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Get a Comprehensive Eye Exam
Despite school effort to provide vision screenings for all students analyzing color blindness and ability to see from a distance, parents are highly encouraged to seek out a comprehensive eye exam through their local eye doctor. These are important screening tests to analyze how well the eyes work together, diagnose overall vision health and identify any visual issues that could require immediate attention.Vision problems can impact your child’s ability to learn and interact so scheduling an annual eye exam is vital.
Follow these steps to reduce eyestrain:
- Observe the 20/20/20 rule – every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break and look at something 20 feet away.
- Use the High Five test – hold your arm outstretched in front of you, palm facing out (like a high five) and that’s the perfect distance for your computer screen.
- Remember to blink! Staring at digital screens can lead to dry eyes and blinking is an easy way to combat this issue.
Back to school time will keep kids busy with outdoor sports and activities. Remember how important it is to protect eyes from UV rays. The E-SPF (eye-sun protection factor) rating follows a simple pattern, the higher the rating, the better UV protection to the eyes. The index ranges from zero to 25 for every day, and from zero to 50 for polarized lenses.
Additionally remember to watch for certain behaviors. Many times, children don’t realize they have an eye issue and will begin squinting, rubbing their eyes frequently, sitting too close to computer or television screens and even complaining of headaches. If your child is showing any of these behaviors, give us a call and schedule an appointment.
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<urn:uuid:c8571b53-d40d-4c70-a74b-f525486c6a94>
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Did you know?
- We spend one-third of our lives asleep
- It's recommended that adults up to the age of 64 need 7-9 hours of sleep per night
- Almost 1 in 5 people in the UK aren’t getting enough sleep
- Those between the ages of 25 – 50 are the worst affected by poor sleep patterns
Why sleep matters
Sleep plays a vital role in maintaining our overall health and wellbeing. When we sleep our brains and bodies undergo a series of processes – like an MOT – where cells are repaired, hormones are released and energy is restored. Poor sleep, or not having enough sleep, affects how we feel and function. Short-term effects can include irritability, drowsiness, problems with concentration and low energy levels. Over a sustained period of time, poor sleep can impact on our quality of life, potentially increasing our risk to a number of health issues including anxiety, depression, high blood pressure and diabetes.
Tips for better sleep
If you can, try to go to bed at the same time each night and get up at the same time each morning, including weekends. This helps set your body’s internal clock and optimises the quality of your sleep. Choose a bed time when you normally feel tired so you don’t start the night tossing and turning.
Avoid sleeping in – even on weekends. When we lie in at the weekend, our natural sleep-wake signals are disturbed, which can then produce that groggy Monday morning feeling. If you need to make up for a late night, opt for a daytime nap (before 3pm) rather than sleeping in. This allows you to pay off your sleep debt without confusing your body clock.
Create a restful environment
You may not always have much control over your sleep environment, for example, if you're staying away from home or have young children. But there may still be small changes you can make:
- Keep your room cool, dark and quiet. You could consider using room-darkening blinds, earplugs, a fan or other devices to create an environment that best suits your needs.
- Consider doing calming activities before bedtime, such as reading, taking a bath or using relaxation techniques.
- Exposure to blue light can make it challenging to fall asleep. If you can, avoid having your mobile, tablet or laptop where you sleep.
Include physical activity in your daily routine
Being physically active during the day is one of the best ways to ensure a good night’s sleep. It doesn’t have to be strenuous – light exercise in the fresh air can help you fall asleep more easily at night. However, avoid exercising just before bed as the stimulatory effect of physical activity can increase alertness in some.
Be mindful of what – and when - you eat and drink
Try to avoid heavy or large meals within a couple of hours of bedtime. If your body is working to digest food, it’s not able to get into a restful state as it would otherwise. Snacks before bedtime are fine but steer clear of sugary foods/drinks which can cause a spike in glucose and energy levels. Caffeine and alcohol are also harmful to sleep. The stimulating effects of caffeine can take hours to wear off and whilst alcohol might make you feel sleepy at first, it can disrupt sleep later in the night.
Eating a balanced diet improves sleep generally, but some foods are particularly beneficial, such as milk, chicken, turkey and pumpkin seeds. They contain the chemicals tryptophan and serotonin, which are vital for the production of melatonin, the hormone that promotes sleep. Find out more.
Clear your mind
Stress, anxiety and sleep problems are interlinked. If you often lie awake at night, worrying about the next day, it can feel impossible to unwind. Writing down your thoughts before bed can be an effective way of processing feelings/stressors to then set them aside for the next day. Find out more.
Support and guidance
It’s not always possible to resolve sleep problems by yourself. If this is the case, speak to your GP so they can identify any underlying cause and ensure you receive the right treatment. You may also benefit from accessing the support available at the University:
Speak to your line manager
If you feel comfortable doing so, have a conversation with your line manager. They are best placed to work with you and signpost you to the support available. If you aren’t able to speak to your line manager, you can get in touch with your HR Officer.
Seek advice from the Occupational Health Service
If your capacity to carry out work is being affected, the Occupational Health Service can determine if there are workplace adjustments and support that may help you. You will need a management referral to Occupational Health for assessment. These can be made by your line manager, health and safety manager, or by HR.
Staff Counselling and Psychological Support
If stress, distress or psychological challenges are affecting how well you sleep the Staff Counselling and Psychological Support Service are here to help. This service is completely confidential and you can contact the office through a self-referral.
Employee Assistance Programme
If you would prefer to access support outside the workplace, the University’s Employee Assistance Programme offers wellbeing and mental health support. This free service is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
- Switching off – relaxation and sleep: the University’s OD&PL workshop, delivered by the Staff Counselling and Psychological Support team aims to help participants maintain and improve energy levels by introducing and exploring techniques to aid relaxation for a good night’s sleep.
- Sleep problems: Every mind matters: NHS information and signposting if poor sleep is affecting your daily life.
- Sleepstation: free NHS access to online personalised support and help with sleep.
- The Sleep Charity: national sleep helpline, run by a team of specialist trained sleep advisors (calls are charged at local rates).
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This project aims to improve professional development programs for pre-service teachers (PSTs) as a way to improve student learning in mathematics and science. PSTs engage in a series of teaching cycles, and then engage in lesson study groups to develop, teach, and analyze a whole-class lesson. The cycle is completed by reexamining students' knowledge in teaching experiments with pairs of students. These teaching cycles are called Iterative Model Building (IMB).
Meredith Park Rogers
This project will develop, pilot, and refine a set of coordinated and complementary activities that teacher education programs can use in both online and face-to-face settings to provide practice-based opportunities for preservice teachers to develop their ability to facilitate argumentation-focused discussions in mathematics and science.
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<urn:uuid:f7b5954a-c4e0-4c87-b39b-5a8e96b6aa0c>
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The Impact of Gender on Communication Styles
Research shows that communication styles are relatively different for men and women. This is because using language is a learned social behaviour: How we talk and listen are influenced by our experience. We learn ways of speaking as children growing up, especially from peers.
Although both girls and boys find ways of creating rapport and negotiating status, girls focus on the rapport-dimension of relationships, whereas boys focus on the status-dimension.
The lessons learned in childhood carry over into the workplace. Research found that male and female workers exhibit different conversational patterns
in a range of areas including getting credit, confidence and boasting, asking questions, apologies, feedback, compliments, ritual opposition, managing up
and down, and indirectness.
As a manager, how should you deal with the difference in men's and women's communication style?
- Getting Credit. Whatever the motivation, women are less likely than men to have learned to blow their own horn. And they are more likely than men to believe that if they do so, they won't be liked.
- Confidence and Boasting. Studies show that women are more likely to downplay their certainty, and men are more likely to minimise their doubts. Downplaying may reflect not one's actual level of confidence, but the desire not to seem boastful.
- Asking Questions. Gender seems to play a role in whether and when people ask questions. Men are less likely than women to ask questions. This is because they are more attuned than women to the potential face-losing aspect of asking questions. And men who believe that asking questions might reflect negatively on them may, in turn, be likely to form a negative opinion of others who ask questions in situations where they would not.
- Apologies. Women say I'm sorry more frequently than men, and often they intend it as a ritualised means of expressing concern. Whilst many men, who are more likely to focus on the status implications of exchange, avoid apologies because they see them as putting the speaker in a one-down position.
- Feedback. Styles of giving feedback contain a ritual element that often is the cause for misunderstanding. It is natural for women to buffer the criticism by beginning with praise. They would regard a more blunt approach as unnecessarily callous. Often incidents labelled vaguely as "poor communication" may result from different linguistic styles among genders.
- Compliments. Exchanging compliments is a common ritual, especially among women. By taking the one-down position, women usually assume that the other person will recognise the ritual nature of the self-denigration and pull them back up. While men are more likely to put others down and take the one-up position for themselves. This suggests how women's and men's characteristic styles may put women at a disadvantage in the workplace.
- Ritual Opposition. Apologising, mitigating criticism with praise, and exchanging compliments are rituals common among women that men often take literally. A ritual common thing among men that women often take literally is ritual opposition. Men are much more used to testing their ideas by verbal opposition, which is a ritual fight, than women.
- Managing Up and Down. Study finds that women are more careful to save face for the other person when they are managing down than when they are managing up. While men go the other way around.
- Indirectness. Everyone tends to be indirect in some situations and in different ways. Women are especially likely to be indirect in telling others what to do, which is not surprising, considering girl's readiness to brand other girls as bossy. Men are especially indirect in admitting fault or weakness, which is also not surprising, considering boys' readiness to push around boys who assume the one-down position.
There is no one best way. The results of a given way of speaking will vary depending on the situation, the corporate culture, the relative rank of speakers, their communication styles, and how those styles interact with one another. But it is a critical skill for managers to notice the workings and power of communication style, and the differences between women and men, to make sure that people with something valuable to contribute actually get heard and empowered.
Source: Tannen, D., 1995. The Power of Talk - Who Gets Heard and Why. Harvard Business Review.
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Local Organization Comes to Rescue of Injured Eagle
If you’ve ever been lucky enough to see a bald eagle soaring over the shores of Shelburne Bay, you know the sense of awe that these birds command.
Populations of these magnificent birds were decimated in the mid-20th century due in large part to the use of pesticides, DDT in particular. In fact, in the beginning of the 21st century, Vermont was the only one of the lower forty-eight states without nesting bald eagles.
Outreach for Earth Stewardship, a local nonprofit organization dedicated to providing care for injured birds of prey and providing wildlife education, partnered with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife, the National Wildlife Federation, Central Vermont Public Service Corporation, and dozens of individual citizen volunteers to form what would become the Vermont Bald Eagle Reintroduction Initiative. Thanks to a plan to accelerate the eagles’ return to Vermont by the efforts of the late U.S. Senator Jim Jeffords, funding for the effort was secured.
The goal was to bring nestling bald eagle chicks from other states for Vermont’s future breeding stock. From 2004 to 2007, 19 eaglets were cared for and released under controlled conditions at the Dead Creek Wildlife Management area in Addison, with the hope they would return to nearby locations upon reaching maturity.
The summer of 2015 witnessed the beginning of a nest in Ferrisburgh by a pair of eagles, and this spring, the pair returned to start a family. The location was not the best in terms of privacy, as it was clearly visible from the road and soon attracted birders, photographers, and sightseers. Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department had to post signs warning people not to intrude on the nesting eagles.
As the season progressed, it became evident that there was a single chick in the nest. The farmer on whose land the nest tree was located, neighbors, and the community in general took this new family under their wing. Watching the eagle story unfold, they kept their collective eyes on their birds. Everything went smoothly until the morning of June 21, when the chick reportedly exited the nest and was spotted on the ground.
Warden Dana Joyal called OFES to check in on the nest. OFES founder Craig Newman determined that the nestling was indeed on the ground and had been injured in the fall. The bird was recovered and taken to OFES’s facility for examination.
Newman found the bird had sustained damage to its right wing, including broken primary flight feathers and soft tissue injury to the surrounding area. The broken feather shafts had been further compromised by maggots feeding on the flesh and blood in the emerging feather follicles.
Newman brought the eaglet to Dr. Dan Hament of Richmond Animal Hospital, who along with his staff provided daily treatments to get the wound cleaned out and facilitate healing. The hope was that the much-needed primary wing feathers would regrow and the young bird would not have to wait until the next season’s molt for new feathers.
The eaglet remained under OFES’s care until the end of July, when it was clear the growing bird needed a larger space to continue on the road to release. It was moved to the Vermont Institute of Natural Science in Quechee, Vt., where it remained until its return to the wild on Oct. 12 at Dead Creek.
The Vermont Bald Eagle Restoration Initiative started as a grassroots community effort and its natural progression has continued to take flight in precisely the way those who brought it to fruition imagined.
Community involvement like the concern for the Ferrisburgh eagles, the ongoing efforts by dedicated raptor rehabilitators, and Vermont citizens who hold dear the amazing beauty of bald eagles, are prime examples of what keep this mission thriving.
The next time you look up and see a bald eagle in flight, keep in mind it is only through all our efforts as members of the community that we will continue to be graced by their beauty.
OFES was established in 1989 and is located on Shelburne Farms. For more information on volunteering or donating to OFES, call 802-985-5612 or go to www.ofesvt.org.
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Get Psyched Up for Winter!
We tend to think of the summer as being more dangerous for our pets because we know that it can be fatal to leave our much-loved furry friend locked in the car while it is hot outside, and we also know that this can happen during the summer. Unfortunately, the winter months can be just as hazardous as the summer months.
An ordinary stroll in the snow during the winter can quickly become dangerous. Dogs rely heavily on their acute sense of smell, and if they are free to explore the outdoors on their own, they run the risk of easily losing the scent trail they have been following, which could lead them to wander off in a direction that could cause them to become lost. They might also become more dangerous when they are near a body of water. Even though the water may be sufficiently frozen to support snow, it is not frozen well enough to support a dog that is too busy running around and sniffing to pay attention to it.
One more thing to think about is the attire that your dog wears whenever they go outside. Coats for dogs are not just for making a fashion statement; they also keep your dog warm and protect them from the elements. There are certain breeds of dogs that are better able to withstand cold temperatures than others because they have double coats of fur that act as insulation for them. Because they lack the additional fur that provides insulation, dogs with smooth coats, such as Boxers, Greyhounds, Weimaraners, and Daschunds, amongst others, are more prone to being affected by the elements.
Even though the rest of the body is shielded, frostbite or hypothermia (which occurs when a dog’s body temperature falls to 96 degrees Fahrenheit or lower) could develop in the toes and feet if the temperature is extremely low. Frostbite can also affect the ears, which can lead to damage of the tiny capillaries that are found in the ear canal. If you think you might have frostbite, you should contact your veterinarian right away.
When your dog comes inside, you should carefully inspect his or her paws to make sure they are healthy. They are able to easily collect snow in the spaces between their pads. Because of this, they run the risk of getting frostbite and abrasions on their feet. During the winter, a lot of people use salt and other chemicals to melt snow and ice. Unfortunately, your dog’s paws are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of these chemicals.
If you live in an area where you are required to walk your dog on the sidewalk, it is a good idea to protect your dog’s feet by either purchasing dog booties or applying a protective balm to your dog’s paws.
Another helpful suggestion for when you come in from the cold is to give your dog a foot bath. You will not only be able to remove those chemicals from your dog’s paws, but you will also be able to prevent your dog from ingesting them. Make sure that the feet are dried completely to avoid getting any bacteria on them. Washing your dog’s paws helps prevent cracks and cuts from appearing on the paw pads, which can otherwise develop over time. Because, like our own skin, the pads have a tendency to become dry in the wintertime, you can also use balms to help keep them soft. This is especially helpful during the colder months.
As the colder weather of winter draws closer, here are some useful reminders to keep in mind:
- If your hands and fingers are cold, your dog’s pads may also be feeling the cold because they are similar to your hands and fingers. To put it simply, if you feel that the temperature is uncomfortably cold, then so will your dog.
- If you let your dog spend a lot of time outside, you should provide him with a dry shelter that is elevated off the ground.
- You should wash your dog’s feet and protect them from the elements.
It is never too early to start preparing and winterizing your pets, even though we are still a little while away from the arrival of winter.
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Teachers need to heal themselves to heal others
Teachers, like healers, are in professions of serving others. As many a wise person has said, we must first heal ourselves before we heal others. Self-care is important for everyone, but it’s especially imperative for teachers who tirelessly work long hours to touch their students’ lives. The better shape teachers are in, mentally and physically, the more likely they are to inspire their students.
The physical stresses of being an educator can really wear on the body. Every day, teachers spend tons of time on their feet-they bend, lean over, squat, grade papers with their head down and look at computer screens for long amounts of time. Many of these repeated activities can lead to muscle pain, but some guided relaxation techniques and stress relief can do wonders.
Massage could help with headaches and Migranes
Headaches are believed to be caused by neck alignment, chemical/hormonal changes, neurological problems, vascular problems, environmental irritants, food sensitivities, and/or blood sugar regulation. Migraines can be very severe and can last up to several days. These headaches do usually come with some sensitivities, such as sensitivity to light, sound, and nausea/vomiting.
Visit a health and wellness Clinic
When your body is in pain, an alternative medicine practitioner with holistic treatments can be just what you need to de-stress and relax. A professional can offer a customized wellness program to address your specific work demands to bring you to a state of overall well-being.
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<urn:uuid:96127678-fcd1-48a7-bd3f-55472d3fd99d>
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About Rubber Plant:
The Rubber Plant, scientifically known as Ficus elastica, is a popular houseplant cherished for its attractive foliage and air-purifying abilities. With its glossy, dark green leaves and easy maintenance, it has become a favorite among plant enthusiasts.
In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the various aspects of rubber plant care, propagation methods, the numerous benefits it offers, the different types available, its versatile uses, and potential disadvantages to be aware of.
Rubber Tree Propagation
Rubber tree propagation is an exciting process that allows you to expand your collection or share the beauty of this plant with others. Stem Cutting is mostly used to propagate this plant.
To propagate the rubber plant successfully, choose a healthy stem and make a clean cut just below a leaf node. Ensure the cutting has at least two to three leaves and place it in a moist rooting medium.
The cutting will develop its roots and become a new plant under perfect circumstances and with the right care.
Rubber Plant Care
Taking care of a rubber plant is relatively easy, making it an ideal choice for both beginners and experienced plant owners. These plants thrive in bright, indirect light, but they can tolerate lower light conditions as well.
It is important to water them consistently, allowing the soil to dry slightly between waterings to prevent overwatering, which can lead to root rot. Regular misting or placing the plant on a pebble tray can help increase humidity levels, as rubber plants prefer moderate to high humidity.
In order to promote the healthy growth of the plant we need to fertilize the plant every two to four weeks.
Rubber Plant Types
When it comes to rubber plant types, there are various cultivars available, each with its own unique characteristics. The most common variety is Ficus elastica ‘Robusta’, which features large, dark green leaves.
Other popular types include Ficus elastica ‘Tineke’, with its variegated foliage, and Ficus elastica ‘Burgundy’, known for its deep red or burgundy-colored leaves. These different types offer a range of options to suit different aesthetic preferences.
Rubber Plant Benefits
Aside from being visually appealing, the rubber plant offers several benefits. It is known for its air-purifying qualities, as its leaves absorb and neutralize airborne toxins. This makes it an excellent addition to indoor spaces, promoting cleaner and healthier air.
Additionally, the rubber plant is believed to improve concentration, reduce stress levels, and create a calming atmosphere, making it an ideal choice for home offices or study areas.
In addition to its aesthetic appeal, the rubber plant has several practical uses.
The latex obtained from the plant’s sap is the primary source of natural rubber, which has a wide range of industrial applications.
It is used in the production of tires, rubber gloves, footwear, and various rubber products. Furthermore, the rubber plant’s large leaves make it an ideal choice for creating a natural privacy screen or a green partition in larger spaces.
Rubber Plant Disadvantages
Despite its many advantages, it is essential to be aware of the potential disadvantages of owning a rubber plant. The sap of the rubber plant can cause skin irritation in some individuals, so it is important to handle it with care.
Additionally, rubber plants are toxic to pets if ingested, so it is advisable to keep them out of reach or opt for pet-safe alternatives if you have furry friends at home.
The rubber plant, with its appealing appearance, air-purifying qualities, and ease of care, is a fantastic addition to any indoor space. Whether you are interested in propagating new plants, enjoying the numerous benefits it offers, exploring different types, or utilizing them for practical purposes, the rubber plant is a versatile and rewarding choice.
Just remember to handle it with caution due to its potential irritants and keep it away from pets. Embrace the beauty and benefits of the rubber plant and enhance your living environment with this remarkable houseplant.
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<urn:uuid:3773fb0a-2c36-4387-80c7-ce4741cce2f2>
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July 6, 2023 By John Davidson, Freshwater Institute, with co-authors Brandon Keplinger (WVDNR), Clayton Raines (USGS), Curtis Crouse (FI), and Christopher Good (FI)
The Conservation Fund’s Freshwater Institute (FI) is focused on the research and development of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) to facilitate the expansion of sustainable food fish production. However, we have also utilized the controlled environment provided by RAS to supplement trout for recreational angling programs and for fisheries conservation research.
For example, we recently completed a collaborative project with West Virginia’s Division of Natural Resources (WVDNR) to determine if natural hard water precipitates, also referred to as marl, inhibit brook trout egg and alevin survival. Findings from this research, which were published in the Journal of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 1, are guiding native brook trout restoration efforts in West Virginia.
Although the brook trout is the official state fish of West Virginia, native populations have been extirpated from many local streams. Loss of streamside canopy, increasing water temperature, and adverse land use practices, among other factors, have contributed to the Eastern brook trout’s decline 2. In addition, sedimentation stemming from logging, agriculture practices, and runoff has reduced spawning habitat 2 and can inhibit brook trout recruitment through entombment and/or asphyxiation of developing eggs and fry 3. While sedimentation is typically related to anthropogenic factors, hard water environments also produce natural sediments that could cause similar harm to juvenile brook trout. For instance, streams fed by springs from limestone aquifers release carbon dioxide (CO2) across riffles and waterfalls, which increases pH and shifts chemical equilibrium, resulting in the deposition of silty marl precipitate 4. This water chemistry reaction is common in Rockymarsh Run, which flows adjacent to the Freshwater Institute and is one of several hard water streams in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia where native brook trout once thrived but are now absent 5. Curiously, Rockymarsh Run maintains suitable year-round water temperatures and has microhabitats with upwelling springs and gravel substrate that are ideal for spawning 6 suggesting that this stream should otherwise sustain brook trout.
With this background in mind, FI and WVDNR scientists hypothesized that calcium-rich marl could, in part, limit juvenile brook trout survival in Rockymarsh Run and similar hard water environments. Moreover, the Freshwater Institute has ideal conditions to test the impact of hard water precipitates, including source water from a karst-geology spring with hardness >300 mg/L as CaCO3 and gas conditioning technologies that constantly remove dissolved CO2. Crystalized calcium commonly coats the submerged surfaces of fish tanks and hatching trays at FI (Fig. 1a). Under extreme circumstances, packed media within gas conditioning columns has morphed into stalactite-like structures (Fig. 1b). Observationally, precipitate formation begins in FI’s RAS at a pH of approximately 7.7. This is corroborated by the Langelier Saturation Index, which considers input values for water hardness, pH, and temperature to determine the scaling potential of a water source.
Methods – Utilizing these resources and our understanding of this water chemistry reaction, two controlled studies were conducted. During the first study, brook trout eggs obtained from a local hatchery were fertilized and stocked in 15 replicate hatching trays receiving water from three aeration treatments (n=5), including raw untreated (RU) water without marl precipitate, once-aerated (OA) water that produced very little precipitate, and continuously aerated (CA) water with pH >8.0 that produced copious amounts of marl. Average water temperature was maintained between 13.5 and 14.5°C to match conditions at a WVDNR hatchery where heritage strain brook trout eggs are hatched for reintroduction. A thin layer of gravel was also placed in each tray to simulate a natural environment. Additionally, extra brook trout eggs were kept in a chilled Heath tray system maintained at 8°C without gravel where standard salmonid hatching protocols were followed. This system, which is prone to calcium scaling, also produced significant amounts of marl.
Results – Cumulative brook trout survival was negligible for all three water types after 53 days and >700 accumulated temperature units (ATU). However, mortality occurred faster in CA water where marl coated egg surfaces (Fig. 2), and no surviving alevins remained. Interestingly, extra eggs maintained in the marl-producing hatching system at 8°C demonstrated >50% survival. The results of this study were surprising given WVDNR’s success hatching heritage strain brook trout at maximum temperatures of 14.9°C, albeit in softer water with hardness <80 mg/L as CaCO3. Therefore, a second study was conducted to investigate whether gravel presence or water temperature may have contributed to the general mortality trend.
Methods – Brook trout eggs from the same provider were fertilized and stocked in Heath-tray stacks maintained at 8.1, 11.2, and 13.7°C via independent chillers. Replicate trays within each system either included gravel or were maintained without this substrate (n=3). A coating of marl was created in all systems due to continued aeration and maintenance of pH levels >7.9.
Results – Increased prevalence of alevin deformities and significantly lower survival were observed at 13.7°C versus 8.1°C and 11.2°C, but gravel inclusion did not negatively impact juvenile brook trout (Fig. 3). Further, the mortality trend observed at 13.7°C notably mirrored that of the CA treatment during Study 1 (Fig. 2), which utilized similar temperature and produced marl. Although survival was higher during Study 2, potentially harmful effects of marl were suspected due to the observed adherence of precipitate crystals on the surface of eggs (Fig. 4). This condition, which may have interacted with warmer temperatures, likely impeded oxygen and nutrient diffusion across the egg membrane.
These experimental results provided important information to biologists at the WVDNR and USGS regarding habitat suitability for brook trout. This research suggests that hard water precipitates likely create an additional challenge for juvenile brook trout survival in karst-geology streams, particularly at temperatures >13.7°C. It’s important to note, however, that in a natural setting, brook trout will select ideal spawning habitats with preferred temperatures. And although karst-geology streams are usually dominated by stretches with significant sediment accumulation, these waters typically have marl-free zones that are suitable for spawning. Rockymarsh Run, for example, is fed by at least 16 upwelling springs that create microhabitats characterized as having cooler water and gravel substrate 5. To culminate this project, WVDNR deemed Rockymarsh suitable for brook trout reintroduction, and heritage strain fingerlings were recently stocked in this stream with the hope that these fish will survive and reproduce in these microhabitats.
- Davidson, J., Raines, C., Crouse, C., Good, C., & Keplinger, B. 2023. Evaluating brook trout egg and alevin survival at different temperatures in simulated karst environments with marl sedimentation. Journal of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 10, 27–35. https://seafwa.org/journal/2023/evaluating-brook-trout-egg-and-alevin-survival-different-temperatures-simulated-karst
- Hudy, M., Thieling, T.M., Gillespie, N., & Smith, E.P., 2008. Distribution, status, and land use characteristics of subwatersheds within the native range of brook trout in the eastern United States. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 28, 1069–1085.
- Franssen, J., Blais, C., Lapointe, M., Bérubé, F., Bergeron, N., & Magnan, P. 2012. Asphyxiation and entombment mechanisms in fines rich spawning substrates: experimental evidence with brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) embryos. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, 587–599.
- Herman, J.S. & Hubbard Jr., D.A., 1990. Travertine-marl: stream deposits in Virginia. Commonwealth of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
- Petty, J.T. & Merriam, E., 2010. Rockymarsh Run report. West Virginia University Division of Forestry, Natural Resources, and Design, Morgantown.
- Webster, D. A. & Eiriksdottir, G. 1976. Upwelling water as a factor influencing choice of spawning sites by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 105, 416–421.
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<urn:uuid:8ae180a7-c9f2-4cf4-90b2-aa4e6975a890>
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VUCA is a shortcut for Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity. This term reflects the difficulties which administrative leaderships face in volatile work environments.
What is meant by VUCA?
• Volatility: is a rapid and unpredictable change of events impacting businesses, such as fluctuations during natural disasters.
• Uncertainty: means lack of information, making the present unclear and the future uncertain. For example, a company waiting for new products to be launched by its competitors while not knowing their impact on the market.
• Complexity: is the inter-connectedness of changing and different factors, resulting in chaos or confusion, such as the complexity of the customers' requirements/expectations regarding a particular service.
• Ambiguity: Is the lack of clarity or awareness about situations, resulting in the inability to explain the cause and effect linkage, such as the entry of a company into new markets.
Robert Johansen used the concept of VUCA in his book (Leaders Make the Future), released in 2009, to reflect on the turbulent and unpredictable forces of change that could affect organizations. He argued that you need new skills, approaches, and behaviors to face the four VUCA threats.
Why is VUCA important?
VUCA presents a set of challenges that individuals, teams, managers, and organizations must face. Individually, these challenges can be significant yet manageable, but they can become formidable if combined. Accordingly, organizations must recognize the varying levels of challenge in some of their departments and take proactive steps to prevent significant threats. After all, many people predict that volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity will become more prevalent in the business world.
A VUCA environment can:
• Destabilize individuals and cause constant anxiety
• Weaken motives
• Threaten career advancement
• Consume a tremendous amount of time and effort to face challenges
• Increase the chances of making poor decisions
• Paralyze decision-making processes
• Endanger long-term projects, developments, and innovations
• Overwhelm individuals and organizations
• Affect the internal culture
• "Bleed" inwards and create VUCA environments within organizations
How to Manage in a VUCA World
Although VUCA can be inevitable within organizations, its effects can be mitigated by breaking it down into its four components and dealing with each situation individually according to its causes. In his book (Leaders Make the Future), Bob Johansen proposes a framework based on the idea of facing every threat or challenge one at a time.
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<urn:uuid:7e15b929-4af7-48da-9688-f2d39095704b>
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So why exercise? A few very important reasons. Flexibility. Improved blood flow to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells, muscles, organs and brain (for less fibro fog!). Better mood. Decreased stress. More restful sleep.
But does the exercise have to be aerobic? A Tufts University study decided to find out.
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<urn:uuid:34cd6b0b-314a-4127-aef8-813c26da6ea9>
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Robert Carlos DeLarge served as a Republican member of the U.S. Congress less than a full term. He was elected in 1870 and began his term on March 4, 1871. However he left Congress on January 24, 1873 within two months of the completion of his term when the seat was declared vacant as the result of an election challenge initiated by Christopher C. Bowen, his Democratic opponent. After he left Congress DeLarge served as a local magistrate until his death in Charleston on February 14, 1874. One of DeLarge’s speeches appears below. Here he calls for the enforcement of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution which guarantees citizenship to all African Americans while defending his fellow black South Carolinians against the charge of supporting a fiscally irresponsible government.
Mr. Speaker: I had supposed that in the consideration of this matter of legislation for the South party lines would not have been so distinctly drawn, but that we would have at least first endeavored to ascertain whether or no there was any necessity for the legislation, and then decide what kind of legislation would be best. I say I did not expect that party lines would be drawn so distinctly while considering a matter of such grave import.
I believe that if there was a single gentleman upon the floor of this House who, before the commencement of this debate, doubted that lawlessness, confusion, and anarchy existed in some portions of the South, he is at least cured of that doubt by this time. Gentlemen upon both sides of the House have in their speeches acknowledged, and, by the evidence produced, proven to my satisfaction, and, I believe, to the satisfaction of a majority of the members of this House, that such a state of affairs does exist in some portions of the southern states.
I am free to say that none can bring the charge to my door of ever having acted in a manner that would be termed illiberal. I am also free to say that I, like other gentlemen upon the floor of this House, have the honor of representing a district in which
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The U.S. Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions are growing and face numerous energy constraints. Vast wind energy resources exist just miles from the shore. However, getting this potential power source from the ocean to consumers represents one of the biggest challenges for the emerging industry. Strategic transmission planning is essential to identify where and how the offshore infrastructure will connect with the onshore grid.
From a technical standpoint, strategic system planning is essential to identify where high-capacity offshore wind resources can interconnect with the onshore grid without compromising system reliability or creating transmission congestion. There are numerous proven, technological solutions for interconnection. Northern Europe, which has a mature offshore wind market, connects “hubs” of wind turbine islands to land via high-capacity cables, or “spokes.” There’s also the possibility of connecting backbone high-capacity transmission lines with onshore substations.
While potential technical solutions are fairly straightforward, gaining the permits to execute potential projects is not a simple process. Because transmission lines cross numerous local, state and federal boundaries, planning and permitting involves a complex collection of local governments, federal stakeholders, state governments and utility regulatory commissions, sometimes including the U.S. Congress and the president. Each state and regulatory commission has its own energy policy and framework. Each has its own methods for cost allocation and environmental rules. In addition, any plan must also meet Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), independent system operator (ISO) and regional transmission operator (RTO) requirements.
Offshore wind, with its 30 percent to 60 percent capacity factor, is a reliable and clean source of power and is becoming a larger part of state renewable portfolio standards and clean energy standards across the region. For example, Massachusetts has a renewable energy goal that includes aiming for more than 1,500 megawatts (MW) of offshore wind resources. In his recent State of the State address, New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo announced plans to increase the state’s offshore wind energy targets to 9,000 MW by 2035. Maryland legislators are looking to boost the state’s renewable portfolio standard to 50 percent by 2030, including 1,200 MW of offshore wind.
A regional offshore wind transmission master plan, developed in coordination with the states, ISOs, RTOs and federal agencies involved, can set forth common standards, policies and financing mechanisms to enable offshore wind interconnection. Such a plan would also identify transmission corridors and essential infrastructure investments needed to support the renewable energy goals of the states within the region.
As the U.S. power industry begins to transform the country’s offshore wind potential into a reality, it will need to consider how a large-scale generation and transmission system should be built.
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<urn:uuid:4410da0a-b8cc-4e41-ab4b-881e823513f0>
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Three dimensions of media education for the 3-11 age range are highlighted : children's own cultural experiences, the development of critical awareness, and opportunities for creative expression. The chapters are written by literacy advisors, leading academics, teacher-trainers and classroom practitioners.
Topics covered include:
- understanding children's relationships with media and how to build on these constructively
- getting to grips with "multimodality"
- developing children's critical skills through watching and analysing moving image media
- broadening children's experiences of different kinds of media and their media literacy
- creative media activities that promote imaginative thinking and decision-making
- the importance of social networking and social media and how to use these in the classroom
In an increasingly digital world, media education is an essential part of good teaching, not just as a tool to teach the more traditional aspects of the curriculum, but in its own right as an essential part of literacy.
This book is relevant to all teachers working in Primary schools, and will be particularly helpful for Literacy Co-ordinators.
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<urn:uuid:2c753423-8960-4a6a-9fec-06d5f475db08>
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Laura Miller : How jellyfish can inspire mathematics: A case study of the feeding currents generated by upside-down jellyfish- Mathematical Biology ( 184 Views )
The jellyfish has been the subject of numerous mathematical and physical studies ranging from the discovery of reentry phenomenon in electrophysiology to the development of axisymmetric methods for solving fluid-structure interaction problems. In this presentation, we develop and test mathematical models describing the pulsing dynamics and the resulting fluid flow generated by the upside down jellyfish, Cassiopea. The kinematics of contraction and distributions of pulse frequencies were obtained from videos and used as inputs into numerical simulations. Particle image velocimetry was used to obtain spatially and temporally resolved flow fields experimentally. The immersed boundary method was then used to solve the fluid-structure interaction problem and explore how changes in morphology and pulsing dynamics alter the resulting fluid flow. Unlike pelagic (swimming) jellyfish, there is no evidence of the formation of a train of vortex rings. Instead, significant mixing occurs around and directly above the oral arms and secondary mouths. We found good agreement between the numerical simulations and experiments, suggesting that the presence of porous oral arms induce net horizontal flow towards the bell and mixing.
In order to better understand wound contraction fibroblast populated collagen lattices have been studied for many years. In this talk I will discuss mathematical models for lattice contraction. The models are formulated with components at the cellular and sub cellular level with the goal of understanding the macroscopic behavior of the lattice.
Strikingly regular, large-scale patterns of vegetation growth were first documented by aerial photography in the Horn of Africa circa 1950 and are now known to exist in drylands across the globe. The patterns often appear on very gently sloped terrain as bands of dense vegetation alternating with bare soil, and models suggest that they may be a strategy for maximizing usage of the limited water available. A particular challenge for modeling these patterns is appropriately resolving fast processes such as surface water flow during rainstorms while still being able to capture slow dynamics such as the uphill migration of the vegetation bands, which has been observed to occur on the scale of a band width per century. We propose a pulsed-precipitation model that treats rainstorms as instantaneous kicks to the soil water as it interacts with vegetation on the timescale of plant growth. We use a stochastic rainfall model with the influence of fast storm-level hydrology captured by the spatial distribution of the soil water kicks. The model allows for predictions about the influence of storm characteristics on the large-scale patterns. Analysis and simulations suggest that the distance water travels on the surface before infiltrating into the soil during a typical storm plays a key role in determining the spacing between the bands.
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<urn:uuid:f0d8ee24-409d-45c1-8bae-4ad61a308b61>
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Taking precautions to prevent pests from entering the residential halls is the first step to safe and prudent pest control. Common pests include but are not limited to cockroaches, mice, rats, bed bugs, flies, mosquitoes, spiders, etc.) and fungal growths (molds, mildews, etc.).
Do your part with routine housekeeping
- Empty the garbage
- Hang up wet towels and clothes
- Keep suitcases and backpacks off your bed
- Pick up clutter
- Seal and store food
- Report holes in screens
- Vacuum and dust regularly
- Wash and dry dirty dishes
It is common to find mold spores in the air inside buildings and on most indoor surfaces,
including clothes, walls, and furniture. However, unchecked mold growth can damage
your furnishings, carpets, cabinets, and clothes and shoes stored in damp closets.
To keep mold from growing, keep your room/unit clean. Cleaning areas of visible mold, such as mold in your shower, is necessary to prevent unsanitary conditions.
If you see discolored patches, cottony or speckled growth on walls or furniture, or if you smell an earthy or musty odor, your unit may have mold. Evidence of past or ongoing water damage should also trigger a more thorough inspection. You may find mold growth underneath water-damaged surfaces or on walls, floors, or ceilings. Mold can often be confused with dirt and dust buildup.
If mold is suspected, call the HRL Facilities Office at 405-744-8510 to investigate. Learn more about mold prevention.
Bed Bug Prevention
Because OSU has been proactive in its bed bug treatment program, we have a low occurrence and reoccurrence of them. Bed bugs are about 0.25 inches in length, similar in size to an apple seed or a ladybug. If you suspect you have bed bugs, call the HRL Facilities Office at 405-744-8510 to report it and include your name, hall, room number, hall and cell phone number. You should also notify your hall staff.
OSU Pest Control will contact you directly and set up an inspection. We can provide a temporary living space during the inspection and potential treatment, or you may decide to remain in your unit. Until the unit can be inspected and treated, limit your movement to other living spaces, lounges, off-campus housing, etc. It is important to contain the situation as much as possible.
If your unit is found positive for bed bugs, OSU Pest Control will schedule a thermal treatment as soon as possible. The unit's residents must follow specific instructions for the treatment to be successful.
- When traveling, check luggage, clothing and bedding when leaving and returning from your trip.
- While gone, check mattress seams for signs of bugs or small dark spots on the mattress.
- When you return home, take your clothes out of the suitcase and place them in the dryer for 20 to 30 minutes. The heat will kill any bugs that may be alive.
- Keep your living space clean and reduce clutter to eliminate any bed bug-hiding spots.
- Regularly vacuum crevices and upholstery.
- Pull your bed away from the wall or other furniture and tuck in sheets and blankets to avoid contact with the floor or walls.
- If the mattress does not already have a mattress cover, be sure to use a mattress cover that encases the entire mattress.
- Keep infested items out of your living space.
- Be cautious and thoroughly inspect any used furniture and clothing.
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<urn:uuid:0e026be0-8889-4960-9942-9b79d5f175ff>
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CHART: Survival rate by age if you get COVID-19
According to data provided by the Illinois Department of Public Health, the survival rate for American who contract the COVID-19 virus is incredibly high.
While Illinois isn’t the world United States, this data is reflective of data from other states and countries throughout the world.
Am I Safe If I Get Infected With Coronavirus?
|0 – 19||99.9%|
|20 – 29||99.9%|
|30 – 39||99.6%|
|40 – 49||99.2%|
|50 – 59||98.0%|
|60 – 69||94.1%|
|70 – 79||85.2%|
Being careful during this pandemic is smart. The data seems to suggest that the best hope for achieving herd immunity is by people 50 years old and younger continuing to live their lives, yet it a very safe and smart manner. Meanwhile older Americans, especially those above the age of 70, should continue stay-at-home procedures.
What Is Coronavirus (COVID-19)?
According to the Mayo Clinic, the Coronavirus is “now known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease it causes is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.”
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<urn:uuid:5bd72156-76ee-483a-ac8f-5266d7f75253>
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TORONTO – As provinces rely more heavily on rapid antigen testing as part of a strategy to limit the spread of COVID-19, there have been concerns about the possibility of false-positive results. Canadian researchers have produced new data that sheds light on the possibility of such events.
Researchers from the University of Toronto’s Rotman School of Management published their peer-reviewed findings in the journal JAMA earlier this month. They looked at the results of more than 900,000 rapid antigen tests performed in 537 Canadian workplaces between January and October 2021.
During this period, Canada had two significant waves of COVID-19 driven by the Delta variant. A total of 1,322 positive results were recorded using the rapid tests. Of these cases, 1,103 also had data from the PCR test to compare with.
In total, 462 rapid test results, 0.05% of the 900,000 results, gave false positives. This number represents 42% of the positive test results in the study.
The tests performed too late in infection or improperly are some of the possible reasons for these false negatives, the researchers said.
About 60% of these false positives can also be traced back to problems with a single manufacturer. There were 278 false positives from two workplaces, all drawn from a single bad batch.
“The overall rate of false-positive results among the total rapid antigen screening screens for SARS-CoV-2 is very low, consistent with other smaller studies,” the researchers wrote. writing research. “These results inform the discussion about whether rapid antigen tests lead to too many false positives that could overwhelm the capacity for PCR testing in other settings.
The authors also say their findings illustrate the importance of “a comprehensive data set” to quickly identify bad batches of rapid tests.
“With the ability to identify batch problems within 24 hours, workers can return to work, problematic test batches can be eliminated, and public health authorities and manufacturers can can be informed,” they wrote.
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<urn:uuid:f5792a0f-6e28-48be-b88a-e68117b5f6f6>
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All images on this website have been taken in Leicestershire and Rutland by NatureSpot members. We welcome new contributions - just register and use the Submit Records form to post your photos. Click on any image below to visit the species page. The RED / AMBER / GREEN dots indicate how easy it is to identify the species - see our Identification Difficulty page for more information. A coloured rating followed by an exclamation mark denotes that different ID difficulties apply to either males and females or to the larvae - see the species page for more detail.
Worms & Leeches
Leeches are Annelids - i.e. they have segmented bodies. Recent sources class them as Clitellata, in the sub-class Hirudinea.
Most live in freshwater and are parasitic species, with suckers at both ends of their bodies used to attach to a host before piercing the skin. Hirudin is secreted to prevent blood clotting, and this has given rise to medicinal uses, past and present. A few live in terrestrial or marine environments, and a few are predatory.
Like earthworms, they are hermaphrodites with a clitellum or saddle in which egg capsules are produced.
Elliott, J.M. & Dobson, M. (2015). Freshwater Leeches of Britain and Ireland. Freshwater Biological Association
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<urn:uuid:5592b208-8775-4142-b31b-3638d77fb63b>
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As I wrote, I am doing lesson 13 of the mini stories in Turkish. I just started, and I came across the aorist for the first time. Now, the grammar tells me, that I have to use aorist to talk about regular activities. However, the story is full of them. One example would be:
Salih, “Güzel bir gülümsemen var” der
Why do I have to use DER here, as this sentence probably will only be sayed once, no?
Sorry, I could not find a forum category for Turkish
I don’t know if it will be enough, but let me try to explain.
The word “der” is used to express what the righteous said. Even if you don’t use that word, I guess what you mean. But it can cause misunderstandings. We understand that the word "(double quotes) in writing is fading, but it can cause misunderstandings when saying it. If you think the same thing in English, you will realize that you have the same problem.
Salih, “Güzel bir gülümsemen var” der => Salih says, “You have a beautiful smile”
Salih, “Güzel bir gülümsemen var” => Salih, “You have a beautiful smile” (You are actually expressing that Salih has a beautiful smile.)
If you ask my opinion: I am trying to learn English, I could not understand most of the conjunctions, the added meaning. After so many repetitions, I realize now that I’m beginning to understand how little it makes sense.
Türkçe öğreniminde bol şans dilerim.
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<urn:uuid:a7cc9618-4672-4e1e-91cf-b6049e65c534>
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Dr. Soumya Guha
Consultant – Cardio Thoracic & Vascular Surgeon
Heart valve disease is a medical condition that affects the valves within the heart. The human heart consists of four valves—the aortic valve, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, and pulmonary valve—that play a crucial role in regulating blood flow. These valves open and close in a synchronized manner to ensure that blood flows in the right direction and at the right pace.
When someone has heart valve disease, it means that one or more of these valves are not functioning properly. This can occur primarily in two ways:
Stenosis: Valve stenosis occurs when a valve becomes narrow and stiff, restricting the flow of blood to the body. This makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the narrowed valve.
Regurgitation: Valve regurgitation, also known as insufficiency or incompetence, happens when a valve doesn’t close properly, allowing blood to leak backward. This forces the heart to pump blood in two directions, causing extra strain on the heart.
Causes of Heart Valve Disease
Heart valve disease can develop for various reasons, and while some cases may be linked to congenital factors, others are the result of acquired conditions. Understanding the underlying causes of heart valve disease is effective for successful prevention and treatment. Here, we’ll explore the primary causes:
1. Rheumatic Fever
Untreated rheumatic fever can lead to inflammation in the heart, which ultimately leads to damage to the heart valves.
2. Infective Endocarditis
This is an infection of the heart’s inner lining, which can affect the heart valves. Bacterial or fungal infections can lead to damage or scarring of the heart valves, impairing their ability to open and close properly.
3. Heart Attack
A heart attack can damage the heart muscle and the valves, especially when the blood supply to the heart is compromised. The resulting scar tissue can prevent the valve from functioning normally.
Other minor factors contributing to heart valve diseases are as follows:
- High blood pressure
- Degeneration or calcium deposition that leads to loss of function over time
- Aortic aneurism, or swelling that stretches the valve flaps
Symptoms of Heart Valve Diseases
It’s important to note that symptoms of heart valve disease may develop gradually, and, in some cases, individuals may not experience any symptoms at all. Depending on the type and severity of the condition, the symptoms may vary. Some common symptoms are:
- Shortness of breath, particularly during any physical activity or when lying flat
- Irregular heartbeats or a feeling of fluttering in the heart
- Feeling unusually fatigued or tired, even with minimal physical exertion
- Edema or swelling, particularly in the ankles, feet, legs, or abdomen
- Sudden gain in weight can be a sign of fluid retention due to heart valve disease.
Treatment of Heart Valve Disease
Effective treatment for heart valve diseases is essential to improve the overall condition of the heart. The choice of treatment depends on the type, location, and severity of the valve condition, as well as the patient’s overall health. Here are some key treatment options:
In mild cases, medications are prescribed to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the condition. Common medications are given to reduce fluid buildup, prevent blood clots, and control blood pressure and heart rate.
2. Surgical Repairing
Where the disease is severe and is affecting the patient’s life significantly, surgical repair or replacement is suggested, depending on the extent of the damage and the place of damage.
- Heart Valve Repair
This procedure includes repairing holes, separating affected parts, repositioning leaflets, or removing excess tissue.
- Heart Valve Replacement
It means replacing an existing valve with either a mechanical or a tissue-based valve. Mechanical valves need blood thinners to prevent clots from forming for life. On the other hand, for tissue-based valves, it may start showing degeneration in next 15-20 years.
3. Follow-Up Care
After valve repair or replacement, patients should be under ongoing follow-up care to monitor their heart health, including regular echocardiograms and assessments to ensure the valves are functioning optimally.
4. Lifestyle Modifications
Patients with a history of heart valve disease are often advised to make lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a heart-healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and avoiding smoking. These changes can help improve overall cardiovascular health.
It’s crucial for individuals with heart valve diseases to work closely with their doctors and heart specialists to develop a personalized treatment plan that aligns with their needs and goals. By making appropriate lifestyle changes, patients can manage their condition and enjoy a better quality of life. If you suspect you have heart valve disease or are experiencing symptoms, seek medical guidance promptly to determine the most suitable treatment path.
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<urn:uuid:d1fce744-50b4-4843-8aaf-b54f1c46f49a>
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Short pest overview:
The black and white Citrus longhorn beetle, Anoplophora chinensis, is native to Eastern Asia. It is polyphagous feeding on over 100 hosts in at least 30 plant families, both broad leaved and coniferous. It seriously damages Citrus trees and harms apple, pear and other fruit and nut trees, also forestry plantations and woody ornamentals.
The native range of the Asian longhorned beetle is Eastern Asia, primarily in Eastern China and Korea. But it is invasive outside its native range. Its populations were discovered in North America, Europe.
Adult specimens can be found between April and December, but the most active period for adult activity is late June to early July, and oviposition most often occurs in early summer. About 45-62 eggs are laid one by one by females. The life cycle can last up to 1-2 years. Eggs, larvae or as pupae can overwinter within the tree. Larvae first create a feeding gallery in the cambial region, but more mature larvae tunnel to the heartwood as they feed.
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<urn:uuid:479f5ba1-c68b-4ada-8474-3cbd0ee43f5d>
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Radiation therapy is a local treatment option for many types of cancer. It plays a crucial role in the treatment of over 50% of human cancer patients. We are extremely fortunate to be able to provide this high level of care to our patients at VCA SouthPaws Veterinary Specialists & Emergency Center.
For our purposes, the term radiation simply implies the transmission of packets or photons of energy through the air and into the body, much like x-rays. These photons cannot be seen or felt, nor are they radioactive. The photons pass through the body causing damage to the genetic material inside the cells being treated. This damage can lead to cell death within hours to weeks after the treatment is given.
Radiation therapy is administered in multiple treatments known as fractions. Each treatment is a 'fraction' of the total dose prescribed for a particular patient. Fractionation reduces the severity of side effects to normal cells, enhances the killing effect on cancer cells, and allows a higher total dose to be given. The dose prescription and fractionation protocol are not arbitrary. They are based on sound radiobiological principles and must be strictly adhered to in order to achieve the goals of therapy. This includes making sure your pet does not miss any treatments and completes the scheduled number of fractions.
Specifically the number of fractions will vary from 1 to 25 depending on the cancer, area being treated and treatment related goals. For each fraction patients will need to be placed under general anesthesia as they must remain motionless for correct tumor targeting. However the duration of anesthesia is only several minutes and because the act of radiation is painless, long acting pain medication is not required.
Radiation treatment protocols can be divided into two broad categories, definitive and palliative. The goal of definitive radiation is to deliver as much radiation as safely possible to achieve a maximum tumor cell kill. Palliative radiation, on the other hand is a much more conservative approach to radiation therapy where the goal is not necessarily to kill tumors cells but rather improve a pets quality of life. Depending on the location of the tumor and treatment goals, side effects from radiation therapy can occur. In general they are limited to the area that is being treated and range from very minimal to severe. Your veterinarian can treat your pet for side effects that may occur.
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<urn:uuid:03622032-0fb2-48ba-8e97-bc7fee9e393d>
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Patients have a right to have their data stored in a way that protects it from investigation by anyone without the patients’ permission.
There is a vast amount of possibly very useful data stored on our personal devices, phones, Fitbit type devices and personal health monitors such as those used by diabetics to record their blood sugar readings.
There is a need for all those involved with healthcare be they healthcare professionals, pharmaceutical companies, NHS, private medicine or those involved in academic health research to be able to access relevant, current and comprehensive data.
This is an ongoing issue that has had numerous attempts to solve but none have proved successful. The CDIP (Civic Data Identity Partnership) project is trying to address this using a technique known as “Blockchain Technology”.
What is Blockchain Technology? Blockchain Technology refers to a system of data storage that can be likened to a database however there are fundamental differences. One of the most important aspects of Blockchain Technology is the security of the data in terms of the data being modified or altered. Each block in a blockchain can be thought of as a piece of data. This data is linked to the previous and next chain via labels. In order to change the data all links in the chain will need to be changed. Blockchain Technology allows the cryptocurrency “Bitcoin” to work.
If we accept that Blockchain Technology is secure in terms of not being alterable, what about in terms of it being accessed? This is the aspect of the equation that is most difficult to solve, and where CDIP hopes to make a difference. The aim of the project is to give the owners of the data, the patients, control over who sees what information is available about them.
If the access to the wealth of data stored in the multitude of diverse places can be made available there will be significant benefits. The first and most obvious is that any treatment you receive will happen with the supplier of the treatment having as complete a knowledge as possible of your medical history.
The analysis of this data can be used to identify issues and trends in health data that can improve the delivery of health systems in all areas. The use of the data for research, with permission or anonymised, will allow researchers a fuller understanding of the problems they are trying to solve.
From a personal perspective before I would consent to my data being accessed I would need assurances that the data was not being used to allow companies to profit without making significant payments for the privilege. I would like to note that I am not seeking payment for the owner of the data in terms of a patient but in terms of society in general, for example nay benefits derived from the use of this data could be shared with those who may benefit with little or no cost to the patient. I would need to know that I can choose who does and does not have access, and the level of access they have, to my data. There would need to be serious repercussions if companies or organisations breached the strict rules required.
The use of new technologies can be a frightening thing for many of us. We have little understanding of many of the apps and devices we use every day. There are laws to protect us but they are circumvented regularly sometimes by crooks and thieves but sometimes by so called respectable companies. Any app used to allow the sharing of my health data would need to have comprehensive security built in to it and be easy for an absolute novice to use, if this is not the case then people will avoid it.
In the first instance it would require patients (data owners) to actively engage in the data sharing process. In order for this to occur there needs to be some form of incentive. The obvious starting point for this is better healthcare for the patient. The next incentive can be the benefits that may be accrued by the relatives and/or descendants of the patient. There are those who are willing to support new initiatives through altruistic intentions and finally there are incentives in the form of prizes, vouchers or cash. Care needs to be taken when using the later of these incentives, people are not always honest when there is money at stake.
There is no doubt that this data needs to be shared. There have been numerous attempts over the years to do this but none have succeeded. I am sure that eventually it will be commonplace but I am not sure that it will happen any time soon.
Finally the group I was involved with for a discussion about this topic was quite diverse. The people involved were a good cross section of male, female young and old. Most of us agree that the idea is a good one.
Disclaimer: The views, information, or opinions expressed within the participant’s reflections blog series are solely those of the individuals involved. Views do not necessarily represent those of the University of Manchester, Lancaster University or any other individuals associated with the CDIP project.
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<urn:uuid:b5621721-d267-4dda-8fb3-12a9a13be992>
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The diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) has progressed over the past decade. Options for immune and disease modifying therapy gives people who are living with MS more positive outcomes and opportunities.
Many people have the misconception at diagnosis that the disease will disable them or create a need for a high-level of assisted care. That really should not happen in this day and age, as long as it is treated early and aggressive,” said Dr. Paula Aston, Marshfield Clinic Health System neurologist.
Early action improves long-term outcomes
Without early treatment, the biggest problem is physical limitations. People experience limb weakness, difficulty walking, trouble swallowing and problems with fatigue and memory disturbance.
Treatment focuses on preventative measures instead of reversing symptoms. “If a patient has leg weakness, starting medications won’t make that better, but it prevents new inflammatory damage and prevents new deficits,” Aston said.
People suffering with MS should aim to decrease inflammation with lifestyle modifications. This includes no longer smoking, as evidence shows it causes inflammation spikes. Other ways to limit inflammation include eating a diet with whole foods, decreasing processed, high-sugar foods. Patients should also make exercise, high-intensity where possible, a regular part of their lifestyle.
Team approach to care
You’ll work with a wide-range of health care professionals as you seek care for MS. A neurological specialist will lead your care, recommending proper medications as well as a registered nurse and medical assistant who help answer questions and coordinate care. This team can also advocate with insurances so patients can overcome any financial challenges that might stand in their way obtaining their medication. “We don’t want people avoiding treatment because they can’t afford it,” Aston said. “There are resources through grants and co-pay programs to help get patients the prescribed treatments.”
MS patients often receive referrals to physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy, depending on their needs. These areas will work with people one on one addressing areas of weakness to help prevent further decline. They also are key to helping people maintain their daily routine and quality of life.
Aston also recommends patients reach out for mental health support. “Counseling can be important for any person living with chronic disease,” Aston said. “It’s important to have a sounding board and someone with who you can talk through your fears.”
If you have questions about living with MS request an appointment with a neurologist.
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Moon fly-by to soar by 2007
China inaugurated its lunar exploration programme on Wednesday by announcing its plans to send a satellite on a moon "fly-by" within three years.
A leading team with the programme held its first meeting in Beijing on Wednesday to lay out the moon probe's scientific mission and its development schedule, Zhang Tao, an official with the Commission of Science Technology and Industry for National Defence, confirmed Thursday.
Details of the meeting were not immediately available.
But the China National Space Administration said in a statement that the lunar mission is another of China's key sci-tech projects in the wake of the country's massive manned space mission.
Sun Laiyan, deputy director of the space agency, said the moon-fly by satellite will travel to the lunar planet by 2007. It will obtain three-dimensional images of the lunar surface and study its composition.
Ouyang Ziyuan, chief scientist of the lunar exploration project, said Chinese technicians and experts are developing China's first lunar exploration craft, which, weighing around two tons, is projected to orbit the moon for at least 12 months.
The lunar orbiter was named "Chang'e-I,'' an apparent reference to an ancient Chinese legend about the fairy Chang'e who flies to the moon.
In fact, the lunar fly-by mission is just part of a three-phase moon exploration scheme, according to Sun.
After sending a satellite into lunar orbit, China will launch an unmanned vehicle on the Moon by 2010, and scoop up lunar soil and rock samples for return to Earth in around 2020.
Sun described the fly-by satellite project as an important step toward China's exploration of deeper space, and the Moon will provide a good platform from which to explore outward at longer distances.
China will use its Long March III A launch vehicle to launch the satellite, Sun said.
In a related development, Wang Yongzhi, chief designer of China's manned space programme, said last week China plans to send two astronauts up on a five-to-seven-day mission in 2005. It will later build a space station.
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<urn:uuid:ac33dc28-629f-4787-9c43-22f9f107de76>
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What Is the Range of Short Data Type?
When working with programming languages, it is important to understand the different data types and their respective ranges. In this article, we will dive into the short data type and explore its range.
Introduction to the Short Data Type
The short data type is a commonly used integer data type in programming. It is typically used when memory optimization is a concern or when a smaller range of values is sufficient for the task at hand.
In most programming languages, a short integer typically occupies 2 bytes (16 bits) of memory. This means that it can store values ranging from -32,768 to 32,767.
The Range of the Short Data Type
The range of the short data type can be divided into two parts:
- Positive Range: The positive range of the short data type starts from 0 and goes up to 32,767. This allows for a total of 32,768 possible values.
- Negative Range: The negative range starts from -1 and goes down to -32,768. Just like the positive range, it also allows for a total of 32,768 possible values.
Using the Short Data Type
To declare a variable as a short data type in most programming languages, you can use the keyword “short” followed by the variable name. Here’s an example in C++:
You can then assign values within the valid range to this variable:
myNumber = 15000;
It’s important to note that if you try to assign a value outside the valid range, it may result in unexpected behavior or errors. Be mindful of the range and ensure that the values you assign are within the acceptable limits.
The short data type is a useful integer data type that allows us to store values within a smaller range. By understanding its range and limitations, we can use it effectively in our programming projects. Remember to always double-check the valid range and avoid assigning values outside of it.
Now that you have a good understanding of the range of the short data type, you can confidently utilize it in your programming endeavors!
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<urn:uuid:47d7f018-686b-4a84-94d8-019adfdced90>
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Northern Ontario Plant Database
Fragaria vesca L.
En: woodland strawberry
Rosaceae (Rose Family)
General: A perennial forb, scapose, to 15 cm tall, spreading by long slender stolons that arise from a thick rhizome. The long petioles and scape are pubescent.
Leaves: Basal, trifoliate, long-petioled, with a pair of stipules, to about 2 cm long, partially fused to the base of the petiole. Blade rather thin-textured (membranaceous); leaflets obovate, with cuneate bases, blunt apices, and coarsely serrate margins; leaflet stalks (petiolules) are absent. The terminal tooth of each leaflet is characteristically longer than the adjacent teeth.
Flowers: Bisexual; flowers solitary or up to 9 arranged in a raceme that usually extends above the leaves. Flowers 1–1.5 cm across. Calyx 5-lobed, subtended by another whorl of bracts, the epicalyx, and fused to the base of the receptacle, forming a hypanthium. Calyx lobes green, spreading or reflexed in fruit; petals white, 5, orbicular, about 1 cm long; stamens numerous; pistils numerous, not fused together (apocarpous), attached to the concave surface of the receptacle, which enlarges in fruit. Flowering from May to August.
Fruit: The swollen red receptacle, a type of accessory fruit called a pseudocarp, bears many minute achenes, 1–1.3 mm long, scattered over its surface. The juicy, edible pseudocarp is a fruitlike structure composed of tissue derived from some portion of the flower other than the ovary wall – the receptacle in this case. The achenes, commonly mistaken for seeds, are the true fruits of the strawberry. Mature woodland strawberry fruits (pseudocarps) grow to 1 cm in diameter and are narrowly ovoid to conical.
Habitat and Range: Rocky woods, openings, lakeshores, streambanks, and meadows. Fragaria vesca var. vesca is native to Europe and introduced in North America; var. americana is native to eastern North America.
Similar Species: The wild strawberry (F. virginiana) is more commonly encountered in northern Ontairo; it can be distinguished from the woodland strawberry, Fragaria vesca, by the morphology of its leaves and fruit. In F. vesca, the terminal tooth of the central leaflet extends beyond the two adjacent teeth and the achenes sit on the surface of the fleshy receptacle, while in F. virginiana the terminal tooth is shorter than the two adjacent teeth and the achenes are slightly imbedded in shallow pits on the fleshy receptacle.
Internet Images: The Fragaria vesca page from Skye Flora.
The Fragaria vesca page from virtuellan floran, a Swedish website, with text only in Swedish, but with excellent clickable thumbnails and links to Hulten & Fries' circumboreal maps! These can be accessed through the 'Norra halvklotet' button. Note in particular the reflexed calyx of the fruits.
– written by Derek Goertz and Susan J. Meades
Back to species list
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<urn:uuid:0171aa4f-1944-42b2-aae7-427c6cd45334>
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Alfalfa, scientifically known as Medicago sativa, is a perennial herb native to warmer temperate climates and has been cultivated for centuries across Asia and the Middle East. Often referred to as the "father of all foods" by ancient Chinese and Persian civilizations, alfalfa has a long-standing history as a nutrient-rich feed for livestock and a traditional medicinal plant for humans. One of alfalfa's notable properties is its deep root system, which allows it to absorb a vast range of nutrients from the soil. Nutritionally, alfalfa is packed with essential vitamins and minerals, amino acids, and is particularly rich in chlorophyll. Health-wise, alfalfa sprouts and leaves have been consumed to aid digestion, reduce cholesterol, and even as a diuretic. Its antioxidant properties can help neutralize free radicals in the body, promoting overall health. For the skin, alfalfa is believed to be revitalizing due to its rich nutrient content. It can offer skin-soothing effects, combat signs of aging, and its detoxifying properties can aid in imparting a clearer complexion. As a result, alfalfa extracts are sometimes incorporated into skincare formulations for their rejuvenating benefits.
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<urn:uuid:4b8d2aaf-83ac-4de6-ab2b-1b5f3ee2f0ac>
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By CPN Behavioral Health Department
Citizen Potawatomi Nation Health Services
We’re virtually here to help!
Grief and loss. Grief can look pretty different than the ideas of experiencing sadness at loss have in the past; but then again, they can look just the same. By now, most of us have heard about the five “stages” of grief that include denial, anger, bargaining, despair and acceptance. Since the theory first rose to prominence, we have learned over the years that these stages are fluid and do not have to take place in the order listed. In fact, not only can they be experienced in different orders, but also they can be experienced more than once. We have never had a set timeline for any of these stages.
Today, with the impacts of COVID-19, we are probably experiencing grief and loss more remotely (figuratively and physically). We can experience grief over the loss of family and friends who have succumbed to the virus, and we also experience grief over the loss of family and friends due to our physical separation from them. Some experience loss of freedom in the way we have enjoyed it in the past; some have experienced the loss of employment and income. Whatever the loss, we are going through this in a way that is different than we have before. This makes it important to try and understand what we are experiencing so we have a better idea of what to do.
Right now, people are experiencing the five stages as it applies to the pandemic in a number of ways:
Denial – This isn’t real; this isn’t happening. I won’t get sick. I’m not in a risk category, so I should act like there’s nothing happening.
Anger – This is (insert name of person, country, people)’s fault! If people wouldn’t (insert any number of reasons) this wouldn’t happen!
Bargaining – This is going to be over really soon, so it’s no big deal if I go to the store more often; we can hang out as long as we wash our hands and cover our coughs.
Despair – This is never going to end; life has to be in a bubble from now on. I’m going to lose everything because I can’t work.
Acceptance – This is not something I can control. I need to listen to the experts and take every precaution. I know that will change my life, but it doesn’t mean I have to stop living.
If you start to feel this way, remember that while we are all going through something as individuals, we are still all going through this — individually, together. Just because your family, friends, neighbors, co-workers and anyone else is going through this in an way that looks different than you doesn’t automatically mean you are dealing with this the wrong way. Also, try to remember, these experiences aren’t so much stages as they are cycles. We can experience these stages in any number of combinations. And don’t be afraid to take a look at where you are with these stages and ask yourself if you could use some help. Talk with a friend or family member, talk with a spiritual leader, or talk with an expert in this area.
Of course, you can always check with the Center for Disease Control and Prevention at cdc.gov with questions and helpful information during this time. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline is also available at 1-800-273-TALK(8255) or text CONNECT to 741741, or online at suicidepreventionlifeline.org.
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<urn:uuid:a3513e19-cdb4-4f98-a577-8c76d1160d8e>
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What is Convergence Education?
Convergence education is a transdisciplinary approach to STEM education
Addressing Societal Issues
Uses real-world problems (like climate change) and challenges ALL students to learn by developing innovative solutions using their skills and knowledge across multiple disciplines.
Invention Education is an example of Convergence Education in action.
Convergence Applied to the Real World
ICW Affiliates provide educators a turnkey convergence education curriculum to develop the next generation of problem solvers across disciplines.
Next Generation STEM Education
Federal STEM Education Strategic Plan
The White House National Science and Technology Council has identified Convergence Education as one of the four pathways to achieving the visions of the 2018 Federal STEM Education Strategic Plan. The council states: “Invention Education has demonstrated increased student engagement in STEM while contributing to the development of characteristics, skills, and mindsets needed for student pathways to innovation and entrepreneurship.”
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<urn:uuid:bc2befc3-7d70-4794-a32f-b3f5e91e7718>
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Expressions of Power through Naval Might and Natural Knowledge in Dutch Map-making
After Portuguese and Spanish explorations opened the world to other European powers, several states established colonial empires that remained powerful for centuries. The Dutch, with their widespread shipping and trading endeavors, created a corporate colonial empire through the Dutch East and West India Companies. By the middle of the seventeenth century, only the English were rivals to the Dutch in controlling the seas. In the midst of this naval expansion, the Dutch espoused a tradition of cartography to guide them in their capitalistic ventures around the world. These maps were one way through which the Dutch could exert their authority and prestige, as they became marketable throughout all of Europe.
Many Renaissance owners of cabinets of curiosities would express knowledge of the known world by owning and collecting maps such as these. Jan Brueghel the Elder painted The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector’s Cabinet (Flemish, 1621-1623) which is on display in the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore. This painting illustrates both a map and a globe resting prominently on a table in the front of the room. People could view a representation of the world in maps, both literally and figuratively, and they thus mimicked the goal of numerous cabinets in serving as a microcosm of the cosmos, or a teatro mundi. For a collector, a map was essentially a “reduction that represents the ultimate in scaling down.” Just as collectors sought to gain and propagate knowledge through accumulating rare and exotic animals, plants, and other objects from the far corners of the world, maps served to assert this knowledge in a cartographic form.
The Gettysburg Cabinet features three Dutch maps from the Republic’s time as a naval world power. Due to the high demand for Dutch maps throughout Europe, mapmakers such as Willem Blaeu (Dutch, 1571-1638) often included subtle features that symbolically represented Dutch power and prestige. Blaeu’s Asia noviter delineata, or general map of Asia, illustrates this symbolic Dutch clout on two levels. Blaeu depicts five Dutch ships roaming both the Indian and Pacific oceans, illustrating the widespread naval presence of their overseas Empire in the East. In addition to the five ships, there is also a depiction of the Greek god Triton in the Indian Ocean, reflecting the Renaissance drive to reinvigorate the Classical world in works of art. Triton, who is shown as a merman blowing his conch shell, is known as the messenger of the sea. In Greek mythology, he would blow his conch shell to either raise or calm the waves, creating a sound so alarming that all the surrounding giants and sea creatures would flee in terror. By adding Triton to the array of Dutch ships sailing the Eastern waters, Blaeu likens the Dutch East India Company to this Greek god, warning enemy ships to beware of the ever-increasing Dutch presence in these waters.
Although this version of Blaeu’s map is dated 1643-1650, it was originally issued individually in 1617. The figure on the left is from this 1617 version. The two different copies of this map promote different messages. In the original copy from 1617, the two ships, with different colored flags, are enemies and are depicted in battle. Two balls of fire are illustrated between the ships, emphasizing this conflict. In the later version (figure on the right) the two ships are flying the same color flag and the cannon fire between the ships has been eliminated. This subtle but significant alteration by the artist presents a clear message: the Dutch have created a strong naval presence in the Far East. This change fits within the greater context of the Republic’s triumphant conclusion of the Eighty Years’ War against Spain in 1648.
Alongside the message of a naval supremacy, there is also a subtler message of natural and geographic knowledge that asserts Dutch authority in the Far East. Three naturalistically illustrated animals—an elephant, a camel, and a lion—are strategically placed in areas formerly considered to be the inaccessible, far-reaching lands that “haunted human imagination,” with their races of marvelous and monstrous creatures. By treating each of these three animals with naturalistic detail, even on a small scale, Blaeu shows that the Dutch have acquired an acute awareness for the natural world in exotic and distant places. This pictorial paraphernalia echoes the similar trend in collectors’ cabinets in that they both illustrate an ultimate quest for knowledge through the natural world.
Despite Blaeu’s emphasis on naturalism in his depiction of a camel, he appropriates the wrong species of camel to the central steppes location on the map. The Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) is native to the central steppes region, but it has two humps. Blaeu would most likely have been more familiar with the single-humped dromedary, or Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius), which he incorrectly associates with the steppe region.
Although a fourth animal, depicted next to a ship in the northern Pacific Ocean, appears to be a mythical creature, it is most likely a dolphin. The Dutch would not likely have had much evidence of what a dolphin actually looked like. Inland Italians during the Renaissance did not catch or sell dolphins, and the ensuing depictions were consequently far-fetched. Blaeu’s aquatic creature, perhaps continuing the Renaissance tradition, has a rigid snout, sharp teeth, and bodily curvature. Thus, it is likely contemporary observers considered this depiction to be much more naturalistic than it seems to a modern observer.
This map is part of Gettysburg College’s Stuckenberg Map collection. John Stuckenberg, who devoted his life to “intellectual, ethical, and religious pursuits,” was an avid collector of maps throughout his lifetime. He donated his map and atlas collection to Gettysburg College upon his death in 1903, which included three seventeenth century atlases and over 500 other maps from the sixteenth to nineteenth century.
Information on three maps from the Stuckenberg Map Collection, Gettysburg College Special Collections:
Gett Digital – Map of Africa
Gett Digital – Map of Asia
Gett Digital – Map of Americas
Index of Maps from the Renaissance
Gerard Mercator and Atlases in the Renaissance
Albert Hyma, A History of the Dutch in the Far East (Ann Arbor: George Wahr Publishing Co, 1953), 65 Benjamin Schmidt, “Inventing Exoticism: The Project of Dutch Geography and the Marketing of the World, circa 1700,” in Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe, ed. Pamela H. Smith and Paula Findlen, (New York: Routledge, 2002), 362. This work by Jan Brueghel the Elder is on display at the WaltersArt Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. Patrick Mauriés, Cabinets of Curiosities (London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2002), 12. Hyginus, Poetical Astronomy, 2. 23. Rudolph Wittkower, “Marvels of the East: A Study in the History of Monsters,” in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5 (1942): 159. Lecture by Dr. Kay Etheridge, “Defining the Dolphin”, Gettysburg College, September 24, 2012. John H. W. Stuckenberg, Last Will and Testament, GettysburgCollege GettDigital Collections. http://www.gettysburg.edu/library/gettdigital/maps/stuckenberg_bio.htm
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Japanese Culture: What Is a Geisha?
If you want to hold a Japanese event, you have an extremely rich culture and history to draw inspiration from. We at JTB Meetings & Events by Communication Design (JCD) help you in deciding what aspects of Japanese culture to incorporate into your event. One example of this is geisha. Geisha are one of the world's greatest anomalies: uniquely Japanese, recognized worldwide, and greatly misunderstood. There are many misconceptions about geisha, what they represent, and what their purpose is as part of the entertainment industry. Seen as the Japanese version of a prostitute or courtesan, they are often misrepresented. Instead, they are extremely well-trained and high-class entertainers, and a dance performance by a geisha is truly a sight to behold, and could elevate your event in Japan to the next level. Take a look at the historical and cultural aspects of the geisha, who they are, why they are still a large part of Japanese culture, and how they could play a role at your next event in Japan.
What is a geisha?The word geisha translates as ‘entertainer,’ which is precisely what she is. A geisha is a woman trained to be the perfect Japanese hostess; highly educated to engage in polite yet interesting conversation, as well as skilled in traditional Japanese arts of dance, music, poetry, and sometimes calligraphy.
A geisha has traditionally been an important part of the entertainment industry, allowing for smooth interaction at events, and providing beautiful and intricate entertainment that is integral in Japanese culture.
How did the geisha come to be?Like in many cultures, times of leisure are often accompanied by forms of entertainment, especially dating back to ancient times before TV and Netflix. The establishment of the royal court in today’s Kyoto brought forth a need for skilled entertainers for the rich, allowing the rise of the geisha profession. Back in those days, the popular entertainment houses employed both geisha and courtesans (oiran), which may explain the misconception between these two.
The late 1700s and early 1800s was the peak of the geisha, with the rise of teahouses, bars, and ochaya, or geisha workhouses, where predominantly rich male patrons went for entertainment. The trained and educated geisha were hired to have conversation with patrons, serve tea, drinks or food, play games, tell jokes, recite poetry, dance, or play music. They could flirt with their guests while still in control of the atmosphere in the room.
However, after the second world war, a lot of things changed for Japan, and the many geisha were reduced to a much smaller number, and people then turned to other forms of entertainment. With a post-war era, fewer geisha, and fewer people seeking them out for entertainment, this meant higher fees to hire them. Geisha now charge by the hour at a much higher rate due to their scarcity.
What does a geisha look like?It is very difficult and time-consuming to become a geisha. The young girls that want to become geisha need to be accepted in an okiya (geisha home), become a maiko (geisha-in-training) and undergo at least five years’ training before they are ready to become a geisha.
The geisha wear traditional Japanese clothing - kimono - and have a very distinct hairstyle. The maiko usually wear elaborate kimonos and have the recognizable white makeup, the complex coiffure with various decorations. The established geisha are dressed in more subdued colors, with immaculate hairstyles and minimal makeup, as they prefer their skills to be what attracts the customers.
There are several hanamachi (geisha districts) still in business in Japan. Today geisha can be seen in the traditional ochaya, geisha teahouses, predominantly in the traditional district of Gion in Kyoto. Because of the many changes in Japanese culture, today geisha usually host and entertain at exclusive events or participate in traditional festivals.
A mysterious, independent womanThe geisha is superior in both elegance and education and is shrouded in mystery. In the old days, the life of a girl in Japan was very difficult, and one of the only ways a woman could gain her independence was to become a geisha, as this was, and still is, a culture governed exclusively by women. Even though things have changed a lot and women today are able to earn a living in many different ways, it is said that the geisha has remained a symbol of female empowerment and is highly regarded as a symbol of female liberation in Japan.
At JCD we provide the possibility of having Geisha perform a spellbinding and unforgettable stage show at your event in Japan. As can be seen at an award ceremony we managed in the past, Geisha can provide an unrivaled ambience and bring the true spirit of traditional Japanese culture into your event. Watching a Geisha perform is one of the ultimate high-class Japanese cultural experiences that will undoubtedly impress your guests. For more information and event inspiration, contact us here!
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Determining the scope of your paper to fit the length is important. Like a detective who wants to narrow a lead of a crime and suspect, you begin with a broad topic and continue to refine the topic to a specific aspect of a topic. A topic such as terrorism is too broad for a short paper.
Defining Your Research Question
When you are looking for factual information, it is important to know how to phrase your topic sentence. You might want to consider phrasing your topic as a question to ensure that you will answer the basic question of who, what, when, where, why, and how.
An example of a question can be:
Mapping the Topic
A helpful technique for narrowing a topic is to map out how you will refine your topic. Begin by putting terrorism at the top as your starting point and show your routes to subtopics.
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September 2, 2022
Edible microcarriers have brought researchers closer to cultivating meat in a lab that mimics the texture of biologically grown meat using a scalable process (Biomaterials. 2022:122169).
Proponents of lab-grown meat argue cultivated meat can help meet demands for food among a growing global population and wager such methods could improve the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Early methods of producing lab-cultivated meat, however, have been time intensive and difficult to scale, creating demand for innovative solutions that can meet mainstream demand.
One company, Netherlands-based Meatable, uses proprietary technology to create its cultivated pork sausage, which is expected to hit the market by 2025.
While plant-based meat alternatives have garnered widespread attention from consumers, retailers and restaurants alike, researchers contend plant-based options won’t replace meat at the kitchen table anytime soon. In fact, less-than-stellar adoption of plant-based alternatives has led restaurants like McDonald’s to pull plant-based options from the menu.
“The rapidly developing field of cultured meat—which addresses the challenge of growing muscle ex vivo by culturing precursor cells harvested from animals in a bioreactor—could provide a complementary method for meat production,” authors of the present study, published in Biomaterials, wrote.
Cells used to grow meat in a lab, however, aren’t attached to the extracellular matrix (ECM), which influences the form and structure of the muscle developed in biologically derived meat.
Traditionally, inedible microcarriers are used to make up for the work of the ECM in lab-grown meats. These inedible carriers, however, must be removed later in processing, adding more complexity to an already complex process—as well as one more hurdle in the race toward at-scale production of lab-grown options.
“One way to improve efficiency of cultured meat in a bioreactor would be to culture myoblasts [muscle tissue stem cells] on edible microcarriers with tunable physical properties to effectively drive their proliferation and differentiation into myotubes [skeletal muscle fibers],” the researchers hypothesized.
Using gelatin and a food-grade crosslinking enzyme, microbial transglutaminase (MTG), researchers developed edible microcarriers, as well as a scalable process to generate the edible microcarriers using water-in-oil emulsions.
They also developed an embossing technique to imprint aligned grooves into the edible microcarriers. The grooved microcarriers were compared against the spherical and smooth microcarriers.
Researchers found both grooved and smooth microcarriers were effective in supporting the production of the skeletal muscle fibers that form the basis of skeletal muscle tissue.
The researchers even formed the harvested tissue into a patty that was cooked in a frying pan with olive oil, which produced the surface texture and appearance of a traditional hamburger patty.
The final structure, however, “still does not approach the striking alignment of muscle fibers in skeletal muscle,” they wrote, meaning more work is needed to grow meat that mimics the texture and quality of biologically derived meat.
“While our initial observations show the promise of edible microcarriers to support a cookable cultured bovine meat product that exhibits browning, future studies will be needed to fully assess the sensory and nutritional properties of cultured meat produced with edible microcarriers,” researchers explained.
Rachel Adams joined Informa’s Health & Nutrition Network in 2013. Her career in the natural products industry started with a food and beverage focus before transitioning into her role as managing editor of Natural Products INSIDER, where she covered the dietary supplement industry. Adams left Informa Markets in 2019.
About the Author(s)
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Child Psychology | Community Health | Community Psychology | Developmental Psychology | Health Psychology | Marriage and Family Therapy and Counseling | Psychiatric and Mental Health | School Psychology | Social Psychology | Substance Abuse and Addiction
This study analyzes whether physical, emotional & neurological, family environment, or community-related factors display the strongest association with anxiety and depression among children ages 0-17 in the United States.
Using IBM SPSS v. 27, we conducted a univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis on data from the 2017 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) with a sample size of 21,599. Our independent variables included 30 questions from the NSCH which were compared to a mental health index score.
Our study shows that about 10.6% of children suffer from either anxiety, depression, or both, and the univariate model found that 19 out of the 30 variables tested displayed a strong association with anxiety and depression (OR > 1.00). In the multivariate model, the factors that displayed the strongest association with anxiety and depression were ACE 3 - parental divorce (OR 1.316 [1.125, 1.539]) and ACE 8 - living in the same household with someone who is mentally ill (OR 2.213 [1.820, 2.691]), which were both assigned to the family environment category.
These results indicates that the family environment is a major contributor towards childhood development, which emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to have access to the necessary diagnostic tools to identify underlying mental health issues in pediatric patients. These findings are significant in that pediatric healthcare providers could implement screening techniques and treatment options that address a patient’s family environment.
Richardson, Reagan A. and Holt, Nicole M.
"Identifying Associations Between the Family Environment and Anxiety and Depression Among Children Ages 0-17 in the United States,"
OUR Journal: ODU Undergraduate Research Journal: Vol. 10, Article 13.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/ourj/vol10/iss1/13
Child Psychology Commons, Community Health Commons, Community Psychology Commons, Developmental Psychology Commons, Health Psychology Commons, Marriage and Family Therapy and Counseling Commons, Psychiatric and Mental Health Commons, School Psychology Commons, Social Psychology Commons, Substance Abuse and Addiction Commons
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Animals stand out due to their ability to create the unlikeliest of friendships among species that are dissimilar in many aspects. We come across various incidents where animals decide to keep their various differences aside and create everlasting bonds with other species of animals. The beautiful moment we speak of today is of a cat and chipmunk who had a chance encounter in a yard and decided to be good friends.
On one fine day, a tiny little chipmunk went on an adventure. This adorable creature came across a yard and decided to further explore it. Then the chipmunk encountered a new friend, a fluffy cat who was about three times larger. The two animals soon became good pals. The fluffy kitten laid down on the ground to show the chipmunk that he was friendly and meant no harm.
After coming to realize that the kitten could be trusted, the chipmunk then jumped onto his back to snuggle for a bit. Even though the tiny creature was intimidated in the beginning, after a while the chipmunk adjusted well to his newfound friend and appeared to be comfortable in the presence of the kitten. The chipmunk understood that the kitten was merely looking for a friend.
The little chipmunk even jumped onto the kitten and moved around the comfy fur. The cat has found a friend in the chipmunk. This friendship might come as a surprise to you because cats are known to prey on chipmunks and are usually found hunting these tiny creatures. But the kitten in our story appears to possess a generous and friendly soul.
Instead of killing the poor chipmunk for its flesh, this kitten decided to be best friends with him. Isn’t that just heartwarming? The cat’s owner shared pictures of the two creatures interacting with one another and it is a sight for sore eyes. They appear to be having a great time and seem very much comfortable in each other’s presence. Well, we all hope that this beautiful friendship lasts forever.
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A new report on sustainable eating that claims to offer a diet that will provide ‘planetary’ as well as human health has sparked debate online and criticism from some food campaigners and NGOs.
The Eat-Lancet Commission’s report, which was compiled by 37 scientists and published in the medical journal The Lancet, said it is the first time a healthy and sustainable diet has been created through a scientific process.
According to the report, a planetary healthy diet for adults is symbolically represented by half a plate of fruits, vegetables and nuts. The other half consists of primarily whole grains, plant proteins (beans, lentils, pulses), unsaturated plant oils, modest amounts of meat and dairy, and some added sugars and starchy vegetables. The plate is flexible and can be adapted for dietary needs, preference and cultural influences, the report said.
“Transformation to healthy diets by 2050 will require substantial dietary shifts,” said Walter Willett of Harvard University and one of the lead commissioners of the report. “Global consumption of fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes will have to double, and consumption of foods such as red meat and sugar will have to be reduced by more than 50 per cent.
“A diet rich in plant-based foods and with fewer animal source foods confers both improved health and environmental benefits,” he added.
But campaigners and food organisations online have expressed concern over various aspects of the report, including the nutritional content of the diet, the health impact of reducing meat intake in developing countries, the lack of context around different agricultural systems, such as organic or grass-fed livestock, and the indirect link with big food companies through the Eat NGO and its partners.
Chief executive of the Sustainable Food Trust, Patrick Holden, said: “We welcome the fact that the report highlights the urgent need for fundamental change in farming systems and diets.
“However, it does little to inform the public about the path to a sustainable future and in some key respects will make things worse. A key weakness in the report is the failure to fully differentiate between livestock that are part of the problem and those that are an essential component of sustainable agricultural systems. This results in messages that are likely to add to existing confusion around what constitutes a healthy and sustainable diet.
In a blog for the European Food Agency (EFA), professor of food science, Frédéric Leroy, said: “Instead of undermining the foundations of our diets and the livelihoods of many, we should be tackling rather than ignoring the root causes, in particular hyperconsumerism. What we should avoid is losing ourselves in slogans, nutritional scientism, and distorted worldviews.”
Others have pointed to the value of the Eat-Lancet report in kickstarting the debate about the need for major changes in the food system.
Joanna Lewis, policy director at the Soil Association, said: “The Soil Association welcomes the major contribution the Eat-Lancet Commission has made to shattering the myth that agro-ecological farming cannot feed the world. This ground-breaking scientific report makes game changing recommendations defining the direction of travel towards a sustainable food and farming system to achieve healthy diets for all by 2050.”
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...hypersonic speeds this weekend during a technology demonstration test from the agency's Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island, Virginia. NASA has four consecutive days of launch opportunities for the agency's Inflatable Re-entry Vehicle Experiment (IRVE-3), starting July 21st, with the liftoff window from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. EDT each day.
The test is designed to demonstrate lightweight, yet strong, inflatable structures that could become practical tools for exploration of other worlds or as a way to return items safely to Earth from the International Space Station. During this technology demonstration test flight, NASA's IRVE-3 payload will try to re-enter Earth's atmosphere at hypersonic speeds—Mach 5, or 3,800 mph to 7,600 mph.
The IRVE-3 experiment will fly aboard a three-stage Black Brant XI launch vehicle for its suborbital flight. The payload and the heat shield, which looks like a large, uninflated cone of inner tubes, will be packed inside the rocket's 22-inch-diameter nose cone. About six minutes after launch, the rocket will climb to an altitude of about 280 miles over the Atlantic Ocean. At that point, the 680-pound IRVE-3 will separate from the rocket. An inflation system similar to air tanks used by scuba divers will pump nitrogen gas into the IRVE-3 aeroshell until it becomes almost 10 feet in diameter. Instruments on board, including pressure sensors and heat flux gauges, as well as cameras, will provide data to engineers on the ground of how well the inflated heat shield performs during the force and heat of entry into Earth's atmosphere. After its flight, IRVE-3 will fall into the Atlantic Ocean about 350 miles down range from Wallops. From launch to splash down, the flight is expected to take approximately 20 minutes.
"We originally came up with this concept because we'd like to be able to land more mass and access higher altitudes on Mars," said Neil Cheatwood, IRVE-3 principal investigator at NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. "To do so you need more drag. We're seeking to maximize the drag area of the entry system. We want to make it as big as we can. The limitation with current technology has been the launch vehicle diameter."
Cheatwood and a team of NASA engineers and technicians have spent the last three years addressing the technical challenges of materials withstanding the heat created by atmospheric entry and preparing for the IRVE-3 flight. The team has studied designs, assessed materials in laboratories and wind tunnels, and subjected hardware to thermal and pressure loads beyond what the inflatable spacecraft technology should face during flight. This test is a follow on to the successful IRVE-2, which showed an inflatable heat shield could survive intact after coming through Earth's atmosphere. IRVE-3 is the same size as IRVE-2, but has a heavier payload and will be subjected to a much higher reentry heat. IRVE-3 is part of the Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (HIAD) Project within the Game Changing Development Program, part of NASA's Space Technology Program. Langley developed and manages the IRVE-3 and HIAD projects.
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<urn:uuid:6dc71411-b186-48aa-864b-0574a464a516>
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What is Materials Management?
The core function of supply chain management is materials management. This involves the planning and execution of supply chains in order to meet the requirements of an organization or company. This includes controlling and regulating material flow while simultaneously assessing variables such as demand, price availability, quality, and delivery schedules.
Material managers plan the replenishment of stocks, determine inventory levels of each type of product (raw materials, work-in-progress, or finished goods), communicate information to the procurement operation and extended supply chain, and create the required amount of stock. Materials management involves assessing the quality of items to ensure they meet customer requirements, are in line with production schedules, and are cost-effective.
Material management systems encompass all activities related to items and are an essential business function that adds value to the finished product. Material management systems can include equipment and machinery needed in production, as well as spares.
Types of Material Management
Here are some examples of different types of materials management:
- Inventory management
Inventory Management is the management of a company’s inventory of Raw Materials, Semi-Finished Goods, and Finished Products. This includes determining the order points and ensuring the inventory is properly stored.
Inventory management is aimed at striking a balance between costs associated with holding too much stock and costs associated with running out of inventory.
- Purchasing Management
The purchasing management process involves the procurement of raw materials, supplies, and services needed for production. The process includes selecting suppliers, negotiating prices, preparing purchase orders, and managing supplier relationships.
The goal of purchasing management should be to purchase the items required at the lowest possible cost and highest quality, while also ensuring that they are delivered on time.
- Warehouse Management
The management of a warehouse involves managing the storage, handling, and movement of goods in a warehouse. Receiving, storing, and shipping materials are all part of warehouse execution. It also includes managing inventory levels, the location of the materials in the warehouse, and managing the physical movement of goods within a storage facility.
Warehouse management aims to maximize the use of available space while minimizing the costs of handling and storing materials.
- Materials Requirements Planning
Material requirements planning (MRP).is an inventory management software that is used to manage materials and plan production schedules.
MRP takes into account the lead time to order materials, production time, and inventory levels. MRP ensures that the materials needed for production are available in the right quantity and at the right time.
- Transportation Management
Transport management is the movement of material from one place to another. This includes selecting carriers, negotiating freight rates, preparing shipping documents, and managing delivery schedules. Transport management is concerned with ensuring that items are delivered at the lowest cost and on time.
Material Management Objectives
Here are five of the primary goals of material management.
- Material Right
Material management’s first goal is to make sure that the right materials are readily available for production. It involves identifying materials needed for production and making sure they meet the right specifications, quality, and quantity.
Companies can reduce the risk of production delays and increase customer satisfaction by ensuring the availability of the right materials.
- The Right Time
Material management’s second goal is to make sure that the correct items are available when needed. It involves controlling the flow of items in the warehouse and reducing lead time. It also improves the efficiency of the delivery process.
Material management’s third goal is to make sure that there are enough items available for production. It involves determining an optimal inventory level and implementing systems to manage item movement within the warehouse.
Companies can reduce the risk of stock shortages by ensuring the right amount of material is available. They can also lower the cost of handling and storage while increasing efficiency.
- Right Price
Material management’s fourth goal is to make sure that the items purchased are at the best price. Negotiating with suppliers for the best prices is part of the process. Cost-saving measures are also implemented, including reducing waste and lead times and improving delivery processes.
Material management’s fifth goal is to make sure that the items you use are from reliable sources. This involves identifying trustworthy suppliers, forming partnerships with them, and making sure that only approved suppliers are used to purchase materials.
Companies can minimize production delays and reduce defects by sourcing the right materials.
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Jammu, November 19
With the thorny bush of sea buckthorn, used in Ladakh for medicinal and other purposes, getting Geographical Indication (GI) tag recently, the administration has started making efforts to increase the production of the much sought-after berries. As per official records, at least 600 tonnes of sea buckthorn berries are harvested in Ladakh annually. This is the fourth product from Ladakh to get the tag. Sea buckthorn is mostly used in making juice, squash, soaps and also in traditional medicines due to high Vitamin-C content in it.
Farmers face major difficulty in harvesting the berries due to the thorn in the bushes on which they grow. A cloth is spread at the bottom of the bush and it is beaten with sticks so that berries fall on the cloth. However, most of the bushes can’t be reached for berries as they grow mostly in bunches and are not accessible due to high concentration of thorns. The berries grow in the wild in far-off areas, especially along the Indus river belt. The government has in the recent times taken initiatives by providing financial help to the farmers to grow berries on barren and uncultivable land in the UT.
Kunzang Wangmo, Horticulture Development Officer, Leh, who has keenly worked with farmers for increasing the harvest of the sea buckthorn, said it was included as a horticulture crop under the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) of the Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare in Ladakh in 2018. “Our main aim is to use the barren land in the region where nothing grows to cultivate the berries. This will bring the land under cultivation and also become a major source of income for the farmers. The GI tag will bring much needed attention on the crop from outside world,” said Wangmo.
The berries are harvested in September-October every year, Wangmo informed.
Interestingly, sea buckthorn is grown completely organically without the use of any pesticide or other chemicals in Ladakh. Wangmo said the sea buckthorn of Ladakh is in demand by private firms outside the UT. While the primary processing of the berries is done in Ladakh, the pulp is sent to these firms for value addition.
As per a study by the Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR) due to scarcity of resources, sea buckthorn has been used traditionally for a variety of purposes. “Every part of the plant, including fruit, leaf, twig, root and thorn, has been traditionally used as medicine, nutritional supplement, fuel and fence and therefore, sea buckthorn is popularly known as Wonder Plant, Ladakh Gold, Golden Bush or Gold Mine of cold deserts,” it states.
Traditionally, the dense and thorny shrub was planted around agricultural field and plantation sites to protect crops from stray animals and pedestrian movement.
Ladakh remains the major site for sea buckthorn with over 70% of the total area (13,000 hectares) on which it is present in the country.
Specialised machinery needed
- According to horticulture officials, if some specialised machinery is brought in, the production of berries from wild sea buckthorn can increase tremendously in the region.
- Despite having a vast forest area, the main berry harvest is less than 6 per cent, which is 600 tonnes of the available produce.
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Wildfires are rising larger, extra frequent and extra harmful because the local weather warms. But Individuals are nonetheless selecting emigrate into fire-prone areas throughout the nation, a new research finds.
It’s not utterly clear what’s motivating individuals to relocate into hazard zones. The pull of enormous cities with sturdy economies, dramatic landscapes and different pure facilities could also be a part of the draw. And the chance of getting caught in a blaze simply isn’t sufficient to discourage relocators.
That’s not all. The research additionally finds that folks additionally are inclined to migrate into giant cities with notably scorching summers, at the same time as temperatures are rising throughout the nation.
The findings recommend that U.S. migration patterns are “growing the variety of individuals in hurt’s method,” the researchers write.
The research, printed just lately within the journal Frontiers in Human Dynamics, appears to be like at human migration patterns throughout america. It examines the elements that inspire individuals to maneuver into sure areas—and the elements that put them off.
Analysis suggests quite a lot of elements could affect individuals who want to make a transfer. Socioeconomic variables, similar to inhabitants density and value of dwelling, are necessary. Pure facilities, together with close by forests and our bodies of water, additionally make a distinction.
Alternatively, pure hazards—similar to the potential for excessive climate and pure disasters—could be a deterrent.
The brand new research used U.S. census knowledge to compile migration statistics on the county degree between 2010 and 2020. The researchers additionally compiled knowledge on pure facilities, pure hazards and socioeconomic elements across the nation. They then used statistical fashions to investigate the information.
The findings affirm that individuals are interested in giant metropolitan areas with sturdy economies. On the similar time, individuals who transfer into extra rural areas are usually drawn towards pure options similar to our bodies of water and forested landscapes.
However the research additionally finds that whereas these sorts of facilities could pull individuals in, different dangers don’t all the time push them away.
All different elements equal, the researchers discovered, individuals tended emigrate away from sure pure hazards and towards others. Folks typically moved away from areas with frequent hurricanes and warmth waves. However they moved into areas with larger dangers of wildfires.
And though individuals moved away from areas vulnerable to warmth waves, they nonetheless tended to maneuver into locations with typically heat year-round climates—together with cities with particularly scorching summers.
The findings increase a pink flag about current migration patterns, the researchers recommend.
“Each wildfire and warmth are, initially harmful—they’ll have an effect on individuals’s well being and well-being and houses,” stated lead research creator Mahalia Clark, a graduate analysis fellow on the College of Vermont. “However they’re each hazards which can be purported to worsen with local weather change.”
The research has some necessary caveats. There are some necessary variables it didn’t account for, similar to the price of housing—an element that may have a serious affect on the place individuals select to relocate. In future analysis, delving into housing prices and the revenue ranges of migrating households could higher clarify why individuals are selecting to maneuver into harmful hearth zones, Clark instructed.
In some instances, it might be that folks merely aren’t nicely educated concerning the dangers, she added. The research means that individuals are shifting into wildfire-prone areas throughout the nation—not simply within the Western states, the place the hazards are well-known.
“I believe for wildfires specifically, individuals … have a tendency to think about it as one thing that impacts the West,” she stated. “However it actually may have an effect on giant areas of the South and components of the Midwest. So when individuals are shifting to a brand new space or shopping for a home, they is likely to be completely unaware that that is one thing they need to take into consideration.”
The findings recommend that policymakers ought to think about methods to raised shield residents from pure hazards, Clark stated.
On the similar time, she added, individuals ought to think about excessive climate and pure disasters when contemplating a transfer.
“I believe it’s a very good takeaway for individuals to do their analysis when shifting and taking a look at homes, and look into what’s the extent of wildfire danger right here, what’s the extent of warmth or storm danger,” she stated. “So I believe that’s one takeaway—for individuals to perhaps be extra conscious and look into these points for themselves.”
Reprinted from E&E Information with permission from POLITICO, LLC. Copyright 2022. E&E Information offers important information for vitality and surroundings professionals.
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This lively and satirical gouache is an example of singerie, a playful form of Rococo decoration featuring monkeys in costume playing human roles, fashionable in the reign of Louis XV. From the wicker basket he is using as a pulpit, a monkey dressed as a monk is preaching to a gaggle of turkeys in a clearing. The technique of this little picture and many stylistic parallels with other works by the artist confirm an attribution to Peyrotte. “Painter to the King and Designer of Furniture to the Crown,” Peyrotte was one of his principal ornamentalists and his favourites, executing amusing decors of chinoiseries and singeries for their apartments. For less wealthy connoisseurs, Peyrotte created these witty gouaches on the absurdities of his time. This bestialization contributed to the virulence of a growing anticlericalism during the Age of Enlightenment and among the freethinking philosophes.
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What are the Safety Protective Devices of the Crane?
crane safety protective devices
What are the Protective Devices of the Crane?
Crane safety protective devices refer to the device that prevents the crane from being damaged in an accident. In addition to the commonly used electrical protection devices, sound signals and color lights, there are a variety of other safety devices on the crane.
Overview of crane safety protection device
It is a safety protection device for the crane to prevent overload, also known as a weight limiter. Its safety function is to stop the lifting action when the lifting load of the crane exceeds the rated value, so as to avoid overload accidents, overload limiter is widely used in bridge cranes and lifts. Some boom cranes (such as tower cranes, gantry cranes) use overload limiter in combination with torque limiter. Overload limiter has mechanical and electronic types.
Mechanical: The impact rod is driven by lever, spring, CAM, etc., and the impact rod acts with the switch that controls the lifting action to cut off the power source of the lifting mechanism and control the suspension of the lifting mechanism.
Electronic: Composed of sensors, operational amplifiers, control actuators and load indicators, it integrates security functions such as display, control and alarm. When the crane is loaded, the sensor on the load member is deformed, the load weight is converted into an electrical signal, and the value of the load is indicated by the operation and amplification. When the load exceeds the rated load, the power source of the hoist is cut off, so that the lifting action of the lifting mechanism cannot be realized.
Moment limiter is a comprehensive safety protection device of boom crane.
Boom crane is characterized by the heavy moment of load state. The lifting moment is determined by the product of lifting weight and amplitude, and the amplitude is determined by the product of the cosine of the arm length and Angle of the crane boom. In this way, whether the crane is overloaded is actually limited by the lifting weight, arm length and Angle of the boom, and at the same time, multiple parameters such as working conditions should also be considered, which is more complicated to control.
The moment limiter controlled by microcomputer which is widely used at present can synthesize various situations and solve this problem well. The moment limiter is composed of load detector, arm length detector, Angle detector, working condition selector and microcomputer. When the crane enters the working state, the detection signal of the actual working state parameters is input into the computer, after calculation, amplification, processing, and compared with the rated lifting torque value stored in advance, and the corresponding actual value is displayed on the display at the same time. When the actual value reaches 90% of the rated value, it will send an early warning signal, when the actual value exceeds the rated load, it will send an alarm signal, and the crane will stop in the dangerous direction (lifting, extending, lowering, turning).
It is a safety device configured at the end of the metal structure of the rail running crane, which has the safety function of absorbing the kinetic energy of the running mechanism and mitigating the impact. The main indicators of the safety check of the buffer are whether the installation is firm and reliable, whether the components are intact and the ability to absorb kinetic energy.
The working principle of the buffer is that if the large car (or small car) of a single crane accidentally rushes to the end of the track stroke, the buffer can interact with the end stop of the track at a uniform horizontal height; If two cranes on the same span of track collide, the buffer located on the opposite side of the metal structure of the two cranes will act. Through its own deformation, the buffer quickly converts the collision kinetic energy into elastic potential energy absorption, thereby reducing the impact of the collision force and avoiding damage to the crane. Common rubber buffer, spring buffer and hydraulic buffer.
Rubber buffer: The elastic deformation of rubber during collision is used to achieve cushioning. Due to the low energy absorption, it is generally used in cranes with low speed.
Spring buffer: most of the impact kinetic energy can be quickly converted into the compressive potential energy of the spring, suitable for the crane with moderate speed, the most widely used. The advantage is that the structure is simple, and it still has a greater impact on the crane. However, now through technical means of transformation, its performance has been greatly improved.
Hydraulic buffer: Through the cylinder piston to squeeze the oil work to consume the kinetic energy of the impact, suitable for moving faster cranes. The advantage is that it can absorb greater impact kinetic energy and has no rebound effect; The disadvantage is that the structure is complex, and the impact of ambient temperature on the performance of the oil is great, and the function of the buffer will also be affected.
Glory Rail can supply the crane stops and buffers.
We can produce the crane stop according to the customer’s drawings; if you does not have the design scheme, it can be designed for the customer according to customer’s project situation.
Anti-wind and anti-slip safety device
This is a safety device to prevent the crane working in the open air from sliding along the track under the action of strong winds, and the track crane working outdoors should be installed. Its safety function is that when the crane encounters the maximum wind force in the non-working state, the crane is not blown, preventing the crane from overturning at the end of the track. Common windproof devices include rail clamps, anchoring devices and iron shoes.
Rail clamp: It is widely used in all kinds of open-air rail crane, its working principle is to use the clamp to clamp the two sides of the track head, and fix the crane on the track through the clamping friction of the combined surface, so that the crane can not slip. The design requirements of the rail clamp are that the clamping force of the rail clamp must be greater than the sliding force of the crane to ensure that the crane remains motionless under the action of the local maximum wind; The closure of the clamp should rely on the weight of the device component or the action of the spring, and should not only rely on the driving effect of the power drive device, so as to prevent the clamp from working when the power supply is interrupted; The power-driven clamping rail action should lag behind the action of the operating mechanism brake to eliminate the violent vibration that may occur when the crane is braking.
Anchoring device: It connects the crane with the track foundation by means of a latch or plunger device, a chain or a jacking rod, and is used to fix the crane during a large storm in non-working state. Since the anchoring device can only be located in a specific position of the track, the crane must run to the position to anchor, it is not suitable for immediate wind protection in emergency situations.
Iron shoe: It is a wedge device, used to insert the wedge tongue tip between the wheel tread and the top surface of the track, the slope of the iron shoe constitutes a resistance to the wheel sliding.
Limit position limiter
Also known as the travel limiter, its safety function is to ensure that the working mechanism in motion, when close to the limit position, automatically cut off the forward power source and stop the movement to prevent the travel offside.
The limit position limiter is composed of two interacting parts, one is a contact (bumping block or safety ruler), which is installed on the moving part of the working mechanism; One is the travel limit switch, which is the main command electrical device that controls the movement direction or travel distance of the working mechanism, which is fixed on the track or the metal structure of the crane in the limit position, and is strung in the control line of the working mechanism. When the movement in a certain direction is close to the limit position, the contact contacts the travel limit switch, cuts off the control circuit in the direction of the movement, stops the operation of the direction, and connects the circuit in the opposite direction, so that the operating mechanism can only run in the safe direction. The crane limit position limiter is:
Lifting limit position limiter: the lifting mechanism and amplitude shifter of all types of cranes should be equipped with at least one set of lifting limit position limiter. Lifting of liquid metal and other dangerous goods crane lifting mechanism must be installed two sets, the two sets of limiter switch action should be successively, and should try to use different structural types and control different breaking devices.
Limit position limiter: Its safety function should ensure that when the spreader drops to the lower limit position, the power source of the fall is automatically cut off to ensure that the winding of the wire rope on the drum is not less than the number of safety circles specified in the design. The lifting mechanism of the tower or gantry crane, the lifting mechanism of the port gantry crane and other mechanisms with lower limit requirements should be equipped with a lowering limit switch. Whether the lifting mechanism of other cranes is equipped with a descending limit position limiter is not a mandatory requirement.
Operation limit position limiter: the trolley (or trolley) operating mechanism of the rail crane must be set near the track end of the travel limit switch, which is generally used by the limit switch and the safety ruler of the trigger switch.
Also known as the interlock switch or the door switch, its safety function is to link the state of the interlock switch with the movement of a working mechanism of the crane, in the switch on state, the corresponding restricted working mechanism can not start, only in the switch off state, the movement of the interlocked working mechanism can be executed; When the mechanism is moving, if the corresponding hatch door switch is opened, the stop command is given. Interlock protection can prevent a mechanism of the crane from operating under specific conditions. The parts that need to be protected by interlocking and the working mechanisms that are restricted are as follows:
Between the door of the driver’s cab of the crane and the operation mechanism of the truck;
Between the hatch door or channel railing door of the main beam of the bridge mounted by the driver’s cab and the running mechanism of the car;
When the driver’s cab is located in the moving part, between the door of the passageway entering the driver’s cab and the running mechanism of the car;
In this way, it can prevent when someone is stepping into and out of the crane from the building, or when someone is doing equipment maintenance on the crane main beam, because the driver does not know and operates the crane, making the mechanism run and hurt.
The three working mechanisms of the bridge crane, such as lifting, truck running and car running, are controlled by the three operating devices respectively, and must be set up zero protection. Its protective effect is that as long as the controller of one mechanism is not in zero position, all mechanisms can not start; The motor of the working mechanism is only possible to start when the controller of the mechanism is placed in the zero position first. The zero position protection is used to prevent the accidental injury caused by the sudden operation of one or several institutions when the crane starts to operate or the power is restored after the loss of power.
All cranes must be equipped with an emergency switch or device that can quickly disconnect the main power supply in case of emergency, and located in a convenient place for the driver to operate.
Interlock protection, travel limit, zero protection, emergency switch, etc., often play a role in the control circuit of the crane, as long as there is a device in an abnormal state, the crane can not start or stop running in the direction of danger.
Deviation adjustment and display device
For gantry crane and loading bridge with long span, the device can indicate the deviation and adjust the deviation when the two legs of the gantry crane are tilted due to the forward speed is not synchronized.
It is installed on a crane with a amplitude changing mechanism, which can correctly indicate the amplitude of the spreader.
Installed on the mobile crane, you can check the tilt of the leg crane, showing the horizontal state of the crane body.
Device to prevent boom from tipping backward
It is installed on the boom crane of the flexible amplitude changing mechanism. When the amplitude changing travel switch of the amplitude changing mechanism fails, the boom can be prevented from leaning backward.
Limit torque limiting device
When the rotating resistance moment of the boom crane is greater than the torque specified in the design, the friction element in the device slides, cuts off the power input, stops the rotating motion, and thus plays a protective role.
Wind speed alarm
Mounted on a crane working in the open air. When the wind is greater than 6, an alarm signal can be sent, and the instantaneous wind speed can be displayed. Cranes working on the coast can be set to send alarm signals when the wind is greater than level 7.
Leg retraction locking device
It is installed on the mobile crane that needs to hit the leg when working, and its safety function is to lock the leg bidirectional to ensure that the crane does not have “soft leg” retraction phenomenon when hitting the leg for lifting operations; When the crane ends the lifting operation, the leg can be reliably locked when the leg is withdrawn to prevent the crane from extending the leg itself in the driving state.
Rotary positioning device
When the mobile crane is driving on the road, it ensures that the lifting structure on the turntable is kept in a fixed position to prevent swing during driving.
Anti-tip safety hook
It is installed on the single main beam crane with hook on one side of the main beam to prevent the car from tipping over.
Check the hanging cage
It is used for the repair of conductive slip wire in high air. Its reliability should not be lower than that of the driver’s cab.
Rail sweep plate, support frame and track end stop
Rail sweep and support frame are used to sweep away obstacles on the track in the direction of the crane; The track end stop is arranged at the end of the laid track and works with the buffer on the moving structure of the crane (or running car) to prevent the crane (or running car) from derailing.
Conductive slide wire protection plate
A protective shield designed to prevent accidental contact of persons with live sliding lines resulting in electric shock accidents. The use of sliding line crane, the parts prone to electric shock should be equipped with the device:
When the cab of the bridge crane is located at the end of the trolley slide line, the ladder leading to the crane and the protection plate between the platform and the slide line should be set up.
Under the end beam at the end of the bridge crane, a protective plate should be set up to prevent accidental contact between the rope of the spreader and the slip line.
When the multi-layer arrangement is made with the straddle crane, the sliding line of the lower crane should be provided with a protective plate along the full length.
Exposed moving parts on the crane, such as open gear, coupling, drive shaft, sprocket, chain, drive belt, pulley, etc., should be installed with protective cover. Crane working in the open air, its electrical equipment should be equipped with rain cover.
Backward alarm device
When the mobile crane runs in the backward direction, it can send a clear alarm sound signal and a light signal between light and light, and the personnel quickly avoid the prompt.
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<urn:uuid:f59fc184-f2f6-4f6b-b991-e775b4e1cf18>
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Today is International Youth Day! Saving lives does not always require a CPR certification or medical degree. Whether you are 3 years old or 93 years old, anyone can fight malaria with Nothing But Nets by sending life-saving bed nets to families in sub-Saharan Africa. Teachers at Campbell Elementary School in Metuchen, New Jersey recognized the simplicity and importance of malaria prevention and decided that no person was too young to change the world.
Fourth grade teachers Alexandra Gonzalez and Julie Anderson wanted to expose students to the global community while teaching them the importance of service, so they chose to teach them about malaria prevention. Students exercised their:
These impressive students proved successful; they raised more than $3,000 – enough to protect 300 families from malaria! Way to go, Campbell Elementary! A special congratulations to Mrs. Gil’s 1st grade class, Mr. LoPresti’s 2nd grade class, Mrs. Salit’s 3rd grade class, and Mrs. Pata’s 4th grade class for being the top fundraisers in your grade level.
Are you a teacher, student, or parent interested in a multi-dimensional educational project for your students? Contact us and we can help you!
Go to school. Send a net. Save a life.
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<urn:uuid:63b1dbb6-709f-49f4-ad39-71e2259aaa67>
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January 25, 2023
In this report, drawing on the spring 2022 American Instructional Resources Survey, the authors examine teachers' awareness of and responses to limitations on how they can address race- or gender-related topics in their instruction. Teachers experienced limitations that infringed on their instructional autonomy, which included their choice of curriculum materials and topics for classroom discussion. These limitations originated from a variety of sources, including state, school, and district leaders and family and community members, and encompassed a wide span of topics, including, but not limited to race- or gender-related topics. The multifaceted nature of these limitations highlights how teachers exist in an increasingly complex policy environment in which they must consider and weigh not only their own perspectives but also the perspectives of multiple stakeholders, along with numerous messages and directives from a variety of sources about what and how to teach. In this complex environment, the authors found that teachers' responses to restrictions on their classroom instruction ranged broadly from compliance with to resistance against these restrictions; teachers also engaged in numerous strategies to navigate the existence of these restrictions. Moreover, limitations placed on how teachers can address contentious topics may be leading to consequences for teachers' working conditions and for student learning. Teachers perceived that teaching students under these limitations has become more difficult and that these limitations make it more difficult to engage students in learning, support students' critical thinking skills, and develop students' ability to engage in perspective taking and empathy building.
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<urn:uuid:ce82ad26-d331-4942-8a8f-d3d67441324c>
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Tree and Shrub Care Services in Whitney, TX
Whitney, Texas, boasts an array of lush trees and shrubs, making it a paradise of greenery. To preserve this beauty and contribute to the town's continued growth, here are the best practices for tree and shrub care in a guide:
- Hydration: Water young trees and shrubs frequently to promote root growth. Mature trees require less frequent but deep watering to reach their well-established root systems. Remember, over-watering can be just as harmful as under-watering.
- Pruning: Regular pruning encourages healthy, invigorated growth. It also helps to manage pests and diseases typically drawn to dead or overgrown sections of a plant. Most trees and shrubs benefit from trimming in late winter or early spring.
- Mulching: Mulch aids in retaining soil moisture, controlling weed infestation, and enhancing soil fertility. Be cautious not to pile mulch around the trunk, which can invite pests and diseases.
- Monitoring: Consistently checking trees and shrubs can help identify any signs of pests or diseases early. Prompt action can prevent widespread damage and maintain the health of your vegetation.
- Nutrition Management: Regular soil tests can inform you about nutrient deficiencies in your soil. Using the appropriate fertilizers can then enrich your soil and boost plant health.
- Weather Protection: Given Whitney's varying weather conditions, ensure your plants are protected from extreme heat, cold, and wind. This might require special measures such as covering or tying down plants.
- Species-Specific Care: Every plant species has unique requirements in terms of sunlight, water, soil, and nutrients. Recognize these specifics to provide optimum care.
- Compliance with Local Guidelines: Whitney has certain regulations pertaining to tree and shrub care. Following these guidelines can help maintain the town’s natural balance and prevent any potential legal repercussions.
- Professional Help: Certain tasks, such as large tree removal or treating serious plant infections, are best left to professionals. Engage experienced arborists for such requirements.
- Plant Selection: When introducing new trees or shrubs, choose species well-suited to the local climate. Consider factors like growth rate, and water and sunlight need for successful cultivation.
- Soil Care: Healthy soil leads to healthy plants. Employ practices like soil aeration, addition of organic matter, and pH balancing to improve soil condition.
- Promoting Biodiversity: Advocate for a mix of local tree and shrub species to increase biodiversity. This not only contributes to Whitney's environmental health but also adds to its vibrant landscape.
Tree and shrub care is a combination of knowledge and commitment, which can be honed with practice. Together, we can enhance the natural grandeur of Whitney, one tree and one shrub at a time.
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<urn:uuid:abfe9123-cf1e-4b20-a009-914822a85fdc>
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Since research shows that experimental school choice programs increase parental involvement, a recent Cato Institute study suggests that legislators seek policies that enhance parental decision-making in the education of their children.
The adoption of mechanisms such as tax cuts and universal tuition tax credits would likely increase parental involvement and bring other important benefits to children, the report finds.
Parental involvement is one area of education policy where there is broad agreement: The more parents are involved with their children’s education, the better the children do in school.
However, the current structure of the K-12 public school system calls for little or no involvement by parents in the education of their children. In most places, government administrators make almost all of the choices: They assign children to schools based on where their parents live, and they select the textbooks, the curriculum, and other aspects of the child’s schooling.
Giving parents more say in educational decisions currently made by administrators would increase the involvement of parents, and this likely would result in increased student achievement. In fact, studies of school choice experiments show these programs produce a higher level of parental involvement than does the current system. Charter schools, vouchers, and private scholarship programs all are programs that require parents to make decisions about the education of their children, and research shows that all increase parental involvement.
The Cato study, done by educational consultant and writer Philip Vassallo, notes that school choice experiments bring many more benefits to students than simply the academic gains most studies focus on. For example, parents of children in school choice programs:
- are more involved with their children’s academic programs;
- participate more in school activities;
- believe their child’s choice school is safer, better disciplined, and has better instruction than the child’s previous school;
- are more satisfied with their children’s education in a choice program; and
- are likely to reenroll their children in the choice program.
“The ultimate key to school reform is the parent,” says Vassallo. “Once parents assume the responsibility of advocating for and supporting their children’s education, they will become partners with educators to create the schools their children need.”
For more information . . .
Cato Policy Analysis No. 383 by Philip Vassallo, “More Than Grades: How Choice Boosts Parental Involvement and Benefits Children,” issued on October 26, 2000, is available from the Cato Institute Web site at www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-383es.html.
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<urn:uuid:491fa142-afe4-4cc3-8519-9be387513c2b>
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Organelles, cargo and vesicles containing metabolites within cells are usually transported via kinesin mediated transport along microtubules. Microtubules, which are part of the cellular skeleton, are self-assembled biopolymers, generated from the dimer protein tubulin. The kinesin transport process involves stepwise movement of the dimeric kinesin protein on microtubule tracks, which looks like a protein with two legs walking on a string.
When the kinesin-microtubule mediated cargo transport is disrupted, it may lead to various motor neuron diseases. This so-called traffic jam is also a hallmark of various neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease. A microtubule associated protein called Tau, known to crosslink the microtubule network inside the cell, can be the cause for this type of neuronal traffic jam, when it is present in excess.
Winfried Teizer, from Texas A&M University and Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, and colleagues have mimicked this traffic jam phenomenon in a lab-on-a-chip set up by introducing the Tau protein. The study, published in Advanced Biosystems, initially shows healthy kinesin motor movement on microtubule tracks while the addition of tau protein leads to a “diseased” cessation of motion. In an effort to revive the immobilized motors, several compounds were tested. Citrate coated gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and Epigallocatechin gallate, a polyphenol phytochemical found in green tea, restore healthy kinesin motor movement. A mechanism study revealed that AuNP can bind to Tau protein, changing its structural conformation.
This study does not only employ a new bio-mimetic system using lab-on-a-chip nanofabrication to study motor protein related disorders in a cell free environment, but also demonstrates the effect of compounds that may have the potential to treat or prevent dementia.
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<urn:uuid:03d164a6-1b37-4ed2-bab7-a7c038b2ce3f>
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Santayana is often regarded as an aesthetician and metaphysician, but Wittgenstein's work is usually seen as antithetical to the philosophical approaches favored by Santayana. In this insightful new study, Michael Hodges and John Lachs argue that behind the striking differences in philosophical style and vocabulary there is a surprising agreement in position. The similarities have largely gone unnoticed because of their divergent styles, different metaphilosophies, and separate spheres of influence. Hodges and Lachs show that Santayana's and Wittgenstein's works express their philosophical responses to contingency. Surprisingly, both thinkers turn to the integrity of human practices to establish a viable philosophical understanding of the human condition.
Both of these important twentieth-century philosophers formed their mature views at a time when the comfortable certainties of Western civilization were crumbling all around them. What they say is similar at least in part because they wished to resist the spread of ruin by relying on the calm sanity of our linguistic and other practices. According to both, it is not living human knowledge but a mistaken philosophical tradition that demands foundations and thus creates intellectual homelessness and displacement. Both thought that, to get our house in order, we have to rethink our social, religious, philosophical, and moral practices outside the context of the search for certainty. This insight and the projects that flowed from it define their philosophical kinship.
Thinking in the Ruins will enhance our understanding of these monumental thinkers' intellectual accomplishments and show how each influenced subsequent American philosophers. The book also serves as a call to philosophers to look beyond traditional classifications to the substance of philosophical thought.
This book offers a stimulating and insightful assessment of the philosophies of Santayana and Wittgenstein in coordinative opposition. By interactively juxtaposing their ideas the authors are able to throw interesting new light upon the views of these two giants of twentieth-century philosophy.
--Nicholas Rescher, University of Pittsburgh
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<urn:uuid:0e024408-18c0-4e55-a5f8-43e12fc8f633>
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Being a new homeowner is an exciting and daunting role. One way we’ve found that helps new home owners settle into their homes is to spend time in their yards mapping out the existing plants and using a blank minimalist map to help plan future projects.
Cartography & Mapping
These blank minimalist maps are intended for printed use by the homeowners interested in engaging in the landscape of their yards. They are built using a range of datasets including historical aerial photos, assessor’s parcel data, and as-builts.
A second style of residential plant maps we’ve made includes the plants themselves overlayed on top of the blank minimalist map described above. The plant map below was designed to accompany a black and white photo book dedicated to the plants around the home of a 1/3 acre plot.
We have recently begun experimenting with building geographically correct three-dimensional models of homes using aerial photos captured using (by the use of or the application of) aerial and terrestrial mapping techniques.
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<urn:uuid:27392839-736c-4c42-80ee-3a9ea414dc8e>
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A photograph is an image created by the exposure of light on a light-sensitive material at some stage during its making. It can be either a positive or negative image and made using one of many processes.
As with prints, photographic prints are often produced in a limited edition and each photographic print is signed and numbered.
Below is a list of the most common types of photographic prints.
C-type: Since the 1950s the C-type print has been a popular form of photography. A C-type is a chromogenic colour print which uses chromogenic materials and processes. The print can be produced from an original which is a colour negative, slide or digital image. The chromogenic film used contains many layers of silver emulsion which are sensitised to different coloured wavelengths of light. Typically red, green and blue are the colours used to build up the image.
Cibachrome: This type of print is a colour print made from a negative. Distinctively different from a C-type, this print is richer in colour and last longer as the dyes are incorporated into the emulsion rather than floating on top of the paper
Digital: This type print is computer-generated using a photographic image which is converted into a digital file. The file is then manipulated in programmes such as desktop publishing and in its final stage printed using a laser inkjet printer. Giclee prints are generally produced using Inkjet printing. Other forms of digital prints include Lambda or Light Jet. Lasers are used to print the digital image onto silver photographic materials, producing a very high quality of photographic print. Lambda prints are known for their sharpness, continuous tone and high impact colours.
Estate: This is a posthumous print that is normally commissioned by the photographer’s estate from the original negative. Prints of these kinds cannot hold the same value as prints created by an artist first-hand.
Photoetching (photogravure or heliogravure): The image is formed on an intaglio metal plate and coated with a light-sensitive, acid-resistant ground. The plate is then exposed to light to reproduce a photographic image.
Photogram: Here the image is created by placing an object onto photosensitive paper which is then briefly exposed to light, leaving the object’s imprint on the paper.
Photolithograph: Potassium bichromate is used to sensitise a stone or metal plate. The plate is brought into contact with a negative and exposed to light, meaning that the gelatin becomes insoluble to water. The remaining soluble elements are then removed by repeatedly using water. The plate is then inked which adheres to the gelatin and a print is created using a press.
Silver gelatin print: Paper is coated in gelatin and silver salts. It is then exposed to light to create a black and white photograph.
Vintage print: This kind of print is created at the same time as the negative (within 5 years is an accepted timeframe). This type of print is defined by chronology rather than by the materials used.
There’s a kind of power thing about the camera. I mean, everyone knows you’ve got some edge. You’re carrying some slight magic which does something to them. It fixes them in a way.
Diane Arbus – Artist
Owning Art: The Contemporary Art Collector’s Handbook by Louisa Buck and Judith Greer, Cultureshock Media, 2006
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A paper by Katherine Michelmore and Susan Dynarksi titled, “The gap within the gap: Using longitudinal data to understand income differences in educational outcomes” was published on February 1 in AERA Open, a journal from the American Educational Research Association. The paper was originally published as an NBER working paper in July 2016.
Gaps in educational achievement between high- and low-income children are growing. Administrative data sets maintained by states and districts lack information about income but do indicate whether a student is eligible for subsidized school meals. We leverage the longitudinal structure of these data sets to develop a new measure of economic disadvantage. Half of eighth graders in Michigan are eligible for a subsidized meal, but just 14% have been eligible for subsidized meals in every grade since kindergarten. These children score 0.94 standard deviations below those who are never eligible for meal subsidies and 0.23 below those who are occasionally eligible. There is a negative, linear relationship between grades spent in economic disadvantage and eighth-grade test scores. This is not an exposure effect; the relationship is almost identical in third-grade, before children have been exposed to varying years of economic disadvantage. Survey data show that the number of years that a child will spend eligible for subsidized lunch is negatively correlated with her or his current household income. Years eligible for subsidized meals can therefore be used as a reasonable proxy for income. Our proposed measure can be used to estimate heterogeneous effects in program evaluations, to improve value-added calculations, and to better target resources.
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One of my day-to-day jobs as an exoplanet astronomer is to look through transiting exoplanet candidates and find those that are actually from exoplanets. However, scrolling through Kepler, K2 or TESS lightcurves is something anyone can do – professionals and amateurs alike. Therefore, it may be useful for me to go through a few of the steps we use as professionals to determine what makes, and what kills, a good planet candidate.
First some key points:
- The majority of “dips” found by photometric surveys are not planets – they are false positives like eclipsing binaries (stars crossing stars), or even just junk noise from the detector.
- Even good-looking planet candidates are not, on their own, interesting or publishable. To confirm a planet there needs to be a lot of follow-up time on ground-based telescopes, as well as a lot of complex data analysis.
- But you can still make a contribution to exoplanet science by finding previously-missed planet candidates and passing them to astronomers.
So let’s get started…
1. What makes a transiting planet candidate?
Planets can be found by searching the shadow they cast as they pass in front of their parent star – effectively blocking a bit of starlight for a few hours. This is the famous “transit” effect. However, we don’t see the shadow directly (except during transits within our solar system – i.e. the transit of Venus which is shown below). Instead, the star is seen as a “point source” with all the light from the star smeared onto a few pixels on a detector. But, by adding up the light from the star across those pixels and plotting it against time (this is “photometry” and produces a so-called “light curve”) we can see the “transit” in the data – a U-shaped dip. We can immediately throw out signals that jump up (instead of down), or asymmetric events which drop down without ever jumping back up again – planets only ever cause symmetrical dips.
Planets are also strictly periodic – their signals repeat precisely once every orbit. Therefore, good planet candidates should have repeating dips as is shown below. However, this isn’t strictly necessary – long-period planets may transit only once. But we can still assess these monotransits with the same rules.
This strictly periodic nature means we typically search do not find planets by looking at lightcurves – instead we search through a range of potential periods and stack data together (e.g. using BLS or TLS). If the period matches the real period, each transit stacks together, and their combined signal is strong, producing a spike on a periodogram. This lets us delve into the noise and find shallower transits.
2. Information from the transit
So you have found a dip… The most useful information now comes from the depth of the dip. The reason for this is obvious when you think about the geometry of a transit – the bigger the transiting object is, the more light it blocks.
Using geometry, the area of the star emitting light is πRs2, while the area of that star being blocked by the planet is πRp2, so the depth is the ratio of these, i.e. (Rp/Rs)2.
Planets are, by definition, objects smaller than stars. Typically, giant planets top out at about 20 earth radii, or about 0.2 solar radii. So, for a star like the Sun, the maximum possible depth from a planet transit is 0.22 = 0.04. So if you found an interesting dip which seems to drop by greater than 4%, then it’s not a planet – it’s one star orbiting another, or what we call an eclipsing binary (or EB). And even dips between 1% and 4% are far more likely due to EBs than planets.
Not every star is like the Sun. But thanks to Gaia there are estimates of stellar radii for almost every star in the sky. If you’re looking at TESS data you can check the TESS ID in ExoFop-TESS, while MAST has data for K2/EPIC IDs and for Kepler IDs. Now you have a transit depth and a stellar radius you can estimate a planetary radius (Rp= Rs√depth).
Giant stars 10 times the radius of the Sun will effectively never have detectable transiting planets around as the limit drops from (0.2/1)2=4% to (0.2/10)2=0.04%. Smaller M-dwarf stars could host planet that are almost as large as their stars themselves, however giant planets are extremely rare around M-dwarfs, and typically the <4% rule holds for all stars smaller than the Sun too.
3. Transit Shape
It’s not only the depth of the lightcurve which contains information about the transiting object – the shape of the transit does too. Typically, us astronomers would model the lightcurve with a transit model, and this would produce parameters including a better estimate of planetary radius, period, as well as all the transit geometry. For this modelling, programs like Jason Eastmans’s exofast2 are good places to start.
However, for just a simple sense of what else the transit tells us, here’s a couple of points:
- V-shaped dips are caused by objects that do not fully traverse the stellar disc. This means their radius is larger than the radius calculated using (Rp/Rs)2. The exact boundary depends on many parameter, but even a 1%-deep V-shaped dip (i.e. one that does not have a flat bottom) is far more likely to be a binary than an exoplanet.
- Transit duration (tdur) should match the stellar density (ρs). There is a bit of weird geometry to do before it’s obvious why this is the case, but transit duration is proportional to the stellar density & planet period where P/tdur3 ~ 5000 ρs. So for a P=10d transiting planet with a 0.1-day transit duration (2.4hrs), the computed density roughly suggests a star slightly denser than the sun (with ρs~2). If this is hugely discrepant with the actual density of the star (as provided on ExoFop or MAST), it suggests the object is in fact an EB. However, the transit duration can vary by a factor of 2-3 here, so only really large discrepancies (a factor of >10) are useful.
4. Out-of-transit features
Transiting planets can be thought of as simple black spheres which are only seen when they cross the star and block it’s light. Eclipsing binaries, however, are due to stars of their own and emit their own light, and therefore we often see their effects out of transit as well. So if there are any of the following features in the lightcurve, we can safely call this candidate an eclipsing binary and not a planet:
While planets cause one dip per year, eclipsing binaries often cause two – one when the dimmer star passes in front of the brighter star (the “primary eclipse”), and another smaller dip when the smaller star passes behind it’s larger host (the “secondary eclipse”). This might look like one of two things:
1. A smaller dip seen consistently at the same place between each “transit”:
2. A slight difference in depth between odd transits and even transits (caused by two similar-sized stars):
For circular orbits, the secondary eclipse should happen when a star is half way round its orbit (i.e. at phase 0.5). But this is not always the case – eccentric orbits mean that often that the position of the secondary eclipse is offset from this mid-point.
Synchronised sinusoidal variations
Stars are typically variable due to starspots & other effects. However, for planets, those up-and-down wiggles are never linked to the planet’s period. If the wiggles in the lightcurve are synchronised with the transit period, then that’s a sure sign that you’re looking at an eclipsing binary.
That’s because, when the transiting object is massive enough to influence the primary star and bright enough to produce its own light, they can produce sinusoidal signals linked to the binary period due to:
- tidal effect of the smaller star synchronising the stellar rotation of the primary star so starspots spin with the companion;
- a hot-spot located at the noon position of the smaller star;
- the gravitational pull of each star on the other stretching the stars into elongated ovals creating two cycles of “ellipsoidal” variation per period;
- the velocity of the smaller star’s orbit causing a “beaming” effect where light is red- & blue-shifted into & out-of the colour range that the spacecraft observes;
- some combination of all of these effects.
5. Extra Checks
There are a couple of final checks which require a little more effort than merely looking at the lightcurve.
One of the key things to check is: is this already a known candidate? For TESS & K2, this should be obvious on the ExoFop page for that target. For Kepler you can check if it’s on the Kepler candidate list. In both cases, these catalogues should also contain a disposition – i.e. whether the Kepler or TESS vetters have also determined it to be a planet (PC), or a false positive (FP, NTP, EB, etc). If it has already been detected (and at a period and epoch that matches), there is not much that you can do – astronomers already have this on their lists and it will be (or will have been already) published without your help. That’s the way it goes sometimes!
If it’s not known, then there’s a chance you have an interesting target that astronomers missed!
One of the key points is that the dip should be occurring on the brighter target star in the field you’re looking at. If a star which only contributes a small fraction of the light is causing the dip, it must be dimming proportionately by a large amount. For exmple, if you see a 1% dip but it’s actually coming from a nearby star which only provides 4% of the light, then that star must have dimmed by 25% – far too deeply to be a planet! The best way to do this check is to:
- Check the lightcurves of nearby stars to see if they are causing the dip.
- Check the “centroid position”. The centroid is a weighted average of the flux coming from the star onto the detector, and any shift in this between the in-transit images & out-of-transit images moves is a sign that a nearby unresolved star is causing the dip and not the target star.
- See if the depth of the transit increases as a function of the “aperture” size (i.e. the number of pixels used to compute the lightcurve). A larger depth at larger apertures suggests the star is a blended nearby star not at the position of the target star.
Another useful check is using Gaia’s radial velocity and astrometry error – if these are high it’s typically because the target star is in fact two stars which are constantly in motion. This can be done by typing the coordinates into a Gaia cone search and scrolling down to the astrometric_excess_noise_sig and dr2_radial_velocity_error parameters. If either of these are higher than about 5, it’s a sign that the object is a binary (though this is not always true).
6. What Now?
So you’ve found a candidate which seems to pass most of these tests… What now?
As I mentioned at the start, it isn’t just a case of “upload it to the exoplanet database and move onto the next one” – these databases only contain planets that have been published in the academic literature, and have been independently & statistically verified.
So, if you’re simply an amateur scrolling through lightcurves for fun, what do you do now? One nice next step would be to share it on the planethunters message boards as the interesting cases will make their way to astronomers. Alternatively you can directly email the candidate to an exoplanet astronomer (like me), and we’ll let you know if we think the candidate is interesting, and likely pass it on to someone better suited to studying (and eventually publishing) that candidate as a planet. But – fair warning – even if you think your candidate is awesome, and even if an astronomer agrees that it’s likely a planet, that doesn’t necessary mean that it’s easy or interesting enough to get published. Some cases are very tricky and require a lot of extra observations – something that typically only happens for interesting cases.
Another avenue, only to be taken for candidate you are sure are real, is to propose it as a Community TOI through ExoFop-TESS. However, it’s best to get confirmation from an exoplanet astronomer and TESS member before doing this.
I hope this proves a useful guide! Happy hunting.
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<urn:uuid:a63c4c72-9d65-4b5f-a2d0-7fdf42307c43>
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There are a number of studies on how prenatal emotional anxiety and stress can affect the foetus development as well as the later stages of a child\’s behavioural growth. And yes, most individuals may go through this tough phase in life. \”Pregnancy is not only about the physical changes in your body; it’s also about the emotional phase.\”
Effects of stress
Severe stress is bad during pregnancy. Stress is common during pregnancy, as a pregnant woman experiences a lot of changes. Cortisol is the hormone that is normally released in response to stress, which is high in the morning and low in the evening. It is found that the placenta acts as a barrier to cortisol.
A sudden increase in progesterone and estrogen levels is seen in pregnant women. The changes in hormone levels will lead to mood swings. High levels of stress may cause health issues like high blood pressure, increase the chances of a premature baby, and lower the body weight of the baby.
The babies\’ brains may be shaped by the levels of stress experienced by the women during pregnancy.
A research article suggests that when stress hormone levels increase, women are less likely to conceive and more likely to miscarry.
The common causes of stress during pregnancy
Hormonal mood swings, morning sickness, tiredness, complications during conception, some health issues prior to conception, overthinking the delivery, postpartum, the people around you, if you work, then handling most of the things, pressure, and so on can all cause stress.
Pregnant women should try to stay calm as much as possible. Be positive. Always keep in your mind as “YES I CAN HANDLE”. Discuss your feelings with others; the best person is your husband to open up yourself. If not, talk to people with whom you feel comfortable.
- Yoga and meditation: Yes, meditation is not only good for you; even the foetus in the womb can have positive effects.
- The best stress relievers are books: Read the books; both you and the kid will benefit.
- Stop smoking and drinking: It not only adds to your stress, but it also has a long-term impact on your child\’s development.
- Have a healthy diet: lots of fruits, veggies, and dry fruits.
- Focus on being happy: If something bothers you, simply go for a walk. The view of nature can actually calm you down.
- Visit the gynaecologist on a regular basis to learn about the foetus’s growth.
- Listen to the good, calming music: There are a number of musical styles that actually feel better.
- Don’t think about the negative incidents that occurred. The past will be the past. Focus on the future, baby.
- Relax, take a lot of rest, and practice breathing exercises.
- The physical exercises (under guidance) are good.
“Dear MoMsters incorporate our tips and stay healthy.”
To encourage us, kindly share your views in the comments section below.
Shruthi K S
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<urn:uuid:2ab25e4d-1283-4517-9709-db1f81d0a100>
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Maccabi World Union (Registered Amutah 580037158) is the largest and longest running Jewish sports organization spanning over five continents, more than 60 countries, 450 clubs, and 400,000 members. MWU is a Zionist organization that utilizes sports as a means to bring Jewish people of all ages closer to Judaism and Israel in addition to various informal educational activities in a manner that surpasses politics and sectarianism. Many Maccabi clubs serve as community centers and youth movements providing a diversity of educational, cultural, social and sports activities under one roof. In addition, Maccabi has its unique international signature activity in Jewish sports, the Maccabiah Games in Israel which take place every 4 years.
The Maccabiah is the world's largest Jewish athletic competition in the tradition and values of Maccabi, emphasizing the centrality of the State of Israel in the life of the Jewish people.The Maccabiah takes place every four (4) years in Israel - "the Jewish Olympics" as they are often called, are Maccabi World Union's largest and most famous enterprise. The principal mission of the Maccabiah is to facilitate a worldwide gathering of young Jewish athletes in Israel, staging the highest possible levels of sports competitions, and strengthening their connection to the State of Israel and the Jewish people.
Within the Maccabiah there are four separate competitions that take place; Open, Junior, Masters, and Paralympics. Junior games are open to any qualifying athlete aged 15-18. Masters are divided into a number of different age categories mostly to accommodate older competitors and the Open division is generally unlimited in age, subject to the governing international rules in each sport, and is intended for the best athletes from each delegation. In order to participate in the Maccabiah, athletes must represent a delegation. Delegations are formed by each of the Territorial Organizations that participate, i.e. France, Brazil, Germany, United States, Canada, Hungary, Australia, etc.
he 20th Maccabiah / Maccabiah 2017 is going to be the biggest, and probably the most successful of all Maccabiot - a saga which started in 1932. During July 4-18 2017, the largest international Jewish-Zionist event will host about 10,000 athletes and 22,000 additional fans from more than 80 countries in a festival of Sports, Jewish continuity and connection to the Center of the Jewish People, the State of Israel. All Jewish Communities are engaged in this extraordinary goal, under the general organization of Maccabi World Union - supported by the State of Israel and all Israel National Institutions. Besides meeting each other in competitive matches in the most qualified stadiums, Israelis and Jews from every corner of the world will join in countless programs designed to build strong relationships and significant shared experiences. Maccabiah 2017 will celebrate the 50 years of Jerusalem since its reunification, in its Opening Ceremony at Jerusalem Teddy Stadium and many other events. Maccabiah 2017: 80 countries - one heart. Peoplehood and Zionism. Present and Future for the Jewish People.
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<urn:uuid:53f4b179-c155-472d-8061-b4ab9d257cbe>
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The paper that has the same title with this post is recently appeared in the journal Environmental Microbiology by Sandra L. McLellan et al.. Its aim is to contribute to the discussion of how can we detect human faecal contamination in environmental samples using 16S rRNA gene amplicons, and whether there are any specific, indicative species.
Identifying the source of faecal contamination is an outstanding issue. One of the biggest concerns is to detect human faecal contamination. From the public health perspective, it is very important to know whether human faecal material-associated pathogens may be found in fresh water resources or farm lands.
To test an environment for human faecal material, we have been relying on bacterial organisms that are very abundant in human gut, and not naturally occuring in water and soil, such as E. coli. But E. coli has a very limited specificity, since it is also a part of the gut community of many other animals. Lack of specificity means that when you detect E. coli in an environmental sample, you can’t tell confidently that the area is contaminated with human material, which has implications on administrative decisions.
In the study, McLellan and her colleagues suggest that the genus Blautia in Lachnospiraceae family may contain bacterial organisms that are specific to the host, therefore can be used to decet human contamination in environmental samples more accurately. But the taxonomic resolution is the limiting factor if one expects to find one named organism for each source. To overcome this problem they used oligotyping in the paper to identify closely related but distinct organisms among sequencing reads that were identified as Blautia during the taxonomic classification, and I helped them with the analyses of their datasets.
We used 152,730 quality-controlled reads from 132 samples (including human, sewage, chicken and cow samples). These reads were coming from the V6 region of the 16 rRNA gene, and were identified as genus Blautia. Then we oligotyped them. Oligotying process identified 108 oligotypes, distribution of which among these samples looked like this (Figure 6 in the original paper by McLellan et al.):
This is how the caption of this figure reads:
Stacked bar chart of oligotypes among groups of samples. Each bar in the figure represents a sample and each colour denotes a different oligotype. Bars at the bottom indicate sample sources.
Among all the reads that were identified as Blautia by taxonomic analysis, now you can see that there are certain colors (oligotypes) that seem to be human specific. And the sewage samples very nicely resemble the human Blautia distribuiton, and present, somewhat expectedly, less variation from sample to sample (since everything is being mixed together in the sewage, it ameliorates the inter-personal variation we observe among humans). Meanwhile cows and chickens have their own distrubtion profiles that seem to be different than human-associated Blautia profiles.
But it is not easy to see ‘specificity’ of certain oligotypes when there are many colors. This figure clarifies that (Figure 7 in the original paper by McLellan et al.):
And here is how the caption reads:
Relative abundance representations among sample sources for eight Blautia host-specific oligotypes. Each dot in these panels represents the relative abundance of the listed oligotype (above each plot) among all Blautia assigned sequences in a faecal sample collected from a CHK = chicken (blue), CAT = cattle (green), HUM = human (orange) or a SEW = sewage influent sample (red). Box plots next to the dots provide the 25% and 75% and median relative abundance values for the samples. Whiskers represent 1.5 times the 25% and 75% quartile range.
If you are curious, you can take a look from Table 3 in this open-access paper to get the full-length V6 reads these oligotypes refer to.
This study demonstrates a very efficient way of using the oligotyping method.
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Fun Water-Saving Activities for Kids
- Be a leak detective! Follow the guidelines in our ‘How to be a Leak Detective’ handout.
- Complete the ‘Animals who live in and around waterways’ word search. These animals all rely on the water in the rivers and canals that they live near to!
- Check out the Diary of a Water Superhero, by the Dry Project in English or Welsh.
- And more!
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Fauré wrote his Madrigal for 4 voices and piano in 1883, during his period as choirmaster at the Église de la Madeleine in Paris. He had begun to enjoy some success as a composer, particularly following the première of his first violin sonata in 1877, and this work came at an important time in Fauré’s personal life as he both got married to and had his first child by Marie Fremiet.
The Madrigal references the Renaissance tradition through its use of imitative contrapuntal writing, and of course its title. The music is a setting of a poem by Armand Silvestre, and was written as a wedding present to André Messager, a former pupil and lifelong friend of Fauré’s.
- Trumpet 1 in B-flat
- Trumpet 2 in B-flat
- Horn in F
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Night blindness (nyctalopia) causes reduced vision in low light conditions, and can be a source of fear and anxiety for those affected by it.
Decreased night vision can significantly impact a person’s quality of life— affecting the ability to drive after dark, and increasing the risk of accidents.
How does night vision work?
In order to be able to see well at night, or in low light conditions, your eyes need to adjust appropriately.
The first necessary adjustment involves your pupils. When exposed to a dark or dimly lit environment, your pupils will dilate, or become larger, to enable more light to enter your eye. This light will then move through a series of essential steps in order to be received by the retina.
The retina is the light sensitive tissue in the back of your eye that contains all of the photoreceptor cells, called rods and cones.
- Cone cells provide color vision, enabling us to see during the day, and in bright light.
- Rod cells provide black and white vision, enabling us to see in the dark. For this reason, night vision is all or mostly, black and white.
Decreased night vision or total night blindness can occur when the rods stop working, usually as a result of an eye injury, condition or disease.
In some cases, poor night vision can be a temporary side-effect of another medical condition or even a natural part of the aging process.
Find an eye doctor near you to discuss the best options to maximize your vision at night.
SEE RELATED: Night Blindness: Treatments and Prevention
Find an eye doctor near you
Eye conditions that can cause night blindness
Night blindness is generally a symptom of an underlying ocular condition that involves the health of the retina, though it can also result from severe or worsening myopia, or a vitamin A deficiency.
- Vitamin A deficiency is one of the most common causes of night blindness. An insufficient amount of vitamin A in the body affects the production of rhodopsin, the necessary pigment for night vision. Night blindness is usually one of the first signs of a vitamin A deficiency.
- Cataracts generally develop as part of the natural aging process, as the proteins that make up the eye’s lens begin to crystallize and harden. Cataracts affect vision clarity, causing blurriness, glare and the presence of halos around bright lights. Decreased night vision and increased difficulty driving at night is typically the first sign of a developing cataract.
- Glaucoma occurs when the pressure within the eye increases and causes progressive damage to the optical nerve. This disease affects both daytime and nighttime vision— first affecting peripheral vision, and then central vision.
- Macular degeneration is an eye disease that affects retinal health, and causes blind spots and image distortions in both daytime and nighttime vision.
- Diabetes can affect the shape of the eye’s lens and cause damage to the blood vessels in the eyes— leading to a condition called diabetic retinopathy. One of the first symptoms of diabetic retinopathy is poor night vision.
- Retinitis pigmentosa is a retinal disease that occurs when dark pigment collects in the retina, causing the rod cells to breakdown. This disease makes it difficult to see in low light conditions, and can lead to tunnel vision and eventually total vision loss.
- Congenital conditions that cause problems with the eye’s pigmentation can decrease night vision or cause total night blindness. A common congenital disorder associated with night blindness is called Usher Syndrome.
- Nearsightedness (myopia) occurs when distant images and objects appear blurry. If you cannot see clearly during the daytime, or if you need a new optical prescription, your vision in low light will be just as blurry as your daytime vision.
- Refractive surgeries such as Lasik and PRK, change the shape of the cornea to improve vision— but in doing so, can affect the way light bends as it enters the eye. As a result, glare and halos around street lights and headlights can affect your vision at night.
Do I have night blindness?
Since night blindness can be caused by a number of underlying conditions, symptoms can vary.
The most common signs of night blindness include:
- Blurry or cloudy vision in low light
- Sensitivity to light
- Seeing glare or halos around lights
- Difficulty seeing distant objects in low light
- Inability to see stars in the night sky
- Total loss of vision when entering a dark room (lasting more than a few minutes)
- Trouble seeing objects or faces in low light conditions
LEARN MORE: Guide to Eye Conditions
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, schedule an appointment with an eye doctor as soon as possible.
Your eye doctor will ask you questions about your medical history and perform a series of tests to identify signs of an ocular disease or vision condition.
To learn about night blindness treatments and preventions, click here.
Night Blindness: Treatments and Prevention »
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Bees are a garden’s best friends. When a bee buzzes from flower to flower to gather food for its family, pollen dust catches a ride on the bee from one flower to another. When a bit of pollen lands on a flower’s stigma and moves down its pollen tube the flower gets ‘pollinated’, which means fruit and seeds can grow inside it. Without pollination there would be no fruit or seeds. Bees are some of the world’s best pollinators of fruit and vegetable plants. And bees need our help to survive.
You can grow flowers from seed, or get flowering plants from the garden centre.
Gardeners are a huge help to bees when we grow bee- friendly flowers. Plant your own bee garden at home or at school this spring see how many bees come to visit. PLUS you will be rewarded with beautiful colourful flowers. Flowers make everyone happy. It’s a win win situation!
Here are a few bee favourites to plant in your garden:
Cosmos, Calendula, Delphinium, Poppies, Lavender, Thyme, Rosemary, Echinacea, Roses, Apple blossom, Orange blossom, Manuka, Pohutukawa
Honey bee on apple flower
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Salmoneus. Son of Aeolus and Enarete and brother of Sisyphus. He originally lived in Thessaly, but emigrated to Elis, where he built the town of Salmone. His presumption and arrogance were so great that he deemed himself equal to Zeus, and ordered sacrifices to be offered to himself; nay, he even imitated the thunder and lightning of Zeus, but the father of the gods killed him with his thunderbolt, destroyed his town, and punished him in the lower world. His daughter Tyro bore the patronymic Salmonis.
This text is from: Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Cited Oct 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Alcidice (Alkidike), the daughter of Aleus, and wife of Salmoneus, by whom she had a daughter, Tyro. Alcidice died early, and Salmoneus afterwards married Sidero. (Diod. iv. 68; Apollod. i. 9.8)
Daughter of Salmoneus and Alcidice, wife of Cretheus (see IOLCUS, ancient city). After Poseidon took the form of the river-god Enipeus, that Tyro was in love with, he laid with her and she bore to him two sons, Pelias and Neleus. To her husband Cretheus Tyro bore Aeson, Amythaon and Pheres (Od. 2.120, 11.235).
Turo. The daughter of Salmoneus and Alcidice. She was the wife
of Cretheus, and beloved by the river-god Enipeus in Thessaly, in whose form Poseidon
appeared to her, and became by her the father of Pelias and Neleus. By Cretheus
she was the mother of Aeson, Pheres, and Amythaon.
Tyro : Perseus Encyclopedia
Salmoneus, who originally lived in Thessaly, migrated afterwards to Elis, where he built a city Salmone. The river Enipeus rises in Mount Othrys in Thessaly, and, after receiving the waters of the Apidanus, falls into the Peneus; but as Salmoneus had two homes, one in Thessaly and the other in Elis so we find the name of the river on which his Elean city, Salmone, was built was also called Enipeus.
Enipeus. A small river in Pisatis (Elis) flowing into the Alpheus.
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But September’s star attraction lies closer to home. The Moon takes center stage three times during its monthly tour of the sky. In the first act, Earth’s satellite passes in front of 1st-magnitude Aldebaran before dawn September 5. Observers along a line that runs from the western shore of Lake Superior to Florida’s east coast will see the star emerge from behind the Last Quarter Moon’s dark limb as the pair rises. The farther north and east of this line you live, the higher the two objects will appear. From New York City, for example, they stand 11° above the eastern horizon when Aldebaran returns to view at 12:40 a.m. EDT.
The Moon passes in front of a much bigger and brighter star September 13. The target this time is the Sun, and Luna obscures part of it for people in southern Africa, southern Madagascar, and parts of the Indian Ocean and Antarctica. The best sites on land for this partial solar eclipse are around Cape Town, South Africa, where the event starts shortly before sunrise and peaks at 5h43m UT. The Moon then blocks 30 percent of the Sun’s surface area.
The Moon’s final and most impressive act arrives the night of September 27/28 when it dives deep into Earth’s shadow to create a spectacular total lunar eclipse. Observers across most of North America will see all 72 minutes of totality the evening of the 27th. Viewers in most of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East will witness the eclipse before dawn on the 28th. (See “Eclipse of the Super Moon” on p. 56 for complete details.)
In contrast to lunar events timed in minutes or hours, planets typically remain on display for weeks or months. Case in point: Mercury, which hangs low in the west after sunset during September’s first half. The planet reaches greatest elongation September 4, when it lies 27° east of the Sun. Although that sounds pretty impressive, Mercury remains a horizon hugger for Northern Hemisphere observers. The ecliptic — the Sun’s apparent path across the sky that the planets follow closely — makes a shallow angle to the western horizon after sunset around the autumnal equinox. Most of Mercury’s elongation translates into distance along the horizon and not altitude above it.
Saturn is a much more attractive target for evening observers. The ringed planet stands nearly 20° above the southwestern horizon as darkness falls in mid-September and doesn’t set until 10 p.m. local daylight time. A waxing crescent Moon points the way September 18 when it passes 3° north of Saturn.
At magnitude 0.6, the planet stands out against the backdrop of eastern Libra. Saturn’s only rival in this area is magnitude 1.1 Antares, located 12° to the southeast in neighboring Scorpius.
The ringed world appears best through a telescope when it lies higher in the sky during the early evening hours. Any instrument will show the planet’s 16″-diameter globe surrounded by a ring system that spans 37″ and tilts 24° to our line of sight.
You also should see Titan in proximity to Saturn. This 8th-magnitude moon passes due north of the planet September 7 and 23 and due south on the 15th. A trio of 10th-magnitude satellites — Tethys, Dione, and Rhea — orbit closer in and show up through 4-inch and larger scopes.
Remote and mysterious since its discovery 85 years ago, Pluto remains distant but is far less enigmatic thanks to the eagle-eyed sensors aboard NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft. Experienced observers can spy the magnitude 14.2 dwarf planet north of the Teapot asterism in Sagittarius through an 8-inch or larger telescope. Fortunately, magnitude 3.5 Xi2 (ξ2) Sagittarii lies nearby. Pluto spends September between 0.6° and 0.7° west of this star. Sketch or photograph the area, and return to it a few nights later. The “star” that moved is Pluto.
The ice giant world lies roughly midway between 4th-magnitude Lambda (λ) and 5th-magnitude Sigma (σ) Aquarii. Don’t confuse Neptune with a nearby magnitude 6.9 star in early September. On the 4th, the planet slides 3.6′ due north of this star. A telescope will help confirm Neptune’s identity. Under moderate magnification and steady seeing, you’ll see its 2.4″-diameter disk and blue-gray color.
As Neptune climbs higher in the southeastern sky, Uranus appears low in the east. The seventh planet, which will reach opposition in mid-October, trails about two hours behind its more distant cousin. Uranus resides in a faint part of Pisces (although, let’s face it, all of Pisces is faint), in the same binocular field as magnitude 5.2 Zeta (ζ) Piscium. You will find Zeta 17° east-southeast of Algenib (Gamma [γ] Pegasi), the star that forms the southeastern corner of the Great Square of Pegasus.
Once you locate Zeta through binoculars, Uranus should be a snap. On September 1, the planet lies 0.5° (the diameter of a Full Moon) due south of Zeta and about half that distance west-northwest of 88 Psc, a magnitude 6.0 star. Uranus shines at an intermediate magnitude of 5.7. The planet’s westward motion relative to the starry background during September carries it to a position 1.2° southwest of Zeta by month’s end.
If you target Uranus through a telescope, you’ll immediately notice its non-stellar appearance. The world’s disk spans 3.7″ and has an obvious blue-green hue.
Fortunately, the ecliptic stands nearly straight up from the eastern horizon before dawn at this time of year, so angular distance from the Sun translates into altitude. How much difference does this make? Consider that Mercury lies 27° east of the Sun at greatest elongation September 4 but appears only 3° high a half-hour after sunset. On the same day, Venus stands 28° west of the Sun and climbs 16° above the eastern horizon 30 minutes before sunrise.
The beginning of September finds Venus in southern Cancer and Mars 9° to its north. A waning crescent Moon passes between the two worlds on the 10th; Jupiter adds to the spectacle when it rises an hour before the Sun.
Venus crosses from Cancer into Leo on September 24, coincidentally the same day Mars passes 0.8° due north of the Lion’s luminary, 1st-magnitude Regulus. The Red Planet shines at magnitude 1.8 and offers a lovely color contrast with the slightly brighter blue-white star. Jupiter gleams at magnitude –1.7 just 10° below Mars. The gap between these two worlds tightens in late September; the pair will meet in mid-October.
The stunning naked-eye and binocular views of the three planets will garner lots of attention, but it’s also worth targeting Venus through a telescope. On the 1st, its beautiful 9-percent-lit crescent measures 52″ from cusp to cusp. By month’s end, the planet’s diameter shrinks to 33″ and the Sun illuminates 34 percent of the disk.
Although Mars is too small (4″ across) to show appreciable detail through a telescope, Jupiter spans a more impressive 31″. You’ll have a narrow window of visibility between the time it rises and the onset of bright twilight to view its dynamic cloud tops and four bright moons.
There should be a ray of hope (OK, sunshine) spreading across the floor of the battered crater Maginus on the evening of September 20. This 100-mile-wide impact feature sports a bulged-up floor, central mountain peaks, and a low rim. The last attribute is the most critical for the crater’s appearance on the 20th because it allows a prominent V-shaped splay of sunlight to reach across the otherwise dark floor.
Like so many events in astronomy, timing is everything when it comes to seeing this ray. On the evening before, Maginus remains in complete darkness; by the evening after, the Sun has risen high enough to illuminate nearly the entire crater. For the best viewing, you might have to wait until late evening when the Moon dips low in the west. See “Catch some Moon rays” in the July Astronomy for more examples of sunrise and sunset rays.
Don’t confuse the Maginus ray with the much more common ejecta rays best seen around Full Moon. The latter formed when large, relatively recent impacts excavated lighter-hued material and dispersed this debris in streaks across the Moon’s face. The most spectacular ejecta rays spread from Maginus’ northern neighbor, Tycho.
Maginus lies deep in the Moon’s southern hemisphere at a latitude of –50°. It appears closer to the lunar limb than you might expect, however, thanks to the foreshortening effect of the globe curving away from us. For the same reason, circular craters near the limb appear oval.
By the time Full Moon — and a total eclipse — arrives September 27, the Sun lies high in the lunar sky and shadows have disappeared. All that remains of Maginus are subtle features for patient selenophiles.
Because only a half dozen or so major meteor showers occur each year, observers often have to make due with minor events. That is the case in September. The best bet is the Epsilon Perseids, which burst on the scene with a slew of bright meteors in 2008 and delivered a similar display in 2013. In other years, however, the rate tops out at five meteors per hour.
The “shooting stars” appear to radiate from a point in Perseus near 2nd-magnitude Algol. For North American observers, the peak arrives the evening of September 9, though Perseus climbs highest just before dawn. A thin waning crescent Moon, which rises around 4 a.m. local daylight time, won’t interfere at all.
|WHEN TO VIEW THE PLANETS
|| Uranus (southeast)
|| Venus (east)
| Saturn (southwest)
|| Mars (east)
| Neptune (southeast)
|| Jupiter (east)
|| Uranus (southwest)
Let’s piggyback on the excitement stemming from the Rosetta spacecraft’s ongoing encounter with Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by looking at the icy visitor with our own eyes. City and suburban lights will overwhelm the comet’s fuzzy glow, so you’ll need to observe under a dark sky. The object climbs highest in the east shortly before dawn. The best observing window opens as the waning Moon exits the morning sky around September 10 and lasts about two weeks.
Comets are notorious tricksters, even those like 67P that have returned to the inner solar system several times. Astronomers offer a wide range of predictions on how bright it will be, from a dim magnitude 10.5 to a feeble magnitude 13.5. If we’re on the lucky side of these estimates, an 8-inch scope will pick it up nicely; if not, you’ll need a 12-inch or larger instrument. In a final, ironic twist, we view the comet’s dusty tail through the veil of debris left behind by countless other comets. Known as the zodiacal band, this soft glow envelops the path of the planets where 67P resides.
On September 10, you can find the comet 1° south of 6th-magnitude Lambda (λ) Cancri. The pair lies almost directly above the stunning conjunction of the crescent Moon and Venus. A week later, 67P passes 2° north of the Beehive star cluster (M44). Closest approach occurs the mornings of September 16 and 17. The 5th-magnitude star Gamma (γ) Cancri lies 0.4° south of the comet on the 17th.
There’s a slim possibility that 67P could get upstaged by Comet 141P/Machholz if the latter ends its life with a major flare-up. Coincidentally, this dissolving ball of ice and dust is traveling in the same area of sky. The two comets cross paths September 1 when less than 1° separates them. Unfortunately, the Moon is just past Full phase then, making any visual observation a challenge even with Luna on the opposite side of the sky.
Typically, the farther out in the solar system an object lies, the more leisurely it moves relative to the background stars. Because orbital motion slows dramatically in the outer reaches of our planetary system, it’s rare to see a nearby object trudge along at an outer body’s pace. But that’s exactly what seems to happen in September when asteroid 1 Ceres (275 million miles from the Sun) traverses the same amount of sky as Uranus (1.86 billion miles away). Ceres still orbits the Sun at a faster speed than its cousin, but our line of sight from Earth makes the asteroid navigate a loop that extends barely 1°.
The upshot is that Ceres remains in the same field of view through a typical 4- or 6-inch telescope at low power. It lies in a sparse region of Sagittarius some 20° east of that constellation’s Teapot asterism. The best time for hunting the asteroid is midevening, when the Archer climbs highest in the south.
Ceres fades from magnitude 8.2 to 8.7 during September. You’ll find two noticeably brighter stars in the field — magnitude 7.1 SAO 211624 and magnitude 7.4 SAO 211729. Sketch the five or six brightest stars, and then come back a few nights later to locate the object that moved slightly — this is Ceres. The task is easiest around September 16 and 17 when the asteroid passes a nearly identical 8th-magnitude background star.
Martin Ratcliffe provides planetarium development for Sky-Skan, Inc. from his home in Wichita, Kansas. Meteorologist Alister Ling works for Environment Canada in Edmonton, Alberta.
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Five Interrelated Components · Control Environment · Risk Assessment · Control Activities · Information and Communication · Monitoring.
The COSO internal control framework identified five interrelated components:
Mar 7, 2023 · What Are the Components of Internal Control? · 1. Control Environment · 2. Risk Assessment · 3. Control Activities · 4. Information and ...
Aug 12, 2022 · What are internal controls? Why do we need them? · Control Environment · Risk Assessment · Control Activities · Information and Communication.
What are internal controls? Why do we need them? Internal controls are one of the most essential elements within any organization. Internal controls are put in place to enable organizations to achieve their goals and missions.
Jul 11, 2023 · Control environment;; Risk assessment;; Control activities;; Information and Communication; and; Monitoring ...
There are five main components of internal controls. It requires all five components to be present and functioning together to be effective.
Dec 12, 2019 · Elements of Internal Control · Control Environment · Risk Assessment · Control Activities · Information and Communication · Monitoring.
Internal control systems operate at different levels of effectiveness. Determining whether a particular internal control system is effective is a judgement resulting from an assessment of whether the five components - Control Environment, Risk Assessment, Control Activities, Information and Communication, and Monitoring - are present and functioning. Effective controls provide reasonable assurance regarding the accomplishment of established objectives.
The control environment is the attitude and actions of the board and management regarding the importance of control within the organization. The control ...
You may have heard the term "internal control(s)," but what exactly is it? Evaluating internal controls is one of internal auditing's primary responsibilities.
Internal control activities are nothing more than policies, procedures, and the organizational structure of an organization. Organizations establish policies ...
Internal controls are typically comprised of control activities such as authorization, documentation, reconciliation, security, and the separation of duties.
Internal controls are processes and records that ensure the integrity of financial and accounting information and prevent fraud.
Jan 26, 2023 · The control environment is the attitude of management and their employees regarding the need for internal controls. If the controls are taken ...
A system of internal control has five components. You must be aware of these components when designing or auditing an accounting system.
Control activities – Control activities are the policies and procedures that help ensure management directives are carried out. They include a range of ...
Audit & Advisory Services is committed to assisting all levels of management and staff in the achievement of UCSF's goals and objectives by striving to provide a positive impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of operations. To that end, the internal controls information provided below covers the basic concepts of internal controls and their application to UCSF, including:
Control Environment · Integrity and ethical values. · Commitment to competence. · Board of directors or audit committee participation. · Management's philosophy and ...
[The following appendix was effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after June 1, 2001. Earlier application was permissible. It was deleted as a result of the adoption of Auditing Standard No. 5, effective for audits of fiscal years ending on or after November 15, 2007. See PCAOB Release 2007-005A.
Objectives and Components of Internal Control · Control Environment · Risk Assessment · Control Activities · Information and Communication · Monitoring ...
There are three categories of objectives, which allow organizations to focus on differing aspects of internal control:
Aug 26, 2016 · Five elements of internal controls · 1. Control environment · 2. Risk assessment · 3. Control activities · 4. Information and communication · 5.
Internal controls are meant to safeguard an organization's assets. Here are the 5 critical elements of internal controls and how to use them.
Duration: 1:48Posted: Jun 28, 2019
Watch 5 Components of Internal Control at KirkpatrickPrice.com and see how the 5 components of COSO: C.R.I.M.E. can impact your SOC 1 audit.
Jul 13, 2020 · The Five Components of Internal Control · Control Environment The first component, the control environment, is probably the most important of the ...
Believe it or not, internal control is your job, too! In fact, it is mandated by the Budget and Accounting Procedures Act of 1950, which required agencies to establish systems of internal control. The Federal Managers Financial Integrity Act of 1982 strengthened this system by requiring agency heads to report annually according to prescribed internal […]
Control environment factors include the integrity, ethical values and competence of the entity's people; management's philosophy and operating style; the way ...
Per The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) internal control is a process, effected by an entity's board of directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories:
Jul 14, 2021 · Internal Control Pyramid · The integrity, ethical values, and competence of the organization's people · Management's philosophy and operating ...
An organization's control environment is the component most influencing the control consciousness of its people. The control environment is the basis for internal control and sets the tone for an organization. This episode examines the primary factors contributing to an organization's control environment.
Management must evaluate the design of internal control over financial reporting. Management must test the operating effectiveness of those controls. E. Auditor ...
Duration: 2:13Posted: Jan 13, 2022
Creating internal controls not only prevents fraud and loss of assets, but it also improves the accuracy of financial records and helps the business run smoothly.
Nov 30, 2022 · What are the Components of an Internal Control System? · 1. Control Environment · 2. Risk Assessment · 3. Control Activities · 4. Monitoring · 5.
Internal controls are a vital part of running a successful business. They can improve operations, safeguard resources, improve reporting accuracy and more.
Duration: 1:22Posted: Mar 20, 2018
The COSO framework requires that organizations have the 5 components of internal control. We explain what internal control components mean for your SOC 1 Report.
The primary purpose of internal controls is to help safeguard an organization and further its objectives. Internal controls function to minimize risks and ...
Description and guidance regarding Internal Control from the Internal Audit department at Michigan Tech in Houghton, MI.
This chapter uses the five Components and. 17 Principles of Internal Control that were developed by the Unities States Government Accountability. Office as part ...
May 1, 2023 · The 2 CFR section 200.303 indicates that the internal controls required to be established by a non-federal entity receiving federal awards “ ...
While there are variations in terminology, the Standards and the COSO report essentially encompass the same broad internal control objectives; including: ...
It includes factors such as organizational structure, management's philosophy and operating style, ethical values, integrity, and competence of employees, and ...
There are five key components of an internal control system, as identified by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in
There are five interrelated components of an internal control framework: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring.What are the components of internal control quizlet? ›
The 5 components of internal control are: Control Environment, Risk Assessment, Control Activity, Information and Communications, and Monitoring.Which internal control component is most important? ›
One of the most important control activities is segregation of duties. Different individuals should be responsible for authorizing transactions, recording transactions, having custody of assets, and performing comparisons/reconciliations.What is an internal control quizlet? ›
Internal control is the name given to the set of business rules that are designed to protect the assets of the business, to prevent fraud and to ensure that the business operates efficiently.What is the final component of internal control? ›
Monitoring. And, last but not least, monitoring. This process is ongoing and is a key element of management's responsibilities. Management is responsible for ensuring controls are operating as intended and whether they are efficient.What is the component of internal control? ›
There are five interrelated components of an internal control framework: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring.Which of the following is an internal control? ›
Some examples of internal controls are internal audits, firewall deployment, training, and employee disciplinary procedures. All organizations are subject to threats that might harm the organization and could result in asset loss.What is the most important objective of internal control? ›
The primary purpose of internal controls is to help safeguard an organization and further its objectives. Internal controls function to minimize risks and protect assets, ensure accuracy of records, promote operational efficiency, and encourage adherence to policies, rules, regulations, and laws.What is the most important aspect of internal control quizlet? ›
- Human Resource Policies and Practices: The most important aspect of internal control is personnel. If employees are competent and trustworthy, other controls can be absent and reliable financial statements will still result.Which is not the component of internal control? ›
Reporting is the correct answer. It is not part of the COSO internal control framework.
An effective internal control system provides reasonable assurance that policies, processes, tasks, behaviours and other aspects of an organisation, taken together, facilitate its effective and efficient operation, help to ensure the quality of internal and external reporting, and help to ensure compliance with ...What is an internal control example? ›
Specific examples would include: Performing a reconciliation from bank statements to check register/records. Balancing/reconciling cash on hand to sales or transaction activity on the cash register totals.What are the objectives of internal control quizlet? ›
What are the objectives of internal control? Safeguard assets (protect from theft), encourage employees to follow company policies and laws/regulations (ex. workplace safety), promote operational efficiency, ensure accurate reliable accounting records.What is the first component of internal control? ›
The first internal control component relates to the control environment. The control environment sets the tone from the top.What are the three main internal controls? ›
- Preventive controls are proactive in that they attempt to deter or prevent undesirable events from occurring.
- Corrective controls are put in place when errors or irregularities have been detected.
- Detective controls provide evidence that an error or irregularity has occurred.
- 1- Definition of the scope of internal control. ...
- 2- Identification of the activities carried out. ...
- 3- Identification of risks. ...
- 4- Identification of existing controls. ...
- 5- Risk assessment. ...
- 6- Risk management. ...
- 7- Description of the mitigation measures.
It is the foundation for all other components of internal control, providing discipline and structure.
b. The control environment. The control environment is is the most important foundational component of the internal control system. All other components are dependent, in part, on the effectiveness of the control environment.Is any one element of internal control more important than another why or why not? ›
No. One element of internal control is not more important than another element. All five elements are necessary for effective internal control.What is the most important aspect to successful implementation of controls? ›
Key Aspects to Consider When Writing Controls
To write effective internal controls, you need to: Identify who will be responsible for monitoring in each case. Set clear expectations around the internal controls process. Communicate clearly regarding how often monitoring should be carried out.
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- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Class: Arachnida
- Order: Araneae
- Suborder: Araneomorphae
- Family: Segestriidae
- Genus: Ariadna
Jean Victoire Audouin, 1826
There have been 4 confirmed sightings of Ariadna, with the most recent sighting submitted on February 12, 2019 by Spider ID member fedcaver. The detailed statistics below may not utilize the complete dataset of 4 sightings because of certain Ariadna sightings reporting incomplete data.
- Web: 25% of the time, Ariadna spiders are sighted in a spider web (Sample size: 4)
- Sex: 1 female and 0 male.
- Environment: Ariadna has been sighted 2 times outdoors, and 2 times indoors.
- Outdoors: Under rock or debris (1). Cave (1).
Location and Range
Ariadna has been sighted in the following countries: United States.
Ariadna has also been sighted in the following states: Kentucky, Missouri, Oklahoma.
Ariadna has been primarily sighted during the month of May.
- February: 1
- March: 1
- May: 2
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The fabrication of polymeric micro/nanofibers is gaining attention due to their use in an array of applications including tissue engineering scaffolds, nanosensors, and fiber-reinforced composites. Despite their versatile nature, polymeric fibers are widely underutilized due to the lack of reliable, large-scale production techniques. Upon the discovery of centrifugal spinning and, recently, pressurized gyration techniques, new research directions have emerged. Here, we report a comprehensive study detailing the optimal conditions to significantly improve the morphology, homogeneity, and yield of fibers of varying diameters. A series of polymeric fibers was created using a 21 wt. % solution of polyethylene oxide in distilled water and the fluid behavior was monitored inside a transparent reservoir using a high-speed camera. Fabrication of the fibers took less than 1 s. Using centrifugal spinning, we studied the formation of the fibers at three different rotational speeds, and for pressurized gyration, one rotational speed was studied with three different nitrogen gas pressures. Using the pressurized gyration technique at a gas pressure of 0.3 MPa, there was significant improvement in the production yield of the fibers. We found a strong correlation between the variation of pressure and the rate of the solution leaving the reservoir with the improved morphology of the fibers. The use of reduced power techniques, like centrifugal spinning and pressured gyration, to yield high-quality nonwoven nanofibers and microfibers in large quantities is important due to their use in rapidly expanding markets.
In recent years, naturally based and synthetic polymeric nanofibers have become widely used in both research and manufacturing applications.1 Their high porosity and superlative mechanical properties, as well as their substantial ratio of volume to the surface area, make polymeric nanofibers attractive for potential applications such as catalyst supports, composite reinforcements, protective clothing, tissue-engineered scaffolds, and nanosensors. One example of a potential application is the differentiation between peripheral nerves and tendon cells.2 Although nanofibers are versatile, their utilization remains limited by the insufficient reliable quantity-production techniques.3
Several manufacturers have been extensively involved in the global marketplace of the fiber industry.4 Nonwoven filter media are a subcategory of this industry that has contributed to market growth. According to a global market report by BCC Research, this growth is forecast to progress from almost $5.1B in 2018 to $6.5B by 2023, which indicates a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5% between 2018 and 2023.5 In global markets, nanofiber products were predicted to grow from $92M in 2018 to $4.3B by 2023 at a CAGR of 36.2% between 2018 and 2023.6 These statistics are inclusive of every manufacturing technique associated with nanofiber and microfiber nonwoven filter media. It is difficult to obtain authentic data exclusively to nanofiber markets; however, with the development of future applications in the market place, we could observe a connection with the expanding microfiber industry.
At present, it is possible to apply many techniques to produce both nanoscale and microscale fibers.7 These techniques include melt blowing,8 phase separation,9 electrospinning,10 drawing,11 template synthesis,12 and island-in-the-sea spinning.13 Several of these techniques have disadvantages, such as the use of large amounts of energy to produce fiber or a low rate of production.14 We require a more effective system to generate submicron fibers and nanofibers, leading to reduced power consumption and greater production rates. Such requirements could be satisfied by applying centrifugal spinning (CS) and pressurized gyration (PG) techniques.
CS, which is sometimes referred to as rotary jet spinning (RJS) or force spinning,15 is comprised of a reservoir that contains polymer solutions attached to a motor. The rate at which the reservoir is spun about its symmetrical axis is established by the balance between centrifugal and capillary forces; where this rate is more significant than this threshold, one or many of the small openings attached to the reservoir wall eject a viscous jet of solvent.16 As the solvent evaporates, this jet is projected outwards in a spiral trajectory due to the comparatively high surface area. During this process, centrifugal forces extend the reach of this jet. The rate of evaporation of the solvent depends upon its diffusion coefficient through the polymer, with the jet traveling until it arrives at the stationary collector's walls. From there, the remaining solvent evaporates, and the fibers solidify, enabling them to be gathered. It is essential to satisfy a crucial minimum rotational speed for fiber formation, below which no polymer jet exists, and it is impossible for the centrifugal force to overcome the surface tension.17,18 If rotational speeds are low while the vessel accelerates, the low surface tension of the solvent may cause it to separate from the polymer. In this situation, it is not usual for a polymer jet to form; consequently, the surrounding collection walls lose the solvent. Therefore, the appropriate rotation speed is necessary to produce a polymer jet and the subsequent fiber formation, thereby affecting the morphology of such fibers.7,19,20
PG, which was invented in 2013, functions by manipulating a selected polymer solution's Rayleigh–Taylor instability.17 The rotational speed increases rapidly as the motor starts, which causes the centrifugal force to increase; in turn, this increased force leads to the displacement of the polymer solution. A pressure differential is created in the vessel because of the applied gas pressure acting against the liquid, thereby forcing the solution out. The principal driver behind the liquid extrusion through the vessel openings is the centrifugal force, which is generated due to the surface tension gradient on the liquid-air interface. Furthermore, this gradient prompts Marangoni stress tangential to the liquid-gas interface, thus initiating flow at the tip of the polymer droplet.20,21 Fibers are generated by centrifugal force, which continuously stretches the polymer jet as it leaves the perforations; additionally, the gas inlet at the openings generates the pressure differential. Slowly, evaporation causes loss of solvent, and the source of the fiber strand is the extruded polymer that remains in the jet. Ultimately, the dried fiber is deposited on the adjacent collection walls, and a bundle of fibers is formed by the rapid repetition of this procedure.17
Various polymers have been using various techniques; this includes natural polymers, such as alginate, chitosan collagen, gelatin, and starch, and synthetic polymers, such as poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and fabricated scaffolds with desired properties.22 During this experiment, we utilized polyethylene oxide (PEO) because it is among the most extensively examined water-soluble synthetic polymer, both from the fundamental viewpoint of understanding how polymer solutions behave and from the broad scope of its applications.23
Several researchers worldwide have recently studied the control of the operational conditions of PG and CS to manufacture nanoscale fibers.24 We studied fiber diameter control with every available processing method. Modeling, which has many advantages in refining and enhancing the procedure, provides useful knowledge for comprehending this procedure in greater detail. However, this technique is not always possible due to the unique application of experimental methods. The following fundamental parameters are utilized in modeling PG and CS procedures: air drag, centrifugal force, Coriolis force, spinning speed, polymer viscosity, evaporation time of the solvent in the collector during the spinning process, and the pressure applied on the fiber.25 The complicated nature of the RJS procedure is clearly outlined in the many publications that examine the forming techniques and viscoelastic properties of RJS, and also supply helpful instructions for future RJS paradigms.
The behavior of polymer solutions within a reservoir using the PG and CS techniques, as well as other similar techniques, is not analyzed in the literature. This study investigates the behavior of a viscous polymer solution within a transparent reservoir, which has multiple narrow (0.5 mm) perforations at a central position in the reservoir, allowing an observer to visualize the behavior of the solution inside the vessel at millisecond intervals in the course of CS and PG. We investigated the impact of rotation speed at 7000, 8500, and 10 000 rpm on the solution ejected from the openings during CS; the impact of the pressure, P, at various spinning speeds, ω, in the PG technique; and the effect of pressurized gas in controlling the behavior of the fluid within the vessel in decreasing the production time. For comparative study, we used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for numerical analysis of the fluid flow within the vessel, and we used still shots captured by a high-speed camera to record both experimental processes.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this investigation, PEO, w 2 × 105 g mol−1, which was used as the polymer, was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Poole, UK). Distilled water was used as a solvent.
B. Preparation and characterization of solutions
PEO was completely dissolved at concentration 21 wt. % in distilled water. This concentration was selected based on our previous work.17 The polymer solution was magnetically stirred for 24 h and kept at ambient temperature (≈25 °C). Physical parameters, such as the viscosity and surface tension of the solutions, were measured by a viscometer (Brookfield DV-111, Harlow, UK) and a force Tensiometer (KRÜSS K9, Hamburg, Germany), respectively. The measurements were repeated three times at ambient temperature (25 °C), and the equipment was calibrated before the measurements.
C. Transparent vessel specifications
The experimental setup consisted of a transparent reservoir, herein referred to as Mark I; the Mark I cylinder had a 60-mm outer diameter and a 58-mm inner diameter, with perforations of 0.5 mm diameter positioned along the circumference halfway up the cylinder. The top of the cylinder was attached to a transparent lid with a hole in the center for the inlet gas (nitrogen).
D. High-speed camera
The fluid behavior within the reservoir was observed using still shots from a high-speed camera (Photron, FASTCAM SA1.1, Tokyo, Japan), which captured 5400 frames per second.
E. Fiber forming and characterization
The changes in the fiber size, morphology and production yield of PEO fibers using CS at three different speeds (7000, 8500, and 10 000 rpm) and using PG at three different gas pressures (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 MPa, speed kept constant at 10 000 rpm) were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi VP-SEM S-3400N). The accelerating voltage used for the SEM was 5 kV. The temperature and relative humidity for all spinning experiments were 25 °C and 48%, respectively. The surface of the samples was coated with gold for 60 s. The average fiber diameter and their size distribution were determined by measuring 100 fibers in randomly recorded SEM micrographs using image software ImageJ (Brocken Symmetry Software). The yield was measured by measuring the mass of fibers spun using 1 ml of the polymer solution.
F. Design of experiments
In this investigation, the reservoir was filled with a PEO solution to a height of 5 mm to obtain a more systematic understanding of the forming conditions. Another aim was to establish a qualitative basis for the analysis of relationships between the high-speed spinning in CS and the effects of pressure gas flow inside the reservoir in PG.
G. Micropolar fluid theory
In cylindrical coordinates (r; θ; z) for rotating flow in a cylinder, a function is utilized to describe the motion of the fluid,
In the case where there is no change in pressure at the free surface of the rotating fluid at any point,
which is defined as a quadratic function of the free surface; therefore, we expect the free surface of the fluid to assume a parabolic shape when rotated.
The gyration vector is a good parameter for determining the physics at the microscale when adopting the continuum assumption. The balance laws of the micropolar continuum can be expressed as follows.
- Conservation of mass,(3)
- Balance of momentum,(4)
- Balance of angular momentum,(5)
If the micromotion equals the macromotion, that is, if xl, K = xlK, this leads to
Compared to the Naiver–Stokes equations in micropolar fluid dynamics (MFD), gyration has a more general MFD formulation because it has a similar concept as a spinning solid globe. In this study, the instability between the PEO and the gas interface could be specified by equating the gravitational force per unit volume, which has a disruptive effect, to the surface tension force per unit volume, which has a stabilizing effect,17
where ρ is the density of the polymer solution, g is the gravitational force, is the PEO–gas surface tension, h is the height of the PEO drop suspended below the horizontal surface, and x is the vertical distance.
H. Equations for two-phase flow
In this study, a simulation was conducted with the flow of nitrogen and a PEO solution inside a rotating cylinder. From a physical standpoint, both nitrogen and PEO can be regarded as fluids that obey the same laws but have different material properties. Therefore, the flow of generic fluid was studied in two phases, where one was comprised of a PEO solution and the other of introduced nitrogen gas. These phases and the mixture of these substances can be described by a so-called phase field, φ, that changes from +1 to −1, where φ = +1 represents the PEO solution and φ = −1 represents the nitrogen,
In the two-phase flow, the density ρ and the viscosity ν vary over the domain. Thus, we must be able to track the interface between the nitrogen and PEO solution to determine these parameters
where are the nominal densities of nitrogen and the PEO solution, respectively, and are the corresponding nominal values of the viscosity of nitrogen and PEO, respectively.
I. Numerical study
A commercially available CFD code (ANSYS-Fluent 19) was used for the numerical calculations to simulate the flow inside the cylinder and at the outlets of the orifices. This was done to investigate the influence of the rotational speed and pressure, which was applied at the inlet of the 10-mm diameter hole at the top of the cylinder, on the fluid parameters at the holes. The governing equations were solved for the flow, volume fractions, and pressure values at every cell for both phases. The first step was to create a three-dimensional (3D) geometrical model of the case study with CAD software. The second step was mesh generation. The final step was defining the methods and boundary conditions.
1. Rotating cylinder
The geometry was set up for the 5 mm height of PEO in the rotating cylinder, including an instance when nitrogen gas filled the cylinder. The fluid starts at rest at the bottom of the cylinder. The bottom then starts rotating the fluid at a constant speed to make a vortex. The walls and top of the cylinder are under slip conditions (ΓL). To set the rotation, the bottom of the cylinder is under Dirichlet conditions (ΓD).
2. Governing equations
A realizable k–e turbulence model was used to simulate turbulent flow. This model, which is the most recently developed of three k–e variations, has two main differences from the standard k–e model: it uses a new equation for turbulent viscosity and the transport equation for the dissipation rate is derived from that of the fluctuation in mean square vorticity. The form of the eddy viscosity (turbulent) equations is based on the realizability constraints. These are not satisfied by either the standard or re-normalization group theory (RNG) k–e models, which makes the realizable model more precise than these models at predicting complex flows involving rotation, recirculation, secondary flow features, strong streamline curvature, and boundary layers under strong adverse pressure gradients.
In this study, after conducting a comparison, finding another suitable solution method for the transient formulation was the first-order implicit scheme and the simple scheme for pressure-speed coupling with spatial discretization. We utilized the least squares cell-based scheme for the gradient, the presto scheme for the pressure, the geo-reconstruct scheme for volume fractions, and the first-order upwind scheme for turbulent kinetic energy.
3. Mesh generation
To ensure the validity and accuracy of the numerical results and the independence of the numerical solutions, the grid was carefully checked. Figure 1 illustrates the grid topology used for the 3D grid system. The size of elements was changed until a size was reached that did not affect the results; also, the number of elements differed from 120 325 to 210 681. No change for a solution was found after 189 250 elements, so this study used standard curvature meshes generated by computational fluid dynamic software (FLUENT).
4. Initial conditions
For all simulation tests, the cylinder was filled with liquid PEO to a height of 5 mm from the bottom, and the cylinder was assumed to rotate at a constant speed to reduce the processing time. Moreover, to study the effect of nitrogen gas pressure, it was evident that the rotation of the cylinder must remain constant at maximum speed. The surface tension was considered to be 0.057 N m−1 (see Sec. III A below).
5. Boundary conditions
To study the effect of gravity force, the ambient temperature was set at 25 °C and the pressure was set at 0.1 MPa. Different rotation speeds were implemented (ω = 7000, 8500, and 10 000 rpm) without the utilization of nitrogen gas; at 10 000 rpm, the nitrogen gas pressure levels applied in the tests were 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 MPa. The gas inlet at the top of the cylinder was a 10-mm diameter hole.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Physical properties of PEO solution
The viscosity was 3000 ± 30 N m−1 and the surface tension was 57 ± 5 mN m−1.
B. Spinning fibers
1. CS at 7000, 8500, and 10 000 rpm
a. CS at 7000 rpm
Figure 2(a) shows the vessel at rest during the process; in this high-speed camera video frame, it can be observed that the PEO solution has started to spin. Due to the manual starting of the experiment, there was a difference between the start time of the camera and the motor; therefore, in the following figures depicting an angular velocity of ω = 0, the time registration in the first still video picture will be considered equal to zero. The fluid behavior is shown in Fig. 2(b) at t ≈ 215 ms since the motor accelerates to achieve the proposed ω. The PEO solution arrived at the orifices, but no solution jetted out of the orifices, and it is clear that the fluid profile was parabola-shaped, which indicates that the fluid on the opposite side has almost the same shape. Figure 2(c) illustrates that no fluid jetted out of the reservoir before the solution reached the top surface in the chamber; at this point, the fluid had almost reached the top of the chamber (in the top left corner) at t ≈ 434 ms, and the fluid commenced exiting the pot through the orifices on the same side.
b. CS at 8500 rpm
Figure 2(d) illustrates the PEO solution at rest, t = 0, and after this time, the reservoir started to spin. It is clearly shown in Fig. 2(e) that the spinning accelerated rapidly to achieve the required speed and the fluid profile of the solution behaved unsymmetrically at t = 171 ms. Therefore, a small part of the solution arrived at the orifice, while the rest of the solution remained at the bottom of the chamber and no fluid was jetted. Figure 2(b) shows that the fluid behavior at 7500 rpm was parabolic-shaped and almost all the solution tried to reach the orifices, whereas in Fig. 2(e), the solution climbed the walls on one side. At t = 436 ms, the shape of the fluid was parabolic [Fig. 2(f)]; and the solution started to jet from the orifices on the left-hand side, as shown in Fig. 2(f). Moreover, the time required to stabilize the fluid at 8500 rpm was greater than it was at 7000 rpm. It was clear that the jetted fluid started before the solution arrived at the top surface in the chamber [Fig. 2(c)].
c. CS at 10 000 rpm
Figures 2(g), 2(h), and 2(i) illustrate the changes in fluid profile at various times at ω = 10 000 rpm. In Fig. 2(g), the solution profile within the reservoir was determined to be at rest when t = 0 ms, while the PEO solution reached the orifices on the left-hand side of the chamber without any jetted solution coming out of the openings.
Moreover, the fluid profile inside the cylinder was unsymmetrical, as most of the fluid had not arrived at the orifices yet because it had not reached the required rotation speed. In contrast, the fluid shown in Fig. 2(i) behaved in accordance with the asymmetric profile of parabolic shape, and it is clearly shown that the solution started jetting from one of the orifices on the left-hand side of the chamber although the rest of the orifices had not jetted any solution. Also, the solution jetted before arriving at the top surface of the cylinder, which contrasts with the application of ω = 7000 and 8500 rpm.
2. PG at 10 000 rpm with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 MPa inlet gas
a. PG with 0.1 MPa
Figures 3(a), 3(b), and 3(c) show the PEO solution profile at 0.1 MPa of inlet pressure at various times (at rest, t = 187 ms, and t = 371 ms) at ω = 10 000 rpm. Figure 3(a) shows the solution profile at rest, without applying any inlet pressure or rotation. The PEO solution reached all the orifices at almost the same time and moved up the cylinder walls in a controlled movement. Once the PEO solution arrived at the openings, the solution started jetting from the openings. Figure 3(c) confirms that the fluid profile was controlled and moved upward with the same altitude. Moreover, in this case, all the orifices jetted the solution at the same time, volume, and speed with the incorporation of nitrogen gas, which allowed the fluid to jet at high-speed, as will be discussed in the numerical results (Sec. III C 4). The incorporation of nitrogen gas improved the shape, size, and morphology of polymer fibers jetted out of the cylinder (Sec. III D).
b. PG with 0.2 MPa
Figures 3(d), 3(e), and 3(f) illustrate the effects of increasing inlet pressure on the behavior of the PEO solution at a fixed rotating speed. It is clearly shown in Fig. 3(e) that the inlet pressure plays a crucial role in controlling the viscous polymer solution profile, as the fluid arrived at all the orifices at almost the same time and moved upward along the cylinder wall at an equal distance at t = 251 ms. Therefore, in this situation, the jetted solution from the openings had almost equal output speed and altitude. Compared with the previous scenario, the solution jetted out faster by the force of the nitrogen gas escaping from the orifices at high speed, which is described in the numerical results (Sec. III C 4) in more detail. The solution profile was kept controlled at t = 349 ms, as shown in Fig. 3(f) and the polymer solution kept jetting out of the orifices. The fluid did not reach the top surface of the chamber.
c. PG with 0.3 MPa
As shown in Figs. 3(g), 3(h), and 3(i), in this case, inlet gas was applied at 0.3 MPa pressure. The time it took the polymer solution to reach the orifices was much shorter at this pressure level compared to the other levels of applied pressure, as shown in Fig. 3(h) (t = 205 ms). Also, the gas pressure forces the liquid to reach the orifices faster than using rotation only. The fluid profile was controlled at the same locations in a parabolic shape, and the solution started jetting from the orifices with the introduction of nitrogen gas, which helped the solution to escape faster. It should be noted here that the high-pressure gas helped the polymer solution to elongate as it exited through the openings, stretching during the separation phase in particular. Finally, the application of more pressure promoted more control of the polymer solution, which was jetted from all the orifices at the same time in the same amount and at the same speed. As shown in Fig. 3(i), the solution kept the asymmetric shape as it jetted continuously from the chamber, although the polymer solution did not reach the top surface of the cylinder.
C. Numerical analysis
1. Effects of rotational speed at 7000 rpm without gas pressure
Jetting the polymer solution with centrifugal force against the surface tension and gravitational forces led to deformation of the PEO solution at the orifices. In general, a higher spinning speed at a constant pressure leads to higher centrifugal force, which promotes higher solution deformation, as shown in Fig. 4. The viscous PEO solution within the reservoir responds to two forces acting in opposite directions: normal stresses and shear stresses. As a result, the PEO solution elongated with acceleration at the orifices. In the initial condition, the height of the PEO solution was 5 mm, red indicates the PEO solution fraction (), and dark blue indicates the air gas fraction () as shown in Fig. 4(a). The shape profile of the surface is not flat, as observed experimentally. Figure 4(b) illustrates the surface profile of the PEO solution inside the chamber at 6 ms and the interface gradients of the solution with air within the reservoir. The fluid shifted as expected, and the interface formed a parabolic shape when spun due to centrifugal force; this is theoretically suggested by Eq. (2). It is also clear that the solution reached the orifices when the angular velocity of the cylinder was equal to 7000 rpm. Finally, Fig. 4(c) shows how the PEO solution reached the top surface of the cylinder, and most of the solution was simply jetted out of the vessel at t = 20 ms. The solution profile at this specific time was unsymmetrical near the walls of the reservoir.
2. Effects of rotational speed at 8500 rpm without pressure gas
Figure 4(d) shows that the behavior of the polymer solution at a higher speed, ω = 8500 rpm, at t = 6 ms increased the exit flow from the chamber. It was predicted that in these conditions, the solution at the bottom would move to the sidewalls of the cylinder, compared with the same conditions at ω = 7000 rpm. An asymmetrical fluid profile was observed for the polymer solution inside the reservoir, which led to fluid escape from some orifices but not others. In Fig. 4(e), it is evident that the polymer solution passed the orifices but did not reach the top surface of the cylinder at t = 20 ms; however, the high volume of the polymer was at the center of the orifices, which led to greater loss of solution that escaped from the openings without fiber formation. As a result, the diameter of the polymer jet was almost the same size and shape as the orifice (0.5 mm); this also affected the produced fibers. At the end of the process, shown in Fig. 4(f), the viscosity of the solution kept the polymer solution above the orifices, which, at that particular time (t = 30 ms), facilitated the high speed of the air-jetted within the polymer. In turn, this produced a thinner solution that led to a smaller fiber diameter (Sec. III D).
3. Effects of rotational speed at 10 000 rpm without gas pressure
At a maximum rotational speed of 10 000 rpm, more fluid withdrawal was observed. In Fig. 4(g) the surface profile and height of the polymer solution at t = 6 ms are illustrated. With high-speed spinning (10 000 rpm), the polymer solution concentrated at the orifices in a shorter time compared to the other speeds tested (i.e., ω = 7000 and 8500 rpm), so we can conclude that a higher speed makes the processing time shorter. At t = 20 ms [Fig. 4(h)], unsymmetrical flow distribution was discovered near the cylinder walls, and the volume fraction at the bottom of the chamber was higher than it was at the top and the orifices. However, a low percentage of the polymer solution was located at the top of the reservoir at this speed compared to other speeds at the same time.
The investigation of the polymer solution speed at the orifices showed that this parameter played a vital role in the process. A numerical study of the velocity distribution across the sections inside the cylinder is shown in Figs. 5(a), 5(b), and 5(c) at 7000, 8500, and 10 000 rpm angular velocities, respectively. The spinning speed of the fluid inside the chamber increased gradually from the center to the wall sides, as proven theoretically in Eq. (5). The polymer solution velocity depends on the vessel rotation speed. Therefore, in both cases, the acceleration increased at ω = 8500 and 10 000 rpm by 22% and 59%, respectively.
The mass flow rate of the PEO solution over time is presented in Fig. 5(d). The maximum values of mass flow rate obtained at 10 000 rpm, 7000, and 8500 rpm were equal to 2.25, 1.8, and 1.2 kg/s, respectively. The greatest amount of polymer was formed at the beginning of the process from t = 0.002 s to t = 0.05 s. The percentages of process time used at 8500 and 10 000 rpm were 56% and 39% less than the time consumed at 7000 rpm, respectively. The mass flow rates at ω = 8500 and 10 000 rpm were 180% and 225% compared with the mass flow rate at 7000 rpm = 1.12 kg/s, respectively.
Figure 5(e) outlines the volume fraction of the PEO solution at the orifices throughout the process. It can be observed that the gradual increase and decrease in curves was similar to the mass flow rate curves. The maximum value of volume fraction was achieved at 10 000 rpm because more solution escaped from the orifices at a higher velocity. The percentages of increase in volume fraction at 10 000 and 8500 rpm were 63% and 46% more than the volume fraction at 7000 rpm (Vf = 0.6), respectively.
4. Effects of pressure at a fixed rotational speed
Pressure applied during the process of fiber-forming which is the key difference between PG and CS has an influence on the surface profile of the fluid, the time required for the process, and the diameter of the PEO fibers formed. This can be explained by the higher kinetic energy of higher-pressure nitrogen gas streams, which increases their velocity. The high velocity of the gas inlet into the vessel creates a driving force for the acceleration of the PEO solution at the orifices. The gas pressure contributes to further polymer jet elongation and produces lower-diameter fibers due to fluid acceleration (Sec. III D). In this study, fiber was formed with different pressure levels (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 MPa) at a fixed rotational speed of 10 000 rpm.
In all experiments, the inlet gas pressure was applied when the angular velocity reached the required speed (ω = 10 000 rpm). Figures 6(a)–6(c) show the deformation of the PEO solution inside the cylinder under Pinlet = 0.1 MPa at different times (0, 6, and 20 ms). It was observed that the profile of the fluid surface was completely symmetrical under the influence of pressure, and the PEO solution was extracted out from all the orifices; therefore, the produced fibers had the same diameter with acceptable morphology. Figure 6(a) illustrates the fluid surface at the initial condition, where the height of the solution (hsolution) was 5 mm. The asymmetric profile of the solution was attained, and the fluid stretched to the orifices after t = 6 ms, as shown in Fig. 6(b). The nitrogen gas forced the polymer solution at the bottom to the interior surfaces side of the orifices, along with the remaining area of the orifices, which affected the speed and flow rate of the polymer solution. This gas also maintained the polymer jet and created a balance between the atmospheric pressure and the nitrogen pressure inside the reservoir, as shown in Fig. 6(c).
In Fig. 6(d), the influence of increased inlet pressure can be seen, as the thickness of the PEO solution at the cylinder walls decreased because of the high inlet gas pressure, which is applied directly downwards at the center of the cylinder. With higher pressure, the fluid reached the orifices after more time had elapsed compared with less pressure because the gas tries to exit from the orifices at the start of the process, as shown in Fig. 6(e). Moreover, the pressure produced by gas distributed the fluid in all points in the center of the orifices with the same concentration, as shown in Fig. 6(f). As a result, increasing the inlet pressure with nitrogen gas at high speed to assist the fluid jetted into the atmosphere led to a smaller diameter of polymer fiber, which was caused by faster elongation of the jetted solution (Sec. III D).
By increasing the pressure to 0.3 MPa, the PEO solution rapidly moved along the chamber walls at t = 6 ms, as depicted in Fig. 6(g). This strategy also kept the polymer controlled at the center and beneath the orifices, which allowed the solution jetted with nitrogen gas to accelerate the polymer output speed. Figure 6(h) shows the volume of the PEO solution at t = 20 ms, which was concentrated at two locations of the orifice (the top and bottom). Meanwhile, the nitrogen gas in the middle of the orifice expanded the solution, which led to a smaller diameter of solution jetted out from the openings. Figure 6(i) describes the solution behavior at t = 30 ms. The solution was controlled, staying around the orifice, at the bottom of the cylinder, and close to the area above the openings.
Figures 7(a), 7(b), and 7(c) show a numerical study of the velocity distribution inside the chamber at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 MPa inlet gas pressure, respectively. The nitrogen gas pressure governed the PEO solution velocity at the inlet of the vessel. Therefore, the velocity rate increased in both cases at 0.2 and 0.3 MPa by 43% and 115%, respectively. The force produced by the nitrogen gas accelerated the solution toward the orifices so that more elongated, thinner fibers were created (Sec. III D).
The mass flow rate of the PEO solution is illustrated in Fig. 7(d) at three different pressures: 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 MPa. The mass flow rate increased excessively with increased inlet pressure; therefore, the inlet gas forced the fluid to exit from the orifices more rapidly and with a greater quantity of PEO solution. The percentages of increase in the mass flow rate compared to inlet pressure at 0.1 MPa were 52% and 29% when 0.3 MPa and 0.2 MPa of gas pressure was applied, respectively. Figure 7(e) illustrates the volume fractions of the PEO solution as a function of time at different pressure levels. The volume fraction decreased with an increase in gas pressure, and the peak of the curve was not clearly observed. The volume fraction of fluid decreased by rates of 25% and 48% for gas pressures of 0.2 and 0.3 MPa, respectively, compared with the volume fraction when the gas pressure was 0.1 MPa. The curve has an obvious parabolic shape, so the numerical results confirm the scenarios elucidated by theoretical Eqs. (1) and (2).
D. Morphology, distribution, and production yield of fibers
Figure 8 shows the characteristics of the fibers formed. The diameter of fibers decreased from 1625.57 ± 714.83 nm to 1477.06 ± 368.53 nm by increasing of speed from 7000 rpm to 10 000 rpm under the same CS conditions. Moreover, the morphology of fibers, homogeneity of fiber distribution, and production yield improved by increasing speed in CS. Bead and droplet defects and nonhomogeneous distribution were observed at 7500 rpm. The morphology of fibers at 10 000 rpm was better than fibers produced at a lower speed, but it was still slightly beaded. The production yield of fibers was 7.9, 8.9, and 11.2 mg per ml solution for 7000, 8500, and 10 000 rpm, respectively.
On the other hand, the fibers produced by PG had a smaller size and better morphology and distribution compared to CS. When we compared PG only, the diameter of fibers decreased from 1085.29± 328.54 nm to 680.78 ± 178.89 nm by increasing gas pressure from 0.1 to 0.3 MPa in 10 000 rpm under the same PG conditions. The fibers were slightly beaded at 0.1 MPa but the morphology and homogeneity of fiber distribution improved by increasing the gas pressure to 0.3 MPa. The production yield of fibers was 16.2, 37.7, 54.3 mg per ml solution for 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 MPa, respectively.
E. Comparison of experiment and theoretical scenarios
The volume fraction contours in Fig. 4 reveal the behavior of the PEO solution inside the transparent reservoir without any applied pressure (i.e., CS). These contours prove that the polymer solution had a parabolic profile and that it was symmetric at different speeds (ω = 7000, 8500, and 10 000 rpm). It was also observed that the polymer solution was jetted from the orifices without fiber formation at a rapid rate, especially at a low rotation speed, as shown in Fig. 4(b), 4(d), and 4(g). However, at t = 30 ms, the solution was jetted with the air outside the chamber and stayed above and below the orifices [Fig. 4(c), 4(f), and 4(i)].
High-speed camera videos were captured in this study to show the same scenario at different times because the numerical study covered a stable, constant speed (i.e., at rest) but not accelerated conditions, which are found in real experiment scenarios. The motor was accelerated to achieve the required speed. This affected not only the time required to reach the orifices but also the symmetry of the fluid profile. The solution escaped from the openings at a lower speed, as shown in Fig. 2, and the fluid was not jetted from the orifices until it reached the top surface. In addition, the mass flow rate, volume fractions, and speed of the polymer solution as it exited from the orifices increased with an increased spinning speed, as shown in Fig. 5.
In the PG process, pressure played a crucial role by controlling the polymer solution within the cylinder; this was proven experimentally and numerically. As Fig. 3 shows, at different speeds, the inlet pressure controlled the solution within the reservoir and jetted the polymer fluid with high-speed gas, which increased the speed of the fluid and elongated the polymer at the exit of the orifices. Furthermore, Fig. 6 shows how the fluid profile was controlled inside the cylinder, staying around the orifices when jetted with nitrogen gas at all times.
The main purpose of this work was to elucidate how the polymeric fluid behaves during pressurized gyration and pressureless centrifugal spinning, comparing the scenarios. Overall, higher spinning speed and pressure will help decrease fiber diameter. However, automated control of the speed, pressure, and flow of polymer solution is needed to achieve fine fibers with a monomodal diameter distribution, and to further decrease the fiber diameter higher values of pressure and speed need to be tested. We are currently designing and testing a novel vessel-device, which can be computer-controlled with respect to automation and will also tolerate higher pressure and speed.
An experimental investigation was conducted with high-speed camera imaging, in combination with a numerical analysis (CFD), to examine the fluid behavior in two systems: PG and CS for forming polymeric fine fibers. 21 wt. % PEO dissolved in distilled water as a viscous solution was used in two scenarios. The first scenario used CS at three speeds without any applied pressure, and it was concluded that increasing the spinning speed allowed the polymer solution to jet out of the orifices faster. With a higher speed, the fluid rapidly formed into a parabolic shape and moved to the reservoir walls; it then continued to move upward to the top surface of the cylinder and, as a result, fluid started to jet out of the cylinder. Numerically, the ratio of the speed at which the solution escaped at 8500 and 10 000 rpm compared to 7000 rpm equaled 22% and 59%, respectively. The greatest quantity of polymer was formed at the beginning of the process from 0.002 to 0.05 s. The percentages of the total process time at 8500 and 10 000 rpm were 56% and 39% less than the time consumed at 7000 rpm, respectively.
In the PG scenario, three levels of inlet pressure were applied (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 MPa) at a fixed spinning speed of 10 000 rpm. The inlet pressure played a vital role at all spinning speeds and was crucial for effectively controlling the fluid profile within the reservoir. At the same time, the inlet gas helped the polymer solution reach the orifices in a short time (less than 1 s) and kept the fluid at the same location within the cylinder, which allowed the fluid to jet at the same time from all the orifices. Also, nitrogen gas was jetted with the solution out of the orifices at high speed to allow the polymer to stretch and evaporate the water.
There was a strong relationship between the magnitude of pressure applied and the speed at which the solution escaped from the orifices, which led to improved fiber morphology. The morphology of fibers, homogeneity of fiber distribution, and production yield improved by increasing the spinning speed in CS but was further enhanced by increasing the gas pressure. The best results were obtained at 0.3 MPa in PG. Finally, the total process time was less than 1 s in both the experimental and numerical studies. In future work, the process will be controlled by an automated system that allows the polymer solution to infuse into the chamber at a suitable spinning speed to reduce the amount of solution waste and to ensure an accurate volume flow rate for both the polymer solution and the inlet gas, which play a vital role in forming fine polymer fibers.
See the supplementary material for further details about videos extracted from high-speed camera recording of PEO solution behavior using the centrifugal spinning (CS) technique at 7000 rpm (Supplementary Video 1), 8500 rpm (Supplementary Video 2), and 10 000 rpm (Supplementary Video 3). The videos extracted from a high-speed camera during the use of the pressurized gyration technique (PG) at 0.1 MPa (Supplementary Video 4), 0.2 MPa (Supplementary Video 5), and 0.3 MPa (Supplementary Video 6) are provided. Additionally, videos obtained from ANSYS-Fluent recording of PEO solution behavior in CS at 7000 rpm (Supplementary Video 7), 8500 rpm (Supplementary Video 8), and 10 000 rpm (Supplementary Video 9), as well as in PG at 0.1 MPa (Supplementary Video 10), 0.2 MPa (Supplementary Video 11), and 0.3 MPa (Supplementary Video 12) are included.
The authors are grateful to the U.K. Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) for funding pressurized gyration forming research at University College London (Grant Nos. EP/S016872/1, EP/N034228/1, and EP/S016872/1). Hussain Alenezi wishes to thank PAAET-Kuwait for sponsoring his Ph.D. research (Grant No. 278010301647). Dr. Muhammet E. Cam was supported by a TUBITAK 2219 Research Program Grant (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey–TUBITAK) and thanks UCL Mechanical Engineering, for hosting his post-doctoral research in the U.K. We also thank Peter Kelly, Phil Jeavons of the UCL Mechanical Engineering Workshop for their suggestions and help in pressurized gyraxon vessel design and making.
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Zosimaia Pedagogical Academy, Ioannina City
This is a working model of a Photovoltaic park that helped the students understand how the RES are functioning.
In the framework of the Interreg IPA CBC Greece–Albania 2014-2020, we undertook the procurement and installation of LED lamps and Heat Pumps to improve the energy efficiency of the historical Academy and also the Demonstrative Models of Renewable Energy Sources in order for the students to fully comprehend the value of green energy.
With the use of a lever, a system of gears, (connected to each other by dials with toothed stems on them), can and does simultaneously turn all 10 Photovoltaic elements, right and left. The generated current charges a battery bank. After the batteries are charged, and by activating a switch, we lead the current to the lighting poles of a settlement. The village lights stay on until the batteries run out. Then we have to return the switch to its original position to start charging the batteries again.
These models are accompanied by measuring units, PC, and software for real-time processing and display of measurements, time series, and charts. The voltage and power of the electric current that is produced by the above models are monitored by the measuring units, which transfer the corresponding data to the computer for processing and carrying out computational exercises and tasks, with the help of which students are able to compare and evaluate the results and benefits of alternative energy production arrangements, such as changes in wind flow, water pressure, solar tracking gradients, etc.
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Measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) has become a mainstream, NICE-recommended, objective test of asthma severity. We explore the uses and practical issues with the FeNO test using clinically relevant questions for general paediatricians.
- adolescent health
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A 12-year-old boy, Jamie, is seen in a DGH respiratory clinic following a recent hospital admission with a life-threatening exacerbation. He has had one previous life-threatening exacerbation of asthma, and is thin, coughs intermittently and denies wheezing or feeling ‘tight-chested’. He is currently on an inhaled corticosteroid, oral montelukast and salbutamol if needed. His mother is a smoker and they are suffering with dampness and mould in their house. He claims to be taking his steroid inhaler regularly but his general practitioner (GP) records note his prescriptions of salbutamol are collected fortnightly, but his steroid inhaler has not been collected in 6 months.
You have heard about an objective test of airway inflammation: fractional exhaled nitric oxide and wonder if this could be useful here.
Asthma is defined as airway hypersensitivity and inflammation.1 It is a chronic condition that often affects children, with one in 11 children in the UK living with asthma.2 Globally, there are approximately 300 million people with asthma and annually up to 250 000 die prematurely, with 90% of these deaths thought to be avoidable.2 As a result, it is important to diagnose and treat asthma early to prevent this. In diagnosing asthma, it is important to consider the presence of symptoms with variable airflow obstruction.3 Distinguishing asthma from other causes can present clinicians with a diagnostic challenge.
Asthma is associated with 4.1 million general practitioner (GP) consultations and greater than 25 000 UK annual paediatric hospital admissions, with an associated annual cost of over £1 billion.4 Evidence has shown that asthma control is often suboptimal. The National Review of Asthma Deaths (NRAD) showed that 57% of patients who died from asthma were being supervised in primary care alone, and 46% of deaths were found to be associated with a lack of implementation of asthma guidelines.5 The main aims of asthma management include preventing exacerbations, hospital admissions and monitoring asthma control. Previously, objective and subjective measures have been used to assess this such as questionnaires, peak flow and spirometry. Recently, a more discriminative test has become more widely used in asthma management: fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), which is now NICE-recommended in the assessment and monitoring of asthma. We aim to outline the test and discuss its usefulness in clinical practice. Online supplemental appendix 1 demonstrates the search strategy for this article.
Asthma can be divided into extrinsic (allergic, atopic), intrinsic (non-atopic) and occupational.3 Atopy is characterised by a genetic predisposition to produce IgE against environmental allergens. Atopic asthma is related to Th2-lymphocytes which induce airway inflammation.
Nitric oxide (NO) is produced in normal, healthy lungs at a low level.6 In asthma, an eosinophilic pattern of inflammation is observed which leads to an increased production of NO.6 The majority of exhaled NO is produced by inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) in the respiratory epithelium. In asthma, there is often upregulation of iNOS expression due to the activity of IL-4 and IL-13 (types of Th2 cytokines).6 Therefore, exhaled NO signals Th2-lymphocyte-driven inflammation in the bronchial mucosa and may be useful in asthma diagnosis. The American Thoracic Society advocate that compared with other traditional tests, FeNO may have advantages in identifying eosinophilic airway inflammation.7 In this way, one can identify patients who are most likely to benefit from an adjustment in inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) regimen since this type of inflammation responds well to ICS as well as aid in identifying treatment non-adherence.7
FeNO measures the levels of NO when the patient breathes out, measured as parts per billion (ppb) in expired air. In schoolchildren, a FeNO level of ≥35 ppb is regarded as a positive test.1
Alongside clinical history, peak flow and spirometry, it helps to confirm an asthma diagnosis. It is useful when the diagnosis is unclear and to determine the specific type of asthma the person has as high levels of NO are indicative of ongoing allergic asthma. In this way, it is useful in aiding clinicians to adjust the management plan. It is suitable for children over the age of five. FeNO testing is available in some GP surgeries and hospital settings. This method is simple to use, can be performed in approximately 10 min and is inexpensive.1 Basic training is needed for non-clinical staff.
There are three separate devices which have been produced to measure exhaled NO, have been evaluated by NICE and are the most broadly used in clinical practice. These are: NObreath, NIOX MINO and NIOX VERO.1 8 All of these models are handheld. Tests such as spirometry and peak flow have been found to be difficult for children to use. In contrast, FeNO is feasible for young children since child-friendly software is available which explains the correct method of use. Figure 1 is an example of the NIOX VERO machine in use, demonstrating the software.
A cost-analysis was performed by the NICE (NG80) guideline committee, summarised by table 1.1 This analysis concluded that the average total cost per FeNO test is £10.01–13.66. This takes into account the consultation duration, staffing and the machine cost.
It is also important to consider the annual medication costs of managing children with asthma.1 By using a diagnostic strategy integrating FeNO with a high diagnostic specificity, it would be possible to reduce costs from overprescribing for children without asthma as well as supporting safer inhaler switching. A systematic review of 67 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessed the clinical and cost-effectiveness of different therapeutic management strategies including ICS and long-acting beta2 agonists in adults and children (≥12 years) with chronic asthma. They estimated the cost-saving from inhaler-switching to be up to £201 per patient per year.9
The NICE guidelines (NG80) concluded that the most cost-effective strategy in diagnosing asthma incorporates spirometry, bronchodilator reversibility, FeNO, peak flow and a methacholine challenge test in varying combinations depending on whether the spirometry result was obstructive or non-obstructive. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of adopting this strategy were less than £20 000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY).1 A sensitivity analysis was performed which showed that when the cost of FeNO increases above £93 per use, none of the diagnostic strategies were cost-effective at a £20 000 per QALY threshold.1 This threshold would only be reached if the machine was used less than 28 times over 5 years. Above this level of use, practicable in most GP practices, would make FeNO cost-effective.
Can the test be used to diagnose asthma? Is FeNO more accurate than spirometry or peak flow diaries?
Asthma is a clinical diagnosis and as a result, there is no single diagnostic test. NICE guidelines recommend that for children under 5 years with suspected asthma, their symptoms should be treated according to clinical judgement and have regular reviews. Once they reach 5 years, symptomatic children should undergo objective testing, including spirometry, bronchodilator reversibility or FeNO testing.1
Asthma can be diagnosed if the patient has symptoms suggestive of asthma and a FeNO level of ≥35 ppb with positive peak flow variability or obstructive spirometry with positive bronchodilator reversibility (table 2). In children, a FeNO level of ≥35 ppb makes asthma (and a response to ICS) very likely.3
Current guidance advocating serial monitoring (peak flow readings or spirometry) to confirm diagnosis may miss mild asthma as abnormal airway physiology may be undetectable, suggesting these tests used serially have a low sensitivity.2 3
Research has shown that the predictive values for FeNO are higher than that of traditional diagnostic methods.10 Table 3 below summarises the diagnostic accuracy of FeNO compared with traditional methods.3 4
This indicates that FeNO has a moderate to high sensitivity and a high specificity, based on high-quality evidence.3 NICE recommend that FeNO can only be used to assist in the diagnosis of asthma in children (alongside other investigations) if there is diagnostic uncertainty such as either normal spirometry or obstructive spirometry without bronchodilator reversibility demonstrated.1 This is because there is scope for significant misdiagnosis of asthma, with both false positive and negative errors. Although asthma pathophysiology is often associated with eosinophilic airway inflammation, this is not always the case. This is useful in interpreting FeNO results since in cases of asthma that are not due to airway eosinophilia, FeNO levels may be low.7 Furthermore, there is overlap between FeNO levels observed in patients without asthma and in patients with atopic asthma.7 This means that a raised FeNO level is supportive of a diagnosis of asthma, but is not conclusive.
Figure 2 is a flowchart summarising the asthma diagnostic pathway, incorporating FeNO. This is based on current NICE and BTS guidelines. Overall, the BTS guidelines conclude that a positive FeNO test increases the probability of asthma but a negative test does not exclude asthma. Nevertheless, FeNO has a high diagnostic accuracy relative to all other diagnostic tests performed in primary care. Therefore, it is appropriate to give all patients who have undergone a spirometry test and bronchodilator reversibility testing, a FeNO test.8
Clinical bottom lines
A raised FeNO level is supportive of asthma but not definitive.
FeNO has a high diagnostic accuracy compared with other available diagnostic tests in the primary care setting.
Can the test be used to monitor response to asthma treatment and tailor asthma interventions?
NICE guidelines (NG80) recommend that children with asthma should be reviewed annually. This should include monitoring exacerbations, inhaler adherence/technique and symptom scores. The NRAD was conducted by the Royal College of Physicians in 2013.5 This review identified 195 patients (28 children) whose case met the inclusion criteria and had died from asthma. Of those patients who died, 39% had been prescribed greater than 12 short-acting reliever inhalers in the previous year and 4% over 50.5 In contrast, preventer inhalers were underprescribed.5 This highlights a trend of over-reliance on reliever medication, a lack of monitoring of response to asthma interventions and a lack of assessment of future risk.
Analysis has shown that using symptom scores in isolation can lead to a significant number of children being overtreated. New monitoring strategies for asthmatic children should target poor asthma control to prevent further morbidity or mortality. FeNO offers additional information by quantifying the degree of eosinophilic airway inflammation over time.1 The test can identify patients who are likely to be steroid-responsive and which patients would benefit from adjusting their ICS regimen rather than other treatment options. NICE recommend that FeNO should be used before commencing ICS therapy. A raised FeNO presteroid therapy can be a good predictor of response to treatment.1
A Cochrane Review (figure 3, 2016) evaluated the efficacy of tailoring asthma interventions according to FeNO levels.11 They included nine RCTs involving 1426 children, placed in either the FeNO monitoring group or the control group. Control group interventions included symptom score, spirometry and peak flow to guide treatment adjustments. All of the review studies were hospital-based, affecting their relevance in primary care.
Overall, the review concluded that using FeNO to tailor asthma therapy cannot be universally advocated. However, the review used the number of patients who had exacerbations during follow-up as the primary end-point and did not adjust for multiple exacerbations during the study period.1 The National Institute for Health considers asthma exacerbation rates as the most valuable outcome for assessing asthma exacerbations.12 Reanalysing the review data using asthma exacerbation rates as the end-point demonstrated that the exacerbation rate was significantly lower in patients receiving FeNO-based asthma management.13
Price et al performed an observational study (2013) analysing clinical data to identify patterns of FeNO in UK primary care and its effects on physician/patient behaviour. This aimed to inform algorithms for the use of FeNO in practice (figure 4).14 A total of 678 patients aged 4–80 years were included, involved in routine FeNO measuring. Using published evidence and the study results, the authors developed a clinical algorithm using FeNO for monitoring patients with asthma.
Clinical bottom line
NICE do not currently recommend the routine use of FeNO to monitor asthma control as there is a lack of sufficiently powered studies demonstrating benefit. However, FeNO can support management in symptomatic children despite using ICS and in specialist asthma clinics.1 Further research is needed into the role of FeNO in asthma monitoring.
In children with asthma, is FeNO more reliable than clinical history, spirometry or peak flow in predicting future asthma exacerbations? Can the test be used to measure ICS adherence?
Research has shown that the majority of patients with asthma with treatment failure have an associated lack of ICS adherence. Furthermore, studies have shown that in children referred to tertiary care with ’severe asthma', adherence with prescription collection was below 80% in over half of the cohort.15 This can lead to increased unplanned healthcare attendances (UHAs), the provision of oral corticosteroids, and in some cases, death. Furthermore, exacerbations can reduce lung function and increase time off school/work.1
International guidelines recommend that non-adherence should be considered in all patients with severe asthma that is difficult to control before considering treatment escalation.16 However, detecting this non-adherence can be difficult, with self-reported and parental-reported adherence often overestimated.17
Lo et al conducted a UK prospective observational cohort study.17 Using spirometry, FeNO and asthma control test (ACT) scores, they assessed the prevalence of abnormal spirometry and FeNO in 614 children with asthma across 10 general practice settings. They then explored the inter-relationship of this with asthma control and measured the number of UHAs. They found that almost 50% of the cohort reported good asthma control based on their ACT score but had at least one objective test abnormality, with 12% having both abnormal spirometry and FeNO.18 This suggests that symptom-based evaluation of asthma severity and control may lead to under-recognition and suboptimal control. Abnormal pulmonary function and FeNO levels are common in children presenting to primary care for an asthma review. Figure 5 further demonstrates the results of this study.17
In total, 25% of the cohort had a raised FeNO level without abnormal spirometry. Furthermore, at follow-up 6-month postreview, the mean number of UHAs fell from 0.31/child in the 6 months preceding the review to 0.2/child (p=0.0004). There was also an increase in median ACT score from 20 to 22 (p=0.032).17 This demonstrates the benefits of FeNO monitoring and regular asthma reviews in reducing morbidity and mortality, and identifying those with poor adherence. This is further supported by the study published by Heaney et al in the adult cohort that found that FeNO suppression testing was an effective method of identifying non-adherence to ICS in patients with poorly controlled asthma.18
An observational UK study of 93 children aged 5–17 years assessed ICS adherence using electronic-monitoring.19 This was compared with self-reported adherence, FeNO and spirometry. They showed that suboptimal adherence (<80%) was found in 58% of children. There was no significant difference observed between the varying adherence groups and the measured parameters at the start of monitoring (such as FeNO, FEV1). Over the monitoring period, a significant but weak correlation was found in changes in asthma control between adherence and FeNO (r=0.46; p<0.001) whereas no correlation was found with the other monitoring groups.19
Clinical bottom lines
Consistent evidence has not validated whether FeNO can be used to monitor adherence. Therefore, this is not routinely advocated by NICE.
Despite this, FeNO is potentially a valuable biomarker when used alongside adherence monitoring in order to influence management decisions in patients who are symptomatic despite using ICS.1
Studies have shown that a positive FeNO test is supportive of an asthma diagnosis. However, this is not conclusive since there are many confounding factors which can influence results.2 This is summarised in table 4.
A cross-sectional analysis of 276 children was conducted in Finland.20 They completed a questionnaire and underwent medical assessment, including FeNO. A total of 114 healthy, non-atopic, school-aged children were included. Patients with a history of atopy, infection, abnormal lung function and smoking were analysed separately. They found that FeNO was significantly associated with age (p<0.0001) and height (p<0.0001), but not with gender (p=0.42).20 Research has shown that height is the best determinant of FeNO in healthy children. On average, an increase in height range of 120–180 cm leads to an increase in FeNO from 7 to 14 ppb.20 This highlights the importance of interpreting FeNO results in their clinical context and considering proposed models when analysing data.
Furthermore, increased FeNO levels are affected by atopy (OR 9.0, 95% CI, p<0.0001), allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis independent of the child having asthma.20 Therefore, FeNO levels should not be interpreted without knowing the child’s atopic status.
Jamie’s FeNO was 55 ppb. This result enabled an honest conversation about ICS use. Jamie noted that he had recently lost his steroid inhaler but was keen to return to playing football. He restarted his ICS and was considered for a combined ICS/long-acting reliever such as Symbicort SMART and once daily Relvar to help with adherence. Given his previous life-threatening exacerbation, he was referred to the tertiary multidisciplinary team respiratory clinic. In the meantime, a home visit by the respiratory nurse identified significant damp and mould. Two months later, his FeNO had improved to 14, with improved symptom control. The council had remediated the problems with the damp and mould. He was also back playing football.
There is currently a lack of evidence demonstrating a statistically significant benefit associated with FeNO measurement in order to support its routine use in asthma monitoring in primary care. Studies indicate that FeNO monitoring is associated with a reduction in asthma exacerbations owing to the appropriate targeting of increased ICS dose. Furthermore, FeNO has the potential to be cost-effective due to the associated reduced costs of hospitalisation and adverse complications. Further data are needed to define the optimal decision thresholds and the specific role of FeNO in asthma monitoring. The test is associated with low cost, ease of use and reproducibility.
Test your knowledge
Which of these FeNO levels is raised, in a new patient with suspected asthma?
FeNO is likely to be falsely raised in which of these groups?
Children with rhinovirus
Children who smoke tobacco
Children with allergic rhinitis
Children who vape
Which of these test results for asthma are clinically significant?
Bronchodilator reversibility (BDR) test: improvement in FEV1 of 15%
FeNO 50 ppb
Spirometry: FEV1/FVC ratio 75%
Peak flow variability 25%
You review an 8-year-old boy who is taking a fluticasone 50 mcg inhaler for asthma (two puffs two times a day) and salbutamol (two puffs two times a day and as needed). He produced a FeNO of 12 ppb and reports being well. Would you consider:
Reducing his inhaled steroid dose (to one puff two times a day)
Increasing his steroid dose (to three puffs two times a day)
Switching him to beclomethasone (two puffs two times a day)
Retesting FeNO if his symptom control changes
What is the estimated cost of FeNO per patient (in an outpatients setting)?
Answers to the quiz are at the end of the references.
Answers to the multiple choice questions
C, D, E
A, B, D
A, C, D
Patient consent for publication
Contributors RH and MPT were involved in the literature review, writing and editing of the paper. SW and MV were involved in the review and editing of the paper.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.
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Person: Fitzgerald, George Francis
George FitzGerald was a Irish physicist best known for the FitzGerald Contraction -- a way of explaining special relativity.
Mathematical Profile (Excerpt):
- However, this suggestion by FitzGerald, as we shall see below, was not in the area in which he undertook most of his research, and he would certainly not have rated this his greatest contribution.
- George FitzGerald's parents were William FitzGerald and Anne Frances Stoney.
- William and Anne had three sons, George being the middle of the three.
- It is doubtful whether Miss Boole realised what enormous potential her pupil George had, for although he showed himself to be an excellent student of arithmetic and algebra, he was no better than an average pupil at languages and had rather a poor verbal memory.
- However, when the tutoring progressed to a study of Euclid's Elements then George showed himself very able indeed, and he also exhibited a great inventiveness for mechanical constructions, having great dexterity.
- She noticed one remarkable talent in her pupil George, that was his skill as an observer.
- FitzGerald certainly showed that he had acquired the ability to learn from observation, experiment and measurement.
- It was not an undergraduate career devoted entirely to study, however, for FitzGerald played a full part in literary clubs and social clubs.
- The aim of FitzGerald was now to win a Trinity College Fellowship but at this time these were few and far between.
- FitzGerald immediately saw Maxwell's work as providing the framework for further development and he began to work on pushing forward the theory.
- It is worth noting that FitzGerald's reaction to Maxwell's fundamental paper was not that of most scientists.
- It is a tribute to FitzGerald's insight as a scientist that he saw clearly from the beginning the importance of Electricity and Magnetism.
- Maxwell's theory was for many years, in the words of Heaviside, "considerably underdeveloped and little understood" but a few others were to see it in the same light as FitzGerald including Heaviside, Hertz and Lorentz.
- FitzGerald would exchange ideas over the following years with all three of these scientists.
- During the six years he spent working for the Fellowship, FitzGerald also studied metaphysics, a topic which he had not formally studied as an undergraduate, and he was particularly attracted to Berkeley's philosophy.
- In 1881 John R Leslie, the professor of natural philosophy at Dublin, died and FitzGerald succeeded him to the Erasmus Smith Chair of Natural and Experimental Philosophy.
- One of FitzGerald's long running battles at Trinity College Dublin was to increase the amount of teaching of experimental physics.
- However, practical applications are built on theoretical foundations and FitzGerald fully understood this.
- We should also look at FitzGerald's idea of the purpose of a university since it was, like his other educational beliefs, the driving force in how he carried out his professorial duties.
- As can be seen from the quotations we have given from FitzGerald's writing, his interest in education went well beyond the narrow confines of his own department.
- It was through his personal friendship with Jellett, and also their joint scientific studies, that FitzGerald got to know Harriette.
- This was in 1899 when the prestigious award was made to FitzGerald for his contributions to theoretical physics, especially to optics and electrodynamics.
- We should now examine the research for which FitzGerald received these honours.
- Beginning in 1876, before he obtained his Fellowship, FitzGerald began to publish the results of his research.
- Maxwell, in reviewing the paper, noted that FitzGerald was developing his ideas in much the same general direction as was Lorentz.
- At a meeting of the British Association in Southport in 1883, FitzGerald gave a lecture discussing electromagnetic theory.
- So FitzGerald, using his own studies of electrodynamics, suggested in 1883 that an oscillating electric current would produce electromagnetic waves.
- In 1888 FitzGerald addressed the Mathematical and Physical Section of the British Association in Bath as its President.
- After his appointment to the chair, FitzGerald had continued to produce many innovative ideas but no major theories.
- Although FitzGerald is modestly talking down his contributions in this quotation, the comment he made about himself is essentially correct.
- Finally we should examine the contribution for which FitzGerald is universally known today.
- In 1889, two years after the Michelson-Morley experiment, FitzGerald suggested that the shrinking of a body due to motion at speeds close to that of light would account for the result of that experiment.
- The FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction now plays an important role in relativity.
- Sadly FitzGerald died at the age of only 49 years.
- Maxwell, whose work had proved so fundamental for FitzGerald, had died at the age of 48 while Hertz died at the age of 36.
- In 1896 FitzGerald had reviewed the publication of Hertz's Miscellaneous Papers for Nature after Hertz's death.
- Four years later, in September 1900, FitzGerald began to complain of indigestion and began to have to be careful what he ate.
- to me, as to many others, FitzGerald was the truest of true friends; always interested, always sympathetic, always encouraging, whether the matter discussed was a personal one, or one connected with science or with education.
- having heard with profound sorrow of the premature death of the late Professor George Francis FitzGerald, desires to place on record its high appreciation of his brilliant qualities as a man, as a teacher, as an investigator, and as a leader of scientific thought ...
Born 3 August 1851, Kill-o'-the Grange, Monkstown, Co. Dublin, Ireland. Died 21 February 1901, Dublin, Ireland.
View full biography at MacTutor
Tags relevant for this person:
Origin Ireland, Physics
Adapted from other CC BY-SA 4.0 Sources:
- O’Connor, John J; Robertson, Edmund F: MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
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<urn:uuid:ab649935-469d-4e64-9500-2f8fe1a2a381>
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- Lithops, native to Southern Africa, are also known by the name ‘Living Stones’ because of their resemblance to pebbles and rocks that scattered around their natural surroundings. Lithops are tiny slow-growing plants that grow close to the ground. Each plant has an underground stem with a long root that connects to two above-ground thick leaves that are merged together at the soil level.
- Lithops usually bloom white or yellow flowers from between the two leaves in the summer.
- All of the plants will be shipped bare root.
- Full sun.
- Porous and well-drained potting soil or cactus mix.
- Do not overwater or else the leaves will burst, causing the plant to die. Do not water in the summer since the plant is dormant and also do not water in the winter. It’s best to water during spring and when flowers bloom/new leaves appear.
- Lithops prefer warm weather but can survive cold winter with temperatures as low as 55˚F (13˚C).
- You can propagate Lithops from seeds
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<urn:uuid:0625642f-b4bf-4211-952e-42b514dee182>
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Head Back to School with PDB-101
PDB-101 resources promote exploration in the world of proteins and nucleic acids for teachers, students, and the general public. A video tour highlights some of the different features available.
Other PDB-101 resources include:
- Educational Resources include posters, animations, paper models, and classroom lessons and activities.
- Molecule of the Month articles describe the structure and function of a molecule, offer interactive views and discussion topics, and links to specialized pages to help explore specific example structures.
- The Structural View of Biology Browser feature promotes a top-down exploration of the PDB. Readers can travel through high-level functional categories (such as Protein Synthesis and Health and Disease) and descriptive subcategories (like Replication or Immune System) to access relevant articles that describe molecules in simple terms and provide specific examples.
- Understanding PDB Data is a reference to help explore and interpret individual PDB entries. Broad topics include how to understand PDB data, how to visualize structures, how to read coordinate files, and potential challenges to exploring the archive.
- Video Challenge. RCSB PDB challenged high school students to tell a molecular story about HIV/AIDS, with great results.
To visit PDB-101 from the main RCSB PDB site, click on the blackboard PDB-101 logo. This view offers easy navigation: select any Molecule of the Month article from the top bar pulldown menu or choose one of the tabs to jump to other sections. Select the blue RCSB PDB logo from the top of the page at any time to return to the main website.
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<urn:uuid:830cd473-e378-415d-a0f4-d4d257d82850>
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With the advancement of science and technology, generating electricity is becoming easier over the years. However, creating electricity through greener ways is still in the making and scientists are continuously working on the different ways.
Some alternatives to fossil fuel and coal electricity methods have been found like sustainable energy through sun and water, which have become quite popular in many countries. But, there are always new ways that need to be discovered and worked on. One such way of generating electricity without harming the Earth is Electrochemistry.
As one of the branches of chemistry, the study of electricity and its association with chemical reactions is called electrochemistry. With this branch of science, electricity, and energy can be produced easily.
Unlike other ways of generating energy which requires shaking, heating, or pressurizing the elements, in electrochemistry, you can obtain, energy in the form of electricity with the movement of electrons.
When electrons move from one element to another, electricity is produced in their stead, this reaction is known as the redox reaction or the oxidation-reduction reaction.
An electric current is generated when electrons move from one element to another, inside a circuit. This current is energy that is used in many things in our daily lives. From lighting up our houses to providing power to automobiles and making batteries, electrochemistry is a wide part of our lives.
Electrochemistry was actually discovered way before by the ancient Greeks. They discovered static electricity in 600 BC, by rubbing fur on tree amber. This is the most straightforward way of producing electricity.
It was Benjamin Franklin in the 18th century who confirmed that electric sparks and lightning are the same things with his Key and kite experiment. After that, Alessandro Volta made the discovery that the spontaneous flow of electric current can be generated through some chemical reactions.
After him, Michael Faraday was the one who created the first electrical generator in the late 19th century. This gave access to scientists like Thomas Edison to develop the first light bulb, commercialize electricity and make it a big part of our daily life.
How is Electrochemistry Green?
Electricity generated through electrochemistry is green energy because the movement of electrons in producing electricity does not give out any byproduct. However, electrons do not move on their own spontaneously, in order to move them, you require energy.
This is where the traditional ways of generating come into play. Most of the world’s electricity is produced by burning coal and fossil fuels which feeds the global warming and pollution in the world.
However, now there are many ways that produce renewable energy. These alternatives include solar energy, hydroelectricity, wind energy, geothermal energy, and biomass. Recently, the transition to these kinds of renewable energy is in the works but, transitioning the world completely to these sources will take time.
However, when electricity is generated through chemical reactions using acids and bases, or the burning of wood, it does not require any additional energy. Whereas, non-spontaneous reactions like photosynthesis and diving ammonium chloride in an ice pack require external energy. Here the scientists use different ways like pressure, other chemicals, and temperatures to move the reactions along.
As we are moving towards sustainable energy, these chemical reactions can be used in many other ways as well. With the help of electrochemistry, it can be applied in many other reactions and reduce harmful chemicals.
Popularity of Electrochemistry
In the last few decades, there has been a lot of advancement in the field of electrochemistry and its implementations. When we differentiate electrochemistry from other chemistry branches, we see its ubiquity quite clearly in comparison.
Electrochemistry has a wide breadth of applications in many areas of life. From chemical industries, medicine, and biochemistry to metallurgy, pharmacy, and nanochemistry, you can see electrochemistry in action everywhere.
Some of its uses can be found in the following ways:
⦁ As a Green Technology
One of the most powerful applications of this chemical branch is observed as a green technology that converts and stores energy. It not only transforms inert greenhouse gases; it also plays a big role in solar cells.
In order to produce electricity utilizing the combustion of carbon products, scientists have found a way to incorporate the laws of electrochemistry and match the light-absorbing substances with suitable electric material that assist in cleanly converting sunlight into electricity in solar systems.
⦁ Energy Storage in Batteries
Another way electrochemistry has invaded our lives is by being a great power source that is readily available in the form of batteries. We cannot get instant energy with solar and wind energy resources, which is why we need to store electricity somewhere.
This application of electrochemistry was rewarded with a Nobel Prize in 2019. With the advent of lithium-ion batteries, electricity storage became effortless. These lithium-ion batteries work in the way that they use the energy found in chemical bonds and convert it into electricity. This allows you to get energy on-demand using these batteries.
⦁ Electrochemistry in Biology
Electrochemistry is also widely used in the medical department. One of the widely used applications can be seen in the monitoring of glucose in diabetic patients. The electrochemical reaction between enzymes and glucose has proven quite advantageous in the medical field as companies are using this current to monitor the glucose level on a daily basis.
As electrochemical reactions give accurate results and quick responses, biological sensing is moving towards the use of electrochemistry because of its sensitivity.
Even though there’s a lot of effort being made in using electrochemistry as a green energy source, there’s still a lot scientists don’t know. With the works in progress, a green planet in the future doesn’t look like an impossibility anymore.
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<urn:uuid:e6fc19e4-7633-4b19-9c39-71c47e02616d>
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Sept 24 (Reuters) – A NASA space capsule carrying the largest soil sample from the surface of an asteroid that penetrated Earth’s atmosphere on Sunday delivered a sky sample to scientists by parachute over the Utah desert.
The gumdrop-shaped capsule, launched from the robotic spacecraft OSIRIS-REx, passed 67,000 miles (107,826 km) from Earth before the mothership touched down inside a designated landing zone west of Salt Lake City in the U.S. military’s sprawling Utah test. Training range.
The final descent and landing, shown on a NASA livestream, concluded a six-year joint mission between the US space agency and the University of Arizona. This is the third asteroid sample and the largest ever returned to Earth for study, following two similar missions by Japan’s space agency that ended in 2010 and 2020.
After touchdown, the capsule nosed down on the sandy floor of the Utah desert, a red and white parachute slowing its high-speed descent, coming to rest feet away after it separated.
After some doubt as to whether the preliminary chute was deployed correctly, the main chute deployed as planned, bringing the capsule to a smooth and nearly flawless landing.
“When we heard that the main collapse had been discovered, I was literally in tears,” University of Arizona scientist Dante Lauretta, who has been involved in the project since its inception and watched it descend from a helicopter, told a news conference.
Lockheed Martin engineer Tim Pricer said, “We’re as soft-touch as a dove.”
OSIRIS-REx collected its sample three years ago from Bennu, a small, carbon-rich asteroid discovered in 1999. The space rock is classified as a “near-Earth object” because it passes close to our planet every six years. The odds of an impact are considered remote.
Composed of a collection of loose rocks like a rubble pile, Bennu is 500 meters (547 yards) across, wider than the Empire State Building, and tall but small compared to the Chicxulub asteroid that struck Earth 66 million years ago. Before, it wiped out the dinosaurs.
Like other asteroids, Bennu is a relic of the early Solar System. Since its present-day chemistry and mineralogy are virtually unchanged from those formed 4.5 billion years ago, it holds valuable clues to the origin and development of rocky planets like Earth.
It may also contain organic molecules necessary for the growth of microorganisms.
Samples returned three years ago by the Japanese mission Hayabusa 2 from Ryuku, another near-Earth asteroid, were found to contain two organic compounds, confirming the hypothesis that celestial bodies such as comets, asteroids and meteors bombarded Earth early and seeded the young planet. Basic materials for life.
OSIRIS-REx was launched in September 2016 and reached Bennu in 2018, then on Oct. 20, 2020, spent nearly two years orbiting the asteroid before getting close enough to pluck a sample of loose surface material with its robotic arm.
The spacecraft returned to Earth from Bennu in May 2021 for a 1.2 billion mile (1.9 billion km) journey, including two orbits around the Sun.
Hitting the atmosphere at 35 times the speed of sound about 13 minutes before landing, the capsule glowed red hot as it plunged toward Earth and the temperature of its heat shield reached 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit (2,800 C).
The Bennu sample weighs 250 grams (8.8 ounces), which is larger than the 5 grams taken from Ryugu in 2020 or the smaller sample delivered from asteroid Itokawa in 2010.
A rescue team of scientists and technicians attempted to recover the capsule and keep the specimen free of any terrestrial contamination.
The dark capsule and its precious contents were transported by helicopter to a “clean room” at the Utah Test Range for initial testing. On Monday it will be flown on a military transport plane to NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, where the vial will be opened on Tuesday, where the samples will be parceled out as small samples, promised to 200 scientists at 60 laboratories around the world.
Meanwhile, the main body of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft is expected to travel to explore Apophis, another near-Earth asteroid.
Reporting by Steve Gorman in Los Angeles, Maria Gaspani in New York and Daniel Trotta in Carlsbad, California; Editing by Rosalpa O’Brien, Matthew Lewis, Donna Bryson and Mark Porter
Our Standards: Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
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<urn:uuid:f4144ad6-456e-415e-adea-78c80407904f>
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The Beginning of Progress and Conclusion of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia in the Years 1675 & 1676
by Thomas Matthew
|The Beginning of Progress and Conclusion of Bacon's Rebellion|
at the College of William & Mary.
|Published||: Unpublished manuscript copy|
Thomas Matthew, a 17th-century Potomac River planer-merchant, authored The Beginning of Progress and Conclusion of Bacon's Rebellion' in the Years 1675 & 1676," a firsthand manuscript detailing interactions, encounters, and observations that transpired during Bacon's Rebellion. The roots of Bacon's Rebellion trace back to Matthew's strained relationship with Algonquian-speaking Doeg Indians settled in the Potomac River Valley. These tense relations escalated into physical violence as Matthew and several English neighbors harmed and killed Native Americans attempting to make off with livestock on the Matthew farm. This flair up served stirred numerous schisms within the Virginia House of Burgesses, most notably between incumbent Governor [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Berkeley_%28governor%29 Sir William Berkeley, and Nathaniel Bacon, a member of the Governor's Council. Berkely and Bacon's dissent over how to properly bring this controversy to a peaceful conclusion served as the primary driver behind Bacon's Rebellion, a foreshadowing of broader colonial frustration with the British Crown's appointed political officials.
Matthew addressed his manuscript of The Beginning of Progress and Conclusion of Bacon's Rebellion' in the Years 1675 & 1676" to Robert Harley, Queen Anne's Secretary of State. While the author signed his name "T.M.," Matthew claims to reside in Northumberland County and possess a plantation within Virginia's Stafford County. Matthew later represented this property while serving on the House of Burgesses, allowing scholars and historians greater comfort in affirming the work as Matthew's.
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<urn:uuid:85ca31e1-c077-4b56-b3a7-be7bf87bcdb5>
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There is a new mobile game that starts with consecutively numbered clouds. Some of the clouds are thunderheads and others are cumulus. The player can jump on any cumulus cloud having a number that is equal to the number of the current cloud plus or . The player must avoid the thunderheads. Determine the minimum number of jumps it will take to jump from the starting postion to the last cloud. It is always possible to win the game.
For each game, you will get an array of clouds numbered if they are safe or if they must be avoided.
Index the array from . The number on each cloud is its index in the list so the player must avoid the clouds at indices and . They could follow these two paths: or . The first path takes jumps while the second takes . Return .
Complete the jumpingOnClouds function in the editor below.
jumpingOnClouds has the following parameter(s):
int c[n]: an array of binary integers
int: the minimum number of jumps required
The first line contains an integer , the total number of clouds.
The second line contains space-separated binary integers describing clouds where .
Print the minimum number of jumps needed to win the game.
Sample Input 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0
Sample Output 0
The player must avoid and . The game can be won with a minimum of jumps:
Sample Input 1
0 0 0 0 1 0
Sample Output 1
The only thundercloud to avoid is . The game can be won in jumps:
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<urn:uuid:24e0fb80-9e24-45cd-bd39-1f57d348f9ad>
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26 September 2014
Answer in 250 words:
Topic – Miscellaneous
1. “Delegation of authority is a misnomer. Authority lies in job and stays with the job.” Examine.
2. “Liberty of voter disappears in the ballot box once the vote is cast in a representative democracy, while it stays in a participatory democracy.” Critically Comment.
Topic – Saturday – Concepts of Accountability & Control (Challenge 21)
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<urn:uuid:d19465e6-3293-4071-a551-597ed39be167>
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Drews Prairie is a tallgrass prairie remnant of the Blackland Prairie. Texas’ Blackland Prairie is part of the endangered tallgrass prairies of North America, of which less than 1% remains due to conversion to agriculture and development.
Location: Falls County near Marlin
Region: Blackland Prairie
Size: 4 acres
Ownership: Owned by Ray E. and Nancy E. Drews with a conservation easement held by NPAT.
The Drews family conserved the family hay meadow for several generations, and Ray E. and Nancy E. Drews protected their prairie permanently for future generation via a conservation easement with NPAT.
Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) are dominant grasses.
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<urn:uuid:13ef64e5-8a55-44fc-a307-0e89cbc61f4e>
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Having a critical mass of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematical fields may spur even more women to enter those fields and, perhaps, overcome the gender gap there, NPR's Shankar Vedantam reports.
Rather than chalking the low numbers of women in STEM fields to differences in ability or interest, Nilanjana Dasgupta, a psychologist at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, says it's likely due to a sense of not belonging.
"The prototype of success in tech is very male, so I think those stereotypes get in the way of women feeling that this is the field for them," Dasgupta tells Vedantam.
Dasgupta performed a study in which female engineering students were invited to join workgroups that were working on various problems. Each workgroup had four members, but three of the members were actually researchers and one was the volunteer. Dasgupta also varied whether the volunteer was the only woman in the group, was one of two women, or whether she was one of three women.
From this, she found that when the volunteer was part of a group that was half women or more, she felt more confident in her engineering ability and was more interested in pursuing an engineering career.
But as Vedantam points out, none of the volunteers in the study thought that group affected her behavior. "Every woman who was a volunteer said their participation was shaped only by their own knowledge and by their own interest. In reality, we know this is not the case," he says. "The behavior of the volunteers was shaped significantly by their groups."
This, he says, suggests that tech and related companies might want to have a critical mass of women within their workgroups.
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Are you tired of coming home empty-handed after a day of fishing? Do you want to increase your chances of catching more fish? One important factor to consider is barometric pressure.
Barometric pressure, also known as atmospheric pressure, is the force exerted by the weight of air molecules on the earth’s surface. Changes in barometric pressure can have a significant impact on fish behavior and feeding patterns, which in turn affects how successful your fishing trip will be.
If you’re wondering what is the best barometric pressure for fishing, this article has got you covered. We will explore different barometric pressure ranges and their effects on fish activity. By understanding these patterns, you’ll be able to plan your fishing trips accordingly and ultimately improve your success rate.
So whether you’re an experienced angler or just starting out, read on to learn how to use barometric pressure to your advantage and catch more fish now!
Understanding Barometric Pressure and Fishing
The Relationship Between Barometric Pressure and Fish Behavior
Barometric pressure, also known as atmospheric pressure, refers to the weight of the atmosphere on Earth’s surface. Changes in barometric pressure can have a significant impact on fish behavior, causing them to become more or less active depending on the conditions.
Low-pressure systems typically result in cloudy or rainy weather conditions that can cause fish to become less active and move deeper into the water column. During high-pressure systems, fish are often found closer to the surface and are more likely to bite due to increased feeding activity.
In addition to changes in fish behavior, barometric pressure can also affect other factors such as water temperature, oxygen levels, and tide movements. Understanding how these variables interact can help anglers make informed decisions about where and when to fish.
The Importance of Monitoring Barometric Pressure for Fishing Success
Many experienced anglers monitor barometric pressure regularly to determine the best time to fish. However, it’s important to keep in mind that there is no ‘perfect’ barometric pressure for fishing. Instead, successful anglers use changes in barometric pressure to their advantage by adjusting their approach accordingly.
- High-Pressure Systems: During high-pressure systems, fish often move closer to the surface and are more active. This makes it an excellent time to target species that typically feed near the surface, such as bass, trout, and panfish.
- Low-Pressure Systems: When barometric pressure drops, fish tend to move deeper into the water column, making it necessary to adjust bait depth and presentation. In these conditions, it might be beneficial to switch from topwater poppers to sinking lures like jigs or crankbaits.
It is also worth noting that sudden changes in barometric pressure may cause fish to become skittish and less likely to bite. It’s not uncommon for a feeding frenzy to suddenly stop when the weather dramatically shifts.
“Understanding how different weather conditions impact fish behavior can make all the difference between having an unproductive day on the water or landing your biggest catch.” -Eric Meyers, Outdoor Writer, Angler
While there is no ‘perfect’ barometric pressure for fishing, understanding how it impacts fish behavior is essential for improving your chances of success. Experienced anglers carefully observe changes in barometric pressure and adjust their approach accordingly to adapt to changing weather patterns and maximize their chances of catching fish.
The Ideal Barometric Pressure Range for Fishing
Barometric pressure, also known as atmospheric pressure, refers to the weight of the air pressing against the Earth’s surface. It affects many things on our planet, including fishing conditions. As a fisherman, you probably know that barometric pressure can make or break your chances of catching fish. So, what is the best barometric pressure for fishing?
Understanding High and Low Barometric Pressure Systems
Before we dive into the optimal barometric pressure range for fishing, it’s essential to understand high and low barometric pressure systems. A high-pressure system means that the atmosphere above us has more mass than usual and causes downward pressure. On the other hand, a low-pressure system means that there is less mass in the atmosphere, causing upward pressure. In terms of fishing, high-pressure systems often lead to clear skies, calm waters, and slow fishing, while low-pressure systems mean windy conditions, rough waters, and active fish.
The Optimal Barometric Pressure Range for Freshwater Fishing
In general, most freshwater fishermen find the ideal barometric pressure range for successful fishing between 29.70 and 30.40 inches of mercury (inHg). Anything lower or higher will likely cause fish to become lethargic and decrease their feeding behavior. The absolute best condition would be falling barometric pressure since it indicates an incoming storm, which triggers predator fish to feed heavily before the weather turns.
The Optimal Barometric Pressure Range for Saltwater Fishing
On the other hand, saltwater fishermen usually prefer slightly higher barometric pressures around 30.00 to 30.50 inHg. These readings create stability beneath the water surface, leading to better visibility and easier finding for offshore species such as marlin, tuna, and sailfish. Just like in freshwater fishing, a falling barometric pressure is the best condition for saltwater fishing.
How to Adjust Your Fishing Strategy for Barometric Pressure Changes
If you’re planning on going out fishing and want to increase your chances of success, you should always check the weather forecast first. When you know what kind of barometric pressure system to expect, you can adjust your fishing strategy accordingly:
- Fishing during high-pressure systems: Try using live bait since it often works well when fish are inactive or slow-moving. Use shorter leaders, heavier sinkers, and focus on depth changes where fish may be holding.
- Fishing during low-pressure systems: Move out deeper in the water or towards structures like reefs, jetties, points etc. Experiment with different lures that have bigger profiles as they generate more vibrations through the water.
- Fishing during falling barometric pressure: Throw topwater lures if suitable for the species since predator fish feed heavy on these baits before storms hit. Get your hooks sharpened and use longer leader line for better hot -from-below strikes while surface feeding occurs.
- Fishing during rising barometric pressure: Look for structure elements such as drop-offs, weed beds, humps, etc., because predator fish will concentrate around those areas waiting for passing prey. Also look for darker water which often marks areas with baitfish activity.
- In general, overcast skies mix up flavors from all kinds of barometric conditions so overall it’s usually easier to catch any desired species under this circumstance. Change eating patterns- If you have heard about a specific time period associated with productive fishing (ex. dawn/dusk), don’t forget that a rapid shift in air pressure can disrupt the feeding patterns you expect your targets to have.
“A change in barometric pressure is a key factor to trigger fish movement. The most important consideration with air pressure changes is whether it’s rising or falling.” -Bassmaster Magazine
There isn’t an exact magic number for the best fishing barometric pressure since each species has its own preference and habits which needs to be experimented in real time. However,fishermen often keep an eye on the pressures mentioned above as general guidance when approaching their favorite freshwater/saltwater spots.To plan for success catch-wise from start till daylight retreats, pay attention to fluctuating conditions throughout your trip of choice.
How to Factor in Other Weather Conditions for Fishing Success
The Impact of Temperature on Barometric Pressure and Fishing
Barometric pressure is an essential factor that determines the success of your fishing trip. It refers to the atmospheric weight or air pressure exerted on the earth’s surface. The barometric pressure changes as a result of altitude, temperature fluctuations, and weather patterns. When it comes to fishing, understanding how temperatures affect barometric pressure can be a game-changer.
Temperatures above 75°F (24°C) indicate lower atmospheric pressures, which are ideal for optimal fish feeding behaviors since they typically involve active movement. Additionally, warmer weather conditions translate to rapid digestion of food by the fish, culminating in periods of increased feeding activity.
Conversely, temperatures below 55°F (12°C) signal high atmospheric pressures, rendering minimal fish feeding activities. This condition often arises due to extreme cold fronts that trigger fish to move deeper into waters where warmth and pressure increase. Surface feeding becomes scarce under such circumstances.
In essence, using barometric pressure forecasting tools coupled with temperature readings will help provide critical information necessary for predicting peak fishing times based on weather-induced alterations in barometric pressure acting on fishes, leading to enhanced feeding behaviors.
The Effect of Wind on Barometric Pressure and Fish Behavior
Wind speed translates to constant changes in barometric pressure depending on direction, duration, and intensity. Forecasting wind changes during fishing expeditions provides a reliable method for determining possible peaks when targeting specific fish species’ feeding behaviors influenced by current weather conditions.
Inshore marine environments normally have shallow-water flats where waves’ height directly correlates to wind speeds at the time. As a result, winds blowing from consistent directions like trade winds can create strong currents with corresponding heightened barometric pressures impacting feeding activities of target fishes.
Moreover, strong gusts can lead to substantial declines in surface feeding behavior since prolonged waves trigger adrenaline rush that confuses and scares off some fish species. Similarly, sudden calm periods often signal pressure spikes driving the fish deeper into waters, making it difficult for anglers to spot or catch them.
“Fish are more sensitive to changes in barometric pressure than we may believe. Understanding how weather conditions affect fishing can give you an upper hand when targeting particular fish species.” -George Poveromo
Other Essential Factors When Factoring Weather Conditions for Fishing Success
- Moon phases: During full moons, nocturnal fish species tend to feed during daylight hours due to sufficient ambient light penetration, leading to increased daytime bites.
- Cloud cover: Overcast skies lower visibility levels below water surfaces. This condition offers a perfect moment for predatory fish species to hunt closer to shorelines rather than fleet further offshore.
- Tides: Migratory fish follow tidal movements by using underwater currents as “highways” between different water bodies. Factor these natural navigational instincts in your fishing guide for better results.
While there is no one-fits-all ideal barometric pressure range for optimal fishing activity, tracking atmospheric pressure fluctuations alongside other prevailing weather conditions will offer insights necessary for successful fishing expeditions. Remember, understanding how temperature, winds, moon phases, cloud cover, tides, and other factors influence fish behaviors and feeding patterns could turn out useful tips that enhance enjoyable experiences with every cast! So get ready to become a pro-angler through fishing strategies and tricks learned over time!
Tools and Apps for Monitoring Barometric Pressure for Fishing
Barometric Pressure Sensors and Monitors
If you want to monitor barometric pressure while fishing, one of the best tools at your disposal is a barometer sensor. These sensors allow you to track changes in atmospheric pressure over time, helping to determine when conditions are optimal for successful fishing.
One popular option is the AcuRite Atlas weather station with an integrated wireless barometer sensor. This device can provide up-to-the-minute information on not only barometric pressure but also temperature, wind speed, and more, all accessible from your smartphone or tablet. It even offers storm alerts and customized email notifications.
Another useful tool is the Fishidy app, which includes barometric pressure readings as well as other important data such as water temperature and current conditions. The app allows anglers to log their catches and share tips and advice with other users.
Barometric Pressure Apps for Smartphones and Tablets
In addition to dedicated hardware, there are several apps that can help you monitor barometric pressure while fishing. Here are some of the most popular options:
- FishWeather: Designed specifically for fishermen, this app provides real-time weather and tide information, along with barometric pressure readings and forecasts. Users can narrow down their search to specific locations and save favorite spots for quick access.
- MyRadar: MyRadar is primarily used as a radar app for tracking storms and other weather patterns, but its advanced features include accurate barometric pressure measurements and easy toggling between metric and imperial units.
- The Weather Channel: A classic weather app beloved by many, The Weather Channel also delivers detailed barometric pressure data. It even includes allergy alerts, air quality reports, and UV index readings.
While all of these apps can be helpful in monitoring barometric pressure during fishing trips, it’s worth noting that the best way to use this information is by combining it with personal experience. Every fisherman has their own “lucky” conditions; some may find that low pressure yields bigger catches while others prefer high pressure days. It’s important to experiment and take note of patterns over time to determine what works best for you.
“What many novice anglers fail to realize is that barometers are one of our biggest allies in catching gamefish.” -J.B. Sirrine, Field & Stream
Tracking barometric pressure can provide valuable insight into ideal fishing conditions. By using sensors like the AcuRite Atlas or apps such as FishWeather and MyRadar, fishermen can stay apprised of changes in atmospheric pressure and make adjustments accordingly. However, it’s important to remember that there is no one-size-fits-all solution when it comes to optimal conditions for fishing. Experimentation and observation will ultimately lead each angler to discover their own preferred methods and variables.
Expert Tips for Fishing in Different Barometric Pressure Conditions
Fishing in High Barometric Pressure Conditions
High barometric pressure can make fishing more challenging, but it is still possible to have a successful fishing trip. The key is to focus on the right techniques and strategies.
One effective technique is to target deep-water structures such as drop-offs and ledges. Fish tend to move deeper in high-pressure conditions and these structures provide cover and food sources. Using lures that resemble the fish’s natural prey, such as crankbaits and jigs, can also be effective in this situation.
Another tactic is to slow down your retrieve speed. High-pressure conditions often make fish sluggish and less active, so using a slow presentation can entice them to strike. Additionally, switching to lighter line and smaller hooks can increase your chances of getting a bite.
“When dealing with higher than normal barometric pressures, I always like to keep my lures closer to the bottom. Find some good deeper structure and work around those areas.” -Brent Ehrler (professional angler)
Fishing in Low Barometric Pressure Conditions
Low barometric pressure typically leads to more active fish and better fishing conditions. However, anglers still need to adjust their tactics accordingly.
One strategy is to focus on shallow areas and look for signs of feeding activity, such as jumping or boiling fish. Using topwater lures and baits that create noise and vibration can help draw attention to your bait and trigger a strike from an actively feeding fish.
Another effective approach is to try different types of lures and presentations until you find what works best. Fish may be more willing to experiment with new types of bait during low-pressure conditions, giving anglers the opportunity to try something new and potentially more effective.
“When you’re fishing in low-pressure conditions, it’s a good idea to throw a jerkbait or spinnerbait. These are reaction lures that can draw in fish even when they aren’t feeding heavily.” -Casey Ashley (professional angler)
Fishing in Changing Barometric Pressure Conditions
Changing barometric pressure conditions can be some of the most challenging for anglers, as they require constant adjustments and flexibility in strategy.
One approach is to focus on timing your fishing during periods of stable barometric pressure. Watching weather forecasts and planning your fishing trip accordingly can help increase your chances of success.
Another tactic is to experiment with different types of bait and retrieve techniques until you find what works best. Fish behavior can change rapidly during changing pressure, so being adaptable and open to trying new things can make all the difference.
“During times of changing barometric pressure, I like to have a wide variety of lures at my disposal. This allows me to try out different presentations until I find what the fish respond to.” -Boyd Duckett (professional angler)
Fishing in Stable Barometric Pressure Conditions
Stable barometric pressure conditions tend to provide some of the most consistent fishing opportunities, but anglers still need to adjust their tactics based on the specific body of water they are fishing.
One technique is to target areas with structure and cover where fish are likely to congregate. Using live bait or lures that mimic baitfish can also be effective during stable pressure conditions.
In addition, paying attention to wind patterns and using it to your advantage can improve your odds of success. Wind can create current and move baitfish around, making it more likely that predatory fish will be in the area.
“When you’re fishing in stable barometric pressure conditions, focus on finding drop-offs or other areas where fish are likely to hide. Use natural-looking baits and concentrate your efforts around those specific spots.” -Mike Iaconelli (professional angler)
Frequently Asked Questions
What is barometric pressure and how does it affect fishing?
Barometric pressure is the weight of the atmosphere pressing down on the earth’s surface. It affects fishing because changes in barometric pressure can cause fish to become more or less active. High pressure can make fish more lethargic, while low pressure can make them more active. Understanding how barometric pressure affects fish behavior can help anglers determine the best times to fish and adjust their techniques accordingly.
What is the ideal barometric pressure range for successful fishing?
There is no one ideal barometric pressure range for successful fishing, as different fish species may have different preferences. However, many anglers find that a falling barometer, typically below 30 inches, can be a good time to fish. As the pressure drops, fish may become more active and feed more aggressively. It’s important to keep in mind that other factors, such as water temperature, time of day, and season, can also impact fishing success.
How can changes in barometric pressure impact fish behavior?
Changes in barometric pressure can impact fish behavior in a variety of ways. High pressure can make fish more lethargic and less likely to feed, while low pressure can make them more active and more likely to feed. Sudden changes in pressure, such as a rapid drop or rise, can also cause fish to become disoriented and change their behavior. Understanding these patterns can help anglers predict when fish will be feeding and adjust their techniques accordingly.
What are some tips for fishing in high barometric pressure conditions?
When fishing in high barometric pressure conditions, anglers may need to adjust their techniques to entice fish to bite. This can include using smaller baits, fishing deeper waters, and fishing during low light conditions. It’s also important to be patient and persistent, as fish may be less active and less likely to bite. Paying attention to other factors, such as water temperature and wind direction, can also help increase fishing success in high pressure conditions.
How can I monitor barometric pressure while fishing?
There are several ways to monitor barometric pressure while fishing, including using a barometer or a smartphone app that tracks weather patterns. Many fishing watches also include barometric pressure tracking features. It’s important to keep in mind that barometric pressure can change rapidly, so it’s a good idea to check for updates frequently and adjust your fishing techniques accordingly.
Is it possible to still catch fish during low barometric pressure conditions?
Yes, it is still possible to catch fish during low barometric pressure conditions, although it may require different techniques than during high pressure conditions. Fish may be more active and more likely to feed during low pressure, so anglers may need to use larger baits and fish shallower waters. It’s also important to pay attention to other factors, such as water temperature and wind direction, which can also impact fishing success. Patience and persistence are key, as fish may be less active and less likely to bite during low pressure conditions.
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Phonics at Cam Woodfield Junior School
At Cam Woodfield Junior School, we believe phonics is key to academic success not only in reading and writing, but in all areas of the curriculum. Therefore, we feel that it is our duty to ensure that all of our learners have a secure phonetical understanding, that enables them to crack the complex code better known as the English language, by the time they leave us in Year 6.
What is phonics?
Phonics is a method used within schools to teach children how to read and write. It helps children hear, identify and use different sounds that distinguish one word from another. Phonics involves matching the sounds of spoken English with individual letters or groups of letters. For example, the sound k can be spelled as c, k, ck or ch.
How do we teach phonics at CWJS?
At CWJS, we use a programme called 'Little Wandle Letters and Sounds'. The programme draws on the latest research into how children learn best; how to ensure learning stays in children’s long term memory and how best to enable children to apply their learning to become highly competent readers.
We teach phonics every day for 20 minutes, to groups of learners who would benefit from revisiting specific phases that they are not yet secure in. Once these gaps in knowledge have been filled, and the children show a secure phonetical understanding, they then move onto learning spelling patterns and rules that they can apply to their writing. We assess the children's phonics every half term to monitor their progress.
Our daily sessions follow a similar structure, in Phases 2-5:
- Review GPCs (grapheme-phoneme correspondences) e.g. 'ee'
- Review words from previous sessions
- Review tricky words from previous sessions
Teach and practice:
- Introduce the new GPC e.g. '/ee/ y'
- Oral blending e.g. 'h-a-pp-y'
- Introduce new words e.g. 'silly'
- Define any new unfamiliar words
- Introduce a new tricky word
Practice and apply:
- Look at a sentence, identifying any tricky words, as well as our focus GPC for today
- Practice spelling words with our focus GPC in e.g. 'funny'
How can I help my child with phonics?
Children who are receiving phonics will be provided with two reading books. The first book is a 'coloured' book which matches their phonics phase. The children will move up the colour ladder as their phonics progresses. Additionally, they will also be provided with a 'Little Wandle' book to match the graphemes they are currently learning. Both of these books can be read at home as part of their weekly homework of reading 3x a week.
We also encourage parents to use the same terminology as we would in school, to ensure consistency for the children. Please see the videos of Mrs Milton teaching a phonics group at CJWS, to demonstrate what this should look like, as well as the glossary below:
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Google Drive Function | How to Use it on Laptops and Computers
Google Drive Function | How To Use It On Laptops And Computers
So far, most of the users use Google drive to store files only. But more than, Google drive’s functions are numerous. Here are some other functions besides saving files.
1. Share Files
In addition to storing files, Google drive can also be used to share files with each other. Even with a large size all at once. Then users can also invite people more quickly so they can immediately see it, make comments, and edit the file. So, users can collaborate with others easily.
2. Editing Files
Another function of Google drive is to edit files, be it in the form of Word, Excel, or Power Point. If users have finished editing, the file will be saved automatically in Google drive.
Not only that, in Google drive it is also possible to create new worksheets. Even users don’t have to use a laptop, because with Android it can also be done.
3. Back Up Files
It becomes a big problem if at any time your cellphone or laptop users is damaged and the data on it has not been backed up. But if it has been backed up in physical storage, viruses are a threat that is also dangerous for data users.
To find a safe way, then use Google drive to backup all data users. Guaranteed this is a safe place to put all data belonging to users from the risk of being lost or exposed to viruses.
4. Saving Links
When users are surfing the internet and want to save important links for reading at a later time, just use google drive to save them. You only need to install the Google drive extension on Google Chrome.
Then click the triangle icon in the browser to save the link that you are currently open.
Or you can right-click on the link and select “Save Link to Google Drive”.
How To Use Google Drive On A Laptop Or Computer
To use Google drive if you use a laptop or computer, then the method is as follows:
- The first step, users must open drive.google.com first.
- Then login to Google have users.
- After that, click the New menu on the top left.
- If needed, users can create a folder first by clicking the Folder menu.
- After the new folder is created, then click the + menu again in the previous third step.
- Users can choose to upload files or upload one folder at a time.
- Users only need to wait until the upload process is complete
How To Save Files On Google Drive Android
If you use Android to save files on google drive, then the method is as follows:
- Open File Explorer in Android users. If you want to save photos or videos, just open the gallery on Android.
- Then choose the file that you want to upload. Users can select one file or in large quantities at once.
- Then click the Send menu. You can find it at the bottom after selecting the file.
- Then select the Save to Drive menu.
- Wait some time until the upload process is complete.
So, now Users already know what are the functions of Google drive? Where Google drive is not just for storing files. Even how to use it is quite easy, both on laptops and on Android without having to learn it for a long time.
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Power of air (8-15 years)
Investigate balloon hovercraft and learn how engineers at CERN design and use air pad systems to move detector slices that are heavier than 500 elephants!
Technology at CERN is multidisciplinary, spans a huge range and is constantly pushing the boundaries of what we consider possible. For example, engineers at CERN can move detector parts weighing over 1000 tonnes by using the power of air. These hover-craft-like airpads reduce friction and move detector parts efficiently.
In this workshop, participants will investigate how balloon hovercrafts reduce friction and learn how this allows for heavy loads to be moved efficiently. Participants will gain experience on how friction affects motion and will design, build and test various configurations of their air pads to solve a series of challenges.
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Signs of Stroke in Women
When a part of human brain stops working due to insufficient supply of oxygen then this lethal condition is called a Stroke. The general stroke symptoms may not be seen in women. Therefore, to provide treatment to the patient on time, it is essential to know about the stroke and its symptoms in women.
In medical terms, Stroke is known as Cerebrovascular Accident and it is a condition when blood supply is episodic to a part of brain. The oxygen is carried by the blood cells that are supplied to several parts of the body that also includes brain cells. Therefore, blood and oxygen are a must for the proper functioning of all the body organs and cells. At the time of Stroke attack, the blood supply can be interrupted because of blocking or bursting of a blood vessel present in a part of a brain.
Ischemic and hemorrhagic are the two types of the strokes. Ischemic stroke is type of stroke due to a blood clot whereas Hemorrhagic stroke occur because of breaking of blood vessels. It is due to the blood and oxygen shortage, that the brains cells die and this causes dysfunction of that part of brain. However, due to the lack of treatment the brain may stop working completely and the delay in treatment may lead to death. Stroke symptom for women is different from the usual stroke symptoms.
The common symptoms of stroke that are seen in both men and women are dizziness and problems with balance and coordination, Sudden speech impairment or impaired comprehension, blurred vision or difficulty with vision, numbness or weakness, usually on one side of the body, onset of a sudden and major headache, mental confusion.
All these stroke symptoms occur unexpectedly with a sudden onset. In women, Stroke symptoms may vary from the classic or above-mentioned symptoms of stroke. Generally, the symptoms are considered as quite unclear, when a woman gets a stroke attack. These symptoms are usually diverse from the symptoms of stroke that are generally observed and because of these distinctive and unclear symptoms stroke test in a woman can go undiagnosed. Thus, wrong diagnosis of these symptoms leads to wrong treatment and hence causes severe complications. Hence, it is essential to know about the signs and symptoms of stroke in women.
Sometimes, the stroke symptoms in women are so diverse that the physician may misdiagnose the problem and relate it to some other health problem. Atypical symptoms of stroke are also seen in men however, the percentage is higher in women. These symptoms are breath shortness, seizures, fainting, and unconsciousness.
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* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 9
Document related concepts
Chapter 9 Justinian codification of Roman law resulted in The Body of Civil Law. Under early Germanic law, a wrongdoer had to pay wergild, or “money for a man,” to the family of the person he injured or killed. Under Germanic law, if an accused person was unharmed after a physical trial, or ordeal, he or she was presumed innocent. The Vikings were made part of European civilization by the Frankish policy of settling them and converting them to Christianity. Charlemagne established the missi dominici, who were two men who were sent out to local districts to ensure that the counts were carrying out the king’s orders. The Carolingian Renaissance was a revival of learning and culture. Although women in feudal Europe could legally hold property, most women remained under the control of their fathers until they were married, and their husbands after marriage. Still, aristocratic women had many opportunities to play important roles. Because the lord was often away at war or court, the lady of the castle had to manage the estate. Households could include large numbers of officials and servants, so this was no small responsibility. Care of the financial accounts alone took considerable knowledge. The lady of the castle was also responsible for overseeing the food supply and maintaining all the other supplies needed for the smooth operation of the household. Chivalry was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold. In addition to their oath to defend the Catholic Church and defenseless people, knights were expected to treat captives as honored guests instead of putting them in dungeons. Chivalry also implied that knights should fight only for glory and not for material rewards, an ideal that was not always followed. The most important gift a lord could give to a vassal was a piece of land. At the heart of feudalism was vassalage, which meant warriors swore loyalty to a lord, who in turn took care of their needs. In 1066, William of Normandy invaded England, soundly defeating King Harold’s forces at the Battle of Hastings. The Magna Carta was a document that eventually was used to strengthen the idea that a monarch’s power was limited, not absolute. Gregory I, also known as Gregory the Great, strengthened the power of the papacy and the Roman Catholic Church. Saint Benedict founded a community of monks that established the basic form of monasticism in the Catholic Church. Crusades Pope Innocent III initiated the Fourth Crusade. The Venetian leaders of the Fourth Crusade saw an opportunity to neutralize the Byzantine Empire and diverted their army to Constantinople. Saladin led the Muslim forces to retake Jerusalem from the crusaders.
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VINOD CHANDRASHEKHAR DIXIT
December 1st is World AIDS Day – an opportuni- ty for people worldwide to unite in the fight against HIV. AIDS is a common unity problem that demands a community response. An HIV infected person can live a healthy social life but he has the social obligation of not spreading the disease. People around the world unite to show support for people liv- ing with HIV and to remember those who have died from AIDS-related illnesses.
I would like to point out that AIDS affects women not only as individuals who are HIV inflected but also in their multiple roles in society and the family, as health care providers. educators, wives, mothers and income providers. It is also clear that the impact of HIV-related diseases among women will, if no action is taken, inevitably worsen the situation everywhere, par- ticularly in the poorer communities.
In August’ 16, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare put the number of people getting free treatment nationally at 9,65,000, of which 53,400 are children.
This must be viewed against the most recent estimate last year, that 2.1 million people live with HIV in India, of whom 7,90,000 are women. According to the gov- ernment regulations on the prevention of infectious dis- ease, a doctor who has discovered that his patient is carrying HIV is required to try to obtain information on who infected him and what other persons the patient might have infected. It is reported that there are
approximately 21 lakh persons estimated to be living with HIV in India and the percentage of patients receiv- ing antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment currently stands at a mere 25.82% as against the global percent- age of 41%, according to the 2015 Global Burden of Diseases.
No doubt, the WHO has issued guidelines on medical procedures to be followed in handling HIV infected people but as women will have to take upon themselves a large proportion of caring for HIV-infected persons and people with AIDS, it is imperative that they are pro- vided with information, skills, knowledge and resources in order for their roles as providers of care to be less taxing, more humane and more effective. Don’t we think we should learn from the experience of Thailand, Senegal and Uganda that have brought down the HIV rate. No doubt, the government has done its part, the onus lies on civil society to help get rid of the discrimi- nation and prejudice that HIV-affected people face.
We should remind ourselves of the damage the dis- ease has done and rededicate ourselves to its preven- tion. There is need to increase awareness among youngsters, particularly girls, about HIV/AIDS. The main reason is that there is very little awareness in rural India about what exactly the disease is, its modes of transmission and its symptoms etc. Our aim must be to limit the spread of the disease and educate youth about prevention.
Time has now come when Victims need to be pro- vided with information about the emotional and physi- cal process of HIV diseases or AIDS, the ways in which HIV is transmitted. Educational materials must also be printed to accommodate differences in language, cul- ture and education. The family members should also show willingness to care for a person with AIDS. The Government should take care of counselling, health education, treatment of infected persons, organising reporting of cases and establishment of surveillance centres. The active support of the citizens, voluntary organizations and society is much essential.
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<urn:uuid:de3b7320-f9e6-47cc-897a-3910ff095178>
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Four Steps to Your Wiki
By means of this guide you will be able to create a Wiki for your course in no time before adapting it according to your needs.
Step 1: Open course editor and insert Wiki course element
- Search for your course in "Authoring", section "My courses," and open it.
Select position at which your Wiki course element should be inserted by clicking on it.
Select "Wiki" in the pop-up "Insert course elements" in the toolbar.
Indicate a short title for your course element in the tab "Title and description" and save your settings.
Step 2: Create Wiki
- Click on "Choose, create or import Wiki" in the tab "Wiki learning content."|
- Click on "Create."
- Indicate the title of your Wiki and click on "Create".
Step 3: Configure Wiki
- Click on "Edit."
- Adapt welcome page: Write a text ("Index") and save your settings. Explanations regarding the Wiki syntax by clicking on the question-mark icon.
- Create Wiki page: Click on "Create" and enter the title for the new Wiki page in the pop-up box. Click on "Create". Then click on the red link with the page's title in order to generate and edit that page.
- Adapt Wiki menu: Click on "Modify" in the drop-down menu "Wiki menu" in order to adapt that menu according to your needs or add external links. Save your settings.|
- Close Wiki tab and click on course tab.
Step 4: Publish and activate your course
- Select "Publish" on your right in the toolbox "Editor tools."|
- Check course element before clicking on "Next."
- In the pull-down menu select "All registered OpenOlat users" in the section "Modify course access."
- Click on "Finish."
Now your Wiki is embedded and course participants can read your Wiki contents, edit pages already existing, and create new pages.
Alternatively, a Wiki can be created like all other learning resources in the author area and then integrated into the desired course. This procedure is recommended to understand that learning resources are cross-course tools and that the integration into the selected course is only one possibility. The same Wiki can be included in several OLAT courses and can also be used independently of the course.
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Geologic map of the Pine Grove-Blawn Mountain area, Beaver County, Utah.
Use this link to zoom in and pan around the map: https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ngm-bin/pdp/zui_viewer.pl?id=426
Use this link to zoom in and pan around the cross-sections, which also includes detailed descriptions of the rock units: https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ngm-bin/pdp/zui_viewer.pl?id=427
This is the link to the page for the Geologic map of the Pine Grove-Blawn Mountain area, Beaver County, Utah: https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9255.htm
There is a lot going on in this map! But we will focus on specific parts for each question.
8. Locate the Wah Wah syncline (left / west side of map) and the Wah Wah thrust fault (center of map).
The Wah Wah syncline and thrust fault are indications that this area experienced which type of plate tectonic force in the past?
Now locate this fault on the map and cross-section (tan arrows point to the fault – we will call it the “tan arrow fault”):
9. Rock unit Pc is _______ than rock unit Tel. Hint: use the map key.
- younger than
- older than
10. Cross-section B-B’ shows that the Tel side of the “tan arrow” fault is the hanging wall. Given your answer above, and the information in B-B’, what type of fault is this? (Hints: look at the cross-section and Faults)
- Thrust (reverse)
11. Cross-section A-A’ shows the intersection of the Wah Wah thrust fault (below the brown Zcc unit) and the “tan arrow” fault. Based upon Principles of Relative Dating, which fault happened last?
- Wah Wah Thrust
- Tan Arrow Fault
12. The Tan Arrow Fault (and many other faults in the area of the same type) indicate that this area experienced which type of plate tectonic force?
Want to know more? This area of Utah is part of the Basin and Range Province.
The connection between the San Andreas and the Basin and Range is illustrated in this video: (watch from the beginning to 4:07 minutes): https://youtu.be/2TSTVCIZ-dg
The connection between the San Andreas fault system and the Basin and Range is described in detail in this page: https://opengeology.org/historicalgeology/san-andreas-fault-and-basin-and-range/
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<urn:uuid:52cebf37-6a05-4f7f-9666-533edd278e5d>
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🟦 12.1 What is fluid statics?
Fluid statics is a topic that is covered in two different courses: Statics and Fluid Mechanics.
In Statics, we wish to investigate the structure (or container or tank) that holds the fluid. For instance, we may want to determine whether or not a drinking glass is strong enough to contain the fluid pressure generated by the contents. Before we can tackle that sort of problem, we first need to calculate the load the fluid imposes on the submerged surface/s. We aren't studying the fluid itself -- just its effect on the solid bodies around it.
Our analysis procedure typically breaks down into four general steps:
Understand the context: cut a FBD that isolates the portion of the tank geometry you're interested in from the fluid itself
Compute the pressure: construct a pressure distribution on the surface of interest
Convert to 2D: convert the area load into a statically equivalent line load
FBD and E.o.E.: convert the line load into equivalent forces and apply the E.o.E. to the FBD
❏ Fluids and their quest for a low energy state
❏ The four basic steps of a fluid statics problem
🟦 12.2 Mass density vs. weight density
❏ Conventional assumptions
The theory in this lesson applies to all fluids, but for simplicity, we will principally study water. There are two different ways to communicate density:
We typically use 𝜌 (pronounced “rho”) for the mass density (mass per volume) of a fluid.
We typically use 𝛄 (pronounced “gamma”) for the weight density (weight per volume) of a fluid. This is also called the unit weight.
The density of water does change as a function of salinity (salt water vs. fresh water) and temperature. With that in mind, it is conventional in fluid statics computations to make the following assumptions regarding the weight of water.
mass density: 𝜌 = 1000 kg / m^3
weight density: 𝛄 = 𝜌g = 9.81 kN / m^3
U.S. customary units:
mass density: not commonly used
weight density: 𝛄 = 62.4 # / ft^3
❏ An alternate approach
As the example illustrates, a numeric analysis for problems involving the self-weight of water will generate decimals.
Some engineers use a workaround when working in SI units. Instead of using the more precise 𝛄 = 9.81 kN / m^3, an approximate value is used: 10 kN / m^3. That artificially inflates all numbers by (10/9.81), which is a ~1.9% increase.
Once you get to the final answer, you simply multiply it by (9.81/10). This is permissible because the density parameter has a linear effect on the analysis.
This is an optional math trick that you can use to speed up your work on fluids problems. If you choose to use it, be sure to effectively communicate your approach to your audience.
❏ Weight densities to memorize
🟦 12.3 Fluid statics in the wild
It's hard to find good photos of submerged surfaces ... all that water gets in the way! Here are two structures that are safely supporting loads imposed on them by the water.
❏ The Hoover Dam, Boulder City, Nevada, USA
🟦 12.4 Fluid pressure
We can think of a fluid as a continuum of differential-scale fluid particles. Imagine cutting a tiny cubic FBD of a particle of fluid by cutting out all six faces (+x, -x, +y, -y, +z, and -z).
If we then take the limit as dx, dy, and dz all approach zero, we zoom in to a single particle (or point) of fluid.
Each fluid particle pushes on neighboring particles. Per Newton's Third Law, the neighboring particles push right back. All of this pushing is given the term fluid pressure. Fluid pressure (force per area) is a subcategory of area load.
Of course, the fluid particle that is in contact with the fluid's container (or tank) delivers a push to that surface.
Conceptually, when we are talking about the fluid, we say that fluid pressure is directionless. That means that the pressure is equal in all directions (up, down, north, south, east, west, as well as any inclined geometry you can imagine).
On the other hand, when we are talking about the fluid's container or any submerged surface (perhaps the outer wall or hull of a submarine), we say that the pressure is perpendicular to the geometry of that surface.
❏ A continuum of fluid particles
🟦 12.5 Pascal's Law
We use Pascal's Law to compute the static fluid pressure at a specified depth. Pascal's Law applies to incompressible fluids (like water). It isn't applicable to compressible fluids (like gases).
Pascal's Law states that fluid pressure is a function of just two parameters: (1) the weight density (𝛄), and (2) the head (or height) above the point, measuring straight up to the surface of the fluid.
p = fluid pressure at a depth (or at a point) = 𝛄h
where h = "head" or height of fluid column above the particle
and 𝛄 is the weight density (or unit weight) of the fluid
You can think of fluid pressure as the weight of the column of fluid that lies above a unit horizontal plane that containing the point (e.g. a flat square that measures 1x1 meters or feet).
Here is Pascal's Law, paraphrased for fluid statics:
the magnitude of fluid pressure increases linearly with depth and acts perpendicular to the geometry of each submerged surface.
❏ Definition of h (head)
❏ Units for Pascal's Law
In this example, Pascal's Law is used to compute the fluid pressure at points A, B, C, and D in four tanks of water.
Be aware that some engineers incorrectly use the term hydrostatic pressure for both water and non-water fluids. Since “hydro” means water, “hydrostatic” refers specifically a reservoir of water in static equilibrium. It's best to use the more generic term static fluid pressure to refer to fluids in general, and hydrostatic pressure when you are specifically referring to water.
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids in motion -- perhaps water that is pumped through a system of pipes. In Statics, our scope is limited to fluids at rest -- or static fluid pressure.
🟦 12.6 Pressure prisms: horizontal and vertical surfaces
In a FBD, we have often isolated a body (a member, a pin, a portion of a cable) by cutting away the context to free the body -- while being certain to replace everything we cut away with its effect on the body.
In fluid statics, we will cut away the fluid particles in contact with a solid surface, and replace them with a field of pressure vectors that are (1) compressive; (2) perpendicular to the surface geometry; and (3) computed with Pascal's Law.
As an overview of this concept, investigate horizontal surface ABCD and vertical surface EFGH in the interactive animation.
❏ 3D interactive animation: horizontal and vertical surfaces
In this example, a pressure prism of surface ABCD is illustrated. The pressure prism shows the effect of the fluid particles in contact with the surface. Be sure to visualize the process of cutting the fluid away from the surface, and replacing it with a vector at each point. The pressure distribution (or prism) is a field of vectors.
Pressure prisms for horizontal surfaces (with constant pressure) and vertical surfaces (with pressure that increases linearly with depth) are fairly easy to construct. This flipbook shows the entire process.
Inward-leaning or outward-leaning surfaces are a little trickier -- reference the next section for a useful and clever approach.
❏ Flipbook: resultant force on vertical and horizontal surfaces
🟦 12.7 Pressure prisms: inward-leaning and outward-leaning surfaces
Sometimes we need to calculate the resultant force of the fluid pressure on a surface that is inclined (inward-leaning or outward-leaning) or even curved. To do so, we can apply what we have already learned about vertical and horizontal pressure prisms. Explore this interactive model to learn the basics.
❏ 3D interactive animation: inward- and outward-leaning surfaces
This flipbook contains a general procedure that can be used to calculate the resultant force on any submerged surface. Work through it slowly and carefully.
❏ Flipbook: resultant force on inward- and outward-leaning surfaces
🟦 12.8 Creating FBDs and solving reactions with the E.o.E.
Once you have determined the magnitude, inclination, and position of resultant forces on a submerged surface, you can solve unknowns using all of our regular tools (FBDs and E.o.E). For example, consider the rotational and translational gates in the interactive animation below. The rotational gate pivots about the top hinge when the tank is to be drained. The translational gate is pulled upwards when the tank is to be drained. Of course, in Statics, we are not studying motion, but we can determine the forces (and moments) on the gate components in the closed position.
❏ 3D interactive animation: rotational and translational gates
Below is a sample calculation for combining loads from fluid statics with our usual tools (FBDs and the E.o.E.).
🟦 12.9 A word of advice
Units are important throughout this course, but in fluid statics problems they are especially helpful. You start with the fluid density (force per volume). Use Pascal's Law to calculate pressures (force per area). Then, multiply by length to get line loads (force per distance). And finally, take the area under the curve to compute resultant force.
➜ Practice Problems
A cylindrical glass jar is 12” tall. It is filled with water. What is the pressure at the top surface of the fluid? What is the pressure halfway down? What is the pressure at the bottom fluid particle?
2. A tank of water is 12 feet high. What is the resultant force of the fluid on a unit width of vertical wall (a one foot strip)? The wall is perfectly vertical (it doesn't lean out or lean in).
3. Consider the same FBD as the one you used in the prior problem. Let's model the unit width as a cantilever beam.
Use the bottom of the tank for the fixed connection. Solve for the force and moment reactions needed for static equilibrium on the one foot unit strip of wall.
4. Determine the resultant force on surface ABCD.
Note the 60 degree angle...
5. A weird tank has an illogical gate in the sloped surface.
The gate is held in static equilibrium with a dowel at E and a dowel at F.
You can think of dowels as types of pins.
Solve for the y-direction and z-direction reaction forces at dowel F when the gate is closed.
Note: the gate width in the x-direction is 2.5 m.
6. Let’s revise our tank geometry slightly, so that the negative x face of the tank (the one at the left) is now slanting outward.
We wish to compute the resultant force on the 2m x 5m surface shown.
Say that the top edge of the 2m x 5m surface lies at z = 8m (or a depth of 4m below the surface of the water).
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<urn:uuid:6efc92b4-7211-4a56-9611-fabd0857f580>
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Every year, nearly 25,000 people will develop a brain or spinal tumor, according to the American Cancer Society. While the chances of developing a spinal tumor are low, they can cause significant pain and discomfort. And understanding different types of spinal tumors can help you identify early development for faster and more effective relief.
The Difference Between Kyphosis and Lordosis
The spine is a bone structure that runs from the base of the neck to the lower back. It's a crucial part of the body responsible for supporting the head and protecting the spinal cord. The average spine makes a slight "C" shape. However, some people develop abnormal curves to their spine, leading to pain, stiffness, and other challenges. Two common abnormal spine curvatures are kyphosis and lordosis.
Understanding and Coping with Back Pain
According to the Global Burden of Disease, back pain is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Nearly 31 million Americans experience lower back pain, making it one of the top reasons people miss work and visit the doctor.
Although back pain is common, it doesn’t have to be an inevitable part of life. If you’re experiencing mild, moderate, severe back pain, talk to your doctor to determine the cause of the pain and consider these tips for coping with discomfort.
Living with chronic back pain can feel frustrating, especially when you’re unsure of the cause. For most people with chronic back pain, the culprit is a common and treatable condition such as arthritis of the spine or a herniated disc. Other times, a person may experience pain due to a rarer disease such as arachnoiditis.
Treating Metastatic Cancer of the Spine
According to the American Cancer Society, doctors diagnose nearly 25 thousand malignant brain and spinal cord tumors yearly. Most of those tumors are metastatic, meaning cancer started somewhere else in the body but traveled to the brain or spine.
5 Common Causes of Back and Neck Pain
Back and neck pain can happen to anyone. In fact, according to the US National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health, 60 to 80 percent of adults will experience back pain in their life that interferes with their daily activities. Since back and neck pain is common, it’s helpful to understand a few of the most common causes of back and neck pain and how to manage the symptoms.
The Relation Between Back Pain and Cancer
Many things can cause back and spine pain, such as age-related changes, posture, or injury. However, unexplained back or spinal pain that won’t ease even after treatment might signify something more serious.
Daily Activities That May Cause Back Pain
Most of us know to be careful about lifting heavy objects or slouching to reduce back pain. But do you think about how your daily habits might be affecting your spine? There may be more daily activities than you knew contributing to your back pain.
Our bodies go through many changes as we age, one of which is the natural wear and tear of our bones and muscles. Sometimes, this natural wear on the body can cause discomfort, most commonly in the neck and back. This discomfort is called spondylosis, and it refers to the age-related wear and tear of the spine.
Signs of a Failed Back Surgery
Lower back pain is one of the most prevalent health complaints from adults, affecting 60 to 80 percent of the global population. For many people, back pain is minimal and manageable. However, for those suffering from chronic back pain, surgery may be their best option.
Unfortunately, surgery may not yield desired results and may even result in complications such as increased pain and discomfort. It's unfortunate to experience a failed back surgery, but there is hope for living a pain-free life.
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<urn:uuid:9f8a670e-730b-41df-b8a3-d13e2e37f7d9>
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Discuss the various types of organizational structures of tourism sector.
The organic structures are very flexible and adaptive. On the other hand, the mechanistic structures are rigid and very much rely on well defined hierarchy to facilitate coordination. In the tourism sector, we briefly discuss four types of organizational structures:
Product/Service Based Structures:
An organization which offers a variety of products or services and builds a structure falls in this category. In this kind of organization, each product and service is a division of its own. For instance, if one company deals in the different segments in the tourism sector like in airlines, hotel chain and restaurant. Each segment has its own criteria and focus on its own division.
Spatial Based Structures:
The structural dimensions of a country’s tourism sector, and in particular the spatial structure of tourism production and consumption, relate closely to the nature and extent of the impact that tourism can have. To understand how this could be effected it is necessary to understand the spatial distributional effects of tourism, and the underlying reasons for it. The central argument is that tourism is geographically focused, with tourist activities concentrated in a few locales and sub-regions.
Some organizations work by acquiring other business. In such conglomerate structures, the business or companies acquired are maintained as subsidiaries.
In this kind of structure, the employees work under a dual authority. One line of, command is functional while the other is related with a project based approach. This means that an employee is answerable to two heads at onetime. The matrix structure is also known as a multiple command system as it is a combination of product and functional organization.
Apart from these, there are few organizations which have a structure based on functions like marketing, production and finance. In these sorts a companies similar functions are placed under one functional head. We must note that there is no one structure which is perfect for any organization. But the appropriate structure could be one that:
- Provide a suitable structure where individual jobs can In performed with ease.
- Enables operational efficiency for achieving organizational goals.
There are certain factors to be kept in mind while choosing a structure. These may include:
- Size of the organization.
- Objectives of the organization.
- The market and environment of the organization.
- Technology to be adopted.
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<urn:uuid:0ebec4ba-76e2-4ea1-a68e-240253b1ff2f>
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Kartik Month 2023 Start Date: The month of Kartik is about to begin soon. The month of Kartik is of immense importance in Hinduism. This month is considered auspicious. All major Hindu festivals fall in this month. Let’s find out why this month is so special and special.
The month of Kartik is considered very special for bathing. Bathing in any holy river during this month is very fruitful. The year is 2023 Kartika month starts from 29th October 2023, Sunday. The month of Kartik will last till 27th November. The month of Kartik ends on the day of Kartik Purnima. On this day people especially go to bathe in the Ganga.
Significance of the month of Kartik
The month of Kartik has special importance in Hinduism. Tulsi is also worshiped along with Lord Vishnu in this month. Bathing, donating and lighting lamps in this month can get rid of problems. Waking up early in the morning and taking a bath throughout the month of Kartika gives special results.
Why Kartik Mas is Special (Kartik Mas 2023)
Tamasic food should not be eaten during the month of Kartik. Onion, garlic, meat and alcohol should not be eaten at all during this month, the month of Kartik is considered very auspicious for worship. This month is the time to seek the blessings of Goddess Lakshmi. Kartik month is the last and fourth month of Chaturmas. Bathing, giving and worshiping in the month of Kartik have special significance. So this month rules must be followed.
Major Festivals in Kartik Month (Kartik Month 2023 Festivals)
- Karva Chauth
- Ahoi Ashtami
- Rama Ekadashi
- black fourteen
- Kartik Amavasya
- Govardhan Puja
- brother duj
- Chhat Puja
- Gopa Ashtami
- Debuthani Ekadashi
- Tulsi wedding
- Dev Diwali
- Kartik Purnima
Disclaimer: The information provided here is based on assumptions and facts only. It is important to mention hereDoes not constitute any endorsement or verification of information. Before acting on any information or belief, seek relevant expert advice.
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<urn:uuid:0beb2474-f42a-426b-9091-5d01155b84c0>
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Baja California Sur is a Mexican state located in the southern part of the Baja California Peninsula. The region has a rich history dating back to the pre-Columbian era. It was first inhabited by various indigenous groups before it was colonized by the Spanish in the 16th century. In this article, we will focus on the evolution of Baja California Sur during the Dominican period.
The Arrival of the Dominicans
After the departure of the Franciscans, the Dominicans arrived in Baja California Sur in the mid-18th century. They continued the mission-building efforts of their predecessors, establishing mission centers throughout the region. During this period, the population of Sudcalifornia was in decline, and a new society began to emerge. Many of the stewards who worked at the missions took charge of the available lands, which marked the beginning of a new era.
Preservation of Culture
In several places in Baja California Sur, many of the customs, languages, techniques, and means of production from the 18th century still prevail. These traditions have been passed down from generation to generation and have become an essential part of the region's cultural heritage. The immigrants from other regions of Mexico and abroad, together with the locals, gave origin to the most extended surnames in this region.
The Emergence of South Californian Towns
At the beginning of the 19th century, most of the current South Californian towns already existed. Loreto ceased to be the capital of all the Californias and became the capital of the peninsular territory. While the south suffered the neglect of the rest of New Spain, the new northern foundations began to prosper, especially those of Alta California. San Diego, Santa Bárbara, San Luis Obispo, Los Angeles, and San Francisco were endowed with their government.
Colonial Practices in Baja California Sur
During Mexico's colonial period, Baja California Sur never had encomienda, repartimiento, or slavery. These practices were prevalent in other parts of the country, where indigenous people were subjected to forced labor and their lands were taken away from them. However, this was not the case in Baja California Sur. The lack of these colonial practices is significant and sets Baja California Sur apart from other regions of Mexico.
The Dominican period was a crucial time in the evolution of Baja California Sur. The arrival of the Dominicans marked the beginning of a new era, and their mission-building efforts helped to shape the region's cultural heritage. Today, Baja California Sur is a unique part of Mexico with a rich history and a distinct cultural identity. Its preservation of cultural traditions and lack of colonial practices make it a must-visit destination for anyone interested in Mexican history and culture.
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<urn:uuid:4ee0b672-b454-4506-ac18-e803040cc453>
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A mapping file is a way to communicate to the compiler two mappings: from unit names to file names (without any directory information) and from file names to path names (with full directory information). These mappings are used by the compiler to short-circuit the path search.
The use of mapping files is not required for correct operation of the
compiler, but mapping files can improve efficiency, particularly when
sources are read over a slow network connection. In normal operation,
you need not be concerned with the format or use of mapping files,
-gnatem switch is not a switch that you would use
explicitly. It is intended primarily for use by automatic tools such as
gnatmake running under the project file facility. The
description here of the format of mapping files is provided
for completeness and for possible use by other tools.
A mapping file is a sequence of sets of three lines. In each set, the
first line is the unit name, in lower case, with
for specs and
%b appended for bodies; the second line is the
file name; and the third line is the path name.
main%b main.2.ada /gnat/project1/sources/main.2.ada
When the switch
-gnatem is specified, the compiler will
create in memory the two mappings from the specified file. If there is
any problem (nonexistent file, truncated file or duplicate entries),
no mapping will be created.
-gnatem switches may be specified; however, only the
last one on the command line will be taken into account.
When using a project file,
gnatmake creates a temporary
mapping file and communicates it to the compiler using this switch.
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<urn:uuid:b6c55fbd-f7be-44db-afd0-ca768be87b38>
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Anyone familiar with the "take back control" rhetoric around Britain leaving the EU could infer that the country had been dragged into the European Economic Community (EEC) against its will.
Yet in the 13 years leading up to "Brentry" on Jan. 1, 1973, including when French President Charles de Gaulle twice vetoed Britain's entry to the European Economic Community (EEC), British political heavyweights argued forcefully in favor of it, and for varying degrees of federalization.
Prime Ministers Harold MacMillan and Harold Wilson argued that membership would boost the economy and Britain's place in the world as it searched for status post-empire; Edward Heath passionately believed it would prevent a repeat of war. But all this would ultimately prove insufficient to keep a majority of British voters wanting to remain within it.
A United States of Europe
In 1946 Winston Churchill declared, "We must build a kind of United States of Europe. In this way only will hundreds of millions of toilers be able to regain the simple joys and hopes which make life worth living." But this did not mean Churchill envisaged British membership of this pan-European community, argues Peter Hennessy, Attlee Professor of Contemporary British History at Queen Mary University of London. "Churchill said to his cabinet [in 1951], 'I mean it for them, not for us - we're the midwife' … Asked about his views when Britain first applied to enter, he'd never say," Hennessy told DW.
Having declined to join the EEC at its inception in 1957, momentum to join began to grow among Britons envious of its economic growth, persuaded by the desire to prevent another war, and wanting to find a post-empire role internationally. Prime Minister Harold Macmillan warmed to the European project, especially after the humiliation of the Suez Crisis, and urged Britons to see joining the EEC as a way to greater influence, security and trade. Hennessy argues that Macmillan pragmatically "nudged his cabinet toward" the EEC - along the lines of if "if you can't beat them, join them."
However, that did not convince de Gaulle, who, fearing Britain would dominate, rejected Britain's application twice, in 1963, and in 1967 when Labour's Harold Wilson was prime minister. In 1963, Macmillan lamented: "Britain, isolated from the Continent since the Reformation, wishes to leave its isolation behind … Now … the General comes to deliver this blow to us. The creation of political unity is necessary for Europe as it is for the world beyond."
The future was once bright
De Gaulle's successor, Georges Pompidou, was more open, and accession was agreed under Edward Heath, whose Conservative party manifesto had pledged to "negotiate the right terms" for entry, and who drew on the support of a pro-European faction of Labour MPs. Ideologically driven, Heath said Britain's accession to the Common Market marked a degree of European unity "for which people have longed for centuries." Even the Daily Mail, which last year campaigned viciously against remaining in the EU, welcomed New Year's Day 1973 with the words: "For 10 years the Mail has campaigned for this day … Britain's best and brightest future is with Europe."
Harold Wilson sought to return to power and unite his party by offering to renegotiate the terms of Britain's membership and hold a referendum on whether to stay in. "Harold Wilson was an astute politician; he saw [membership] as a way of moving the UK forward," recalls Lord Naseby, who as an advertising executive turned Conservative MP, took part in the pro-Europe rallies and canvassed among voters. Such efforts paid off and a two-thirds majority of voters voted to remain in the EEC.
UKIP before her time
Margaret Thatcher was ambivalent about the EEC, welcoming the opportunities it provided for free trade but resisting closer political ties with her famous "no, no, no." In her 1988 speech on the setting up of the Single Market, she declared: "Our destiny is in Europe, as part of the Community," but she continued: "We have not successfully rolled back the frontiers of the state in Britain, only to see them re-imposed at a European level with a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels." For John Campbell, biographer of Heath and of Thatcher, the longer the Iron Lady was out of office, the more English nationalist she became. "She was UKIP before her time," he told DW. "Brexit is her posthumous triumph."
State-sanctioned ambivalence towards the EU has flowed freely ever since. When her successor, John Major, brought to Parliament the Maastricht Treaty that would create the European Union and pave the way for the euro, "people's hearts weren't in it," Lord Naseby, who chaired the laborious 1993 Commons sittings, told DW. The treaty was narrowly ratified - but with 500 amendments.
Through to David Cameron, prime ministers have scapegoated the EU at will and portrayed it opposed to British concerns. Tony Blair's failure to put transitional controls on immigration from Eastern Europe in 2004 played into this narrative and strengthened eurosceptics' claims regarding the erosion of sovereignty; the aftershocks of the eurozone crisis that began in 2008 raised questions about the economic benefits of continued membership.
Last year's referendum tested Brits' emotional attachment to the EU and found it wanting. The ranks of the war generation that saw the EU as a guarantor of peace and thus tended to be very pro-European are growing thinner. As Dr. Peter Sloman of Cambridge University's Department of Politics and International Studies points out: "It's not the experience of war that put people off Europe, it's the way it's been mythologized."
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<urn:uuid:46189ed9-f2e7-4edd-977c-2428e49101e9>
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Bundjalung (also spelt Bandjalang or Banjalang) belongs to the Pama-Nyungan family of Australia languages. At the time of first contact with Europeans in the mid 1800s, there were up to 20 dialects of Bundjalung. ‘Bundjalung’ has been used as a general term for the whole language (covering all the different dialects) and also as a term to refer to certain individual dialects. However, each dialect has a specific name of its own. Dialects include: Wahlubal (also known as Western Bandjalang), Yugambeh, Birrihn, the Barryugil dialect, Bandjalang, Wudjebal, Wiyabal, Wuhyabal, Minyangbal, Gidhabal, Galibal and Ngarrahngbal. Many of these names point to some characteristic peculiar to that dialect. For example, Gidhabal means ‘those who say gidha (alright)’, while Wiyabal means ‘those who say wiya (you)’. It is thought that the term ‘Bandjalung’ was originally used to describe the dialect spoken around Bangawalbin Creek and that this name was later used to cover all dialects.
Although Bundjalung people slowed the stealing of tribal lands by European settlers, the European invasion had a severe impact on population, settlement and inhabitation of tradition areas, and on cultural practices, including language use. The use of Bundjalung was actively suppressed, and English emerged as a common language. Despite the forces working against Bundjalung, some dialects were still actively and widely used as late as the 1950s.
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<urn:uuid:165ade8a-85f2-4764-987a-bc6364570746>
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Nov 21, 2023
The Science of Prayer: Exploring Research on the Psychological and Physiological Effects
While prayer has been an intrinsic part of human history, its impact on mental, emotional, and physical health has increasingly become the focus of scientific inquiry. The intersection of spirituality and science has led to a burgeoning field of research investigating the effects of prayer on the human mind and body. In this exploration, we delve into the scientific endeavors that unravel the psychological and physiological implications of prayer.
Psychological Effects of Prayer:
Numerous studies have delved into the psychological benefits of prayer, shedding light on its profound impact on emotional well-being. Engaging in prayerful prayer practices has been associated with reduced levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Regular prayer has shown correlations with increased levels of positive emotions, such as gratitude, hope, and contentment.
Moreover, prayer serves as a coping mechanism, aiding individuals in navigating life’s challenges. Research indicates that those who pray regularly exhibit greater resilience in dealing with adversity, attributing their strength to a sense of spiritual connectedness and purpose derived from prayer.
The practice of prayer also fosters a heightened sense of self-awareness and mindfulness. It encourages individuals to introspect, fostering a deeper understanding of their emotions, thoughts, and values. This introspective aspect of prayer contributes to emotional regulation and increased psychological resilience.
Physiological Effects and Health Outcomes:
Scientific investigations into the physiological effects of prayer have yielded compelling findings. Studies suggest that engaging in prayer and meditation can lead to measurable changes in brain activity. Neuroimaging studies have indicated alterations in brain regions associated with attention, emotional regulation, and empathy among individuals who engage in regular prayer practices.
Furthermore, prayer has demonstrated effects on the autonomic nervous system, impacting heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormone levels. Research suggests that individuals who pray regularly often exhibit lower resting heart rates and decreased levels of cortisol, the stress hormone. These physiological changes contribute to a state of relaxation and overall cardiovascular health.
Studies exploring the effects of prayer on healing have yielded intriguing results. While controversial and subject to debate, some research suggests that prayer can positively influence recovery from illnesses and surgical outcomes. The placebo effect and the power of belief often intertwine with the healing process, highlighting the intricate connection between mind and body.
Social and Community Impact:
Beyond individual effects, the practice of prayer fosters a sense of community and social cohesion. Participating in religious or spiritual communities linked with prayer has been correlated with higher levels of life satisfaction and a sense of belonging. The communal aspect of prayer provides emotional support, fostering resilience and a shared sense of purpose.
The scientific exploration of prayer illuminates its multifaceted effects on human well-being. From psychological benefits such as stress reduction, emotional resilience, and heightened self-awareness to physiological changes impacting brain activity and cardiovascular health, prayer influences various facets of human functioning.
While the field of research on prayer continues to evolve, these studies underscore the intricate relationship between spirituality, psychology, and physiology. The science of prayer offers insights into the potential mechanisms through which prayer positively impacts mental and physical health, inviting further exploration into the profound interplay between spirituality and human well-being.More Details
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25 March 2021
Having struggled to find some non-fiction to recommend to students, particularly good history books for children, Woldingham teacher Mr Roy Peachey decided to write his own. Published earlier this month, Popes, Emperors and Elephants takes a look at the first thousand years of Christian culture and explores questions such as “What was so great about Greece?” and “Were the barbarians barbarians?” Closer to home, in a chapter called “What’s in a name?”, Mr Peachey writes about the rich information that can be gleaned from the meaning of place names. He looks at some specific examples well known to members of the Woldingham community, Clapham, Croydon and Purley, as well as the name Woldingham itself, which means “village of the forest people”.
Mr Peachey has also found the time to pen a children’s novel, The Race, which is on its way to the starting blocks with a publication date in June. International rugby player and former Commonwealth Games athlete Shaunagh Brown, who presented Woldingham’s Sports Awards in 2019, describes it as: “Not your typical happily ever after, Roy has written a wonderfully relatable and inclusive tale, where all are welcome, and the beauty of sport brings everyone together in the end. There are life lessons to be learned in this inspiring story with friendship at its heart.”
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1896 Rare Victorian Book - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll illustrated by John Tenniel.
Title: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
Publisher: London, Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1896. People's Edition. Sixty-Fourth Thousand.
Language: Text in English.
Size: 7.5" X 5 ".
Pages: 179 pages + 7 pages of publisher catalog.
Binding: Attractive and very good original Victorian decorated full-cloth binding (hinges fine, overall slightly scuffed and worn - as shown) under a protective removable mylar cover.
Content: Good to very good content (bright, tight, some foxing and light staining throughout - as shown, name of a previous 1897 owner on the first endpaper - as shown, toning of endpapers - as shown).
Illustrations: Complete with the 42 classic illustrations by John Tenniel.
The book: Rare 1896 People's edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland) -- an 1865 novel written by English author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll. It tells of a girl named Alice falling through a rabbit hole into a fantasy world populated by peculiar, anthropomorphic creatures. The tale plays with logic, giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as with children. It is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre. Its narrative course and structure, characters and imagery have been enormously influential in both popular culture and literature, especially in the fantasy genre.
The author: Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon, and photographer. His most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, which includes the poem "Jabberwocky", and the poem The Hunting of the Snark – all examples of the genre of literary nonsense. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic and fantasy. There are societies in many parts of the world dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life.
The illustrator: Sir John Tenniel (28 February 1820 – 25 February 1914) was an English illustrator, graphic humorist and political cartoonist prominent in the second half of the 19th century. He was knighted for artistic achievements in 1893. Tenniel is remembered mainly as the principal political cartoonist for Punch magazine for over 50 years and for his illustrations to Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1871).
Share this Product
1896 Rare Victorian Book - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll illustrated by John Tenniel. Price List
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It’s a question very often asked!!
Well, the word “Burren” comes from the Irish word “Boíreann” meaning a rocky place - a place of stone. Really apt with limestone rock covering its surface. It has been described as a lunar/moonlike landscape - very different from other parts of the country.
The Burren in County Clare contains one of the densest concentrations of archaeological remains in Ireland including megalithic tombs early Bronze Age farmsteads, settlements and field walls.
It's a landscape where Arctic, Alpine & Mediterranean flowers and plants grow alongside each other making it a botanist's paradise!! It is also home to a wide variety of mammals. Hares, foxes, bank voles, pine martens can be seen. In summer wild goats roam the hills.
We live in the coastal heart of the Burren - surrounded by ancient ruins, rocks, walls, limestone hills, wildflowers and the Atlantic ocean. We love it here. The Burren always has something that stops you in your tracks! So when the time came for us to begin this adventure - it felt right to call ourselves Into The Burren.
The Burren, covers an area of roughly 360 sq. km (140 sq miles). It is bounded to the West & North by The Atlantic Ocean and Galway Bay. A line from Corofin to Kinfenora to Lisdoonvarna to the coast at Doolin forms its other boundaries.
In 2011, the Burren and the Cliffs of Moher were awarded the designation of Unesco Geopark - this is awarded to sites worldwide considered to be of universal geological importance. The Burren has nine Geosites you can visit. Into The Burren is close to all and right beside one of its favourites - Fanore Beach - with its extensive sand dune system.
Despite the Burren’s harsh, rocky appearance, it’s also known as the ‘fertile rock'. It is well named with its rich variety of flora species that inhabit the area. Arctic, Mediterranean and Alpine flowers bloom side by side - another unique feature of the Burren. The Burren in bloom in the summer months is a lovely sight with flowers such as spring gentian, mountain avens, maidenhair fern, and Mediterranean orchid in abundance.
The best way to appreciate the Burren Flora and Fauna is to take a ramble, organised if you wish, over the hills, trails & greenways of this Wild Atlantic Karst landscape.
The Burren National Park is located in the centre of County Clare. Established in 1991, it is the smallest of Irelands five National Parks. It is home to a wealth of incredible attractions, from Poulnabrone Dolmen, Caherconnell Stone Fort to Mullaghmore Mountain. Mullaghmore on the eastern side of the park is a swirl of contorted limestone and is one of the most impressive landmarks in the Burren. There are numerous walking/hiking routes with 5 way-marked walking trails starting at the Mullaghmore trailhead.
During the daytime hares, rabbits, foxes, pine martens and more can be seen. Feral goats rove across the Burren - there can be up to 100 goats in a herd. The native woodlands and hazel scrub offer shelter. Nightime brings out the owls, badgers and other nocturnal animals. Seven species of bats live within the National Park. There is also a wide variety of birdlife here from the smallest wren to the peregrine falcons & kestrels. The seashore is home to numerous colonies of seabirds.
The Burren Way is a 114 km (70 miles) walking long distanced trail located in the Burren area of North Clare. It begins in Lahinch and ends in Corofin crossing one of the largest karst limestone landscapes in Europe. The trail, typically completed in five days, follows a mix of mainly green roads, boreen, droving road, path and forestry track. It is designated as a National Waymarked Trail.
Into The Burren is located just off the Burren Way and is the place to stay when hiking some or all of this trail. Fanore beach nearby is a great place for that end of day swim. The beach is the starting point for the Caher Valley Looped Walk, Black Head Looped Walk and the Fanore to Ballyvaughan waymarked trail.
For food lovers, you can eat your way around one of the most unique landscapes in Ireland. Visit farmers markets, cafés, restaurants and gastropubs dotted across the locality on The Burren Food Trail. Experience the true passion for food in this part of the world.
The annual Burren Slow Food Festival gives the opportunity to sample local artisan foods, meet producers and growers, mix with fellow foodies, see cookery demonstrations from well-known chefs and get a true taste of Co. Clare culture in the beautiful setting of the Burren.
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Caudal cruciate ligament – a rare injury in a dog!
We’ve had recently lovely Boxer Lady Ella for a visit and diagnosed that her caudal cruciate ligament was ruptured. Ella is a beautiful Boxer pup with extremely good manners.
But before you will learn about her incredible recovery we would like to give you a short introduction into the world of cruciate ligaments. Well as short as it can be.. Cruciate means ‘cross over’ or ‘form a cross’ and the cruciate ligaments are two bands of fibrous tissue located within each knee joint. They join the femur and tibia (the bones above and below the knee joint) together so that the knee works as a hinged joint. The two cruciate ligaments within the dog’s knee are called the cranial and the caudal (anterior and posterior in humans – but essentially the same).
The Cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) is responsible for the forward stability of the tibia, the caudal cruciate (CaCL) is responsible for the backward stability of the tibia. Due to the fact that a dog walks with a bent knee (we walk with a straight/ vertical knee) there is a shearing force constantly placed during walking due to the orientation of the tibia compared to the femur.
The caudal cruciate ligament does the opposite job to the cranial cruciate ligament. With a CrCL rupture, the femur (thighbone) slips forward since the ligament is not keeping it in place. The caudal cruciate ligament keeps the thighbone from slipping back or sideways.
The rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament is a common problem and is the most common cause of a rear leg lameness in dogs. On the other side, an injury to the caudal cruciate ligament is uncommon.
In general, a medical management of a caudal cruciate ligament rupture can be an option, but only in small dogs or cats that live more inactive. For larger and / or more active dogs a surgical repair is strongly recommended, but a CaCL is not helped by a TPLO or TTA. To stabilize the joint with a CaCL injury surgeons use other techniques like placing sutures outside the joint capsule on either side of the knee or redirecting the medial collateral ligament with help of screws.
Thanks to the skills of our orthopedic team and the team of Total Veterinary Physiotherapy, as well as Ella’s owners Ella made a remarkable recovery.
The caudal crucial ligaments were replaced with suture material, Ella had regularly physio and Ella’s Mum and Dad have been role models in keeping Ella confined. Ella was back to be her bouncy self within a few weeks after her surgery. Go Ella!!
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