unlawful and that are inseparable or intertwined with an underlying work , such as stage directions for a dramatic work . '' For further discussion , see Rebecca Tushnet 's 43 ( B ) log , Thomas the Tank Engine of free expression ( Feb , 21 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ 2015 U.S. App . LEXIS 19085 ( 2d Cir. Oct. 30 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Lee v. A.R.T. Co. , 125 F. 3d 580 ( 7th Cir. 1997 ) . Jump up ^ See also Scarves by Vera , Inc. v. United Merchants & Mfrs. , Inc. , 173 F. Supp. 625 ( S.D.N.Y. 1959 ) . ( no infringement where defendant sewed together towels with copyright - protected design imprinted on them , so as to make hand bags ) . Jump up ^ H.R. Rep. No. 94 - 1476 , 94th Cong. , 2d Sess. 62 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Micro Star v. FormGen Inc. , 154 F. 3d 1107 ( 9th Cir. 1998 ) . Jump up ^ 964 F. 2d 965 ( 9th Cir. 1992 ) Jump up ^ See Richard H. Stern , The Game Genie Case : Copyright in Derivative Works versus Users ' Rights , ( 1992 ) 3 ENTERTAINMENT L. REV. 104 Jump up ^ 977 F. 2d 1510 ( 9th Cir. 1992 ) Jump up ^ 977 F. 2d at 1527 - 28 . Jump up ^ 103 Harv. L. Rev. 1105 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ 336 F. 3d 811 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ 487 F. 3d 701 ( 9th Cir. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ See discussion of this point at George Washington Law School . In Wells Fargo & Co. v. WhenU.com , Inc. , 293 F. Supp. 734 ( E.D. Mich . 2003 ) , the district court rejected this argument , as did the court in 1 - 800 Contacts , Inc. v. WhenU.com , Inc. , 69 U.S.P.Q. 2d 1337 ( S.D.N.Y. 2003 ) . In both cases , the courts stressed the transitory nature of the accused conduct and insisted that the supposed derivative works were not `` fixed '' long enough to be cognizable under copyright law . As yet , there is no court of appeals precedent on this issue . Jump up ^ See cases cited in preceding note . Jump up ^ See cases on pop - up advertising collected at http://docs.law.gwu.edu/facweb/claw/ch6c2.htm and at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( Sup Ct decision on motion picture use of renewed copyright ) Jump up ^ `` L.H.O.O.Q. - Internet - Related Derivative Works '' . Docs.law.gwu.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Debbie Lewer , Post-Impressionism to World War II ( pub . Blackwell Pub. 2005 ) , at pp. 223 - 24 , explaining Walter Benjamin 's essay , `` The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction , '' as first conceptualizing `` what Marcel Duchamp had already shown in 1919 in L.H.O.O.Q. by iconoclastically altering a reproduction of the Mona Lisa ... Marcel Duchamp succeeded in destroying what Benjamin called the traditional art work 's aura , that aura of authenticity and uniqueness '' Jump up ^ See , for example , Andreas Huyssen , After the Great Divide : `` It is not the artistic achievement of Leonardo that is mocked by moustache , goatee , and obscene allusion , but rather the cult object that the Mona Lisa had become in that temple of bourgeois art religion , the Louvre . '' ( Quoted in Steven Baker , The Fiction of Postmodernity , p. 49 Jump up ^ L.H.O.O.Q. -- Internet - Related Derivative Works Jump up ^ See Castle Rock Entertainment , Inc. v. Carol Publishing Group , 150 F. 3d 132 ( 2d Cir. 1998 ) . Jump up ^ `` Winston.com '' . winston.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Operations Inc v. Reel Funds International Inc '' . gpo.gov . Jump up ^ In Campbell v. Acuff - Rose Music , Inc. , the Supreme Court said that the question is whether the second work `` adds something new , with a further purpose or different character , altering the first with new expression , meaning , or message ; it asks , in other words , whether and to what extent the new work is ' transformative . ' '' Campbell v. Acuff - Rose Music , Inc. , 510 U.S. 569 , 579 ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ See the Batlin and Durham cases , discussed earlier in the section When does derivative - work copyright apply ? . Jump up ^ For a more detailed discussion of pop - up and transformativeness , see the Wikipedia article on this subject , which has links to promotional material by companies engaging in this business , arguing the benefits of their services . Jump up ^ Providing consumers with new functionality is an indicium of transformativeness and thus of a fair use that may insulate a copyist from infringement liability . See discussion of Perfect 10 case earlier in this section and its equation highly beneficial to public = transformative . Jump up ^ This is taken out of its context of a description of a notional derivative - work copyright infringement suit between Chaucer and a Professor Annotator , found at L.H.O.O.Q. -- Internet - Related Derivative Works . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of Canada - Decisions - Théberge v. Galerie d'Art du Petit Champlain inc '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 24 . examples of what might be called derivative works ( are ) listed in s . 3 ( 1 ) ( a ) to ( e ) of our Act Jump up ^ `` Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Canada Legal Code '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 24 . Derivative works include : ... Bibliography ( edit ) Bellefonds , Xavier Linant de , Droits d'auteur et Droits Voisins , Dalloz , Paris , wwww External links ( edit ) US Copyright Act ( Hosted by the Copyright Office ) US Copyright ' Derivative Works ' ( Hosted by the Copyright Office ) `` Copyright in Derivative Works and Compilations '' ( Hosted by the U.S. Copyright Office ) Frequently Asked Questions ( and Answers ) about Derivative Works , Chillingeffects.org Article `` Geek Law : Derivative Works '' by Lawrence Rosen , Linuxjournal.com Article `` DERIVATIVE WORK RIGHTS '' by David M. Spatt , Artslaw.org Article `` L.H.O.O.Q. -- Internet - Related Derivative Works '' by Richard H. Stern Article `` Derivative Works '' by Sarah Ovenall , Funnystrange.com <Th_colspan="2"> Appropriation in the arts By field Music Appropriation Bootleg recording Contrafact List Contrafactum Cover version Interpolation List of musical medleys Music mashup Music plagiarism Musical quotation Parody music Pasticcio Plunderphonics Potpourri DJ mix Quodlibet Remix Sampling Sound collage Trope Variation Literature / theatre Assemblage Cut - up technique Joke theft Trope Found poetry Flarf poetry Verbatim theatre Painting / sculpture / comics / photography Collage Swipe Comic strip switcheroo Photographic mosaic Combine painting By source material Mona Lisa Michelangelo 's David Michelangelo 's Pietà Statue of Liberty Cinema / television / video Video mashup Re-cut trailer TV format Found footage Remake Parody film Collage film General concepts Intertextual figures Allusion Calque Plagiarism Pastiche Parody Quotation Translation Adaptation Drama Film Literary Theatre Other concepts Assemblage ( art ) Bricolage Citation Derivative work Détournement Found object Homage Imitation in art Mashup Reprise Source criticism in the arts Related artistic concepts Originality Artistic inspiration Afflatus Genius ( literature ) Genre Genre studies Parody advertisement In - joke Tribute act Fan fiction Simulacrum Archetypal literary criticism Readymades of Marcel Duchamp Anti-art Pop art Aesthetic interpretation Western canon Standard blocks and forms Jazz standard Stock character Plot device Dramatic structure Formula fiction Monomyth Archetype Epoch - marking works L.H.O.O.Q. ( 1919 ) `` Pierre Menard , Author of the Quixote '' ( 1939 ) Reality Hunger : A Manifesto ( 2010 ) Theorization Mimesis Dionysian imitatio De Copia Rerum Romantic movement Russian formalism Modernist movement Postmodern movement Palimpsests : Literature in the Second Degree Related non-artistic concepts Cultural appropriation Appropriation in sociology Articulation in sociology Trope ( literature ) Academic dishonesty Authorship Genius Intellectual property Recontextualisation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derivative_work&oldid=857924478 '' Categories : Copyright law Fair use Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2018 , at 22 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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-6,507,435,769,308,016,000 | describe the three estates of france who paid the taxes | Estates of the realm - wikipedia Estates of the realm It has been suggested that The Estates be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2017 . This article is about the medieval European concept of social hierarchy . For the modern concept of partitioning the government , see Separation of powers . A 13th century French representation of the tripartite social order of the middle ages -- Oratores : `` those who pray '' , Bellatores : `` those who fight '' , and Laboratores : `` those who work '' . The estates of the realm , or three estates , were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom ( Christian Europe ) from the medieval period to early modern Europe . Different systems for dividing society members into estates developed and evolved over time . The best known system is the French Ancien Régime ( Old Regime ) , a three - estate system used until the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) . Monarchy was for the king and the queen and this system was made up of clergy ( the First Estate ) , nobles ( the Second Estate ) , and peasants and bourgeoisie ( the Third Estate ) . In some regions , notably Scandinavia and Russia , burghers ( the urban merchant class ) and rural commoners were split into separate estates , creating a four - estate system with rural commoners ranking the lowest as the Fourth Estate . Furthermore , the non-landowning poor could be left outside the estates , leaving them without political rights . In England , a two - estate system evolved that combined nobility and bishops into one lordly estate with `` commons '' as the second estate . This system produced the two houses of parliament , the House of Commons and the House of Lords . In southern Germany , a three - estate system of nobility ( princes and high clergy ) , ritters ( knights ) , and burghers was used . Today the terms three estates and estates of the realm may sometimes be re-interpreted to refer to the modern separation of powers in government into the legislature , administration , and the judiciary . Additionally the term fourth estate usually refers to forces outside the established power structure ( evoking medieval three - estate systems ) , most commonly in reference to the independent press or media . Historically , in Northern and Eastern Europe , the Fourth Estate meant rural commoners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Social immobility 2 Dynamics 3 Background 4 Kingdom of France 4.1 First Estate 4.2 Second Estate 4.3 Third Estate 4.4 Estates General 5 United Kingdom 5.1 Scotland 6 Sweden and Finland 7 Low Countries 8 Holy Roman Empire 9 Russian Empire 10 Catalonia 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References Social immobility ( edit ) During the Middle Ages , advancing to different social classes was uncommon and very difficult . The medieval Church was an institution where social mobility was most likely up to a certain level ( generally to that of vicar general or abbot / abbess for commoners ) . Typically , only nobility were appointed to the highest church positions ( bishops , archbishops , heads of religious orders , etc . ) , although low nobility could aspire to the highest church positions . Since clergy could not marry , such mobility was theoretically limited to one generation . Nepotism was common in this period . Another possible way to rise in social position was due to exceptional military or commercial success . Such families were rare and their rise to nobility required royal patronage at some point . However , because noble lines went extinct naturally , some ennoblements were necessary . Dynamics ( edit ) `` Medieval political speculation is imbued to the marrow with the idea of a structure of society based upon distinct orders , '' Johan Huizinga observes . The virtually synonymous terms estate and order designated a great variety of social realities , not at all limited to a class , Huizinga concluded applying to every social function , every trade , every recognisable grouping . There are , first of all , the estates of the realm , but there are also the trades , the state of matrimony and that of virginity , the state of sin . At court there are the ' four estates of the body and mouth ' : bread - masters , cup - bearers , carvers , and cooks . In the Church there are sacerdotal orders and monastic orders . Finally there are the different orders of chivalry . This static view of society was predicated on inherited positions . Commoners were universally considered the lowest order . The higher estates ' necessary dependency on the commoners ' production , however , often further divided the otherwise equal common people into burghers ( also known as bourgeoisie ) of the realm 's cities and towns , and the peasants and serfs of the realm 's surrounding lands and villages . A person 's estate and position within it were usually inherited from the father and his occupation , similar to a caste within that system . In many regions and realms there also existed population groups born outside these specifically defined resident estates . Legislative bodies or advisory bodies to a monarch were traditionally grouped along lines of these estates , with the monarch above all three estates . Meetings of the estates of the realm became early legislative and judicial parliaments . Monarchs often sought to legitimize their power by requiring oaths of fealty from the estates . Today , in most countries , the estates have lost all their legal privileges , and are mainly of historical interest . The nobility may be an exception , for instance due to legislation against false titles of nobility ; similarly British government well maintains the distinction - witness its House of Lords , and the House of Commons . One of the earliest political pamphlets to address these ideas was called `` What Is the Third Estate ? '' ( French : Qu'est - ce que le tiers - état ? ) It was written by Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès in January 1789 , shortly before the start of the French Revolution . Background ( edit ) After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , numerous geographic and ethnic kingdoms developed among the endemic peoples of Europe , affecting their day - to - day secular lives ; along with those , the growing influence of the Catholic Church and its Papacy affected the ethical , moral and religious lives and decisions of all . This led to mutual dependency between the secular and religious powers for guidance and protection , but over time and with the growing power of the kingdoms , competing secular realities increasingly diverged from religious idealism and Church decisions . The new lords of the land identified themselves primarily as warriors , but because new technologies of warfare were expensive , and the fighting men required substantial material resources and considerable leisure to train , these needs had to be filled . The economic and political transformation of the countryside in the period were filled by a large growth in population , agricultural production , technological innovations and urban centers ; movements of reform and renewal attempted to sharpen the distinction between clerical and lay status , and power , recognized by the Church also had their effect . In his book The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined , the French medievalist Georges Duby has shown that in the period 1023 - 1025 the first theorist who justified the division of European society into the three estates of the realm was Gerard of Florennes , the bishop of Cambrai . As a result of the Investiture Controversy of the late 11th and early 12th centuries , the powerful office of Holy Roman Emperor lost much of its religious character and retained a more nominal universal preeminence over other rulers , though it varied . The struggle over investiture and the reform movement also legitimized all secular authorities , partly on the grounds of their obligation to enforce discipline . In the 11th and 12th centuries thinkers argued that human society consisted of three orders : those who pray , those who fight , and those who labour . The structure of the first order , the clergy , was in place by 1200 and remained singly intact until the religious reformations of the 16th century . The very general category of those who labour ( specifically , those who were not knightly warriors or nobles ) diversified rapidly after the 11th century into the lively and energetic worlds of peasants , skilled artisans , merchants , financiers , lay professionals , and entrepreneurs , which together drove the European economy to its greatest achievements . The second order , those who fight , was the rank of the politically powerful , ambitious , and dangerous . Kings took pains to ensure that it did not resist their authority . By the 12th century , most European political thinkers agreed that monarchy was the ideal form of governance . This was because it imitated on earth the model set by God for the universe ; it was the form of government of the ancient Hebrews and the Christian Biblical basis , the later Roman Empire , and also the peoples who succeeded Rome after the 4th century . Kingdom of France ( edit ) Main article : Ancien Régime in France France under the Ancien Régime ( before the French Revolution ) divided society into three estates : the First Estate ( clergy ) ; the Second Estate ( nobility ) ; and the Third Estate ( commoners ) . The king was considered part of no estate . The First Estate ( Fr . premier état ) was the clergy . First Estate ( edit ) The First Estate comprised the entire clergy , traditionally divided into `` higher '' and `` lower '' clergy . Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories , the upper clergy were , effectively , clerical nobility , from the families of the Second Estate . In the time of Louis XVI , every bishop in France was a nobleman , a situation that had not existed before the 18th century . At the other extreme , the `` lower clergy '' ( about equally divided between parish priests , monks , and nuns ) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate , which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 ( about 0.5 % of the population ) . Second Estate ( edit ) The Second Estate ( Fr . deuxieme état ) was the French nobility and ( technically , though not in common use ) royalty , other than the monarch himself , who stood outside of the system of estates . The Second Estate is traditionally divided into noblesse d'épée ( `` nobility of the sword '' ) , and noblesse de robe ( `` nobility of the robe '' ) , the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government . The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5 % of France 's population . Under the ancien régime ( `` old rule / old government '' ) , the Second Estate were exempt from the corvée royale ( forced labour on the roads ) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle ( salt tax ) and most important , the taille ( the oldest form of direct taxation ) . This exemption from paying taxes led to their reluctance to reform . Third Estate ( edit ) Kingdom of France Structure Estates of the realm Parlements French nobility Taille Gabelle Seigneurial system The Third Estate comprised all of those who were not members of the above and can be divided into two groups , urban and rural , together making up 98 % of France 's population . The urban included wage - labourers . The rural included free peasants ( who owned their own land ) who could be prosperous and villeins ( serfs , or peasants working on a noble 's land ) . The free peasants paid disproportionately high taxes compared to the other Estates and were unhappy because they wanted more rights . In addition , the First and Second Estates relied on the labour of the Third , which made the latter 's unequal status all the more glaring . There were an estimated 27 million people in the Third Estate when the French Revolution started . They had the hard life of physical labour and food shortages . Most were born within this group and died as a part of it , too . It was extremely rare for people of this ascribed status to make it out into another estate . Those who did so managed as a result of either being recognized for their extraordinary bravery in a battle or entering religious life . A few commoners were able to marry into the second estate , but this was a rare occurrence . Estates General ( edit ) Main articles : French Estates General and Estates General of 1789 The first Estates General ( not to be confused with a `` class of citizen '' ) was actually a general citizen assembly that was called by Philip IV in 1302 . In the period leading up to the Estates General of 1789 , France was in the grip of an unmanageable public debt ( nearly 3.56 million livres ) . In May 1776 , finance minister Turgot was dismissed , after failing to enact reforms . The next year , Jacques Necker , a foreigner , was appointed Comptroller - General of Finance . He could not be made an official minister because he was a Protestant . ) , terrible inflation and widespread food scarcity ( a huge famine in the winter of 1788 - 89 ) . This led to widespread popular discontent and produced a group of Third Estate representatives ( 612 exactly ) pressing a comparatively radical set of reforms , much of it in alignment with the goals of Finance Minister Jacques Necker , but very much against the wishes of Louis XVI 's court and many of the hereditary nobles forming his Second Estate allies ( at least allies against taking more taxes upon themselves and keeping the unequal taxation on the commoners ) . When he could not persuade them to rubber - stamp his ' ideal program ' , Louis XVI sought to dissolve the Estates - General , but the Third Estate held out for their right to representation . The lower clergy ( and some nobles and upper clergy ) eventually sided with the Third Estate , and the King was forced to yield . Thus , the Estate - General meeting was an invitation to revolution . By June , when continued impasses led to further deterioration in relations , the Estates - General was reconstituted first as the National Assembly ( June 17 , 1789 ) seeking a solution for the realm independent of the King 's management of the meetings of the Estates General which occasionally continued to meet . These self - organized meetings are today defined as the epoch event beginning the historical epoch ( era ) of the French Revolution , during which -- after several more weeks of civil unrest -- the body assumed a new status as a revolutionary legislature , the National Constituent Assembly ( July 9 , 1789 ) . This unitary body composed of the former representatives of the three estates stepping up to govern along with an emergency committee in the power vacuum existing after the Bourbon monarchy fled Paris . Among the Assembly was Maximilien de Robespierre , an influential member of the Jacobins who would years later become instrumental in the turbulent period of violence and political upheaval in France known as the Reign of Terror ( 5 September 1793 -- 28 July 1794 ) . United Kingdom ( edit ) Further information : Parliament of the United Kingdom Whilst the estates were never formulated in a way that prevented social mobility , the English ( subsequently the British ) parliament was long based along the classic estate lines being composed on the `` Lords Spiritual and Temporal , and Commons '' . The tradition where the Lords Spiritual and Temporal sat separately from the Commons began during the reign of Edward III in the 14th century . Notwithstanding the House of Lords Act 1999 , the British Parliament still recognises the existence of the three estates : the Commons in the House of Commons , the nobility ( Lords Temporal ) in the House of Lords , and the clergy in the form of the Church of England bishops also entitled to sit in the upper House as the Lords Spiritual . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Scotland The members of the Parliament of Scotland were collectively referred to as the Three Estates ( Older Scots : Thre Estaitis ) , also known as the community of the realm , and until 1690 composed of : the first estate of prelates ( bishops and abbots ) the second estate of lairds ( dukes , earls , parliamentary peers ( after 1437 ) and lay tenants - in - chief ) the third estate of burgh commissioners ( representatives chosen by the royal burghs ) The First Estate was overthrown during the Glorious Revolution and the accession of William III . The Second Estate was then split into two to retain the division into three . A Shire Commissioner was the closest equivalent of the English office of Member of Parliament , namely a commoner or member of the lower nobility . Because the Parliament of Scotland was unicameral , all members sat in the same chamber , as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons . The Parliament also had University constituencies ( see Ancient universities of Scotland ) . The system was also adopted by the Parliament of England when James VI ascended to the English throne . It was believed that the universities were affected by the decisions of Parliament and ought therefore to have representation in it . This continued in the Parliament of Great Britain after 1707 and the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1950 . Sweden and Finland ( edit ) The Estates in Sweden ( including Finland ) and later also Russia 's Grand Duchy of Finland were the two higher estates , nobility and clergy , and the two lower estates , burghers and land - owning peasants . Each were free men , and had specific rights and responsibilities , and the right to send representatives to the Riksdag of the Estates . The Riksdag , and later the Diet of Finland was tetracameral : at the Riksdag , each Estate voted as a single body . Since early 18th century , a bill needed the approval of at least three Estates to pass , and constitutional amendments required the approval of all Estates . Prior to the 18th century , the King had the right to cast a deciding vote if the Estates were split evenly . After Russia 's conquest of Finland in 1809 , the estates in Finland swore an oath to the Emperor in the Diet of Porvoo . A Finnish House of Nobility was codified in 1818 in accordance with the old Swedish law of 1723 . However , after the Diet of Porvoo , the Diet of Finland was reconvened only in 1863 . In the meantime , for a period of 54 years , the country was governed only administratively . There was also a population outside the estates . Unlike in other areas , people had no `` default '' estate , and were not peasants unless they came from a land - owner 's family . A summary of this division is : Nobility ( see Finnish nobility and Swedish nobility ) was exempt from tax , had an inherited rank and the right to keep a fief , and had a tradition of military service and government . Nobility was codified in 1280 with the Swedish king granting exemption from taxation ( frälse ) to land - owners that could equip a cavalryman ( or be one themselves ) for the king 's army . Around 1400 , letters patent were introduced , in 1561 the ranks of Count and Baron were added , and in 1625 the House of Nobility was codified as the First Estate of the land . Following Axel Oxenstierna 's reform , higher government offices were open only to nobles . However , the nobility still owned only their own property , not the peasants or their land as in much of Europe . Heads of the noble houses were hereditary members of the assembly of nobles . The Nobility is divided into titled nobility ( counts and barons ) and lower nobility . Until the 18th century the lower nobility was in turn was divided into Knights and Esquires such that each of the three classes would first vote internally , giving one vote per class in the assembly . This resulted in great political influence for the higher nobility . Clergy , or priests , were exempt from tax , and collected tithes for the church . After the Swedish Reformation , the church became Lutheran . In later centuries , the estate included teachers of universities and certain state schools . The estate was governed by the state church which consecrated its ministers and appointed them to positions with a vote in choosing diet representatives . Burghers were city - dwellers , tradesmen and craftsmen . Trade was allowed only in the cities when the mercantilistic ideology had got the upper hand , and the burghers had the exclusive right to conduct commerce within the framework of guilds . Entry to this Estate was controlled by the autonomy of the towns themselves . Peasants were allowed to sell their produce within the city limits , but any further trade , particularly foreign trade , was allowed only for burghers . In order for a settlement to become a city , a royal charter granting market right was required , and foreign trade required royally chartered staple port rights . After the annexation of Finland into Imperial Russia in 1809 , mill - owners and other proto - industrialists would gradually be included in this estate . Peasants were land - owners of land - taxed farms and their families , which represented the majority in medieval times . Since most of the population were independent farmer families until the 19th century , not serfs nor villeins , there is a remarkable difference in tradition compared to other European countries . Entry was controlled by ownership of farmland , which was not generally for sale but a hereditary property . After 1809 , Swedish tenants renting a large enough farm ( ten times larger than what was required of peasants owning their own farm ) were included as well as non-nobility owning tax - exempt land . To no estate belonged propertyless cottagers , villeins , tenants of farms owned by others , farmhands , servants , some lower administrative workers , rural craftsmen , travelling salesmen , vagrants , and propertyless and unemployed people ( who sometimes lived in strangers ' houses ) . To reflect how the people belonging to the estates saw them , the Finnish word for `` obscene '' , säädytön , has the literal meaning `` estateless '' . Their mobility was severely limited by the policy of `` legal protection '' ( Finnish : laillinen suojelu ) : every estateless person had to be employed by a taxed citizen from the estates , or they could be charged with vagrancy and sentenced to forced labor . In Finland , this policy lasted until 1883 . In Sweden , the Riksdag of the Estates existed until it was replaced with a bicameral Riksdag in 1866 , which gave political rights to anyone with a certain income or property . Nevertheless , many of the leading politicians of the 19th century continued to be drawn from the old estates , in that they were either noblemen themselves , or represented agricultural and urban interests . Ennoblements continued even after the estates had lost their political importance , with the last ennoblement of explorer Sven Hedin taking place in 1902 ; this practice was formally abolished with the adoption of the new Constitution January 1 , 1975 , while the status of the House of Nobility continued to be regulated in law until 2003 . In Finland , this legal division existed until 1906 , still drawing on the Swedish constitution of 1772 . However , at the start of the 20th century most of the population did not belong to any Estate and had no political representation . A particularly large class were the rent farmers , who did not own the land they cultivated but had to work in the land - owner 's farm to pay their rent ( unlike Russia , there were no slaves or serfs . ) Furthermore , the industrial workers living in the city were not represented by the four - estate system . The political system was reformed as a result of the Finnish general strike of 1905 , with the last Diet instituting a new constitutional law to create the modern parliamentary system , ending the political privileges of the estates . The post-independence constitution of 1919 forbade ennoblement , and all tax privileges were abolished in 1920 . The privileges of the estates were officially and finally abolished in 1995 , although in legal practice , the privileges had long been unenforceable . As in Sweden , the nobility has not been officially abolished and records of nobility are still voluntarily maintained by the Finnish House of Nobility . In Finland , it is still illegal and punishable by jail time ( up to one year ) to defraud into marriage by declaring a false name or estate ( Rikoslaki 18 luku § 1 / Strafflagen 18 kap. § 1 ) . Low countries ( edit ) The Low Countries , which until the late sixteenth century consisted of several counties , prince bishoprics , duchies etc. in the area that is now modern Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands , had no States General until 1464 , when Duke Philip of Burgundy assembled the first States General in Bruges . Later in the 15th and 16th centuries Brussels became the place where the States General assembled . On these occasions deputies from the States of the various provinces ( as the counties , prince - bishoprics and duchies were called ) asked for more liberties . For this reason , the States General were not assembled very often . As a consequence of the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and the events that followed afterwards , the States General declared that they no longer obeyed King Philip II of Spain , who was also overlord of the Netherlands . After the reconquest of the southern Netherlands ( roughly Belgium and Luxemburg ) , the States General of the Dutch Republic first assembled permanently in Middelburg , and in The Hague from 1585 onward . Without a king to rule the country , the States General became the sovereign power . It was the level of government where all things were dealt with that were of concern to all the seven provinces that became part of the Republic of the United Netherlands . During that time the States General were formed by representatives of the States ( i.e. provincial parliaments ) of the seven provinces . In each States ( a plurale tantum ) sat representatives of the nobility and the cities ( the clergy were no longer represented ; in Friesland the peasants were indirectly represented by the Grietmannen ) . In the Southern Netherlands , the last meetings of the States General loyal to the Habsburgs took place in the Estates General of 1600 and the Estates General of 1632 . As a government , the States General of the Dutch Republic were abolished in 1795 . A new parliament was created , called Nationale Vergadering ( National Assembly ) . It no longer consisted of representatives of the States , let alone the Estates : all men were considered equal under the 1798 Constitution . Eventually , the Netherlands became part of the French Empire under Napoleon ( 1810 : La Hollande est reunie à l'Empire ) . After regaining independence in November 1813 , the name `` States General '' was resurrected for a legislature constituted in 1814 and elected by the States - Provincial . In 1815 , when the Netherlands were united with Belgium and Luxemburg , the States General were divided into two chambers : the First Chamber and the Second Chamber . The members of the First Chamber were appointed for life by the King , while the members of the Second Chamber were elected by the members of the States Provincial . The States General resided in The Hague and Brussels in alternate years until 1830 , when , as a result of the Belgian Revolution , The Hague became once again the sole residence of the States General , Brussels instead hosting the newly founded Belgian Parliament . From 1848 on , the Dutch Constitution provides that members of the Second Chamber be elected by the people ( at first only by a limited portion of the male population ; universal male and female suffrage exists since 1919 ) , while the members of the First Chamber are chosen by the members of the States Provincial . As a result , the Second Chamber became the most important . The First Chamber is also called Senate . This however , is not a term used in the Constitution . Occasionally the First and Second Chamber meet in a Verenigde Vergadering ( Joint Session ) , for instance on Prinsjesdag , the annual opening of the parliamentary year , and when a new king is inaugurated . Holy Roman Empire ( edit ) The Holy Roman Empire had the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ) . The clergy was represented by the independent prince - bishops , prince - archbishops and prince - abbots of the many monasteries . The nobility consisted of independent aristocratic rulers : secular prince - electors , kings , dukes , margraves , counts and others . Burghers consisted of representatives of the independent imperial cities . Many peoples whose territories within the Holy Roman Empire had been independent for centuries had no representatives in the Imperial Diet , and this included the Imperial Knights and independent villages . The power of the Imperial Diet was limited , despite efforts of centralization . Large realms of the nobility or clergy had estates of their own that could wield great power in local affairs . Power struggles between ruler and estates were comparable to similar events in the history of the British and French parliaments . The Swabian League , a significant regional power in its part of Germany during the 15th Century , also had its own kind of Estates , a governing Federal Council comprising three Colleges : those of Princes , Cities , and Knights . Russian Empire ( edit ) Main article : Social estates in the Russian Empire In the late Russian Empire the estates were called sosloviyes . The four major estates were : nobility ( dvoryanstvo ) , clergy , rural dwellers , and urban dwellers , with a more detailed stratification therein . The division in estates was of mixed nature : traditional , occupational , as well as formal : for example , voting in Duma was carried out by estates . Russian Empire Census recorded the reported estate of a person . Catalonia ( edit ) Main article : Catalan Courts The Parliament of Catalonia was first established in 1283 as the Catalan Courts ( Corts Catalanes ) , according to American historian Thomas Bisson , and it has been considered by several historians as a model of medieval parliament . For instance , English historian of constitutionalism Charles Howard McIlwain wrote that the General Courts of Catalonia , during the 14th century , had a more defined organization and met more regularly than the parliaments of England or France . The roots of the parliament institution in Catalonia are in the Sanctuary and Truce Assemblies ( assemblees de pau i treva ) that started in the 11th century . The members of the parliament of Catalonia were organized in the Three Estates ( Catalan : Tres Estats ) : the `` military estate '' ( polígons militars ) with representatives of the feudal nobility the `` ecclesiastical estate '' ( eclesiàstica arrels ) with representatives of the religious hierarchy the `` royal estate '' ( real estate ) with representatives of the free municipalities under royal privilege The parliament institution was abolished in 1716 , together with the rest of institutions of Catalonia , after the War of the Spanish Succession . See also ( edit ) What Is the Third Estate ? Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Communalism before 1800 Trifunctional hypothesis Four occupations ( Asian equivalents ) Varna ( Hinduism ) Location specific : Prussian estates Estates of the Netherlands Antilles Estates of Brittany The Canterbury Tales ( the division of society into three estates is one of the key themes ) A Satire of the Three Estates General : Social class Caste Notes ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Estates of the realm . ^ Jump up to : Huizinga The Waning of the Middle Ages ( 1919 , 1924 : 47 ) . Jump up ^ Georges Duby , The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined , Part 1 ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica , `` History of Europe -- Middle Ages -- From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies '' Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , `` History of Europe -- Middle Ages -- From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies -- The three orders '' Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer , A History of the Modern World 1961 , p. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Henslin , James M. ( 2004 ) . `` 9 '' . Sociology : A Down - to - Earth Approach . Allyn & Bacon . p. 225 . ISBN 0205407358 . Jump up ^ `` France 's Financial Crisis : 1783 -- 1788 '' . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Hibbert , pp. 35 , 36 ^ Jump up to : `` Terror , Reign of '' ; Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Kidd , Colin Subverting Scotland 's Past : Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo - British Identity 1689 -- 1830 Cambridge University Press ( 2003 ) pp133 Jump up ^ Mann , Alastair , `` A Brief History of an Ancient Institution : The Scottish Parliament '' , Scottish Parliamentary Review , Vol . I , No. 1 ( June , 2013 ) ( Edinburgh : Blacket Avenue Press ) Jump up ^ http://wiki.narc.fi/portti/index.php/Teema:_Irtolaisuus Jump up ^ Original Act 971 / 1995 Jump up ^ Joaquim Albareda , `` Estat i nació a l'Europa moderna '' References ( edit ) Steven Kreis lecture on `` The Origins of the French Revolution '' Notes on France and the Old Regime Giles Constable . `` The Orders of Society '' , chap. 3 of Three Studies in Medieval Religious and Social Thought . Cambridge -- New York : Cambridge University Press , 1995 , pp. 249 -- 360 . Bernhard Jussen , ed . Ordering Medieval Society : Perspectives on Intellectual and Practical Modes of Shaping Social Relations . Trans . by Pamela Selwyn . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2001 . Jackson J. Spielvogel , Western Civilization , West Publishing Co . Minneapolis , 1994 for the English - language version of the quote from Abbé Sieyès , quoted at http://www.magnesium.net/~locutus/work/eurohist2.htm . http://vdaucourt.free.fr/Mothisto/Sieyes2/Sieyes2.htm for French - language original of this quotation . Michael P. Fitzsimmons , The Night the Old Regime Ended : August 4 , 1789 and the French Revolution , Pennsylvania State University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02233 - 7 , quoted and paraphrased at https://web.archive.org/web/20041204105931/http://www3.uakron.edu/hfrance/reviews/crubaugh.html . <Th_colspan="2"> Social class Status <Td_colspan="2"> Theories Gilbert model Marxian Mudsill theory New class Spoon class theory Weberian ( three - component ) Related topics Caste Chattering classes Class conflict Class discrimination Classicide Classless society Euthenics Nouveau riche / Parvenu Poverty Ranked society Snobbery Social exclusion Social mobility Social position Social stigma Subaltern <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> By demographic <Td_colspan="2"> By status Administrative detainee Alien illegal immigrant refugee Citizen dual or multiple native - born naturalized second - class Convicted Migrant worker Political prisoner Stateless By `` collar '' Blue Gold Green Grey Pink White By type Creative Bohemians Robber baron Russian oligarch Business magnate Overclass Superclass Middle Lower middle class Upper middle class Bourgeoisie Petite bourgeoisie Working Working poor Proletariat Lumpenproletariat Warrior Harii Kshatriya Yadav Nair Chhetri Cossacks Hashashin Knight Vanniyar Samurai Cuāuh Ocēlōtl Spartiate Under Commoner Outcast Outlaw Peasant / Serf Slave Untouchable Upper Bourgeoisie Elite Gentry Global elite Nobility Old money Ruling Aristocracy Hanseaten Patrician Royal family Intellectual Clergy Knowledge worker <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> By country or region <Td_colspan="2"> United States <Td_colspan="2"> Affluence American Dream Conflict Social class in American history Classes Lower Middle ( Mexican - American , Black ) Upper Under Income Household Inequality Personal Poverty Standard of living Educational attainment Homelessness Home ownership Wealth Other countries or regions Africa Cambodia China Colombia Ecuador France Haiti India Iran Italy Nepal New Zealand Romania Sri Lanka Tibet United Kingdom Historic Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Aztec Ottoman Empire Soviet Union Pre-industrial East Asia Pre-industrial Europe <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estates_of_the_realm&oldid=841332720 '' Categories : Estates ( social groups ) Constitutional law Feudalism Government institutions Kingdom of France Medieval society Political history of the Ancien Régime Religion and politics Social divisions Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2017 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 06 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Estates of the realm
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7,921,756,957,689,572,000 | who describes dams as pilgrim centers of development | Pilgrimage - wikipedia Pilgrimage Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Pilgrimage ( disambiguation ) . David Teniers the younger : Female Pilgrim A pilgrimage is a journey or search of moral or spiritual significance . Typically , it is a journey to a shrine or other location of importance to a person 's beliefs and faith , although sometimes it can be a metaphorical journey into someone 's own beliefs . Many religions attach spiritual importance to particular places : the place of birth or death of founders or saints , or to the place of their `` calling '' or spiritual awakening , or of their connection ( visual or verbal ) with the divine , to locations where miracles were performed or witnessed , or locations where a deity is said to live or be `` housed '' , or any site that is seen to have special spiritual powers . Such sites may be commemorated with shrines or temples that devotees are encouraged to visit for their own spiritual benefit : to be healed or have questions answered or to achieve some other spiritual benefit . A person who makes such a journey is called a pilgrim . As a common human experience , pilgrimage has been proposed as a Jungian archetype by Wallace Clift and Jean Dalby Clift . The Holy Land acts as a focal point for the pilgrimages of the Abrahamic religions of Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . According to a Stockholm University study in 2011 , these pilgrims visit the Holy Land to touch and see physical manifestations of their faith , confirm their beliefs in the holy context with collective excitation , and connect personally to the Holy Land . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bahá'í Faith 2 Buddhism 3 Christianity 4 Hinduism 5 Islam 5.1 Shi'ism 6 Judaism 7 Sikhism 8 Zoroastrianism 9 Meher Baba 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Bahá'í faith ( edit ) Main article : Bahá'í pilgrimage Bahá'u'lláh decreed pilgrimage to two places in the Kitáb - i - Aqdas : the House of Bahá'u'lláh in Baghdad , Iraq , and the House of the Báb in Shiraz , Iran . Later , ` Abdu'l - Bahá designated the Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh at Bahji , Israel as a site of pilgrimage . The designated sites for pilgrimage are currently not accessible to the majority of Bahá'ís , as they are in Iraq and Iran respectively , and thus when Bahá'ís currently refer to pilgrimage , it refers to a nine - day pilgrimage which consists of visiting the holy places at the Bahá'í World Centre in northwest Israel in Haifa , Acre , and Bahjí . Buddhism ( edit ) Main article : Buddhist pilgrimage Ancient excavated Buddha - image at the Mahaparinirvana Temple , Kushinagar Tibetans on a pilgrimage to Lhasa , doing full - body prostrations , often for the entire length of the journey There are four places that Buddhists pilgrimage to : Lumbini : Buddha 's birthplace ( in Nepal ) Bodh Gaya : place of Enlightenment ( in the current Mahabodhi Temple , Bihar , India ) Sarnath : ( formally Isipathana , Uttar pradesh , India ) where he delivered his first teaching Kusinara : ( now Kusinagar , India ) where he attained mahaparinirvana ( died ) . Other pilgrimage places in India and Nepal connected to the life of Gautama Buddha are : Savatthi , Pataliputta , Nalanda , Gaya , Vesali , Sankasia , Kapilavastu , Kosambi , Rajagaha , Varanasi , Sabari mala . Other famous places for Buddhist pilgrimage include : India : Sanchi , Ellora , Ajanta . Thailand : Sukhothai , Ayutthaya , Wat Phra Kaew , Wat Doi Suthep . Tibet : Lhasa ( traditional home of the Dalai Lama ) , Mount Kailash , Lake Nam - tso . Cambodia : Angkor Wat , Silver Pagoda . Sri Lanka : Polonnaruwa , Temple of the Tooth ( Kandy ) , Anuradhapura . Laos : Luang Prabang . Malaysia : Kek Lok Si , Cheng Hoon Teng , Maha Vihara Myanmar : Bagan , Sagaing Hill . Nepal : Boudhanath , Swayambhunath . Indonesia : Borobudur . China : Yung - kang , Lung - men caves . The Four Sacred Mountains Japan : Shikoku Pilgrimage , 88 Temple pilgrimage in the Shikoku island . Japan 100 Kannon , pilgrimage composed of the Saigoku , Bandō and Chichibu pilgrimages . Saigoku 33 Kannon , pilgrimage in the Kansai region . Bandō 33 Kannon , pilgrimage in the Kantō region . Chichibu 34 Kannon , pilgrimage in Saitama Prefecture . Chūgoku 33 Kannon , pilgrimage in the Chūgoku region . Kumano Kodō Mount Kōya . Christianity ( edit ) Main article : Christian pilgrimage Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem , Israel according to tradition is the site where Jesus was crucified and resurrected The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima is one of the largest pilgrimage sites ( Marian shrine ) in the world . Christian pilgrimage was first made to sites connected with the birth , life , crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus . Aside from the early example of Origen in the third century , surviving descriptions of Christian pilgrimages to the Holy Land date from the 4th century , when pilgrimage was encouraged by church fathers including Saint Jerome , and established by Saint Helena , the mother of Constantine the Great . The purpose of Christian pilgrimage was summarized by Pope Benedict XVI this way : To go on pilgrimage is not simply to visit a place to admire its treasures of nature , art or history . To go on pilgrimage really means to step out of ourselves in order to encounter God where he has revealed himself , where his grace has shone with particular splendour and produced rich fruits of conversion and holiness among those who believe . Above all , Christians go on pilgrimage to the Holy Land , to the places associated with the Lord 's passion , death and resurrection . They go to Rome , the city of the martyrdom of Peter and Paul , and also to Compostela , which , associated with the memory of Saint James , has welcomed pilgrims from throughout the world who desire to strengthen their spirit with the Apostle 's witness of faith and love . Pilgrimages were , and are , also made to Rome and other sites associated with the apostles , saints and Christian martyrs , as well as to places where there have been apparitions of the Virgin Mary . A popular pilgrimage journey is along the Way of St. James to the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral , in Galicia , Spain , where the shrine of the apostle James is located . Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales recounts tales told by Christian pilgrims on their way to Canterbury Cathedral and the shrine of Thomas Becket . Hinduism ( edit ) See also : Tirtha ( Hinduism ) , Hindu pilgrimage sites , Hinduism § Pilgrimage , and Yatra Bathing ghat on the Ganges during Kumbh Mela , Haridwar Pilgrimage to Kedarnath Pilgrims on their way to Manikaran , Himachal Pradesh , India , in 2004 Simhastha held in holy city of Ujjain in 2016 According to Karel Werner 's Popular Dictionary of Hinduism , `` most Hindu places of pilgrimage are associated with legendary events from the lives of various gods ... Almost any place can become a focus for pilgrimage , but in most cases they are sacred cities , rivers , lakes , and mountains . '' Hindus are encouraged to undertake pilgrimages during their lifetime , though this practice is not considered absolutely mandatory . Most Hindus visit sites within their region or locale . Kumbh Mela : Kumbh Mela is one of the largest gatherings of humans in the world where pilgrims gather to bathe in a sacred or holy river . The location is rotated among Allahabad , Haridwar , Nashik , and Ujjain . Char Dham ( Four Holy pilgrimage sites ) : The famous four holy sites Puri , Rameswaram , Dwarka , and Badrinath ( or alternatively the Himalayan towns of Badrinath , Kedarnath , Gangotri , and Yamunotri ) compose the Char Dham ( four abodes ) pilgrimage circuit . Kanwar Pilgrimage : The Kanwar is India 's largest annual religious pilgrimage . As part of this phenomenon , millions of participants gather sacred water from the Ganga ( usually in Haridwar , Gangotri , Gaumukh , or Sultanganj ) and carry it across hundreds of miles to dispense as offerings in Śiva shrines . Old Holy cities as per Puranic Texts : Varanasi formerly known as Kashi ( Shiva ) , Allahabad formerly known as Prayag , Haridwar - Rishikesh ( Vishnu ) , Mathura - Vrindavan ( Krishna ) , Pandharpur , Paithan , Kanchipuram ( Parvati ) , Dwarka ( Krishna ) and Ayodhya ( Rama ) . Major Temple cities : Puri , which hosts a major Vaishnava Jagannath temple and Rath Yatra celebration ; Katra , home to the Vaishno Devi temple ; Three comparatively recent temples of fame and huge pilgrimage are Shirdi , home to Sai Baba of Shirdi , Tirumala - Tirupati , home to the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple ; and Sabarimala , where Swami Ayyappan is worshipped . Shakti Peethas : Another important set of pilgrimages are the Shakti Peethas , where the Mother Goddess is worshipped , the two principal ones being Kalighat and Kamakhya . Pancha Ishwarams - the five ancient Shiva temples of the island from classical antiquity . The Murugan pilgrimage route of Sri Lanka , an ancient Arunagirinathar - traversed Pada Yatra route of Tiruppadai temples includes the Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple in Kankesanturai , the Nallur Kandaswamy temple in Jaffna , the Pancha Ishwaram Koneswaram temple in Trincomalee , the Verugal Murugan Kovil on the bank 's of the river Verugal Aru , in Verugal , Trincomalee District , the Mandur Kandaswamy temple of Mandur ( Sri Lanka ) , Thirukkovil Sithira Velayutha Swami Kovil , in Thirukkovil , Batticaloa , the Arugam Bay and Panamai in Amparai district , the Ukanthamalai Murugan Kovil , in Okanda , Kumana National Park and then through the park and Tissamaharama to the deity 's holiest site , Kataragama temple , Katirkamam in the South . Islam ( edit ) Main articles : Hajj and Umrah See also : Holiest sites in Islam , Mecca , Medina , and Jerusalem Muslim pilgrims circumambulate around the Ka'aba during the Hajj Supplicating pilgrim at Masjid al - Haram ( Mecca , Saudi Arabia ) The main pilgrimage to Mecca ( Hajj ) is one of the five pillars of Islam and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey , and can support their family during their absence . The gathering during the Hajj is considered the largest annual gathering of people in the world . Another important place for Muslims is the city of Medina , the second holiest site in Islam , in Saudi Arabia , the final resting place of Muhammad in Al - Masjid al - Nabawi ( Mosque of the Prophet ) . The third holiest site in Islam , Dome of the rock was a major site for pilgrimage where Muslims gather to pray and visit the structures of the holy mosque especially the footprint of Muhammad before he ascended to paradise to meet with deceased prophets . However , due to conflict and disputes between Israel and Palestine the site has been less popular amongst Muslims to go to pilgrimage to in recent years . The Ihram ( white robes of pilgrimage ) is meant to show equality of all Muslim pilgrims in the eyes of God , that there is no difference between a prince and a pauper . Ihram is also symbolic for holy virtue and pardon from all past sins . Shi'ism ( edit ) Main articles : Arba'een , Ashura , and Imam Reza Al - Arba'een ( Arabic : الأربعين , `` The Forty '' ) , Chehelom ( Persian : چهلم , Urdu : چہلم , `` the fortieth ( day ) '' ) or Qirkhi , Imamin Qirkhi ( Azerbaijani : İmamın qırxı , امامین قیرخی , `` the fortieth of Imam '' ) is a Shia Muslim religious observance that occurs forty days after the Day of Ashura . It commemorates the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali , the grandson of Muhammad , which falls on the 20th or 21st day of the month of Safar . Imam Husayn ibn Ali and 72 companions were killed by Yazid I 's army in the Battle of Karbala in 61 AH ( 680 CE ) . Arba'een or forty days is also the usual length of mourning after the death of a family member or loved one in many Muslim traditions . Arba'een is one of the largest pilgrimage gatherings on Earth , in which up to 31 million people go to the city of Karbala in Iraq . The second largest holy city in the world , Mashhad attracts more than 20 million tourists and pilgrims every year , many of whom come to pay homage to Imam Reza ( the eighth Shi'ite Imam ) . It has been a magnet for travelers since medieval times . Judaism ( edit ) Jews at the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem during the Ottoman period , 1867 See also : Temple in Jerusalem , Jerusalem in Judaism , and Three Pilgrimage Festivals While Solomon 's Temple stood , Jerusalem was the centre of the Jewish religious life and the site of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals of Passover , Shavuot and Sukkot , and all adult men who were able were required to visit and offer sacrifices ( korbanot ) at the Temple . After the destruction of the Temple , the obligation to visit Jerusalem and to make sacrifices no longer applied . The obligation was restored with the rebuilding of the Temple , but following its destruction in 70 CE , the obligation to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and offer sacrifices again went into abeyance . The western retaining wall of the Temple Mount , known as the Western Wall or `` Wailing '' Wall , is the remaining part of Second Jewish Temple in the Old City of Jerusalem is the most sacred and visited site for Jews . Pilgrimage to this area was off - limits to Jews from 1948 to 1967 , when East Jerusalem was under Jordanian control . There are numerous lesser Jewish pilgrimage destinations , mainly tombs of tzadikim , throughout the Land of Israel and all over the world , including : Hebron ; Bethlehem ; Mt . Meron ; Netivot ; Uman , Ukraine ; Silistra , Bulgaria ; Damanhur , Egypt ; and many others . Sikhism ( edit ) The Harmandir Sahib ( the Golden Temple ) in Amritsar The Sikh religion does not place great importance on pilgrimage . Guru Nanak Dev was asked `` Should I go and bathe at pilgrimage places ? '' and replied : `` God 's name is the real pilgrimage place which consists of contemplation of the word of God , and the cultivation of inner knowledge . '' Eventually , however , Amritsar and Harmandir Saheb ( the Golden Temple ) became the spiritual and cultural centre of the Sikh faith , and if a Sikh goes on pilgrimage it is usually to this place . The Panj Takht ( Punjabi : ਪੰਜ ਤਖ਼ਤ ) are the five revered gurdwaras in India that are considered the thrones or seats of authority of Sikhism and are traditionally considered a pilgrimage . Zoroastrianism ( edit ) The Yazd Atash Behram in Iran is a Atash Bahram , the highest grade of fire temple in Zoroastrianism In Iran , there are pilgrimage destinations called pirs in several provinces , although the most familiar ones are in the province of Yazd . In addition to the traditional Yazdi shrines , new sites may be in the process of becoming pilgrimage destinations . The ruins are the ruins of ancient fire temples . One such site is the ruin of the Sassanian era Azargoshnasp Fire Temple in Iran 's Azarbaijan Province . Other sites are the ruins of fire temples at Rey , south of the capital Tehran , and the Firouzabad ruins sixty kilometres south of Shiraz in the province of Pars . Atash Behram ( `` Fire of victory '' ) is the highest grade of fire temple in Zoroastrianism . It has 16 different `` kinds of fire '' , that is , fires gathered from 16 different sources . Currently there are 9 Atash Behram , one in Yazd , Iran and the rest in Western India . They have become a pilgrimage destination . In India the cathedral fire temple that houses the Iranshah Atash Behram , located in the small town of Udvada in the west coast province of Gujarat , is a pilgrimage destination . Meher Baba ( edit ) The main pilgrimage sites associated with the spiritual teacher Meher Baba are Meherabad , India , where Baba completed the `` major portion '' of his work and where his tomb is now located , and Meherazad , India , where Baba resided later in his life . See also ( edit ) Burial places of founders of world religions HCPT -- The Pilgrimage Trust Journey of self - discovery Junrei List of shrines List of significant religious sites Monastery Pardon ( ceremony ) Romeria Sacred travel World Youth Day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cleft , Jean Darby ; Cleft , Wallace ( 1996 ) . The Archetype of Pilgrimage : Outer Action With Inner Meaning . The Paulist Press . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 3599 - X . Jump up ^ Metti , Michael Sebastian ( 2011 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Jerusalem -- the most powerful brand in history '' ( PDF ) . Stockholm University School of Business . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Peter ( 2000 ) . `` Pilgrimage '' . A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith . Oxford : eworld Publications . p. 269 . ISBN 1 - 85168 - 184 - 1 . Jump up ^ https://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2010/november/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20101106_cattedrale-compostela.html Jump up ^ Werner , Karel ( 1994 ) . A popular dictionary of Hinduism . Richmond , Surrey : Curzon . ISBN 0700702792 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Thangham , Chris V. ( 2007 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Photo from Space of the Largest Human Gathering in India '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Biswajeet ( 2007 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Millions of Hindus Wash Away Their Sins '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Millions bathe at Hindu festival '' . BBC News . 2007 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Singh , Vikas ( 2017 ) . Uprising of the Fools : Pilgrimage as Moral Protest in Contemporary India . Stanford University Press . Jump up ^ Long , Matthew ( 2011 ) . Islamic Beliefs , Practices , and Cultures . Marshall Cavendish Corporation . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7926 - 0 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Nigosian , S.A. ( 2004 ) . Islam : Its History , Teaching , and Practices . Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 110 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21627 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic Practices '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace & World Affairs . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Mosher , Lucinda ( 2005 ) . Praying : The Rituals of Faith . Church Publishing , Inc. p. 155 . ISBN 9781596270169 . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Enrique ( 2009 ) . Discriminate Or Diversify . PositivePsyche.Biz Corp. p. 279 . ISBN 9780578017341 . Jump up ^ Katz , Andrew ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` As the Hajj Unfolds in Saudi Arabia , A Deep Look Inside the Battle Against MERS '' . Time . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ariffin , Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed ( 2005 ) . Architectural conservation in Islam : case study of the Prophet 's Mosque ( 1st ed . ) . Skudai , Johor Darul Ta'zim , Malaysia : Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia . ISBN 9835203733 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ uberVU -- social comments ( 2010 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Friday : 46 Iraqis , 1 Syrian Killed ; 169 Iraqis Wounded - Antiwar.com '' . Original.antiwar.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Aljazeera . `` alJazeera Magazine -- 41 Martyrs as More than Million People Mark ' Arbaeen ' in Holy Karbala '' . Aljazeera.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Powerful Explosions Kill More Than 40 Shi'ite Pilgrims in Karbala '' ... voanews.com. 2010 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hanun , Abdelamir ( 2010 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Blast in crowd kills 41 Shiite pilgrims in Iraq '' . News.smh.com.au . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sacred Sites : Mashhad , Iran '' . sacredsites.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Western Wall '' . mosaic.lk.net . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ See David M. Gitlitz and Linda Kay Davidson , Pilgrimage and the Jews ( Westport , CT : Praeger , 2006 ) for history and data on several pilgrimages to both Ashkenazi and Sephardic holy sites . Jump up ^ `` Sikhism '' . Archived from the original on 23 November 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Special train to connect all five Takhats , first run on February 16 '' . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Aspandyar Sohrab Gotla ( 2000 ) . `` Guide to Zarthoshtrian historical places in Iran . '' University of Michigan Press . LCCN 2005388611 pg. 164 Jump up ^ Hartman , Sven S. ( 1980 ) . Parsism : The Religions of Zoroaster . BRILL . p. 20 . ISBN 9004062084 . ^ Jump up to : Shelar , Jyoti ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Pilgrimage or mela ? Parsis split on Udvada festival '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Deshmukh , Indumati ( 1961 ) . `` Address in Marathi . '' The Awakener 7 ( 3 ) : 29 ... Further reading ( edit ) al - Naqar , Umar. 1972 . The Pilgrimage Tradition in West Africa . Khartoum : Khartoum University Press . ( includes a map ' African Pilgrimage Routes to Mecca , ca . 1300 -- 1900 ' ) Coleman , Simon and John Elsner ( 1995 ) , Pilgrimage : Past and Present in the World Religions . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Coleman , Simon & John Eade ( eds ) ( 2005 ) , Reframing Pilgrimage . Cultures in Motion . London : Routledge . Davidson , Linda Kay and David M. Gitlitz ( 2002 ) , Pilgrimage : From the Ganges to Graceland : An Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , Ca. : ABC - CLIO . Gitlitz , David M. and Linda Kay Davidson ( 2006 ) . Pilgrimage and the Jews . Westport , CT : Praeger . Jackowski , Antoni. 1998 . Pielgrzymowanie ( Pilgrimage ) . Wroclaw : Wydawnictwo Dolnoslaskie . Kerschbaum & Gattinger , Via Francigena -- DVD -- Documentation , of a modern pilgrimage to Rome , ISBN 3 - 200 - 00500 - 9 , Verlag EUROVIA , Vienna 2005 Margry , Peter Jan ( ed . ) ( 2008 ) , Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World . New Itineraries into the Sacred . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . Sumption , Jonathan . 2002 . Pilgrimage : An Image of Mediaeval Religion . London : Faber and Faber Ltd . Wolfe , Michael ( ed . ) . 1997 . One Thousands Roads to Mecca . New York : Grove Press . Zarnecki , George ( 1985 ) , The Monastic World : The Contributions of The Orders . pp. 36 -- 66 , in Evans , Joan ( ed . ) . 1985 . The Flowering of the Middle Ages . London : Thames and Hudson Ltd . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Pilgrimage Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Media related to Pilgrimage at Wikimedia Commons GND : 4064460 - 1 NDL : 00575121 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilgrimage&oldid=825414629 '' Categories : Pilgrimages Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text Articles containing Azerbaijani - language text Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 07 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Pilgrimage
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-2,307,308,862,695,220,000 | who won the most medals in the commonwealth games | All - time Commonwealth Games medal table - wikipedia All - time Commonwealth Games medal table Commonwealth Games Main topics Commonwealth Games Federation Commonwealth of Nations Head of the Commonwealth Participating nations Commonwealth Day Inter-Empire Championships Queen 's Baton Relay Medal table Records Games Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Paraplegic Games Commonwealth Winter Games Commonwealth Youth Games This page shows the all - time medal table for the Commonwealth Games . The table is updated as of 15 April 2018 , the day the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast ended . These rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country . The number of silvers is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze . If , after the above , countries are still tied , equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically . This follows the system used by the IOC , IAAF and BBC . The source for this data are the tallies listed at the Commonwealth Games Federation 's website . Contents 1 Medal table 2 Nations and Territories without medals 2.1 Current Commonwealth Members 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References Medal table ( edit ) Nations in italics no longer participate at the Commonwealth Games . Rank Nation Games Gold Silver Bronze Total Australia ( AUS ) 21 932 775 709 2415 England ( ENG ) 21 714 715 715 2144 Canada ( CAN ) 21 484 516 555 1555 India ( IND ) 15 181 175 148 504 5 New Zealand ( NZL ) 21 159 220 278 657 6 South Africa ( RSA ) 13 130 123 136 389 7 Scotland ( SCO ) 21 119 132 200 451 8 Kenya ( KEN ) 16 85 75 77 237 9 Nigeria ( NGR ) 14 70 75 91 236 10 Wales ( WAL ) 21 67 98 141 306 11 Malaysia ( MAS ) 12 59 65 81 205 12 Jamaica ( JAM ) 17 59 47 55 161 13 Singapore ( SIN ) 16 36 27 32 95 14 Northern Ireland ( NIR ) 20 30 39 55 124 15 Pakistan ( PAK ) 13 25 24 26 75 16 Cyprus ( CYP ) 10 23 13 17 53 17 Uganda ( UGA ) 15 16 16 23 55 18 Ghana ( GHA ) 16 15 18 25 58 19 Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) 18 10 21 25 56 20 Bahamas ( BAH ) 15 10 13 13 36 21 Cameroon ( CMR ) 6 10 11 16 37 22 Nauru ( NRU ) 8 10 11 9 30 23 Zimbabwe ( ZIM ) 10 6 9 14 29 24 Tanzania ( TAN ) 12 6 6 9 21 25 Samoa ( SAM ) 12 5 8 11 24 26 Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) 14 5 7 14 27 Botswana ( BOT ) 11 5 5 7 17 28 Namibia ( NAM ) 7 5 11 20 29 Hong Kong ( HKG_CGF ) 10 5 10 17 30 Zambia ( ZAM ) 14 12 23 39 31 Sri Lanka ( SRI ) 16 8 8 20 32 Guyana ( GUY ) 18 6 6 16 33 Fiji ( FIJ ) 16 5 10 19 34 Isle of Man ( IOM ) 16 6 12 35 Bangladesh ( BAN ) 9 8 36 Barbados ( BAR ) 16 7 12 37 Malaya ( MAL ) 7 38 Bermuda ( BER ) 18 6 Mozambique ( MOZ ) 6 6 40 Grenada ( GRN ) 10 5 41 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( SVG ) 12 0 42 Mauritius ( MRI ) 15 6 6 13 43 Guernsey ( GUE ) 13 6 44 Lesotho ( LES ) 11 45 Jersey ( JER ) 16 0 Saint Lucia ( LCA ) 11 0 47 Cayman Islands ( CAY ) 11 0 48 British Virgin Islands ( IVB ) 8 0 0 Kiribati ( KIR ) 6 0 0 Saint Kitts and Nevis ( SKN ) 9 0 0 51 Seychelles ( SEY ) 8 0 7 52 Rhodesia and Nyasaland ( FRN ) 0 5 7 53 Malta ( MLT ) 13 0 5 6 54 Swaziland ( SWZ ) 13 0 55 Dominica ( DMA ) 10 0 56 Ireland ( IRE ) 0 0 57 Malawi ( MAW ) 13 0 0 Tonga ( TON ) 10 0 0 59 Norfolk Island ( NFI ) 9 0 0 Vanuatu ( VAN ) 10 0 0 61 Cook Islands ( COK ) 11 0 0 Solomon Islands ( SOL ) 9 0 0 The Gambia ( GAM ) 11 0 0 Nations and territories without medals ( edit ) Current Commonwealth members ( edit ) As of the end of the 2018 Commonwealth Games . Nations and territories No Games Anguilla ( AIA ) * 6 Antigua and Barbuda ( ANT ) * 10 Belize ( BIZ ) 10 Brunei ( BRU ) 8 Falkland Islands ( FAI ) 10 Gibraltar ( GIB ) 16 Montserrat ( MNT ) 7 Niue ( NIU ) 5 Rwanda ( RWA ) * Saint Helena ( SHN ) 7 Sierra Leone ( SLE ) 12 Turks and Caicos Islands ( TCI ) * 7 Tuvalu ( TUV ) 5 * Won at least one medal at a Commonwealth Youth Games . Former Commonwealth Members Nations and Territories'Bold text ' No Games Federation of South Arabia ( FSA ) Maldives ( MDV ) 8 Newfoundland ( NEW ) British North Borneo ( BNB ) Sarawak ( SAR ) Irish Free State ( IFS ) Tanganyika ( TAG ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Totals for Ghana include all medals won as Gold Coast ( GCO ) Jump up ^ Totals for Zimbabwe include all medals won as Southern Rhodesia ( SRH ) Jump up ^ Totals for Zambia include all medals won as Northern Rhodesia ( NRH ) Jump up ^ Totals for Sri Lanka include all medals won as Ceylon ( CEY ) Jump up ^ Totals for Guyana include all medals won as British Guiana ( BGU ) Jump up ^ Total for the Federation of South Arabia includes appearance as Aden ( ADN ) See also ( edit ) Commonwealth Games portal All - time Olympic Games medal table References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Country Index Commonwealth Games Federation . Retrieved 14 October 2010 Commonwealth Games official website The Commonwealth Games : The History of all the Sports , Bob Phillips 2002 , Parrs Wood Press Manchester . <Th_colspan="2"> Commonwealth Games medal tables <Td_colspan="2"> 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 <Th_colspan="3"> Commonwealth Games <Td_colspan="3"> Commonwealth Games Federation Participating Nations Commonwealth Day Inter-Empire Championships Queen 's Baton Relay Medal Table Sports Records Games 1930 Hamilton 1934 London 1938 Sydney 1950 Auckland 1954 Vancouver 1958 Cardiff 1962 Perth 1966 Kingston 1970 Edinburgh 1974 Christchurch 1978 Edmonton 1982 Brisbane 1986 Edinburgh 1990 Auckland 1994 Victoria 1998 Kuala Lumpur 2002 Manchester 2006 Melbourne 2010 Delhi 2014 Glasgow 2018 Gold Coast 2022 Birmingham 2026 TBA <Td_colspan="3"> Commonwealth Youth Games Commonwealth Winter Games Commonwealth Paraplegic Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All-time_Commonwealth_Games_medal_table&oldid=852902849 '' Categories : Commonwealth Games medal tables Medal tables at multi-sport events Commonwealth Games - related lists Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 03 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Commonwealth Games medal table
2. All-time medal rankings
3. Participating nations
4. Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games
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-7,845,979,056,795,465,000 | if the expected allele frequencies are equal what are the expected genotype frequencies | Genotype frequency - wikipedia Genotype frequency Jump to : navigation , search Genetic variation in populations can be analyzed and quantified by the frequency of alleles . Two fundamental calculations are central to population genetics : allele frequencies and genotype frequencies . Genotype frequency in a population is the number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population . In population genetics , the genotype frequency is the frequency or proportion ( i.e. , 0 < f < 1 ) of genotypes in a population . Although allele and genotype frequencies are related , it is important to clearly distinguish them . Genotype frequency may also be used in the future ( for `` genomic profiling '' ) to predict someone 's having a disease or even a birth defect . It can also be used to determine ethnic diversity . Numerical example ( edit ) As an example , let 's consider a population of 100 four - o - ' clock plants ( Mirabilis jalapa ) with the following genotypes : 49 red - flowered plants with the genotype AA 42 pink - flowered plants with genotype Aa 9 white - flowered plants with genotype aa When calculating an allele frequency for a diploid species , remember that homozygous individuals have two copies of an allele , whereas heterozygotes have only one . In our example , each of the 42 pink - flowered heterozygotes has one copy of the a allele , and each of the 9 white - flowered homozygotes has two copies . Therefore , the allele frequency for a ( the white color allele ) equals f ( a ) = ( A a ) + 2 × ( a a ) 2 × ( A A ) + 2 × ( A a ) + 2 × ( a a ) = 42 + 2 × 9 2 × 49 + 2 × 42 + 2 × 9 = 60 200 = 0.3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) f ( ( a ) ) & = ( ( Aa ) + 2 \ times ( aa ) \ over 2 \ times ( AA ) + 2 \ times ( Aa ) + 2 \ times ( aa ) ) = ( 42 + 2 \ times 9 \ over 2 \ times 49 + 2 \ times 42 + 2 \ times 9 ) = ( 60 \ over 200 ) = 0.3 \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) This result tells us that the allele frequency of a is 0.3 . In other words , 30 % of the alleles for this gene in the population are the a allele . Compare genotype frequency : let 's now calculate the genotype frequency of aa homozygotes ( white - flowered plants ) . f ( a a ) = 9 49 + 42 + 9 = 9 100 = 0.09 = ( 9 % ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) f ( ( aa ) ) & = ( 9 \ over 49 + 42 + 9 ) = ( 9 \ over 100 ) = 0.09 = ( 9 \ % ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Allele and genotype frequencies always sum to less than or equal to one ( in other words , less than or equal to 100 % ) . The Hardy -- Weinberg law describes the relationship between allele and genotype frequencies when a population is not evolving . Let 's examine the Hardy -- Weinberg equation using the population of four - o'clock plants that we considered above : if the allele A frequency is denoted by the symbol p and the allele a frequency denoted by q , then p + q = 1 . For example , if p = 0.7 , then q must be 0.3 . In other words , if the allele frequency of A equals 70 % , the remaining 30 % of the alleles must be a , because together they equal 100 % . For a gene that exists in two alleles , the Hardy -- Weinberg equation states that ( p ) + ( 2pq ) + ( q ) = 1 If we apply this equation to our flower color gene , then f ( A A ) = p 2 ( \ displaystyle f ( \ mathbf ( AA ) ) = p ^ ( 2 ) ) ( genotype frequency of homozygotes ) f ( A a ) = 2 p q ( \ displaystyle f ( \ mathbf ( Aa ) ) = 2pq ) ( genotype frequency of heterozygotes ) f ( a a ) = q 2 ( \ displaystyle f ( \ mathbf ( aa ) ) = q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( genotype frequency of homozygotes ) If p = 0.7 and q = 0.3 , then f ( A A ) = p 2 ( \ displaystyle f ( \ mathbf ( AA ) ) = p ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( 0.7 ) = 0.49 f ( A a ) = 2 p q ( \ displaystyle f ( \ mathbf ( Aa ) ) = 2pq ) = 2 × ( 0.7 ) × ( 0.3 ) = 0.42 f ( a a ) = q 2 ( \ displaystyle f ( \ mathbf ( aa ) ) = q ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( 0.3 ) = 0.09 This result tells us that , if the allele frequency of A is 70 % and the allele frequency of a is 30 % , the expected genotype frequency of AA is 49 % , Aa is 42 % , and aa is 9 % . A de Finetti diagram . The curved line is the expected Hardy -- Weinberg frequency as a function of p . Genotype frequencies may be represented by a De Finetti diagram . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brooker R , Widmaier E , Graham L , and Stiling P. Biology ( 2011 ) : p. 492 Jump up ^ Brooker R , Widmaier E , Graham L , and Stiling P. Biology ( 2011 ) : p . G - 14 Jump up ^ Janssens ; et al. `` Genomic profiling : the critical importance of genotype frequency '' . PHG Foundation . Jump up ^ Shields ; et al. `` Neural Tube Defects : an Evaluation of Genetic Risk '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Brooker R , Widmaier E , Graham L , and Stiling P. Biology ( 2011 ) : p. 492 Jump up ^ Brooker R , Widmaier E , Graham L , and Stiling P. Biology ( 2011 ) : p. 493 Notes ( edit ) Brooker R , Widmaier E , Graham L , Stiling P ( 2011 ) . Biology ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 353221 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genotype_frequency&oldid=798162871 '' Categories : Population genetics Talk About Wikipedia Català Español Italiano Magyar 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 10 : 06 . About Wikipedia | 1. Genetic variation in populations
2. Allele frequencies
3. Genotype frequencies
4. Hardy-Weinberg equation
5. De Finetti diagram |
-5,104,176,054,578,867,000 | what is the approximate value of x where log10(x) = 9.1 | Logarithm - wikipedia Logarithm Plots of logarithm functions of three commonly used bases . The special points log b = 1 are indicated by dotted lines , and log 1 = 0 is where the curves intersect . In mathematics , the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation . That means the logarithm of a given number x is the exponent to which another fixed number , the base x , must be raised , to produce that number x . In the simplest case the logarithm counts repeated multiplication of the same factor ; e.g. , since 1000 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 10 , the `` logarithm to base 10 '' of 1000 is 3 . The logarithm of x to base b is denoted as log ( x ) ( or , without parentheses , as log x , or even without explicit base as log x , when no confusion is possible ) . More generally , exponentiation allows any positive real number to be raised to any real power , always producing a positive result , so the logarithm for any two positive real numbers b and x where b is not equal to 1 , is always a unique real number y . More explicitly , the defining relation between exponentiation and logarithm is : log b ( x ) = y ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( b ) ( x ) = y \ quad ) exactly if b y = x . ( \ displaystyle \ quad b ^ ( y ) = x . ) For example , log 64 = 6 , as 64 = 2 . The logarithm to base 10 ( that is b = 10 ) is called the common logarithm and has many applications in science and engineering . The natural logarithm has the number e ( that is b ≈ 2.718 ) as its base ; its use is widespread in mathematics and physics , because of its simpler derivative . The binary logarithm uses base 2 ( that is b = 2 ) and is commonly used in computer science . Logarithms were introduced by John Napier in the early 17th century as a means to simplify calculations . They were rapidly adopted by navigators , scientists , engineers , and others to perform computations more easily , using slide rules and logarithm tables . Tedious multi-digit multiplication steps can be replaced by table look - ups and simpler addition because of the fact -- important in its own right -- that the logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the factors : log b ( x y ) = log b x + log b y , ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( b ) ( xy ) = \ log _ ( b ) x+ \ log _ ( b ) y , \ , ) provided that b , x and y are all positive and b ≠ 1 . The present - day notion of logarithms comes from Leonhard Euler , who connected them to the exponential function in the 18th century . Logarithmic scales reduce wide - ranging quantities to tiny scopes . For example , the decibel ( dB ) is a unit used to express log - ratios , mostly for signal power and amplitude ( of which sound pressure is a common example ) . In chemistry , pH is a logarithmic measure for the acidity of an aqueous solution . Logarithms are commonplace in scientific formulae , and in measurements of the complexity of algorithms and of geometric objects called fractals . They help describing frequency ratios of musical intervals , appear in formulas counting prime numbers or approximating factorials , inform some models in psychophysics , and can aid in forensic accounting . In the same way as the logarithm reverses exponentiation , the complex logarithm is the inverse function of the exponential function applied to complex numbers . The discrete logarithm is another variant ; it has uses in public - key cryptography . Contents ( hide ) 1 Motivation and definition 1.1 Exponentiation 1.2 Definition 1.3 Examples 2 Logarithmic identities 2.1 Product , quotient , power , and root 2.2 Change of base 3 Particular bases 4 History 5 Logarithm tables , slide rules , and historical applications 6 Analytic properties 6.1 Logarithmic function 6.2 Inverse function 6.3 Derivative and antiderivative 6.4 Integral representation of the natural logarithm 6.5 Transcendence of the logarithm 7 Calculation 7.1 Power series 7.2 Arithmetic -- geometric mean approximation 7.3 Feynman 's algorithm 8 Applications 8.1 Logarithmic scale 8.2 Psychology 8.3 Probability theory and statistics 8.4 Computational complexity 8.5 Entropy and chaos 8.6 Fractals 8.7 Music 8.8 Number theory 9 Generalizations 9.1 Complex logarithm 9.2 Inverses of other exponential functions 9.3 Related concepts 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Motivation and definition ( edit ) Addition , multiplication , and exponentiation are three fundamental arithmetic operations . Addition , the simplest of these , can be undone by subtraction : adding , say , 2 to 3 gives 5 . The process of adding 2 can be undone by subtracting 2 : 5 − 2 = 3 . Multiplication , the next - simplest operation , can be undone by division : doubling a number x , i.e. , multiplying x by 2 , the result is 2x . To get back x , it is necessary to divide by 2 . For example 2 ⋅ 3 = 6 ( \ displaystyle 2 \ cdot 3 = 6 ) and the process of multiplying by 2 is undone by dividing by 2 : 6 / 2 = 3 ( \ displaystyle 6 / 2 = 3 ) . The idea and purpose of logarithms is also to undo a fundamental arithmetic operation , namely raising a number to a certain power , an operation also known as exponentiation . For example , raising 2 to the third power of 2 yields 8 , because 8 is the product of three factors of 2 : 2 3 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( 3 ) = 2 \ times 2 \ times 2 = 8 ) The logarithm ( with respect to base 2 ) of 8 is 3 , reflecting the fact that 2 was raised to the third power to get 8 . Exponentiation ( edit ) This subsection contains a short overview of the exponentiation operation , which is fundamental to understand logarithms . Raising b to the n - th power , where n is a natural number , is done by multiplying n factors equal to b . The n - th power of b is written b , so that b n = b × b × ⋯ × b ⏟ n factors ( \ displaystyle b ^ ( n ) = \ underbrace ( b \ times b \ times \ cdots \ times b ) _ ( n ( \ text ( factors ) ) ) ) Exponentiation may be extended to b , where b is a positive number and the exponent y is any real number . For example , b is the reciprocal of b , that is , 1 / b . Raising b to the power 1 / 2 is the square root of b . More generally , raising b to a rational power p / q , where p and q are integers , is given by b p / q = b p q , ( \ displaystyle b ^ ( p / q ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( q ) ) ( b ^ ( p ) ) ) , ) the q - th root of b . Finally , any irrational number ( a real number which is not rational ) y can be approximated to arbitrary precision by rational numbers . This can be used to compute the y - th power of b : for example 2 ≈ 1.414 ... ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ approx 1.414 ... ) and b 2 ( \ displaystyle b ^ ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) is increasingly well approximated by b 1 , b 1.4 , b 1.41 , b 1.414 , ... ( \ displaystyle b ^ ( 1 ) , b ^ ( 1.4 ) , b ^ ( 1.41 ) , b ^ ( 1.414 ) , ... ) . A more detailed explanation , as well as the formula b = b b is contained in the article on exponentiation . Definition ( edit ) The logarithm of a positive real number x with respect to base b is the exponent by which b must be raised to yield x . In other words , the logarithm of x to base b is the solution y to the equation b y = x . ( \ displaystyle b ^ ( y ) = x . ) The logarithm is denoted `` log x '' ( pronounced as `` the logarithm of x to base b '' or `` the base - b logarithm of x '' or ( most commonly ) `` the log , base b , of x '' ) . In the equation y = log x , the value y is the answer to the question `` To what power must b be raised , in order to yield x ? '' . Examples ( edit ) log 16 = 4 , since 2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16 . Logarithms can also be negative : log 2 1 2 = − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ quad \ log _ ( 2 ) \ ! ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) = - 1 \ quad ) since 2 − 1 = 1 2 1 = 1 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ quad 2 ^ ( - 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) . ) log 150 is approximately 2.176 , which lies between 2 and 3 , just as 150 lies between 10 = 100 and 10 = 1000 . For any base b , log b = 1 and log 1 = 0 , since b = b and b = 1 , respectively . Logarithmic identities ( edit ) Main article : List of logarithmic identities Several important formulas , sometimes called logarithmic identities or logarithmic laws , relate logarithms to one another . Product , quotient , power , and root ( edit ) The logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the numbers being multiplied ; the logarithm of the ratio of two numbers is the difference of the logarithms . The logarithm of the p - th power of a number is p times the logarithm of the number itself ; the logarithm of a p - th root is the logarithm of the number divided by p . The following table lists these identities with examples . Each of the identities can be derived after substitution of the logarithm definitions x = b log b x ( \ displaystyle x = b ^ ( \ log _ ( b ) x ) ) or y = b log b y ( \ displaystyle y = b ^ ( \ log _ ( b ) y ) ) in the left hand sides . Formula Example Product log b ( x y ) = log b x + log b y ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( b ) ( xy ) = \ log _ ( b ) x+ \ log _ ( b ) y ) log 3 243 = log 3 ( 9 ⋅ 27 ) = log 3 9 + log 3 27 = 2 + 3 = 5 ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( 3 ) 243 = \ log _ ( 3 ) ( 9 \ cdot 27 ) = \ log _ ( 3 ) 9 + \ log _ ( 3 ) 27 = 2 + 3 = 5 ) Quotient log b x y = log b x − log b y ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( b ) \ ! ( \ frac ( x ) ( y ) ) = \ log _ ( b ) x - \ log _ ( b ) y ) log 2 16 = log 2 64 4 = log 2 64 − log 2 4 = 6 − 2 = 4 ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( 2 ) 16 = \ log _ ( 2 ) \ ! ( \ frac ( 64 ) ( 4 ) ) = \ log _ ( 2 ) 64 - \ log _ ( 2 ) 4 = 6 - 2 = 4 ) Power log b ( x p ) = p log b x ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( b ) \ left ( x ^ ( p ) \ right ) = p \ log _ ( b ) x ) log 2 64 = log 2 ( 2 6 ) = 6 log 2 2 = 6 ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( 2 ) 64 = \ log _ ( 2 ) \ left ( 2 ^ ( 6 ) \ right ) = 6 \ log _ ( 2 ) 2 = 6 ) Root log b x p = log b x p ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( b ) ( \ sqrt ( ( p ) ) ( x ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ log _ ( b ) x ) ( p ) ) ) log 10 1000 = 1 2 log 10 1000 = 3 2 = 1.5 ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( 10 ) ( \ sqrt ( 1000 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ log _ ( 10 ) 1000 = ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) = 1.5 ) Change of base ( edit ) The logarithm log x can be computed from the logarithms of x and b with respect to an arbitrary base k using the following formula : log b x = log k x log k b . ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( b ) x = ( \ frac ( \ log _ ( k ) x ) ( \ log _ ( k ) b ) ). \ , ) show Derivation of the conversion factor between logarithms of arbitrary base Starting from the defining identity x = b log b x ( \ displaystyle x = b ^ ( \ log _ ( b ) x ) ) we can apply log to both sides of this equation , to get log k x = log k ( b log b x ) = log b x ⋅ log k b ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( k ) x = \ log _ ( k ) ( b ^ ( \ log _ ( b ) x ) ) = \ log _ ( b ) x \ cdot \ log _ ( k ) b ) . Solving for log b x ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( b ) x ) yields : log b x = log k x log k b ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( b ) x = ( \ frac ( \ log _ ( k ) x ) ( \ log _ ( k ) b ) ) ) , showing the conversion factor from given log k ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( k ) ) - values to their corresponding log b ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( b ) ) - values to be ( log k b ) − 1 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ log _ ( k ) b ) ^ ( - 1 ) . ) Typical scientific calculators calculate the logarithms to bases 10 and e . Logarithms with respect to any base b can be determined using either of these two logarithms by the previous formula : log b x = log 10 x log 10 b = log e x log e b . ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( b ) x = ( \ frac ( \ log _ ( 10 ) x ) ( \ log _ ( 10 ) b ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ log _ ( e ) x ) ( \ log _ ( e ) b ) ). \ , ) Given a number x and its logarithm log x to an unknown base b , the base is given by : b = x 1 log b x , ( \ displaystyle b = x ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ log _ ( b ) x ) ) , ) which can be seen from taking the defining equation x = b log b x ( \ displaystyle x = b ^ ( \ log _ ( b ) x ) ) to the power of 1 log b x . ( \ displaystyle \ ; ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( \ log _ ( b ) x ) ) . ) Particular bases ( edit ) Plots of logarithm for bases 0.5 , 2 , and e The graph of the logarithm to base 2 crosses the x axis ( horizontal axis ) at 1 and passes through the points with coordinates ( 2 , 1 ) , ( 4 , 2 ) , and ( 8 , 3 ) . For example , log ( 8 ) = 3 , because 2 = 8 . The graph gets arbitrarily close to the y axis , but does not meet or intersect it . Among all choices for the base , three are particularly common . These are b = 10 , b = e ( the irrational mathematical constant ≈ 2.71828 ) , and b = 2 ( the binary logarithm ) . In mathematical analysis , the logarithm to base e is widespread because of its particular analytical properties explained below . On the other hand , base - 10 logarithms are easy to use for manual calculations in the decimal number system : log 10 ( 10 x ) = log 10 10 + log 10 x = 1 + log 10 x . ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( 10 ) ( 10x ) = \ log _ ( 10 ) 10 + \ log _ ( 10 ) x = 1 + \ log _ ( 10 ) x. \ ) Thus , log x is related to the number of decimal digits of a positive integer x : the number of digits is the smallest integer strictly bigger than log x . For example , log 1430 is approximately 3.15 . The next integer is 4 , which is the number of digits of 1430 . Both the natural logarithm and the logarithm to base two are used in information theory , corresponding to the use of nats or bits as the fundamental units of information , respectively . Binary logarithms are also used in computer science , where the binary system is ubiquitous , in music theory , where a pitch ratio of two ( the octave ) is ubiquitous and the cent is the binary logarithm ( scaled by 1200 ) of the ratio between two adjacent equally - tempered pitches , and in photography to measure exposure values . The following table lists common notations for logarithms to these bases and the fields where they are used . Many disciplines write logx instead of log x , when the intended base can be determined from the context . The notation logx also occurs . The `` ISO notation '' column lists designations suggested by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO 31 - 11 ) . Because the notation log x has been used for all three bases ( or when the base is indeterminate or immaterial ) , the intended base must often be inferred based on context or discipline . In computer science and mathematics , log usually refers to log and log , respectively . In other contexts log often means log . Base b Name for log x ISO notation Other notations Used in binary logarithm lb x ld x , log x , lg x , log x computer science , information theory , music theory , photography natural logarithm ln x log x ( in mathematics and many programming languages ) mathematics , physics , chemistry , statistics , economics , information theory , and engineering 10 common logarithm lg x log x , log x ( in engineering , biology , astronomy ) various engineering fields ( see decibel and see below ) , logarithm tables , handheld calculators , spectroscopy History ( edit ) Main article : History of logarithms The history of logarithm in seventeenth century Europe is the discovery of a new function that extended the realm of analysis beyond the scope of algebraic methods . The method of logarithms was publicly propounded by John Napier in 1614 , in a book titled Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio ( Description of the Wonderful Rule of Logarithms ) . Prior to Napier 's invention , there had been other techniques of similar scopes , such as the prosthaphaeresis or the use of tables of progressions , extensively developed by Jost Bürgi around 1600 . The common logarithm of a number is the index of that power of ten which equals the number . Speaking of a number as requiring so many figures is a rough allusion to common logarithm , and was referred to by Archimedes as the `` order of a number '' . The first real logarithms were heuristic methods to turn multiplication into addition , thus facilitating rapid computation . Some of these methods used tables derived from trigonometric identities . Such methods are called prosthaphaeresis . Invention of the function now known as natural logarithm began as an attempt to perform a quadrature of a rectangular hyperbola by Grégoire de Saint - Vincent , a Belgian Jesuit residing in Prague . Archimedes had written The Quadrature of the Parabola in the third century BC , but a quadrature for the hyperbola eluded all efforts until Saint - Vincent published his results in 1647 . The relation that the logarithm provides between a geometric progression in its argument and an arithmetic progression of values , prompted A.A. de Sarasa to make the connection of Saint - Vincent 's quadrature and the tradition of logarithms in prosthaphaeresis , leading to the term `` hyperbolic logarithm '' , a synonym for natural logarithm . Soon the new function was appreciated by Christiaan Huygens , Patavii , and James Gregory . The notation Log y was adopted by Leibniz in 1675 , and the next year he connected it to the integral ∫ d y y . ( \ displaystyle \ int ( \ frac ( dy ) ( y ) ) . ) Logarithm tables , slide rules , and historical applications ( edit ) The 1797 Encyclopædia Britannica explanation of logarithms By simplifying difficult calculations , logarithms contributed to the advance of science , especially astronomy . They were critical to advances in surveying , celestial navigation , and other domains . Pierre - Simon Laplace called logarithms `` ... ( a ) n admirable artifice which , by reducing to a few days the labour of many months , doubles the life of the astronomer , and spares him the errors and disgust inseparable from long calculations . '' A key tool that enabled the practical use of logarithms before calculators and computers was the table of logarithms . The first such table was compiled by Henry Briggs in 1617 , immediately after Napier 's invention . Subsequently , tables with increasing scope were written . These tables listed the values of log x and b for any number x in a certain range , at a certain precision , for a certain base b ( usually b = 10 ) . For example , Briggs ' first table contained the common logarithms of all integers in the range 1 -- 1000 , with a precision of 14 digits . As the function f ( x ) = b is the inverse function of log x , it has been called the antilogarithm . The product and quotient of two positive numbers c and d were routinely calculated as the sum and difference of their logarithms . The product cd or quotient c / d came from looking up the antilogarithm of the sum or difference , also via the same table : c d = b log b c b log b d = b log b c + log b d ( \ displaystyle cd = b ^ ( \ log _ ( b ) c ) \ , b ^ ( \ log _ ( b ) d ) = b ^ ( \ log _ ( b ) c+ \ log _ ( b ) d ) \ , ) and c d = c d − 1 = b log b c − log b d . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( c ) ( d ) ) = cd ^ ( - 1 ) = b ^ ( \ log _ ( b ) c - \ log _ ( b ) d ). \ , ) For manual calculations that demand any appreciable precision , performing the lookups of the two logarithms , calculating their sum or difference , and looking up the antilogarithm is much faster than performing the multiplication by earlier methods such as prosthaphaeresis , which relies on trigonometric identities . Calculations of powers and roots are reduced to multiplications or divisions and look - ups by c d = ( b log b c ) d = b d log b c ( \ displaystyle c ^ ( d ) = \ left ( b ^ ( \ log _ ( b ) c ) \ right ) ^ ( d ) = b ^ ( d \ log _ ( b ) c ) \ , ) and c d = c 1 d = b 1 d log b c . ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( ( d ) ) ( c ) ) = c ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( d ) ) = b ^ ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( d ) ) \ log _ ( b ) c ). \ , ) Many logarithm tables give logarithms by separately providing the characteristic and mantissa of x , that is to say , the integer part and the fractional part of log x . The characteristic of 10 x is one plus the characteristic of x , and their significands are the same . This extends the scope of logarithm tables : given a table listing log x for all integers x ranging from 1 to 1000 , the logarithm of 3542 is approximated by log 10 3542 = log 10 ( 10 ⋅ 354.2 ) = 1 + log 10 354.2 ≈ 1 + log 10 354 . ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( 10 ) 3542 = \ log _ ( 10 ) ( 10 \ cdot 354.2 ) = 1 + \ log _ ( 10 ) 354.2 \ approx 1 + \ log _ ( 10 ) 354. \ , ) Greater accuracy can be obtained by interpolation . Another critical application was the slide rule , a pair of logarithmically divided scales used for calculation , as illustrated here : Schematic depiction of a slide rule . Starting from 2 on the lower scale , add the distance to 3 on the upper scale to reach the product 6 . The slide rule works because it is marked such that the distance from 1 to x is proportional to the logarithm of x . The non-sliding logarithmic scale , Gunter 's rule , was invented shortly after Napier 's invention . William Oughtred enhanced it to create the slide rule -- a pair of logarithmic scales movable with respect to each other . Numbers are placed on sliding scales at distances proportional to the differences between their logarithms . Sliding the upper scale appropriately amounts to mechanically adding logarithms . For example , adding the distance from 1 to 2 on the lower scale to the distance from 1 to 3 on the upper scale yields a product of 6 , which is read off at the lower part . The slide rule was an essential calculating tool for engineers and scientists until the 1970s , because it allows , at the expense of precision , much faster computation than techniques based on tables . Analytic properties ( edit ) A deeper study of logarithms requires the concept of a function . A function is a rule that , given one number , produces another number . An example is the function producing the x-th power of b from any real number x , where the base b is a fixed number . This function is written : f ( x ) = b x . ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = b ^ ( x ). \ , ) Logarithmic function ( edit ) To justify the definition of logarithms , it is necessary to show that the equation b x = y ( \ displaystyle b ^ ( x ) = y \ , ) has a solution x and that this solution is unique , provided that y is positive and that b is positive and unequal to 1 . A proof of that fact requires the intermediate value theorem from elementary calculus . This theorem states that a continuous function that produces two values m and n also produces any value that lies between m and n . A function is continuous if it does not `` jump '' , that is , if its graph can be drawn without lifting the pen . This property can be shown to hold for the function f ( x ) = b . Because f takes arbitrarily large and arbitrarily small positive values , any number y > 0 lies between f ( x ) and f ( x ) for suitable x and x . Hence , the intermediate value theorem ensures that the equation f ( x ) = y has a solution . Moreover , there is only one solution to this equation , because the function f is strictly increasing ( for b > 1 ) , or strictly decreasing ( for 0 < b < 1 ) . The unique solution x is the logarithm of y to base b , log y . The function that assigns to y its logarithm is called logarithm function or logarithmic function ( or just logarithm ) . The function log x is essentially characterized by the above product formula log b ( x y ) = log b x + log b y . ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( b ) ( xy ) = \ log _ ( b ) x+ \ log _ ( b ) y . ) More precisely , the logarithm to any base b > 1 is the only increasing function f from the positive reals to the reals satisfying f ( b ) = 1 and f ( x y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) . ( \ displaystyle f ( xy ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) . ) Inverse function ( edit ) The graph of the logarithm function log ( x ) ( blue ) is obtained by reflecting the graph of the function b ( red ) at the diagonal line ( x = y ) . The formula for the logarithm of a power says in particular that for any number x , log b ( b x ) = x log b b = x . ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( b ) \ left ( b ^ ( x ) \ right ) = x \ log _ ( b ) b = x . ) In prose , taking the x-th power of b and then the base - b logarithm gives back x . Conversely , given a positive number y , the formula b log b y = y ( \ displaystyle b ^ ( \ log _ ( b ) y ) = y ) says that first taking the logarithm and then exponentiating gives back y . Thus , the two possible ways of combining ( or composing ) logarithms and exponentiation give back the original number . Therefore , the logarithm to base b is the inverse function of f ( x ) = b . Inverse functions are closely related to the original functions . Their graphs correspond to each other upon exchanging the x - and the y - coordinates ( or upon reflection at the diagonal line x = y ) , as shown at the right : a point ( t , u = b ) on the graph of f yields a point ( u , t = log u ) on the graph of the logarithm and vice versa . As a consequence , log ( x ) diverges to infinity ( gets bigger than any given number ) if x grows to infinity , provided that b is greater than one . In that case , log ( x ) is an increasing function . For b < 1 , log ( x ) tends to minus infinity instead . When x approaches zero , log x goes to minus infinity for b > 1 ( plus infinity for b < 1 , respectively ) . Derivative and antiderivative ( edit ) The graph of the natural logarithm ( green ) and its tangent at x = 1.5 ( black ) Analytic properties of functions pass to their inverses . Thus , as f ( x ) = b is a continuous and differentiable function , so is log y . Roughly , a continuous function is differentiable if its graph has no sharp `` corners '' . Moreover , as the derivative of f ( x ) evaluates to ln ( b ) b by the properties of the exponential function , the chain rule implies that the derivative of log x is given by d d x log b x = 1 x ln b . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ log _ ( b ) x = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x \ ln b ) ) . ) That is , the slope of the tangent touching the graph of the base - b logarithm at the point ( x , log ( x ) ) equals 1 / ( x ln ( b ) ) . The derivative of ln x is 1 / x ; this implies that ln x is the unique antiderivative of 1 / x that has the value 0 for x = 1 . It is this very simple formula that motivated to qualify as `` natural '' the natural logarithm ; this is also one of the main reasons of the importance of the constant e . The derivative with a generalised functional argument f ( x ) is d d x ln f ( x ) = f ′ ( x ) f ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ ln f ( x ) = ( \ frac ( f ' ( x ) ) ( f ( x ) ) ) . ) The quotient at the right hand side is called the logarithmic derivative of f . Computing f ' ( x ) by means of the derivative of ln ( f ( x ) ) is known as logarithmic differentiation . The antiderivative of the natural logarithm ln ( x ) is : ∫ ln ( x ) d x = x ln ( x ) − x + C . ( \ displaystyle \ int \ ln ( x ) \ , dx = x \ ln ( x ) - x + C . ) Related formulas , such as antiderivatives of logarithms to other bases can be derived from this equation using the change of bases . Integral representation of the natural logarithm ( edit ) The natural logarithm of t is the shaded area underneath the graph of the function f ( x ) = 1 / x ( reciprocal of x ) . The natural logarithm of t equals the integral of 1 / x dx from 1 to t : ln ( t ) = ∫ 1 t 1 x d x . ( \ displaystyle \ ln ( t ) = \ int _ ( 1 ) ^ ( t ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) \ , dx . ) In other words , ln ( t ) equals the area between the x axis and the graph of the function 1 / x , ranging from x = 1 to x = t ( figure at the right ) . This is a consequence of the fundamental theorem of calculus and the fact that the derivative of ln ( x ) is 1 / x . The right hand side of this equation can serve as a definition of the natural logarithm . Product and power logarithm formulas can be derived from this definition . For example , the product formula ln ( tu ) = ln ( t ) + ln ( u ) is deduced as : ln ( t u ) = ∫ 1 t u 1 x d x = ( 1 ) ∫ 1 t 1 x d x + ∫ t t u 1 x d x = ( 2 ) ln ( t ) + ∫ 1 u 1 w d w = ln ( t ) + ln ( u ) . ( \ displaystyle \ ln ( tu ) = \ int _ ( 1 ) ^ ( tu ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) \ , dx \ ( \ stackrel ( ( 1 ) ) ( = ) ) \ int _ ( 1 ) ^ ( t ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) \ , dx+ \ int _ ( t ) ^ ( tu ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) \ , dx \ ( \ stackrel ( ( 2 ) ) ( = ) ) \ ln ( t ) + \ int _ ( 1 ) ^ ( u ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( w ) ) \ , dw = \ ln ( t ) + \ ln ( u ) . ) The equality ( 1 ) splits the integral into two parts , while the equality ( 2 ) is a change of variable ( w = x / t ) . In the illustration below , the splitting corresponds to dividing the area into the yellow and blue parts . Rescaling the left hand blue area vertically by the factor t and shrinking it by the same factor horizontally does not change its size . Moving it appropriately , the area fits the graph of the function f ( x ) = 1 / x again . Therefore , the left hand blue area , which is the integral of f ( x ) from t to tu is the same as the integral from 1 to u . This justifies the equality ( 2 ) with a more geometric proof . A visual proof of the product formula of the natural logarithm The power formula ln ( t ) = r ln ( t ) may be derived in a similar way : ln ( t r ) = ∫ 1 t r 1 x d x = ∫ 1 t 1 w r ( r w r − 1 d w ) = r ∫ 1 t 1 w d w = r ln ( t ) . ( \ displaystyle \ ln ( t ^ ( r ) ) = \ int _ ( 1 ) ^ ( t ^ ( r ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) dx = \ int _ ( 1 ) ^ ( t ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( w ^ ( r ) ) ) \ left ( rw ^ ( r - 1 ) \ , dw \ right ) = r \ int _ ( 1 ) ^ ( t ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( w ) ) \ , dw = r \ ln ( t ) . ) The second equality uses a change of variables ( integration by substitution ) , w = x . The sum over the reciprocals of natural numbers , 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + ⋯ + 1 n = ∑ k = 1 n 1 k , ( \ displaystyle 1 + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) + \ cdots + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ) ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k ) ) , ) is called the harmonic series . It is closely tied to the natural logarithm : as n tends to infinity , the difference , ∑ k = 1 n 1 k − ln ( n ) , ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k ) ) - \ ln ( n ) , ) converges ( i.e. , gets arbitrarily close ) to a number known as the Euler -- Mascheroni constant γ = 0.5772 ... This relation aids in analyzing the performance of algorithms such as quicksort . There are also some other integral representations of the logarithm that are useful in some situations : ln ( x ) = − lim ε → 0 ∫ ε ∞ d t t ( e − x t − e − t ) ( \ displaystyle \ ln ( x ) = - \ lim _ ( \ epsilon \ to 0 ) \ int _ ( \ epsilon ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( dt ) ( t ) ) \ left ( e ^ ( - xt ) - e ^ ( - t ) \ right ) ) ln ( x ) = ∫ 0 ∞ d t t ( cos ( t ) − cos ( x t ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ ln ( x ) = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ , ( \ frac ( dt ) ( t ) ) \ , \ left ( \ cos ( t ) - \ cos ( xt ) \ right ) ) The first identity can be verified by showing that it has the same value at x = 1 , and the same derivative . The second identity can be proven by writing 1 t = ∫ 0 ∞ d q e − q t ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( t ) ) = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ , dq \ , e ^ ( - qt ) ) and then inserting the Laplace transform of cos ( xt ) ( and cos ( t ) ) . Transcendence of the logarithm ( edit ) Real numbers that are not algebraic are called transcendental ; for example , π and e are such numbers , but 2 − 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 - ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ) ) is not . Almost all real numbers are transcendental . The logarithm is an example of a transcendental function . The Gelfond -- Schneider theorem asserts that logarithms usually take transcendental , i.e. , `` difficult '' values . Calculation ( edit ) The logarithm keys ( LOG for base - 10 and LN for base - e ) on a typical scientific calculator Logarithms are easy to compute in some cases , such as log ( 1000 ) = 3 . In general , logarithms can be calculated using power series or the arithmetic -- geometric mean , or be retrieved from a precalculated logarithm table that provides a fixed precision . Newton 's method , an iterative method to solve equations approximately , can also be used to calculate the logarithm , because its inverse function , the exponential function , can be computed efficiently . Using look - up tables , CORDIC - like methods can be used to compute logarithms if the only available operations are addition and bit shifts . Moreover , the binary logarithm algorithm calculates lb ( x ) recursively based on repeated squarings of x , taking advantage of the relation log 2 ( x 2 ) = 2 log 2 ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( 2 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) = 2 \ log _ ( 2 ) ( x ). \ , ) Power series ( edit ) Taylor series The Taylor series of ln ( z ) centered at z = 1 . The animation shows the first 10 approximations along with the 99th and 100th . The approximations do not converge beyond a distance of 1 from the center . For any real number z that satisfies 0 < z < 2 , the following formula holds : ln ( z ) = ( z − 1 ) 1 1 − ( z − 1 ) 2 2 + ( z − 1 ) 3 3 − ( z − 1 ) 4 4 + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle \ ln ( z ) = ( \ frac ( ( z - 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) ) ( 1 ) ) - ( \ frac ( ( z - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) + ( \ frac ( ( z - 1 ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 3 ) ) - ( \ frac ( ( z - 1 ) ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 4 ) ) + \ cdots ) This is a shorthand for saying that ln ( z ) can be approximated to a more and more accurate value by the following expressions : ( z − 1 ) ( z − 1 ) − ( z − 1 ) 2 2 ( z − 1 ) − ( z − 1 ) 2 2 + ( z − 1 ) 3 3 ⋮ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( array ) ( lllll ) ( z - 1 ) && \ \ ( z - 1 ) & - & ( \ frac ( ( z - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) & \ \ ( z - 1 ) & - & ( \ frac ( ( z - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) & + & ( \ frac ( ( z - 1 ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 3 ) ) \ \ \ vdots & \ end ( array ) ) ) For example , with z = 1.5 the third approximation yields 0.4167 , which is about 0.011 greater than ln ( 1.5 ) = 0.405465 . This series approximates ln ( z ) with arbitrary precision , provided the number of summands is large enough . In elementary calculus , ln ( z ) is therefore the limit of this series . It is the Taylor series of the natural logarithm at z = 1 . The Taylor series of ln ( z ) provides a particularly useful approximation to ln ( 1 + z ) when z is small , z < 1 , since then ln ( 1 + z ) = z − z 2 2 + z 3 3 ⋯ ≈ z . ( \ displaystyle \ ln ( 1 + z ) = z - ( \ frac ( z ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) + ( \ frac ( z ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 3 ) ) \ cdots \ approx z . ) For example , with z = 0.1 the first - order approximation gives ln ( 1.1 ) ≈ 0.1 , which is less than 5 % off the correct value 0.0953 . More efficient series Another series is based on the area hyperbolic tangent function : ln ( z ) = 2 ⋅ artanh z − 1 z + 1 = 2 ( z − 1 z + 1 + 1 3 ( z − 1 z + 1 ) 3 + 1 5 ( z − 1 z + 1 ) 5 + ⋯ ) , ( \ displaystyle \ ln ( z ) = 2 \ cdot \ operatorname ( artanh ) \ , ( \ frac ( z - 1 ) ( z + 1 ) ) = 2 \ left ( ( \ frac ( z - 1 ) ( z + 1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( z - 1 ) ( z + 1 ) ) \ right ) ) ^ ( 3 ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( z - 1 ) ( z + 1 ) ) \ right ) ) ^ ( 5 ) + \ cdots \ right ) , ) for any real number z > 0 . Using sigma notation , this is also written as ln ( z ) = 2 ∑ n = 0 ∞ 1 2 n + 1 ( z − 1 z + 1 ) 2 n + 1 . ( \ displaystyle \ ln ( z ) = 2 \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2n + 1 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( z - 1 ) ( z + 1 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2n + 1 ) . ) This series can be derived from the above Taylor series . It converges more quickly than the Taylor series , especially if z is close to 1 . For example , for z = 1.5 , the first three terms of the second series approximate ln ( 1.5 ) with an error of about 6994300000000000000 ♠ 3 × 10 . The quick convergence for z close to 1 can be taken advantage of in the following way : given a low - accuracy approximation y ≈ ln ( z ) and putting A = z exp ( y ) , ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( z ) ( \ exp ( y ) ) ) , \ , ) the logarithm of z is : ln ( z ) = y + ln ( A ) . ( \ displaystyle \ ln ( z ) = y+ \ ln ( A ). \ , ) The better the initial approximation y is , the closer A is to 1 , so its logarithm can be calculated efficiently . A can be calculated using the exponential series , which converges quickly provided y is not too large . Calculating the logarithm of larger z can be reduced to smaller values of z by writing z = a 10 , so that ln ( z ) = ln ( a ) + b ln ( 10 ) . A closely related method can be used to compute the logarithm of integers . From the above series , it follows that : ln ( n + 1 ) = ln ( n ) + 2 ∑ k = 0 ∞ 1 2 k + 1 ( 1 2 n + 1 ) 2 k + 1 . ( \ displaystyle \ ln ( n + 1 ) = \ ln ( n ) + 2 \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2k + 1 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2n + 1 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2k + 1 ) . ) If the logarithm of a large integer n is known , then this series yields a fast converging series for log ( n + 1 ) . Arithmetic -- geometric mean approximation ( edit ) The arithmetic -- geometric mean yields high precision approximations of the natural logarithm . Sasaki and Kanada showed in 1982 that it was particularly fast for precisions between 400 and 1000 decimal places , while Taylor series methods were typically faster when less precision was needed . In their work ln ( x ) is approximated to a precision of 2 ( or p precise bits ) by the following formula ( due to Carl Friedrich Gauss ) : ln ( x ) ≈ π 2 M ( 1 , 2 2 − m / x ) − m ln ( 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle \ ln ( x ) \ approx ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2M ( 1 , 2 ^ ( 2 - m ) / x ) ) ) - m \ ln ( 2 ) . ) Here M ( x , y ) denotes the arithmetic -- geometric mean of x and y . It is obtained by repeatedly calculating the average ( x + y ) / 2 ( arithmetic mean ) and x y ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( xy ) ) ) ( geometric mean ) of x and y then let those two numbers become the next x and y . The two numbers quickly converge to a common limit which is the value of M ( x , y ) . m is chosen such that x 2 m > 2 p / 2 . ( \ displaystyle x \ , 2 ^ ( m ) > 2 ^ ( p / 2 ). \ , ) to ensure the required precision . A larger m makes the M ( x , y ) calculation take more steps ( the initial x and y are farther apart so it takes more steps to converge ) but gives more precision . The constants pi and ln ( 2 ) can be calculated with quickly converging series . Feynman 's algorithm ( edit ) While at Los Alamos National Laboratory working on the Manhattan Project , Richard Feynman developed a bit processing algorithm that is similar to long division and was later used in the Connection Machine . The algorithm uses the fact that every real number 1 < x < 2 ( \ displaystyle 1 < x < 2 ) is uniquely representable as a product of distinct factors of the form 1 + 2 − k ( \ displaystyle 1 + 2 ^ ( - k ) ) . The algorithm sequentially builds that product P ( \ displaystyle P ) : if P ⋅ ( 1 + 2 − k ) < x ( \ displaystyle P \ cdot ( 1 + 2 ^ ( - k ) ) < x ) , then it changes P ( \ displaystyle P ) to P ⋅ ( 1 + 2 − k ) ( \ displaystyle P \ cdot ( 1 + 2 ^ ( - k ) ) ) . It then increase k ( \ displaystyle k ) by one regardless . The algorithm stops when k ( \ displaystyle k ) is large enough to give the desired accuracy . Because log ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ log ( x ) ) is the sum of the terms of the form log ( 1 + 2 − k ) ( \ displaystyle \ log ( 1 + 2 ^ ( - k ) ) ) corresponding to those k ( \ displaystyle k ) for which the factor 1 + 2 − k ( \ displaystyle 1 + 2 ^ ( - k ) ) was included in the product P ( \ displaystyle P ) , log ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ log ( x ) ) may be computed by simple addition , using a table of log ( 1 + 2 − k ) ( \ displaystyle \ log ( 1 + 2 ^ ( - k ) ) ) for all k ( \ displaystyle k ) . Any base may be used for the logarithm table . Applications ( edit ) A nautilus displaying a logarithmic spiral Logarithms have many applications inside and outside mathematics . Some of these occurrences are related to the notion of scale invariance . For example , each chamber of the shell of a nautilus is an approximate copy of the next one , scaled by a constant factor . This gives rise to a logarithmic spiral . Benford 's law on the distribution of leading digits can also be explained by scale invariance . Logarithms are also linked to self - similarity . For example , logarithms appear in the analysis of algorithms that solve a problem by dividing it into two similar smaller problems and patching their solutions . The dimensions of self - similar geometric shapes , that is , shapes whose parts resemble the overall picture are also based on logarithms . Logarithmic scales are useful for quantifying the relative change of a value as opposed to its absolute difference . Moreover , because the logarithmic function log ( x ) grows very slowly for large x , logarithmic scales are used to compress large - scale scientific data . Logarithms also occur in numerous scientific formulas , such as the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation , the Fenske equation , or the Nernst equation . Logarithmic scale ( edit ) Main article : Logarithmic scale A logarithmic chart depicting the value of one Goldmark in Papiermarks during the German hyperinflation in the 1920s Scientific quantities are often expressed as logarithms of other quantities , using a logarithmic scale . For example , the decibel is a unit of measurement associated with logarithmic - scale quantities . It is based on the common logarithm of ratios -- 10 times the common logarithm of a power ratio or 20 times the common logarithm of a voltage ratio . It is used to quantify the loss of voltage levels in transmitting electrical signals , to describe power levels of sounds in acoustics , and the absorbance of light in the fields of spectrometry and optics . The signal - to - noise ratio describing the amount of unwanted noise in relation to a ( meaningful ) signal is also measured in decibels . In a similar vein , the peak signal - to - noise ratio is commonly used to assess the quality of sound and image compression methods using the logarithm . The strength of an earthquake is measured by taking the common logarithm of the energy emitted at the quake . This is used in the moment magnitude scale or the Richter magnitude scale . For example , a 5.0 earthquake releases 32 times ( 10 ) and a 6.0 releases 1000 times ( 10 ) the energy of a 4.0 . Another logarithmic scale is apparent magnitude . It measures the brightness of stars logarithmically . Yet another example is pH in chemistry ; pH is the negative of the common logarithm of the activity of hydronium ions ( the form hydrogen ions H take in water ) . The activity of hydronium ions in neutral water is 10 mol L , hence a pH of 7 . Vinegar typically has a pH of about 3 . The difference of 4 corresponds to a ratio of 10 of the activity , that is , vinegar 's hydronium ion activity is about 10 mol L . Semilog ( log - linear ) graphs use the logarithmic scale concept for visualization : one axis , typically the vertical one , is scaled logarithmically . For example , the chart at the right compresses the steep increase from 1 million to 1 trillion to the same space ( on the vertical axis ) as the increase from 1 to 1 million . In such graphs , exponential functions of the form f ( x ) = a b appear as straight lines with slope equal to the logarithm of b . Log - log graphs scale both axes logarithmically , which causes functions of the form f ( x ) = a x to be depicted as straight lines with slope equal to the exponent k . This is applied in visualizing and analyzing power laws . Psychology ( edit ) Logarithms occur in several laws describing human perception : Hick 's law proposes a logarithmic relation between the time individuals take to choose an alternative and the number of choices they have . Fitts 's law predicts that the time required to rapidly move to a target area is a logarithmic function of the distance to and the size of the target . In psychophysics , the Weber -- Fechner law proposes a logarithmic relationship between stimulus and sensation such as the actual vs. the perceived weight of an item a person is carrying . ( This `` law '' , however , is less precise than more recent models , such as the Stevens ' power law . ) Psychological studies found that individuals with little mathematics education tend to estimate quantities logarithmically , that is , they position a number on an unmarked line according to its logarithm , so that 10 is positioned as close to 100 as 100 is to 1000 . Increasing education shifts this to a linear estimate ( positioning 1000 10x as far away ) in some circumstances , while logarithms are used when the numbers to be plotted are difficult to plot linearly . Probability theory and statistics ( edit ) Three probability density functions ( PDF ) of random variables with log - normal distributions . The location parameter μ , which is zero for all three of the PDFs shown , is the mean of the logarithm of the random variable , not the mean of the variable itself . Distribution of first digits ( in % , red bars ) in the population of the 237 countries of the world . Black dots indicate the distribution predicted by Benford 's law . Logarithms arise in probability theory : the law of large numbers dictates that , for a fair coin , as the number of coin - tosses increases to infinity , the observed proportion of heads approaches one - half . The fluctuations of this proportion about one - half are described by the law of the iterated logarithm . Logarithms also occur in log - normal distributions . When the logarithm of a random variable has a normal distribution , the variable is said to have a log - normal distribution . Log - normal distributions are encountered in many fields , wherever a variable is formed as the product of many independent positive random variables , for example in the study of turbulence . Logarithms are used for maximum - likelihood estimation of parametric statistical models . For such a model , the likelihood function depends on at least one parameter that must be estimated . A maximum of the likelihood function occurs at the same parameter - value as a maximum of the logarithm of the likelihood ( the `` log likelihood '' ) , because the logarithm is an increasing function . The log - likelihood is easier to maximize , especially for the multiplied likelihoods for independent random variables . Benford 's law describes the occurrence of digits in many data sets , such as heights of buildings . According to Benford 's law , the probability that the first decimal - digit of an item in the data sample is d ( from 1 to 9 ) equals log ( d + 1 ) − log ( d ) , regardless of the unit of measurement . Thus , about 30 % of the data can be expected to have 1 as first digit , 18 % start with 2 , etc . Auditors examine deviations from Benford 's law to detect fraudulent accounting . Computational complexity ( edit ) Analysis of algorithms is a branch of computer science that studies the performance of algorithms ( computer programs solving a certain problem ) . Logarithms are valuable for describing algorithms that divide a problem into smaller ones , and join the solutions of the subproblems . For example , to find a number in a sorted list , the binary search algorithm checks the middle entry and proceeds with the half before or after the middle entry if the number is still not found . This algorithm requires , on average , log ( N ) comparisons , where N is the list 's length . Similarly , the merge sort algorithm sorts an unsorted list by dividing the list into halves and sorting these first before merging the results . Merge sort algorithms typically require a time approximately proportional to N log ( N ) . The base of the logarithm is not specified here , because the result only changes by a constant factor when another base is used . A constant factor is usually disregarded in the analysis of algorithms under the standard uniform cost model . A function f ( x ) is said to grow logarithmically if f ( x ) is ( exactly or approximately ) proportional to the logarithm of x . ( Biological descriptions of organism growth , however , use this term for an exponential function . ) For example , any natural number N can be represented in binary form in no more than log ( N ) + 1 bits . In other words , the amount of memory needed to store N grows logarithmically with N . Entropy and chaos ( edit ) Billiards on an oval billiard table . Two particles , starting at the center with an angle differing by one degree , take paths that diverge chaotically because of reflections at the boundary . Entropy is broadly a measure of the disorder of some system . In statistical thermodynamics , the entropy S of some physical system is defined as S = − k ∑ i p i ln ( p i ) . ( \ displaystyle S = - k \ sum _ ( i ) p_ ( i ) \ ln ( p_ ( i ) ). \ , ) The sum is over all possible states i of the system in question , such as the positions of gas particles in a container . Moreover , p is the probability that the state i is attained and k is the Boltzmann constant . Similarly , entropy in information theory measures the quantity of information . If a message recipient may expect any one of N possible messages with equal likelihood , then the amount of information conveyed by any one such message is quantified as log ( N ) bits . Lyapunov exponents use logarithms to gauge the degree of chaoticity of a dynamical system . For example , for a particle moving on an oval billiard table , even small changes of the initial conditions result in very different paths of the particle . Such systems are chaotic in a deterministic way , because small measurement errors of the initial state predictably lead to largely different final states . At least one Lyapunov exponent of a deterministically chaotic system is positive . Fractals ( edit ) The Sierpinski triangle ( at the right ) is constructed by repeatedly replacing equilateral triangles by three smaller ones . Logarithms occur in definitions of the dimension of fractals . Fractals are geometric objects that are self - similar : small parts reproduce , at least roughly , the entire global structure . The Sierpinski triangle ( pictured ) can be covered by three copies of itself , each having sides half the original length . This makes the Hausdorff dimension of this structure ln ( 3 ) / ln ( 2 ) ≈ 1.58 . Another logarithm - based notion of dimension is obtained by counting the number of boxes needed to cover the fractal in question . Music ( edit ) Four different octaves shown on a linear scale , then shown on a logarithmic scale ( as the ear hears them ) . Logarithms are related to musical tones and intervals . In equal temperament , the frequency ratio depends only on the interval between two tones , not on the specific frequency , or pitch , of the individual tones . For example , the note A has a frequency of 440 Hz and B - flat has a frequency of 466 Hz . The interval between A and B - flat is a semitone , as is the one between B - flat and B ( frequency 493 Hz ) . Accordingly , the frequency ratios agree : 466 440 ≈ 493 466 ≈ 1.059 ≈ 2 12 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 466 ) ( 440 ) ) \ approx ( \ frac ( 493 ) ( 466 ) ) \ approx 1.059 \ approx ( \ sqrt ( ( 12 ) ) ( 2 ) ) . ) Therefore , logarithms can be used to describe the intervals : an interval is measured in semitones by taking the base - 2 logarithm of the frequency ratio , while the base - 2 logarithm of the frequency ratio expresses the interval in cents , hundredths of a semitone . The latter is used for finer encoding , as it is needed for non-equal temperaments . Interval ( the two tones are played at the same time ) 1 / 12 tone play ( help info ) Semitone play Just major third play Major third play Tritone play Octave play Frequency ratio r 2 1 72 ≈ 1.0097 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 72 ) ) \ approx 1.0097 ) 2 1 12 ≈ 1.0595 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) \ approx 1.0595 ) 5 4 = 1.25 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 5 ) ( 4 ) ) = 1.25 ) 2 4 12 = 2 3 ≈ 1.2599 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) 2 ^ ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 12 ) ) & = ( \ sqrt ( ( 3 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ & \ approx 1.2599 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) 2 6 12 = 2 ≈ 1.4142 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) 2 ^ ( \ frac ( 6 ) ( 12 ) ) & = ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ \ & \ approx 1.4142 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) 2 12 12 = 2 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( \ frac ( 12 ) ( 12 ) ) = 2 ) Corresponding number of semitones log 2 12 ( r ) = 12 log 2 ( r ) ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( \ sqrt ( ( 12 ) ) ( 2 ) ) ( r ) = 12 \ log _ ( 2 ) ( r ) ) 1 6 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) \ , ) 1 ( \ displaystyle 1 \ , ) ≈ 3.8631 ( \ displaystyle \ approx 3.8631 \ , ) 4 ( \ displaystyle 4 \ , ) 6 ( \ displaystyle 6 \ , ) 12 ( \ displaystyle 12 \ , ) Corresponding number of cents log 2 1200 ( r ) = 1200 log 2 ( r ) ( \ displaystyle \ log _ ( \ sqrt ( ( 1200 ) ) ( 2 ) ) ( r ) = 1200 \ log _ ( 2 ) ( r ) ) 16 2 3 ( \ displaystyle 16 ( \ tfrac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ , ) 100 ( \ displaystyle 100 \ , ) ≈ 386.31 ( \ displaystyle \ approx 386.31 \ , ) 400 ( \ displaystyle 400 \ , ) 600 ( \ displaystyle 600 \ , ) 1200 ( \ displaystyle 1200 \ , ) Number theory ( edit ) Natural logarithms are closely linked to counting prime numbers ( 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , ... ) , an important topic in number theory . For any integer x , the quantity of prime numbers less than or equal to x is denoted π ( x ) . The prime number theorem asserts that π ( x ) is approximately given by x ln ( x ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( x ) ( \ ln ( x ) ) ) , ) in the sense that the ratio of π ( x ) and that fraction approaches 1 when x tends to infinity . As a consequence , the probability that a randomly chosen number between 1 and x is prime is inversely proportional to the number of decimal digits of x . A far better estimate of π ( x ) is given by the offset logarithmic integral function Li ( x ) , defined by L i ( x ) = ∫ 2 x 1 ln ( t ) d t . ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Li ) ( x ) = \ int _ ( 2 ) ^ ( x ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ ln ( t ) ) ) \ , dt . ) The Riemann hypothesis , one of the oldest open mathematical conjectures , can be stated in terms of comparing π ( x ) and Li ( x ) . The Erdős -- Kac theorem describing the number of distinct prime factors also involves the natural logarithm . The logarithm of n factorial , n ! = 1 2 ... n , is given by ln ( n ! ) = ln ( 1 ) + ln ( 2 ) + ⋯ + ln ( n ) . ( \ displaystyle \ ln ( n ! ) = \ ln ( 1 ) + \ ln ( 2 ) + \ cdots + \ ln ( n ). \ , ) This can be used to obtain Stirling 's formula , an approximation of n ! for large n . Generalizations ( edit ) Complex logarithm ( edit ) Main article : Complex logarithm Polar form of z = x + iy . Both φ and φ ' are arguments of z . All the complex numbers a that solve the equation e a = z ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( a ) = z ) are called complex logarithms of z , when z is ( considered as ) a complex number . A complex number is commonly represented as z = x + iy , where x and y are real numbers and i is an imaginary unit , the square of which is − 1 . Such a number can be visualized by a point in the complex plane , as shown at the right . The polar form encodes a non-zero complex number z by its absolute value , that is , the ( positive , real ) distance r to the origin , and an angle between the real ( x ) axis Re and the line passing through both the origin and z . This angle is called the argument of z . The absolute value r of z is given by r = x 2 + y 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle r = ( \ sqrt ( x ^ ( 2 ) + y ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Using the geometrical interpretation of sin ( \ displaystyle \ sin ) and cos ( \ displaystyle \ cos ) and their periodicity in 2 π , ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi , ) any complex number z may be denoted as z = x + i y = r ( cos φ + i sin φ ) = r ( cos ( φ + 2 k π ) + i sin ( φ + 2 k π ) ) , ( \ displaystyle z = x + iy = r ( \ cos \ varphi + i \ sin \ varphi ) = r ( \ cos ( \ varphi + 2k \ pi ) + i \ sin ( \ varphi + 2k \ pi ) ) , ) for any integer number k . Evidently the argument of z is not uniquely specified : both φ and φ ' = φ + 2k π are valid arguments of z for all integers k , because adding 2k π radian or k ⋅ 360 ° to φ corresponds to `` winding '' around the origin counter-clock-wise by k turns . The resulting complex number is always z , as illustrated at the right for k = 1 . One may select exactly one of the possible arguments of z as the so - called principal argument , denoted Arg ( z ) , with a capital A , by requiring φ to belong to one , conveniently selected turn , e.g. , − π < φ ≤ π ( \ displaystyle - \ pi < \ varphi \ leq \ pi ) or 0 ≤ φ < 2 π . ( \ displaystyle 0 \ leq \ varphi < 2 \ pi . ) These regions , where the argument of z is uniquely determined are called branches of the argument function . The principal branch ( - π , π ) of the complex logarithm , Log ( z ) . The black point at z = 1 corresponds to absolute value zero and brighter ( more saturated ) colors refer to bigger absolute values . The hue of the color encodes the argument of Log ( z ) . Euler 's formula connects the trigonometric functions sine and cosine to the complex exponential : e i φ = cos φ + i sin φ . ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( i \ varphi ) = \ cos \ varphi + i \ sin \ varphi . ) Using this formula , and again the periodicity , the following identities hold : z = r ( cos φ + i sin φ ) = r ( cos ( φ + 2 k π ) + i sin ( φ + 2 k π ) ) = r e i ( φ + 2 k π ) = e ln ( r ) e i ( φ + 2 k π ) = e ln ( r ) + i ( φ + 2 k π ) = e a k , ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( array ) ( lll ) z& = &r \ left ( \ cos \ varphi + i \ sin \ varphi \ right ) \ \ & = &r \ left ( \ cos ( \ varphi + 2k \ pi ) + i \ sin ( \ varphi + 2k \ pi ) \ right ) \ \ & = &re ^ ( i ( \ varphi + 2k \ pi ) ) \ \ & = &e ^ ( \ ln ( r ) ) e ^ ( i ( \ varphi + 2k \ pi ) ) \ \ & = &e ^ ( \ ln ( r ) + i ( \ varphi + 2k \ pi ) ) = e ^ ( a_ ( k ) ) , \ end ( array ) ) ) where ln ( r ) is the unique real natural logarithm , a denote the complex logarithms of z , and k is an arbitrary integer . Therefore , the complex logarithms of z , which are all those complex values a for which the a-th power of e equals z , are the infinitely many values a k = ln ( r ) + i ( φ + 2 k π ) , ( \ displaystyle a_ ( k ) = \ ln ( r ) + i ( \ varphi + 2k \ pi ) , \ quad ) for arbitrary integers k . Taking k such that φ + 2 k π ( \ displaystyle \ varphi + 2k \ pi ) is within the defined interval for the principal arguments , then a is called the principal value of the logarithm , denoted Log ( z ) , again with a capital L. The principal argument of any positive real number x is 0 ; hence Log ( x ) is a real number and equals the real ( natural ) logarithm . However , the above formulas for logarithms of products and powers do not generalize to the principal value of the complex logarithm . The illustration at the right depicts Log ( z ) , confining the arguments of z to the interval ( - π , π ) . This way the corresponding branch of the complex logarithm has discontinuities all along the negative real x axis , which can be seen in the jump in the hue there . This discontinuity arises from jumping to the other boundary in the same branch , when crossing a boundary , i.e. , not changing to the corresponding k - value of the continuously neighboring branch . Such a locus is called a branch cut . Dropping the range restrictions on the argument makes the relations `` argument of z '' , and consequently the `` logarithm of z '' , multi-valued functions . Inverses of other exponential functions ( edit ) Exponentiation occurs in many areas of mathematics and its inverse function is often referred to as the logarithm . For example , the logarithm of a matrix is the ( multi-valued ) inverse function of the matrix exponential . Another example is the p - adic logarithm , the inverse function of the p - adic exponential . Both are defined via Taylor series analogous to the real case . In the context of differential geometry , the exponential map maps the tangent space at a point of a manifold to a neighborhood of that point . Its inverse is also called the logarithmic ( or log ) map . In the context of finite groups exponentiation is given by repeatedly multiplying one group element b with itself . The discrete logarithm is the integer n solving the equation b n = x , ( \ displaystyle b ^ ( n ) = x , \ , ) where x is an element of the group . Carrying out the exponentiation can be done efficiently , but the discrete logarithm is believed to be very hard to calculate in some groups . This asymmetry has important applications in public key cryptography , such as for example in the Diffie -- Hellman key exchange , a routine that allows secure exchanges of cryptographic keys over unsecured information channels . Zech 's logarithm is related to the discrete logarithm in the multiplicative group of non-zero elements of a finite field . Further logarithm - like inverse functions include the double logarithm ln ( ln ( x ) ) , the super - or hyper - 4 - logarithm ( a slight variation of which is called iterated logarithm in computer science ) , the Lambert W function , and the logit . They are the inverse functions of the double exponential function , tetration , of f ( w ) = we , and of the logistic function , respectively . Related concepts ( edit ) From the perspective of group theory , the identity log ( cd ) = log ( c ) + log ( d ) expresses a group isomorphism between positive reals under multiplication and reals under addition . Logarithmic functions are the only continuous isomorphisms between these groups . By means of that isomorphism , the Haar measure ( Lebesgue measure ) dx on the reals corresponds to the Haar measure dx / x on the positive reals . Logarithmic one - forms df / f appear in complex analysis and algebraic geometry as differential forms with logarithmic poles . The polylogarithm is the function defined by Li s ( z ) = ∑ k = 1 ∞ z k k s . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( Li ) _ ( s ) ( z ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( z ^ ( k ) \ over k ^ ( s ) ) . ) It is related to the natural logarithm by Li ( z ) = − ln ( 1 − z ) . Moreover , Li ( 1 ) equals the Riemann zeta function ζ ( s ) . See also ( edit ) Cologarithm Decimal exponent ( dex ) Exponential function Index of logarithm articles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The restrictions on x and b are explained in the section `` Analytic properties '' . Jump up ^ Some mathematicians disapprove of this notation . In his 1985 autobiography , Paul Halmos criticized what he considered the `` childish ln notation , '' which he said no mathematician had ever used . The notation was invented by Irving Stringham , a mathematician . Jump up ^ For example C , Java , Haskell , and BASIC . Jump up ^ The same series holds for the principal value of the complex logarithm for complex numbers z satisfying z − 1 < 1 . Jump up ^ The same series holds for the principal value of the complex logarithm for complex numbers z with positive real part . Jump up ^ See radian for the conversion between 2π and 360 degree . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shirali , Shailesh ( 2002 ) , A Primer on Logarithms , Hyderabad : Universities Press , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7371 - 414 - 6 , esp . section 2 Jump up ^ Kate , S.K. ; Bhapkar , H.R. ( 2009 ) , Basics Of Mathematics , Pune : Technical Publications , ISBN 978 - 81 - 8431 - 755 - 8 , chapter 1 Jump up ^ All statements in this section can be found in Shailesh Shirali 2002 , section 4 , ( Douglas Downing 2003 , p. 275 ) , or Kate & Bhapkar 2009 , p. 1 - 1 , for example . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Stephen ; Bernstein , Ruth ( 1999 ) , Schaum 's outline of theory and problems of elements of statistics . I , Descriptive statistics and probability , Schaum 's outline series , New York : McGraw - Hill , ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 005023 - 5 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Downing , Douglas ( 2003 ) , Algebra the Easy Way , Barron 's Educational Series , Hauppauge , N.Y. : Barron 's , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 1972 - 9 , chapter 17 , p. 275 Jump up ^ Wegener , Ingo ( 2005 ) , Complexity theory : exploring the limits of efficient algorithms , Berlin , New York : Springer - Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 21045 - 0 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Van der Lubbe , Jan C.A. ( 1997 ) , Information Theory , Cambridge University Press , p. 3 , ISBN 9780521467605 Jump up ^ Allen , Elizabeth ; Triantaphillidou , Sophie ( 2011 ) , The Manual of Photography , Taylor & Francis , p. 228 , ISBN 9780240520377 Jump up ^ Franz Embacher ; Petra Oberhuemer , Mathematisches Lexikon ( in German ) , mathe online : für Schule , Fachhochschule , Universität unde Selbststudium , retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 Jump up ^ Taylor , B.N. ( 1995 ) , Guide for the Use of the International System of Units ( SI ) , US Department of Commerce Jump up ^ Goodrich , Michael T. ; Tamassia , Roberto ( 2002 ) , Algorithm Design : Foundations , Analysis , and Internet Examples , John Wiley & Sons , p. 23 , One of the interesting and sometimes even surprising aspects of the analysis of data structures and algorithms is the ubiquitous presence of logarithms ... As is the custom in the computing literature , we omit writing the base b of the logarithm when b = 2 . Jump up ^ Parkhurst , David F. ( 2007 ) . Introduction to Applied Mathematics for Environmental Science ( illustrated ed . ) . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 34228 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gullberg , Jan ( 1997 ) , Mathematics : from the birth of numbers. , New York : W.W. Norton & Co , ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04002 - 9 Jump up ^ See footnote 1 in Perl , Yehoshua ; Reingold , Edward M. ( December 1977 ) . `` Understanding the complexity of interpolation search '' . Information Processing Letters. 6 ( 6 ) : 219 -- 222 . doi : 10.1016 / 0020 - 0190 ( 77 ) 90072 - 2 . Jump up ^ Paul Halmos ( 1985 ) , I Want to Be a Mathematician : An Automathography , Berlin , New York : Springer - Verlag , ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 96078 - 4 Jump up ^ Irving Stringham ( 1893 ) , Uniplanar algebra : being part I of a propædeutic to the higher mathematical analysis , The Berkeley Press , p. xiii Jump up ^ Roy S. Freedman ( 2006 ) , Introduction to Financial Technology , Amsterdam : Academic Press , p. 59 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 370478 - 8 Jump up ^ See Theorem 3.29 in Rudin , Walter ( 1984 ) . Principles of mathematical analysis ( 3rd ed. , International student ed . ) . Auckland : McGraw - Hill International . ISBN 978 - 0070856134 . 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( 2010 ) , `` Logarithm '' , in Olver , Frank W.J. ; Lozier , Daniel M. ; Boisvert , Ronald F. ; Clark , Charles W. , NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0521192255 , MR 2723248 External links ( edit ) Media related to Logarithm at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of logarithm at Wiktionary Khan Academy : Logarithms , free online micro lectures Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Logarithmic function '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Colin Byfleet , Educational video on logarithms , retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 Edward Wright , Translation of Napier 's work on logarithms , Archived from the original on 3 December 2002 , retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) GND : 4168047 - 9 NDL : 00572566 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logarithm&oldid=846517333 '' Categories : Logarithms Elementary special functions Scottish inventions Additive function Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles containing German - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Use dmy dates from February 2011 Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 91 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 07 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Logarithm definition and properties
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289,854,870,708,070,340 | paul blart mall cop 2 what happened to amy | Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 - Wikipedia Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Andy Fickman Produced by Todd Garner Kevin James Adam Sandler Jack Giarraputo Written by Nick Bakay Kevin James Starring Kevin James Raini Rodriguez Neal McDonough David Henrie Daniella Alonso Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Dean Semler Edited by Scott Hill Production company Happy Madison Productions Hey Eddie Broken Road Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 94 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $107.6 million Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 is a 2015 American action comedy film directed by Andy Fickman and written by Kevin James and Nick Bakay . It is the sequel to 2009 's Paul Blart : Mall Cop , and stars James as the eponymous mall cop , Paul Blart , along with Neal McDonough , David Henrie , and Daniella Alonso . Filming began in April 2014 at the Wynn Las Vegas casino resort . It was released the following year on April 17 , 2015 . Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 was the first film shot on the Steve Wynn property . It was also the first film to receive Nevada 's film tax credit enacted in 2013 . The film grossed $107 million worldwide at the box office and has a 5 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Paul Blart ( Kevin James ) narrates his several misfortunes and his hard recovery . His wife Amy ( Jayma Mays ) divorced him six days into their marriage and to feel better , Paul takes pride in patrolling the West Orange Pavilion Mall . Two years later , his mother Margaret ( Shirley Knight ) was killed after being hit by a milk truck . Four years after that , as Paul narrates `` he had officially peaked '' , he receives an invitation to a security officers ' convention in Las Vegas and begins to believe his luck is about to change . His daughter Maya Blart ( Raini Rodriguez ) discovers that she was accepted into UCLA and plans to move across the country to Los Angeles , but in light of her father 's invitation , she decides to withhold the information for now . After arriving in Las Vegas , Paul and his daughter meet the general manager of Wynn Hotel , a pretty young woman named Divina Martinez ( Daniella Alonso ) , to whom Paul is instantly attracted . He later learns that she 's dating the hotel 's head of security , Eduardo Furtillo ( Eduardo Verástegui ) . Meanwhile , Maya and the hotel 's valet , Lane ( David Henrie ) become instantly attracted to each other . A security guard from the Mall of America attending the convention , Donna Ericone ( Loni Love ) , is aware of Paul 's earlier heroics in the West Orange Pavilion Mall incident and believes Paul will be the likely keynote speaker at the event . However , Paul discovers that another security guard , Nick Panero ( Nicholas Turturro ) , is giving the speech . In the midst of the convention , a criminal named Vincent Sofel ( Neal McDonough ) and a gang of accomplices disguised as hotel employees are secretly plotting to steal priceless works of art from the hotel and replace them with replicas , then sell the real ones at auction . In the meantime , Paul has become overprotective of Maya after discovering her flirting with Lane and spies on their conversations . He is later mocked by Eduardo for his lack of professionalism in an event where hotel security was notified when Maya turns up missing . In an ensuing argument with her father , Maya boldly claims she 's attending UCLA despite Paul 's wishes that she remain close to home at a junior college . At the convention , Paul , Donna , and three other security guards , Saul Gundermutt ( Gary Valentine ) , Khan Mubi ( Shelly Desai ) , and Gino Chizzeti ( Vic Dibitetto ) check out the non-lethal security equipment on display . Later , Paul finds Panero drunk hitting on a woman at the bar . Paul attempts to defuse the situation and Panero passes out , giving Paul a chance to be the event 's speaker . He contacts Maya asking her to attend , but he learns that she 's at a party with Lane . As Paul prepares his speech , Vincent and his cohorts put their plan into motion . Maya absentmindedly walks into the midst of the heist and is taken hostage . Lane is kidnapped as well while searching for her . Paul gives a rousing speech that moves everyone at the convention , as well as Divina , who inexplicably finds herself becoming more attracted to Paul with each passing moment . Following the speech , Paul learns about Maya and Lane 's situation and rushes to help but passes out due to his hypoglycemic condition that has plagued him for years . After recovering , Paul is able to take down several of Vincent 's thugs and gathers intel on the group 's intentions . Using non-lethal equipment from the convention , he is able to take out more of Vincent 's crew . Meanwhile , Maya and Lane overhear Vincent adamantly refusing an oatmeal cookie due to a severe oatmeal allergy . Working with a team -- Donna , Saul , Khan , and Gino -- Paul is able to clumsily dismantle Vincent 's operation , with Maya severely incapacitating Vincent by rubbing oatmeal - infused concealer on his face . Afterward , Paul convinces Divina that her attraction for him is misplaced , and Eduardo is with whom she should really be . Paul also accepts Maya going to UCLA , funding her tuition with the reward money he obtained from Steve Wynn for stopping Vincent . After dropping off Maya at UCLA , Paul falls in love with a passing Mounted Police Officer who reciprocates his advances . Cast ( edit ) Kevin James as Paul Blart Neal McDonough as Vincent Sofel David Henrie as Lane Daniella Alonso as Divina Martinez Raini Rodriguez as Maya Blart Loni Love as Donna Ericone D.B. Woodside as Robinson Eduardo Verástegui as Eduardo Furtillo Nicholas Turturro as Nick Panero Gary Valentine as Saul Gundermutt Geovanni Gopradi as Ramos Lorenzo James Henrie as Lorenzo Chelsea Vincent as Nadia Vic Dibitetto as Gino Chizetti Ana Gasteyer as Mrs. Gundermutt Shelly Desai as Khan Mubi Bas Rutten as Henk Shirley Knight as Margaret Blart , Paul 's mother and Maya 's paternal grandmother Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2009 , Sony expressed an interest in making a sequel to Paul Blart : Mall Cop . It was revealed on January 7 , 2014 that Andy Fickman was in talks to direct the film while Kevin James , who also co-wrote the script with Nick Bakay , would be back to star as Blart . James produced the film along with Todd Garner and Happy Madison 's Adam Sandler . The cast includes David Henrie , Raini Rodriguez , Eduardo Verástegui , Nicholas Turturro , Gary Valentine , Neal McDonough , Daniella Alonso , and D.B. Woodside , starring alongside James . On March 14 , 2014 , the Nevada Film Office announced that Sony Pictures had been awarded the first certificate of eligibility for a new tax credit enacted in 2013 , in regard to the filming of Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 . Nevada Film Office Director , Eric Preiss , indicated that the production would get $4.3 million in tax credits based on the proposal in their application . On April 2 , 2014 , Columbia Pictures announced that the film would be released on April 17 , 2015 . Filming ( edit ) The Wynn building , where the entire film was shot In an October 2012 interview , James said that he liked the idea of filming the sequel at the Mall of America . Principal photography commenced on April 21 , 2014 , at Wynn Las Vegas , and ended on June 26 , 2014 . It is the first time that Steve Wynn has allowed a commercial film to be shot at this property . Release ( edit ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 was released by Columbia Pictures in the United States on April 17 , 2015 . Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 grossed $71 million in North America and $36.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $107.3 million , against a budget of $30 million . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $23.8 million , finishing second at the box office behind Furious 7 ( $29.2 million ) . The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on July 14 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a rating of 5 % based on 57 reviews and an average score of 2.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Bathed in flop sweat and bereft of purpose , Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 strings together fat - shaming humor and Segway sight gags with uniformly unfunny results . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 13 out of 100 , based on 16 critics , indicating `` overwhelming dislike '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B - '' on an A+ to F scale . Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film one out of four stars , saying `` This wisp of a plot is just an excuse for James to do his one trick over and over : Bluster , then screw up humiliatingly . Is it never funny ? No , it 's not never funny . It 's just not funny nearly often enough . '' Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review , saying `` James tries hard , very hard , to inject the proceedings with slapstick humor , propelling his large body through endless physical contortions in a fruitless effort for laughs . '' Justin Chang of Variety gave the film a negative review , saying `` Kevin James keeps falling on his face and colliding with heavy objects , this time in Vegas , in this tacky , numbingly inane sequel . '' Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com gave the film zero stars , saying `` Truly , there is not a single redeeming moment in director Andy Fickman 's film . A general flatness and lethargy permeate these reheated proceedings . '' Kevin P. Sullivan of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D , saying `` Far from the worst movie that you 'll ever see , but you might leave wondering why you , the people on the screen , or anyone else in the theater even bothered . '' Peter Howell of the Toronto Star gave the film a half a star out of four , saying `` Caddyshack 2 . Exorcist 2 . Speed 2 . To this small sample of the ever - expanding list of wretched movie sequels , add Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 , a gobsmackingly witless excuse for entertainment . '' Andy Webster of The New York Times gave the film a negative review , saying `` You wo n't find much offensive in Kevin James 's slick , innocuous vehicle Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 . You wo n't find much prompting an emotional reaction in general , so familiar are the jokes and situations . If Mr. James 's character thinks of safety first , so does this movie , to its extreme detriment . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Kevin James Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Comedy Raini Rodriguez Nominated Golden Raspberry Award Worst Picture Todd Garner , Kevin James , Adam Sandler Nominated Worst Actor Kevin James Nominated Worst Director Andy Fickman Nominated Worst Screenplay Nick Bakay and Kevin James Nominated Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Nominated Worst Screen Combo Kevin James and either his Segway or his glued - on mustache Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chang , Justin . `` Film Review : ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( 21 February 2014 ) . `` ' Mall Cop 2 ' Adds ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' Star David Henrie '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Scheck , Frank ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PAUL BLART : MALL COP 2 - British Board of Film Classification '' . bbfc.co.uk . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` 2015 Feature Film Study '' . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( 7 January 2014 ) . `` ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop ' Sequel Finds a Director '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` Neal McDonough in Talks to Play Villain in ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` ' Revolution ' Actress Daniella Alonso Joins Kevin James in ' Paul Blart 2 ' '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( 21 February 2014 ) . `` Five Join Kevin James In Vegas - Set ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ′ '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Loni Love Lands A New Role In ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ′ ! '' . Black America Web . 2014 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( 25 April 2014 ) . `` D.B. Woodside Joins ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ′ '' . variety.com . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vic DiBitetto Lands a Role in Mall Cop 2 ( AUDIO / VIDEO ) '' . New Jersey 101.5 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ana Gasteyer : I 'm Hip Interview . YouTube . 9 October 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( 29 January 2009 ) . `` Sony Wants A Paul Blart Sequel '' . cinemablend.com . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( 7 January 2014 ) . `` Kevin James Collars New Director for ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop ' Sequel '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Barker , Aaron ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` NV 's first film tax credit goes to ' Mall Cop ' sequel '' . fox5vegas.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Enacts New Film Tax Credit , Connecticut Imposes Film Moratorium '' . Bloomberg . August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Sequel Is An Original : ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ′ Scores Nevada 's First Tax Credit '' . deadline.com . March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin James ' ' Paul Blart ' Sequel Set for April 17 , 2015 '' . variety.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lammers , Tim ( October 13 , 2012 ) . `` Kevin James likes idea of filming ' Mall Cop 2 ' in Mall of America '' . bringmethenews.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christine ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Mall Cop 2 ′ begins filming in Las Vegas on Monday '' . onlocationvacations.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wynn Las Vegas to Play Leading Role as Primary Location in Sony Pictures Entertainment 's `` Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 '' `` . marketwatch.com. April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 6 / 30 / 14 : Point Break Starts , Kevin James Wraps up Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 '' . Studiosystemnews.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Doug ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin James films ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ' in Vegas '' . reviewjournal.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for April 17 - 19 , 2015 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Stewart , Sara ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ' is lame James New York Post '' . Nypost.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Scheck , Frank . `` ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Justin Chang ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ′ Review : Kevin James Heads to Vegas '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan . `` Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 Movie Review ( 2015 ) '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ' : EW Review '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 an artless sequel : review '' . Toronto : Thestar.com. 2015 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andy ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 , ' Starring Kevin James , Heads to Las Vegas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Teen Choice Award Winners -- Full List '' . Variety . 2015 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Tops Razzie Awards '' . CNN.com. 2016 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Official website Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 on IMDb Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 at Box Office Mojo Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Andy Fickman <Td_colspan="2"> Who 's Your Daddy ? ( 2002 ) Reefer Madness ( 2005 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) The Game Plan ( 2007 ) Race to Witch Mountain ( 2009 ) You Again ( 2010 ) Parental Guidance ( 2012 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Happy Madison Productions Films Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) Little Nicky ( 2000 ) The Animal ( 2001 ) Joe Dirt ( 2001 ) Mr. Deeds ( 2002 ) The Master of Disguise ( 2002 ) Eight Crazy Nights ( 2002 ) The Hot Chick ( 2002 ) Anger Management ( 2003 ) Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star ( 2003 ) 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo ( 2005 ) Grandma 's Boy ( 2006 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) Click ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry ( 2007 ) Reign Over Me ( 2007 ) Strange Wilderness ( 2008 ) The House Bunny ( 2008 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Bedtime Stories ( 2008 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop ( 2009 ) The Shortcut ( 2009 ) Funny People ( 2009 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Bucky Larson : Born to Be a Star ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy ( 2012 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Blended ( 2014 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Joe Dirt 2 : Beautiful Loser ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) Television series Rules of Engagement ( 2007 -- 13 ) The Gong Show with Dave Attell ( 2008 ) Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time ( 2010 -- 11 ) Breaking In ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Goldbergs ( 2013 -- present ) Imaginary Mary ( 2017 ) Key people Adam Sandler Allen Covert Jack Giarraputo Tim Herlihy Heather Parry <Td_colspan="2"> Sony Pictures Entertainment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Blart:_Mall_Cop_2&oldid=821834214 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s comedy films American films American action comedy films Films about dysfunctional families Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley Sequel films Happy Madison films Columbia Pictures films Films directed by Andy Fickman Films produced by Adam Sandler Films scored by Rupert Gregson - Williams Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 22 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2
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-2,893,246,484,774,166,000 | who played the bow tie killer in problem child | Problem Child ( film ) - wikipedia Problem Child ( film ) <Th_colspan="2"> Problem Child <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Dennis Dugan Produced by Robert Simonds Written by Scott Alexander Larry Karaszewski Starring John Ritter Michael Richards Gilbert Gottfried Jack Warden Music by Miles Goodman Cinematography Peter Lyons Collister Edited by Tom Finan Daniel P. Hanley Mike Hill Production company Imagine Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 27 , 1990 ( 1990 - 07 - 27 ) Running time 81 minutes Country United States Budget $10 million Box office $72.2 million Problem Child is a 1990 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and produced by Robert Simonds . It stars John Ritter , Michael Oliver , Amy Yasbeck , Gilbert Gottfried , Jack Warden , and Michael Richards . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Protests over posters 5 Accolades 5.1 Home media 6 Legacy 6.1 Sequels 6.2 Television series 7 Television version 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Ben Healy ( John Ritter ) is a good - natured yuppie working for his father , `` Big Ben '' ( Jack Warden ) , a very successful , but tyrannical sporting goods dealer running for mayor . Although Ben has worked under his father 's employ without as much as a raise or promotion in return , his father plans on handing over control of the company and ownership of the land to the Japanese rather than following the classic `` father - son '' tradition , seeing his son as `` too nice '' to be his heir . Ben and his social - climbing wife , Flo ( Amy Yasbeck ) , have been unable to conceive , because the fertility doctor told them they were both infertile . Ben approaches an adoption agent , Igor Peabody ( Gilbert Gottfried ) with his dilemma , and Igor presents him and Flo with a cute 7 - year - old boy named Junior ( Michael Oliver ) . However , he is hardly a model child ; devilish and incorrigible , he leaves a path of serious destruction in his wake , and is even pen pals with Martin Beck ( Michael Richards ) , a notorious serial killer . The film is interspersed with an imprisoned Martin looking to escape and meet up with Junior , whom he misconstrues as a fellow criminal named `` J.R. '' Shortly after Ben and Flo bring Junior home , Big Ben visits , and is shocked that they adopted . Junior 's bedroom catches fire when he shorts out the clowns in it , and Big Ben calls him `` The Devil . '' Junior throws the cat at Big Ben and they both fall down the stairs . Junior messes up a camping trip with the neighbors by urinating on the campfire , and manipulating a practical joke played on the kids by their father . He then terrorizes his neighbors ' daughter 's birthday party , after Lucy , the snobby birthday girl , bans him from her magic show for touching her presents ( though her snobby and petty banning possibly spurred him into terrorizing the party ) . Finally , he displays an effective but unethical method for winning in Little League , which involves beating rival players up with a baseball bat after they bullied him ( the bullying possibly spurred him into causing all that trouble ; coincidentally , a few of the rival players were from the camping trip earlier ) . Ben begins having serious doubts about him , and decides to take him back to the orphanage . However , upon hearing he was returned 30 times , he decides to keep and love him , something no one has ever done . Junior accuses Ben of lying to him . Ben leaves his car keys in the ignition , and Junior drives it into Big Ben 's sporting goods store . Ben finally gives up when his financial advisor calls and says his individual retirement account has been seized by Big Ben to pay for the damage done to his store . Martin then arrives at the house , with Junior claiming that he is his uncle , and Flo sees this as a chance to be rid of him . He kidnaps them by pretending to take them on a family outing , and leaves a ransom note for Ben . While Ben first sees this as good riddance to both Flo and Junior , he soon notices signs that the latter is not the monster he appeared as . Through a series of pictures he drew , he depicts children and adults who treated him poorly as deformed monsters with hostile surroundings , but depicted Ben as a happy man in a pleasant background , revealing that he did value him as a father figure . Ben , realizing that Junior 's behavior was simply a reaction to how he himself was treated by the rather selfish and condescending people he had been surrounded by most of his young life , undertakes a rescue mission to get him back from Martin . Now exerting a more assertive attitude , Ben first steals his neighbor 's car and hat and drives it all over their yard . He also appeals to Big Ben for the ransom money . When Big Ben says Ben ought to see the circumstances as the ultimate change for the better and let Flo and Junior rot , Ben pushes a button that puts him unknowingly on camera , where he ends up revealing his true nature on the news , even mooning the camera . Ben catches up with Martin and Junior at the circus . Junior is rescued after escaping from Martin through a trapeze act , and he calls Ben `` Dad '' for the first time . Martin drives away , but the Healys are now on his tail . Flo , who is stuffed in a suitcase , tells Ben she wants a divorce , and he tells her to shut up . Eventually , the suitcase flies over the wall , and ends up in the back of a pig farmer 's truck . Martin is arrested , but not before getting a shot off , which hits Ben in the chest . Thinking he has died , Junior tearfully apologizes and says he loves him . He wakes up and realizes the bullet ricocheted off his good - luck prune . Junior removes his bow tie and throws it over the bridge after Ben tells him he just wants him to be himself . Cast ( edit ) John Ritter as Benjamin `` Ben '' Healy , Jr . Michael Oliver as Junior Jack Warden as Benjamin `` Big Ben '' Healy , Sr. , Ben 's wealthy , but mean and selfish father who holds contempt for his son 's kindness and considerate personality Gilbert Gottfried as Igor Peabody , the adoption agent at the orphanage Amy Yasbeck as Florence `` Flo '' Healy , Ben 's social - climbing wife Michael Richards as Martin Beck , an escaped convict who goes by the moniker `` Bow - Tie Killer '' Peter Jurasik as Roy , Ben and Flo 's neighbor Colby Kline as Lucy , a mean and spoiled girl whose personality spurs Junior into ruining her sixth birthday party Dennis Dugan ( cameo ) as All American Dad Production ( edit ) The film was shot on location in Texas , from October 2 to November 24 , 1989 . The cities that were used for filming were Dallas , Farmers Branch , Fort Worth , Irving , and Mesquite . In addition , there were two weeks of reshoots in Dallas ( more information on this below ) in March 1990 . During a 2014 interview on Gilbert Gottfried 's Amazing Colossal Podcast , screenwriters Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski revealed that the story was inspired by the 1988 Los Angeles Times article `` An Adopted Boy -- and Terror Begins '' about a married couple suing an adoption agency after they were not informed that their adopted son had severe mental health issues with violent tendencies and had been previously returned to the agency multiple times . While other writers pitched the story as a horror film in the vein of Bad Seed or The Omen , Alexander and Karaszewski thought it had potential as a comedy , envisioning a dark , adult satire of the then - popular trend in films where cute kids teach cynical adults how to love , as seen in Baby Boom , Parenthood ( directly spoofed by the film 's poster ) , Look Who 's Talking , Uncle Buck , Mr. Mom , Kindergarten Cop and Three Men and a Baby . However , the studio insisted upon turning it into a children 's film , a conversion which necessitated numerous reshoots and rewrites , leading to a difficult production that left all involved disappointed and anticipating it to bomb . It defied these expectations , becoming a surprise hit and Universal 's most profitable film of 1990 but was still so embarrassing for Alexander and Karaszewski ( Alexander even cried after the cast and crew screening ) that they tried to distance themselves from it , which proved difficult . Studios were initially reluctant to hire them or take them seriously based on their work on such a prominent disreputable film but , as the years went by , they would eventually come to work with executives who were children when it first came out , grew up watching its frequent TV airings , and were excited to be meeting its writers . Looking back , they still feel it 's `` a mess '' but take some pride in being involved with one of the `` very few ( PG - rated ) children 's films that black and that crazy , '' citing the scene where Flo commits adultery with Martin while Ben is catatonic and contemplating murdering Junior in the next room as an example . They added , `` And it 's funny . '' In 2015 Dennis Dugan revealed that he was hired to direct the film , his first feature one ( he 'd previously directed episodes of the TV series Moonlighting , Wiseguy , and Hunter ) , after jumping on a coffee table in a meeting with Universal executives and saying , `` You 're looking at me like I 'm fucking nuts , and this is what we want . We want this kind of chaos . '' Dugan suggested John Ritter , with whom he 'd worked as an actor before turning to directing , for the role of Ben Healy . The studio was initially reluctant , feeling they needed a more famous actor , but eventually relented . Jack Warden turned down the role of `` Big Ben '' Healy before Dugan offered him half of his net points ; he was so touched that he took the part , although he refused Dugan 's offer . Amy Yasbeck was cast as Flo ; they fell in love during production , eventually marrying in 1999 . Both Ritter and Gilbert Gottfried were allowed to ad lib while filming , but Universal reprimanded Dugan for shooting too much footage of the latter . The film 's first test screening was disastrous , with 70 percent of the audience walking out , verbal complaints from viewers , and a score of only 30 . The studio forced two weeks of reshoots , including a retooled ending and the addition of key scenes , such as Lucy 's birthday party . Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film debuted at third place . It went on to be a commercial success at the box office , grossing $54 million domestically and $72 million worldwide . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received widely negative reviews upon its release . On the film review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , it received a critics ' rating of 4 % based on 28 reviews , and an audience rating of 41 % . The critic consensus reads : `` Mean - spirited and hopelessly short on comic invention , Problem Child is a particularly unpleasant comedy , one that 's loaded with manic scenery chewing and juvenile pranks '' . On Metacritic , it has a 27 / 100 rating based on 12 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Although the film was rated PG , it is still heavily censored when shown on television due to the remarks made about adoption , which critics saw as insensitive . It was not screened for critics prior to its release . It acquired a PG rating instead of a PG - 13 rating , in regards to a scene where a man mooning a camera is briefly shown ; as well as a scene that briefly reveals snapshots that Junior took of people on toilets and in showers . Hal Hinson , writing for The Washington Post , noted `` Dugan has a brisk , imaginative comic style ; he sets up his gags well , so that there 's still some surprise in the punch lines when they come . Essentially , the problem here is the same as the problem in Gremlins 2 . It 's basically about tearing stuff up , and after a while you grow tired of seeing variations on the same joke of a cute kid committing horrible atrocities . '' Protests over posters ( edit ) One of the posters for the film showed a cat in a tumble dryer , with the implication being that Junior had put it inside . A group named In Defence Of Animals organised protests against the posters , and some cinemas took them down in response . The group also objected to a scene in the film in which Junior splinters a cat 's legs . Accolades ( edit ) For the film ( as well as The Adventures of Ford Fairlane and Look Who 's Talking Too ) , Gilbert Gottfried was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor , but lost to Donald Trump in Ghosts Ca n't Do It . Home media ( edit ) The film was more successful on home video . The VHS version adds an extra bit just before the closing credits , in which Junior interrupts it to tell the audience that he 'll be back next summer for Problem Child 2 . Then he disappears and a loud flatulent noise is heard , followed by Ben shouting `` Junior ! '' , him laughing , then the closing credits roll . The VHS version was released on January 31 , 1991 . The first DVD release was released by GoodTimes Entertainment on May 1 , 2001 . It and Problem Child 2 were released together on DVD in the US on March 2 , 2004 , as a package entitled Problem Child Tantrum Pack . They were presented in open - matte full screen only . However , no home video release thus far features the deleted footage shown on TV airings of it . The film was re-released on the Family Comedy Pack Quadruple Feature DVD ( with other comedy films like Kindergarten Cop , Kicking & Screaming , and Major Payne ) in anamorphic widescreen ( being its first widescreen Region 1 DVD release ) on August 5 , 2008 . It was released on Blu - ray on October 10 , 2017 . Problem Child 2 was released on Blu - ray on May 15 , 2018 . Legacy ( edit ) Sequels ( edit ) The film inspired two sequels : the first , Problem Child 2 , was released theatrically in 1991 ; the second , Problem Child 3 : Junior in Love , was a television film aired on the NBC in 1995 . The first one brought back the original cast in their original roles and picked up where the first film ended . However , Yasbeck was given a new role with a new dynamic totally opposite to her original character . In the third and final film , recast Ben and Junior with William Katt and Justin Chapman , while Gottfried and Warden reprised their roles as Igor Peabody and Big Ben and does not follow the storyline of the first two films . Television series ( edit ) Main article : Problem Child ( TV series ) There was an animated TV series that aired in 1993 . Gottfried was the only original cast member to be featured as a voice - over actor , making him the only cast member involved in all three films as well as the cartoon ( Warden was in all three films , but not the TV series ) . NBC has ordered a pilot for a live - action TV series based on the film , produced by STXtelevision , Imagine TV , and NBCUniversal . Television version ( edit ) Twelve minutes worth of deleted footage were featured in most , if not all , television airings of the film . None of these scenes have ever been available on DVD . The first TV version aired on September 15 , 1991 , on NBC - TV . The profanity in it was redubbed with milder obscenities and phrases . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PROBLEM CHILD ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 22 , 1990 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box office / business for Problem Child ( 1990 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Daily Variety Magazine ; February 26 , 1990 Issue ; Page 2 ^ Jump up to : `` An Adopted Boy - and Terror Begins '' . Los Angeles Times . 1988 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Problem Child Is Coming Back In This Form '' . Cinemablend.com. 2014 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ' Problem Child ' Turns 25 : Director on John Ritter Ad - Libs , Test Audience Walkouts '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2015 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ghost ' Hovers Behind No. 1 ' Presumed Innocent ' : WEEKEND BOX OFFICE '' . Los Angeles Times . 1990 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Problem Child '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Problem Child '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mathews , Jack ( 1990 - 08 - 11 ) . `` The Problem With Universal 's ' Problem Child ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' Problem Child ' ( PG ) '' . The Washington Post . 1990 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( 1991 - 02 - 21 ) . `` VIDEO RENTALS : Three New Players Enter the Top Five '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Whiggles.com version 9 '' . Whiggles.landofwhimsy.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Problem Child Comedy Based On Movie Gets NBC Pilot Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Problem Child Official Trailer # 1 - Jack Warden Movie ( 1990 ) HD '' . 2012 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Problem Child 1 Deleted Scenes '' . 2011 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 -- via YouTube . External links ( edit ) Problem Child on IMDb Problem Child at Box Office Mojo Problem Child at Rotten Tomatoes Problem Child at Metacritic Problem Child review on the When Wrestlers Act podcast <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Dennis Dugan <Td_colspan="2"> Problem Child ( 1990 ) Brain Donors ( 1992 ) The Shaggy Dog ( 1994 ) Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Beverly Hills Ninja ( 1997 ) Big Daddy ( 1999 ) Saving Silverman ( 2001 ) National Security ( 2003 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry ( 2007 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski Films written Problem Child ( 1990 ) Problem Child 2 ( 1991 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) That Darn Cat ( 1997 ) Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) Agent Cody Banks ( 2003 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Dolemite Is My Name ( 2019 ) Films written and directed Screwed ( 2000 ) TV series created American Crime Story ( 2016 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Problem_Child_(film)&oldid=854798756 '' Categories : 1990 films 1990s comedy films American films American comedy films American independent films English - language films Films directed by Dennis Dugan Screenplays by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski Directorial debut films Films about adoption Films adapted into television programs Films set in Texas Films shot in Dallas Films shot in Fort Worth , Texas Films shot in Texas Imagine Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 21 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Problem Child film
2. Dennis Dugan director
3. John Ritter actor
4. Box office success
5. Negative critical reception |
-6,685,395,602,574,664,000 | what is the score in world cup final | List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals For a list of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals . List of FIFA World Cup finals <Td_colspan="2"> France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Six nations have won the final as host : Uruguay , Italy , England , Germany , Argentina and France . Two nations have lost the final as host : Brazil and Sweden . Contents 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals ( edit ) 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 <Th_colspan="8"> Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results ( edit ) Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA World Cup champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games <Td_colspan="2"> Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA World Cup Final venues <Td_colspan="2"> Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. FIFA World Cup finals
2. List of winners and runners-up
3. World Cup history
4. Final match results
5. Trophy and venue information |
5,614,723,839,666,263,000 | the sutures in the skull are what kind of joints | Fibrous joint - wikipedia Fibrous joint Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Fibrous joint <Td_colspan="2"> Fibrous joints <Th_colspan="2"> Details <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin Articulatio fibrosa , junctura fibrosa TA A03. 0.00. 004 FMA 7492 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Fibrous joints are connected by dense connective tissue , consisting mainly of collagen . These are fixed joints where bones are united by a layer of white fibrous tissue of varying thickness . In the skull the joints between the bones are called sutures . Such immovable joints are also referred to as synarthroses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 2 Sutures 2.1 Types of sutures 2.2 List of sutures 2.2. 1 Visible from the side 2.2. 2 Visible from the front or above 2.2. 3 Visible from below or inside 2.3 Gallery 3 Syndesmosis 3.1 Diagnosis of a syndesmotic injury 3.2 Syndesmotic tear 4 Gomphosis 5 References 6 External links Types ( edit ) Most fibrous joints are also called `` fixed '' or `` immovable '' , because they do not move . These joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue . The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints called sutures.In fetal skulls the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth . They later become rigid ( synarthrodial ) . Some of the long bones in the body such as the radius and ulna in the forearm are joined by a syndesmosis ( along the interosseous membrane ) . Syndemoses are slightly moveable ( amphiarthrodial ) . The distal tibiofibular joint is another example . A gomphosis is a joint between the root of a tooth and the socket in the maxilla or mandible ( jawbones ) . Sutures ( edit ) This section is about joints in the bones of the skull . For stitches holding tissues together , see Surgical suture . For natural structures of a wide range of animals , see Suture ( anatomy ) . For other uses , see Suture ( disambiguation ) . Side view of the skull Human skull side sutures right A suture is a type of fibrous joint that is only found in the skull . The bones are bound together by Sharpey 's fibres . A tiny amount of movement is permitted at sutures , which contributes to the compliance and elasticity of the skull . These joints are synarthroses . It is normal for many of the bones of the skull to remain unfused at birth . The fusion of the skull 's bones at birth is known as craniosynostosis . The term `` fontanelle '' is used to describe the resulting `` soft spots '' . The relative positions of the bones continue to change during the life of the adult ( though less rapidly ) , which can provide useful information in forensics and archaeology . In old age , cranial sutures may ossify ( turn to bone ) completely . The joints between the teeth ( gomphoses ) and the joint between the mandible and the cranium , the temporomandibular joint , form the only non-sutured joints in the skull . Types of sutures ( edit ) Plane sutures - edges of the bones are flush with each other as in a normal butt joint Limbous sutures - edges are bevelled so the plane of the suture is sloping as in a mitre joint Schindylesis - formed by two bones fitting into each other similar to a bridle joint Denticulate sutures - the edges slot into each other as in a finger joint Serrate sutures - similar to a denticulate suture but the interlocking regions are serrated rather than square . List of sutures ( edit ) Fig. 1 Cranial sutures viewed from top of head Most sutures are named for the bones they articulate , but some have special names of their own . Visible from the side ( edit ) Coronal suture - between the frontal and parietal bones Lambdoid suture - between the parietal and occipital bones and continuous with the occipitomastoid suture Occipitomastoid suture - between the occipital and temporal bones and continuous with the lambdoid suture Sphenofrontal suture Sphenoparietal suture Sphenosquamosal suture Sphenozygomatic suture Squamosal suture - between the parietal and the temporal bone Zygomaticotemporal suture Zygomaticofrontal suture Visible from the front or above ( edit ) Frontal suture / Metopic suture - between the two frontal bones , prior to the fusion of the two into a single bone Sagittal suture - along the midline , between parietal bones Visible from below or inside ( edit ) Frontoethmoidal suture Petrosquamous suture Sphenoethmoidal suture Sphenopetrosal suture Gallery ( edit ) Lambdoid suture Coronal suture Squamosal suture Zygomaticotemporal suture Sagittal suture . Sagittal suture . Sagittal suture . Top view of cranial suture . Syndesmosis ( edit ) A syndesmosis is a slightly movable fibrous joint in which bones such as the tibia and fibula are joined together by connective tissue . Examples include the distal tibia fibular joint as well as the radioulnar joint . Injuries to the ankle syndesmosis are commonly known as a `` high ankle sprain '' . Although the syndesmosis is a joint , in the literature the term syndesmotic injury is used to describe injury of the syndesmotic ligaments . It comes from the Greek σύν , syn ( meaning `` with '' ) and δεσμός , desmos ( meaning `` a band '' ) . Syndesmosis sprains have received increasing recognition during recent years because of a heightened awareness of the mechanism , symptoms , and signs of injury . Diagnosis of a syndesmotic injury ( edit ) Diagnosis of syndesmosis injuries by physical examination is often straightforward . Physical examination findings that are often positive include the squeeze test and the external rotation test . Patients with high - grade syndesmosis injuries often can not perform a single - leg heel raise . Patients report pain over the anterior and often posterior distal fibular joint . Syndesmotic tear ( edit ) The severity of acute syndesmosis injury is rated from grade I to III by several authors . A grade I injury is a partial anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament tear , meaning the exorotation and squeeze tests are negative for this grade . Grade II injury is a complete anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament and inferior interossesus ligament tear , meaning that squeeze test and exorotation are positive . This results in the injury being stabilized with immobilization but not operatively stabilized . A grade III injury is a complete anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament tear including a ( partial ) interosseous ligament tear and deltoid ligament avulsion , meaning the joint is unstable and positive on the exorotation and squeeze tests . This grade requires operative stabilization . If the syndesmosis is torn apart as result of bone fracture , surgeons will sometimes fix the relevant bones together with a syndesmotic screw , temporarily replacing the syndesmosis , or with a tightrope fixation , which is called Syndesmosis Procedure . The screw inhibits normal movement of the bones and , thereby , the corresponding joint ( s ) . When the natural articulation is healed , the screw may be removed . The tightrope fixation with elastic fiberwire suture on the other hand allows physiologic motion of the ankle and may be permanent . Gomphosis ( edit ) The teeth , viewed from the right A gomphosis , also known as a dentoalveolar syndesmosis , is a joint that binds the teeth to bony teeth sockets in the maxillary bone and mandible . The fibrous connection between a tooth and its socket is a periodontal ligament . Specifically , the connection is made between the maxilla or mandible to the cementum of the tooth . The motion of a gomphosis is minimal , though considerable movement can be achieved over time -- the basis of using braces to realign teeth . The joint can be considered a synarthrosis . The gomphosis is the only joint - type in which a bone does not join another bone , as teeth are not technically bone . In modern , more anatomical , joint classification , the gomphosis is simply considered a fibrous joint because the tissue linking the structures is ligamentous . A gomphosis is a specialized fibrous joint in which a conical process or peg of one bone fits into a hole or socket in another bone . ( gomphos is a Greek word meaning bolt ) . Small quantity of fibrous tissue holds the bones together . No movement is possible at such peg - and - socket joints . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Module - Introduction to Joints '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Tomco , Rachel . `` Fibrous Joints '' . AnatomyOne . Amirsys , Inc . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Harth , Sebastian ; Obert , Martin ; Ramsthaler , Frank ; Reuss , Christina ; Traupe , Horst ; Verhoff , Marcel ( 2009 ) . `` Estimating age by assessing the ossification degree of cranial sutures with the aid of Flat - Panel - CT '' . Legal Medicine ( Tokyo ) . Elsevier . 11 ( Supp. 1 ) : S186 -- S189 . doi : 10.1016 / j. legalmed. 2009.01. 091 . PMID 19261532 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Dr. M.A. ( Toby ) Arnold ; Deborah Bryce . `` Arnold 's Glossary of Anatomy '' . The University of Sydney . Jump up ^ Jones , MH ; Amendola , A. `` Syndesmosis sprains of the ankle '' . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 2007 , p. 173 - 75 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Darren L , MD ; Metzler , Adam V , MD . `` Dynamically Unstable Syndesmosis Injuries '' . Slack Incorporated , 2013 , p. 209 - 11 . Jump up ^ Valkering , Kars P , MD ; Vergroesen , Diederik , A , MD ; Nolte , Peter A , MD , PhD . `` Isolated Syndesmosis Ankle Injury '' . Slack Incorporated , 2012 , p. e1705 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://www.aaos.org/news/aaosnow/may08/clinical4.asp Jump up ^ http://www.arthrex.com/foot-ankle/tightrope Jump up ^ `` dentoalveolar syndesmosis '' . TheFreeDictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` Articulations '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 . External links ( edit ) https://web.archive.org/web/20070104013319/http://commons.bcit.ca/biology/articulations/fibrous.html Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cranial sutures . MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 002320 Age at Death Estimation from Cranial Suture Closures Cranial suture closure and its implications for age estimation https://web.archive.org/web/20070104013319/http://commons.bcit.ca/biology/articulations/fibrous.html <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Fibrous joints of the human skull Syndesmosis Pterygospinous ligament Stylohyoid ligament Sutures Involving the frontal bone frontoethmoidal suture frontal suture coronal suture occipitomastoid lambdoid sagittal Involving the sphenoid bone sphenoethmoidal with frontal bone with parietal bone sphenosquamosal Involving the Petrous part of the temporal bone sphenopetrosal petrosquamous squamosal Facial : palatomaxillary suture Involving the zygomatic process with sphenoid bone with temporal bone with frontal bone Mouth Gomphosis Periodontal fiber Periodontium Dental alveolus Gingiva Cementum <Th_colspan="2"> Joints Types Fibrous Gomphosis Suture Syndesmosis Interosseous membrane Cartilaginous Synchondrosis Symphysis synovial : Plane joint 1 ° Hinge joint Pivot joint 2 ° Condyloid joint Saddle joint 3 ° Ball and socket joint synostosis by range of motion : Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis Terminology Kinesiology Anatomical terms of motion Agonist / Antagonist Motions general : Flexion / Extension Adduction / Abduction Internal rotation / External rotation Elevation / Depression specialized / upper limbs : Protraction / Retraction Supination / Pronation specialized / lower limbs : Plantarflexion / Dorsiflexion Eversion / Inversion Components capsular : Joint capsule Synovial membrane Fibrous membrane Synovial fluid Synovial bursa Articular disk / Meniscus extracapsular : Ligament Enthesis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&oldid=831791182 '' Categories : Joints Skull Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano Português کوردی Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 06 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Fibrous joints in the skull
2. Types of fibrous joints
3. Sutures in the skull
4. Syndesmosis: a type of fibrous joint
5. Gomphosis: a specialized fibrous joint |
415,527,818,083,440,960 | whos at the end of avengers infinity war | Avengers : Infinity War - wikipedia Avengers : Infinity War `` Infinity War '' redirects here . For the 1992 comic book storyline , see The Infinity War . 2018 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios <Th_colspan="2"> Avengers : Infinity War <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Anthony Russo Joe Russo Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely Based on The Avengers by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Robert Downey Jr . Chris Hemsworth Mark Ruffalo Chris Evans Scarlett Johansson Benedict Cumberbatch Don Cheadle Tom Holland Chadwick Boseman Paul Bettany Elizabeth Olsen Anthony Mackie Sebastian Stan Danai Gurira Letitia Wright Dave Bautista Zoe Saldana Josh Brolin Chris Pratt Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Trent Opaloch Edited by Jeffrey Ford Matthew Schmidt Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 149 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $316 -- 400 million Box office $2.021 billion Avengers : Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2012 's The Avengers and 2015 's Avengers : Age of Ultron , and the nineteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely , and features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Hemsworth , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Evans , Scarlett Johansson , Benedict Cumberbatch , Don Cheadle , Tom Holland , Chadwick Boseman , Paul Bettany , Elizabeth Olsen , Anthony Mackie , Sebastian Stan , Danai Gurira , Letitia Wright , Dave Bautista , Zoe Saldana , Josh Brolin , and Chris Pratt . In Avengers : Infinity War , the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to stop Thanos from amassing the all - powerful Infinity Stones . The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . The Russo brothers came on board to direct in April 2015 and by May , Markus and McFeely had signed on to write the script for the film , which drew inspiration from Jim Starlin 's 1991 The Infinity Gauntlet comic and Jonathan Hickman 's 2013 Infinity comic . In 2016 , Marvel shortened the title to Avengers : Infinity War . Filming began in January 2017 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , and lasted until July 2017 , shooting back - to - back with an untitled direct sequel . Additional filming took place in Scotland , England , the Downtown Atlanta area , and New York City . With an estimated budget in the range of $316 -- 400 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made . Avengers : Infinity War held its world premiere on April 23 , 2018 in Los Angeles and was released in the United States on April 27 , 2018 , in IMAX and 3D . The film received praise for the performances of the cast ( particularly Brolin 's ) , visual effects , emotional weight of the story , and action sequences . It became the fourth film and the first superhero film to gross over $2 billion worldwide , making it the fourth highest - grossing film of all time and in the United States and Canada , as well as the highest - grossing film of 2018 . In its opening weekend , it grossed $641 million worldwide and $258 million domestically , setting the records for the highest - grossing openings for both . Infinity War became the fastest film in history to reach a worldwide gross of $1 billion , doing so in 11 days , and the second fastest film to reach $2 billion worldwide in 48 days , behind Avatar ( 2009 ) . The untitled sequel is set to be released on May 3 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 Pre-sale ticket records 6.1. 2 United States and Canada 6.1. 3 Other territories 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Having acquired the Power Stone from the planet Xandar , Thanos and his lieutenants -- Ebony Maw , Cull Obsidian , Proxima Midnight , and Corvus Glaive -- intercept the spaceship carrying the survivors of Asgard 's destruction . As they extract the Space Stone from the Tesseract , Thanos subdues Thor , overpowers Hulk , and kills Loki . Heimdall sends Hulk to Earth using the Bifröst before being killed . Thanos departs with his lieutenants and obliterates the ship . Hulk crash - lands at the Sanctum Sanctorum in New York City , reverting to Bruce Banner . He warns Stephen Strange and Wong about Thanos ' plan to kill half of all life in the universe ; in response , Strange recruits Tony Stark . Maw and Obsidian arrive to retrieve the Time Stone from Strange , drawing the attention of Peter Parker . Maw captures Strange , but fails to take the Time Stone due to an enchantment . Stark and Parker pursue Maw 's spaceship , Banner contacts Steve Rogers , and Wong stays behind to guard the Sanctum . In Scotland , Midnight and Glaive ambush Wanda Maximoff and Vision in order to retrieve the Mind Stone in Vision 's forehead . Rogers , Natasha Romanoff , and Sam Wilson rescue them and take shelter with James Rhodes and Banner at the Avengers Compound . Vision offers to sacrifice himself by having Maximoff destroy the Mind Stone to keep Thanos from retrieving it . Rogers suggests they travel to Wakanda , which he believes has the resources to remove the stone without destroying Vision . The Guardians of the Galaxy respond to a distress call from the Asgardian ship and rescue Thor , who surmises Thanos seeks the Reality Stone , which is in the possession of the Collector on Knowhere . Rocket and Groot accompany Thor to Nidavellir , where they and Eitri create a battle - axe capable of killing Thanos . On Knowhere , Peter Quill , Gamora , Drax , and Mantis find Thanos with the Reality Stone already in his possession . Thanos kidnaps Gamora , his adoptive daughter , who reveals the location of the Soul Stone to save her captive adoptive sister Nebula from torture . Thanos and Gamora travel to Vormir , where Red Skull , keeper of the Soul Stone , informs him the stone can only be retrieved by sacrificing someone he loves . Thanos reluctantly kills Gamora , earning the stone . Nebula escapes captivity and asks the remaining Guardians to meet her on Thanos ' destroyed homeworld , Titan . Stark and Parker kill Maw and rescue Strange . Landing on Titan , they meet Quill , Drax , and Mantis . The group forms a plan to remove Thanos ' Infinity Gauntlet after Strange uses the Time Stone to view millions of possible futures , seeing only one in which Thanos loses . Thanos arrives , justifying his plans as necessary to ensure the survival of a universe threatened by overpopulation . The group subdues him until Nebula deduces that Thanos has killed Gamora . Enraged , Quill attacks him , allowing Thanos to break the group 's hold and overpower them . Stark is seriously wounded by Thanos , but is spared after Strange surrenders the Time Stone to Thanos . In Wakanda , Rogers reunites with Bucky Barnes before Thanos ' army invades . The Avengers , alongside T'Challa and the Wakandan forces , mount a defense while Shuri works to extract the Mind Stone from Vision . Banner , unable to transform into the Hulk , fights in Stark 's Hulkbuster armor . Thor , Rocket , and Groot arrive to reinforce the Avengers ; Midnight , Obsidian , and Glaive are killed and their army is routed . Thanos arrives and despite Maximoff 's attempt to destroy the Mind Stone , removes it from Vision , killing him . Thor severely wounds Thanos , but Thanos activates the completed Infinity Gauntlet and teleports away . Half of all life across the universe disintegrates , including Barnes , T'Challa , Groot , Maximoff , Wilson , Mantis , Drax , Quill , Strange , and Parker . Stark and Nebula remain on Titan while Banner , M'Baku , Okoye , Rhodes , Rocket , Rogers , Romanoff , and Thor are left on the Wakandan battlefield . Meanwhile , Thanos rests and watches a sunrise on another planet . In a post-credits scene , Nick Fury transmits a signal as he , Maria Hill , and others disintegrate . The transmitter displays a starburst insignia on a red - and - blue background . Cast ( edit ) Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : The leader and benefactor of the Avengers , who is a self - described genius , billionaire , playboy , and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own making . Co-director Joe Russo explained that Stark `` senses this greater threat approaching , so he is doing everything in his power to keep the Earth safe '' . Downey added that Stark would have smaller goals than in previous films , with the idea of him as a tinkerer continued from Iron Man 3 , although this was not reflected in the final film . Chris Hemsworth as Thor : An Avenger and the king of Asgard , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Joe Russo stated that Thor 's storyline picks up after the events of Thor : Ragnarok , which finds him in a `` very profound ... very interesting place '' with `` real emotional motivation '' . At the recommendation of Hemsworth , writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely consulted Thor : Ragnarok director Taika Waititi and screenwriter Eric Pearson to help carry over the comedic and tragic elements of the re-toned Thor from that film . Thor now wields a mystical axe known as Stormbreaker , after the destruction of his hammer Mjolnir in Ragnarok . Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk : An Avenger and a genius scientist who , because of exposure to gamma radiation , transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated . Banner spends the film trying to reintegrate with the Avengers , and also tries to `` impress upon everybody how dangerous Thanos is '' . This continues a story arc for the character that was established in Thor : Ragnarok and concludes in the Infinity War sequel , with the difference between Hulk and Banner `` starting to blur a little bit '' . Ruffalo described Hulk in Infinity War as having the mental capacity of a five - year - old . Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America : A fugitive superhero and leader of a faction of Avengers . A World War II veteran , he was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world . Joe Russo said after the events of Captain America : Civil War , Rogers struggles with the conflict between his responsibility to himself and his responsibility to others . The character embodies the `` spirit '' of his comic alternate identity Nomad in the film , and receives new vibranium gauntlets from Shuri to replace his traditional shield . Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow : A highly trained spy , a member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers , and a former agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Johansson said that Romanoff 's situation in the aftermath of the events of Captain America : Civil War has been `` a dark time . I would n't say that my character has been particularly hopeful , but I think she 's hardened even more than she probably was before . '' Benedict Cumberbatch as Dr. Stephen Strange : A former neurosurgeon who , after a car accident that led to a journey of healing , discovered the hidden world of magic and alternate dimensions , and became a Master of the Mystic Arts . Markus and McFeely described Strange as `` ( ending ) up being the reasonable adult in the room '' with the `` widest perspective available '' due to the film 's stakes . Aaron Lazar served as Cumberbatch 's stand - in until the latter completed filming on The Current War . At that point , Cumberbatch re-shot scenes where his face needed to be seen . Julian `` JayFunk '' Daniels once again assisted Cumberbatch with his finger - tutting movements . Don Cheadle as James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes / War Machine : An officer in the U.S. Air Force who operates the War Machine armor and is an Avenger . Following his paralysis during the events of Civil War , Rhodes is given an apparatus by Stark to walk again , although he is reluctant to don his War Machine armor and rejoin the Avengers due to his injury . Cheadle believed that Rhodes is `` negotiating this reunion and his rejoining this team '' . He also explained that Rhodes ' relationship with Stark `` deepened '' from his accident , saying , `` I think Tony feels somewhat responsible and culpable in a way . But again , he 's always had my back in a way that only he could really have . '' Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man : A teenager and Stark 's protegé who received spider - like abilities after being bitten by a genetically - modified spider . Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther : The king of the African nation of Wakanda , who gained his enhanced strength by ingesting the Heart - Shaped Herb . Paul Bettany as Vision : An android and Avenger created using the artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. , Ultron , and the Mind Stone . Anthony Russo called Vision `` a living MacGuffin . Obviously , that raises the stakes because Vision 's life is in danger , and his life is in conflict with Thanos ' goals , so something 's got to give . '' Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch : A member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers , who can harness magic and engage in hypnosis and telekinesis . Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon : A member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers and former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat , using a specially designed wing pack . Mackie noted that Wilson has a grudge with other heroes like Iron Man and Black Panther after the events of Civil War . Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier : An enhanced assassin and Rogers ' ally and best friend , who reemerged brainwashed after being thought killed in action during World War II . Barnes , who formerly went by Winter Soldier , is given the name White Wolf by the people of Wakanda , who helped remove his Hydra programming . Tom Hiddleston as Loki : Thor 's adoptive brother , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Idris Elba as Heimdall : The all - seeing , all - hearing Asgardian former sentry of the Bifröst Bridge , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Peter Dinklage as Eitri : King of the Dwarves of Nidavellir , and weaponsmith , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Benedict Wong as Wong : One of the Masters of the Mystic Arts , tasked with protecting some of Kamar - Taj 's most valuable relics and books . Pom Klementieff as Mantis : A member of the Guardians of the Galaxy with empathic powers . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings . Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A member of the Guardians and warrior in search of vengeance against Thanos for killing his family . At the end of each day of filming , Bautista would have to sit in a sauna to remove his makeup . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : A member of the Guardians , who is an orphan from an alien world and raised by Thanos , seeking redemption for her past crimes . Ariana Greenblatt portrays a young Gamora . Vin Diesel as voice of Groot : A member of the Guardians who is a tree - like humanoid . Executive producer James Gunn explained that Groot is still an adolescent in the film , in the same state of growth seen in one of the post-credit scenes in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Terry Notary provided motion capture for Groot , and said the character is `` coming of age , so you 'll see the teenager find a mentor to look up to and to model himself after '' . Bradley Cooper as voice of Rocket Raccoon : A member of the Guardians who is a genetically - engineered raccoon - based bounty hunter and mercenary , and is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Sean Gunn was again the stand - in for Rocket during filming , with his acting and expressions serving as motion reference for the character . Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts : Stark 's fiancée and the CEO of Stark Industries . Downey felt that `` Pepper remains the heart of the ( Iron Man ) story '' , which was not a focal point in some of the preceding films with Stark . Downey continued that `` we wanted to get back to that reality . Not just for them , but let 's really see how that can add to the something - worth - fighting - for of it all . '' Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector : One of the Elders of the Universe , who is an obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species of all manner in the galaxy . Josh Brolin as Thanos : An intergalactic despot from Titan who longs to collect all six of the Infinity Stones in order to impose his will on all of reality , wanting to `` re-balance the universe '' . Producer Kevin Feige added that Thanos believes the universe is becoming over-populated , which led to the destruction of his home moon Titan and is something he vowed not to let happen again , and also said `` you could almost go so far as to say he is the main character of '' the film . McFeely shared this sentiment , describing the film as his `` hero journey '' in addition to being the film 's protagonist , stating , `` Part of that is the things that ( mean ) the most to him . We wanted to show that . It was n't just power ; it was n't just an ideal ; it was people . '' Brolin likened Thanos to `` the Quasimodo of this time '' and the novel Perfume , since Thanos was born deformed and considered a `` freak '' on Titan , while Joe Russo would reference The Godfather for Brolin at times , which Brolin felt helped `` to emotionalize the whole thing '' . Brolin further added that he preferred playing Thanos over Cable in Deadpool 2 because of the amount of work that went into creating the character . Thanos does not wear armor for most of the film , which is symbolic of his growing power as he collects the Infinity Stones . In addition to voicing for the character , Brolin performed motion capture on set . Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - Celestial leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Earth as a child , and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . Pratt described his role in the film as `` a cameo ... you get to be a little more vibrant ; a little more irreverent ; a little bit more colorful if you want it to be '' . Additionally , several other actors reprise their MCU roles : Danai Gurira as Okoye , the head of the Dora Milaje ; Letitia Wright as T'Challa's sister Shuri ; William Hurt as Thaddeus Ross , the U.S. Secretary of State ; Kerry Condon as the voice of Stark 's A.I. F.R.I.D.A.Y. ; Winston Duke as M'Baku , the leader of Wakanda 's mountain tribe the Jabari ; Florence Kasumba as Ayo , a member of the Dora Milaje ; Jacob Batalon as Parker 's friend Ned ; Isabella Amara as Parker 's classmate Sally ; Tiffany Espensen as Parker 's classmate Cindy ; and Ethan Dizon as Parker 's classmate Tiny . Samuel L. Jackson and Cobie Smulders make uncredited cameos as Nick Fury and Maria Hill , the former director and deputy director of S.H.I.E.L.D , respectively , in the film 's post-credits scene . Thanos ' henchmen , known collectively in the comics as the Black Order and in the film as the `` Children of Thanos '' , include Terry Notary as Cull Obsidian , Tom Vaughan - Lawlor as Ebony Maw , Carrie Coon as Proxima Midnight , and Michael James Shaw as Corvus Glaive . The foursome provided voices and motion - capture performances on set for their characters . As Coon was pregnant during filming , she mainly did facial capture for Proxima Midnight with some motion - capture , with stuntwoman Monique Ganderton standing - in and providing the rest on set . Ross Marquand portrays Johann Schmidt / Red Skull , the `` Stonekeeper '' and former Nazi commander of Hydra during World War II . Marquand replaces Hugo Weaving , who had expressed reluctance to reprise the character from Captain America : The First Avenger . Avengers co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance in the film as Parker 's school bus driver , while screenwriter Stephen McFeely cameos as Secretary Ross 's aide . David Cross was invited to make a cameo appearance as Tobias Fünke , his character from the sitcom Arrested Development , which the Russo brothers had previously worked on ; this was prevented by a scheduling conflict , but Fünke still appears in the film as a specimen in the Collector 's collection , played by an uncredited extra . Production ( edit ) Main article : Production of Avengers : Infinity War and the untitled Avengers sequel In October 2014 , Marvel announced a two - part sequel to Avengers : Age of Ultron , titled Avengers : Infinity War . Part 1 was scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 , with Part 2 scheduled for May 3 , 2019 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct both parts of Avengers : Infinity War , with back - to - back filming expected to begin in 2016 . The same month , Kevin Feige said that the Infinity War films would be two distinct films `` because they ( have ) such shared elements , it felt appropriate ... to ( subtitle the films ) like that . But I would n't call it one story that 's cut in half . I would say it 's going to be two distinct movies . '' By May 2015 , Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely had signed on to write the screenplays for both parts of the film , which draws inspiration from Jim Starlin 's 1991 `` The Infinity Gauntlet '' comic and Jonathan Hickman 's 2013 `` Infinity '' comic . Anthony Russo added the film was inspired by 1990s heist films , with Thanos `` on a smash - and - grab ( to acquire the Infinity Stones ) , and everybody 's trying to catch up the whole movie '' . In May 2016 , the Russos revealed that they would retitle the two films , to further remove the misconception that they were one large film split in two , with Joe stating , `` The intention is we will change ( the titles ) , we just have n't come up with ( them ) yet . '' That July , Marvel revealed the film 's title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Principal photography began on January 23 , 2017 , under the working title Mary Lou , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , with Trent Opaloch as director of photography . In early February , Marvel confirmed the involvement of Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man , Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , and Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man in the film . Additional filming took place in Scotland beginning in February 2017 . The filming occurred in Edinburgh , Glasgow and the Scottish Highlands , with studio work taking place at Wardpark Studios in Cumbernauld . Filming also began at Durham Cathedral in Durham , England in early May 2017 . In late June 2017 , filming occurred in Downtown Atlanta , as well as Atlanta 's Central Park in early July , before moving to Queens , New York in the middle of the month . Filming concluded on July 14 , 2017 . For the film 's final scene , where Thanos emerges healed in a nipa hut , the filmmakers partnered with Indochina Productions , a studio based in Thailand , to acquire footage of the Banaue Rice Terraces at Ifugao , Philippines . Later in July 2017 , Joe Russo stated there were a couple of unfinished scenes for Infinity War that would be shot `` in the next few months '' . In early March 2018 , Disney moved the release of Infinity War in the United States to April 27 , 2018 , to have it be released the same weekend as some of its international markets . Visual effects for the film were created by Industrial Light & Magic , Framestore , Method Studios , Weta Digital , Double Negative , Cinesite , Digital Domain , Rise , Lola VFX , and Perception . With an estimated budget in the range of $316 -- 400 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made . Music ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Infinity War ( soundtrack ) In June 2016 , Alan Silvestri , who composed the score for The Avengers , was revealed to be returning to score both Infinity War and its sequel . Silvestri started to record his score in January 2018 , and concluded in late March . Silvestri felt working on the film `` was a really different experience than anything I 'd done before , especially in regard to the approach and balancing quick shifts in tone '' . Ludwig Göransson 's theme from Black Panther is also used in the film . Hollywood Records and Marvel Music released the soundtrack album digitally on April 27 , 2018 , with a release on physical formats following on May 18 . Two versions were released , a regular and deluxe edition , with the deluxe edition featuring some extended and additional tracks . Release ( edit ) Avengers : Infinity War held its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on April 23 , 2018 , screening also at the adjacent El Capitan Theatre and Grauman 's Chinese Theatre . It was released in most countries worldwide , including the United States , on April 27 , 2018 , with a few debuts beginning as early as April 25 , and was shown in IMAX and 3D on select screens . In the United States , the film opened in 4,474 theaters , 408 of which were IMAX ; this was the widest release for a Disney title ever and the second - widest ever after Despicable Me 3 's 4,529 theaters . Three of AMC Theatres ' locations screened the film for 24 hours straight , with 53 of their locations having showtimes at either 2 am or 3 am to accommodate demand . In India , the film had the biggest release ever for a Hollywood film , opening on nearly 2,000 screens in four languages . The film also screened in 515 4DX theaters in 59 countries . It was originally scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 in the United States . The Chinese release of the film , which opened on May 11 , 2018 , was originally scheduled to end on June 10 , 2018 , but was granted a `` rare '' extension of 30 days , to end on July 9 , 2018 . Select footage from the film was screened around various cities during the film 's press tour in early April , ahead of the film 's Los Angeles premiere . The Russos noted that only a limited amount of the film would be shown at these screenings to reduce the chance of spoilers being leaked . Adam Chitwood of Collider commented that this was `` highly unusual as most Marvel movies are screened in their entirety for press about a month before they hit theaters '' . Ahead of the United States release , AMC Theatres in New York City and Orlando , Florida aired an eleven - MCU film marathon beginning on April 25 , leading to a screening of Infinity War . The El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles also had a similar marathon ahead of the film 's release . Marketing ( edit ) From left to right : Kevin Feige , Chris Hemsworth , Tom Hiddleston , Chadwick Boseman and Mark Ruffalo at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con In May 2017 , Robert Downey Jr. and his philanthropic organization Random Act Funding partnered with Omaze to initiate a contest to benefit the organization . A randomly chosen winner from those that donated would receive an Infinity War set visit . A life - sized statue of Thanos , created by Legacy Effects , was on display at D23 Expo 2017 , alongside statues of the Black Order / `` Children of Thanos '' : Corvus Glaive , Proxima Midnight , Ebony Maw , and Cull Obsidian . Additionally , Feige , Joe Russo , Downey , Brolin , Bettany , Olsen , Klementieff , Gillan , Bautista , Cheadle , Mackie , Cumberbatch , Stan , Holland , Boseman , Ruffalo and Hemsworth appeared at D23 Expo to present a clip highlighting the 10 years of MCU films , along with footage from Infinity War . The footage , which was screened exclusively for the panel , received strong audience reaction , with fans `` literally on their feet and jumping as the footage played '' . Julia Alexander of Polygon commented , `` to say that there was quite a bit happening in the trailer would be one hell of an understatement , but that 's not what got me excited about the promises Infinity War may deliver upon . Seeing Spider - Man in the same movie as Iron Man , Thor , Star - Lord and the Scarlet Witch finally feels like Marvel has made the movie it always wanted to -- and the one we 've always wanted to see . For nearly ten years we dreamt of this reality and to see it play across a massive screen ... it was impossible to not feel emotional . '' CinemaBlend 's Eric Eisenberg said the footage left him `` literally shaking '' , with the film looking `` like it could be one of the most epic blockbusters ever created '' , concluding `` the hype ( for the film ) most definitely feels very , very real '' . Haleigh Foutch for Collider said , `` It looks dark and dramatic , and utterly epic . It 's clear Marvel is trying to do something different here ... to pay off a decade 's worth of narrative and world - building . While it 's impossible to tell from two minutes work of footage , it certainly looks like that gamble paid off . '' The D23 footage was also shown at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International . Due to the two convention presentations , Avengers : Infinity War generated over 90,000 new conversations on social media from July 17 to 23 , the third-most during that time period behind Thor : Ragnarok and Justice League , according to comScore and its PreAct service . Infinity War stayed in third the following week , with over 41,000 new social media conversations , behind Ragnarok and It . By the week of October 16 , Infinity War had generated over 679,000 total social media conversations . To promote the release of the film 's first trailer , Marvel released `` a retrospective video looking back at some of its best trailers '' since Iron Man , `` paired with fan reaction videos to those trailers '' . The first trailer for Avengers : Infinity War debuted on Good Morning America on November 29 , 2017 . Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` The trailer promises , in many ways , exactly what anyone with a passing familiarity with superhero movies would expect ... '' but `` the most important part of the trailer is how it carefully , deliberately introduces the notion that the Infinity War films are going to function as a passing of the torch , from one set of Avengers to a newer group . '' Scott Mendelson writing , for Forbes , noted that even though the trailer was not much different from the convention footage screened earlier in the year , it was `` damn impressive . Moreover , it uses Nick Fury 's big ' Avengers Initiative ' speech , along with Alan Silvestri 's Avengers theme , to excellent effect . '' Conversely to Mendelson , Alexander commented on the different marketing strategy for the film between the convention footage scenes and the trailer scenes , feeling the `` two could n't be more different '' . She noted how the convention footage ( `` meant to please a crowd running on little sleep and jittery with anticipation '' ) was released between Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor : Ragnarok , and `` ( i ) t made sense to use Thor and the Guardians to hype up ( Infinity War ) '' because `` Marvel relied on the anticipation of Thor : Ragnarok and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 's success to excite fans , and footage of older movies set to classic Marvel scores as a way to drive home how this movie is an event in itself . '' Conversely , the trailer ( `` designed to explain what 's about to happen , teasing it out with additional background '' ) heavily featured Black Panther and Wakanda , which Alexander said could not have been done earlier , without the additional marketing for Black Panther that happened after the conventions to provide additional context . Gael Cooper of CNET observed that the trailer was viewed nearly 500,000 times in its first 15 minutes after it was posted on YouTube , but questioned if the trailer broke the site after the view counter appeared to be stuck at 467,331 . The trailer was viewed 230 million times in its first 24 hours , becoming the most viewed trailer in that time period , surpassing the record of It . In January 2018 , Marvel Comics published a two - issue prequel comic titled Avengers : Infinity War Prelude , which serves as a bridge between Captain America : Civil War and Avengers : Infinity War . A commercial for Infinity War aired during Super Bowl LII . The ad generated the most social media buzz out of all the films advertised during the Super Bowl , according to comScore and United Talent Agency ; it was viewed 17.6 million times across YouTube and Facebook . On February 27 , 2018 , Disney and Marvel announced the Marvel : The Universe Unites charity campaign leading to the release of merchandise for the film on March 3 . The week - long event saw stars from the film create social media challenges to provide funds and raise awareness for charities that support children and families impacted by serious illness . If their collective posts reached 1 million likes , Marvel said they would make a $250,000 donation to Starlight Children 's Foundation . Additionally , Disney planned to donate 10 % of sales of all Marvel products purchased at Disney Stores in the United States and online on the weekend of March 3 to the Make - A-Wish Foundation , up to $50,000 . Hasbro donated $1 million worth of cash and products to Give Kids the World Village and Funko made a $1 million toy donation to Starlight . A second trailer was released on March 16 , 2018 , which earned over 1 million views on YouTube in less than three hours after it was released . Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post was not overly enthused about another superhero film having `` special - effects - heavy villains , or the sight of yet another mysterious object hanging over the Manhattan skyline '' , but felt the trailer made her realize `` that I 'm actually looking forward to seeing ( the characters of the MCU ) get to know each other '' . Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter agreed with Rosenberg about the potential for character interactions , noting the trailer `` suggests that some of these meetings are going to keep up the playful tone of recent MCU movies '' . He continued , `` It is arguably gimmicky to pile up all of the crossover - style introductions or combinations of heroes in a movie like this , like a superpowered version of two well liked TV shows crossing over primarily in the hopes of getting more viewers to pay attention . But the entire Marvel Cinematic Universe is built on a foundation of these heroes existing within the same space , so their eventual meetings have a level of anticipation that exceeds that of watching them face off against Thanos . '' The second trailer was viewed 179 million times in the first 24 hours , the third-most viewed trailer in that time period , behind the first trailer for the film and It , while also becoming the biggest release for a second trailer , surpassing Beauty and the Beast ( 128 million views ) . A week before the film 's release , the Burj Khalifa in Dubai was lit up each night for the film , counting down to its release . Marvel also featured tie - in events across seven of their mobile games to promote the film . In early May 2018 , Marvel and Epic Games announced the `` Infinity Gauntlet Limited Time Mashup '' mode for Fortnite Battle Royale , where players can find the Infinity Gauntlet hidden on the game map and become Thanos with added abilities . The Russo brothers were fans of Fortnite and approached Donald Mustard , the worldwide creative director of Epic Games , about the potential for a crossover between the properties . On November 20 , 2018 , Little , Brown and Company will publish Marvel 's Avengers : Infinity War : Thanos -- Titan Consumed , written by Barry Lyga . Despite not existing within Marvel Studios ' MCU canon , the novel explores the origins of Thanos before the events of the film . Lyga noted he spoke with Marvel Studios to get an `` outline of who Thanos is and what he means to the movies '' , and `` was given great latitude and a free hand ( in some areas of the story ) , while in others I had to tip - toe very carefully through the MCU '' . Additional marketing partners for the film included Coca - Cola , Quicken Loans and their Rocket Mortgage service , the Infiniti QX50 ( which is also featured in the film ) , Ziploc , Go - Gurt , Yoplait , Synchrony Bank , American Airlines , and Stand Up to Cancer . The partners created television commercials `` inspired by or featuring the film 's characters and themes '' , interactive digital initiatives , and robust in - store presences at numerous retailers . Duracell , Unilever , Quaker Oats Company , Chevron , and Samsung ran promotions in smaller markets . Coca - Cola , Ziploc , Go - Gurt , and Yoplait created special packaging in support of the film , with Synchrony implementing a `` Save Like a Hero '' campaign , and Stand Up to Cancer and American Airlines launching a national campaign with a PSA starring Johansson and Hemsworth . In the United Kingdom , OnePlus released an Infinity War edition for one of their smartphones . Deadline Hollywood estimated the media value was $150 million , the largest for any Marvel film , with Coca - Cola contributing an estimated $40 million . Home media ( edit ) Avengers : Infinity War is scheduled to be released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on July 31 , 2018 , and on Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on August 14 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of June 18 , 2018 , Avengers : Infinity War has grossed $665 million in the United States and Canada , and $1.356 billion in other territories , for a worldwide total of $2.021 billion . It is the fourth highest - grossing film of all time , as well as the highest - grossing film of 2018 , the highest - grossing MCU film , and the highest - grossing superhero film . Its worldwide opening weekend of $640.5 million is the biggest of all time , beating The Fate of the Furious ' $541.9 million . It crossed the $1 billion threshold at the worldwide box office in 11 days , becoming the fastest film to reach the milestone , eclipsing Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' record of 12 days . Also in its second weekend , Infinity War passed $13.5 million from 4DX screens , which was the all - time record for the format . On June 12 , 2018 , Avengers : Infinity War passed the $2 billion mark at the worldwide box office , becoming the fourth film to cross that milestone after Avatar , Titanic , and The Force Awakens . Crossing the mark in 48 days was the second fastest to that point , after Avatar 's 47 - day record . With $140 million worldwide from IMAX , the film is the third - largest worldwide in the format , behind Avatar and The Force Awakens , and the largest gross for a Marvel film . In May 2018 , two weeks after its release , Deadline Hollywood deduced the film had already broken even , and estimated its net profit would be around $600 million , accounting for production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media . Pre-sale ticket records ( edit ) In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Infinity War was the most anticipated film of 2018 . Fandango reported that Infinity War achieved the largest initial 24 - hour ticket pre-sales for a superhero film in just six hours , surpassing the record from Black Panther . Atom Tickets also reported that Infinity War sold more tickets in its first pre-sales day than Black Panther sold in its first month . Within 72 hours , the film generated the biggest amount of pre-sales for any superhero film at AMC Theatres . AMC noted that Infinity War 's advance ticket sales were 257.6 % ahead of Black Panther 's , 751.5 % ahead of Captain America : Civil War , and 1,106.5 % ahead of Avengers : Age of Ultron during the same time frame . Two weeks before its release , Fandango revealed that advance ticket sales for Infinity War were outpacing the last seven MCU films combined in the same timeframe , and had become the company 's top April release . It was also on pace to become the top superhero film , with Fandango 's Erik Davis noting , `` Infinity War has built up such unprecedented anticipation that it 's pacing to break records , the likes of which we have never seen before for a superhero movie . '' A week before the film released , The Wall Street Journal noted the film had sold more than $50 million worth of advance tickets , behind only Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) and Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , with Fandango reporting that more than 2,500 showtimes had sold out . On Atom Tickets , Infinity War had the most pre-sale volume , selling 7 % higher than The Last Jedi and 250 % higher than Black Panther at the same point in their sales . Atom also reported that ticket sales for Infinity War were doubling daily the week of its release , the fastest rate of increase the service has seen for any MCU title . United States and Canada ( edit ) Avengers : Infinity War earned $106.7 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $39 million from Thursday night previews ) , for an opening weekend total of $258.2 million . The Thursday night preview earning was the best for an MCU film ( beating Avengers : Age of Ultron 's $27.6 million ) and the fourth - best of all time , behind The Force Awakens ( $57 million ) , The Last Jedi ( $45 million ) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $43.5 million ) . Fandango reported that $14 million of the $39 million came from ticket pre-sales from the company . The opening day gross was the second - best ever , behind The Force Awakens ' $119.1 million , its Saturday gross of $83 million was the best - ever Saturday gross , beating Jurassic World 's $69.6 million , and its Sunday gross of $69.2 million was the best - ever , beating The Force Awakens ' $60.5 million . The total weekend gross became highest - grossing opening weekend of all time , beating The Force Awakens ' $248 million . IMAX contributed $22.5 million to the opening weekend gross , which was the best opening for a Marvel film in the format and the third - biggest opening , behind The Force Awakens ( $30 million ) and The Last Jedi ( $24.7 million ) . AMC reported that the film had the highest Friday and Saturday box office gross for a single title in the company 's history , while Fandango reported that approximately $84 million worth of tickets were sold through the service , approximately 30 % , which was the largest share of the weekend box office for any film in the company 's history . Avengers : Infinity War earned an additional $25 million the Monday after its opening weekend , which was the highest grossing Monday in April , beating Furious 7 ( $14 million ) , and the second - best Monday gross for an MCU film , after Black Panther ( $40.1 million ) . The next day , it earned $23.5 million , which was the highest grossing Tuesday for an MCU film , beating Black Panther ( $20.8 million ) , and the highest grossing Tuesday in May , beating The Avengers ( $17.6 million ) . It also tied The Force Awakens for the fastest to reach $300 million at five days . The film remained number one in its second weekend , earning $115.5 million , which was the second - best second weekend ever after The Force Awakens ( $149.2 million ) . Infinity War also surpassed $400 million in the weekend , doing so in nine days , becoming the second fastest film to reach that mark , again after The Force Awakens 's eight days . In its third weekend , Infinity War remained number one at the box office , and became the second - fastest film to surpass $500 million , doing so in 15 days ( behind The Force Awakens 's 10 days ) . The weekend also saw its total domestic IMAX gross become $48.1 million , which was the highest for any MCU film . The film 's fourth weekend saw it come in second , behind Deadpool 2 , and in its fifth it finished third behind Solo : A Star Wars Story and Deadpool 2 . By May 23 , Infinity War surpassed $600 million , becoming the second - fastest film to do so in 26 days , after The Force Awakens ( 12 days ) . It placed fourth in its sixth weekend , fifth in its seventh , and eighth in its eighth . It is the fourth highest - grossing film of all time , and the second highest - grossing superhero film . The film is projected to gross $650 -- 675 million for its total final domestic gross . Other territories ( edit ) Outside the United States and Canada , the film earned $382.7 million from 52 markets , opening number one in all , and became the number two opening internationally , behind The Fate of the Furious ( $444.2 million ) . IMAX contributed $18.5 million , which was the best opening outside of the US , Canada , and China , surpassing The Force Awakens ( $17.5 million ) . All - time opening weekend records were set in South Korea ( $39.2 million ) , Mexico ( $25.4 million ) , Brazil ( $19.1 million ) , India ( for a Western release , $18.6 million ) , the Philippines ( $12.5 million ) , Thailand ( $10 million ) , Indonesia ( $9.6 million ) , Malaysia , Hong Kong , Vietnam , Central America , Peru , Chile , Ecuador , Venezuela , Bolivia , South Africa , Turkey , the United Arab Emirates , and West Africa , with many also setting opening day records . Australia opened with $6.7 million , which was the second biggest opening day of all time , behind The Force Awakens ; it went on to have the second - highest opening weekend ever , with $23.2 million . France 's opening day gross of $3.9 million was the highest ever for the month of April and the largest ever for an MCU film , while the same amount in Italy was the third - highest opening day and biggest superhero and Disney opening ever . France went on to earn $17.7 million , the biggest superhero opening in the market . Denmark , Finland , Norway , Portugal , and Sweden had the best opening for a superhero film . The United Kingdom earned $8.9 million , which was the biggest MCU opening day and third highest opening day for a Disney film ; it would go on to earn $41.4 million for the weekend , which was the third - highest of all time and the second - highest Disney opening . The United Kingdom also had the highest grossing Saturday ever . Argentina had the second highest opening day of all time , while Germany had the best superhero film opening day of all time , ultimately earning $14.7 million , which was the best superhero opening ever . Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Greece , Hungary , the Middle East , Poland , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Ukraine also broke superhero film records . Japan had the second - biggest opening for an MCU film with $9 million . Avengers : Infinity War remained number one in its 54 markets in its second weekend . The $4.9 million opening day in Russia was the biggest of all time . Infinity War was also the first film in Russia to sell more than 1 million tickets in a single day , and went on to gross $17.6 million in the market , a new opening weekend record . IMAX contributed $2.2 million in the market , which was also an opening weekend record . In its third weekend , the film remained number one in a majority of its markets . Infinity War opened in China to $200 million ( RMB 1.266 billion ) , which was the second highest opening weekend in local currency behind The Fate of the Furious ( $184 million and RMB 1.352 million ) . IMAX contributed $20.5 million , which was the third - largest opening in China . Infinity War also broke China 's pre-sale record of 400 million yuan ( $63 million ) . In India , Infinity War became the first Hollywood film to earn over ₹ 2 billion net ( $29.7 million ) , and also became the highest grossing MCU film in the United Kingdom . In its sixth weekend , the film became the highest grossing MCU film in Japan with $33 million . The film became the highest grossing release ever in Brazil , Indonesia , the Philippines , Central America , Bolivia , Venezuela , Latin America as a region , Mexico , Chile , Ecuador , Peru , Malaysia , Singapore , India ( for a Western release ) , Vietnam , Indonesia , Thailand ( for a Western release ) , and Mongolia , the second - highest in the Asia - Pacific region ( for a Western release ) , Hong Kong , and South Korea ( for a Western release ) and the third - highest in China ( for a Western release ) . It is also the highest - grossing superhero film in Belgium , Bosnia , Bulgaria , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Macedonia , the Netherlands , Poland , Romania , Serbia , Slovakia , Switzerland , the United Arab Emirates , Ukraine , and the United Kingdom . As of June 17 , 2018 , the film 's top markets are China ( $373.4 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $95.7 million ) , and South Korea ( $92.8 million ) . The film is the third highest - grossing film of all time in territories outside the United States and Canada . Critical response ( edit ) Josh Brolin 's performance as Thanos was praised by many critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83 % approval rating based on 337 reviews , and an average rating of 7.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Avengers : Infinity War ably juggles a dizzying array of MCU heroes in the fight against their gravest threat yet , and the result is a thrilling , emotionally resonant blockbuster that ( mostly ) realizes its gargantuan ambitions . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 53 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 87 % overall positive score and a 68 % `` definite recommend '' . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter praised the writers ' and directors ' ability to balance the large cast of characters , saying , `` ... writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely and directors Anthony and Joe Russo , under the supervision of Marvel Films maestro Kevin Feige , acknowledge the traffic jam of egos and play it for laughs '' . Owen Gleiberman of Variety concurred , stating , `` Infinity War is a brashly entertaining jamboree , structured to show off each hero or heroine and give them just enough to do , and to update their mythologies without making it all feel like homework . '' Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers said the film is `` too much of a good thing '' and wrote , `` The Russo brothers have clearly never learned the concept that less is more . They 've used the premise of an Avengers reunion to put on a fireworks explosion of action and laughs that wo n't quit . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called it Marvel 's `` biggest and most ambitious movie yet '' , but concluded `` it 's certainly not the best . However , there 's plenty of action , humor and heart -- and some genuinely effective dramatic moments . '' Roeper went on to praise the film 's cast and Josh Brolin in particular , whom he called `` the film 's most interesting performance '' . Gleiberman called Brolin 's motion capture performance `` supremely effective '' and said , `` Brolin infuses Thanos with his slit - eyed manipulative glower , so that the evil in this movie never feels less than personal . '' McCarthy wrote , `` Brolin 's calm , considered reading of the character bestows this conquering beast with an unexpectedly resonant emotional dimension , making him much more than a thick stick figure of a supervillain . '' McCarthy also praised the film 's action sequences , saying `` Infinity War brims with tensely spectacular combat sequences , even if the question of who 's going to win each one has that extravagantly arbitrary could - Mighty - Mouse - beat - up - Superman ? quality . '' Gleiberman called the scale of the action , `` astonishing '' , and Travers wrote , `` Avengers : Infinity War leaves viewers up in the air , feeling exhilarated and cheated at the same time , aching for a closure that never comes ... at least not yet . '' Josh Spiegel , also of The Hollywood Reporter , said the film takes `` a cue from the ending of The Empire Strikes Back in its super-sized finale ; this is the equivalent of Han Solo frozen in the carbonite , on steroids . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times criticized the film 's reliance on other films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , `` Considered on its own , as a single , nearly 2 - hour - 40 - minute movie , Avengers : Infinity War makes very little sense '' , but conceded that it `` was never meant to be viewed or judged in isolation '' . Richard Brody of The New Yorker agreed , stating , `` The insubstantiality of the film is n't due to the infinite yet flimsy malleability of C.G.I. gimmickry but , instead , to the dispersion of its drama throughout the many cinematic installations set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time said , `` ( It ) is n't really a beginning , but more of a middle or an end with a new piece of yarn attached . You need to have seen and internalized every one of the previous 18 Marvel Cinematic Universe movies to fully get it . '' Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times called it a `` brisk , propulsive , occasionally rousing and borderline - gutsy continuation of a saga that finally and sensibly seems to be drawing to a close '' , but called its ultimate bid for catharsis `` unsuccessful '' , saying , `` Not even the threat of universal annihilation , it seems , will keep this assembly line from chugging ahead with its signature polished , mechanized efficiency . '' Scott also criticized the action sequences , calling them `` tedious and predictable '' and writing , `` The noisy , bloated spectacles of combat were surely the most expensive parts of the movie , but the money seems less like an imaginative tool than a substitute for genuine imagination . '' Likewise , Zacharek said , `` There 's no pacing in Avengers : Infinity War . It 's all sensation and no pulse . Everything is big , all of the time . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2018 Golden Trailer Awards Best Action `` Millions '' ( Mocean ) Nominated Best Teaser `` Balance '' ( Mocean ) Nominated Best Original Score `` Millions '' ( Mocean ) Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Movie Avengers : Infinity War Nominated Best Villain Josh Brolin Nominated Best Fight Scarlett Johansson , Danai Gurira , Elizabeth Olsen vs. Carrie Coon Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Action Movie Avengers : Infinity War Pending Choice Action Movie Actor Chris Evans Pending Robert Downey Jr . Pending Tom Holland Pending Choice Action Movie Actress Elizabeth Olsen Pending Scarlett Johansson Pending Zoe Saldana Pending Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Untitled Avengers film An untitled sequel is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 , with the Russos returning to direct , and Markus and McFeely once again writing the screenplay . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2017 film Thor : Ragnarok . Jump up ^ Identified off - screen as the insignia of Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War : ' The Russo Brothers on Action , Tone , and Movies That Influenced the MCU Sequel '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Marches Toward $600 M Profit ; How The Russo Brothers Mapped Out The Marvel Hit '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sylt , Christian ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Reveals Financial Muscle Of ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Officially Lands Biggest Box Office Opening of All Time '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hornshaw , Phil ; Owen , Phil ; Lincoln , Ross A. ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` How Will ' Captain Marvel ' Play into That Wild ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Ending ? '' . TheWrap.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Downey Jr . To Return As Marvel 's Iron Man '' . Marvel.com . June 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Downey Jr . Joins ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . 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Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . via Gerber , Sean ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Joe Russo : Steve Rogers is n't Nomad in ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Marvel Studios News . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Halle Berry , Jamie Dornan , Chris Evans , Gael García Bernal , Samuel L. Jackson , Scarlett Johansson , Dakota Johnson , Kate Mckinnon , Shirley Maclaine , Hailee Steinfeld Will Be Presenters on Oscars ® Stage '' . Academy Awards . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War -- Black Panther Actor Starts Filming '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Behind the scenes of Avengers : Infinity War as new heroes unite -- and others will end -- page 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( @ jamesgunn ) ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` He 's not a stand - in . He 's motion reference . We use Sean 's acting and expressions for Rocket . And yes he 's doing that '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ridgely , Charlie ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War ' : Gwyneth Paltrow Lets Some Pepper Potts Spoilers Slip '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Collector Confirmed For ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Announced For 2018 -- 19 in Two Parts '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . 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Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Luke Y. ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War 's Children of Thanos ( Black Order ) Were Just Unveiled at D23 '' . Nerdist Industries . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Skull Island ' : Kong Motion - Capture Actor on Sequel Plans and Seeking Andy Serkis ' Blessing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Huwav ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Fargo 's Carrie Coon to play crucial Avengers : Infinity War villain '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Berry ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Vaughan - Lawlor confirms role in Avengers : Infinity War '' . DublinLive . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Lynch , Russel ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars special effects firm Industrial Light & Magic expands with move to Holborn '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man -- Homecoming : Dominik Zimmerle -- VFX Supervisor -- Trixter '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' and ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' Visual Effects Houses Method and Iloura Join Forces '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War is the second most expensive film ever made '' . The Daily Telegraph . 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Jump up ^ `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter. April 26 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Parker , Ryan ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Robert Downey Jr . Celebrates Lack of Egos at ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Films To Show on Imax Through 2019 With New Distribution Deal '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date Moves to December 2019 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' All - Time Opening Record Even Higher With $258 M+ Domestic , $640 M+ WW -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pillai , Sreedhar ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War expected to release in 2000 screens in India , unprecedented for any Hollywood film '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Second - Fastest Pic To $400 M With Second - Best 2nd Weekend Ever , Now Back At $115 M+ -- Monday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Surges To $1.164 B Global & # 5 Superhero Movie Ever WW ; $713 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Secures Rare China Release Extension As It Nears $2 B WW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Russo Brothers Ask Fans Not to Spoil ' Infinity War ' ; Say the True Plot Is a Secret '' . Collider . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` AMC Theaters Will Host 12 - Film Marvel Marathon Ahead of ' Infinity War ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` RDJ Offers Avengers : Infinity War Set Visit '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War 's Thanos Fully Revealed in D23 Expo Photo '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' -- Blockbuster First Trailer Brings D23 to Its Feet '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Julia ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War 's first trailer proves the Marvel we 've dreamt of for a decade is real '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Trailer Teases An Epic MCU Finale '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War trailer is different from earlier SDCC footage -- and much better '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael Fashingbauer ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer explodes with action '' . CNET . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Captain America 's ' Infinity War ' Beard Was Most Popular Part of Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Prelude Comic Reveals Updated Logo '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Ads : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Big Winner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Markus , Tucker Chet ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Universe Unites For Children 's Charities '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pallotta , Frank ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer assembles Marvel 's mightiest heroes '' . CNN . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer reminds me why I like Marvel movies '' . 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Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Fox Record With $176 M Overseas Bow ; ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $1.81 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Soars to $2 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Now Second - Fastest To Half Billion ; ' Life of the Party ' No Pizzazz With $18 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . 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Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Breaks a Pre-Sales Record in Just Six Hours '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Infinity War Shatters Black Panther 's Advance Ticket Sales Record '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Beating ' Black Panther ' to Set New Presales Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' on Track for Heroic Opening '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Posts April Monday Record With $25 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Ties ' Force Awakens ' As Fastest Title To $300 M , Will Make Another $100 M+ This Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Swinging in As Second - Best Opening For R - Rated Pic With $125 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Why Is ' Solo ' Flying So Low at the B.O. ? Memorial Day Opening Now At $103 M -- Monday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Nabs 2nd - Best Tuesday For R - Rated Pic ; ' Infinity War ' 2nd - Fastest To $600 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Hits Asteroid With $29 M+ ; ' Action Point ' Condemned To $2 M+ : Post-Memorial Day Blues at the B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ocean 's 8 ' Steals Franchise Record With $41.5 M Opening -- Final Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Incredibles 2 ' Record $183 M Beats ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opening & Lifetime Totals Of ' Cars 3 ' , ' A Bug 's Life ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War 's Record Global Bow Rockets To $641 M ; Overseas Open Lifts To $383 M -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Crushes $179 M In 3 Days Overseas ; Record Global Bow In Sight '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Weekend Actuals : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Snaps Domestic ( $257.7 M ) & Global ( $640.4 M ) Opening Records In Historic Debut '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Lights Up $900 M+ At Global Box Office On Way To $1 B Speed Record '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ZX , ZX ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' pockets 800 mln yuan on 2nd day in China '' . Xinhua News Agency . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhowal , Tiasa ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Box Office Collection Day 12 -- First Hollywood Film To Make Over 200 Crore In India '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Rockets To China 's 3rd Biggest Opening Day ; Swings Past ' Jungle Book ' As India 's Top Hollywood Pic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Scruffy With $115 M Overseas To Date ; ' Deadpool 2 ' Retakes # 1 & Nears $600 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $370 M Overseas ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Powers $52 M Early Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War Reviews : It 's Both Amazing and Exhausting '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Review : All - Star Marvel Team - Up Is Superhero Pile - Up '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' unites Stark and Star - Lord in a massive Marvel mashup '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josh ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` Why ' Avengers : Infinity War ' May Feel Unsatisfying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : It 's Marvel 's Universe . We Just Live in It '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War , ' Reviewed : The Latest Marvel Movie Is a Two - and - a-Half - Hour Ad for All the Previous Marvel Movies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zacharek , Stephanie ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Checks All the Boxes . That 's Exactly What 's Wrong With It '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : a rousing Marvel mash - up , or a truly epic tease ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Trailer Award Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Top List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Avengers : Infinity War , Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` DeadlineIntWknd7 '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Avengers : Infinity War Wikimedia Commons has media related to Avengers : Infinity War . 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-6,556,712,963,988,466,000 | aeronautical complex kamra built with the help of | Pakistan Aeronautical Complex - wikipedia Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Pakistan Aeronautical Complex <Td_colspan="2"> Official logo of Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Native name پاکستان ایروناٹیکل کمپلیکس Type State - owned company Industry Aerospace Defense Founded Kamra , Punjab , Pakistan 1971 Headquarters Kamra , Attock District , Punjab , Pakistan Area served Worldwide Key people Air Marshal Ahmer Shahzad Chairman Products Product list ( show ) Civil and military aerospace Avionics systems Naval aviation system Satellites and space systems Military communications Aerial navigation Defence electronics Military computers Business jets UAV systems Production output Military Aircraft Services Aircraft maintenance Aircraft MLU systems Aircraft design , R&D Owner Ministry of Defence Production ( Primary owner ) ( Other ownership ) Parent Pakistan Air Force Divisions Divisions ( show ) Aircraft Rebuild Factory Mirage Rebuild Factory Aircraft Manufacturing Factory Avionics Production Factory Subsidiaries Air Weapons Complex Website www.pac.org.pk The Pakistan Aeronautical Complex ( PAC ) ( Urdu : پاکستان ایروناٹیکل کمپلیکس ) is a Pakistani aerospace , defence , aviation contractor , and military corporation producing aerial systems for both military and civilian usage , situated in Kamra , Attock District . Founded in 1971 by the Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) , the PAC designs , develops , and build aircraft and avionics systems for the Inter -- Services of the country ; it also provides its services for civilian aircraft . In addition , the PAC performs local maintenance and works on the aircraft MLU systems of foreign - built military and civilian aircraft . It is solely owned by the PAF as its corporate interests and its corporate appointments are directly made by the Chief of air staff from the Air HQ of the PAF . Mainly focusing on avionics , aviation , and high - tech electronics , the PAC also manufactures military systems for the Pakistan Army and Navy , which are listed as `` valued customers '' . Many of these products are specially suited for the Pakistan Armed Forces needs , while others are also marketed to foreign militaries . While it collaborated with several countries corporate organisations , the PAC often jointly works with the Turkish TAI and the Chinese CATIC . Its aircraft 's have been exported to Nigeria , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates . Contents 1 Operations 1.1 Aircraft Rebuild Factory 1.2 Mirage Rebuild Factory 1.3 Aircraft Manufacturing Factory 1.4 Avionics Production Factory ( APF ) 1.5 Project Azm 2 Products 2.1 Aircraft 2.2 Unmanned aerial vehicles ( UAV ) 2.3 Consumer Electronics 3 Services 4 References 5 External links Operations ( edit ) A F - 16A at the PAC , the F - 16s are maintained at the PAC . Since 1947 , the Pakistan Air Force operated largely dependent on foreign suppliers , fighter jets and aircraft had to be sent abroad for desired inspection , development , and to produce parts to maintain the fighter aircraft in service , causing the downsizing of the air force . After consultation from the PAF 's commanders at AHQ at the Pindi Cantt and assistance from the Chinese government , the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex ( PAC ) was established in 1973 in Kamra with Aircraft Rebuild Factory first being functional . PAC was established by the Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) as part of the new defence policy introduced in 1972 ; the PAC represents wide range of corporate revenue of the air force while fulfilling the national security needs of the country . The Pakistan Aeronautical Complex started with three main Ministry of Defence projects designated P - 721 , P - 741 and P - 751 . The first two digits show the year of project approval and launch , the third digit is a serial designator . Since 1980s -- 90s , PAC functions include licensed - built Mirage - III , Mirage - 5 , and the F - 16s as well as building the F100 engines for the F - 16s under license from Pratt & Whitney . A retired Pakistan Air Force F - 6 on display Aircraft Rebuild Factory ( edit ) Aircraft Rebuild Factory ( ARF ) , formerly known as F - 6 Rebuild Factory ( F - 6RF ) and P - 721 , is primarily dedicated to the overhaul and parts manufacture of Chinese aircraft in service with the Pakistan Air force ( PAF ) . The factory is capable of overhauling and parts manufacturing for the Shenyang F - 6 ( now retired by the PAF ) , Nanchang A-5 ( also retired by the PAF ) and F - 7 combat aircraft , as well as the Shenyang FT - 5 and FT - 6 jet trainer aircraft . ARF is also capable of manufacturing Drop Tanks and harnesses of aircraft . Mirage Rebuild Factory ( edit ) The Mirage Rebuild Factory ( MRF ) , formerly known as P - 741 , is dedicated to the overhaul of French origin military aircraft in service with the Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) , the Dassault Mirage III and Mirage V combat aircraft . Overhaul and manufacturing services were used by other countries with French Mirage aircraft in service . The Mirage III ana Mirage 5 are under license and built at the PAC factory . This factory also grew to service and overhaul the Pratt & Whitney F100 turbofan engines belonging to the F - 16 Fighting Falcon combat aircraft of the PAF . Due to lack of budget for replacing outdated aircraft , the MRF was devoted to domestically overhauling them , which according to claims , saved the country billions of dollars . Aircraft manufacturing Factory ( edit ) Two JF - 17 multi-role fighters during a flypast performance in Islamabad on 23 March 2007 , assembled by PAC earlier that month . Serial production of the fighter at AMF began on 30 June 2009 . An MFI - 395 Super Mushshak , produced at AMF , on display at the IDEAS 2008 defence exhibition in Karachi , Pakistan . Aircraft Manufacturing Factory ( AMF ) , formerly known as P - 751 , is dedicated to heavy military aircraft manufacturing . The MFI - 17 Mushshak basic trainer aircraft built under license for use by the Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) and Pakistan Army aviation wing . This factory project managed the aircraft modification and development venture that resulted in the MFI - 395 Super Mushshak basic trainer , based on the MFI - 17 Mushshak . Development of the K - 8 Karakorum ( also known as Hongdu JL - 8 ) intermediate / advanced jet trainer was done in co-operation with Hongdu Aviation Industry Group of China , with AMF manufacturing parts for the aircraft . The JF - 17 multi-role combat aircraft ( also known as FC - 1 ) , a joint project between China and Pakistan , is now being manufactured by AMF . The MFI - 17 , MFI - 395 , K - 8 and JF - 17 are now in service with the ( PAF ) . AMF also designs and manufactures unmanned aerial vehicles for uses such as target practice . Manufacture of sub-assemblies for the JF - 17 light - weight multi-role fighter began on 22 January 2008 , while serial production of the fighter began on 30 June 2009 . On 20 August 2009 the PAF announced that it would begin production of its own unmanned aerial vehicles in collaboration with Italian company Selex Galileo . Production of the UAV , named Falco , was to begin soon . An earlier opportunity to manufacture a fighter aircraft was lost when the Pakistan Air Force abandoned Project Sabre II in 1987 , a joint effort by Pakistan , China and Grumman Aerospace that would have seen AMF manufacturing a re-designed Chengdu F - 7 variant . Avionics production Factory ( APF ) ( edit ) Avionics production Factory ( APF ) , formerly known as Kamra Avionics and Radar Factory ( KARF ) was initiated as Radar Maintenance Centre ( RMC ) in 1983 to overhaul and rebuild ground - based radar systems . In 1989 , RMC was expanded to become Kamra Radar & Avionics Factory ( KARF ) . APF has the facilities to assemble and overhaul airborne as well as ground - based radar systems , electronics and avionics . Currently the only ISO 9002 certified facility among PAC , the factory was involved in upgrading the Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) Chengdu F - 7P interceptor fleet by replacing the original Italian built FIAR Grifo - 7 radar with the more capable FIAR Grifo - 7 mk - II radar , which was assembled under licence by APF . More recently , radar production involved the license assembly of the latest upgrade variant of the FIAR Grifo - 7 , the Grifo - 7MG radar , which arms the Chengdu F - 7PG combat aircraft of the PAF . In mid-2009 it was reported that APF personnel had completed training on printed circuit board assembly machines supplied by US company APS Novastar , which would be used to make circuit boards for combat aircraft avionics . As PAC 's capabilities become competitive in the region , commercial ventures from national and international companies are also being undertaken . Project Azm ( edit ) On 7 July 2017 the Pakistan Air Force announced the development of a fifth - generation fighter , a medium - altitude long - endurance unmanned aerial vehicle ( MALE UAV ) and munitions under the banner of Project Azm ( resolve or determination ) . Air Chief Marshal Sohail Aman stated that the design phase for the MALE UAV was in its final stages . Products ( edit ) The new JF - 17 multi-role fighter , displayed at the IDEAS 2008 Defense Exhibition in Karachi , Pakistan and currently under production by PAC Aircraft ( edit ) CAC / PAC JF - 17 Thunder - Co-produced with China K - 8 Karakorum - Licensed copy of Hongdu JL - 8 PAC MFI - 17 Mushshak - Licensed and improved copy of Saab Safari PAC Super Mushshak - Upgraded variant MFI - 17 Mushshak Unmanned aerial vehicles ( UAV ) ( edit ) Ababeel Aerial Drone -- A small arms target designed for target practice use by operators of small arms , machine guns . Also used to train operators for the larger and faster Baaz Aerial Drone . Can be very effective for recce missions . Baaz Aerial Drone -- A recoverable aerial target designed for use with air defence guns and surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) systems . It has a very high rate of accuracy SELEX Galileo Falco -- A surveillance UAV , production began in August 2009 . Consumer electronics ( edit ) The PAC also builds Android tablets PAC - PAD 1 and PAC - PAD Takhti7 . The PAC e-book 1 The PAC n - book 1 Services ( edit ) Aircraft Engine Overhaul Radar Overhaul Component Overhaul References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History of PAC '' . PAC . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Introduction of PAC . `` Introduction of PAC '' . Introduction of PAC . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Customers of PAC '' . Customers of PAC . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ PAC . `` Collaboration '' . PAC collaboration . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria to buy 10 Super Mushshak from Pakistan -- The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar to buy Super Mushshak -- The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra -- Our Valued Customers '' . www.pac.org.pk . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , RSN ( 2005 ) . Asian strategic and military perspective . New Delhi : Lancer Publishers & Distributors . ISBN 817062245X . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Singh , R.S.N. ( 2008 ) . The military factor in Pakistan . New Delhi : Frankfort , IL . ISBN 0981537898 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff writer . `` MIRAGE REBUILD FACTORY '' . MIRAGE REBUILD FACTORY . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ AFP ( 29 April 2018 ) . `` Thrifty at 50 : How the Pakistan Air Force keeps ageing Mirages flying '' . Jump up ^ Malik , Sajjad ( 21 August 2009 ) . `` Pak version of drones ' whirrs ' into production '' . Daily Times . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` www.macalliance.com '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Bilal ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Pakistan Announces 5th - Gen Fighter And Medium - Altitude Long - Endurance UAV Programs '' . QUWA . QUWA . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Master , Web ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` PAF establishes Aviation City at Aeronautical Complex Kamra '' . The Nation . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Desk , Web ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Groundbreaking ceremony of Aviation City held in Kamra '' . The News International . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Khan , Bilal ( 9 July 2017 ) . `` Reviewing Pakistan 's Goals For The Kamra Aviation City Initiative '' . QUWA Defence News and Analysis Group . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan To Develop Long Endurance Attack Drone '' . Defence World.net. 8 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF - 17 Thunder Aircraft '' . www.pac.org.pk . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 14 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 14 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Air Force Begins Production of Falco UAV '' . Airforce Technology . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan to begin co-production of Falco UAV '' . Flightglobal.com. 26 August 2009 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Brummitt , Chris . `` Guns and Androids : Pakistan Air Force Making iPads . '' Associated Press . 17 February 2012 . 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3,832,114,960,907,735,000 | game of thrones season 3 episode 10 written update | Mhysa - wikipedia Mhysa Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Mhysa '' <Td_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones episode <Td_colspan="2"> Daenerys , center , is hailed by the freed Yunkish as their `` mhysa '' , or mother , as the season closes . The uplifting scene received praise , as well as criticism for alleged colonialistic undertones . Episode no . Season 3 Episode 10 Directed by David Nutter Written by David Benioff D.B. Weiss Featured music Ramin Djawadi Cinematography by Robert McLachlan Editing by Oral Norrie Ottey Original air date June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) Running time 62 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> David Bradley as Walder Frey Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Michael McElhatton as Roose Bolton Peter Vaughan as Maester Aemon Julian Glover as Grand Maester Pycelle Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Snow Ian McElhinney as Barristan Selmy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hannah Murray as Gilly Thomas Brodie Sangster as Jojen Reed Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Ed Skrein as Daario Naharis Kristian Nairn as Hodor Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Josef Altin as Pypar Kerry Ingram as Shireen Baratheon <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` The Rains of Castamere '' Next → `` Two Swords '' <Td_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones ( season 3 ) List of Game of Thrones episodes `` Mhysa '' is the third season finale of the American medieval epic fantasy television series Game of Thrones , and its 30th episode overall . Written by executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , and directed by David Nutter , it originally aired on June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) on HBO in the United States . The episode revolves on the aftermath of the events instigated by `` The Red Wedding '' : House Frey receives the Seat of Riverrun , Roose Bolton is appointed the new `` Warden of the North '' , while House Greyjoy begins a new military campaign . In the North , Maester Aemon sends out ravens to alert the whole of Westeros about the arrival of the White Walkers . And across the narrow sea , the freed slaves of Yunkai hail Daenerys as their `` mhysa '' , the Ghiscari language 's word for `` mother '' . According to Nielsen Media Research , `` Mhysa '' was seen by 5.4 million household viewers in the United States , a twenty - eight percent increase compared to the second season finale , `` Valar Morghulis '' . After its broadcast , the episode received generally positive reviews from television critics , with some of them addressing its anti-climactic closure of the series ' third season , and its establishment of potential storylines for the fourth season , such as through the final scene 's `` glimmer of hope '' . The episode received a nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series at the 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 In King 's Landing 1.2 At the Twins 1.3 In the North 1.4 On the Iron Islands 1.5 At Dragonstone 1.6 Across the Narrow Sea 2 Production 2.1 Writing 2.2 Casting 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) In King 's Landing ( edit ) The icy relationship between newly married Tyrion and Sansa is thawing slightly , as they banter about their shared status as outcasts . At a Small Council meeting , Tyrion learns of the deaths of Robb and Catelyn Stark during the Red Wedding . King Joffrey orders Robb 's head brought to King 's Landing , planning to gift it to Sansa , the prospect of which makes Tyrion threaten Joffrey . Joffrey angrily threatens Tyrion in return , and insults Tywin when he reprimands him . Tywin , showing Joffrey he does not fear him , orders he be taken to his room and sedated . Tywin and Tyrion later discuss the murder at the Twins , and the appointment of Roose Bolton as the Warden of the North , until the son of Tyrion and Sansa is of age . Tywin dismisses Tyrion 's warning that the northerners will neither forget nor forgive the role the Lannisters played in the Red Wedding . Tywin then chastises Tyrion for not having impregnated Sansa . Tyrion finds Sansa in his bedroom , staring forlornly out the window with a tear - stained face , revealing she has already received the grim news . Elsewhere , Lord Varys and Shae discuss their shared eastern heritage , Tyrion 's marriage to Sansa , and its effect on Shae . Varys gives Shae a bag of diamonds in the hopes that she will sail for Essos and make a new life for herself , freeing Tyrion from danger and allowing him to focus on making the capital a better place , but Shae refuses the offer and believes Varys was sent by Tyrion . At night , Queen Cersei visits Tyrion and tells him to give Sansa a child , as it will make Sansa happy as it did for Cersei when Joffrey was born . Jaime , Brienne , and Qyburn arrive in King 's Landing , and Jaime immediately goes to see Cersei . At the Twins ( edit ) Shortly after the murder of their king , the loyal Stark bannermen fight a losing battle with the Freys outside the walls of the Twins . `` The Hound '' Sandor Clegane and Arya are horrified to witness several Frey soldiers parade Robb 's decapitated corpse around the entrance to the keep with the head of Robb 's wolf , Grey Wind , attached to it . Later , Arya and the Hound come upon four Frey men discussing the murder of the Starks . Arya slips off the horse and brutally kills one of the soldiers who claimed to have desecrated Robb 's body . Before his allies can aid him , the Hound steps in and easily kills them . The morning after the wedding , Walder Frey and Roose Bolton discuss the previous night 's events , the escape of the `` Blackfish '' Brynden Tully , and their new positions as Lord of Riverrun and Warden of the North , respectively . When Walder asks Bolton what happened during the fall of Winterfell , Bolton explains that he sent his bastard son , Ramsay Snow to take the castle back from the Greyjoys . Bolton 's plan to offer the Ironborn safe passage in exchange for surrendering Theon worked , but Ramsay flayed and killed the surrendering Ironborn despite his father intending the offer be made in good faith . In the North ( edit ) Bran , Hodor , Meera Reed , and Jojen arrive at the abandoned Nightfort . Later , Bran is awakened by a sound , and wakes his companions . They meet Samwell Tarly and Gilly ; Sam deduces Bran 's identity , seeing his direwolf . Bran asks Sam to take them north of the Wall , and though Sam protests the idea , he eventually takes them through the passage . Before they separate , Sam gives the group the rest of his dragonglass supply , and tells them that it has the power to kill White Walkers . Sam and Gilly later arrive at Castle Black , where they present themselves to Maester Aemon , who allows Gilly and her baby to stay . Aemon , on hearing the recount of events , orders all the ravens be sent with messages warning the return of the White Walkers . Riding back to the Wall , Jon stops to wash his wounds when he hears Ygritte draw her bow . He tries to talk her out of shooting him , but when he turns to leave , she fires three arrows into him . Jon manages to escape , later arriving at Castle Black and passing out from his wounds . The Night 's Watch brothers take him in , where Sam and Pyp identify him so that he is cared for . At the Dreadfort , Ramsay Snow , the true identity of the mysterious boy , taunts Theon about his castration . When Theon begs Ramsay to kill him and end his suffering , Ramsay simply replies that he is more valuable alive , before giving him the nickname `` Reek '' , and beating him until he acknowledges his new name . On the iron islands ( edit ) Lord Balon Greyjoy reads a letter sent from Ramsay Snow , crudely detailing his demands to have the Ironborn soldiers withdraw from the region of the North under his control , threatening to flay the soldiers if they do not comply . It is also revealed in the letter that Ramsay broke his promise and flayed the 20 ironborn that betrayed Theon in Winterfell . Ramsay also sends a box containing Theon 's severed penis , adding that he could further dismember Balon 's son . To the protests of his daughter Yara , Balon plans to refuse the offer and allow Theon 's torture to continue . Yara disobeys her father 's decision and takes 50 of the Ironborn 's best men and the fastest ship available to march on the Dreadfort . At Dragonstone ( edit ) In the dungeons , Davos visits Gendry and tries to relate to him by telling the story of how he became a lord . Later , Davos practises his reading with Princess Shireen , when he reads the letter sent by the Night 's Watch . When they hear the bells ringing , Davos leaves Shireen to meet with Stannis and Melisandre . Stannis informs Davos of Robb Stark 's death , which he attributes to Melisandre 's ritualistic burning of the leeches . Melisandre plans to burn Gendry as a sacrifice to the Lord of Light , and although Davos tries to get Stannis to spare Gendry , Stannis orders him to be sacrificed . At night , Davos frees Gendry from the dungeons and gives him a boat to escape Dragonstone . Afterward , Stannis and Melisandre ask Davos if he freed Gendry , which he does not deny . Stannis orders Davos to be executed , but Davos tells Stannis that he will need his assistance . When Stannis asks why he would need Davos ' help , Davos shows him the letter sent from the Wall . Melisandre burns the letter , and in the fire sees the war coming in the North . She tells Stannis that only he can save the North , and he will need Davos 's help to do so , thus preventing his execution . Across the narrow sea ( edit ) Outside Yunkai , Daenerys , her advisors , and her Unsullied army stand ready to greet the slaves of the city and free them . When they arrive , Missandei tells them that Daenerys has freed them , but Daenerys tells the slaves that only they can take their freedom back . The crowd begins to chant `` mhysa '' , which Missandei tells Daenerys is Ghiscari for `` mother '' . Daenerys passes her army to walk amongst the freed slaves , who lift her to their shoulders . Daenerys smiles and looks up into the sky as her dragons fly freely . Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . `` Mhysa '' was written by executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , based on George R.R. Martin 's original work from his novel A Storm of Swords . Chapters adapted from A Storm of Swords to the episode were chapters 43 , 49 , 53 to 55 , 57 , 63 , and 64 ( Daenerys IV , Jon VI , Arya XI , Tyrion VI , Davos V , Bran IV , Jaime VII , Davos VI ) . Casting ( edit ) After being absent for the entire second season , Peter Vaughan returns as Maester Aemon and Josef Altin returns as Pypar . This episode also marks the return , after a long absence , of Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy and Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In its original American broadcast in HBO , `` Mhysa '' was seen by an estimated 5.4 million household viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research . It marked a year - to - year increase in viewership of 28 percent compared to the second season finale , `` Valar Morghulis '' , which was seen by 4.2 million . The second broadcast of the `` Mhysa '' during the night was viewed by 900,000 viewers , bringing its total viewership for to 6.30 million . According to analysts , the success of the episode significantly helped Game of Thrones to surpass True Blood as the second most - watched series on HBO , after The Sopranos . In the United Kingdom , the episode was viewed by 1.154 million viewers , making it the highest - rated broadcast that week . It also received 0.110 million timeshift viewers . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Mhysa '' received generally positive reviews from television critics , with some of them addressing the finale 's anti-climactic closure of the third season and for establishing new storylines for the fourth . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 20 reviews of the episode and deemed 100 % of them to be positive with an average score of 8.5 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` ' Mhysa ' wraps up several of season 3 's lingering storylines while subtly setting the table for season 4 . '' James Poniewozik of Time wrote in his review , `` The end of season 3 , then , spent some time among the winners and losers in post-Red - Wedding Westeros , giving the audience a chance to soak in the shock , seethe at the winners ' glee , and get a reminder of the larger forces -- White Walkers , dragons -- well beyond the war between the Lannisters and the Starks . If the Red Wedding seemed to kill hope , ' Mhysa ' made clear that it did n't end anything . And it weaved together the many , many threads of GoT 's tapestry by returning to a recurring theme : that Game of Thrones is ultimately about family . '' Matt Fowler of IGN described that the finale had `` nicely set up a lot of cool stuff for Season 4 , but it was also lacking some of the power and majesty of previous finales . Especially the ending with Dany , who herself had a better ending back in ' And Now His Watch is Ended ' when her dragons torched Astapor and she left with a full army . '' He also praised the scene where Arya killed a Frey soldier . Writing for Today , Drusilla Moorhouse remarked that `` After last week 's shocking massacre , most fans braced for more tragic deaths in season three 's finale . Instead , the blow was softened with poignant reunions and surprising saves , setting the stage for an explosive fourth season . '' In her review for Zap2it , Terri Schwartz wrote that `` Nothing can ever quite redeem the deaths of Robb and Catelyn Stark , but at least larger forces are taking shape that are propelling this series into Season 4 . Daenerys is as powerful as she 's ever been , Jon Snow returns to the Wall while Bran heads north of it and the Greyjoys ready an assault to finally save Theon from his captor . Then there 's the fact that Stannis decides to sail north to the Wall to aid the Night 's Watch in their fight against the White Walkers , which seems like it 's going to end up being the greater , global conflict in the future of ' Game of Thrones ' . '' Writing for The A.V. Club , David Sims gave `` Mhysa '' an `` A - '' rating , while Todd VanDerWerff gave it a `` B + '' . Sims , writing for audiences who have not read the novels , described the episode as lacking `` a lot of serious plot movement or major twists and may have fans gnashing their teeth a little bit as they wait nine months for season four . The previous season finales have also had that quality , but they each ended on a barnstorming note . ' Mhysa ' , not quite so much . '' VanDerWerff , writing for audiences who have read the novels , wrote that `` On a plot level , not a lot happens in ' Mhysa ' '' , but praised the episode in addressing the series ' `` value of one human life is in the face of a kingdom . '' He also mildly criticized the series ' template of when `` something terrible happens in Westeros , Dany offers a glimmer of hope over in her story line '' , referring to it as its `` Achilles ' heel '' . Kevin Fitzpatrick of ScreenCrush wrote in his review , `` All in all , the air ( or blood ) of the season had mostly been let out by ' The Rains of Castamere ' , as even a returning Jaime 's most interesting moments arrived much earlier in the season , but ' Mhysa ' gave us a good course - heading for season 4 , with some much - needed catharsis along the way . '' The episode 's final scene , in which Daenerys , `` the blondest possible savior figure '' , appears with `` uncharacterized brown people '' as `` ( being lifted ) up as their messiah and praising her for saving them from bondage '' , was criticized by at least four commentators as having colonialist or even racist undertones . They asked why the series chose to portray the Yunkish as nearly uniformly dark - skinned , rather than as ethnically diverse as in the source novels , to which George R.R. Martin replied that this was because the scene was shot in Morocco with local extras . Commentators also criticized , more broadly , that the series 's inclusion of people of color was limited to only a small number of characters . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Broadwater , Luke ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season finale recap : Daenerys , The Great Emancipator '' . The Baltimore Sun . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Larson , Sarah ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` There Be Dragons : The Finale of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The A.V. Club reviews for `` Mhysa '' Sims , David ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` '' Mhysa '' ( for newbies ) `` . The A.V. Club . The Onion , Inc . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . VanDerWerff , Todd ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` '' Mhysa '' ( for experts ) `` . The A.V. Club . The Onion , Inc . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Delgado , A.J. ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Racism In Game of Thrones ' Season 3 Finale ? '' . Fox News Latino . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Crook , Marshall ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season Finale : After the Red Wedding '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin Quotes '' . Goodreads . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy Awards Nominations for 2013 : Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series '' . National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ García , Elio ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` EP310 : Mhysa '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Brings in 5.4 Million Viewers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale ratings up ; surpass ' True Blood ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Ratings ( 10 - 16 June 2013 ) '' . BARB . Archived from the original on 18 July 2014 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mhysa '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones Watch : Blood Is Thicker '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` Mhysa '' Review `` . IGN . Ziff Davis Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moorhouse , Drusilla ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` No happily ever after on ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . Today . NBC News . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 3 finale recap : ' Mhysa ' '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 3 finale review : ' Mhysa ' '' . ScreenCrush . Townsquare Media . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Sean T. ( 10 June 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Recap : ' Everyone Is Mine to Torment ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hudson , Laura ( 10 June 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones Recap : The Family Who Slays Together , Stays Together '' . Wired . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Back From LA '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Saladin ( 1 April 2013 ) . `` Is `` Game of Thrones '' too white ? `` . Salon . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mhysa `` Mhysa '' at HBO.com `` Mhysa '' on IMDb `` Mhysa '' at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Game of Thrones episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 3 `` Valar Dohaeris '' `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' `` Walk of Punishment '' `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' `` Kissed by Fire '' `` The Climb '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Second Sons '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` Mhysa '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mhysa&oldid=822866952 '' Categories : 2013 American television episodes Game of Thrones episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 23 : 39 . 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8,917,345,084,676,998,000 | who does clary end up with in the mortal instruments | List of the Mortal Instruments characters - wikipedia List of the Mortal Instruments characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the main characters from The Mortal Instruments series by Cassandra Clare , including the novels City of Bones , City of Ashes , City of Glass , City of Fallen Angels , City of Lost Souls , and City of Heavenly Fire Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 TV Series 1.2 Clary Fray 1.3 Jace Wayland / Morgenstern / Herondale / Lightwood 1.4 Simon Lewis 1.5 Luke Garroway 1.6 Isabelle Lightwood 1.7 Alec Lightwood 1.8 Magnus Bane 1.9 Maia Roberts 1.10 Jocelyn Fairchild / Morgenstern 1.11 Valentine Morgenstern 1.12 Jonathan Morgenstern 2 Secondary characters 2.1 Alaric 2.2 Amatis Graymark 2.3 Catarina Loss 2.4 Emma Carstairs 2.5 Hodge Starkweather 2.6 Imogen Herondale 2.7 Lilith 2.8 Consul Malachi 2.9 Maryse Lightwood 2.10 Maureen Brown 2.11 Max Lightwood 2.12 Raphael Santiago 2.13 Robert Lightwood 2.14 Tessa Gray / Herondale / Carstairs 2.15 Brother Zachariah / Jem Carstairs 3 References 4 See also Main characters ( edit ) TV series ( edit ) The following is a list of series regulars who have appeared in one or more of the series ' three seasons . The characters are listed in the order they were first credited in the series . Key = Main cast ( actor receives `` Starring '' credit that season ) = Recurring cast ( actor appears in two or more episodes that season ) = Guest cast ( actor appears in only one episode that season ) Character Actor <Th_colspan="3"> Seasons Clary Fray Katherine McNamara <Td_colspan="3"> Main Jace Herondale Dominic Sherwood <Td_colspan="3"> Main Simon Lewis Alberto Rosende <Td_colspan="3"> Main Alec Lightwood Matthew Daddario <Td_colspan="3"> Main Isabelle Lightwood Emeraude Toubia <Td_colspan="3"> Main Luke Garroway Isaiah Mustafa <Td_colspan="3"> Main Magnus Bane Harry Shum Jr . <Td_colspan="3"> Main Maia Roberts Alisha Wainwright Recurring Main <Th_colspan="9"> Recurring cast Valentine Morgenstern Alan Van Sprang <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Raphael Santiago David Castro <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring Jocelyn Fray Maxim Roy <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Maryse Lightwood Nicola Correia - Damude <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring TBA Robert Lightwood Paulino Nunes Recurring Guest TBA Hodge Starkweather Jon Cor Recurring Guest Meliorn Jade Hassouné <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring Camille Belcourt Kaitlyn Leeb Recurring Guest TBA Max Lightwood Jack Fulton <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring TBA Elaine Lewis Christina Cox <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring TBA Rebecca Lewis Holly Deveaux Guest Recurring TBA Lydia Brandwell Stephanie Bennett <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring TBA Jonathan Morgenstern Will Tudor <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Sebastian Verlac Guest Ollie Alexandra Ordolis Does not appear <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Lilith Anna Hopkins Does not appear Guest Recurring Jump up ^ Portrayed by Tara Westwood . Clary Fray ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Clary Fray <Td_colspan="2"> The Mortal Instruments character Shadowhunters character <Td_colspan="2"> Clary , as portrayed by Katherine McNamara in the TV series . First appearance Novels : City of Bones ( 2007 ) Film : The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones ( 2013 ) Television : `` The Mortal Cup '' ( 1.01 ) Last appearance Novels : Lord of Shadows ( 2017 ) Created by Cassandra Clare Portrayed by Lily Collins ( film ) Katherine McNamara ( television ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Clarissa Adele Fairchild - Morgenstern Nickname ( s ) Clary Mary Morgenstern Biscuit Species Shadowhunter Gender Female Occupation Co-head of the New York Institute ( novels ) Family General : Valentine Morgenstern ( father ) Jocelyn Fray † ( mother ) Jonathan Morgenstern † ( brother ) Luke Garroway ( stepfather ) Significant other ( s ) Jace Harondale ( boyfriend ) Simon Lewis ( ex-boyfriend ) Relatives Only in print : Valentina Graymark ( illusionary sister ) Seraphina Morgenstern ( paternal grandmother ) Granville Fairchild II ( maternal grandfather ) Adele Fairchild ( maternal grandmother ) ( 1991 - 08 - 21 ) August 21 , 1991 ( age 26 ) Manhattan , New York , U.S. Residence The New York Institute Park Slope , Brooklyn ( former ) Abilities Art Use of heavenly weapons Nephilim physiology Runic magic Angelic blood empowerment The Sight Clarissa `` Clary '' Adele Fray / Fairchild / Morgenstern is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the Mortal Instruments series . While at a New York City nightclub , the Pandemonium , she is stunned to observe a group of teenagers with apparent supernatural abilities : Jace , Isabelle , and Alec . She sees them attack a demon and soon realizes she is the only person able to see them . After the battle , Clary is introduced to the group of teens , who identify themselves as Shadowhunters , a race of humans who are physically enhanced with angel blood , who secretly protect humanity from demons . When her mother Jocelyn goes missing , Clary learns that the event is connected to the conflict between the Shadowhunters and their enemies . She then enters the Shadowhunter fold , using her newly revealed mystical abilities to assist the group while attempting to find her mother . In the process , she falls in love with fellow Shadowhunter Jace / Jonathan Herondale . Clary learns that Valentine Morgenstern , the main antagonist of the series , is her biological father and her mother 's ex-husband . At the end of City of Bones , Valentine tells them that Clary and Jace are siblings -- which , they discover later in the series , is a lie . In the second book of the series , City of Ashes , Clary dates her best friend Simon , who has for a long time had a crush on her , in order to forget Jace during the torturous time of believing him to be her brother . She is told by the Seelie Queen that she has the ability to create runes that do n't exist ; but they do exist , which later enables her to destroy Valentine 's ship using the `` Open '' rune . In the end of the second novel , Clary finds that an old friend of her mother , Madeleine , knows how to wake her mother , who has been in a magical coma since the first book . In City of Glass , it is discovered that Jocelyn had taken a potion , made by a warlock named Ragnor Fell , to induce a comatose state and prevent her from being interrogated by Valentine . Before she dies , Madeleine tells Clary she needs to find Fell , who will help her cure her mother . Clary uses a magic portal to convey herself and Luke to Idris , and falls into Lake Lyn and drinks some of the water by accident ; this causes her to hallucinate and then to become lucid , because the lake 's water is poisonous to Shadowhunters . Luke then takes her to his sister Amatis for healing . During her stay in Alicante , Clary ventures to find Ragnor Fell , who will be able to help her with the potion . She is escorted there by Sebastian Verlac , whom she recently met , in an attempt to make contact with Fell . Instead she finds Magnus Bane . He tells her of Ragnor 's death and how he was called as a replacement , and requests that she find him the Book of White in return for his help . She returns to Alicante , where Sebastian kisses her . She rejects him after having feelings of `` wrong '' while he kissed her , and they continue back to Alicante . She then learns that something called the Book of White has been hidden in Wayland Manor , and travels with Jace to retrieve it . Inside the Manor , they find the angel Ithuriel tied up and left for dead in the basement . He gives both Shadowhunters visions of Valentine experimenting on his children with demon blood in an attempt to make a stronger warrior . They escape from Wayland Manor , after freeing Ithuriel so that he can finally die ; the two then share a moment of passionate romance . They return to Alicante to see it burning from the first assault on the city , and after things are in order , Clary meets with the others and they go to free Simon who was taken to a Conclave prison called The Guard . They return to see the Clave , and Clary uses her rune ability to create a binding rune , enabling Shadowhunters and Downworlders to share powers . All those of age go to the battle on Brocelind Plains , and Clary has to give Simon the Mark of Cain so that the vampires will join the fight . At last , Magnus wakes Clary 's mother Jocelyn , who informs Clary that Jace is not her brother . In fact , Sebastian ( the real Jonathan Morgenstern ) is her brother . It is soon revealed that Sebastian is a spy for Valentine and that he tried to seduce Clary into teaming up with him . Clary then tries to locate Jace to help him . She runs into Valentine , who ties her down in order to complete his summoning of the Angel by using her blood . Then , when Jace arrives to rescue her , Valentine forces her to watch as he fatally stabs Jace in the chest . Upon summoning the angel , Clary changes the marks on Valentine 's summoning circle , giving her the ability to control the Angel , and after Valentine is slain , she wishes to have Jace back . After Jace is brought back to life , the two get together , now that they know that their love for each other is n't incestuous . In the fourth book , City of Fallen Angels , Clary and Jace are happily in love . But soon , Jace starts to behave strangely and avoids her , leading Clary to assume he wants to break up with her . In truth , he has been influenced by Lilith , who sent him dreams in which he kills or hurts Clary , because when he was raised from the dead by Raziel , all of his protections placed on him at birth were stripped away , leaving him vulnerable to demonic influence . During the party , when Lucian 's pack celebrated his engagement with Clary 's mother Jocelyn , she is kidnapped by a fully possessed Jace and taken to Lilith . There , she learns her brother Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern / Sebastian Verlac is going to be raised from the dead by Simon , and she was brought just to make him do that . Using Jace 's affection for her ( which remains undiminished because his possession has no effect on that part of him ) , she cuts the rune which enabled Lilith to control him . Seeing his chance , Simon destroys Lilith with his Mark of Cain . After Lilith 's destruction , Isabelle and Alec appear on the scene , but Jace shoos them away since he does n't want to be consoled as he feels terrible for hurting Clary , in spite of the fact that he was n't himself . Alec then shoves Clary back to the room as they get into the elevator , feeling that only she can help him . Clary and Jace reaffirm their love after she convinces him he is not a horrible person . The last words Clary says to him before going down are , `` I 'll be back . Five minutes , '' and they share a kiss before she leaves and comes back to find him gone , unaware his rune has healed and he is possessed once again . In the fifth book of the series , City of Lost Souls , Clary has realized that Jace has gone away with Sebastian Verlac ( Jonathan Morgenstern ) . The Clave was alarmed by the sudden disappearance of Jonathan and Jace and started to search for any signs of them , after two weeks of repeating the same statement about what happened at the rooftop , before Clary left him with Sebastian , alive by Simon 's blood . But other problems come to the Clave and it has to set aside the search for Jonathan . Clary is outraged by the news . Using the bell given to her by Kaelie Whitewillow , a waitress and subject of the Queen 's , she goes to the Seelie Queen 's palace where she has to beg for help due to the limited resources . The Seelie Queen has requested that Clary be allowed to steal the faerie rings kept inside the Institute . Clary steals the rings but does n't give them to the Queen because of the appearance of Jace and Sebastian at the library , all healthy looking and safe . Afterward , Clary accepts their offer of coming to them . When the plan of Sebastian was finally revealed to her , she could n't believe what could happen . At the enchantment ceremony , she was surprised when Amatis was turned into a dark Shadowhunter by the blood of Lilith . At the same time , Magnus , Alec , Maryse , Isabelle , and Simon arrived , with Glorious in hand . When Glorious was handed to her , she struck Jace , the mark of Lilith burning , making him cry out in pain . In the epilogue , she was concerned why she could n't visit Jace because of her thoughts telling her she almost killed Jace , but reassured by Isabelle she did n't do anything to make Jace mad . She visited Jace , but she almost thought she was n't going to be allowed to go in due to Brother Zachariah . By the consent of Brother Zachariah , she entered , hugging Jace and reaffirming their relationship . Finally in City of Heavenly Fire , Sebastian has taken many shadowhunters and turned them into his endarkened . The remaining shadowhunters retreat to Idris for safety . Sebastian offers to leave them alone if he is given Clary and Jace . Before the Clave can make a decision Clary , Jace , Simon , Isabelle and Alec sneak off to Edom , the demon realm Sebastian is hiding in ; he has Jocelyn , Luke , Magnus and Raphael prisoner . After spending days trying to find him they come upon his castle , a dark version of Alicante . Sebastian offers Clary a place next to him , in exchange for leaving everyone she knows and all of the Shadowhunters alone . She accepts it , knowing that she has to keep everyone safe . When Sebastian is momentarily distracted she stabs him with the Morgenstern blade , containing heavenly fire . He is returned to the brother that she could have had , before he then dies . The group manage to escape after Simon gives up his immortality and memories of the Shadow World . Months later Clary talks to him but he does n't remember her . At her mother and Luke 's wedding , Simon tell her he remembers her . She and Jace are happy , as the others ; they are coping with all the losses of the dark war . After all that Jace finally finds out what Sebastian did to Clary . Physical appearance Clary is 5'2 '' with curly red hair , green eyes , pale skin , and freckles . She is said to look like her mother , who is described as beautiful and small . Clary sometimes doubts the fact that she is as beautiful as her mother , believing herself to be a duller version of her mother , with less defined features . She is rather small and thin . She is described by Jace many times throughout the series as `` delicate '' . She is portrayed by Lily Collins in the film adaptation of the book and Katherine McNamara in the television series . Family She is the daughter of Valentine Morgenstern and Jocelyn Fairchild , step daughter of Lucian Graymark . She is also the sister to Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern . She gained her ability to create runes when Valentine fed her mother angel blood while she was in the womb . Appearances in books City of Bones ( 2007 ) City of Ashes ( 2008 ) City of Glass ( 2009 ) City of Fallen Angels ( 2011 ) City of Lost Souls ( 2012 ) City of Heavenly Fire ( 2014 ) Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy ( 2015 ) Lady Midnight ( 2016 ) `` Lord of Shadows '' ( 2017 ) Jace Wayland / Morgenstern / Herondale / Lightwood ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Jace Herondale <Td_colspan="2"> The Mortal Instruments character Shadowhunters character First appearance Novels : City of Bones ( 2007 ) Film : The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones ( 2013 ) Television : `` The Mortal Cup '' ( 1.01 ) Last appearance Novels : Lord of Shadows ( 2017 ) Created by Cassandra Clare Portrayed by Jamie Campbell Bower ( film ) Dominic Sherwood ( television ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Jonathan Christopher Herondale Nickname ( s ) Jace Jace Morgenstern Jace Wayland Species Shadowhunter Gender Male Occupation Co-head of the New York Institute ( novels ) Family Imogen Herondale ( maternal grandmother ) Stephen Herondale † ( biological father ) Celine Herondale † biological mother Valentine Morgenstern † adoptive father Maryse Lightwood ( adoptive mother Robert Lightwood ( adoptive father ) Alec Lightwood ( adoptive brother Isabelle Lightwood ( adoptive sister Max Lightwood ( adoptive brother ) Significant other ( s ) Clary Fray ( girlfriend ) Residence The New York Institute Abilities Use of heavenly weapons Nephilim physiology Runic magic Angelic blood empowerment The Sight Jace Wayland / Morgenstern / Lightwood / Herondale is a Shadowhunter living at the New York Institute with his adopted family . Jace 's legal name changes throughout the series , from Jace Wayland ( when his father is thought to be Michael Wayland ) , to Jonathan Morgenstern ( Valentine 's son ) , to Jace Lightwood for the family that has taken him in , to Jace Herondale ( when his true father is revealed to be Stephen Herondale ) . His mother was the young Celiné Herondale , a member of Valentine 's inner circle with Stephen Herondale , his father . The nickname `` Jace '' was given to him by Maryse Lightwood after his ( fake ) initials J.C. ( Jonathan Christopher , because no one but Valentine and Jocelyn knew Jace was not his real son ) , when he first began living with Maryse Lightwood and her family , because of his dislike for his name . Jace was given the blood of an angel named Ithuriel by Valentine when Celiné was pregnant with him . This gave him enhanced abilities , even compared to regular Shadowhunters ( Shadowhunters hunt demons that come into this world through portals from their own worlds ) , such as the ability to jump from extreme heights and survive , run faster than any other Shadowhunter , and move with a stealth close to that of the Silent Brothers . For most of the books , Jace 's sarcastic , cold remarks and behavior hide his tortured and angry soul . In City of Ashes , his strong `` bad - boy '' personality makes Maryse Lightwood ( his adopted mother ) somewhat scared of him , worried that he is too much like Valentine , who was believed to be his real father until the assumption was proven false in City of Glass . Jace and Clary fall in love in City of Bones , making Clary the only girl Jace has developed real genuine feelings for , but after they find out they are `` siblings '' , each attempts to get over the other by dating other people . He is naturally overprotective and caring for her , although Clary does not see this due to her internal suffering . At the end of the third novel , City of Glass , Jocelyn contradicts Valentine 's avowal that Jace and Clary are siblings , telling Clary that Jace is actually the son of Celine and Stephen Herondale . The truth frees Jace and Clary from the torture of having seemingly incestuous feelings for each other , allowing them to accept their mutual feelings and become a `` real '' couple . Physical appearance Jace has fine , wavy dark golden - blond hair and dark gold eyes . He has a slim , muscular build , and is about 5'11 `` . His face is described as being pretty and angular , and Clary often refers to him as beautiful and leonine , with a narrow mouth . His eyes were much lighter in City of Bones , City of Ashes , and City of Glass ; Clary describes his eyes and hair as darker in City of Fallen Angels . His eyes are brown with flecks of gold that lighten and darken with his moods . Like all other Shadowhunters , he is covered in thin , pale scars from years of applying various magical runes with a stele for battle and healing purposes , as well as permanent runes . It is said that Jace is seventeen years old , though that was assuming he was Valentine ( or Michael Wayland 's ) son , and his real age is between a few years younger than Jonathan Christopher and a year or so older than Clary . Jace is also left - handed ( like Valentine ) . He has often said ( and tried to prove ) that the only trait he got from his father was his attitude . He is described to be extremely good looking . Jace is portrayed by Jamie Campbell Bower in the film adaptation of the book and Dominic Sherwood in the television series . Family In City of Bones , Jace lives with his adoptive family , the Lightwoods , and is seen as the brother of the Lightwood children . Later , he is told that he is the son of Valentine and Jocelyn Morgenstern , and not Michael Wayland as he had been told . At this time , he is also told that Clary Fray is his sister . In the end it is revealed that he is actually Stephen Herondale and Celine Herondale 's son and that Clary is not related to him . He and Clary have a conversation at the end of City of Glass in which he confesses that he does n't know who he is , referring to his last name . Clary confirms that he is a Lightwood , and Jace accepts that , correcting people throughout City of Fallen Angels when they referred to him as `` Jace Herondale '' . At the end of City of Heavenly Fire , Jace chooses to take on the Herondale name . Jace is also related to Will Herondale former leader of the London Institute and husband of Warlock Tessa Grey . Jace 's romantic interests Clary Fray : Jace begins to fall in love with Clary in City of Bones , growing close to her . Isabelle and Alec later say that they noticed a change in Jace 's behavior after he started getting close to Clary . In City of Glass , Isabelle tells Clary that before Jace met her , he was apathetic and only half - alive as if in a long - time sleep , but that after his first encounter with her , Jace `` woke up '' and `` started living '' . Isabelle further claims that she has never seen him act the way he does with Clary and states that Jace will never get over her . Throughout the series , Jace continuously loves Clary even after he believes they are siblings , to the extent that he is willing to commit incest with her and have a secret relationship . He has been with a couple of girls ( though it being stated as more as just hooking up ) and tries to start a relationship with Aline Penhallow in a failed attempt to get over Clary . Clary and Jace reunite at the end of the third book after discovering they are not siblings . Fighting Demons : Since Jace Herondale is the best Shadowhunter of his age , fighting demons is a hobby that he loves . He also loves showing off his skills while doing this activity . He fights with his siblings and Clary to protect the Institute , Idris , his family , Clary , himself , and many other people and places . He protects many people and saved many others while doing his job of being a Shadowhunter . Jace is extremely skilled because he is Shadowhunter and because of his past with Valentine , his parents and because he has more angel blood than other shadowhunters with the exception of Clary . Himself : As Jace says in the book that he loves himself and he turns himself down to keep it interesting when Clary says he does n't get rejected . Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy The Bane Chronicles ( mentioned ) Lady Midnight A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Simon Lewis ( edit ) Simon Lewis is Clary 's best friend . He accompanies Clary in her adventures , despite being human for the first book , and most of the second book , falling helplessly in love with Isabelle Lightwood ( his girlfriend ) . He is portrayed by Robert Sheehan in the film and by Alberto Rosende in the television series . Family His family is said to be devoutly Jewish . Not much is said about Simon 's family . It is mentioned that his father died when he was very young due to a heart attack . His mother , Elaine Lewis , becomes a more prominent character in City of Fallen Angels when she discovers that Simon is a vampire and kicks him out of the house . Upon leaving , he puts her in a trance , hoping to talk to her at a later date . He also has a sister named Rebecca who is a few years older than he is . In City of Lost Souls , he admits to his sister that he is a vampire despite his fear of her shutting him out like his mother . Rebecca accepts him , and the two stay in contact . Elaine Lewis is portrayed by Christina Cox , and Rebecca is portrayed by Holly Deveaux in the television series . Character development In City of Bones , he is kidnapped by vampires after being turned into a rat and brought to their lair in the abandoned Hotel Dumort . Later , in City of Ashes , he begins to feel some side effects as a result of biting Raphael , the temporary head vampire while he was a rat . Because he is human and does n't know the correct way to become a vampire , he begins to fear he may be turning into a monster . When he can not reconcile his feelings for Clary , he returns to the hotel -- putting himself in great danger -- to ask them if he is becoming one of them . Unfortunately , the vampires attack , and Raphael saves him from immediate death by bringing him back to the Institute , where Clary is staying . Faced with the choice of letting Simon die or making him a vampire , Clary and Jace decide to let him be reborn as a vampire . In City of Ashes , he becomes a `` Daylighter '' after being drained of most of his blood on Valentine 's ship by Valentine so he can complete his Conversion on Maellartach , The Soul - Sword . Jace finds Simon on the brink of death and allows him to drink his blood to revive him . The large quantity of Angel blood in Jace 's body then allows Simon to stand in high sun with no risk of burning , unlike all other vampires who can not . After Max Lightwood 's death , Isabelle ( Max 's older sister ) becomes distraught , blaming herself for not listening to him and for not being there for her little brother . She refused to see anyone , finally allowing Simon to come in . Simon comforts Isabelle , trying to convince her that Max 's death was n't her fault , and ends up sleeping next to her , much to his surprise , although they do nothing sexual . Towards the end of the third novel , Raphael demands Simon 's death in exchange for his clan 's assistance for the war ; Raphael believes Simon 's Daylighter powers make him too dangerous to remain alive . In order to protect him , Clary draws the Mark of Cain on Simon , which prevents him from being harmed by anyone and also curses him , marking him as a wanderer for eternity . In City of Fallen Angels , a conflicted Simon tries casually dating both Isabelle and Maia . When the girls find out , they both leave him , and he is alone once more . However , by the end of the book it is clear that a deepening relationship is forming between Simon and Isabelle . In City of Lost Souls , Simon loses his Mark of Cain to the Angel Raziel in exchange for the sword `` Glorious '' to save Jace by separating him and Sebastian . Throughout the book , Simon and Isabelle 's relationship progresses to the point where she trusts him enough to let him bite her when he is hungry . They spend nights together , much to Alec 's horror . However , they still do n't consider themselves dating for neither has confessed that they want to . Simon thinks he will just be dumped like the rest of Isabelle 's boyfriends while Isabelle has trouble revealing her feelings and thinks Simon should make the first move . In City of Heavenly Fire , Simon admits his love to Isabelle . Throughout the book , Simon follows Clary and Jace -- along with Isabelle and Alec -- into the demon realm Edom to defeat Sebastian and find Magnus , Raphael , Luke and Jocelyn . In the demon realm , he saves Isabelle after she is bitten by a demon . Soon after , he tells Isabelle he loves her . As a result , they finally make their relationship official . At the end , after defeating Sebastian , they have no possible way of getting out . Magnus calls on his father , Asmodeus , who asks to help them get out of Edom since Sebastian closed all possible ways for them to get out . In return , Asmodeus wants Magnus ' immortal life -- if Magnus does this , he will die . None of them want Magnus to sacrifice his life , so Simon steps forward . Because Simon has only just become a vampire , his years will not catch up to him and he will return a mundane . But to spice up the deal , Asmodeus also says he must take away all of Simon 's memory of the Shadow world and of Clary . Everything he will remember will be a normal life , a life without Clary , or Jace , or Alec , or Magnus and Isabelle . This devastated them all , but Simon gave it willingly to save his friends and the person he loves . In the Epilogue , Clary tries to see if Simon remembers her , but he does n't and just thinks she 's a crazy girl with tattoos . Except , he does give her his band flyer thinking she might be hitting on him . She walks away with it . Clary gives Izzy the flyer and walks away . The flyer says the band 's name , `` The Mortal Instruments '' . With this sliver of hope , Izzy and Magnus go to Simon and tell him what has happened . Simon is given the choice for Magnus to prep him to Ascend and become a Shadowhunter so that Asmodeus can not touch him and he can regain all of his memory . Simon agrees and receives some of his memory back . He then reunites with Clary , Izzy , and the rest of the clan at Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding . Love interests Isabelle Lightwood Maia Roberts Clary Fray Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Luke Garroway ( edit ) Luke Garroway , whose birth name is Lucian Graymark , is Jocelyn Fray 's best friend who later becomes her husband and stepfather to Clary Fray . He is a werewolf who was a Shadowhunter and member of The Circle which was run by Valentine Morgenstern . In his early life , Lucian was raised in Idris with his mother and older sister Amatis . Later , his mother left to join the Iron Sisters , leaving Luke to be raised by his sister . When Luke was young he met Jocelyn Fairchild ( Jocelyn Fray ) and they were later sent to Alicante to train and attend school . When they arrived at Alicante , Luke was n't the best in school and often contemplated quitting , until Valentine Morgenstern offered to tutor him . Lycanthropy Before Luke turned into a Werewolf , he was a Shadowhunter . Valentine had invited Luke to go hunting to help clean out the werewolves ' nests that had killed Valentine 's father . While they were scouting out the nests , a werewolf bit Luke . After he was bitten , Luke was n't sure if the bite was enough to infect him with Lycanthropy . At one point , he went seeking aid from his sister Amatis for help and shelter and was sent away . He , along with Jocelyn and Valentine had kept quiet in following weeks while they awaited for the full moon . To his dismay , he did Change after the attack . Valentine then took him to the forest and gave Luke his father 's dagger and told him to be honorable and kill himself . Valentine then led everyone to believe that Luke was dead . Instead Luke sought out the werewolf that had Turned him to kill him and himself in the process . When Luke finally found him , he turned out to be the leader of a pack in Brocelind Forest . Luke had fought and killed him . By werewolf law , Luke had become the new pack leader and accepted the position and began his new life . Physical appearance Luke has blue eyes and brown , uneven hair with ragged - looking clothes . He is tall , with squared shoulders and wears glasses . His favorite shirts to wear are flannel shirts . He is portrayed by Aidan Turner in the film adaptation of the book , and Isaiah Mustafa in the television series . Luke 's Love Interests Jocelyn Fray ( Fairchild ) was Luke 's main love interest throughout The Mortal Instruments series . Luke has known Jocelyn since they were kids and had developed feelings for her but never acted on it because Jocelyn loved Valentine at the time . After Jocelyn and Valentine were married , his friendship with Jocelyn continued but after Valentine 's darkness became evident , Jocelyn would only confide in him . When he was turned into a werewolf and was believed to be dead , she searched for him believing that he was still alive . After the Uprising Luke had offered Jocelyn to marry him but she refused and when they parted ways Luke could n't forget her and went looking for her . When he finally found her in New York , he chose to leave his life as a Werewolf behind to live a mundane life , all whilst harbouring a deep love for her . Even though it took Luke many years , he finally told Jocelyn how he feels after she awoke from her coma . A few weeks later , the two became engaged and were married after the Dark War . Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Isabelle Lightwood ( edit ) Isabelle `` Izzy '' Sophia Lightwood is a Shadowhunter and lives in the New York Institute . She is rebellious and very beautiful . Her cooking is often made fun of by Jace and Alec . She is known to be dangerous and often carries weapons in her tall boots that are never less than seven inches . Her signature weapon is an electrum whip with which she is quite skilled . She dresses well , as shown when she gave Clary to wear clothes that she picked for Magnus 's party . Despite this seemingly shallow and girlish side of her personality , she is shown to take responsibility for situations , shouldering the blame for her brother Max 's death , despite having been struck unconscious at the time . She is comforted by Simon , and ends up sleeping ( in a literal , non-sexual sense ) with him . She begins to casually date Simon -- who is also dating Maia at the same time -- and then later upon finding out about Maia , breaks up with him . After this and seeing how she is genuinely hurt by it , begins to slowly realize that she may actually be in love with Simon , but refuses to admit it . Isabelle obviously cares for Jace and Alec , and is fiercely protective of both of them . Because of this , she is constantly torn over the fact that her brother is struggling with his sexuality and when Jace is heartbroken over Clary during their supposedly sibling relationship . In City of Glass , she yells at Clary for only thinking of herself and not realizing how much pain Jace is in due to how much he really loves her . Physical appearance Isabelle is very beautiful and tall . She has very dark brown eyes with hints of gold that initially appear to be black . She is curvaceous and has long black hair that is described as `` black as spilt ink '' by Clary . She dresses stylishly , often with high heels . However , she despised her height and hated towering over everyone and wished to be small and delicate like Clary . She is portrayed by Jemima West in the film adaptation of the book , and Emeraude Toubia in the television series . Family Isabelle is the middle child in the Lightwood family . Her parents are Maryse and Robert Lightwood , who were once in the Circle with Valentine until the Uprising . Her older brother is Alec and her younger brother was Max , who died at the hand of Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern . Jace is her adoptive brother . Her parents run the Institute in New York . Isabelle 's love interests Simon Lewis : Simon is obviously smitten with her when they first meet , but she never treats him as anything more than a `` mundane '' until after his transformation into vampirism . As a vampire , he gets deeper into their world and they become friends . They spend the night together ( non-sexually ) when Simon attempts to comfort Isabelle after Max 's death which she blamed herself for . Isabelle is shown to be jealous of Maia , who also liked Simon . Isabelle 's feelings for Simon deepen later into the series , though she refuses to admit that she may be in love with him . In City of Lost Souls , she eventually admits that she thinks about Simon all the time and `` nothing like this has ever happened to ( her ) before '' . However , she struggles with her feelings and telling Simon how she feels about him , believing that the guy should make the first move ( contradicting with Simon 's personality who , as stated by Clary , thinks that if a girl does nothing to indicate any romantic feelings must mean that she does n't like him ) . Meliorn : Meliorn is a knight of the Seelie Court and later the Seelie representative on the Council . In City of Heavenly Fire he is found out to be half - human half - faerie and is killed by Alec . He and Isabelle had a brief fling and the Seelie Queen hearing about this had him pass on a message to request an audience with Clary , Isabelle , Jace , Alec and Simon . Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Alec Lightwood ( edit ) Alexander `` Alec '' Gideon Lightwood lives in the New York Institute with his siblings . He is the oldest of the Lightwoods and is quieter than both Isabelle , his brother Max , and Jace , his best friend and adoptive brother . Alec is 18 , making him legally an ' adult , ' which gives him permission to attend Clave meetings . He was jealous of Clary , at first , upon meeting her due to knowing how Jace felt about her , and Alec himself had a crush on Jace . Later , he begins to forget him and he starts to date and falls in love with Magnus Bane ( a warlock who is immortal and nearly 400 years old ) , though his strong brotherly love for Jace remains . Alec is mostly soft - spoken and serious . He tries his best to act wisely and is not as reckless as Jace . Later in the story , it is revealed early on that he had never killed a demon , which changes in the middle of City of Bones . He shows himself to be extremely caring about the ones he loves and is willing to do anything to protect them . Among the whole group , Alec is the most intelligent . For much of the series , Alec denies his homosexuality and attraction to males ( particularly Jace ) , which results in him lashing out at people . When he finally accepts himself , he becomes a more relaxed person and comes out as gay to the whole Clave and everyone there , including his family and parents , by publicly passionately kissing Magnus . Clary notes at the end of the fourth novel that Alec had become more generous with himself , allowing him to be more generous with others . Alec , as seen in City of Fallen Angels , can also become extremely jealous , getting angry at Magnus when he discovers Magnus ' long dating history and relationship with Camille , a vampire woman . Alec becomes a much more central character in City of Lost Souls and is one of the book 's narrators . He , along with Clary , leads the search for Jace , while also dealing with Camille . Physical appearance Alec is said to have a thin , wiry build and like his mother , has black hair , luminous blue eyes , and impressive height . He is also very pale . Alec is described as being very handsome as well , but unlike his sister , he tries to downplay his looks by wearing worn out sweaters and damaged clothing . It is mentioned by Camille Belcourt that he bears a strong resemblance to William Herondale from The Infernal Devices . He was portrayed by Kevin Zegers in the film adaptation of the book , and Matthew Daddario in the television series . Family Alec is the oldest child of the Lightwood family , and the first son of Maryse and Robert Lightwood . Isabelle and Max Lightwood are his younger siblings , and Jace is his adoptive brother and Parabatai . Alec 's love interests Jace Herondale : Alec is gay , and for the most part of the series , he remains convinced that he 's always been in love with Jace . In City of Glass , however , Jace tells him that Alec thought he was in love with him because Jace was `` safe , '' and an excuse not to take risks and try going out with someone else , namely , Magnus Bane . Magnus Bane : Alec 's fiancé , a bisexual warlock . Magnus had always shown interest in Alec throughout the books , openly flirting with him upon meeting him in the first novel of the series and flirtatiously telling Alec to `` call him '' after winking at him . This eventually resulting in Alec starting a secret relationship with him by the end of the novel . After Jace 's challenge , Alec kisses Magnus in front of all the Shadowhunters in front of the Clave when they were choosing partners for the battle in City of Glass and revealed his association to him and his sexuality . Also , when Clary cast a Rune that made her look like the person the onlooker loved the most , it is implied that Alec saw Magnus . Later , his mother accepts the fact that he is gay ( although his father does not completely comes to terms with it ) and in the book City of Fallen Angels , he and Magnus are on a vacation around the world , going to places like Paris , India , and other parts of Europe . They are called back when Magnus is needed to interrogate Camille . Alec is shocked at Magnus ' long dating history and becomes worried about their future together because of Magnus ' immortality and his mortality . He begins to speculate that the reason Magnus wanted the Book of White was to make Alec immortal , so they could stay together forever ( although it is later revealed in the series that Magnus had actually wanted it so that he could take away his immortality and become mortal in order to be with Alec ) . He worries that Magnus will move on soon , and that he is just another lover for him in a long line . However , Magnus tells him he is not trivial , and that he is n't ready to lose Alec any time soon and ca n't imagine a future without him . They agree to wait and hope for the best . In City of Lost Souls , Alec is offered the power to shorten Magnus ' lifespan by Camille , allowing them to grow old together . Alec does n't reveal the offer to Magnus and briefly considers it . Despite the fact that he ultimately refuses Camille 's offer , realizing he would n't be able to go through with it , Magnus breaks up with Alec because he did not share the fact that he 'd been talking to Camille and considered shortening his life at all . Magnus confesses that while he still loves him , they are through as a couple . Magnus shares one final kiss with Alec before walking away from a tearful and heartbroken Alec . In final novel , City of Heavenly Fire , Alec keeps calling Magnus after their tragic break up , but keeps hanging up whenever Magnus answers the call , resulting in Jace breaking his phone to get him to stop . A little later in the book , Alec and Magnus briefly speak and kiss when Magnus comes to say goodbye to Alec before the Lightwoods and the Institute 's Shadowhunters leave for Idris to be protected from Sebastian 's attacks . Magnus later follows Alec to Idris as the warlocks ' representative for the Clave 's meetings ; before he can speak to Alec , however , he is tricked into capture at a dinner hosted by the faeries . Alec , along with his friends , travel to Edom / hell to save Magnus and defeat Sebastian . By the end of the novel , after an emotional , tumultuous reunion in Edom , they are back together , for Magnus had time to think while broken up . Magnus presents a journal full of stories from his past that shaped who he is in present - day ( later revealed to be `` The Bane Chronicles '' , the story collection written by Clare and various co-writers to accompany Clare 's novels ) ; he wrote these stories for Alec during their time apart , when he learned that he can not truly be in a loving relationship without sharing who he is . He asks Alec for another chance , and Alec agrees . At Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding in the Epilogue , it is revealed that Alec and Magnus have come to peace with their immortality - mortality conflict , and are now living together in Magnus ' Brooklyn loft . As of Lady Midnight , Magnus and Alec are engaged and have two sons - Max Lightwood - Bane , a blue skinned warlock named for Max Lightwood , and Rafael Lightwood - Bane , an orphaned Shadowhunter named for Raphael Santiago . Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Lady Midnight Lord of Shadows Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy The Bane Chronicles A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Magnus Bane ( edit ) Magnus Bane is the High Warlock of Brooklyn . He regularly tampered with the mind of Clary Fray after designing a spell that would erase her memories of the Shadow World once every two years as a favour to her mother , Jocelyn . He first meets the other Shadowhunters at one of his Downworlder parties . He later has Clary retrieve the Book of the White for him in City of Glass , and agrees to help revive her mother with it . In City of Heavenly Fire , he admits to Alec that he is almost 400 years old , although he often lies about his age ( for instance , in `` The Bane Chronicles '' he claims to be under 300 years old , to which his friends Catarina Loss and Ragnor Fell laugh , obviously aware of the lie , and in `` City of Glass '' he claims to be 800 ) . Despite his flamboyant appearance and whimsical personality , Magnus is a kind yet jaded person who yearns for love and acceptance , but has great trouble revealing his honest desires and personal secrets to others due to his long and traumatic past . His life has frequently been entangled with the fates of certain Shadowhunters ( specifically the Herondale family during the Victorian and Edwardian eras , and the Fairchild family following the collapse of Valentine 's Circle ) , but he does n't become seriously involved with the workings of their society and their struggle for survival and reformation until he meets Alec Lightwood , who goes on to become the love of his life . Physical appearance Magnus Bane is described as being of Asian descent , due to his human parent being half - Dutch , half - Indonesian . He is an inch or two taller than Alec and is said to be lean , but not skinny , with lightly muscled arms . He has brown skin and black , nearly shoulder - length hair that is usually styled and dyed . He wears all kinds of makeup , such as glitter around his eyes and blue lipstick , and in City of Glass is also noted to own more makeup tools and accessories than even Isabelle Lightwood . He likes to flaunt his bisexuality by wearing flashy and sometimes bizarre clothing . Isabelle once described him as a `` sexy , sexy warlock '' , whereas Simon Lewis countered that Magnus `` looks like a gay Sonic the Hedgehog and dresses like the Child Catcher from Chitty Chitty Bang Bang . '' He also has gold - green eyes with vertical cat - like pupils and no belly button , both of which serve as his warlock marks . He is portrayed by Godfrey Gao in the film adaptation of the book , and Harry Shum Jr. in the television series . Family Magnus ' mother and step - father began to fear him when he started nearing the age of ten , after they realised he was n't fully human . It is revealed that his mother was in fact tricked into sleeping with a demon who disguised himself as her husband , and when she realized , years later , that Magnus was a warlock ( in other words , someone half - human , half - demon ) and not her husband 's child , she hanged herself in her family 's barn . Soon after , his step - father tried to drown him , and Magnus burned him alive in an attempt to save himself . He was then brought up by the Silent Brothers of Madrid , who also came up with his name . Cassandra Clare revealed on Twitter that Magnus was born in what was once Batavia of the Dutch East Indies ( modern - day Jakarta , Indonesia ) . Camille does state in City of Lost Souls that his biological father is a Prince of Hell , therefore implying he is a high - ranked demon . Whenever asked who his father is , Magnus always avoids the question or changes the subject . In City of Heavenly Fire , his father is revealed to be Asmodeus , the Greater Demon of Lust and ruler of Edom . Because Asmodeus is also a fallen angel , Magnus is capable of interacting with witchlights -- he can make them glow red . Love interests Alexander `` Alec '' Lightwood ( boyfriend in City of Ashes , until their break up in City of Lost Souls ; the two reconcile and get back together in City of Heavenly Fire ) : Magnus and Alec meet during one of Magnus ' parties and Magnus openly flirts with him , eventually starting a secret relationship with him ( since Alec was not ready to come out as gay yet ) later on in the novel . The couple 's relationship is revealed when Alec passionately kisses Magnus in front of the entire Clave right before a war is about to start in City of Glass . Alexander faces both public and private backlash ( from the Clave and his father , respectively ) because of this , but manages not to fully give in to his pain and frustration with some support from Magnus and Isabelle . However , the couple encounter trouble when they openly face the fact that Alec is mortal and is bound to age and die , whereas Magnus , who is immortal , will remain young forever . This , along with Magnus ' extensive sexual history and constant unwillingness to share anything about himself with Alec , causes heavy complications in their relationship , since Alec begins to believe he is trivial to Magnus , while Magnus insists this is not the case , but refuses to explain himself or give proof . The two later break up during the epilogue of City of Lost Souls due to the fact that Alec had been visiting Camille Belcourt behind Magnus ' back , seemingly because he wanted to turn Magnus mortal , though it is later revealed that the actual reason he had gone to see Camille was because she offered to tell him more about Magnus and his personal history . Magnus does find this out , but initially stubbornly accepts Camille 's `` cover story '' ( that Alec wanted to un-immortalise him ) as the truth . The two part with one final kiss before Magnus reluctantly walks away , leaving a heartbroken Alec behind . In The Infernal Devices we learn that Magnus has a thing for boys with dark hair and blue eyes , which matches Alec 's physical appearance . In City of Heavenly Fire Alec tries to apologise to Magnus and get back together with him but Magnus refuses to talk to him or answer his texts or calls . When all Shadowhunters are ordered to evacuate to Idris , Magnus goes to the Institute to say goodbye to Alec and kisses him . Magnus makes it clear that he has forgiven Alec but can not resume his relationship with him due to their vastly different personal circumstances . When Magnus is captured and sent to his father 's hell - dimension , Edom , Alexander goes on a suicide mission to rescue him and miraculously succeeds , with help from his family and friends . The pair eventually get back together at the end of City of Heavenly Fire , with Alexander once again apologising for his mistakes and Magnus promising to be more open with Alec about himself and their relationship . As of Lady Midnight , Magnus and Alec are engaged and have two sons -- Max Lightwood - Bane , a blue - skinned warlock named for Alexander 's deceased brother , Maxwell Lightwood , and Rafael Lightwood - Bane , an orphaned Argentinian Shadowhunter named for the vampire Raphael Santiago . Magnus has admitted that Alexander is the first and only Shadowhunter he has ever been in love with , as well as the only one of all his lovers with whom he has ever wanted to start a family . Lady Camille Belcourt ( The Infernal Devices ) is perhaps the most prominent of Magnus ' former lovers . Their relationship and history is one of Magnus ' main plot lines in The Infernal Devices , having been lovers for many years before they eventually suffer a terrible misunderstanding that results in them severing ties . The two meet again approximately a century after Clockwork Prince in City of Fallen Angels , when Camille is captured and refuses to talk to anyone else but Magnus . This results in Magnus returning home , having been on a vacation with Alec at the time , and sees her for the first time in over a century . She attempts to make amends with Magnus , saying that he must have known they would see each other again due to their immortality , but Magnus remains bitter about her abrupt departure from his life . She begins to intentionally cause complications in his relationship with Alec by emotionally manipulating both him and Magnus , bringing up the topic of his immortality , and how since Alec was mortal , he would eventually die and leave Magnus behind . However , Magnus firmly states that while she `` can give him the past , Alec is his future '' and leaves . She then begins to meet with Alec in private in City of Lost Souls , since Alec seeks information about Magnus ' past because the warlock himself refuses to tell him anything and actively hides important details about his life from him , which makes Alexander doubt his worth in Magnus ' life . During a later meeting , Camille informs Alec that unless he wants to use dark magic or become a vampire , there is no way to make him immortal . She goes on to tell Alec , however , that if he really wants to be with Magnus forever , he would need to make Magnus a mortal , which she claims to be able to do . While Alec briefly considers it , he ultimately refuses , unwilling to shorten Magnus ' life . Despite this , she tells him to meet her at an abandoned subway station one last time , to tell her his final decision . When Alec shows up at that meeting , ready to tell Camille he truthfully did not want to change Magnus , he instead finds Magnus there , who was told by Camille about the arrangement . He tells Alec that Camille told him everything about the two 's private meetings , including that Alec was going to show up to accept her offer . He says he did n't want to believe Camille , but when Alec showed up , he could no longer disregard what she told him . This leads to the couple breaking up as a result of Camille 's deception . Woolsey Scott ( The Infernal Devices ) . After leaving Camille , Magnus stayed with Woolsey for some time . Magnus and Woolsey are not so much a romantic relationship but one of circumstance and housing as well as physical satisfaction . Imasu Morales ( revealed in The Bane Chronicles : What Really Happened in Peru ) . Magnus met and fell in love with Imasu in 1890 , when he visited the city of Puno , in Peru , with Catarina and Ragnor . As a result of their relationship , Magnus decided to learn how to play the musical instrument called charango , which he was terrible at . They had a rather short vacation romance . During the span of their relationship , Magnus never got around to telling Imasu about magic and his demonic origin . Magnus had even considered offering that he and Imasu live together , before Imasu broke up with him , since he felt that Magnus as a person was too ephemeral . Magnus laughed upon hearing this and told him that he was `` the most permanent person '' he would ever meet . They never spoke to each other again after that . Etta ( revealed in The Bane Chronicles : Saving Raphael Santiago ) . Magnus met Etta around 1938 at a club , where he asked her for a dance . By the end of the song , Etta claimed to have fallen for him , while he said had fallen for her before the song had even begun . The two started seeing each other , their relationship fairly serious , and Etta eventually learned what he really was -- a warlock -- and knew of the Shadow World . It also became a tradition for the couple to dance in his room late at night when Magnus was unable to join her and dance with her at her club . However , particularly by 1953 , Etta slowly realized that she might want a family . When asked if she would want immortality , Etta said no , and insisted that while she would want more time with him , she is unwilling to stop time for herself to obtain that . Eventually , Etta did leave him . She did , however , remain a very well - remembered and cherished loved one of Magnus , and was the last person Magnus truly loved for over half a century , until Alec Lightwood . Kitty ( revealed in The Bane Chronicles : What Really Happened in Peru ) . Kitty was a mundane who had a fling with Magnus in 1962 . Presumably Latina , Kitty met Magnus at Cuzco in Peru . Kitty was a con artist , and the couple went on a magical crime spree during the summer they were together . Axel von Ferson ( revealed in The Bane Chronicles : The Runaway Queen ) . Magnus met Axel in Paris in 1791 when the count first met him , hoping to utilize his magic to help the royal family in perish escape the country . Magnus was instantly attracted to the man , who had his favorite physical combination -- black hair and blue eyes . After rescuing the queen , Marie Antoinette , Axel and his men found them . While Axel said that his good deeds will be remembered , Magnus said that he only cared if he remembered . Then impulsively , Axel kissed him before departing . A few weeks later , Magnus , guilt stricken by the deaths of his loyal and kindhearted servants , received a letter from Axel 's sister , who asked for his help to stop her brother from attempting to save the king and queen , who got caught . Magnus decided that mundane life was fleeting and chose not to involve himself any further . Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire The Bane Chronicles Tales from the Shadowhunter Academy Clockwork Angel Clockwork Prince Clockwork Princess Lady Midnight Lord of Shadows A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Maia Roberts ( edit ) Maia Roberts is a biracial teenager born and raised in a New Jersey suburban neighborhood . Her brother , Daniel , was beautiful and abusive , though her parents never believed her , even when he broke her arm . This treatment leads to Maia hating and fearing beautiful boys , even after her brother was killed in a hit - and - run . In tenth - eleventh grade , Maia met Jordan Kyle and they began dating . However , during their relationship , he soon began to become controlling and abusive and she broke up with him . He became enraged at her break up with him and , in werewolf form , attacked her on her way home from a party . ( She was a mundane and did not know that he was a werewolf or anything about the Shadow World . ) Jordan vanished shortly afterward , and Maia soon turned into a werewolf on the next full moon . She ran away from home and joined the wolf - pack in New York and became good friends with Luke , the leader of the pack . She became associated with the Shadowhunters and develops a crush on Simon , and in City of Glass gets into a competition with Isabelle for his attention . In City of Ashes , Maia leaves Luke 's apartment to apologize to Simon for her vicious reaction ( after she was attacked ) and realized he was a vampire . On her way over to him , she is attacked by Agramon , the Demon of Fear which she interprets as her older brother Daniel who violently abused her when he was still alive . Valentine then abducts her to drain her completely of blood so he can complete his spell . Simon is kidnapped as well shortly after for his vampire blood . It is learned that lycanthropes are negatively affected by all kinds of silver when Valentine sprinkles silver dust on her and she screams in pain . At the beginning of City of Fallen Angels , Maia and Simon are casually dating , while Simon , not to her or Isabelle 's knowledge , ends up also casually dating Isabelle . The truth of Simon 's actions comes out just as Maia runs into her ex-boyfriend Jordan Kyle . Jordan , who had recently become acquainted with Simon , was the one who turned Maia into a werewolf . However , Jordan 's actions were not what they seemed to be , as he had just become a new werewolf when he bit her and therefore unable to control his actions . Maia is understandably angry to have him back in her life due to his abusiveness during their relationship and him turning her into a werewolf , but when she learns the truth behind what Jordan did , she understands and even seems to forgive him when realizing he is genuinely regretful of his past actions towards her . Towards the end of the book , after she and Jordan have helped Isabelle and Alec look for Simon , she and Jordan kiss and eventually reaffirm their relationship . Physical appearance Maia is described as having curly , brown and gold hair ( her eyelashes are described as the color of toast ) , light brown skin and amber - brown eyes . She is also described as having a heart - shaped face and rather curvy figure when Clary notes , `` No girl should have that great of a body . '' She is portrayed by Alisha Wainwright in the television series . Family Not much is said about Maia 's mother or father , however her older brother Daniel is mentioned . Daniel was said to be an attractive boy , but a very abusive brother to Maia , It is said that he gave her bruises where they would n't be seen , breaking her arm , etc . He died when he was hit by a car while at a young age , but Maia still felt afraid of him for many more years after . Maia 's love interests Jordan Kyle : Maia is dating him as of City of Lost Souls . They had dated back in high school , but when Jordan was turned into a werewolf he would , in result of the side effects on his body , constantly yell at her and became abusive towards her often slapping and hitting her , unaware of what he was doing to her . Not knowing the cause of his sudden abusiveness , she broke it off with him , even kissing another guy to prove this to him . Angered by this and it being the first full moon since he had been bit , Jordan turned into a werewolf for the first time and attacked and bit her during his angered emotions , which were much stronger due to the full moon , as she left a party . Maia was never able to forgive him for what he did to her until she met him again in City of Fallen Angels after he had been to rehab ; truly regretful of his actions towards her and how he had treated her in the past and still very much in love with her . Jordan even felt that he did not deserve a second chance with her on account of how badly he had treated her , feeling unworthy of her and that she deserved better than him . The two , however , slowly begin to grow back together over time , eventually resulting in sharing several kisses ( and leading them to eventually sleep together on several different occasions ) and soon reaffirming their relationship on a clean slate . In City of Heavenly Fire , he was murdered by Jonathan `` Sebastian '' Morgernstern . Simon Lewis : Maia had a crush on Simon upon meeting him and soon began to date him , though never seriously and more as a fling . She broke up with him when she found out that he was also seeing Isabelle , although Simon did n't think things were serious between him and Maia as things never became exclusive . This in which Maia eventually agrees on , saying it was n't `` technically cheating '' since she and Simon never made their relationship official . The two eventually mend their friendship back together and remain good friends . Bat Velasquez : Maia had dated him for a some time after she became a werewolf . Bat was also a part of Luke 's pack . When Maia decides that she still needed space and was n't ready for a new relationship after her recent break up with Jordan Kyle , he accepts this and dates a witch . It was mentioned in City of Heavenly Fire that he really did n't like the witch . It was also shown in the ending of City of Heavenly Fire that when Bat and Maia were walking along the side of the lake in Luke 's farm that Bat held Maia 's hand which Maia did n't seem to mind . Appearances City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Jocelyn Fairchild / Morgenstern ( edit ) Jocelyn Morgenstern / Fairchild / Fray / Garroway / Graymark is Clary 's mother and a former Shadowhunter . Jocelyn grew up in Idris with Luke , Valentine , and the other Circle members . She was married to Valentine at the age of 19 , though she says she married him because she loved him , she later realized that he was torturing innocent people . She fled Idris when she found out she was pregnant with Clary , so he could not do harm to her daughter like he did on Jonathan ( Sebastian ) , her first - born son . Later it is said that Luke tracked her down and Clary , being around the age of 3 - 5 at the time though it does not specify , opened the door to him . He then stayed in their lives and him and Jocelyn lived their lives in New York , also taking a large part in raising Clary , until Jocelyn is located by Valentine . She takes a potion , putting herself in a coma to protect her secrets and remains unconscious until she is revived by Magnus Bane in City of Glass . She is also a Shadowhunter warrior . In City of Glass , after Valentine was killed by the angel Raziel , Lucian Graymark ( Luke ) finally declared his love for her , telling her he 's been in love with her for over 20 years . After he walks out the door , initially believing she did not return his feelings , she soon runs after him to tell she loves him too . It is then later revealed in City of Fallen Angels that they are engaged to be married and also are `` disgustingly in love '' as described by Clary . Later in City of Lost Souls , after Luke is wounded by Sebastian and in critical condition , Jocelyn says to him how she regrets failing to have noticed his feelings for her back when they were younger and wishes he would have told her how he felt about her so she would have married `` the right guy '' instead of Valentine . Hence , so things would have been `` different '' and could have turned out better than they were currently . However , Luke does n't have any regrets saying how if things had been any different , `` they '' would n't have Clary , making Jocelyn happy since he said `` as though he was sure Clary was his own daughter '' . Physical appearance Jocelyn is described of being elegant and beautiful . She has long red hair that is usually in a twist , and still carries the scars of her Shadowhunting days . Clary is often said to look almost identical to her . Jocelyns hair is also a darker red than Clary 's . She is portrayed by Lena Headey in the film adaptation of the book , and Maxim Roy in the television series . Family Jocelyn has two children , Jonathan Christopher and Clarissa Adele . Her parents were killed in a fire set by Valentine Morgenstern , in which she also believed that Jonathan had been killed . She is engaged to Lucian Graymark ( Luke ) as of City of Lost Souls and they were married in City of Heavenly Fire as the majority of the epilogue takes place at the wedding reception . Jocelyn 's love interests Valentine Morgenstern : ( ex-husband ) Valentine used to be very nice to other shadowhunters and would take them under his wing . But , later the followers would figure out that Valentine did this to build a group to rid the world of downworlders . Before Jocelyn knew this plan , she married Valentine , being the only one who could cheer him up on bad days . Valentine was abusive and a psychopath . Although they had a son and a daughter together , one of the results was not what she looked for . Luke Garroway / Lucian Graymark : ( love interest - fiancé ) Ever since Jocelyn and Luke met , they have been close and then Valentine came along and ruined Luke 's chances . When Valentine disappeared , Luke had his chances again . He met up with Jocelyn and helped with Clary and helped Clary grow up . Finally , Luke admits his feelings to Jocelyn and is happy with his new wife ( Jocelyn ) . Clary Fray ( Fairchild ) : Clary is Jocelyn 's daughter whom she loves very dearly and takes care of as well as she can , with the help of Luke . Sebastian / Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern : After the cruelty in him was murdered by Clary , he became the son Jocelyn was hoping for , causing her to love him , but he did n't last long , for the good in him was not abundant enough for him to survive ; but it was enough time for him to apologize for Valentine 's doing that made him the person that he was . Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes ( mentioned ) City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Valentine Morgenstern ( edit ) Valentine Morgenstern is the main antagonist of the first half of the series , and is the former husband of Jocelyn Fairchild . This also makes him biological father to Clarissa Morgenstern and Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern ( also known as Sebastian ) . In his youth he was a very skilled Shadowhunter from a rich family in Alicante . His best friend was Lucian Graymark while they were in school , among other Shadowhunters including Maryse Lightwood ( née Trueblood ) , Robert Lightwood , Hodge Starkweather , Stephen Herondale and Michael Wayland . Upon the death of his father , Valentine fell in love with Jocelyn Fairchild , and together he and his group of young Shadowhunters formed the infamous group known as the Circle . With him leading the Circle , they had intended to share the gift of the Nephilim with the rest of humanity by using the Mortal Cup . Valentine and Jocelyn married and all was well until his ideas for the Circle became more radical , as Valentine wanted to kill all Downworlders . He infects his son with Demon blood and is betrayed by his former best friend , Lucian Graymark , and his wife at the Uprising of the Accords . Upon fleeing the battle , Valentine is assumed to be dead and goes into hiding with his son and Jace Herondale . Years later , when City of Bones begins , Valentine finds Jocelyn and wants her to reveal where the Mortal Cup is located . He kidnaps her , but is unable to extract information from her due to her self - induced comatose state . He eventually secures the Mortal Cup , and the Mortal Sword and goes to the Mortal Mirror to summon the Angel Raziel . His arrogance , however , as well as his torturing of the angel Ithuriel , Raziel 's brother , causes the angel to slay him . During the series , it is also revealed he faked his death and took on the name of Michael Wayland , raising Jace Herondale as Jace Wayland . Physical appearance Valentine is said to be tall and very handsome . He is broad shouldered and has light blond , almost silver hair . He also has black eyes . Though in the movie he has dark brown hair and blue eyes . He is portrayed by Jonathan Rhys Meyers in the film adaptation of the book , and Alan van Sprang in the television series . Family Valentine is the former husband of Jocelyn Fairchild , with whom he had two children ( Clarissa `` Clary '' Adele Morgenstern and Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern ) . Clarissa realizes that she is Valentine 's daughter in the first book , City of Bones , but being raised by Jocelyn her whole life is void of Valentine 's influence . His son however , was tutored by him to be a very talented Shadowhunter and ruthless killer . He later becomes Valentine 's spy , taking the name Sebastian Verlac . Valentine also adopts Jace Herondale as his son , training him as well as Jonathan , making him as skilled a Shadowhunter as Jonathan . Valentine also experimented on his children . Hoping to make a stronger and better Shadowhunter , he infused Jonathan with demon blood while in Jocelyn 's womb . However , a side effect of the blood was that it would `` burn out his ( Jonathan 's ) humanity as poison burns the life from blood . '' This gave him a son capable of incredible feats , but with little to no compassion or ability to love . The experimentation on Jonathan led to Jocelyn feeling sick and very depressed . To make her feel better he gave her powdered Angel blood , not knowing that she was carrying a second child ( Clary ) , infusing Clary with Angel blood in the same way that Jonathan was with Demon blood . With Jace , upon the failure of Jonathan to show any compassion , he gave Angel blood to Jace 's mother ( Celiné Herondale ) , hoping to create a stronger warrior , without the side effects Jonathan suffered from the use Demon blood . In the end , Valentine trained Jace , but was forced to abandon him when he was 10 years old , making Valentine the only father Jace has known . It is also thought that of the two boys , the angel and the demon , that Valentine loved Jace more than his own son . Valentine 's Love Interests Jocelyn Fairchild / Fray / Morgenstern / Graymark / Garroway : Lucian Graymark : When Valentine and Lucian ( Luke ) were once parabatai , they shared a brotherly love . Though no longer parabatai , they hate each other to the ends of the earth . Appearances in books City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City Of Lost Souls City of Fallen Angels ( mentioned ) City of Heavenly Fire ( mentioned ) A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Jonathan Morgenstern ( edit ) Sebastian Verlac / Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern / Sebastian Morgenstern is the true blood related son of Valentine Morgenstern and Jocelyn Fairchild , making him the brother of Clary Fray . His real name is Jonathan Christopher Morgenstern , but he went by Sebastian Verlac ( cousin of the Penhallows ) in City of Glass . He is very sadistic in nature , as a result of having been experimented on by his father with the blood of the Greater Demon Lilith , which robbed him of his humanity . He first appears in City of Glass as Sebastian Verlac , charming his way into the lives of the Lightwoods . He takes Clary to see Ragnor Fell , and kisses her , disgusting her . Upon Clary 's return with Jace to Alicante , it is discovered that Max Lightwood had seen someone climbing the demon warding towers . Sebastian was the person climbing the towers , and it was his blood that was used to bring down the wards . During the first attack on Alicante , he also kills Max Lightwood and severely injures Isabelle Lightwood . He is eventually tracked down and killed by Jace , before the summoning of Raziel by Valentine , but his body is never recovered . He is taken by his `` mother '' , Lilith , and taken to safety . She uses Jace as leverage and tries to bring him back from the dead . In City of Fallen Angels he is awoken , and uses a rune put on Jace to control him . He becomes the main antagonist in City of Lost Souls , using Lilith 's bond to alter Jace 's memories to believe they are on the same side and plans on raising and army of demons and Dark Shadowhunters to destroy the world . Clary infiltrates his inner circle through Jace and they both continually mistrust each other but are forced to work together when they are attacked by enemy demons . Eventually Clary learns the truth of his plans and they engage in a bloody battle . Unable to kill him because it will kill Jace too , she gives up but successfully destroys their base of operations with one of her runes . After a dark ritual , he uses the Infernal Cup to create more Dark Shadowhunters and almost turns Clary but is quickly stopped by the arrival of the Lightwoods and their allies . Before he manages to escape , Clary is forced to stab Jace with the angelic sword Glorious , severing his bond with Sebastian and causing the latter horrible pain . At the end of the book he sends a message to Maryse Lightwood : severed angel wings with a single piece of paper saying _́ _́ I am coming. _́ _́ In City of Heavenly Fire , Sebastian is attacking institutes around the world and turning Shadowhunters into Endarkened . He then goes and attacks the Citadel , and kills many Shadowhunters but is forced to flee when Jace loses control of his Heavenly Fire . Sebastian then later visits Clary and tries to convince her to leave with him , offering her mercy but she refuses . Once again Jace and Sebastian fight but Sebastian proves that he can not be hurt by anything other than the Heavenly Fire after he stabs himself and then leaves unharmed . Sebastian offers to leave all of the Shadowhunters in Alicante alone , and return Jocelyn , Luke , Magnus , Raphael and Meliorn , whom he has kidnapped , if the Clave turn over Clary and Jace to him . Clary , Jace , Simon , Alec and Isabelle all travel by portal to the Seelie court and travel through to Edom , where Sebastian is hiding . Sebastian is well aware of this and plans for them . When they arrive Sebastian defeats them all and forces Clary by his side . When he is unaware , Clary stabs him with a sword that contains the Heavenly Fire , burning away all of the demon blood in him . He dies surrounded by Clary , Jocelyn and Jace . Clary mourns for the brother that she could have had . Clary later spreads Sebastians ashes over Lake Lyn . Physical appearance He is said to be the spitting image of Valentine . He has naturally white / silver hair , is very buff , and has deep black eyes . He dyes his hair black in City of Glass while he is impersonating Sebastian Verlac . He is portrayed by Will Tudor in the television series . Family Jonathan is the birth child of Jocelyn Morgenstern ( née Fairchild ) and Valentine Morgenstern . He was experimented on by Valentine while Jocelyn was pregnant with him . When he was born , Jocelyn knew that something was wrong with the child and had to try very hard to be around him . He is Clary 's brother , and has an unusual sexual attraction to her , freely kissing her in City of Glass and almost forcing himself on her in City of Lost Souls with Clary having to fight him off , repulsed by his actions . The Demoness Lilith also claims that Jonathan is her `` son '' due to the fact that it is her demon blood that flows through his veins . Love interests Clary Fray / Morgenstern / Fairchild : It is revealed in City of Glass that Sebastian / Jonathan has an interest in Clary . Though Clary tries to push him away , he does not leave her alone . In City of Lost Souls Sebastian tries to rape Clary , and she almost kills him because of it , but does not because of the bond he and Jace Herondale shared at the time . The Seelie Queen : In City of Heavenly Fire Sebastian and the Seelie Queen become a pair for war purposes . The Seelie Court was helping Sebastian , so he hooked up with the Seelie Queen in hopes of getting closer to her . Appearances in books City of Bones ( mentioned ) City of Ashes ( mentioned ) City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy ( mentioned ) A History of Notable Shadowhunters & Denizens of the Downworld Secondary characters ( edit ) Alaric ( edit ) Alaric was a werewolf and served as Third hand ( soon second when Gretel died ) to Luke in his werewolf pack . He later dies in the battle at Renwick 's in City of Bones . Amatis Graymark ( edit ) Amatis Graymark is Luke 's sister who resides in Alicante . She cared for Luke after their mother became an Iron Sister , married Stephen Herondale , and later joined Valentine 's Circle . However , when Luke was bitten by a werewolf , Amatis sent him away in disgust , in spite of their close relationship . Even after this , Valentine decided that Amatis was unfit to be Stephen 's wife for having a Downworlder brother , and told Stephen to leave Amatis for Céline Montclaire ( Jace 's biological mother ) , devastating Amatis . Amatis later became regretful of her decision to banish her brother , who became distrustful of her . In City of Glass , Luke took refuge in Amatis ' residence due to Clary 's wounds caused by Lake Lyn , despite Amatis ' resistance . Amatis then helps the Shadowhunters in the battle of Brocelind Plain and mends her relationship with Luke afterwards . In city of lost souls , Jonathan Morgenstern kidnaps Amatis and turns her into an Endarkened Shadowhunter by having her drink from the Infernal Cup , becoming Jonathan 's faithful lieutenant from then on . With the Infernal Cup 's destruction at the end of the series , Amatis too dies along with all other Endarkened Shadowhunters , only managing to give Luke one last loving look . Catarina Loss ( edit ) Catarina Loss is a warlock and an old friend of Magnus Bane , Ragnor Fell , and Tessa Gray . She has blue skin which she covers up using glamour rather frequently due to her choice to work at Beth Israel Hospital , a hospital for the mundanes . She helps Magnus craft an antidote to wake Jocelyn from her coma and is entrusted with the Book of the White . Catarina continues to help the Shadowhunters against Jonathan and his army of Endarkened Shadowhunters and at the end of the series , attends Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding , where she hints that the Fair Folk is possibly planning revenge against the Shadowhunters for the disadvantaging terms applied to them for their betrayal during the war . She also begins teaching history at the Shadowhunter Academy in Alicante . Emma Carstairs ( edit ) Emma Carstairs is a young Shadowhunter of the Los Angeles Institute who appears in City of Heavenly Fire . She is also the main protagonist of The Dark Artifices series ( which takes place five years after The Mortal Instruments ) . Her parents are both killed during the height of the war against Jonathan and his army of Endarkened Shadowhunters ; though they are not the true suspects , the Clave decides to put the blame on them . Emma is also interrogated by the Clave using the Mortal Sword which impacts her greatly and prompts Clary to comfort her . Though the Clave mumbles on sending Emma to her relatives , Emma decides to live with her parabatai , Julian Blackthorn , and his family back in Los Angeles . She has a crush on Jace Herondale . Hodge Starkweather ( edit ) Hodge Starkweather was a member of the Circle , a tutor to the Lightwood children . He was bound to the New York Institute due to not leaving the Circle before the Uprising but he was still loyal to Valentine and tricked Clary into giving him The Mortal Cup so he could give to Valentine in order to be freed of his curse which happened . He fled afterwards with Clary in pursuit and cornered him . Hodge was about to kill her but was attacked by Luke in his werewolf form and somehow found the strength to escape . He reappears again in City of Glass where he was imprisoned by the Clave in the cell next to the one Simon Lewis was in . After Simon was rescued by Clary , Jace and Alec , Hodge revealed where the Mortal Mirror was and nearly revealed to Jace that Valentine was n't his real father but was killed by Jonathan Morgenstern before he could . He is played by Jared Harris in the movie , and Jon Cor in the television series . Imogen Herondale ( edit ) Imogen Herondale ( née Whitelaw ) is the Inquisitor up to City of Ashes and the paternal grandmother of Jace Herondale through her son , Stephen Herondale . Ever since Stephen 's death at the hands of Valentine and her husband 's immediate death after hearing the news , Imogen becomes a cold - hearted woman who seeks vengeance against Valentine and anyone who has connections with him , such as the former members of his Circle which includes the Lightwoods . She is also certain that Jace , whom she believes is Valentine 's son , is a spy of his father . In City of Ashes , though , Imogen realizes that Jace is actually her grandson after looking at his birthmark ( a sign of the Herondales ) and sacrifices herself to protect Jace from a poison attack . Before she dies , Imogen tells Jace how his real father , Stephen , would be proud of him if he were still alive . Lilith ( edit ) Lilith is a Greater Demon , the first woman made by God and is said to have been Adam 's first wife . However , she was disobedient so she was cast into Hell . Also Sebastian / Jonathan 's creator because it was her blood that Valentine had used . And she was an unknown demon that almost killed God and the Devil . In the book , The City of Fallen Angels , it is said that Lilith considers Sebastian her son because it is her blood that flows through his veins . She is then killed by attacking Simon when he still had the Mark of Cain . Consul malachi ( edit ) Malachi was a Shadowhunter Consul for almost two decades before his death . He secretly worked with Valentine Morgenstern and planned to destroy all of the Clave . Consequently , he was an enemy . He is killed in City of Glass by Hugo after he tries to hurt Clary . Maryse Lightwood ( edit ) Maryse Lightwood ( née Trueblood ) is the wife of Robert Lightwood , mother of Alec , Isabelle , and Max , and the adoptive mother of Jace Herondale , being the one who gave him his nickname that he preferred over his `` real '' name , Jonathan . She is also one of the heads of the New York Institute . Maryse had a brother who decided to leave the Shadowhunter world in favor of marrying a mundane , making her an outcast in her peers , though she still honored him by naming her youngest son , Max , after him . Like her husband , Maryse was a part of Valentine 's Circle and was the more attracted of the two , up until the Uprising which sentenced her and Robert to lead the New York Institute as punishment for conspiring with Valentine . Her marriage with Robert is never the same ever since the Uprising , with Robert even thinking of leaving the family several times . Maryse becomes especially grief - stricken after Max 's death at the hands of Sebastian in City of Glass . At the end of The Mortal Instruments series , Maryse and Robert announce that they are no longer together , though the two say that they will continue to care and love each other . Maureen brown ( edit ) Maureen Brown is a 14 - year - old girl who tells everyone she is Simon 's girlfriend and is the friend of the cousin of Simon 's friend Eric . In City of Fallen Angels Simon drinks her blood , but Camille turns her into a vampire and she starts working for a Lilith after killing multiple mundanes . In the epilogue of City of Lost Souls , Alec goes to kill Camille though discovers that Maureen has already killed her and is now head of the New York vampire clan . Maureen , as leader of the clan , allowed the members to kill conspicuously while sending for some of them to capture Simon , who later escaped to Idris with Raphael . It appears she was mentally tormented by Lilith and Camille before turning into a vampire which resulted in her corrupted state . Eventually Lily , one of the second - in - commands of the clan , conspired with Maia Roberts , the new leader of the New York werewolf pack , to kill Maureen to stop her reckless actions ; while most the members were happy with her , some saw the error of her ways as a problem to their kind . Maia agreed to join Maureen 's cause against the Shadowhunters to make her drink her blood and seal the deal . Her blood , however , was spiked with holy water and Maureen turned to dust , but not before being able mutter her last word , `` Mama '' . Lily then took leadership of the clan . Max Lightwood ( edit ) Maxwell `` Max '' Joseph Lightwood is the second son of Robert and Maryse and the younger brother of Alec and Isabelle . He is 9 years old and is described as hating the fact that he is still young , which prevents him from joining in the matters for adults . In City of Glass , Max is murdered by Sebastian , who strikes him with his hammer . His death greatly impacts his sister , who blames herself for not being there to save him . Raphael Santiago ( edit ) Raphael Santiago used to be the head of the New York vampire clan at the Hotel Dumort . He became a vampire sometime in the 1950s after being bitten by a vampire at the hotel when he tried to drive out the vampires who lived there . He is said to have been asexual . He died in the last installment of The Mortal Instruments : City Of Heavenly Fire . Robert Lightwood ( edit ) Robert Lightwood is one of the heads of the New York Institute , later the Inquisitor , husband of Maryse , father of Alec , Isabelle , and Max , as well as the adoptive father of Jace Herondale . He was a part of Valentine 's Circle until the Uprising , after which he and his family were banished to New York . His parabatai was Michael Wayland , but they drifted apart because of Robert 's contempt for the latter 's love for him , later breaking up completely after Robert 's banishment to the point that Robert did not know that Michael had been murdered with his identity being taken up by Valentine . Robert 's marriage with Maryse has been strained since their banishment and Robert once even considered to leave the family for Annamarie Highsmith if not for Max 's birth ; this fact is played up by Isabelle after Max 's death , who accuses her father of being happy with Max 's death now that his `` burden '' is released . Robert also seems to be the one in his family least pleased when Alec comes out of the closet , even questioning him about what drove him to become gay . At the end of The Mortal Instruments series , Robert has ended his marriage with Maryse , though the two say that they will continue to love each other . He also tells Alec that his disapproval of the latter 's sexuality was because of his previous experience with Michael Wayland . Tessa Gray / Herondale / Carstairs ( edit ) Theresa `` Tessa '' Gray is a half - demon half - Shadowhunter warlock who is descended from the Starkweather family and the ancestor of the Herondale family . She is the main protagonist of The Infernal Devices series , a distant prequel series of The Mortal Instruments series set during the Victorian era London . Though she does not appear until the last book , Tessa figures in the series ' backstory , not only by her descendants but also as the one who performed the Shadowhunter ritual on Clary when she was younger ; Clary even notes several times before their formal meeting that Tessa is familiar to her in some way . She was married to Will Herondale until his mortal death 60 years post-marriage , after which Tessa became a recluse living in the Spiral Labyrinth . When Brother Zachariah is cured by Jace 's heavenly fire , he reverts to Tessa 's old lover , Jem Carstairs , now a mortal and dispelled of any needs of his yin fen medication to which he had needed to live . The two happily marry sometime after Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding , attended by new and old friends -- Will Herondale and Jessamine Lovelace 's ghosts . Brother Zachariah / Jem Carstairs ( edit ) Zachariah is a Silent Brother who becomes the one most contacted by the Clave to solve cases regarding the New York Institute in 2007 after the Silent Brothers ' massacre by Valentine . He used to be Jem Carstairs , a main character of The Infernal Devices series , who was turned into a Silent Brother to save his life as he laid dying due to running out of the yin fen medication required to sustain his life , in the process breaking his parabatai link with Will Herondale and separating him from his fiancée , Tessa Gray . He and Tessa together performed the Shadowhunter protection ritual on Clary when she was younger , which also erased her knowledge about the Shadow World for a time . When he finds out that Jace is a descendant of Will , Zachariah becomes fiercely protective of him , especially when he is put under Jonathan Morgenstern 's spell and infused with the heavenly fire . In City of Heavenly Fire , Zachariah 's attempt to save Jace infuses him with the heavenly fire , which burns out his yin fen and turns him back into a mortal Jem Carstairs again . During the war he finds Emma Carstairs a descendant of His family and fiercely protects her during the war . After the war , Jem reunites with Tessa and marries her a year after Jocelyn and Luke 's wedding . He also begins to keep an eye on his distant relative , Emma Carstairs , in Los Angeles and Jace Herondale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cassandra Clare ( @ cassieclare ) ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` August 23 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ City of Heavenly Fire ( book ) See also ( edit ) City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Shadowhunter Chronicles by Cassandra Clare The Mortal Instruments City of Bones City of Ashes City of Glass City of Fallen Angels City of Lost Souls City of Heavenly Fire The Infernal Devices Clockwork Angel Clockwork Prince Clockwork Princess The Dark Artifices Lady Midnight Lord of Shadows Companion books The Shadowhunter 's Codex The Bane Chronicles Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy Related articles Characters The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones soundtrack `` Almost Is Never Enough '' `` Heart by Heart '' Shadowhunters episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Mortal_Instruments_characters&oldid=816547017 '' Categories : Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from November 2016 All articles with a promotional tone Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles needing cleanup from November 2011 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from November 2011 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from November 2011 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 01 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. List of the Mortal Instruments characters
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( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Trans - Siberian Railway <Td_colspan="2"> Bridge over the Kama River , near Perm , built in 1912 <Th_colspan="2"> Operation Operator ( s ) Russian Railways <Th_colspan="2"> Technical Line length 9,289 km ( 5,772 mi ) Track gauge 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Russian gauge <Td_colspan="2"> hide Route map Trans - Siberian line in red ; Baikal -- Amur Mainline in green hide Trans - Siberian Railway Legend <Td_colspan="7"> 0 km 0 mi Yaroslavsky Terminal , Moscow <Td_colspan="2"> 59 km 37 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Khotkovo <Td_colspan="2"> 73 km 45 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Sergiyev Posad <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Moscow Oblast Vladimir Oblast <Td_colspan="2"> 112 km 70 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Alexandrov <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Balakirevo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Vladimir Oblast Yaroslavl Oblast <Td_colspan="2"> 145 km 90 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Berendeevo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ryazantsevo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Silnitsi <Td_colspan="2"> 200 km 124 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Petrovskoye <Td_colspan="2"> 224 km 139 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Rostov Yaroslavski <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Semibratovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kozmodemyansk <Td_colspan="7"> 284 km 176 mi Yaroslavl <Td_colspan="2"> 289 km 180 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Volga River <Td_colspan="2"> 356 km 221 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Danilov <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> to Vologda and Arkhangelsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Sot <Td_colspan="2"> 394 km 245 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Lyubim <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Seksha <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Yaroslavl Oblast Kostroma Oblast <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Brodni <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Korega <Td_colspan="2"> 450 km 280 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Bui <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Rossolovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Khramki <Td_colspan="2"> 501 km 311 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Galich <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Krasilnikovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Loparevo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Monakovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Antrolovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Nikkolo - Ugol <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Nikolo - Poloma <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Nomzha <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Yelenskiy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Neva <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Nelsha <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Brantovka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Petrushino <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kostrikha <Td_colspan="2"> 651 km 405 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Manturovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Vocherovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Shekshema <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Varakinskiy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Vetluga River <Td_colspan="2"> 698 km 434 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Sharya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Zeblyaki <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Yakshanga <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Burunduchikha <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kostroma Oblast Kirov Oblast <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Suprotivniy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Metil <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Gostovskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Shabalino <Td_colspan="2"> 818 km 508 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Svetcha <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Yuma <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kapidantsi <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Atsvezh <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Darovitsa <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> to Nizhni Novgorod & Moscow <Td_colspan="2"> 870 km 541 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Kotelnich <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Vyatka River <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Bistryagi <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Orichi <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Strizhi <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lyangasovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Chukhlominskiy <Td_colspan="7"> 957 km 595 mi Kirov <Td_colspan="2"> 975 km 606 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Pozdino <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Poloy <Td_colspan="2"> 995 km 618 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Bum - Kombinat <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Prosnitsa <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ardashi <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Rekmino <Td_colspan="2"> 1052 km 654 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Zuevka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kosa <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Falenki <Td_colspan="2"> 1127 km 700 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Yar <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kirov Oblast Udmurtia <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kozmil <Td_colspan="2"> 1165 km 724 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Glazov <Td_colspan="2"> 1194 km 742 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Balyezino <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Pibanshur <Td_colspan="2"> 1221 km 759 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Cheptsa River <Td_colspan="2"> 1223 km 760 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Chepsta <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kez <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kabalud <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kuzma <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Udmurtia Perm Krai <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Borodulino <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Subbotniki <Td_colspan="2"> 1310 km 814 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Vereshchagino <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Zyukay <Td_colspan="2"> 1340 km 833 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Mendeleevo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Grigorevskaya <Td_colspan="2"> 1387 km 862 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Chaikovskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Shabunichi <Td_colspan="2"> 1410 km 876 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Overyata <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kurya <Td_colspan="2"> 1432 km 890 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Kama River <Td_colspan="7"> 1436 km 892 mi Perm <Td_colspan="2"> 1452 km 902 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Ferma <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Mulyanka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Yug <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Yergach <Td_colspan="2"> 1534 km 953 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Kungur <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kishert <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Shumkovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tulumbasi <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kordon <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Perm Krai Sverdlovsk Oblast <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Shamary <Td_colspan="2"> 1672 km 1039 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Shalya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Sarga <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Sabik <Td_colspan="2"> 1729 km 1074 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Kuzino <Td_colspan="2"> 1748 km 1086 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Krylosovo <Td_colspan="2"> 1770 km 1100 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Pervouralsk <Td_colspan="2"> 1777 km 1104 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Europe Asia <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Iset River <Td_colspan="7"> 1816 km 1128 mi Yekaterinburg <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Shartash <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Putevka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kosolino <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Gagarskiy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Bazhenovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Gryaznovskaya <Td_colspan="2"> 1912 km 1188 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Bogdanovich <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Pishminskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Yelansky <Td_colspan="2"> 1955 km 1215 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Kamyshlov <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Aksarikha <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Oshchepkovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Proselok <Td_colspan="2"> 2033 km 1263 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Talitsa <Td_colspan="2"> 2064 km 1283 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Yushala <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Bahkmetskoye <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tugulym <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Karmak <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Sverdlovsk Oblast Tyumen Oblast <Td_colspan="7"> 2144 km 1332 mi Tyumen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Voynovka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ozero Andreyevskoya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Vinzili <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Bogdaninskaya <Td_colspan="2"> 2222 km 1381 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Yalutorovsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tobol River <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Zavodoukovsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Novaya Zaimka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Vagay <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Omutinskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lamyenskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Golishmanovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Karasulskaya <Td_colspan="2"> 2431 km 1511 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Ishim <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ishim River <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Maslyanskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Novo Andreyevskiy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tyumen Oblast Omsk Oblast <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Mangut <Td_colspan="2"> 2565 km 1594 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Nazyvayevsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Dragunskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lyubinskaya <Td_colspan="2"> 2706 km 1681 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Irtysh River <Td_colspan="7"> 2712 km 1685 mi Omsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kormilovka <Td_colspan="2"> 2760 km 1715 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Kalachinsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ivanovka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Omsk Oblast Novosibirsk Oblast <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Karatkansk <Td_colspan="2"> 2885 km 1793 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Tatarsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kabakly <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Chany <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ozero Karachinskoye <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Koshkul <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tebisskaya <Td_colspan="2"> 3040 km 1889 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Barabinsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kozhurla <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ubinskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kargat <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kokoshino <Td_colspan="2"> 3212 km 1996 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Chulym <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Duplenskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lesnaya Polyana <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Chik <Td_colspan="2"> 3322 km 2064 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Ob <Td_colspan="2"> 3332 km 2070 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Ob River <Td_colspan="7"> 3335 km 2072 mi Novosibirsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Mochische <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Oyash <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Chebula <Td_colspan="2"> 3463 km 2152 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Bolotnaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Novosibirsk Oblast Kemerovo Oblast <Td_colspan="2"> 3491 km 2169 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Yurga <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tom River <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Talmenka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Yashkino <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kholkino <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> branch to Tomsk <Td_colspan="2"> 3570 km 2218 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Tayga <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Likhtach <Td_colspan="2"> 3602 km 2238 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Anzhero - Sudzhensk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Yaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Izhmorsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Berikulsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Antibesskiy <Td_colspan="2"> 3715 km 2308 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Mariinsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Suslovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tyazhin <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Itat <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kemerovo Oblast Krasnoyarsk Krai <Td_colspan="2"> 3849 km 2392 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Bogotol <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kritovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Chulym River <Td_colspan="2"> 3917 km 2434 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Achinsk <Td_colspan="2"> 3960 km 2461 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Chernorechsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kozulka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Zeledeyevo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kacha <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Minino <Td_colspan="7"> 4098 km 2546 mi Krasnoyarsk <Td_colspan="2"> 4101 km 2548 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Yenisei River <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Zlobino <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Zikovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Sorokino <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kamarchaga <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Balay <Td_colspan="2"> 4227 km 2627 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Uyar <Td_colspan="2"> 4262 km 2648 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Zaozyornaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kamala <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Solyanka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Boshnyakovo <Td_colspan="2"> 4343 km 2699 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Kansk - Yeniseiski <Td_colspan="2"> 4375 km 2718 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Ilanskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ingashiskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tinskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Reshoti <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Klyuchi <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Krasnoyarsk Krai Irkutsk Oblast <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Yurti <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Biryusinsk <Td_colspan="7"> 4516 km 2806 mi Tayshet <Td_colspan="2"> 4520 km 2809 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Baikal -- Amur Mainline <Td_colspan="2"> 4555 km 2830 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Razgon <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Alzamay <Td_colspan="2"> 4631 km 2878 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Kamyshet <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Uk <Td_colspan="2"> 4680 km 2908 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Nizhneudinsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Khingoy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Khudoyelanskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Sheberta <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Utay <Td_colspan="2"> 4794 km 2979 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Tulun <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Shuba <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tulyushka <Td_colspan="2"> 4875 km 3029 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Kuytun <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kharik <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kimeltey <Td_colspan="2"> 4940 km 3070 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Zima <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tiret <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Zalari <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Irkutsk Oblast Ust - Ordynsky <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Golovinskaya <Td_colspan="2"> 5027 km 3124 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Kutulik <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Zabituy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ust - Ordynsky Irkutsk Oblast <Td_colspan="2"> 5061 km 3145 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Cheremkhovo <Td_colspan="2"> 5087 km 3161 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Polovina <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Belaya <Td_colspan="2"> 5124 km 3184 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Usolye - Sibirskoye <Td_colspan="2"> 5133 km 3189 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Telma <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kitoy <Td_colspan="2"> 5160 km 3206 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Angarsk <Td_colspan="2"> 5170 km 3212 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Meget <Td_colspan="2"> 5178 km 3217 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Irkutsk - Sort <Td_colspan="7"> 5185 km 3222 mi Irkutsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Goncharovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> B. Lug <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Podkamennaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kultuk <Td_colspan="2"> 5312 km 3301 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Slyudyanka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Utulik <Td_colspan="2"> 5358 km 3329 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Baykalsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Murino <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Irkutsk Oblast Buryatia <Td_colspan="2"> 5390 km 3349 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Vydrino <Td_colspan="2"> 5426 km 3372 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Tankhoi <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Pereyemnaya <Td_colspan="2"> 5477 km 3403 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Mysovaya <Td_colspan="2"> 5530 km 3436 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Posolskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Timlyuy <Td_colspan="2"> 5562 km 3456 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Selenginsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Talovka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tataurovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Selenge River <Td_colspan="7"> 5642 km 3506 mi Ulan - Ude <Td_colspan="2"> 5655 km 3514 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Trans - Mongolian Railway <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Talitsi <Td_colspan="2"> 5675 km 3526 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Onokhoy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Zaigraevo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Chelutay <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ilka <Td_colspan="2"> 5734 km 3563 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Novoilinski <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kizma <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Buryatia Zabaykalsky Krai <Td_colspan="2"> 5784 km 3594 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Petrovsk - Zabaykalsky <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Balyaga <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tarbagatai <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Novo - Pavlovka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tolbaga <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Khokhotay <Td_colspan="2"> 5884 km 3656 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Bada <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Zhipkhegen <Td_colspan="2"> 5932 km 3686 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Khilok <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Khushenga <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kharagun <Td_colspan="2"> 6053 km 3761 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Mogzon <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Khilok River <Td_colspan="2"> 6093 km 3786 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Sokhondo <Td_colspan="2"> 6125 km 3806 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Yablonovaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lesnoy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ingoda <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Chernovskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kadala <Td_colspan="7"> 6199 km 3852 mi Chita <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Peschanka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Atamanovka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Novaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Makkaveyevo <Td_colspan="2"> 6265 km 3893 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Darasun <Td_colspan="2"> 6293 km 3910 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Karaymskaya <Td_colspan="7"> 6312 km 3922 mi Chinese Eastern Railway <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Urulga <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Zubarevo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Razmakhnino <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Solntsevaya <Td_colspan="2"> 6417 km 3987 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Onon <Td_colspan="2"> 6446 km 4005 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Shilka - Pass <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kholbon <Td_colspan="2"> 6496 km 4036 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Priiskavaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Nerchinsk <Td_colspan="2"> 6532 km 4059 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Kuenga <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> branch to Sretensk <Td_colspan="2"> 6593 km 4097 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Chernyshevsky - Zabaikalski <Td_colspan="2"> 6629 km 4119 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Bushuley <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Khoktonga <Td_colspan="2"> 6670 km 4145 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Zilovo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ulyakan <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Uryum <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Sbega <Td_colspan="2"> 6789 km 4218 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Ksenevskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kislyy Klug <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Arteushka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Razdolnoye <Td_colspan="2"> 6906 km 4291 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Mogocha <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Taptugari <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Semiozernyy <Td_colspan="2"> 7010 km 4356 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Amazar <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Zhanna <Td_colspan="2"> 7075 km 4396 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Zabaykalsky Krai ⁄ Amur Oblast <Td_colspan="2"> 7119 km 4424 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Yerofei Pavlovich <Td_colspan="2"> 7211 km 4481 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Urusha <Td_colspan="2"> 7266 km 4515 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Takhtamigda <Td_colspan="7"> 7273 km 4519 mi Amur -- Yakutsk Mainline <Td_colspan="2"> 7306 km 4540 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Skovorodino <Td_colspan="2"> 7323 km 4550 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Bolshoy Never <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Taladan <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Gonzha <Td_colspan="2"> 7501 km 4661 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Magdagachi <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Sulus <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tigda <Td_colspan="2"> 7602 km 4724 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Ushumun <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Sivaki <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Mukhinskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Bereya <Td_colspan="2"> 7723 km 4799 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Shimanovskaya <Td_colspan="2"> 7772 km 4829 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Ledyanaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Buzuli <Td_colspan="2"> 7815 km 4856 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Svobodny <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Zeya River <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> M. Chesnokovskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Serishevo <Td_colspan="2"> 7873 km 4892 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Belogorsk <Td_colspan="7"> 7875 km 4893 mi to Blagoveshchensk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Vozhayevka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Pozdeyevka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Yekaterinoslavka <Td_colspan="2"> 7992 km 4966 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Zavitaya <Td_colspan="2"> 8037 km 4994 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Bureya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Domikan <Td_colspan="2"> 8088 km 5026 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Arkhara <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Rachi <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kundur - Khabarovskiy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Amur Jewish Autonomous Oblast <Td_colspan="2"> 8198 km 5094 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Obluchye <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kimkan <Td_colspan="2"> 8234 km 5116 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Izvestkovaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Birakan <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Teploye Ozero <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Londoko <Td_colspan="2"> 8306 km 5161 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Bira <Td_colspan="7"> 8351 km 5189 mi Birobidzhan <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> In <Td_colspan="2"> 8480 km 5269 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Volochayevka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Dezhnevka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Nikolayevka <Td_colspan="2"> 8512 km 5289 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Priamurskaya <Td_colspan="2"> 8515 km 5291 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Amur River -- J.A. Oblast ⁄ Khabarovsk Krai <Td_colspan="7"> 8523 km 5296 mi Khabarovsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Korfovskaya <Td_colspan="2"> 8598 km 5343 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Verino <Td_colspan="2"> 8621 km 5357 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Khor <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Dormidontovka <Td_colspan="2"> 8642 km 5370 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Vyazemskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Rozengartovka <Td_colspan="2"> 8756 km 5441 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Bikin <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Khabarovsk Krai Primorsky Krai <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Zvenevoi <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Burlit - Volochayevskiy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Luchegorsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Guberovo <Td_colspan="2"> 8890 km 5524 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Dalnerechensk <Td_colspan="2"> 8900 km 5530 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Lazo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ruzhino <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lesozavodsk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Shmakovka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Sviyagino <Td_colspan="2"> 9050 km 5623 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Spassk - Dalny <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Muchnaya <Td_colspan="2"> 9109 km 5660 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Sibirtsevo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ipplolitovka <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ozernaya Pad <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Dubininskiy <Td_colspan="2"> 9177 km 5702 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Ussuriysk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Varanovskiy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> to Khasan and Rajin <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Nadezdinskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> to Nakhodka <Td_colspan="2"> 9255 km 5751 mi <Td_colspan="2"> Uglovaya <Td_colspan="7"> 9289 km 5772 mi Vladivostok The Trans - Siberian Railway ( TSR , Russian : Транссибирская магистраль , tr . Transsibirskaya magistral ' , IPA : ( trənsjsjɪˈbjirskəjə məgjɪˈstralj ) ) is a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East . With a length of 9,289 kilometres ( 5,772 miles ) , it is the longest railway line in the world . There are connecting branch lines into Mongolia , China and North Korea . It has connected Moscow with Vladivostok since 1916 , and is still being expanded . It was built between 1891 and 1916 under the supervision of Russian government ministers personally appointed by Tsar Alexander III and his son , the Tsarevich Nicholas ( later Tsar Nicholas II ) . Even before it had been completed , it attracted travellers who wrote of their adventures . Contents 1 Route description 2 History 2.1 Demand and design 2.2 Construction 2.3 Effects 2.4 War and revolution 2.5 World War II 3 Today 3.1 Developments in shipping 3.2 TransSiberian route in 7 days 4 Gallery 5 Routes 5.1 Trans - Siberian line 5.2 Trans - Manchurian line 5.3 Trans - Mongolian line 5.4 Future proposals 5.4. 1 New lines 5.4. 2 Proposed platform heights by routes 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Route description ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The railway is often associated with the main transcontinental Russian line that connects hundreds of large and small cities of the European and Asian parts of Russia . At a Moscow -- Vladivostok track length of 9,289 kilometres ( 5,772 miles ) , it spans a record eight time zones . Taking eight days to complete the journey , it is the third - longest single continuous service in the world , after the Moscow -- Pyongyang 10,267 kilometres ( 6,380 mi ) and the Kiev -- Vladivostok 11,085 kilometres ( 6,888 mi ) services , both of which also follow the Trans - Siberian for much of their routes . The main route of the Trans - Siberian Railway begins in Moscow at Yaroslavsky Vokzal , runs through Yaroslavl , Chelyabinsk , Omsk , Novosibirsk , Irkutsk , Krasnoyarsk , Ulan - Ude , Chita , and Khabarovsk to Vladivostok via southern Siberia . A second primary route is the Trans - Manchurian , which coincides with the Trans - Siberian east of Chita as far as Tarskaya ( a stop 12 km ( 7 mi ) east of Karymskoye , in Chita Oblast ) , about 1,000 km ( 621 mi ) east of Lake Baikal . From Tarskaya the Trans - Manchurian heads southeast , via Harbin and Mudanjiang in China 's Northeastern Provinces ( from where a connection to Beijing is used by one of the Moscow -- Beijing trains ) , joining with the main route in Ussuriysk just north of Vladivostok . This is the shortest and the oldest railway route to Vladivostok . While there are currently no traverse passenger services ( enter China from one side and then exit China and return to Russia on the other side ) on this branch , it is still used by several international passenger services between Russia and China . The third primary route is the Trans - Mongolian Railway , which coincides with the Trans - Siberian as far as Ulan - Ude on Lake Baikal 's eastern shore . From Ulan - Ude the Trans - Mongolian heads south to Ulaan - Baatar before making its way southeast to Beijing . In 1991 , a fourth route running further to the north was finally completed , after more than five decades of sporadic work . Known as the Baikal Amur Mainline ( BAM ) , this recent extension departs from the Trans - Siberian line at Taishet several hundred miles west of Lake Baikal and passes the lake at its northernmost extremity . It crosses the Amur River at Komsomolsk - na - Amure ( north of Khabarovsk ) , and reaches the Tatar Strait at Sovetskaya Gavan . On 13 October 2011 , a train from Khasan made its inaugural run to Rajin , North Korea . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Demand and design ( edit ) In the late 19th century , the development of Siberia was hampered by poor transport links within the region , as well as with the rest of the country . Aside from the Great Siberian Route , good roads suitable for wheeled transport were rare . For about five months of the year , rivers were the main means of transport . During the cold half of the year , cargo and passengers travelled by horse - drawn sledges over the winter roads , many of which were the same rivers , but ice - covered . The first steamboat on the River Ob , Nikita Myasnikov 's Osnova , was launched in 1844 . But early beginnings were difficult , and it was not until 1857 that steamboat shipping started developing on the Ob system in a serious way . Steamboats started operating on the Yenisei in 1863 , and on the Lena and Amur in the 1870s . While the comparative flatness of Western Siberia was at least fairly well served by the gigantic Ob -- Irtysh -- Tobol -- Chulym river system , the mighty rivers of Eastern Siberia -- the Yenisei , the upper course of the Angara River ( the Angara below Bratsk was not easily navigable because of the rapids ) , and the Lena -- were mostly navigable only in the north - south direction . An attempt to partially remedy the situation by building the Ob - Yenisei Canal was not particularly successful . Only a railway could be a real solution to the region 's transport problems . The first railway projects in Siberia emerged after the completion of the Saint Petersburg -- Moscow Railway in 1851 . One of the first was the Irkutsk -- Chita project , proposed by the American entrepreneur Perry Collins and supported by Transport Minister Constantine Possiet with a view toward connecting Moscow to the Amur River , and consequently , to the Pacific Ocean . Siberia 's governor , Nikolay Muravyov - Amursky , was anxious to advance the colonisation of the Russian Far East , but his plans could not materialise as long as the colonists had to import grain and other food from China and Korea . It was on Muravyov 's initiative that surveys for a railway in the Khabarovsk region were conducted . Before 1880 , the central government had virtually ignored these projects , because of the weakness of Siberian enterprises , a clumsy bureaucracy , and fear of financial risk . By 1880 , there were a large number of rejected and upcoming applications for permission to construct railways to connect Siberia with the Pacific , but not Eastern Russia . This worried the government and made connecting Siberia with Central Russia a pressing concern . The design process lasted 10 years . Along with the route actually constructed , alternative projects were proposed : Southern route : via Kazakhstan , Barnaul , Abakan and Mongolia . Northern route : via Tyumen , Tobolsk , Tomsk , Yeniseysk and the modern Baikal Amur Mainline or even through Yakutsk . The line was divided into seven sections , on all or most of which work proceeded simultaneously , using the labour of 62,000 men . The total cost was estimated at £ 35 million sterling ; the first section ( Chelyabinsk to the River Ob ) was finished at a cost £ 900,000 less than the estimate . Railwaymen fought against suggestions to save funds , for example , by installing ferryboats instead of bridges over the rivers until traffic increased . The designers insisted and secured the decision to construct an uninterrupted railway . Unlike the rejected private projects that intended to connect the existing cities demanding transport , the Trans - Siberian did not have such a priority . Thus , to save money and avoid clashes with land owners , it was decided to lay the railway outside the existing cities . Tomsk was the largest city , and the most unfortunate , because the swampy banks of the Ob River near it were considered inappropriate for a bridge . The railway was laid 70 km ( 43 mi ) to the south ( instead crossing the Ob at Novonikolaevsk , later renamed Novosibirsk ) ; just a dead - end branch line connected with Tomsk , depriving the city of the prospective transit railway traffic and trade . Construction ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In March 1890 , the Tsarevich ( later Tsar Nicholas II ) personally inaugurated the construction of the Far East segment of the Trans - Siberian Railway during his stop at Vladivostok , after visiting Japan at the end of his journey around the world . Nicholas II made notes in his diary about his anticipation of travelling in the comfort of `` the tsar 's train '' across the unspoiled wilderness of Siberia . The tsar 's train was designed and built in St. Petersburg to serve as the main mobile office of the tsar and his staff for travelling across Russia . Clearing on the right - of - way of the Eastern Siberian Railway , 1895 Construction work being performed by convicts on the Eastern Siberian Railway near Khabarovsk , 1895 On 9 March 1891 , the Russian government issued an imperial rescript in which it announced its intention to construct a railway across Siberia . Tsarevich Nicholas ( later Tsar Nicholas II ) inaugurated the construction of the railway in Vladivostok on 19 May that year . The construction of the Trans - Siberian Railway was overseen by Sergei Witte , who was then finance minister . Similar to the First Transcontinental Railroad in the US , Russian engineers started construction at both ends and worked towards the centre . From Vladivostok the railway was laid north along the right bank of the Ussuri River to Khabarovsk at the Amur River , becoming the Ussuri Railway . In 1890 , a bridge across the Ural River was built and the new railway entered Asia . The bridge across the Ob River was built in 1898 and the small city of Novonikolaevsk , founded in 1883 , grew into the large Siberian city of Novosibirsk . In 1898 the first train reached Irkutsk and the shores of Lake Baikal about 60 kilometres ( 37 miles ) east of the city . The railway ran on to the east , across the Shilka and Amur rivers and soon reached Khabarovsk . The Vladivostok to Khabarovsk section was built slightly earlier , in 1897 . Russian soldiers , as well as convict labourers from Sakhalin and other places were used for building the railway . Lake Baikal is more than 640 kilometres ( 400 miles ) long and more than 1,600 metres ( 5,200 feet ) deep . Until the Circum - Baikal Railway was built the line ended on either side of the lake . The ice - breaking train ferry SS Baikal built in 1897 and smaller ferry SS Angara built in about 1900 made the four - hour crossing to link the two railheads . The Russian admiral and explorer Stepan Makarov ( 1849 -- 1904 ) designed Baikal and Angara but they were built in Newcastle upon Tyne , England , by Armstrong Whitworth . They were `` knock down '' vessels ; that is , each ship was bolted together in England , every part of the ship was marked with a number , the ship was disassembled into many hundreds of parts and transported in kit form to Listvyanka where a shipyard was built especially to reassemble them . Their boilers , engines and some other components were built in Saint Petersburg and transported to Listvyanka to be installed . Baikal had 15 boilers , four funnels , and was 64 metres ( 210 ft ) long . it could carry 24 railway coaches and one locomotive on the middle deck . Angara was smaller , with two funnels . Completion of the Circum - Baikal Railway in 1904 bypassed the ferries , but from time to time the Circum - Baikal Railway suffered from derailments or rockfalls so both ships were held in reserve until 1916 . Baikal was burnt out and destroyed in the Russian Civil War but Angara survives . It has been restored and is permanently moored at Irkutsk where it serves as an office and a museum . In winter , sleighs were used to move passengers and cargo from one side of the lake to the other until the completion of the Lake Baikal spur along the southern edge of the lake . With the Amur River Line north of the Chinese border being completed in 1916 , there was a continuous railway from Petrograd to Vladivostok that remains to this day the world 's longest railway line . Electrification of the line , begun in 1929 and completed in 2002 , allowed a doubling of train weights to 6,000 tonnes . There were expectations upon electrification that it would increase rail traffic on the line by 40 percent . The additional Chinese Eastern Railway was constructed as the Russo - Chinese part of the Trans - Siberian Railway , connecting Russia with China and providing a shorter route to Vladivostok . A Russian staff and administration based in Harbin operated it . Effects ( edit ) Siberian peasants watching a train at a station , 1902 Siberian agriculture began to send cheap grain westwards beginning around 1869 . Agriculture in Central Russia was still under economic pressure after the end of serfdom , which was formally abolished in 1861 . To defend the central territory and prevent possible social destabilisation , the Tsarist government introduced the Chelyabinsk tariff - break ( Челябинский тарифный перелом ) in 1896 , a tariff barrier for grain passing through Chelyabinsk , and a similar barrier in Manchuria . This measure changed the nature of export : mills emerged to produce bread from grain in Altai Krai , Novosibirsk and Tomsk , and many farms switched to corn ( maize ) production . The railway immediately filled to capacity with local traffic , mostly wheat . From 1896 until 1913 Siberia exported on average 501,932 tonnes ( 30,643,000 pood ) of grain and flour annually . During the Russo - Japanese War of 1904 -- 1905 , military traffic to the east disrupted the flow of civil freight . The Trans - Siberian Railway brought with it millions of peasant - migrants from the Western regions of Russia and Ukraine . Between 1906 and 1914 , the peak migration years , about 4 million peasants arrived in Siberia . Despite the low speed and low possible weights of trains , the railway fulfilled its promised role as a transit route between Europe and East Asia . War and Revolution ( edit ) In the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 1905 ) , the strategic importance of the Trans - Siberian Railway was seen , though its shortcomings contributed to Russia 's defeat in the war . The track was a single track and as such could only allow train travel in one direction . This caused significant strategic and supply difficulties for the Russians , as they could not move resources to and from the front as quickly as would be necessary , as a goods train carrying supplies , men and ammunition coming from west to east would have to wait in the sidings , whilst troops and injured personnel in a troop train travelling from east to west went along the line . Thus the Japanese were quickly able to advance whilst the Russians were awaiting necessary troops and supplies . After the Russian Revolution of 1917 , the railway served as the vital line of communication for the Czechoslovak Legion and the allied armies that landed troops at Vladivostok during the Siberian Intervention of the Russian Civil War . These forces supported the White Russian government of Admiral Alexander Kolchak , based in Omsk , and White Russian soldiers fighting the Bolsheviks on the Ural front . The intervention was weakened , and ultimately defeated , by partisan fighters who blew up bridges and sections of track , particularly in the volatile region between Krasnoyarsk and Chita . The Trans - Siberian Railway also played a very direct role during parts of Russia 's history , with the Czechoslovak Legion using heavily armed and armoured trains to control large amounts of the railway ( and of Russia itself ) during the Russian Civil War at the end of World War I. As one of the few organised fighting forces left in the aftermath of the imperial collapse , and before the Red Army took control , the Czechs and Slovaks were able to use their organisation and the resources of the railway to establish a temporary zone of control before eventually continuing onwards towards Vladivostok , from where they emigrated back to Czechoslovakia . World War II ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Route During World War II , the Trans - Siberian Railway played an important role in the supply of the powers fighting in Europe . During the first two years of the war the USSR was secretly allied with Germany . While Germany 's merchant shipping was interdicted by the Western allies , the Trans - Siberian Railway ( along with its Trans - Manchurian branch ) served as the essential link between Germany and Japan . One commodity particularly essential for the German war effort was natural rubber , which Japan was able to source from South - East Asia ( in particular , French Indochina ) . As of March 1941 , 300 tonnes of this material would , on average , traverse the Trans - Siberian Railway every day on its way to Germany . According to one analysis of the natural rubber supply chain , as of 22 March 1941 , 5,800 tonnes of this essential material were transiting on the Soviet railway network between the borders of Manchukuo and the Third Reich , 2,000 tonnes were transiting Manchukuo , 4,000 tonnes were sitting in Dairen , 3,800 tonnes were in Japan , and 5,700 tonnes , on the way from South - East Asia to Japan . At this time , a number of Jews and anti-Nazis used the Trans - Siberian Railway to escape Europe , including the mathematician Kurt Gödel and Betty Ehrlich Löwenstein , mother of British actor , director and producer Heinz Bernard . Several thousand Jewish refugees were able to make this trip thanks to the Japanese visas issued by the Japanese consul , Chiune Sugihara , in Kaunas , Lithuania . Typically they would travel east on the Trans - Siberian Railway to the Pacific Ocean where they would board a ship bound for the USA . The situation reversed after 22 June 1941 . By invading the Soviet Union , Germany cut off its only reliable trade route to Japan . Instead , it had to use fast merchant ships ( blockade runners ) and later large oceanic submarines in an attempt to evade the allied maritime patrols . On the other hand , the USSR became the recipient of lend lease supplies from the USA . Even though Japan went to war with the USA , it was anxious to preserve good relations with the USSR and , despite German complaints , usually allowed Soviet ships to sail between the USA and Russia 's Pacific ports unmolested . This contrasted with Germany and Britain 's behaviour ; their navies would destroy or capture neutrals ' ships sailing to their respective adversaries . As a result , the Pacific Route -- involving crossing the northern Pacific Ocean and the Trans - Siberian Railway -- became the safest connection between the USA and the USSR . Accordingly , it accounted for as much freight as the two other routes ( North Atlantic -- Arctic and Iranian ) combined , though cargoes were limited to raw materials and non-military goods ( locomotives , clothing , foodstuffs etc . ) . From 1941 -- 42 the railway also played an important role in relocating Soviet industries from European Russia to Siberia in the face of the German invasion . The railway transported Soviet troops west from the Far east to take part in the Soviet counter-offensive in December 1941 , and later east from Germany to the Japanese front in preparation for the Soviet -- Japanese War of August 1945 . Today ( edit ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2014 ) This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian . ( April 2015 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Russian article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated ru Транссибирская_магистраль ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Trans - Siberian line remains the most important transport link within Russia ; around 30 % of Russian exports travel on the line . While it attracts many foreign tourists , it gets most of its use from domestic passengers . The Trans - Siberian is a vital link to the Russian Far East . Today the Trans - Siberian Railway carries about 200,000 containers per year to Europe . Russian Railways intends to at least double the volume of container traffic on the Trans - Siberian and is developing a fleet of specialised cars and increasing terminal capacity at the ports by a factor of 3 to 4 . By 2010 , the volume of traffic between Russia and China could reach 60 million tons ( 54 million tonnes ) , most of which will go by the Trans - Siberian . With perfect coordination of the participating countries ' railway authorities , a trainload of containers can be taken from Beijing to Hamburg , via the Trans - Mongolian and Trans - Siberian lines in as little as 15 days , but typical cargo transit times are usually significantly longer and typical cargo transit time from Japan to major destinations in European Russia was reported as around 25 days . According to a 2009 report , the best travel times for cargo block trains from Russia 's Pacific ports to the western border ( of Russia , or perhaps of Belarus ) were around 12 days , with trains making around 900 km ( 559 mi ) per day , at a maximum operating speed of 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) . However , in early 2009 , Russian Railways announced an ambitious `` Trans - Siberian in Seven Days '' programme ; according to this plan , $11 billion will be invested over the next five years to make it possible for goods traffic to cover the same 9,000 km ( 5,592 mi ) distance in just seven days . The plan will involve increasing the cargo trains ' speed to 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) in 2010 -- 12 , and , at least on some sections , to 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) by 2015 . At these speeds , goods trains will be able to cover 1,500 km ( 932 mi ) per day . Developments in shipping ( edit ) Main article : Trans - Eurasia Logistics On 11 January 2008 , China , Mongolia , Russia , Belarus , Poland and Germany agreed to collaborate on a cargo train service between Beijing and Hamburg . The railway can typically deliver containers in ⁄ to ⁄ of the time of a sea voyage , and in late 2009 announced a 20 % reduction in its container shipping rates . With its 2009 rate schedule , the TSR will transport a forty - foot container to Poland from Yokohama for $2,820 , or from Busan for $2,154 . One of the most complicating factors related to such ventures is the fact that the CIS states ' broad railway gauge is incompatible with China and Western and Central Europe 's standard gauge . Therefore , a train travelling from China to Western Europe would encounter gauge breaks twice : at the Chinese -- Mongolian or the Chinese -- Russian frontier and at the Ukrainian or the Belorussian border with Central European countries . Transsiberian route in 7 days ( edit ) In 2008 , the Russian Railways JSC ( state company ) launched a program for the accelerated delivery of containers cargo by block trains from the Far - Eastern ports ( Vladivostok , Nakhodka and others ) to the western borders of Russia , called `` Transsib in 7 days '' . Within the framework of the program it is planned to decrease the cargo delivery time from the Far East from 11 days in 2008 to 7 days in 2015 . The length of the routes is about 10.000 km . The speed of delivery via the block trains should increase from 900 km per day in 2008 to 1.500 km per day in 2015 . The first accelerated experimental block - train was launched in February 2009 from the Vladivostok station to Moscow . The length of the route was about 9.300 km , the actual time of the experimental train 's delivery was 7 days and 5 hours , the average route speed was up to 1.289 km / day . The maximum route speed of the train was 1.422 km / day . Gallery ( edit ) Start of Trans - Siberian railway in Moscow . Bashkir switchman near the town Ust ' Katav on the Yuryuzan River between Ufa and Chelyabinsk in the Ural Mountains region , c. 1910 View from the rear platform of the Simskaia railway station of the Samara -- Zlatoust Railway , c. 1910 Almost every station on Trans - Siberian Railway have food sellers , often by local vendors which sell local food such as fish ( like Baikal omul ) , pirozhki , and potatoes . Beside food - stands there are also small kiosks Snow in late - April at Nazyvayevsk station , Siberia . The train ferry SS Baikal in service on Lake Baikal Train entering a Circum - Baikal tunnel west of Kultuk Vladivostok terminus of the Trans - Siberian Railway The marker for kilometre 9,288 at the end of the Trans - Siberian Railway in Vladivostok Routes ( edit ) Trans - Siberian line ( edit ) A commonly used main line route is as follows . Distances and travel times are from the schedule of train No. 002M , Moscow -- Vladivostok . Location Distance Travel Time Time Zone Notes Moscow , Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal 0 km ( 0 mi ) Moscow Time Vladimir 210 km ( 130 mi ) MT Nizhny Novgorod 461 km ( 286 mi ) 6 hours MT on the Volga River Kirov 917 km ( 570 mi ) 13 hours MT on the Vyatka River Perm 1,397 km ( 868 mi ) 20 hours MT + 2 on the Kama River Yekaterinburg 1,816 km ( 1,128 mi ) 1 day 2 hours MT + 2 in the Urals , still called by its old Soviet name Sverdlovsk in most timetables Tyumen 2,104 km ( 1,307 mi ) Omsk 2,676 km ( 1,663 mi ) 1 day 14 hours MT + 3 on the Irtysh River Novosibirsk 3,303 km ( 2,052 mi ) 1 day 22 hours MT + 3 on the Ob River ; Turk - Sib railway branches from here Krasnoyarsk 4,065 km ( 2,526 mi ) 2 days 11 hours MT + 4 on the Yenisei River Taishet 4,483 km ( 2,786 mi ) junction with the Baikal - Amur Mainline Irkutsk 5,153 km ( 3,202 mi ) 3 days 4 hours MT + 5 near Lake Baikal 's southern extremity Ulan Ude 5,609 km ( 3,485 mi ) 3 days 12 hours MT + 5 eastern shore of Lake Baikal Junction with the Trans - Mongolian line 5,622 km ( 3,493 mi ) Chita 6,166 km ( 3,831 mi ) 3 days 22 hours MT + 6 Junction with the Trans - Manchurian line at Tarskaya 6,274 km ( 3,898 mi ) Birobidzhan 8,312 km ( 5,165 mi ) 5 days 13 hours capital of the Jewish Autonomous Region Khabarovsk 8,493 km ( 5,277 mi ) 5 days 15 hours MT + 7 on the Amur River Ussuriysk 9,147 km ( 5,684 mi ) junction with the Trans - Manchurian line and Korea branch ; located in Varanovsky , 13 km ( 8 miles ) from Ussuriysk Vladivostok 9,289 km ( 5,772 mi ) 6 days 4 hours MT + 7 on the Pacific Ocean <Td_colspan="5"> Services to North Korea continue from Ussuriysk via : Primorskaya station 9,257 km ( 5,752 mi ) 6 days 14 hours MT + 7 Khasan 9,407 km ( 5,845 mi ) 6 days 19 hours MT + 7 border with North Korea Tumangang 9,412 km ( 5,848 mi ) 7 days 10 hours MT + 5 : 30 North Korean side of the border Pyongyang 10,267 km ( 6,380 mi ) 9 days 2 hours MT + 5 : 30 There are many alternative routings between Moscow and Siberia . For example : Some trains would leave Moscow from Kazansky Rail Terminal instead of Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal ; this would save some 20 km ( 12 mi ) off the distances , because it provides a shorter exit from Moscow onto the Nizhny Novgorod main line . One can take a night train from Moscow 's Kursky Rail Terminal to Nizhny Novgorod , make a stopover in the Nizhny and then transfer to a Siberia - bound train From 1956 to 2001 many trains went between Moscow and Kirov via Yaroslavl instead of Nizhny Novgorod . This would add some 29 km ( 18 mi ) to the distances from Moscow , making the total distance to Vladivostok at 9,288 km ( 5,771 mi ) . Other trains get from Moscow ( Kazansky Terminal ) to Yekaterinburg via Kazan . Between Yekaterinburg and Omsk it is possible to travel via Kurgan Petropavlovsk ( in Kazakhstan ) instead of Tyumen . One can bypass Yekaterinburg altogether by travelling via Samara , Ufa , Chelyabinsk and Petropavlovsk ; this was historically the earliest configuration . Depending on the route taken , the distances from Moscow to the same station in Siberia may differ by several tens of km . Trans - Manchurian line ( edit ) Main articles : Trans - Manchurian Railway and China Far East Railway The Trans - Manchurian line , as e.g. used by train No. 020 , Moscow -- Beijing follows the same route as the Trans - Siberian between Moscow and Chita and then follows this route to China : Branch off from the Trans - Siberian - line at Tarskaya ( 6,274 km ( 3,898 mi ) from Moscow ) Zabaikalsk ( 6,626 km ) , Russian border town ; there is a break - of - gauge Manzhouli ( 6,638 km ( 4,125 mi ) from Moscow , 2,323 km ( 1,443 mi ) from Beijing ) , Chinese border town Harbin ( 7,573 km ( 4,706 mi ) , 1,388 km ) Changchun ( 7,820 km ( 4,859 mi ) from Moscow ) Beijing ( 8,961 km ( 5,568 mi ) from Moscow ) The express train ( No. 020 ) travel time from Moscow to Beijing is just over six days . There is no direct passenger service along the entire original Trans - Manchurian route ( i.e. , from Moscow or anywhere in Russia , west of Manchuria , to Vladivostok via Harbin ) , due to the obvious administrative and technical ( gauge break ) inconveniences of crossing the border twice . However , assuming sufficient patience and possession of appropriate visas , it is still possible to travel all the way along the original route , with a few stopovers ( e.g. in Harbin , Grodekovo and Ussuriysk ) . Such an itinerary would pass through the following points from Harbin east : Harbin ( 7,573 km ( 4,706 mi ) from Moscow ) Mudanjiang ( 7,928 km ) Suifenhe ( 8,121 km ) , the Chinese border station Grodekovo ( 8,147 km ) , Russia Ussuriysk ( 8,244 km ) Vladivostok ( 8,356 km ) Trans - Mongolian line ( edit ) Main article : Trans - Mongolian Railway The Trans - Mongolian line follows the same route as the Trans - Siberian between Moscow and Ulan Ude , and then follows this route to Mongolia and China : Branch off from the Trans - Siberian line ( 5,655 km ( 3,514 mi ) from Moscow ) Naushki ( 5,895 km ( 3,663 mi ) , MT + 5 ) , Russian border town Russian -- Mongolian border ( 5,900 km ( 3,666 mi ) , MT + 5 ) Sükhbaatar ( 5,921 km ( 3,679 mi ) , MT + 5 ) , Mongolian border town Ulaanbaatar ( 6,304 km ( 3,917 mi ) , MT + 5 ) , the Mongolian capital Zamyn - Üüd ( 7,013 km ( 4,358 mi ) , MT + 5 ) , Mongolian border town Erenhot ( 842 km ( 523 mi ) from Beijing , MT + 5 ) , Chinese border town Datong ( 371 km ( 231 mi ) , MT + 5 ) Beijing ( MT + 5 ) Future proposals ( edit ) New lines ( edit ) New lines between Perm and Mariinsk via Ural base tunnel , Nizhny Tagil , Tyumen and Tomsk , from Krasnoyarsk via Eniseisk , Ermakovo , Igarka to Dudinka , from Kirov via Tobolsk , Surgut , Nizhnevartovsk , Eniseisk to Bratsk , and from Nizhny Tagil via Tobolsk and Tomsk to Eniseisk are proposed . Details : Track gauge : 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Russian gauge Electrification : 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead lines Loading gauge : 4.1 metres ( 13.5 feet ) wide and 6.15 metres ( 20.2 feet ) tall Platform height : 200 mm ( 7.9 in ) above rails Minimum overhead line height : 6.5 metres ( 21.3 feet ) above rails Proposed platform heights by routes ( edit ) High platform line Moscow - Kazanskaya - Ryazan - Samara - Ufa - Chelyabinsk - Kurgan route should be 1,100 mm ( 43.3 in ) for DC EMUs and 550 mm ( 21.7 in ) for the other trains . Low platform lines Trans - Siberian lines except high platform line ( see above ) should be 200 mm ( 7.9 in ) for most platforms and 550 mm ( 21.7 in ) for some platforms . See also ( edit ) Railways portal Baikal -- Amur Mainline Famous trains History of Siberia Russian gauge Broad gauge Russian Railways Sibirjak Starlight Express , a train musical in which a character is modeled on the Trans - Siberian Express . Trans - Siberian Railway Panorama References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lonely Planet Guide to the Trans - Siberian Railway '' ( PDF ) . Lonely Planet Publications . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Meakin , Annette , A Ribbon of Iron ( 1901 ) , reprinted in 1970 as part of the Russia Observed series ( Arno Press / New York Times ) ( OCLC 118166 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` CIS railway timetable , route No. 002 , Moscow - Vladivostok '' . Archived from the original on 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Moscow is at UTC + 3 , Vladivostok is at UTC + 10 ; therefore the line passes through 8 time zones ; see map Jump up ^ `` CIS railway timetable , route No. 002 , Moscow - Pyongyang '' . Archived from the original on 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CIS railway timetable , route No. 350 , Kiev - Vladivostok '' . Archived from the original on 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Alexeev , V.V. ; Bandman , M.K. ; Kuleshov -- Novosibirsk , V.V. , eds. ( 2002 ) . Problem Regions of Resource Type : Economical Integration of European North - East , Ural and Siberia . IEIE . ISBN 5 - 89665 - 060 - 4 . Jump up ^ March , G. Patrick ( 1996 ) . Eastern Destiny : Russia in Asia and the North Pacific . Praeger / Greenwood . pp. 152 -- 53 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95648 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Siberian Iron Road '' , The Daily News ( London ) , 30 December 1896 , pg. 7 . Jump up ^ Davis , Clarence B. ; Wilburn , Kenneth E. , Jr ; Robinson , Ronald E. ( 1991 ) . `` Russia , the Soviet Union , and the Chinese Eastern Railway '' . Railway Imperialism . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 140 . ISBN 9780313259661 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 -- via Questia . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Pleshakov , Constantine ( 2002 ) . The Tsar 's Last Armada : The Epic Journey to the Battle of Tsushima . New York : Basic Books . p. 10 . ISBN 0465057926 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 -- via Questia . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Irkutsk : Ice - Breaker `` Angara '' `` . Lake Baikal Travel Company . Lake Baikal Travel Company . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Babanine , Fedor ( 2003 ) . `` Circumbaikal Railway '' . Lake Baikal Homepage . Fedor Babanine . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's legendary Trans - Siberian railroad line completely electrified '' . Associated Press . 25 December 2002 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Храмков , А. А. ( 2001 ) . `` Железнодорожные перевозки хлеба из Сибири в западном направлении в конце XIX -- начале XX вв '' ( Railroad transportation of bread from Siberia westwards in the late 19th -- early 20th centuries ) . Предприниматели и предпринимательство в Сибири . Вып. 3 ( Entrepreneurs and business undertakings in Siberia . 3rd issue ) . Барнаул : Изд - во АГУ . ISBN 5 - 7904 - 0195 - 3 . Jump up ^ Subtelny , Orest ( 2000 ) . Ukraine : a history . University of Toronto Press . p. 262 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8390 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dronin , N.M. ; Bellinger , E.G. ( 2005 ) . Climate dependence and food problems in Russia , 1900 -- 1990 : the interaction of climate and agricultural policy and their effect on food problems . Central European University Press . p. 38 . ISBN 963 - 7326 - 10 - 3 . Jump up ^ Isitt , Benjamin . `` Mutiny from Victoria to Vladivostok , December 1918 '' . Canadian Historical Review . 87 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 64 . doi : 10.3138 / chr / 87.2. 223 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Willmott , H.P. ( 2003 ) . First World War . Dorling Kindersley . p. 251 . Jump up ^ Martin , Bernd ( 1969 ) , Deutschland und Japan Im Zweiten Weltkrieg , Musterschmidt Verlag , p. 155 Jump up ^ Lowenstein , Jonathan ( 26 April 2010 ) . `` The Journey of a Lifetime : my grandmother 's escape on the Trans - Siberian railway '' . Telaviv1 . Jump up ^ Martin 1969 , p. 174 Jump up ^ `` Transsiberian Railway ( from Russian Railways official website ) '' . Eng.rzd.ru . Archived from the original on 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Patrick ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` China - to - Germany Cargo Train Completes Trial Run in 15 Days '' . Bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ Kachi , Hiroyuki ( 20 July 2007 ) . `` Mitsui talking to Russian railway operator on trans - Siberian freight service '' . MarketWatch.com . Jump up ^ `` Trans - Siberian in seven days '' . Railway Gazette International . 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing to Hamburg fast cargo rail link planned '' . The China Post . 11 January 2008 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 : Freight Rates '' ( PDF ) . Review of Maritime Transport . United Nations Conference on Trade and Development : 89 . 2010 . ISSN 0566 - 7682 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CIS railway timetable , route No. 020 , Moscow - Beijing '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Ames , Edward ( 1947 ) . `` A century of Russian railroad construction : 1837 -- 1936 '' . American Slavic and East European Review . 6 ( 3 / 4 ) : 57 -- 74 . doi : 10.2307 / 2491700 . JSTOR 2491700 . Dawson Jr. , John W. ( 2002 ) . `` Max Dehn , Kurt Gödel , and the Trans - Siberian escape route '' . Notices of the AMS ( 49.9 ) . Marks , S.G. ( 1991 ) . Road to Power : The Trans - Siberian Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia , 1850 -- 1917 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 2533 - 6 . Faulstich , Edith M. ( 1972 -- 1977 ) . The Siberian Sojourn . Yonkers , NY . Metzer , Jacob ( 1976 ) . `` Railroads in Tsarist Russia : Direct gains and implications '' . Explorations in Economic History . 13 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 111 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4983 ( 76 ) 90006 - 1 . Miller , Elisa B. ( 1978 ) . `` The Trans - Siberian landbridge , a new trade route between Japan and Europe : issues and prospects '' . Soviet Geography ( 19.4 ) : 223 -- 43 . North , Robert N. ( 1979 ) . Transport in western Siberia : Tsarist and Soviet development . University of British Columbia Press . Reichman , Henry ( 1988 ) . `` The 1905 Revolution on the Siberian Railroad '' . Russian Review . 47 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 48 . doi : 10.2307 / 130442 . JSTOR 130442 . Richmond , Simon ( 2009 ) . Trans - Siberian Railway . Lonely Planet . Guide book for travelers Thomas , Bryn ( 2003 ) . The Trans - Siberian Handbook ( 6th ed . ) . Trailblazer . ISBN 1 - 873756 - 70 - 4 . Guide book for travelers Tupper , Harmon ( 1965 ) . To the great ocean : Siberia and the Trans - Siberian Railway . Little , Brown . Westwood , John Norton ( 1964 ) . A history of Russian railways . G. Allen and Unwin . Калиничев , В. П. ( 1991 ) . Великий Сиберский путь ( историко - экономический очерк ) ( in Russian ) . Москва : Транспорт . ISBN 5 - 277 - 00758 - X . Omrani , Bijan ( 2010 ) . Asia Overland : Tales of Travel on the Trans - Siberian and Silk Road . Odyssey Publications . ISBN 962 - 217 - 811 - 1 . Walker , Robert . The Trans - Siberian Railway Encyclopedia . https://trans-siberian-railway-encyclopedia.com/ . Wolmar , Christian ( 2013 ) . To the Edge of the World . London : Atlantic Books . ISBN 9780857890375 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Trans - Siberian railway at Wikimedia Commons Trans - Siberian Railway travel guide from Wikivoyage Trans - Siberian Railway , national geographic expeditions Trans - Siberian Railway : a view from Moscow to Vladivostok -- a photo essay ( 27 December 2016 ) , The Guardian . Photographs of `` life on board the Trans - Siberian Railway , and beyond the carriage window . '' Russian Railways official website Overview of passenger travel today `` A 1903 map of Trans - Siberian railway '' . Guide to the Great Siberian Railway ( 1900 ) Mikhailoff , M. ( May 1900 ) . `` The Great Siberian Railway '' . the North American Review . 170 ( 522 ) . Manley , Deborah , ed . ( January 2009 ) . The Trans - Siberian Railway : A Traveller 's Anthology . ISBN 1 - 904955 - 49 - 5 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Winchester , Clarence , ed. ( 1936 ) , `` The Trans - Siberian Express '' , Railway Wonders of the World , pp. 451 -- 57 illustrated description of the route and the train Trans - Siberian Train No 1 `` Russia '' . 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-4,973,407,192,670,996,000 | how could the findings of the human genome project be useful today | Human genome Project - wikipedia Human genome Project Jump to : navigation , search Logo HGP ; Vitruvian Man , Leonardo da Vinci The Human Genome Project ( HGP ) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA , and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint . It remains the world 's largest collaborative biological project . After the idea was picked up in 1984 by the US government when the planning started , the project formally launched in 1990 and was declared complete in 2003 . Funding came from the US government through the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) as well as numerous other groups from around the world . A parallel project was conducted outside government by the Celera Corporation , or Celera Genomics , which was formally launched in 1998 . Most of the government - sponsored sequencing was performed in twenty universities and research centers in the United States , the United Kingdom , Japan , France , Germany , Canada , and China . The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome ( more than three billion ) . The `` genome '' of any given individual is unique ; mapping the `` human genome '' involved sequencing a small number of individuals and then assembling these together to get a complete sequence for each chromosome . Therefore , the finished human genome is thus a mosaic , not representing any one individual . Contents ( hide ) 1 Human Genome Project 1.1 History 1.2 State of completion 2 Applications and proposed benefits 3 Techniques and analysis 3.1 Findings 3.2 Accomplishment 4 Public versus private approaches 5 Genome donors 6 Developments 7 Ethical , legal and social issues 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Human genome Project ( edit ) History ( edit ) The Human Genome Project was a 15 - year - long , publicly funded project initiated in 1990 with the objective of determining the DNA sequence of the entire euchromatic human genome within 15 years . In May 1985 , Robert Sinsheimer organized a workshop to discuss sequencing the human genome , but for a number of reasons the NIH was uninterested in pursuing the proposal . The following March , the Santa Fe Workshop was organized by Charles DeLisi and David Smith of the Department of Energy 's Office of Health and Environmental Research ( OHER ) . At the same time Renato Dulbecco proposed whole genome sequencing in an essay in Science . James Watson followed two months later with a workshop held at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory . The fact that the Santa Fe workshop was motivated and supported by a Federal Agency opened a path , albeit a difficult and tortuous one , for converting the idea into public policy . In a memo to the Assistant Secretary for Energy Research ( Alvin Trivelpiece ) , Charles DeLisi , who was then Director of the OHER , outlined a broad plan for the project . This started a long and complex chain of events which led to approved reprogramming of funds that enabled the OHER to launch the Project in 1986 , and to recommend the first line item for the HGP , which was in President Reagan 's 1988 budget submission , and ultimately approved by the Congress . Of particular importance in Congressional approval was the advocacy of Senator Peter Domenici , whom DeLisi had befriended . Domenici chaired the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources , as well as the Budget Committee , both of which were key in the DOE budget process . Congress added a comparable amount to the NIH budget , thereby beginning official funding by both agencies . Alvin Trivelpiece sought and obtained the approval of DeLisi 's proposal by Deputy Secretary William Flynn Martin . This chart was used in the spring of 1986 by Trivelpiece , then Director of the Office of Energy Research in the Department of Energy , to brief Martin and Under Secretary Joseph Salgado regarding his intention to reprogram $4 million to initiate the project with the approval of Secretary Herrington . This reprogramming was followed by a line item budget of $16 million in the Reagan Administration 's 1987 budget submission to Congress . It subsequently passed both Houses . The Project was planned for 15 years . Candidate technologies were already being considered for the proposed undertaking at least as early as 1985 . In 1990 , the two major funding agencies , DOE and NIH , developed a memorandum of understanding in order to coordinate plans and set the clock for the initiation of the Project to 1990 . At that time , David Galas was Director of the renamed `` Office of Biological and Environmental Research '' in the U.S. Department of Energy 's Office of Science and James Watson headed the NIH Genome Program . In 1993 , Aristides Patrinos succeeded Galas and Francis Collins succeeded James Watson , assuming the role of overall Project Head as Director of the U.S. National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) National Center for Human Genome Research ( which would later become the National Human Genome Research Institute ) . A working draft of the genome was announced in 2000 and the papers describing it were published in February 2001 . A more complete draft was published in 2003 , and genome `` finishing '' work continued for more than a decade . The $3 - billion project was formally founded in 1990 by the US Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health , and was expected to take 15 years . In addition to the United States , the international consortium comprised geneticists in the United Kingdom , France , Australia , China and myriad other spontaneous relationships . Due to widespread international cooperation and advances in the field of genomics ( especially in sequence analysis ) , as well as major advances in computing technology , a ' rough draft ' of the genome was finished in 2000 ( announced jointly by U.S. President Bill Clinton and the British Prime Minister Tony Blair on June 26 , 2000 ) . This first available rough draft assembly of the genome was completed by the Genome Bioinformatics Group at the University of California , Santa Cruz , primarily led by then graduate student Jim Kent . Ongoing sequencing led to the announcement of the essentially complete genome on April 14 , 2003 , two years earlier than planned . In May 2006 , another milestone was passed on the way to completion of the project , when the sequence of the last chromosome was published in Nature . State of completion ( edit ) The project was not able to sequence all the DNA found in human cells . It sequenced only `` euchromatic '' regions of the genome , which make up 92 % of the human genome . The other regions , called `` heterochromatic '' are found in centromeres and telomeres , and were not sequenced under the project . The Human Genome Project was declared complete in April 2003 . An initial rough draft of the human genome was available in June 2000 and by February 2001 a working draft had been completed and published followed by the final sequencing mapping of the human genome on April 14 , 2003 . Although this was reported to cover 99 % of the euchromatic human genome with 99.99 % accuracy , a major quality assessment of the human genome sequence was published on May 27 , 2004 indicating over 92 % of sampling exceeded 99.99 % accuracy which was within the intended goal . Further analyses and papers on the HGP continue to occur . Applications and proposed benefits ( edit ) The sequencing of the human genome holds benefits for many fields , from molecular medicine to human evolution . The Human Genome Project , through its sequencing of the DNA , can help us understand diseases including : genotyping of specific viruses to direct appropriate treatment ; identification of mutations linked to different forms of cancer ; the design of medication and more accurate prediction of their effects ; advancement in forensic applied sciences ; biofuels and other energy applications ; agriculture , animal husbandry , bioprocessing ; risk assessment ; bioarcheology , anthropology and evolution . Another proposed benefit is the commercial development of genomics research related to DNA based products , a multibillion - dollar industry . The sequence of the DNA is stored in databases available to anyone on the Internet . The U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information ( and sister organizations in Europe and Japan ) house the gene sequence in a database known as GenBank , along with sequences of known and hypothetical genes and proteins . Other organizations , such as the UCSC Genome Browser at the University of California , Santa Cruz , and Ensembl present additional data and annotation and powerful tools for visualizing and searching it . Computer programs have been developed to analyze the data , because the data itself is difficult to interpret without such programs . Generally speaking , advances in genome sequencing technology have followed Moore 's Law , a concept from computer science which states that integrated circuits can increase in complexity at an exponential rate . This means that the speeds at which whole genomes can be sequenced can increase at a similar rate , as was seen during the development of the above - mentioned Human Genome Project . Techniques and analysis ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The process of identifying the boundaries between genes and other features in a raw DNA sequence is called genome annotation and is in the domain of bioinformatics . While expert biologists make the best annotators , their work proceeds slowly , and computer programs are increasingly used to meet the high - throughput demands of genome sequencing projects . Beginning in 2008 , a new technology known as RNA - seq was introduced that allowed scientists to directly sequence the messenger RNA in cells . This replaced previous methods of annotation , which relied on inherent properties of the DNA sequence , with direct measurement , which was much more accurate . Today , annotation of the human genome and other genomes relies primarily on deep sequencing of the transcripts in every human tissue using RNA - seq . These experiments have revealed that over 90 % of genes contain at least one and usually several alternative splice variants , in which the exons are combined in different ways to produce 2 or more gene products from the same locus . The genome published by the HGP does not represent the sequence of every individual 's genome . It is the combined mosaic of a small number of anonymous donors , all of European origin . The HGP genome is a scaffold for future work in identifying differences among individuals . Subsequent projects sequenced the genomes of multiple distinct ethnic groups , though as of today there is still only one `` reference genome . '' Findings ( edit ) Key findings of the draft ( 2001 ) and complete ( 2004 ) genome sequences include : There are approximately 22,300 protein - coding genes in human beings , the same range as in other mammals . The human genome has significantly more segmental duplications ( nearly identical , repeated sections of DNA ) than had been previously suspected . At the time when the draft sequence was published fewer than 7 % of protein families appeared to be vertebrate specific . Accomplishment ( edit ) The first printout of the human genome to be presented as a series of books , displayed at the Wellcome Collection , London The Human Genome Project was started in 1990 with the goal of sequencing and identifying all three billion chemical units in the human genetic instruction set , finding the genetic roots of disease and then developing treatments . It is considered a Mega Project because the human genome has approximately 3.3 billion base - pairs . With the sequence in hand , the next step was to identify the genetic variants that increase the risk for common diseases like cancer and diabetes . It was far too expensive at that time to think of sequencing patients ' whole genomes . So the National Institutes of Health embraced the idea for a `` shortcut '' , which was to look just at sites on the genome where many people have a variant DNA unit . The theory behind the shortcut was that , since the major diseases are common , so too would be the genetic variants that caused them . Natural selection keeps the human genome free of variants that damage health before children are grown , the theory held , but fails against variants that strike later in life , allowing them to become quite common . ( In 2002 the National Institutes of Health started a $138 million project called the HapMap to catalog the common variants in European , East Asian and African genomes . ) The genome was broken into smaller pieces ; approximately 150,000 base pairs in length . These pieces were then ligated into a type of vector known as `` bacterial artificial chromosomes '' , or BACs , which are derived from bacterial chromosomes which have been genetically engineered . The vectors containing the genes can be inserted into bacteria where they are copied by the bacterial DNA replication machinery . Each of these pieces was then sequenced separately as a small `` shotgun '' project and then assembled . The larger , 150,000 base pairs go together to create chromosomes . This is known as the `` hierarchical shotgun '' approach , because the genome is first broken into relatively large chunks , which are then mapped to chromosomes before being selected for sequencing . Funding came from the US government through the National Institutes of Health in the United States , and a UK charity organization , the Wellcome Trust , as well as numerous other groups from around the world . The funding supported a number of large sequencing centers including those at Whitehead Institute , the Sanger Centre , Washington University in St. Louis , and Baylor College of Medicine . The United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) served as an important channel for the involvement of developing countries in the Human Genome Project . Public versus private approaches ( edit ) In 1998 , a similar , privately funded quest was launched by the American researcher Craig Venter , and his firm Celera Genomics . Venter was a scientist at the NIH during the early 1990s when the project was initiated . The $300,000,000 Celera effort was intended to proceed at a faster pace and at a fraction of the cost of the roughly $3 billion publicly funded project . The Celera approach was able to proceed at a much more rapid rate , and at a lower cost than the public project because it relied upon data made available by the publicly funded project . Celera used a technique called whole genome shotgun sequencing , employing pairwise end sequencing , which had been used to sequence bacterial genomes of up to six million base pairs in length , but not for anything nearly as large as the three billion base pair human genome . Celera initially announced that it would seek patent protection on `` only 200 -- 300 '' genes , but later amended this to seeking `` intellectual property protection '' on `` fully - characterized important structures '' amounting to 100 -- 300 targets . The firm eventually filed preliminary ( `` place - holder '' ) patent applications on 6,500 whole or partial genes . Celera also promised to publish their findings in accordance with the terms of the 1996 `` Bermuda Statement '' , by releasing new data annually ( the HGP released its new data daily ) , although , unlike the publicly funded project , they would not permit free redistribution or scientific use of the data . The publicly funded competitors were compelled to release the first draft of the human genome before Celera for this reason . On July 7 , 2000 , the UCSC Genome Bioinformatics Group released a first working draft on the web . The scientific community downloaded about 500 GB of information from the UCSC genome server in the first 24 hours of free and unrestricted access . In March 2000 , President Clinton announced that the genome sequence could not be patented , and should be made freely available to all researchers . The statement sent Celera 's stock plummeting and dragged down the biotechnology - heavy Nasdaq . The biotechnology sector lost about $50 billion in market capitalization in two days . Although the working draft was announced in June 2000 , it was not until February 2001 that Celera and the HGP scientists published details of their drafts . Special issues of Nature ( which published the publicly funded project 's scientific paper ) and Science ( which published Celera 's paper ) described the methods used to produce the draft sequence and offered analysis of the sequence . These drafts covered about 83 % of the genome ( 90 % of the euchromatic regions with 150,000 gaps and the order and orientation of many segments not yet established ) . In February 2001 , at the time of the joint publications , press releases announced that the project had been completed by both groups . Improved drafts were announced in 2003 and 2005 , filling in to approximately 92 % of the sequence currently . Genome donors ( edit ) In the IHGSC international public - sector HGP , researchers collected blood ( female ) or sperm ( male ) samples from a large number of donors . Only a few of many collected samples were processed as DNA resources . Thus the donor identities were protected so neither donors nor scientists could know whose DNA was sequenced . DNA clones from many different libraries were used in the overall project , with most of those libraries being created by Pieter J. de Jong 's . Much of the sequence ( > 70 % ) of the reference genome produced by the public HGP came from a single anonymous male donor from Buffalo , New York ( code name RP11 ) . HGP scientists used white blood cells from the blood of two male and two female donors ( randomly selected from 20 of each ) -- each donor yielding a separate DNA library . One of these libraries ( RP11 ) was used considerably more than others , due to quality considerations . One minor technical issue is that male samples contain just over half as much DNA from the sex chromosomes ( one X chromosome and one Y chromosome ) compared to female samples ( which contain two X chromosomes ) . The other 22 chromosomes ( the autosomes ) are the same for both sexes . Although the main sequencing phase of the HGP has been completed , studies of DNA variation continue in the International HapMap Project , whose goal is to identify patterns of single - nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP ) groups ( called haplotypes , or `` haps '' ) . The DNA samples for the HapMap came from a total of 270 individuals : Yoruba people in Ibadan , Nigeria ; Japanese people in Tokyo ; Han Chinese in Beijing ; and the French Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain ( CEPH ) resource , which consisted of residents of the United States having ancestry from Western and Northern Europe . In the Celera Genomics private - sector project , DNA from five different individuals were used for sequencing . The lead scientist of Celera Genomics at that time , Craig Venter , later acknowledged ( in a public letter to the journal Science ) that his DNA was one of 21 samples in the pool , five of which were selected for use . In 2007 , a team led by Jonathan Rothberg published James Watson 's entire genome , unveiling the six - billion - nucleotide genome of a single individual for the first time . Developments ( edit ) The work on interpretation and analysis of genome data is still in its initial stages . It is anticipated that detailed knowledge of the human genome will provide new avenues for advances in medicine and biotechnology . Clear practical results of the project emerged even before the work was finished . For example , a number of companies , such as Myriad Genetics , started offering easy ways to administer genetic tests that can show predisposition to a variety of illnesses , including breast cancer , hemostasis disorders , cystic fibrosis , liver diseases and many others . Also , the etiologies for cancers , Alzheimer 's disease and other areas of clinical interest are considered likely to benefit from genome information and possibly may lead in the long term to significant advances in their management . There are also many tangible benefits for biologists . For example , a researcher investigating a certain form of cancer may have narrowed down their search to a particular gene . By visiting the human genome database on the World Wide Web , this researcher can examine what other scientists have written about this gene , including ( potentially ) the three - dimensional structure of its product , its function ( s ) , its evolutionary relationships to other human genes , or to genes in mice or yeast or fruit flies , possible detrimental mutations , interactions with other genes , body tissues in which this gene is activated , and diseases associated with this gene or other datatypes . Further , deeper understanding of the disease processes at the level of molecular biology may determine new therapeutic procedures . Given the established importance of DNA in molecular biology and its central role in determining the fundamental operation of cellular processes , it is likely that expanded knowledge in this area will facilitate medical advances in numerous areas of clinical interest that may not have been possible without them . The analysis of similarities between DNA sequences from different organisms is also opening new avenues in the study of evolution . In many cases , evolutionary questions can now be framed in terms of molecular biology ; indeed , many major evolutionary milestones ( the emergence of the ribosome and organelles , the development of embryos with body plans , the vertebrate immune system ) can be related to the molecular level . Many questions about the similarities and differences between humans and our closest relatives ( the primates , and indeed the other mammals ) are expected to be illuminated by the data in this project . The project inspired and paved the way for genomic work in other fields , such as agriculture . For example , by studying the genetic composition of Tritium aestivum , the world 's most commonly used bread wheat , great insight has been gained into the ways that domestication has impacted the evolution of the plant . Which loci are most susceptible to manipulation , and how does this play out in evolutionary terms ? Genetic sequencing has allowed these questions to be addressed for the first time , as specific loci can be compared in wild and domesticated strains of the plant . This will allow for advances in genetic modification in the future which could yield healthier , more disease - resistant wheat crops . Ethical , legal and social issues ( edit ) At the onset of the Human Genome Project several ethical , legal , and social concerns were raised in regards to how increased knowledge of the human genome could be used to discriminate against people . One of the main concerns of most individuals was the fear that both employers and health insurance companies would refuse to hire individuals or refuse to provide insurance to people because of a health concern indicated by someone 's genes . In 1996 the United States passed the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA ) which protects against the unauthorized and non-consensual release of individually identifiable health information to any entity not actively engaged in the provision of healthcare services to a patient . Along with identifying all of the approximately 20,000 -- 25,000 genes in the human genome , the Human Genome Project also sought to address the ethical , legal , and social issues that were created by the onset of the project . For that the Ethical , Legal , and Social Implications ( ELSI ) program was founded in 1990 . Five percent of the annual budget was allocated to address the ELSI arising from the project . This budget started at approximately $1.57 million in the year 1990 , but increased to approximately $18 million in the year 2014 . Whilst the project may offer significant benefits to medicine and scientific research , some authors have emphasized the need to address the potential social consequences of mapping the human genome . `` Molecularising disease and their possible cure will have a profound impact on what patients expect from medical help and the new generation of doctors ' perception of illness . '' See also ( edit ) 1000 Genomes Project 100,000 Genomes Project Chimpanzee Genome Project ENCODE EuroPhysiome Genome Compiler HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee Human Brain Project Human Connectome Project Human Cytome Project Human Microbiome Project Human proteome project Human Variome Project List of biological databases Neanderthal Genome Project Sanger Institute The Genographic Project References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Krulwich ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . Cracking the Code of Life ( Television Show ) . PBS . Jump up ^ `` Economic Impact of the Human Genome Project -- Battelle '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Human Genome Project Completion : Frequently Asked Questions '' . genome.gov . Jump up ^ `` Human Genome Project : Sequencing the Human Genome Learn Science at Scitable '' . www.nature.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sinsheimer , Robert ( 1989 ) . `` The Santa Cruz Workshop , May 1985 '' . 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Living and Working with the New Medical Technologies . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 20 . Further reading ( edit ) McElheny , Victor K. ( 2010 ) . Drawing the Map of Life : Inside the Human Genome Project . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 03260 - 0 . 361 pages . Examines the intellectual origins , history , and motivations of the project to map the human genome ; draws on interviews with key figures . Collins , F. ( 2006 ) . The Language of God : A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief . Free Press . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 8639 - 1 . OCLC 65978711 . Venter , J. Craig ( October 18 , 2007 ) . A Life Decoded : My Genome : My Life . New York , New York : Viking Adult . ISBN 0 - 670 - 06358 - 4 . OCLC 165048736 . Cook - Deegan , Robert ( 1994 ) . The Gene Wars : Science , Politics , and the Human Genome . New York : WW Norton . External links ( edit ) Human Genome Project -- official information page Wikinews has related news : Mexico presents first population - wide genome map for a Latin country Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Genes , Technology and Policy National Human Genome Research Institute ( NHGRI ) . NHGRI led the National Institutes of Health 's contribution to the International Human Genome Project . This project , which had as its primary goal the sequencing of the three thousand million base pairs that make up human genome , was successfully completed in April 2003 . Human Genome News . Published from 1989 to 2002 by the US Department of Energy , this newsletter was a major communications method for coordination of the Human Genome Project . Complete online archives are available . The HGP information pages Department of Energy 's portal to the international Human Genome Project , Microbial Genome Program , and Genomics : GTL systems biology for energy and environment yourgenome.org : The Sanger Institute public information pages has general and detailed primers on DNA , genes and genomes , the Human Genome Project and science spotlights . Ensembl project , an automated annotation system and browser for the human genome UCSC genome browser , This site contains the reference sequence and working draft assemblies for a large collection of genomes . It also provides a portal to the ENCODE project . Nature magazine 's human genome gateway , including the HGP 's paper on the draft genome sequence Wellcome Trust Human Genome website A free resource allowing you to explore the human genome , your health and your future . Learning about the Human Genome . Part 1 : Challenge to Science Educators . ERIC Digest . Learning about the Human Genome . Part 2 : Resources for Science Educators . ERIC Digest . Patenting Life by Merrill Goozner Prepared Statement of Craig Venter of Celera Venter discusses Celera 's progress in deciphering the human genome sequence and its relationship to healthcare and to the federally funded Human Genome Project . Cracking the Code of Life Companion website to 2 - hour NOVA program documenting the race to decode the genome , including the entire program hosted in 16 parts in either QuickTime or RealPlayer format . Lone Dog L ( 1999 ) . `` Whose genes are they ? The Human Genome Diversity Project '' . J Health Soc Policy . 10 ( 4 ) : 51 -- 66 . doi : 10.1300 / J045v10n04_04 . PMID 10538186 . Bioethics Research Library Numerous original documents at Georgetown University . Works by archive Works by Human Genome Project at Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg hosts e-texts for Human Genome Project , titled Human Genome Project , Chromosome Number # ( # denotes 01 - 22 , X and Y ) . This information is raw sequence , released in November 2002 ; access to entry pages with download links is available through https://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3501 for Chromosome 1 sequentially to https://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3524 for the Y Chromosome . Note that this sequence might not be considered definitive due to ongoing revisions and refinements . In addition to the chromosome files , there is a supplementary information file dated March 2004 which contains additional sequence information . 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