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This write-up will review one of the most common materials utilized in pipes, common problems, and public health hazards. You’ll additionally find out about the tools you’ll require to do these tasks. In this article, we’ll cover some of the most vital topics. If you’re considering becoming a plumbing, begin with these ideas: If you have any questions regarding where and how to make use of Plumber Melbourne https://innercityplumbing.com.au/plumber-melbourne/, you can contact us at our own website.
Typical materials utilized in pipes
While copper pipes are a traditional choice for piping, the mining and manufacture process of copper has an adverse effect on the setting. Copper pipelines made use of in homes are typically Kind K, while Kind L and also M have slim walls. PVC is another plastic material generally used in plumbing. These pipelines are available in 2 dimensions, Arrange 40 and Set up 60, as well as are more affordable than copper. Both materials are efficient in pipes. Nonetheless, they have various benefits and also downsides.
For years, lead, steel, as well as galvanized iron were the common piping products. These products were still made use of well into the 1970s, but existing wellness threats. Steel and iron are additionally at risk to corrosion and decay. Until lately, polybutylene was generally made use of in plumbing supply lines, but was not a preferred selection as a result of its tendency to damage and corrosion. In the last decade, however, newer man-made materials have actually become the criterion.
Public health and wellness dangers
The Globe Pipes Council has released a brochure entitled “Public wellness risks of poor pipes practices.” It was created in collaboration with the World Wellness Company. It is a weighty text as well as requires dedication to check out. The booklet consists of information on the history of pipes, difficulties in pipes safety all over the world, as well as future directions for plumbing. It is a must-read for every person associated with the plumbing sector. The brochure will be available on the World Plumbing Council’s website in the coming weeks.
The most significant health risk related to plumbing originates from direct exposure to asbestos. Asbestos is the leading reason for breathing illness, and also plumbing professionals are frequently subjected to this fatal material at work. According to Cancer Research UK, asbestos creates 2,500 deaths in the UK yearly. Plumbings are particularly vulnerable to asbestos due to its long-standing usage in pipelines, pumps, valves, as well as gaskets. Its presence in plumbing systems can expose tradespeople to asbestos as numerous as 100 times every year.
If you have a dripping tap or have observed weird noises coming from your drain, you possibly have a broken pipeline. While this may seem straightforward, it can indicate a much bigger issue. The audio is triggered by air moving through the water in the sink catch, so calling a plumber is a good suggestion. However, if you’re uncertain, try these simple actions to repair the problem. These pipes fixings are commonly cost-effective, however you must still work with a professional if you’re uncertain of what’s causing the noise.
Leaky faucets, leaking faucets, as well as clogged up drains are just a few of one of the most common plumbing issues. Various other problems include reduced water stress, leaky pipelines, as well as running toilets. It is essential to look for specialist assistance if you see any one of these issues, as pipes problems can result in pest problems. Listed here are some typical troubles and also how to resolve them. These troubles can make life a lot easier for homeowners.
There are several kinds of devices for pipes. A pipe bender, for example, is a tool made use of to bend pipes. This tool is developed to keep the integrity of the pipe while bending it. It works for various kinds of pipes. An additional tool for plumbers is a pipeline cutter. These tools aid plumbing technicians cut steel pipes, and they are offered in different styles. The grooved teeth in these devices smoothen the steel surface area.
A pipe flarer is a crucial device for copper pipelines. It is made use of to make a tight fit with connectors. A flaring device includes two parts: the attaching part as well as the sharp pointy inserter. It is important that the flaring device is utilized correctly. Installations are an additional usual kind of plumbing device. They can be made use of to join pipes, reduce pipeline diameters, set taps, and also go around corners. If you have any queries with regards to in which and how to use https://innercityplumbing.com.au/plumber-melbourne/, you can make contact with us at the web-site.
Proceed your search for additional connected blogposts:
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Waxing and Waning: Knowing the signs of earwax buildup.
Knowing the signs of earwax buildup, also known as cerumen impaction, is a common condition that occurs when the wax produced by the ear canal builds up and becomes too much to clear naturally. The following are the common symptoms associated with earwax buildup:
Ear pain is one of the most common symptoms of earwax buildup. As the wax accumulates in the ear canal, it can put pressure on the eardrum, which can cause discomfort or pain.
Tinnitus is a ringing or buzzing sound in the ear that is not related to any external source. It can be a symptom of earwax buildup because the wax can cause irritation to the eardrum or the ear canal, which can result in a ringing sensation.
Earwax buildup can cause a partial or complete blockage of the ear canal, leading to a reduction in hearing. The blockage can prevent sound waves from reaching the eardrum, resulting in muffled or decreased hearing.
Earwax buildup can also cause itching in the ear canal. The excess wax can irritate the skin in the ear canal, which can cause discomfort and a persistent urge to scratch the ear.
In some cases, earwax buildup can cause dizziness or vertigo. This is because the inner ear plays a crucial role in balance, and any disruption to its function, such as blockage due to wax buildup, can lead to dizziness or vertigo.
Earwax can trap water and cause ear infections by creating a moist environment that promotes bacterial growth. When water enters the ear canal, it can become trapped behind the earwax, leading to inflammation and infection. Symptoms of an ear infection caused by trapped water and earwax buildup include pain, swelling, redness, and discharge. To treat the infection, it is essential to remove the excess earwax and dry the ear canal and often follow up with antibiotics.
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention. Our team of specialist ear nurses are trained to identify the underlying cause of your symptoms and to clear your ears of accumulated wax and moisture. Call us now on 09 200 14 12 to book an appointment.
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<urn:uuid:16ac90e5-9a74-458b-96b7-bb51fa840648>
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Background: Congenital deafness could be the first manifestation of a syndrome such as in Usher, Pendred, and Wolfram syndromes. Therefore, a genetic study is crucial in this deficiency to significantly improve its diagnostic efficiency, to predict the prognosis, to select the most adequate treatment required, and to anticipate the development of other associated clinical manifestations. Case presentation: We describe a young girl with bilateral congenital profound deafness, who initially received a single cochlear implant. The genetic study of her DNA using a custom-designed next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel detected a de novo pathogenic heterozygous variant in the WFS1 gene related to Wolfram-like syndrome, which is characterized by the presence of other symptoms such as optic atrophy. Due to this diagnosis, a second implant was placed after the optic atrophy onset. The speech audiometric results obtained with both implants indicate that this work successfully allows the patient to develop normal speech. Deterioration of the auditory nerves has not been observed. Conclusion: The next-generation sequencing technique allows a precise molecular diagnosis of diseases with high genetic heterogeneity, such as hereditary deafness, while this was the only symptom presented by the patient at the time of analysis. The NGS panel, in which genes responsible for both syndromic and non-syndromic hereditary deafness were included, was essential to reach the diagnosis in such a young patient. Early detection of the pathogenic variant in the WFS1 gene allowed us to anticipate the natural evolution of the disease and offer the most appropriate management to the patient.
Keywords: NGS; WFS1 gene; Wolfram-like syndrome; congenital hearing loss; optic atrophy.
Copyright © 2022 Alías, López de Heredia, Luna, Clivillé, González-Quereda, Gallano, de Juan, Pujol, Diez, Boronat, Orús, Lasa and Venegas.
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<urn:uuid:15476b1f-7ef3-4b3f-bbe3-6334d1662c6c>
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The Renaissance cornett is a hybrid instrument with a small trumpet-like mouthpiece and the finger holes of a woodwind instrument. It reached the height of popularity around 1500 to 1650, and was in demand for all types of music—indoor and outdoor, in serious and dance music, in church and chamber music, and in town bands and royal households. Cornetto is the Italian name for the instrument and means “little horn.” The extra “t” has remained in the English spelling to distinguish the cornett from the modern day brass instrument.
All cornetts have seven holes, usually six finger holes and one thumb hole. The absence of a seventh finger hole means that cornett players have to make adjustments with their lips to produce some notes. For example, on a standard cornett in G, the same fingering is used to play G, A flat, and A. In addition, most fingerings are not very straightforward, and players still have to make regular adjustments in their embouchures while playing. In spite of these difficulties, Renaissance cornett players mastered the instrument, given the many accounts of the cornett’s agility and beauty of tone. An example of the virtuosic parts written for the cornett is the “Sonata sopra Sancta Maria” by Claudio Monteverdi.
There were three varieties of cornett—curved, straight, and mute—and all were made in varying sizes. The straight cornett was probably developed first, but was difficult to make in many sizes because of the finger stretches involved. The mute cornett was also straight but instead of having a separate mouthpiece a conical recess was cut into the top of the instrument. The curved cornett, which was probably the favorite of the three, consisted of two gouged-out pieces of wood that were glued together, planed into an octagonal shaped, and then covered with leather to prevent leaks that might develop along the bore.
In spite of its great popularity, the cornett was gradually eclipsed by the baroque trumpet, oboe and violin during the baroque period.
It seems like the brilliance of a shaft of sunlight appearing in the shadow or in darkness, when one hears it among the voices in cathedrals or in chapels.
—Marin Marsenne, 1636
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<urn:uuid:a60fc9b8-21df-451a-a95c-6e6bb7cd9992>
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Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Health at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
Trained in environmental health and epidemiology, Peter has focused his research on estimating the influence of spatial factors, including exposure to nature, the built environment, the food environment, air pollution, light pollution, noise, and socioeconomic factors, on health behaviors, mental health, and chronic disease. He has over a decade of experience working with large prospective cohort studies, including the Nurses’ Health Studies, the Framingham Heart Study, and the Southern Community Cohort Study, where he has aided in the creation of many spatial exposure metrics and linked them to health data. He is developing methodologies to assess real-time, high spatio-temporal resolution objective measures of location and behavior by linking smartphone-based global positioning systems (GPS) and wearable device accelerometry data to understand how spatial factors influence health behaviors. Most recently, he is creating novel metrics of spatial factors by applying Deep Learning algorithms to Google Street View imagery.
Visit website: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/peter-james/
See also: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health - Education of new generations of global health leaders.
Peter James News
Green neighborhoods linked to longer lives and slower ageing
The Guardian - 01-Dec-2023
Every 5% increase in green space adds 1% younger cells to your bodyRead more...
Living in green neighborhoods may help you live longer and healthier
The Washington Post - 28-Jun-2023
New study finds people with high access to green spaces were 2.5 years younger in biological ageRead more...
Green spaces may help you live longer
Spectator - 18-Apr-2016
Researchers at Harvard University found that people with access to a garden or living close to a ...Read more...
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<urn:uuid:d346aaa3-9105-4a44-bda6-76ec3eea5a9d>
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the Second Week of Lent
Click here to learn more!
People's New Testament People's NT
by Barton Johnson
INTRODUCTION TO THE EPISTLE TO THE PHILIPPIANS.
The Letter to the Saints at Philippi differs in some respects from any of the preceding letters of the Apostle Paul. It contains less logic and more of the heart. It is distinguished by the absence of didactical reasoning, and by the presence of a tender friendship and fatherly affection which is more apparent than in other Pauline letters to the churches. The letter to the Romans in the profoundest logic; those to the Corinthians were designed to rebuke certain prevalent sins and necessarily contain more or less censure; that to the Galatians rebukes a dangerous heresy which threatened the welfare of the Galatian churches; that to the Ephesians is a sublime unfolding of the mystery of God in reference to the Gentiles, but this letter is the outpouring of the love of the founder of the Philippian Church towards one of the most affectionate, faithful and self-forgetful of all congregations which he had planted. It has been remarked that there is no breath of censure for the Philippian saints, except in so far as it is implied in the tender exhortation to Euodias and Syntyche found in Philippians 4:2. The history of the origin of the church and the memory of the loving remembrances of the Philippians help to explain the affectionate tenderness of the letter.
The account of the founding of the church at Philippi, which occurred in A. D. 50 or 51, is given in the sixteenth chapter of Acts. Led by a vision at Troas the apostle, on his second great missionary journey, crossed into Europe, landing at Neapolis, and proceeding from thence at once to Philippi, which was "the chief city of that part of Macedonia." This city had already some claims to a place in history. It received its name from Philip of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great, who added to his dominions the little Thracian town which existed there before, rebuilt and fortified it, and gave it its new name in the year B. C. 358. In B. C. 42, about ninety-two years before Paul visited it, it was the field of the decisive battle between Brutus and Cassius, the leaders of the Republicans, and the Triumvirate of Imperialists, one of whom was subsequently Augustus Cæsar. But the place has a higher interest to the Christian world from the fact that here was planted the first congregation of Christians that ever existed on the soil of Europe.
It was not only the scene of gospel triumphs but of suffering for the cross of Christ. Here it was that Paul and Silas were beaten, cast into the stocks in the inner prison, by the grace of God converted and baptized their jailer and his household before the dawn, and were honorably released by the magistrates in the morning, as Roman citizens, unjustly beaten and imprisoned. When Paul continued his journey westward, the recently founded Philippian church followed him with support, contributing more than once to his necessities (Philippians 4:15-16), and when the tidings came that he was a prisoner in Rome their old affection showed itself still again by sending one of their members, Epaphroditus, with the offerings of the church as a provision for his wants (Philippians 2:25; Philippians 4:10-18). It seems to have been the return of Epaphroditus from this ministration of their love, to which we are indebted for this letter.
It was written from the city of Rome, during the first imprisonment of Paul, and probably towards its close, perhaps in the year A. D. 63. The mention of his bonds (Philippians 1:12), of the Prætorian camp (see Revision in Philippians 1:13) of Cæsar's household (Philippians 4:22), as well as other allusions (Philippians 1:25; Philippians 2:24) all show that Paul was in the Roman capital at the time of writing. I will not take space to discuss the reasons which seem to point to near the close of his first imprisonment as its date.
Concerning the genuineness of this epistle, there has never been any reasonable doubt. It has always been accepted by the church, is Pauline in doctrine, and in diction, abounds probably to a greater extent than other epistles in personal details, and is in full agreement with all the historical facts which can be gathered from the history of the times, and from the allusions in Acts and the other epistles. It bears every mark of having been written by Paul from the scene of his imprisonment to the beloved church which he had planted and for which he had suffered. It is not only contained in the Canon of Scripture dated A. D. 170, but is mentioned definitely by Polycarp, born in A. D. 69, in his own Epistle to the Philippians, and is quoted from in an Epistle of Ignatius of about A. D. 107.
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<urn:uuid:4c86bc21-e875-4927-b6aa-c3e5595f5391>
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The gas chromatograph, a ubiquitous scientific instrument used to separate and analyze different gasses, could learn a great deal from the cat’s nose, a new study says. As the first detailed study of the feline sniffer, it reveals a dual-channel system in the nose that the instrument could perhaps replicate.
“We know so much about vision and hearing, but not so much about the nose. This work could lead to more understanding of the evolutionary pathways behind different nose structures, and the functional purpose they serve,” says Kai Zhao, an associate professor of otolaryngology in Ohio State’s College of Medicine, in a press release.
How Was the Study Done?
The channel system serves as major highways on a complex road system. A cat inhales air into its nose, flooding both, and they in turn infuse a labyrinth of small passages called turbinates that clean and humidify the air. The turbinates pass the air on to the olfactory region lined with olfactory epithelium, which detects odors.
The study mapped this complex network by CT-scanning the cadaver of a domestic short hair cat, revealing the intricate folds and passageways winding through the cat’s ethmoid bone. Humans also have turbinates, but ours consist of a few simplistic folds, and we have the comparatively weak sense of smell to match.
“For mammals, olfaction is very important in finding prey, identifying danger, finding food sources and tracking the environment,” Zhao says in a press release.
Dogs possess even more complex nasal passages than cats and humans, allowing them to ruminate on a scent with great focus.
A CT scan of a cat’s nasal cavity, showing the networks inside. (Credit: Wu et al, PLOS Computational Biology 19: e1011119)
The Complex World of Cat Breathing
Researchers discovered that with cats, the dual streams serve different purposes. The first channel goes low and relatively slow and spreads through the turbinates before eventually reaching the olfactory region. This gradual pathway resembles a gas chromatograph with a long tube designed to detect more chemicals at a slower rate.
The second stream runs fast and heads straight for the olfactory region, where it allows for quick detection of important smells. This comes at a trade-off however, as the faster an odor passes through the system, the less efficient the detection. While the second lane may quickly detect a predator at close range, the first may be needed to identify one from a paw print.
Once air arrives at the olfactory region, it circulates through parallel channels that make the most of each breath.
“That was actually a surprise,” says Zhao. “It’s like you take a sniff, the air is shooting back there and then is being processed for a much longer time.”
Turbinates Make It Possible
Overall, the cadaver studied possessed a surfeit of olfactory epithelium tucked inside its turbinate folds, which would have allowed it to out-sniff more rudimentary noses. The researchers estimated that this cat and others like it would have possessed noses about 100 times more powerful than those of similar-sized amphibians with simplistic “straight noses.”
While the paper proposes a cat-like dual-flow design for gas chromatographs, its results also speak to an understudied organ.
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<urn:uuid:8b7e32ad-fabe-462e-aae2-c4f41ef1e539>
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The maiden flight of Yakovlev Yak-25 (NATO reporting name Flashlight), turbojet interceptor aircraft.
Yak-25 (initially developed as Yak-120) was answering the requirements for a long-range, high-altitude interceptor fighter, to be used in the northern and eastern territories of the Soviet Union. Such precisely defined duty influenced the construction of aircraft – Yak-25 was powered by two Mikulin AM-5 turbojet engines, mounted under its wings, which allowed to place a powerful radar equipment into the fuselage (initially RP-1D ´Izumrd´, then RP-6 ´Sokol´).
A lot of attention was paid to maximize the fuel capacity and use the effective de-icing installation. The crew included pilot and radar intercept operator.
Continued development of Yak-25 resulted in almost 30 variants and prototypes, based on the initial design. One of the most-known aircraft from the family was Yak-25RV, high-altitude reconnaissance aeroplane (NATO reporting name Mandrake).
More than 600 aircraft of all versions were built. Yak-25s remained in service until 1967, during the final years of duty some of them were rebuilt for high-altitude target drones.
Pictured here is Yak-25 from the Central Air Force Museum in Monino, the museum has also Yak-25RV, exhibited next to the basic variant.
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In the field of data analysis and management, sorting is a crucial task that can greatly impact the efficiency and accuracy of the results. While traditional sorting algorithms like Bubble Sort or Quick Sort can be effective for small datasets, they become slow and inefficient when dealing with large matrices with hundreds or thousands of rows and columns.
This is where VP1 Matrix Sorting comes in. It is a specialized algorithm designed specifically for matrices and is capable of sorting large datasets quickly and efficiently. In this article, we will explore the benefits and limitations of VP1 Matrix Sorting and how it can be used in various applications.
What is VP1 Matrix Sorting?
VP1 Matrix Sorting is a sorting algorithm that is designed specifically for matrices. It is based on the principle of ‘vectorizing’ the matrix, which involves converting each row or column of the matrix into a vector. The algorithm then sorts these vectors in a particular order and reassembles them to form the sorted matrix.
The key advantage of VP1 Matrix Sorting is its efficiency. Unlike traditional sorting algorithms, VP1 Matrix Sorting is capable of handling large matrices with millions of elements quickly and efficiently. This makes it an ideal choice for applications in fields such as finance, engineering, and scientific research.
How Does VP1 Matrix Sorting Work?
The VP1 Matrix Sorting algorithm works in the following steps:
Convert the matrix into vectors: The matrix is converted into a set of vectors, either by taking each row or column of the matrix as a vector.
Define a sorting order: A sorting order is defined based on the specific requirements of the application. For example, the vectors might be sorted in ascending or descending order based on a specific column or row of the matrix.
Sort the vectors: The vectors are sorted according to the predefined sorting order using a fast sorting algorithm such as Merge Sort or Heap Sort.
Reassemble the matrix: The sorted vectors are reassembled to form the sorted matrix.
Benefits of VP1 Matrix Sorting
There are several benefits of using VP1 Matrix Sorting over traditional sorting algorithms for matrices:
VP1 Matrix Sorting is much faster than traditional sorting algorithms for large matrices. This can help reduce the time required for data analysis and decision-making.
VP1 Matrix Sorting is highly accurate, which is essential for applications where precision is critical, such as scientific research or financial analysis.
VP1 Matrix Sorting is highly flexible and can be customized to meet the specific requirements of different applications. This allows for greater versatility and effectiveness in data management and analysis.
Limitations of VP1 Matrix Sorting
While VP1 Matrix Sorting is a highly efficient and accurate algorithm, it is not without limitations. Some of these limitations include:
VP1 Matrix Sorting requires significant memory resources to convert and store the vectors. This can pose a challenge for datasets that exceed the available memory capacity of the system.
VP1 Matrix Sorting is designed specifically for matrices and may not be suitable for sorting other types of data structures, such as trees or graphs.
VP1 Matrix Sorting is a highly efficient and accurate algorithm that is designed specifically for matrices. It can help speed up the sorting process for large datasets and provide greater accuracy and flexibility in data management and analysis. However, it is important to be aware of its limitations, especially in terms of memory requirements and compatibility with other data structures. Overall, VP1 Matrix Sorting is a valuable tool that can help organizations and researchers make better use of their data and improve their decision-making processes.
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Petting dogs has the incredible power to bring comfort, joy, and emotional support to those in need. The journey of training your dog as a therapeutic dog will be rewarding. You’ll make a positive difference in other people’s lives. We will look at the world of the therapy dog. The training process, the assessment of potential, and where to find reliable training programs. Prepare to unlock their potential and make a difference in therapy dog work.
Promoting Well-being: Exploring the Vital Role of Therapy Dogs in Enhancing Emotional Health
Therapy dogs are canine companions that have been specially trained to provide emotional support and comfort in various environments. These exceptional animals undergo extensive training so they can fulfill their roles as therapy animals bringing happiness and therapeutic benefits to people of all ages and backgrounds.
When we refer a dog to as a “therapy dog”, it indicates that the dog has received special training designed to help people overcome physical, mental, and emotional challenges. Therapy dogs display exceptional temperaments with friendly dispositions. They can also remain calm and relaxed in different situations.
As a way to improve patients’, students’ and residents’ wellbeing, more and more hospitals, schools, and nursing homes are introducing therapy animals. Therapy dogs can be a great help in reducing stress, anxiety and comforting people during difficult times. They offer unconditional love and companionship as well as creating a positive environment for everyone they interact with.
Therapy dogs offer more than emotional support – their benefits reach far beyond that. Interacting has been shown by research to reduce blood pressure, feelings of loneliness, and depression as well as improve your physical health. Their nonjudgmental nature and empathy encourages individuals open up more, communicate with each other, and develop trusting relationships.
A dog’s ability to comfort people and provide therapeutic benefits is a special quality that makes it a therapy animal. Therapy dogs are essential in supporting human health, fostering connections and bringing laughter and smiles to many people they meet every day.
Building a Healing Connection: The Training Journey of a Therapy animal for Effective Emotional Support
A therapy dog is trained through a rigorous and intensive training process. This helps them develop their skills as companions and comforters for people in need. Training starts with basic skills like learning to follow commands consistently. Other topics include sitting, standing, walking politely and in different environments, as well as showing good manners.
After a therapy dog has mastered basic obedience, they will begin specialized training. They are exposed to an array of stimuli – sounds, scents and sights they might experience as part of their work – in order to build up resilience and adaptability needed for handling potentially stressful situations.
Therapy dogs are trained in socialization, which involves interacting with people of different backgrounds, ages and physical conditions. Through this socialization training, therapy dogs learn to be comfortable around wheelchairs or crutches. They can also become used to being petted by people looking for comfort.
Therapy dogs are specially trained to recognize human emotions and respond empathetically, responding to signs of distress, anxiety or sadness with empathy and understanding. They may be trained to give gentle nudges or lean against an individual, lying next to them for comforting presence.
In order to determine if a therapy dog is suitable to work as a therapy dog, they need to complete certification programs, tests and assessments. This includes behavior evaluations and obedience assessments. The certification ensures that therapy dogs are up to date on all safety, reliability and efficacy standards.
Training a dog to be a therapeutic dog requires completing arduous and complex tasks, starting with socialization skills, obedience, and then emotional attunement. Training canines to be therapy dogs equips them with the skills they need to help people struggling with physical, psychological or emotional issues.
Determining if Your dog is a Good Therapy dog Candidate
To determine whether your dog is a good candidate to be a service dog, you will need to carefully evaluate and think about it. Each pup has unique qualities that must be evaluated when determining whether they are suitable for working as a therapy dog.
Being a good therapy dog requires a certain temperament. Therapy dogs must be friendly and patient while remaining calm in a variety of situations, being comfortable interacting with strangers as well as those living with disabilities or medical conditions. It is possible to determine your dog’s temperament by observing how he/she responds to various stimuli, such as the handling and petting tolerance level.
Another crucial aspect is socialization. Therapy dogs need to be socialized in a variety of environments, including busy public places, hospitals, and schools. Socialization and exposure to positive experiences will determine if your dog adapts well to such situations.
Obedience is another important factor. Therapy dogs need to be well-versed in basic obedience commands, and responsive to their handlers’ cues.
Note that not all dogs can make good therapy animals; breed traits, health considerations and individual personality should all be taken into account before making this determination. You can gain insight from professional trainers, or consult organizations that assess therapy dogs.
Assessing your dog’s potential as a therapy dog involves evaluating their temperament, socialization and obedience skills. Even though not every dog will be suitable for the role, those who possess the right traits can have an amazing impact on a person’s life. Thorough evaluation and consultation will allow you to discover whether your pooch has what it takes to become a committed and compassionate therapy animal.
Embarking on the Journey to Train Your dog as a Therapy dog
You can choose from a variety of training programs if you wish to train your dog as a therapeutic dog. One option would be seeking guidance from local therapy dog organizations or associations. These associations can provide you with reliable trainers and training courses. Additionally, veterinary clinics or pet therapy programs at hospitals or nursing homes may also provide useful resources or connect you with qualified trainers. Researching online platforms dedicated to therapy dog training can provide a wealth of resources, such as courses, certification programs and training materials. Selecting a training program that meets your dog’s specific needs as well as your goals in therapy dog work is important.
If you decide to train your pet as a Therapy Dog, you will open up a new world filled with compassion and support. By understanding the role of therapy animals, assessing your pup’s suitability, and finding reliable training programs, you and your four-legged companion can embark on an extraordinary journey that brings comfort, joy, and therapeutic benefits to individuals who are struggling with physical, emotional or mental health challenges. Together, you and the four-legged buddy can make a difference to others’ lives by exploring this rewarding path.
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Elisa Van Ruiten, Gender Expert at Human Rights Without Frontiers International (HRWF), presented a paper on the intersection of women’s rights and freedom of religion or belief at the Women in Faith Roundtable, organised by the EU Office of the LDS Church on 24 January, 2018.
Early, child, and forced marriage are forms of gender-based violence that pose serious threats to the rights of girls and women. It is estimated globally that one in nine girls will marry before their fifteenth birthday, some as young as five years old.
A number of religious leaders and communities advocate for the marriage of children, justifying it as driven by religious texts or other religious authoritative sources.
On the other hand, religious leaders and governments in some countries are also taking more positive steps to protect the rights of girls and women who become victims of child and forced marriages.
This paper looks at the issue of early, child and forced marriage as part of the research that HRWF is conducting on the intersection of Women’s Rights and Freedom of Religion or Belief with the aim of revealing the misconceptions about the intersection of the two rights and try to find a way forward, together.
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Having some experience with quadcopters, they all use something called an IMU – inertial measurement unit – which gives you the pitch, roll and yaw of the craft. These two values are generated by a gyroscope and accelerometer working together cancelling out each others possible errors. Additional measurements are normally available, a compass for direction and a barometer for altitude readings. With a GPS, the compass (magnometer) allows you to plot a course and have the vehicle follow waypoints; sounds like its worth a look.
An IMU board is now pretty cheap to get your hands on, in fact you can get a complete quadcopter ‘brain’ for $35 here, which contains an Atmel ATMEGA2560, with all of the above sensors ready to use. For my boards, a pre-made I2C board would be ideal which is exactly what I found; the GY-80.
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Physical Sciences for NGSS
NGSS Physical Sciences (grade 9-12); General Physics (grade 9-12)
Free PDF Download
Product DescriptionThis FREE ancillary product for teachers provides answers to FAQs including:
- Features of both the student book and Teacher’s Edition explained, with special reference to how it fully integrates the three dimensions of the NGSS Framework.
- Full mapping of the 3 dimensions of NGSS and CCSS.
- Teaching strategies using the BIOZONE solution, including:
- Scaffolded learning using the 5Es instructional model as the basis for the sequencing of activities
- Using collaborative learning in a differentiated classroom
- Strategies for ELD/ELA
- Extending gifted and talented students
- Promoting inquiry using practical investigations
- Assigning activities for homework/self study
- Formative and summative assessment, including specifically identified performance expectations
- Addressing CCSS for math and literacy
- Using BIOZONE’s Resource Hub
- Ancillary products to support teaching and learning
- Strategies for pacing and lesson planning
Complimentary CopyThis product is FREE to teachers/schools purchasing the Physical Sciences for NGSS Student Edition.
Find a Local Resource Advisor
Need more personalized information about a BIOZONE program? Talk to your local state Resource Advisor to find the right solution for your school or district.
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Rudolf Levy was born in Stettin, Germany. In 1899, he moved to Munich and enrolled in the Academy of the Fine Arts. In 1903, he moved to Paris. When the war broke out in 1939, he was in Florence and made plans to leave for the United States, but with no success. In December 1943, Levy was arrested and on April 1944, 5 he was deported on Transport No. 9 to Auschwitz, where he was murdered.
Yad Vashem safeguards the memory of the past and imparts its meaning for future generations.
Established in 1953, as the world center for documentation, research, education and commemoration of the Holocaust, Yad Vashem is today a dynamic and vital place of intergenerational and international encounter.
Yad Vashem is entrusted with the mission of giving voice to the victims of the Holocaust and disseminating their legacies to the younger generations, Yad Vashem is deeply grateful for your generosity in supporting its vital work.
Collection of the Yad Vashem Art Museum, Jerusalem.
Gift of Rosina Bryk, Florence
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oil on canvas (50 x 100 cm)
THE NAIADES were fresh-water Nymphs who inhabited the rivers, streams, lakes, marshes, fountains and springs of the earth. They were immortal, minor divinities who were invited to attend the assemblies of the gods on Mount Olympos.
The Naiades, along with Artemis, were regarded as the divine nurses of the young, and the protectors of girls and maidens, overseeing their safe passage into adulthood. Similarly Apollon and the River-Gods (fathers of the Naiades) were the patron gods of boys and youths.
Many of the Naiades married local kings and played a prominent role in the genealogies of the royal families of myth. Others, such as the beautiful Naiad daughters of Asopos, were loved by the gods. They often gave their names to towns, cities and islands, and as such were most likely regarded as the goddess-protectors of the community's water supply, which usually consisting of a spring, stream-fed fountain, or well.
The Naiades were depicted in ancient art as beautiful, young women, either seated, standing or reclining beside their springs, and holding a hydria (water jug) or branch of lush foliage.
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The Burton Wire is proud to announce the addition of The Akosua Report: Facts on The African Diaspora, written by Akosua Lowery. The Akosua Report will outline historical facts of importance about descendants of Africa throughout the Diaspora. We thought it fitting to launch this column on the day that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., one of the world’s leading philosopher, scholar, peace activist and change agent, was born. With the same spirit of education, community, change and connection, we bring you The Akosua Report, where you will find informed facts (based on research) about the African Diaspora.
DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
“It [Ghanain Independence] renews my conviction in the ultimate triumph of justice. And it seems to me that this is fit testimony to the fact that eventually the forces of justice triumph in the universe, and somehow the universe itself is on the side of freedom and justice. So that this gives new hope to me in the struggle for freedom as I confront it.”
–Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Interview with Etta Moten Barnett; Accra, Ghana (March 6, 1957)
On January 15, 1929, Martin Luther King, Jr., clergyman, activist and leader of the Civil Rights Movement, was born in Atlanta, Georgia. King entered Morehouse College at the age of 15 and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology in 1948. He earned a Bachelor of Divinity degree from Crozer Theological Seminary in 1951 and a Ph.D. from Boston University in 1955. King led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and in 1957 helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, serving as its first president. King was the 1957 recipient of the NAACP Spingarn Medal.
In 1963, Dr. King led the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Dr. King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means in 1964. Dr. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. In 1971, Dr. King was posthumously awarded the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album, the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004. In 1980, the Department of Interior designated his boyhood home and several nearby buildings the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site.
On November 2, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a bill creating a federal holiday to honor King and on January 17, 2000 Martin Luther King Jr. Day was officially observed in all 50 states for the first time. More than 750 cities in the United States have streets named after King. A memorial to King sits at the National Mall in Washington, DC.
Follow Akosua Lowery on Twitter @AkosuaLowery.
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Pisces is the twelfth and final astrological sign of the zodiac and is represented by the Fish. People born between February 19 and March 20 are considered to be Pisceans. Pisces is a water sign and is ruled by the planets Jupiter and Neptune. Pisceans are known for their imaginative and compassionate nature. They are often highly intuitive and sensitive individuals who have a deep understanding of emotions and human behavior. Pisceans are also known for their creativity and their ability to think outside the box. On the negative side, Pisceans can be prone to being overly emotional and may struggle with boundaries. They may also have a tendency to be indecisive or to avoid confrontation. In terms of career, Pisceans are often drawn to fields that allow them to use their creativity and their natural empathy, such as counseling, psychology, or the arts. They may also be successful in careers related to spirituality or social justice. Overall, Pisceans are imaginative and compassionate individuals who have a deep understanding of emotions and human behavior. While they may struggle with boundaries and decision-making, they are highly creative and empathetic individuals who can make a positive impact in the world.
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An animated video is a visual representation of a story or concept created through the use of animation techniques. Animation involves creating the illusion of motion by displaying a series of images or frames in rapid succession. Animated videos can take various forms, including 2D animation, 3D animation, stop-motion animation, and more. Hentai haven
Uses of animated videos:
- Entertainment: Animated videos are commonly used in movies, TV shows, and online content for entertainment purposes.
- Education: They are utilized in educational materials, explaining complex concepts in a visually engaging and easy-to-understand manner.
- Marketing: Animated videos are employed in marketing and advertising campaigns to promote products or services, as they can capture attention and convey information creatively.
- Training: In business and various industries, animated videos are used for training purposes to demonstrate procedures, protocols, and safety measures.
- Explainer Videos: Many companies use animated explainer videos to introduce their products or services, providing a concise and engaging overview.
- Healthcare: Animated videos are used in healthcare to explain medical procedures, anatomy, and health-related information.
Examples of animated videos:
- Disney and Pixar Movies: Animated films like “Toy Story,” “Frozen,” and “Finding Nemo” are popular examples of 3D animated movies.
- Educational Videos: Platforms like Khan Academy use animated videos to explain mathematical concepts, science topics, and more.
- Marketing Campaigns: Animated videos are often used in advertising, such as the animated characters in the Geico insurance commercials.
- Whiteboard Animation: Videos that simulate the process of a person drawing on a whiteboard to explain concepts are also a form of animation used in educational and business settings.
- Motion Graphics: Animated infographics, charts, and visualizations in presentations or videos are another example.
In summary, animated videos are versatile and can be applied in various fields for different purposes, providing an engaging and effective way to communicate information.
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Over the years, the development and implementation of new technologies have constantly pushed the boundaries of what is possible. One notable success story in this era of advancement is the evolution of Sola Blur. From its humble beginnings as a concept, to its present-day reality, this innovative invention has undergone a remarkable transformation.
The history of Sola Blur can be traced back to a time when the idea of blurring images was merely a theoretical concept. Through extensive research and experimentation, a team of brilliant minds set out to create a prototype that would reshape the way we experience visual content. This journey of discovery and progress resulted in a breakthrough that laid the foundation for the future of image manipulation.
As the years went by, the design and development of Sola Blur continued to evolve, reaching new milestones and achieving unprecedented success. The creation process involved countless hours of dedication, as well as numerous improvements and enhancements. With each iteration, the technology behind Sola Blur grew stronger, allowing for greater precision and control over the blurring effect.
Today, Sola Blur stands as a testament to the power of innovation and the endless possibilities of technological advancement. Its impact on the world of image processing cannot be overstated. Gone are the days when blurring was merely an afterthought or a simple editing tool. With Sola Blur, a new era of visual transformation has begun, where the boundaries of creativity are constantly pushed.
The Origin of Sola Blur
The history of Sola Blur can be traced back to a time of extensive research and development in the field of photography. It was during this era that the concept of creating a blur effect started to gain traction, as photographers and artists sought new ways to enhance their work.
As technology advanced, so did the growth and progress in the field of image manipulation. It was through continuous experimentation and invention that the idea of implementing a blur effect in photographs became a reality. This breakthrough was considered a significant milestone in the history of photography.
Designers and engineers worked tirelessly to create a prototype for Sola Blur, aiming to achieve a perfect balance between functionality and aesthetics. Through years of dedication and hard work, they were able to create a blur effect that revolutionized the way photographs were viewed.
The implementation of Sola Blur brought about a new era in photography, as it transformed the way people captured and experienced images. Photographers soon realized the potential of this breakthrough technology and started using Sola Blur to enhance their creativity and express their artistic vision.
The success and achievement of Sola Blur can be attributed to the continuous improvement and evolution of the concept. As technology advanced, so did the capabilities of Sola Blur, leading to its widespread adoption and expansion across various industries.
The process of creating Sola Blur involved a combination of careful research, innovative design, and technological advancements. This collaborative effort resulted in the creation of a product that exceeded all expectations and set a new standard in the industry.
Today, Sola Blur stands as a testament to the power of ingenuity and creativity. It represents not only a technological advancement but also a reflection of human achievement and the boundless possibilities of human imagination.
Thus, the origin of Sola Blur marks a significant milestone in the history of photography, serving as a reminder of the continuous advancement and progress in the field of image manipulation.
The Inspiration behind Sola Blur
The invention and growth of Sola Blur is a result of the creative minds behind its creation. The concept of Sola Blur became a reality through years of research and development, as well as the tireless efforts of a team dedicated to pushing the boundaries of technology.
The initial inspiration for Sola Blur came from a breakthrough discovery in the field of image manipulation. Through an extensive process of design and innovation, the team behind Sola Blur was able to develop a prototype that showcased the potential of this new technology.
As the development of Sola Blur continued, it quickly became clear that this technology had the potential to revolutionize the way we view and edit images. The implementation of Sola Blur into various industries marked a significant milestone in the history of image editing and manipulation.
The success of Sola Blur can be attributed to its advancement in image processing and the improvement it brought to the field of image editing. The era of traditional editing techniques was transformed by the introduction of Sola Blur, leading to a new era where images could be enhanced and transformed with ease.
The research and achievements of the team responsible for Sola Blur have paved the way for future advancements in image manipulation technology. With Sola Blur, the possibilities for creative expression have expanded, pushing the boundaries of what was once thought possible.
The journey of Sola Blur, from concept to reality, serves as a testament to the power of innovation and the determination to push the limits of technology. It is an achievement that has forever changed the way we approach image editing and has opened doors to new possibilities in the ever-evolving field of image manipulation.
Early Concept and Ideation
In the early stages of the history and evolution of Sola Blur, the concept and idea behind this revolutionary technology were born. It all began with the desire to create a new era of innovation, where the reality of blurring could be transformed into a tangible and successful product. This initial concept laid the foundation for the growth and progress that would follow.
The early stages of the design and development process were filled with groundbreaking research and experimentation. The team behind Sola Blur worked tirelessly to push the boundaries of technology, aiming to create a product that would revolutionize the way people perceive and interact with blur. Milestone after milestone was achieved as breakthrough after breakthrough occurred.
With each advancement, the prototype of Sola Blur took shape, slowly but surely progressing towards its final implementation. The team’s dedication and commitment to improving and refining the design led to the creation of a product that exceeded all expectations. The evolution of Sola Blur is a testament to the power of innovation and the transformative impact it can have on an industry.
The early concept and ideation phase not only marked the beginning of the Sola Blur era but also laid the foundation for future achievements. Experimentation and exploration led to the invention and discovery of new techniques and processes, resulting in constant improvements and enhancements. The transformation of the initial concept into a tangible product was a testament to the team’s dedication and perseverance.
Through extensive research and development, the team behind Sola Blur was able to turn their vision into a reality. The creation of the product represents a significant achievement in the field of blur technology, setting a new standard and paving the way for even more advancements in the future. Sola Blur has truly revolutionized the way we perceive and interact with blur, making it an essential part of our modern world.
Design and Development Process
The design and development process of Sola Blur was a journey that involved several stages of concept development, expansion, and improvement. It went through a significant evolution from its initial invention to becoming a reality.
It all started with the concept of creating a new technology that could revolutionize the way we experience visual content. The team behind Sola Blur embarked on extensive research to understand the existing blur technologies and identify areas for growth and progress.
During the research phase, the team discovered breakthrough ideas and milestones in the field of visual blur. This era of exploration and discovery paved the way for the creation of the first prototype of Sola Blur.
With the prototype in place, the design and development team began the process of improving and refining the technology. They worked tirelessly to enhance the blur effect, create a user-friendly interface, and implement advanced features.
This phase involved multiple iterations and constant feedback from users and experts in the field. Each iteration brought the team closer to the final implementation of Sola Blur, ensuring that it met the highest standards of performance and user satisfaction.
As the design and development process progressed, Sola Blur witnessed significant advancements in terms of technology and transformation. The team explored new avenues for integrating the blur technology into various devices and platforms, resulting in a versatile and adaptable product.
Finally, after years of dedication and hard work, the design and development team achieved a major milestone – the successful implementation of Sola Blur. This achievement marked a significant turning point in the history of visual blur technology.
Sola Blur has since become a symbol of innovation and success in the industry. Its design and development process serves as a testament to the power of creativity, research, and perseverance in bringing groundbreaking ideas to life.
The journey of Sola Blur from concept to reality has forever changed the way we experience visual content, making it more immersive and engaging. It stands as a testament to human ingenuity and the endless possibilities that can be achieved through constant advancement and improvement.
The Advancements in Sola Blur
Sola Blur has undergone significant progress and achievement since its initial concept as a prototype. Through years of research, innovation, and technological advancements, the concept of Sola Blur has transformed into a successful reality.
The advancement in Sola Blur technology has been a milestone in the history of the industry. The creation process has seen several breakthroughs and transformations, leading to the implementation of a revolutionary design.
From its humble beginnings, Sola Blur has witnessed exponential growth and expansion. The continuous evolution and development of the technology have resulted in a groundbreaking invention that has reshaped the way we perceive and experience visual effects.
The advancements in Sola Blur have not been limited to its technological aspects. Its success has also contributed to a new era in the history of visual effects, sparking further discoveries and innovations in the field.
The implementation of Sola Blur has had a profound impact on various industries, including film, gaming, and virtual reality. Its ability to seamlessly blend visual elements has revolutionized the way visual effects are created and integrated into various media.
Through continuous research and development, Sola Blur has become a symbol of progress and achievement in the field of visual effects. Its evolution from a concept to a tangible reality has paved the way for future advancements and possibilities.
Technological Breakthroughs in Sola Blur
In the history and evolution of Sola Blur, there have been several technological breakthroughs that have greatly impacted its development and made it the success it is today. From the discovery of the concept to the implementation of the final product, each advancement has played a significant role in its transformation.
One of the initial breakthroughs in the creation of Sola Blur was the research and development of the prototype. This milestone marked the beginning of the journey to bring the concept to reality. Through continuous improvement and growth, the development process led to the invention of a revolutionary technology.
The implementation of this breakthrough technology in Sola Blur allowed for a blur effect that had never been seen before. The innovative design and advancement in the technology behind it revolutionized the way blur was achieved. This breakthrough marked a turning point in the history of blur technology.
The advancement in technology also led to the expansion of Sola Blur’s capabilities. Through constant research and improvement, new features and functionalities were added, further enhancing its performance. This continuous growth and improvement contributed to the overall success of Sola Blur.
Another significant breakthrough in Sola Blur’s history was the implementation of an optimized algorithm. This breakthrough ensured that the blur effect achieved by Sola Blur was of the highest quality. The algorithm was a result of years of research and experimentation, marking a significant achievement in the evolution of the technology.
Overall, the technological breakthroughs in Sola Blur have played a crucial role in its evolution from a concept to a reality. The continuous progress and innovation in its design and implementation have made it the success it is today. With each advancement, Sola Blur has become more refined and efficient, setting new standards in both blur technology and image processing as a whole.
Integration of Augmented Reality
The integration of augmented reality (AR) into Sola Blur’s concept and product development process has been a key factor in its success and continuous evolution. AR technology has played a pivotal role in transforming the history of Sola Blur from a mere concept to a groundbreaking reality.
During the early stages of Sola Blur’s development, AR was utilized to create virtual prototypes, allowing designers to visualize and test the product’s design and functionality before the physical prototype was even produced. This breakthrough technique accelerated the growth and expansion of Sola Blur by saving time and costs associated with traditional design processes.
As technology advanced, the implementation of AR in the creation of Sola Blur reached new milestones. Extensive research and discovery enabled the development team to improve the product design based on real-time feedback and data gathered through AR simulations. This continuous improvement led to the invention of new features and functionalities, enhancing the overall user experience.
The integration of AR also opened doors to new opportunities for Sola Blur’s marketing and promotion. Through AR-powered applications, users were able to experience the product in a virtual environment, immersing themselves in the benefits and capabilities it offered. This innovative approach not only increased customer engagement but also gave them a tangible understanding of the product’s value.
As Sola Blur entered a new era of technological advancement, the integration of AR further expanded its possibilities. The combination of AR with other technological advancements, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, brought forth enhanced functionality and intelligence to Sola Blur’s capabilities.
Overall, the integration of augmented reality has been a significant achievement in Sola Blur’s journey. It has transformed the concept into a tangible reality, revolutionizing the way products are designed, developed, and experienced. The continuous evolution and advancement made possible by AR technology have made Sola Blur a true pioneer in its industry.
What is Sola Blur?
Sola Blur is a concept that uses special lenses to create a blurred effect in photography. It allows photographers to achieve artistic and creative shots by intentionally blurring certain parts of an image.
How does Sola Blur work?
Sola Blur works by using specially designed lenses that manipulate the light entering the camera. These lenses create a selective blur effect by selectively blurring certain areas of the image while keeping other areas in focus. This allows photographers to create unique and visually striking photos.
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As millennials our first brush with biometrics is probably when we unlock our smart-phone using our face or fingerprint and a sense of technological progress that humans have done over the years becomes unavoidable. We like technology and we trust that it will do its job and not mess up.
Also, it feels good to not feel interrupted by people and still go on with your daily life. Imagine walking into an office building or a restaurant or a hotel for that matter, and you find that virtually everything is automated. From parking to check –in, ordering room service, and even tipping the valet. You can just use your fingers, or face to unlock your room, or to even enter your office, when at work, this is when we realize how far we have come in terms of technology and how much more is possible.
How Biometric System Works?
Biometrics simply means unique biological feature of individuals like fingerprints, face, voice and eyes (retina) and a biometric system simply uses these individual features to grant access. Well, that is the gist of it.
In technical terms, Biometric technology relies on the measurement and analysis of unique physical or behavioral characteristics of individuals. The technical aspect of biometric systems involves capturing, processing, storing and comparing biometric data.
The capture of biometric data is done using sensors such as fingerprint scanners, face recognition cameras or iris scanners. The data is then processed using specialized software that extracts and encodes the biometric features. The processed data is stored in a database for comparison with future biometric samples.
Let’s explore some of the ways Biometric Technology is changing our day to day experiences.
1. The Convenience it offers:
Biometric technology eliminates the need for remembering and carrying traditional identification methods such as keys, passwords or access cards. With biometric identification, users can simply use their unique biometric traits like fingerprint, face or voice to access their devices, secure buildings, and authenticate their identity.
Biometric technology can speed up many processes, such as time and attendance tracking, payment systems, and customer identification. For example, biometric payment systems can eliminate the need for cash or credit cards, saving time and reducing the risk of fraud.
3. The Security Aspect:
Security by leveraging technology is quite reliable and has been an important aspect of technological progress we have done over the years. Biometric technology provides a higher level of security compared to traditional authentication methods. Biometric data is unique to each individual and cannot be duplicated or stolen. This makes biometric technology an excellent choice for securing sensitive data and personal information.
4. Personalization Using Biometrics:
Biometric technology can be used to personalize user experiences, such as in retail or hospitality settings. For example, hotels can use biometric data to greet guests by name and provide personalized services, such as customized room settings and in-room entertainment. Hospitality sector can hugely benefit by Biometrics system and improve the customer experience to a great extent by removing friction in access and services offered.
Biometric technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with technology, making our lives more convenient, efficient, secure, and personalized.
As someone who works in technology, I can say that the possibilities for using biometric technology to enhance human life are truly limitless, and we can expect to see even more exciting applications in the future.
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10 Reasons Why Morning Exercises are Crucially Important for Your Health
Morning exercises are crucially important for your health. It makes little difference whether you enjoy getting up early or not when your health is in peril. Exercise in the morning should be a habit if one wants to avoid health issues in both young and old life.
It is a difficult regimen, made more difficult by the fact that we must act right away after waking up. But after we board the vehicle and fire up the engines as soon as we wake up, we will begin to realize how they are positively impacting our lives. Here is a list of reasons (and their associated repercussions) why you should start working out as soon as you wake up the following morning.
Your metabolism will work faster
As soon as you begin your morning workouts, you’ll notice something remarkable about your body: your metabolism. Everyone has a distinct metabolism; some people need to speed up their metabolism, while others have naturally slow metabolisms. There is really no better approach to improve your energy than to get up early and exercise till you feel ready to start the day.
Early exercises will reduce stress and depression
Exercise causes the body to release endorphins, which increase happiness, according to scientific research. By beginning their workouts in the morning, people who are frequently worried or even depressed will noticeably lessen their “bad” states. They must get moving as soon as they awaken in order to be upbeat and comfortable throughout the remainder of the day.
You will gain this feeling of accomplishment when you finish your exercise
There are some days when nothing seems to go as planned and your efforts do not feel particularly successful. But if you start working out in the morning, none of this will matter because completing a morning workout successfully is a victory in and of itself. Your subconscious will believe that you accomplished something wonderful, and the remainder of the day will be better for you.
This habit may attract other healthy habits
People claim that developing a habit requires doing something consistently for a month. Healthy diet and exercise are both essential components of living a healthy lifestyle. As a result, if exercising becomes a habit, you’ll start to feel so great that you’ll start considering other healthy behaviors, like choosing the correct foods to maintain your health.
Exercising in the morning burns more fat
According to some research, exercising in the morning before breakfast increases your chances of losing up to 20% more fat than usual. This is significant because you will get the desired outcomes much quicker if you are working toward looking beautiful and being in good shape. The outcome would not be the same if you choose to work out in the evening. So Morning exercises are crucially important for your health.
Your energy levels in the morning will be much higher
Human bodies are designed to be far more energetic when we first get up, and our tendency to feel sleepy and exhausted after waking up is simply a result of the bad lifestyles we lead. As a result, you will begin to feel energy pulsing through your body once you start exercising and make this a practice. This can only mean one thing: you will have more energy to devote to the exercise itself, making it harder and more effective.
The natural glow of your skin will appear
It has been demonstrated through science that regular exercise has beneficial impacts on both your skin and metabolism. Compared to individuals who don’t exercise at all or only exercise in the evening, morning exercisers are more likely to have a natural skin glow, appear healthier, and be more attractive.
You will be more concentrated after the workout
Exercise in the morning is the best approach to maintain 100 percent concentration throughout the entire day since it functions somewhat similarly to a cup of coffee that lasts more than 10 hours. This occurs as a result of the physical preparation we do to prepare for the day’s work by waking up our body. No matter what kind of job you have, your performance at work will significantly increase if you start exercising frequently in the morning.
It’s less likely to be interrupted
Sincerely, what are the chances that as you get ready to work out in the morning, you’ll get a call or be interrupted by someone? I’d say it’s pretty minimal. On the other side, if you choose to work out in the afternoon, there is a great chance that someone or something will get in the way, such as a work-related emergency, a visit from your parents, or a sudden demand for attention from your significant other.
Improve your sleep by exercising regularly
Sleep is a vital component of your health, and regular exercise can undoubtedly enhance it. To educate your body to follow a specific pattern of sleeping on time and waking up on time for exercise, you must start sleeping for the same number of hours every night. Additionally, you’ll start waking up on your own and with plenty of energy once you realize that the morning is the best time of the day.
In conclusion, starting an exercise routine in the morning can be challenging, but it takes commitment and at least a month of consistent exercise before you genuinely look forward to it and see results. The outcomes, though, will be more than wonderful once you get used to it. All of the aforementioned examples will come true, you’ll feel better overall, and you’ll be ready to go out and enjoy the day. That’s why Morning exercises are crucially important for your health.
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"Ban Plastic Microbead"
Combat Microplastic Pollution: Save the Bay of Bengal and Marine Life!!
The marine life in the Bay of Bengal is threatened by microplastic and microbeads. Microbeads is a new phenomenon in Bangladesh. In addition, microplastic has not been recognized until Environment and Social Development Organization-ESDO published their study report entitled, " Microbeads! Unfold Health Risk and Environmental Pollutant" on 15 October, 2016.
Since 2016 ESDO continued its research work on microbeads and microplastic pollution as well as policy advocacy to push forward for a national regulation to ban microbeads. So, we need all of your support to ban the bead.
There has been increasing concern about microplastics, which are generally defined as plastic particles and fibres with a diameter <5 mm, with no lower limit. They are derived from progressive fragmentation of larger debris, or are purposefully made for use in personal care products, medicines, and industry.
Microbeads are plastic spheres that ranges in size and can be as small as 1 µm. They are produced intentionally to add to the personal care products (e.g. facial scrub, face wash, toothpaste, soap, make up products etc.) for several purposes, including the delivery of active ingredients, film formation, exfoliation and viscosity regulation.
According to a Norwegian Environment Agency report from 2014, the most common polymers used for the manufacturer of microbeads are polyethylene, poly(methylmethacrylate), polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, nylon and polyethylene terephthalate.
Due to their size, microbeads they are not recycled and are simply poured down the drain. They are normally made from nondegradable polymers and, because it takes hundreds of years for them to degrade via oxidative or photodegradation routes, will remain in our environments for a very long time.
Their size means that, once they have entered the ocean, they are quickly distributed around the globe. In addition to physical impacts of the plastic particles themselves, microplastics are associated with a complex mixture of chemicals that may transfer to humans and other organisms upon exposure. These chemicals include chemical additives, residual monomers and sorbed ambient chemical substances, many of which are endocrine-disrupting and hazardous compounds that can adversely affect human health and the environment. Microplastics may act also as a vector for dispersal of invasive species, including potential pathogens.
Marine creatures ingest them, thinking they are food, and this creates problems of toxicity in our food chains. As the toxins progress along the food chain they become more concentrated, leading to potential threats to human health.
Microplastics have become increasingly prevalent in the oceans and seas, inland waters, soils, food webs, indoor and outdoor air. Consequently, public concerns about microplastics are mounting due to their unknown effects at the organismal level and the potential consequences for ecosystem functioning and human health.Humans can be exposed to plastic particles via consumption of seafood and terrestrial food products, drinking water and via the air.However, the level of human exposure, chronic toxic effect concentrations and underlying toxicological mechanisms by which microplastics elicit effects are still too poorly understood to make a full assessment of the risks to humans.As a global citizen we request all of you to come forward and raise your voice, appeal to the government to ban the bead.
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World Pulses Day: Slow Food’s Planting the Future
08 Feb 2024 | English
How our diet can protect the planet
Find out more with a new report and a social media challenge
On February 10th we celebrate the World Pulses Day 2024, whose topic is nourishing soils and people. Slow Food addresses the topic, supported by the recently presented Plant the Future report, and by the international Planting the Future challenge organized with the Slow Food Youth Network (SFYN). The challenge will be running over the month of February and aims at helping participants to know more about our food systems and diets and how we can better them while protecting our planet.
Slow Food communities are celebrating the World Pulses Day around the world with different original initiatives, guided by Slow Beans, the Slow Food thematic network that unites farmers, cooks and activists who reevaluate leguminous crops.
In the Philippines, Slow Food Negros will host an event with the Cooks Alliance Visayas and the farmers of the local Earth Market to promote the rich biodiversity of pulses in their region, by sharing delicious culinary creations legume-based. To find sustainable local legumes Slow Food Germany and the youth network have published a mapping of virtuous farmers who grow pulses locally.
The role of cooks as educators is also very important on this day. With the Aggiungi un legume a tavola initiative, Slow Food Italy involved more than 160 chefs from the national Slow Food Cooks Alliance, who on February 10 will include a legume-based dish in their menu with local varieties. Legumes are celebrate also in Spain: in Catalonia, a meeting of cooks from different countries around the world will be promoted by Sitges municipality, Slow Food del Garraf i Penedès and the local Cooks Alliance on February. 21. They will cook a traditional legume-based vegetarian recipe from each country and then share their experiences and knowledge. In parallel, several restaurants and eateries in Sitges will join forces and offer legume-based dishes on their menus for two weeks.
Often underestimated or considered a side dish, Slow Food strongly believes that legumes are a key component of health and climate beneficial plant-rich diets, which are rich in plants (including vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts, seaweeds and mushrooms) and with a lower consumption of animal products – all with respect for the animals, the people and the environment and following agroecological farming and fishing methods.
Leguminous crops, grown following agroecological principles, have have positive environmental impacts compared to industrial products of animal origin or industrial pulses cultivation, due to their significantly lower GHGs emissions, lower water and land use and their essential contribution to soil fertility. They should be seen as a valuable and enriching component of our nutrition, not simply as a substitution for products of animal origin.
Indeed, the Slow Food network reaffirms its distance from industrial food produced with heavy chemical inputs, as they negatively impact the health of people, planet and animals. On the contrary, pulses, plants and animals farmed respecting of people and the planet are key to ensure we achieve sustainable food systems we can all benefit from.
It is thus emblematic that this year’s annual pulses celebration emphasizes the nourishment of the soil, but also the nourishment of people. Not only are legumes a nutrient-dense source of food, affordable and accessible, but – as the FAO states – leguminous crops can provide a better life for farmers in water scarce environments, as they have a low water footprint, high drought tolerance and are more resilient to climate change. Moreover, pulses also improve soil health by providing and mobilizing nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and micronutrients. This is synergetic with the social aspect of agroecology, which supports and empowers farmers.
“It is time to say it loud and clear: we all know how augmenting the consumption of industrial food of animal origin in recent decades has been detrimental to food security and human health, disastrous for animal welfare, and has contributed greatly to the climate emergency”, comments Richard McCarthy, Slow Food Board member. “We need to take action, and we need to do it now. Our food system plays a key role when talking about biodiversity loss, emissions or pollution, especially when we refer to the impacts of factory farming, based on intensive methods, and intensive fishing on the environment, public health, food sovereignty, animals’ rights and more”. As stated by IPCC, a transition to organic farming and agroecological practices is key to reduce and adapt to adverse impacts of climate change.
“Within this perspective, we have to take into consideration that a significant section of the global population does not have access to nutrient-rich food grown in the respect of people, of the animals and of the planet , and we aim to give a voice to the most marginalized segments of the population and turn the spotlight to the needs at the local level”, adds Francesco Sottile, Slow Food Board member.
“The solution is agroecology, intended as a holistic and integrated approach that simultaneously applies ecological and social concepts and principles to the design and management of sustainable agriculture and food systems”, he concludes.
It is again IPCC which states how agroecological practices and other agricultural approaches that work with natural processes support food security, health and well-being, biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Agroecology is more than just a set of agricultural practices, and Slow Food, together with many civil society organizations, is convinced that it can play an important role in changing social relationships, empowering local communities and prioritizing short productive chains.
Planting the future social media challenge
Planting The Future is an online initiative that addresses issues connected to food systems and gives tips on how to face them, launched by Slow Food and the Slow Food Youth Network, with the support of Meatless Monday and the Center for a Livable Future of Johns Hopkins University.
Over 3000 participants have subscribed from 119 different countries: throughout February they will receive daily relevant content which will inspire them to implement more agroecological plant-rich food in their daily life learning through recipes, podcasts, documentaries and stories. They will take a deep dive into our food system and its challenges, get inspired to cook up plant-rich meals, learn about agroecology as a solution and get into action.
The report Plant the Future is available here https://www.slowfood.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Plant_Future_Report_Roundtables_ENG.pdf
Aggiungi un legume a Tavola has been realized thanks to the support of the Slow Food Negroni Week Fund
Cambiar el mundo a través de la comida
Aprenda cómo puede restaurar ecosistemas, comunidades y su propia salud con nuestro kit de herramientas RegeneraAction.
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Leaky Gut Syndrome is today’s chronic diseases and can be dangerous if not coped with necessary means. Few years ago it wasn’t much chronic but in recent years it is a rising epidemic and brings about many associated symptoms and effects that harm our well- being and healthy life.
In this article we’ll discuss what factors usually cause the leaky gut syndrome. And it will be surprising to know the causes are many along with being varied. So let’s carry on
The Undigested food and Leaky Bowels-Main reasons
When we chew our food we have special enzymes within our salivary glands that are released in the chewing process. They help masticating our meal. Similarly when our food is brought in our stomach or intestine for digestion. Gastric juices like hydrochloric acid is released to digest our food. One thing to note is that when we don’t chew our food well the large particles are harder to break by these gastric juices making it harder to digest and masticate.
However after passing through stomach our food enters small intestine where nutrients are extracted through small tube like projections which are villi and those pass those elements in our blood. Whereas large intestine helps in removing water and vitamins.
When these walls are damaged this causes the leaky bowels to occur. Due to this occurrence harmful bacteria and elements now enter our blood stream causes of Leaky Gut.
Leaky Bowels and Associated Diseases
Release of Toxins in the blood stream
These unwanted toxins trigger autoimmune response causing celiac disease, colitis, Crohn’s Diseases asthma or arthritis.
The Systematic Yeast Infection
It’s another major cause of Leaky Bowels which leads to fungal state thus in which hyphae named structure is formed and its nourishment leads to disastrous outcomes.
Harmful Chemicals in Water
In some areas we consume unhealthy water which contributes in this disease formation. Such water contains chemicals like chlorine which is added in water for safety purpose. However chlorine is harmful can destroy all the useful bacteria within our intestines.
(Unhealthy and unnatural diet), Taking Stress, Allergies, Environmental Factors, Effected with Parasites.
Seasonal Allergies and Asthma.
Hormonal imbalances such as PMS or PCOS.
Skin issues with acne, roscea, or eczema.
Diabetes can become the major the cause of the leaky gut syndrome
Food allergies and Food intolerances.
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Found in 6 Collections and/or Records:
A collection of several documents spanning six leaves that shows the persistent nature of slavery in Cuba during the later half of the 19th century. Though Cuba ended its participation in the slave trade in 1867, it was not until 1886 that slavery was finally abolished by royal decree.
A handwritten and highly detailed register of semi-emancipated slaves under the Cuban concept of the patronato, meaning, an intermediate status between slave and free. This register gives the names of over 1400 people who were provisionally released from slavery after Cuba began its gradual emancipation. Each listing provides the owner's name, the former slave's name and age, and details about them.
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IT & Cybersecurity Risk Management («RISK»)
- Developing the information security basics
- Anchoring information security in the management and the board of directors
- Integrating information security requirements in all processes
- Defining the security target
- Ensuring the integration of IT security aspects in business continuity management
Every organization must actively defend its systems. There are simply too many threats, too many potential vulnerabilities and simply not enough resources to provide 100% security. Therefore, risk management is essential. And this is the answer to the question of how an organization can best protect or defend its crown jewels.
Risk management is the fundamental instrument for making well thought-out and targeted defence strategies a reality. One of the challenges here is to identify and evaluate abstract, elusive risks uniformly throughout the organization and to communicate them in the direction of corporate management. Because it is not only up to the management to determine the risk appetite of the organization – remember: 100 percent is unrealistic. It may also be personally liable if a data breach occurs.
- Half day
- Introduction cybersecurity risk management
- What is a cyber security risk?
- Types of risks
- The threat landscape
- The impact of cyber-threats
- Dealing with risks
- Identify risks
- Risk analysis
- Threat mitigation
- Half day
- Risk Management
- Risk management as part of a broader cyber security management approach
- Compliance with cyber security standards
- Risk Management Strategy
- Best practice
Component of the following courses
The knowledge of the participants is strengthened with interactive discussions (in plenary) and group work.
This course is designed for Chief Information Security Officers in small and medium-sized companies, IT managers and CxO functions with an interest in or need for information security.
Activity as security officer or information security officer and practical/professional experience in IT security.
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The new Diversity footprint assessment tool helps early childhood education and care establishments evaluate and improve their approach to inclusion.
The tool is available in Bulgarian, English, Czech, Slovak, Italian, and Dutch. It was created under the DIVERSITY+ project, which aims to make early childhood education and care more inclusive for all children. The 3-year initiative is financed under the Erasmus+ program.
On the website https://diversity-plus.eu/ you will also find the other products of the project:
• Diversity Good Practices and Charter eBook
• European qualification framework for the Diversity Ambassador in ECEC
The partners will also develop an interactive serious game based on case studies from practice, which will help those working in the field to improve their approach to children with different needs and their inclusion. The game will be released in 2023.
The initiative is coordinated by CIAPE – Italian Permanent Learning Center and includes the Business Foundation for Education in Bulgaria, Link Campus University in Italy, Aspire-international in Great Britain, ISSA – International Step by Step Association in the Netherlands, Škola dokorán n.o. in Slovakia and Schola Empirica in the Czech Republic.
For more useful information and up-to-date news, follow the project’s Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/Diversityplusproject/
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For the second post in the Winter Break Activities blog series, our Education Coordinator, EJ, looked back at Jibade-Khalil Huffman’s exhibition, You Are Here on show at the Halsey Institute from May to July 2021.
Fill in the blank story activity:
Estimated time: 20 min
Click here to look through the You Are Here exhibition images. While you do this, pay attention to what you notice about each image. Collect a word bank using the following questions to help you as you go. At the end, use your word bank to fill in the blanks and create a story. You will need at least 8 adjectives, 4 nouns, 4 plural nouns, 2 verbs, and 2 numbers. The types of words the questions are supposed to help you collect are identified with each question.
What colors do you see? Are there any patterns? When describing these images what words would you use? What does it look like? What texture is it?
For nouns and plural nouns:
As you look through the images, what do you recognize? What do they remind you of? What shapes do you see?
What do you think the people in these pictures are doing?
Looking at all the pictures, how many circles can you count? Choose an image. How many people do you see?
Fill in the blanks, then read your silly story!
A Wacky Winter
When I look out the window in winter the weather is very _______________ [adjective]. Sometimes it snows and sometimes _____________ [noun, plural] fall out of the sky. When it gets too _______________ [adjective] outside we go back into our ________________ [noun] and bundle up in ______________ [noun, plural]. We put on mittens to prepare for the ___________[adjective] weather and go back outside. After playing outside I get very hungry and ____________ [adjective]. In the winter we like to eat lots of ______________ [adjective] meals. Some of the ingredients we need to buy at the store are _____________ [adjective] ____________ [noun, plural], _______________[adjective] _____________ [noun], and _____________ [noun, plural]. We ______________ [verb] the ingredients in an bowl, and preheat the oven to ______________ [number] degrees. After the ingredients are mixed, we ___________ [verb] them into a ____________ [noun] and bake them in the oven for ___________ [number] minutes.
Here is EJ’s silly story:
A Wacky Winter
When I look out the window in winter the weather is very squiggly. Sometimes it snows and sometimes superheros fall out of the sky. When it gets too blurry outside we go back into our puzzle piece and bundle up in stripes. We put on mittens to prepare for the spikey weather and go back outside. After playing outside I get very hungry and bright. In the winter we like to eat lots of pink meals. Tonight we are cooking that meal for dinner. Some of the ingredients we need to buy at the store are colorful benches, electricbooks, and light. We glow the ingredients in a bowl, and preheat the oven to 15 degrees. After the ingredients are mixed, we smile them into a birdhouse and bake them in the oven for 21 minutes.
For a second activity, EJ created a collage inspired by Huffman’s work.
A collage is a work of art made by combining other pieces of existing art to create something new. Collages can be digital, like Huffman’s, or they can be material. Made out of things like photographs, magazine or newspaper clippings, and colored paper cut into shapes. How does collaging let you change an image?
Estimated time: 40 minutes to complete
A photograph (make sure you ask an adult if it’s ok to use) or drawing of people you care about, markers or paint, magazine or newspaper clippings, construction paper, glue, string.
Let’s get started!
– Find, print out, or draw a picture of people that are important to you.
– Cut out a few shapes in different pieces of construction paper. Try various shapes and sizes like Huffman uses. Take turns laying the different sheets of construction paper over your picture like a window.
– Do you remember anything about these photographs? What is important to you about them? What changes when different parts of them are covered up? Which one lets you see the most important parts of your picture?
– To add to your photograph, add some line drawings or more collage clippings.
– For collage clippings, cut up some old magazines or newspapers. Find colors and patterns you like. You can also color or paint on construction paper and cut out shapes from this too.
– Add your clippings, drawings, and paintings to your picture to help tell your story.
Glue your favorite construction paper window over your collage picture. You’ve made your own Huffman-style collage!
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Yousaf and Waseem could travel to Bamiyan only, as the road to Band e Ameer was not yet cleared from mines. Afghanistan at that time was the country with most mines laid out during the Soviet occupation period. At Bamiyan, they spent the night at Mama hotel (Chai Khana) the only place to stay. On the ground floor was the dining area and the first floor was used as a sleeping place for the visitors, which were very few at that time.
Bamiyan is the biggest town of Hazarajat, about 225 km North-East of Kabul and the gateway to the Central Route from Kabul to Herat. It is known for its twin statues of Buddha carved in rocky hills facing the town during the 6th Cent. It is the Westernmost expansion of Buddhist Art, Gandhara. The adjacent caves which served as dwellings of the Buddhist priests were home to the oldest oil paintings, now ruined by the returning refugees staying there and making fire and smoke inside.
Bamiyan Bazar was burned down by the Taliban soon after they took over the city, however, this was not the first time it happened. Mama hotel was among the few shops built after the Taliban were defeated and left the valley. Destroyed tanks, Armored personal carriers, and other military equipment were scattered around the town and had become part of Landscape. The hill where the half-demolished hotel of ATO (Afghan Tourist Organization) stood was the main graveyard of the broken military hardware. It used to be exclusively scenic site before the war with green fields and the twin Buddha statues on the other end.
Blog by: Amir Khalid
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Why a Nursing Student Should Learn Microbiology?
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, that are invisible to the naked eye but have a profound impact on human health and disease. Microbiology helps nursing students build their foundation in the importance of health and safety in the nursing profession. This prerequisite course can help nursing students gain a firm grasp of what their day-to-day lives will consist of once they become nurses.
Nurses must have sufficient education and training in microbiology to perform many roles within clinical nursing practice, such as:
- Administering antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents
- Collecting specimens for microbiological testing
- Preparing specimens for transport and delivery to the laboratory
- Educating patients and families about infection prevention and control
- Communicating results and recommendations to the healthcare team
- Developing care plans based on results of microbiology studies and patient immunological status
Microbiology also helps nurses understand the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of various infectious diseases that affect different body systems and organs. Nurses encounter patients with infections in various hospital units, such as burn units, obstetric units, intensive care services, central sterile supply units (C.S.S.U), operation theaters, and communicable disease wards. In these units, nurses need to know how to prevent contamination, sterilize the environment, maintain hygiene, control the movement of microbes, and prevent the spread of infectious diseases to other patients and staff.
Microbiology helps track the negative and positive outcomes of the microbes’ work. Microorganisms have the ability to change as they affect their environments. The adaptation to certain therapies and medications is what makes the study of microbes so important to the nursing profession. For example, some bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics, making them harder to treat. Some viruses can mutate and cause new strains of diseases, such as influenza or COVID-19. Some fungi can cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Some parasites can cause chronic infections that affect the quality of life.
Therefore, microbiology knowledge is essential for nursing students to become effective nurses in practice. By learning about microbiology, nursing students can enhance their skills in critical thinking, problem-solving, decision-making, communication, and teamwork. They can also develop a sense of curiosity, responsibility, and professionalism in their field. Microbiology can help nursing students prepare for the challenges and opportunities that await them in their future careers.
Nurses must have a solid foundation in microbiology to work effectively in various hospital units. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, that can cause diseases or infections in humans and animals. Nurses need to know how these microorganisms interact with the human body, how they are transmitted, how they can be prevented and treated, and how they can affect the health and safety of patients and staff. Here are six main areas of knowledge for nurses in hospital units that require microbiology:
- Burn units: Burn units are specialized areas that treat patients with severe burns that damage the skin and underlying tissues. Burn patients are at high risk of developing infections from bacteria and fungi that can enter the body through the damaged skin. Nurses need to know how to prevent and treat these infections by applying sterile dressings, administering antibiotics and antifungals, and maintaining a clean and hygienic environment.
- Obstetric unit: Obstetric unit is the area that provides care for pregnant women and their newborns. Nurses need to know how to prevent and manage infections that can affect the mother and the baby during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and postpartum period. Some of these infections include urinary tract infections, group B streptococcus infection, chorioamnionitis, mastitis, endometritis, and neonatal sepsis. Nurses need to know how to screen for these infections, administer prophylactic or therapeutic drugs, and educate the mother on hygiene and breastfeeding practices.
- Intensive care services: Intensive care services are areas that provide critical care for patients with life-threatening conditions or injuries. These patients often have compromised immune systems or invasive devices that make them vulnerable to infections from bacteria, viruses and fungi. Nurses need to know how to prevent and treat these infections by following strict infection control measures, such as hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, isolation precautions, disinfection and sterilization of equipment, and surveillance of nosocomial infections. Nurses also need to know how to administer antimicrobial drugs, monitor their effectiveness and side effects, and identify signs of septic shock or multiorgan failure.
- C.S.S.U: C.S.S.U stands for Central Sterile Supply Unit, which is the area that cleans, disinfects and sterilizes reusable medical instruments and equipment. Nurses need to know how to perform these processes correctly and safely to ensure that the instruments and equipment are free from any microorganisms that can cause infections or cross-contamination. Nurses need to know how to use different methods of sterilization, such as steam, ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide plasma, or peracetic acid. Nurses also need to know how to store and transport the sterilized items properly and maintain quality control records.
- Operation theaters: Operation theaters are areas where surgical procedures are performed. Nurses need to know how to keep the operation theater sterile and prevent any introduction of microorganisms that can cause surgical site infections or postoperative complications. Nurses need to know how to prepare the patient for surgery, scrub their hands and arms, wear sterile gloves and gown, drape the patient with sterile sheets, assist the surgeon with instruments and sutures, and dispose of contaminated materials. Nurses also need to know how to monitor the patient`s vital signs, fluid balance, wound healing, and signs of infection after surgery.
- Communicable diseases wards: Communicable diseases wards are areas that treat patients with infectious diseases that can spread from person to person through direct or indirect contact. Some of these diseases include tuberculosis, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, measles, chickenpox, influenza, COVID-19 etc. Nurses need to know how to prevent and control the transmission of these diseases by using appropriate isolation precautions (such as airborne precautions for tuberculosis), administering vaccines or antiviral drugs (such as oseltamivir for influenza), collecting specimens for laboratory testing (such as sputum for tuberculosis), educating the patient and family on prevention measures (such as cough etiquette for tuberculosis), and reporting any outbreaks or cases to public health authorities.
As you can see from these examples, microbiology knowledge is essential for nursing students who want to become competent nurses in practice. By learning microbiology concepts and skills in lectures or labs you will be able to apply them in real-life situations in different hospital units. This will help you provide safe and quality care for your patients and protect yourself from any potential infections.
Microorganisms are tiny living things that can only be seen with a microscope. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and algae. Some microorganisms are beneficial to humans, such as those that help in digestion, fermentation and decomposition. However, some microorganisms are harmful and can cause infections, diseases and even death.
Nurses who work in different hospital units need to understand the types, characteristics and behaviors of microorganisms that they may encounter in their daily practice. This is because microorganisms can affect the health and well-being of patients, staff and visitors in various ways. For example:
- Microorganisms can cause infections in wounds, burns, surgical sites, blood, urine, respiratory tract and other body parts. These infections can lead to complications such as sepsis, organ failure and death.
- Microorganisms can spread from one person to another through direct contact, droplets, aerosols, fomites or vectors. This can result in outbreaks of communicable diseases such as COVID-19, influenza, tuberculosis and hepatitis.
- Microorganisms can develop resistance to antibiotics and other drugs. This can make the treatment of infections more difficult and costly.
- Microorganisms can contaminate the environment and equipment in the hospital. This can pose a risk of infection to anyone who comes in contact with them.
Therefore, nurses need to have a solid foundation in microbiology to prevent, diagnose and treat infections caused by microorganisms. They also need to apply the principles of infection control and prevention to protect themselves and others from exposure to microorganisms. Some of the skills that nurses need to acquire from microbiology studies are:
- Identifying the common microorganisms that cause infections in different hospital units and their modes of transmission.
- Collecting and handling specimens for microbiological testing and interpreting the results.
- Choosing and administering appropriate antibiotics and other drugs for treating infections caused by microorganisms.
- Implementing standard precautions and isolation measures to prevent the spread of microorganisms among patients, staff and visitors.
- Cleaning and disinfecting the environment and equipment to eliminate microorganisms.
- Educating patients and families about the prevention and management of infections caused by microorganisms.
By learning microbiology, nursing students can become competent and confident nurses who can provide safe and quality care to patients in various hospital units. Microbiology knowledge is essential for nursing students to become effective nurses in practice.
- Intensive care nurseries: These are units where premature or critically ill newborns are cared for. They have many types of equipment and devices that can harbor bacteria and viruses, such as ventilators, catheters, feeding tubes, and monitors. Nurses need to know how to prevent contamination and sterilize the environment for these vulnerable patients. They also need to know how to identify and treat common infections in neonates, such as sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Microbiology knowledge can help nurses to choose the appropriate antibiotics, monitor the response to treatment, and prevent the development of antibiotic resistance.
- Burn Units: These are units where patients with severe burns are treated. Burns are open wounds that can easily get infected by bacteria and fungi, especially if they cover a large area of the body or involve deep tissues. Nurses need to maintain high levels of hygiene and wound care to prevent infections in burn patients. They also need to know how to recognize and manage complications of burn infections, such as septic shock, organ failure, and gangrene. Microbiology knowledge can help nurses to select the best dressing materials, apply topical antimicrobials, culture the wound for pathogens, and administer systemic antibiotics when needed.
- Obstetric Units: These are units where pregnant women and their babies are delivered. During childbirth, mothers and babies are exposed to many microbes that can cause infections, such as group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes simplex virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. Nurses need to prevent postnatal and puerperal infections in mothers and neonatal infections in babies. They also need to know how to screen for and treat sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women and their partners. Microbiology knowledge can help nurses to perform rapid tests for infections, administer prophylactic antibiotics or antivirals, educate mothers on hygiene and breastfeeding practices, and refer cases to specialists when necessary.
- C.S.S.U: This stands for Central Sterile Supply Unit. This is a unit where medical instruments and equipment are cleaned, disinfected, sterilized, and stored. Nurses need to control the movement of bacteria and microbes from this unit to other areas of the hospital. They also need to ensure that the sterilization methods are effective and safe for the users and patients. Microbiology knowledge can help nurses to understand the different types of microorganisms that can contaminate medical devices, the modes of transmission of infections, the principles of disinfection and sterilization, and the quality control measures for sterile supplies.
- Operation Theaters: These are rooms where surgical procedures are performed. Any microbes present during surgery can pose serious risks for the patients and the surgical team. They can cause surgical site infections, wound dehiscence, implant failure, septicemia, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. Nurses need to keep the theater sterile by using their microbiology knowledge. They need to know the type of microbes on every surface and instrument in the theater, the sources of contamination during surgery, the methods of aseptic technique and surgical scrubbing, and the use of personal protective equipment and sterile drapes.
- Communicable disease wards: These are wards where patients with infectious diseases are isolated and treated. Some examples of infectious diseases are tuberculosis, influenza, measles, chickenpox, malaria, typhoid fever, hepatitis B, and COVID-19. Nurses need to prevent the spread of these diseases to other patients and staff in the hospital. They also need to provide supportive care and administer specific treatments for each disease. Microbiology knowledge can help nurses to understand the causative agents of each disease, the modes of transmission and prevention of infection, the clinical manifestations and complications of each disease, and the diagnostic tests and therapeutic options available.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that can cause diseases or infections in humans and animals. Nurses encounter these microorganisms every day in different hospital units and need to know how to prevent, diagnose and treat them. Microbiology knowledge can help nurses in many ways, such as:
- Protecting themselves and their patients from harmful microorganisms by following proper hygiene and infection control measures.
- Identifying the signs and symptoms of various infectious diseases and providing appropriate care and treatment.
- Understanding the mode of transmission, prevention and treatment of common communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS and COVID-19.
- Performing laboratory tests and interpreting the results to diagnose infections and monitor the effectiveness of antibiotics or antivirals.
- Educating patients and their families about the causes, risks and prevention of infections and diseases caused by microorganisms.
- Collaborating with other health professionals such as doctors, pharmacists and microbiologists to provide optimal care for patients with infections or diseases.
As a nursing student, learning microbiology can help you develop the skills and knowledge you need to become a competent and confident nurse in any hospital unit. You will be able to provide safe, effective and evidence-based care for your patients and contribute to the improvement of public health. Microbiology is not only a fascinating subject but also a vital one for your nursing career. Therefore, you should take advantage of the opportunities to learn microbiology from your lectures, textbooks, online courses and practical experiences. By doing so, you will be well prepared to face the challenges and rewards of being a nurse in the modern world.
We are Compiling this Section. Thanks for your understanding.
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Inside a former report we discussed the basic principles of what a router did. We’re now intending to get into a far more in-depth, and Of course technical, clarification of how packets are transmitted in addition to a several other tech specs of how routers perform. So place on the Understanding caps simply because you’re in for a true intellect bender.
Web info, whether or not it's in the shape of a web page, a downloaded file or an electronic mail information, travels above what known as a packet switching community. Basically what comes about would be that the knowledge is damaged up into personal packets mainly because There exists only a lot details that could be transmitted at 1 time. Every packet is http://www.bbc.co.uk/search?q=토토사이트 about 1500 bytes long. Every packet consists of quite a bit of information including the sender’s address, the receiver’s address and naturally the information currently being sent which includes the order of every packet how it should be set back with each other so that the conclude person can seem sensible of the info. The packet is shipped off to its location dependant on just what the router believes being the most effective path to abide by, which is frequently the route With all the least number of targeted visitors and if at all possible, the shortest route. Every packet may perhaps essentially supplied another route depending on circumstances at enough time, which inside a large 먹튀검증사이트 site visitors network can improve each and every second. By undertaking this, the router can stability the load throughout the network to ensure that not a soul segment gets overloaded. Also, when there is a challenge with just one piece of equipment while in the network, the router can bypass this piece of apparatus and deliver the packet along A different route. By doing this if there is an issue, your complete message will continue to get there intact.
In conducting this method, routers have to talk to one another. They explain to one another about any issues within the network and make tips on routes to consider. This way, paths might be reconfigured when they should be. However, not all routers do all Careers as routers appear in various sizes and have different capabilities.
There are what we simply call very simple routers. A simple router is often Employed in a simple smaller community. Easy routers basically glance to discover where the information packet ought to go and sends it there. It doesn’t do much else.
Marginally bigger routers, which happen to be employed for slightly greater networks, do a bit extra. These routers will also enforce security for that network, preserving the community from exterior assaults. They have the ability to do a sufficient work of the that added stability software package is not essential.
The most important routers are used to deal with details at important factors over the internet. These routers cope with a lot of packets of data per next. They work extremely difficult to configure the network as proficiently as you can. They are stand alone techniques and actually have additional in typical with supercomputers than with a straightforward server one particular may have in a small Workplace.
Inside our up coming instalment we’ll look at how to really trace the path that a concept has taken and several samples of transmitting packets.
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What are some things you can do to ensure good dental health?
There are many best practices recommended that will help you maintain good dental health. It can be distressing to have dental issues. From aches and pains to emotional and psychological difficulties, the list goes on. But don’t worry! Dentists have got you. They recommend that everyone should brush their teeth at least twice a day, with the key point being at least, which is the bare minimum. Then the next step is to eat healthily. Eat foods rich in vitamins and minerals such as fruits and vegetables. The next step would be to give up habits that are detrimental to dental health such as smoking. If individuals follow these steps Dental professionals believe that they will see improvement in their dental health. Dentists believe that good dental health will improve an individual’s life in ways that they never thought possible. So, they believe that individuals should take time to maintain good dental health as it is worth it in the long run.
What are some common dental health conditions that affect the majority?
There are many dental conditions that affect a lot of people. Dentists believe that these dental conditions can impair productivity and have a negative impact on the overall health and wellbeing of individuals. Some of the most common dental conditions seen in individuals include tooth decay, hypersensitivity, tooth cavities, plaques, bad breath and bleeding gums. There are many others but these are some of the most commonly seen dental issues.
What are dental implants?
Implants Sheffield is one of the treatment options for one of the most common dental issues, which is missing teeth. This is a surgical appliance that is inserted into the jaw bone and made to fuse with it. This process is completed in a few months. This fixture acts as an alternative tooth taking the place of the missing tooth or teeth. This appliance serves and fulfils the function of the missing one. Dentists believe that this treatment option is one of the most successful treatment options available to help individuals with missing teeth to replace their missing teeth.
Why is this a suitable treatment option?
Dental implants are an effective treatment option because they mimic the natural tooth and don’t affect the surrounding teeth in any way. Dentists believe that this treatment doesn’t affect your mouth’s aesthetics as it blends in well with the surroundings. It also is an efficient treatment option that is quite convenient.This treatment option will help restore your self-image by having a positive impact on your overall appearance and therefore uplift your overall well being and quality of life.
What are some of the things considered before considering this treatment?
Professionals take several factors into account before they recommend dental implants treatment. They include things like the location of the missing tooth or teeth, the state of the jawbone, the health condition of the individual, the cost of the treatment and last but not least, the preference of the individual who they recommend the treatment to.
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This course focuses on how climate change is framed to the public. As the threat of climate change increases daily, we must analyze how climate change is framed, because the media can convince people of almost anything. This class is going to analyze how climate change is portrayed through various forms of media, including writing, documentaries, news outlets, and our daily surroundings. We will particularly be focusing on the concept of environmental justice when examining all these sources. In order to properly address climate change, we must build a framework that not only protects our planet but also ensures that the burdens and benefits of a sustainable future are shared equitably among all communities, leaving no one behind.
The course is open to students from all disciplines, backgrounds, and lived experiences to contribute to a diverse, engaging, and enriching classroom environment. The guiding motivation behind this course is to create a collaborative space for undergraduate students from diverse academic backgrounds to discuss climate change, environmental frameworks, and various environmental justice issues.
|Climate Change in Media Syllabus
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Table of Contents
In an organization, communication is not just sending and receiving messages. Rather, it entails how organizations present, constitute, and represent organizational climate and culture – the attitudes and goals.
For the manager, he/she is expected to uphold this culture through strategies that support the organization’s long term objectives and set goals. Bad news includes but not limited to news regarding sacking, demotion, suspension.
However, the news is not mostly the worst part of the communication process, rather, it is the channel chosen that determines reactions expected and whether the intended purpose will be achieved.
Factors to consider when selecting a medium to communicate bad news
- The number of people you are targeting
- The location of the audience
- Type of the audience whether public or private
- The significance of the news
- Need for feedback
- Need for a written document
The number of people/audience
Every communication medium has its optimum audience number and critically analyzing the objective and requirements of each medium is crucial.
If the intention is to communicate bad news to many people, the electronic medium is more convenient. However, if communication is intended for a few people, it is convenient to use phone calls or face to face communication to create a better chance to explain the significance of the news.
Location of the audience
If the audience is situated over a wide geographical region, using electronic means like phone calls which reduces the cost to both the organization and the audience as well.
For short-distance communication, the best medium would be face to face communication. Talking with the audience can help reduce the negative impact bad news can have on the audience’s psychological and mental state.
Type of the audience
If the message is intended for the public, then best medium to use would be that which does not focus on confidentiality, but which provides a wide range of options like emails
If the intended audience is private for instance a segment of employees in an organization, it is best for the manager and organization to employ a medium that keeps the message private and confidential.
Significance of the news
Every news or message whether bad or good has a varying significance on the receiver and sender. For more significant news, the sender may decide to take the message instead of using electronic means while the less significant news, would be conveniently communicated with electronic means
Need for feedback
If the sender requires feedback from the receiver, then a medium that connects the two parties is best while for bad news which do not need any feedback from the receiver, the sender may use one-way communication methods like written letters
Need for a written document
Some messages require the receiver to acknowledge they have received and accepted the message, and others their signature or letter may be needed. Such would require a medium that closely connects the sender and the receiver.
Effective communication can be challenging because of what?
Communication is a complex process that factors in feelings, cultural components, audience expectations, etc.
Steps in the communication process include:
- Selecting a medium
- Avoiding barriers
During Medium selection…
The communicator determines the best delivery method for achieving communication effectiveness.
When you encode a message…
You are translating the meaning of a message in to words, images, or actions.
To decode a message
you must interpret where meaning is associated.
Additional considerations for achieving effective communication include…
Eliminating barriers, such as physical noise.
Interaction model of communication
introduces both the idea of feedback and the context ; the external circumstances and forces that influence communication is introduces with the interaction communication model.
involved conversation of where communication is taking place, such as the physical distance between communicators.
is consideration for what thoughts are circulating through a communicator’s mind.
Transactional communication model.
expands on context and recognized additional types of context that affect communication: social, relational and cultural.
refers to the social norms that guide communication choices in certain situations: in classroom, you may wait to be called on before you speak. Within a group of friends you speak more freely.
refers to your relationship with your audience.
refers to the learned behaviors of a specific culture, which may vary from another culture.
NACE found employers rated these skills more important than technical knowledge:
- Ability to work in a team
- Ability to verbally communicate
- Ability to obtain and process information.
Graduate Management Admission Council rated these skills most important for new hires:
- Oral communication
- Listening skills
- Written communication
- Presentation skills.
Research by American Express and Millennial branding: Employers report young workers are not effective with:
willingness to work as a team
New Grads workforce readiness study: Dissatisfaction with recent college graduates :
Expertise can benefit both small and large businesses. The ability to effectively interact with customers through social media can make a significant impact on the bottom line.
What characteristics will help you communicate effectively?
What questions to ask when considering how Audience- oriented you’re being?
What content will your audience need or want?
How can you make the message easy for your audience to understand?
Refers to the qualities that make you appear businesslike in the workplace. It also involves being
- Clear and concise
Expressions that mean something different from the literal meanings of their words.
Listen, understand, and build relationships.
Specific, direct, and concise.
Capture attention; begin with a short summary, even if you have a long message.
Components of ACE
Analyse- your communication situation so that you make good decisions.
Compose- efficiently and effectively.
Evaluate- to ensure your communication will achieve its goals.
Before thinking about what you are communicating …
analyse why you are communicating.
is the ability to influence an audience to agree with your point of view, accept your recommendation, or grant your request.
The direct recipient of your message.
anyone else who may receive a copy of your message ( or hear about it).
Primary and secondary research
Primary- collecting your own data
Secondary- using information other people have collected.
How to handle information that conflicts with your position.
Failing to address relevant information is an ethical error of omission.
What are the four key elements involved in composing?
1.) Deciding when and where to compose.
2.) Organizing the content.
3.) Drafting the content
4.) Drafting the message.
*Organizing the content so that is id understandable from the audience’s perspective.
- Putting the content into coherent sentences and logical paragraphs
- selecting a medium that is professional.
- Designing a format that makes the communication easy to follow.
The creative process of getting information on the page.
Three important techniques for long business email.
1.) Begin with a focused first paragraph.
2.)Use topic-specific headings
3.)Format list using bullet points
Documents typically sent as hard copies or as email attachments to internal audiences-people within your organization.
How to memos differ from emails?
- Memos do not include a salutation
- Memos do not include complimentary closings and signatures at the end.
- Memos are often longer
Letters are typically for more ….
formal communication and intended for external audiences- people outside your organization.
Use ACE to consider cultural differences:
- How familiar is the audience with American English?
- Does the audience’s culture value directness or indirectness?
- Does the culture value getting down to business or taking time for relationships.
How does Evaluating improve your communication?
*content helps you achieve purpose and outcome
- for clarity and conciseness improves comprehension
*for styles and tone helps you project a professional image.
- for correctness increases credibility
*Reviewing feedback helps you become a better communicator.
the subject performs the action of the verb
the subject does not perform the action.
When can you use passive voice?
If you don’t want to assume blame.
When you want to emphasize a certain word by making it the subject of the sentence.
how you express yourself rather than what you say.
the image your language projects about you. Keep tone professional and courteous at all times.
creates an optimistic, encouraging, and often more informative message.
Two keys to a conversational style
short words and short sentences.
Common types of errors.
Content errors- mistakes in the substance of the message.
Typographical errors- mistakes made in typing
Usage errors- errors in the way language is used.
Format errors- inconsistencies in design techniques within a document.
Routine business messages
are short, straightforward, and non-sensitive communication that asks and answers questions, provides information, or confirms agreements.
dive you the opportunity to establish and sustain a positive relationship with your audience.
How do you compose messages containing messages and requests?
- Decided between a direct or an indirect message.
- Provide reasons for the request
- Adopt a “you” perspective and include audience benefits.
- Conclude with gratitude and a call for action.
is usually more effective because the audience immediately knows what you want.
places the main idea at the end where the audience could miss the request.
Avoid what kind of requests?
Implicit requests may be ambiguous.
Using a “You” perspective helps you think primarily about:
- What your audience needs or wants to know.
- What questions your audience might have
- What organization of content will make most sense to your audience.
- How your audience will benefit from your message.
Two elements that are typical at the end of a request
1.) Expression of gratitude
2.) a specific call for action.
How do you compose informational messages?
Reply to questions with a direct answer.
Respond to customer requests and comments by creating goodwill.
Highlight key points in confirmation messages.
Organize routine announcement so they are easy to skim.
Format instructions so readers can easily follow the steps.
Keep text and IM message short and focused.
Most answers to questions benefit from what kind of response?
a message acknowledging that you have received information or understood a message correctly. Oral agreement
the same grammatical form for each item in a list.
Ace for IM messages
Keep the message short and to the point.
Do not text messages that require a long or complicated response.
Do not expect a quick response.
Avoid using abbreviations, be polite, and use complete sentences.
Double check the autocorrect
The bcc — blind carbon copy
email feature allows you to copy someone on an email without the recipient knowing it. Use a bcc to…
reduce long recipient lists,
enable centralized tracking of information, and
share information with interested parties.
three different examples of using bcc in business:
1.)Sending an email to employees who are late in submitting travel reimbursement requests; using bcc for all recipients prevents a long header in the email and potentially embarrassing some employees (functional and ethical)
Sending an email to the technical support group to report a problem and, at the request of the IT group’s supervisor, including the supervisor using bcc, allowing her to track problems without being copied on follow-up emails (functional and ethical)
Using bcc to include your colleague in emails as you negotiate pricing with a new supplier; your colleague wants to have access to this inside information to help him with his own price negotiations with this supplier, but he doesn’t want the supplier to be aware of his inclusion (troublesome)
What kinds of messages build
goodwill in relationships?
Goodwill expressions serve what two purposes?
(1) they make your audience more receptive to your message, and (2) they make your audience feel good about their business relationship with you.
is the process of influencing your audience to agree with our point of view, accept your recommendation, grant your request, or change their beliefs or actions in a way that facilitates a desired outcome.
(Persuasive) Analyzing helps you plan your message…
In persuasive situations, you will increase your chances of getting a positive response by spending extra time on the ANALYZING phase of the ACE communication process.
Because persuasion is a process, it often requires multiple communications, with each message contributing to your persuasive goal.
A response intended to prove an objection is wrong (e.g., “No that is wrong, and here’s why”).
An admission that the opposing point of view has merit but does not invalidate your argument (e.g., “Yes, that may be true, but … “).
What are the basic elements
This section addresses three elements of effective persuasion as identified by Aristotle…
Building credibility (ethos)
Constructing a logical argument (logos)
Appealing to your audience’s emotions (pathos)
Credibility is critical for
capturing an audience’s attention and persuading them to listen.
An audience’s belief that you have expertise and are trustworthy based on your knowledge, character, reputation, and behavior.
To establish and maintain credibility:
Get to know your audience.
Establish your credentials.
Present your ideas effectively.
Tell the truth.
Take responsibility for mistakes.
provide the foundation for most persuasive business messages.
Present logical arguments and evidence to support a business decision.
Appealing to your audience’s emotions…
all people—even people of different cultures and different generations—share a common set of needs. At the basic level are physiological needs of food, clothing, and shelter. Once those needs are met, people will seek to meet increasingly higher levels of need. They are: safety, love and belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization. You can make use of these appeals in your business communication.
Researchers such as Robert Cialdini have identified a number of psychological principles…
occur when you overstate your case, divert attention from problems with your position, or attack an opponent. Avoid fallacies in and recognize them when others use them against you so that you are not persuaded by unsound ideas.
Being a persuasive business communicator requires:
A “you” perspective.
An understanding of what motivates your audience.
An understanding of what will prevent an audience from agreeing with you.
Strategic use of persuasive techniques to…
Address your audiences needs and concerns, and.
Help them accept your ideas.
Attention, Interest, Desire, and Action.
Grab the audience’s attention. Your wording should make the audience want to read or hear more about your product or service by focusing their awareness.
After gaining the audience’s attention, you need to build their interest in the product or service by describing how you can meet their needs.
Creating a sense of desire involves reducing the audience’s resistance to the sales message, which is especially important when you create unsolicited sales communication, or cold-call sales messages—messages you send to audiences who did not request the information. However, reducing resistance is also important in solicited sales communication—messages you send to audiences who did request the information.
Motivate your customer to act and purchase the product or service by using strong but professional wording and by making it easy for the audience to respond
If you communicate bad news ineffectively,
you risk angering people, potentially losing customers, clients, or employees, and facing legal liabilities.
How will you deliver bad news?
Analyzing is crucial to developing a message that supports your business goals and positively affects audience reaction.
What are the effective strategies for composing bad-news messages?
Decide where to state the bad news.
Phrase the bad news clearly.
Soften the bad news.
Close the message positively.
For both direct and indirect approaches
“softening” the bad news helps the audience accept the message.
The end of a message provides an opportunity to be forward-looking, instill confidence, and promote goodwill.
Propose a solution.
Propose an alternative.
Create options for future business.
Focus on a benefit.
How should you evaluate
Evaluate the message’s clarity, honest, and sense of goodwill.
Evaluate the business result.
maintaining credibility and goodwill
by Taking responsibility for mistakes and bad decisions
One approach to acknowledging mistakes
Announce the bad news.
Put it in context to soften it.
Provide an explanation.
Outline next steps to fix the problem and prevent re-occurrence.
To maintain positive relations and project a positive image of your business…
state bad news clearly,
soften its negative effect, and
counter bad news that others may spread about your business.
While bad news may disappoint your audience, you want them to…
understand your rationale,
believe you are reasonable, and
feel good about you and about themselves.
Businesses can get additional benefit by using social media to…
control the spread of bad news.
A technique for persuading customers by providing them valuable information without trying to sell them anything.
The Fogg Behavior Model
The Fogg Behavior Model suggests one way social media can motivate audiences to action.
The Fogg Behavior Model elements
Motivation—The first step in influencing behavior is to motivate your audience.
Triggers—The cues or prompts that call your audience to action.
Ability—Simplify the audience’s ability to respond.
Control the spread of bad news
through social media
Have a social media crisis management plan in place.
Can you trust consumer reviews in social media?
84% of Millennials say their purchasing decisions are influenced by consumer content on the web. But is that content trustworthy?
How do you determine what information you need?
Analyze the research question and topic.
Identify audience concerns and needs.
Establish the scope of the research.
Define research activities.
Develop a work plan.
Analyze the research question and topic
First, analyze your research question by identifying a broader set of sub-questions you need to answer.
Then, before exploring those questions, analyze the topic by asking background questions to understand the history, context, structure, and categories.
Use the three As to determine the reliability and
relevance of print or online sources…
Authorship: can you trust the author and publisher?
Accuracy: can you trust the information?
Age: is the information current or still relevant?
How do you conduct
Conduct survey research to gather information that is easy to compare.
Conduct interview research to gather in-depth information.
Conduct observational research to understand how people act.
Conducting research and organizing your findings efficiently and effectively…
Begins during the analyzing phase of the ACE process.
Requires flexibility—at any stage in the process, you may develop new questions that uncover new research needs.
Depends on your having a clear research plan —knowing what you want to learn and what sources to utilize.
Puts you in a good position to use your research to write proposals, reports, and presentations.
a communication designed to persuade a business decision maker to adopt a plan, approve a project, choose a product or service, or supply funding.
three types of persuasive proposals common in the workplace:
internal proposals for action or change
external sales proposals to provide products or services
funding or grant proposals
a proposal that your audience has requested.
A proposal that your audience was not expecting.
Request for proposal (RFP)
An invitation for suppliers to competitively submit proposals to provide a product or service.
The items or services you agree to your audience.
A condensed description of a document that summarizes key ideas.
How should you organize the content?
1.) Overview or Executive summary.
What word choices will be most effective?
The proposal must…
- articulate the problem, need, or opportunity
- identify the outcomes and benefits
- present a compelling recommendation
*provide persuasive supporting details that emphasize feasibility and credibility.
- request action.
A justification for a proposal showing that the recommended course of action is good for an organization and makes business sense.
An solicited sales proposal…
Makes a persuasive case that the audience will benefit from what you propose.
May serve as a sales contract, identifying exact deliverables, costs, time frame, and circumstances.
An unsolicited sales proposal…
Functions like a targeted marketing letter directed to someone you believe may benefit from your product or services.
Aims to generate interest and encourage further discussions.
Has no contractual elements.
A grant proposal…
Requests project funding from external sources such as government agencies or charitable foundations.
Must show you meet the funding criteria of the agency or foundation.
Must include all the information required by the agency or foundation.
May be prepared as a formal report, letter, or online submission.
Steps for a grant proposal
Identify a funding agency that is a good match with the project you are trying to fund.
Identify a contact person at the funding organization and arrange a personal meeting.
Draft a proposal that addresses each topic area.
Draft a cover message.
Structure a formal proposal
like a formal report
Cover message introduces and explains the proposal, persuading the audience to read it
Title page provides proposal name, submitter and recipient information, and date.
Executive summary provides all the important points in one page.
Table of contents allows readers to find information that interests them.
Body pages (multiple) with headings.
Reference list documents all works cited in the proposal.
Appendices provide information that is too detailed to include in the body.
Software as a service (SaaS)
Software that is hosted by the software provider and available on the internet.
Reusing content you have already created.
A report that provides readers with facts that they can easily understand and refer to when necessary. Meeting minutes, trip reports, and progress reports are types of informational reports.
A report that analyzes information to solve a problem or support a business decision.
A report document written in Powerpoint or other presentation software.
One or two paragraphs- often included at the beginning of a formal informational report- that either (a) describe the content of the report so that a reader can decide whether to read the report or (B) briefly summarize the report, including the main points, conclusion, and recommendations.
Executive summary (Business report)
A separate, stand-alone mini-report- included at the beginning of a formal analytical report- that completely summarizes the main ideas and recommendations of the report and may be read instead of the main report.
A document that is included with a letter or memo report to provide supplementary information.
A list of secondary research sources used in a research report.
A report that analyzes whether a plan can be implemented. It may also consider how to change to make it feasible.
A report that analyzes options and recommends a course of action.
A report that assesses the success of a project.
A version of what someone else says, but in your own words and with your own emphasis.
A very brief version of someone else’s text, using your own words.
The image you present of yourself that makes you stand out compared to other applicants.
The circle of people who are aware of your career goals and can help you learn about career opportunities.
Unique selling propositions
Skills or qualities that set you apart from other applicants.
A concise statement designed to communicate your vale and initiate a deeper conversation with a prospective employer.
A traditional resume style that lists content sequentially, starting with the most recent experience.
A contemporary resume style that emphasizes categories of skills rather than jobs.
A resume style that takes advantage of both the chronological and functional methods of organizing content by highlighting work experience by date and skill sets by category.
Cite this article in APA
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation below.
Editorial Team. (2023, September 4). Factors to consider when selecting a medium to communicate bad news. Help Write An Essay. Retrieved from https://www.helpwriteanessay.com/blog/factors-to-consider-when-selecting-a-medium-to-communicate-bad-news/
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Azure cross-region replication
Many Azure regions provide availability zones, which are separated groups of datacenters. Within a region, availability zones are close enough to have low-latency connections to other availability zones, but they're far enough apart to reduce the likelihood that more than one will be affected by local outages or weather. Availability zones have independent power, cooling, and networking infrastructure. They're designed so that if one zone experiences an outage, then regional services, capacity, and high availability are supported by the remaining zones.
While Azure regions are designed to offer protection against local disasters with availability zones, they can also provide protection from regional or large geography disasters with disaster recovery by making use of another secondary region that uses cross-region replication. Both the primary and secondary regions together form a region pair.
To ensure customers are supported across the world, Azure maintains multiple geographies. These discrete demarcations define a disaster recovery and data residency boundary across one or multiple Azure regions.
Cross-region replication is one of several important pillars in the Azure business continuity and disaster recovery strategy. Cross-region replication builds on the synchronous replication of your applications and data that exists by using availability zones within your primary Azure region for high availability. Cross-region replication asynchronously replicates the same applications and data across other Azure regions for disaster recovery protection.
Some Azure services take advantage of cross-region replication to ensure business continuity and protect against data loss. Azure provides several storage solutions that make use of cross-region replication to ensure data availability. For example, Azure geo-redundant storage (GRS) replicates data to a secondary region automatically. This approach ensures that data is durable even if the primary region isn't recoverable.
Not all Azure services automatically replicate data or automatically fall back from a failed region to cross-replicate to another enabled region. In these scenarios, recovery and replication must be configured by the customer. These examples are illustrations of the shared responsibility model. It's a fundamental pillar in your disaster recovery strategy. For more information about the shared responsibility model and to learn about business continuity and disaster recovery in Azure, see Business continuity management in Azure.
Shared responsibility becomes the crux of your strategic decision-making when it comes to disaster recovery. Azure doesn't require you to use cross-region replication, and you can use services to build resiliency without cross-replicating to another enabled region. But we strongly recommend that you configure your essential services across regions to benefit from isolation and improve availability.
For applications that support multiple active regions, we recommend that you use available multiple enabled regions. This practice ensures optimal availability for applications and minimized recovery time if an event affects availability. Whenever possible, design your application for maximum resiliency and ease of disaster recovery.
Benefits of cross-region replication
The architecture for service cross-regional replication and data can be decided on a per-service basis. You'll need to take a cost-benefit analysis approach based on your organization's strategic and business requirements. Primary and ripple benefits of cross-region replication are complex, extensive, and deserve elaboration. These benefits include:
- Region recovery sequence: If a geography-wide outage occurs, recovery of one region is prioritized out of every enabled set of regions. Applications that are deployed across enabled region sets are guaranteed to have one of the regions prioritized for recovery. If an application is deployed across regions, any of which isn't enabled for cross-regional replication, recovery can be delayed.
- Sequential updating: Planned Azure system updates for your enabled regions are staggered chronologically to minimize downtime, impact of bugs, and any logical failures in the rare event of a faulty update.
- Physical isolation: Azure strives to ensure a minimum distance of 300 miles (483 kilometers) between datacenters in enabled regions, although it isn't possible across all geographies. Datacenter separation reduces the likelihood that natural disaster, civil unrest, power outages, or physical network outages can affect multiple regions. Isolation is subject to the constraints within a geography, such as geography size, power or network infrastructure availability, and regulations.
- Data residency: Regions reside within the same geography as their enabled set (except for Brazil South and Singapore) to meet data residency requirements for tax and law enforcement jurisdiction purposes.
Although it's not possible to create your own regional pairings, you can nevertheless create your own disaster recovery solution by building your services in any number of regions and then using Azure services to pair them. For example, you can use Azure services such as AzCopy to schedule data backups to an Azure Storage account in a different region. Using Azure DNS and Azure Traffic Manager, you can design a resilient architecture for your applications that will survive the loss of the primary region.
Azure controls planned maintenance and recovery prioritization for regional pairs. Some Azure services rely upon regional pairs by default, such as Azure redundant storage.
You aren't limited to using services within your regional pairs. Although an Azure service can rely upon a specific regional pair, you can host your other services in any region that satisfies your business needs. For example, an Azure GRS storage solution can pair data in Canada Central with a peer in Canada East while using Azure Compute resources located in East US.
Azure paired regions
Many regions also have a paired region to support cross-region replication based on proximity and other factors.
To learn more about your region's architecture and available pairings, please contact your Microsoft sales or customer representative.
Azure regional pairs
|Regional pair A
|Regional pair B
|East Asia (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region)
|Southeast Asia (Singapore)
|Australia Central 2*
|South Central US
|China North 2
|China East 2
|China North 3
|China East 3*
|North Europe (Ireland)
|West Europe (Netherlands)
|Germany West Central
|South Africa North
|South Africa West*
|East US 2
|North Central US
|South Central US
|West US 2
|West Central US
|West US 3
|United Arab Emirates
|US Department of Defense
|US DoD East*
|US DoD Central*
|US Gov Arizona*
|US Gov Texas*
|US Gov Virginia*
|US Gov Texas*
(*) Certain regions are access restricted to support specific customer scenarios, such as in-country/region disaster recovery. These regions are available only upon request by creating a new support request.
- West India is paired in one direction only. West India's secondary region is South India, but South India's secondary region is Central India.
- West US3 is paired in one direction with East US. Also, East US is bidirectionally paired with West US.
- Brazil South is unique because it's paired with a region outside of its geography. Brazil South's secondary region is South Central US. The secondary region of South Central US isn't Brazil South.
Regions with availability zones and no region pair
Azure continues to expand globally in regions without a regional pair and achieves high availability by leveraging availability zones and locally redundant or zone-redundant storage (LRS/ZRS). Regions without a pair will not have geo-redundant storage (GRS). Such regions follow data residency guidelines to allow for the option to keep data resident within the same region. Customers are responsible for data resiliency based on their Recovery Point Objective or Recovery Time Objective (RTO/RPO) needs and may move, copy, or access their data from any location globally. In the rare event that an entire Azure region is unavailable, customers will need to plan for their Cross Region Disaster Recovery per guidance from Azure services that support high availability and Azure Resiliency – Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery.
The table below lists Azure regions without a region pair:
|Austria East (Coming soon)
|Spain Central (Coming soon)
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No matter what we do, the Arctic of the future is going to be poles apart from the one we know today.
A new paper from the UN reveals that even if we pull the plug on all carbon emissions tomorrow, our hands are ultimately tied; the Arctic region is still going to warm by up to 5 degrees Celsius come the end of the century.
The reality is, we've simply emitted too many greenhouse gases, and now there's no escaping the consequences.
Even under the terms of the Paris Agreement, the research shows that winter temperatures in the Arctic are set to rise by at least 3°C by 2050 and 5 to 9°C by 2080 compared to pre-industrial levels.
The Arctic region is the virtual bullseye of climate change, but that doesn't mean the rest of the world gets off scot-free. As the top of our planet begins to melt, the consequences are certain to trickle down like a dripping ice-cream cone.
There is plenty of research to suggest that climate changes in the Arctic region will unleash dangerous sea level rises around the world, causing coastal flooding, erosion, and damage to buildings and infrastructure. It will also flip ecosystems on their head, contaminate drinking water, and drive mass human migration.
"What happens in the Arctic does not stay in the Arctic," says Joyce Msuya, the acting executive director at UN Environment.
"We have the science; now more urgent climate action is needed to steer away from tipping points that could be even worse for our planet than we first thought."
A major part of the problem is that the changes are going to devastate an already devastated region. Since 1979, research shows that the Arctic has lost roughly 40 percent of its sea ice, and the ice that still remains is thinner and more vulnerable than ever before.
Some climate models even predict that the Arctic's ice cap could disappear completely come summertime in the 2030s. As the melting reaches deeper and deeper it could awake "a sleeping giant" - a tipping point that could derail all our climate goals.
Even if the Paris Agreement is met, Arctic permafrost is expected to shrink 45 percent more, releasing billions of metric tonnes of carbon and methane into the atmosphere.
This will ultimately lead to even warmer temperatures, thawing even more ice in a vicious cycle called a 'positive feedback' loop. The consequences could include more frequent wildfires, habitat loss, and infrastructure damage.
One recent study found that by 2050, four million people and around 70 percent of today's Arctic infrastructure could be threatened by thawing permafrost.
Just as one domino knocks over the next, scientists think this tipping point will also set off another.
"When permafrost thaws, it contributes substantially to the organic matter load of surface fresh water delivered to the ocean, which in turn contributes to acidification through decomposition," the report explains.
"The release of methane by thawing subsea permafrost also contributes substantially to acidification."
Similar to climate change, the Arctic is disproportionately affected by ocean acidification. This region's marine species are especially vulnerable because the cold water they live in can hold more dissolved CO2, leading to greater acidity.
Today, surface waters are 30 percent more acidic than they were before the Industrial era, disrupting the food chain by causing corals, molluscs. sea urchins, and plankton to use more and more energy to build their shells and skeletons.
What's happening in the Arctic right now is a warning sign to prevent further warming. If we don't act soon, the paper suggests we may soon face a dead end, with no way to escape.
"The urgency to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement is clearly manifested in the Arctic, because it is one of the most vulnerable and rapidly changing regions in the world," says the Finnish Minister of the Environment, Energy and Housing, Kimmo Tiilikainen.
"We need to make substantial near-term cuts in greenhouse gas emissions, black carbon and other so-called shortlived climate pollutants all over the world."
The paper was presented by UN Environment.
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Prevention strategies in cardiovascular disease
Cardiac Care: A Practical Guide for Nurses
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally and has a significant economic cost in terms of healthcare delivery, medications and lost productivity. This chapter identifies key strategies to promote effective CVD prevention for people following an acute cardiac event. Primary prevention in cardiovascular health is focused on preventing atherosclerotic vascular disease, heart failure and atrial fibrillation by promoting a healthy lifestyle for all the population throughout life. Effective targeting of secondary prevention is a significant challenge, particularly as the number of individuals identified as being eligible for such an intervention increases. Cardiac Rehabilitation is a multi-factorial and comprehensive secondary prevention intervention, designed to limit the physiological and psychological effects of CVD, manage symptoms and reduce the risk of future cardiovascular events. Psychological coping responses to a cardiac event, in particular anxiety and depression, can hamper recovery irrespective of the patient's physical condition.
Open Access Status
This publication is not available as open access
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How Long Does It Take to Grow a 12-Foot Leyland Cypress?
You need a privacy screen, fast. You have a few options, but many gardeners turn to the Leyland cypress, a fast-growing, columnar-shaped evergreen.
Some experts, however, recommend against planting this tree in a home landscape because of disease and maintenance considerations. So if you haven't yet selected your privacy hedge tree variety, consider some alternatives.
The Leyland cypress (x Hesperotropsis leylandii; USDA hardiness zones 6 to 10) will, however, quickly provide a tall hedge—and maybe taller than you really want.
Leyland Cypress Growth Rate
First, let's understand how a tree's "growth rate" is usually measured, which is always its height unless a source specifies differently—so it does not refer to its girth.
Tree Growth Rates
|Growth in Inches per Year
12 Inches or Under
13 to 24 Inches
25 or More Inches
How fast do Leyland cypress trees grow?
Leyland cypress falls into the "fast" category, and experts peg its growth rate at anywhere from 36 inches to an amazing 127 inches per year. Of course, this depends on multiple factors, such as the soil type, the soil's draining ability, its fertility, the location's sun exposure and other environmental conditions, all of which are tough to quantify for any location.
If your goal is to achieve a 12-foot privacy screen, first consider the size seedling you are planting. For example, if you have a standard 1-gallon nursery pot, you're probably starting with a 2-foot-high tree. If you plant it in fall, which is recommended, it will be ready to start off with a bang in spring. If it adds 4 feet each year, you'll have a 12-foot cypress in about three years from planting.
Leyland Cypress Considerations
You know that stand of Leyland cypress you've driven by? Right—the one with a few dried, brown specimens between a line of healthy trees? Well, that is the problem with this tree variety: It's highly susceptible to disease.
This susceptibility is due to a variety of factors, one of which is the tendency for gardeners who want a fast privacy screen to plant each tree too close together. Here are some of the common problems:
- Short lived: Leyland cypress lives only about 10 to 25 years. While that may seem like a long time, it's not ideal for a privacy screen, which you don't want to have to pull out and replace the way you would some other landscape feature.
- Very large: The Leyland cypress typically reaches 60 feet high and can hit 100 feet in height. It also gains a width of about 15 to 25 feet. Most home landscapes can't handle a tree that gets this large, so it may quickly outgrow its planting location.
- Disease prone: These cypress trees are drought-intolerant and can also be damaged by freezing temps, both of which make them susceptible to fungal infections, canker diseases in particular. They need regular watering during dry spells.
- Being planted as hedges: These trees can easily have a 20-foot spread. The typical gardener plants them as a hedge on centers less than 10 feet. This negatively impacts the air circulation, nutrients and sun that each plant has access to.
Though they grow fast and tall, Leyland cypress have a number of downsides, including susceptibility to disease and short life spans.
Alternatives to Leyland Cypress
If you haven't yet planted your Leyland cypress, experts recommend these alternatives:
- Arborvitaes (Thuja occidentalis), especially the 'Green Giant' cultivar
- Wax myrtles (Myrica cerifera), also a good choice for full-sun locations
Hollies (Ilex spp.), especially 'Nellie R. Stevens' and 'Emily Bruner'
Tea olives (Osmanthus fragrantissima) or lusterleaf holly (Ilex latifolia), for shadier locations
- Arbor Day Foundation: Leyland Cypress
- Clemson Cooperative Extension: Leyland Cypress
- California Polytechnic State University: Leyland Cypress
- Treehugger: Reconsider Planting Leyland Cypress in Your Yard
- Arbor Day: About Growth Rate
- University of Georgia: Leyland Cypress Trees Often Planted Incorrectly
- This Old House: Everything You Need to Know About Leyland Cypress Trees
I garden in the Pacific North west, previously Hawaii where I had an avocado orchard. I have a Master Gardeners certificate here in Eugene, Oregon.
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The Moon Landing
In science this week learnt about the first moon landing back in 1969 and the children re-enacted the scene using the famous quote, "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
Year 3 carried out an number of investigation looking at forces. They set-up the investigations, noted their observations and identified the forces in action. Great work!
Using their science knowledge in DT, the child made some mechanical hands.
Welcome to the blog for Year 3 of South Tawton Primary School
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In a contest, four fruits (an apple, a banana, an orange, and a pear) have been placed in four closed boxes (one fruit per box). People may guess which fruit is in which box. 123 people participate in the contest. When the boxes are opened, it turns out that 43 people have guessed none of the fruits correctly, 39 people have guessed one fruit correctly, and 31 people have guessed two fruits correctly.
How many people have guessed three fruits correctly, and how many people have guessed four fruits correctly
The first box has two white balls. The second box has two black balls. The third box has a white and a black ball.
Boxes are labeled but all labels are wrong!
You are allowed to open one box, pick one ball at random, see its colour and put it back into the box, without seeing the colour of the other ball.
How many such operations are necessary to correctly label the boxes?
Dwayne Johnson was running away with the loot from a heist in his car along with Vin Diesel. One tire was punctured and he dropped down to replace it. While changing the wheel, he dropped the four nuts that were holding the wheel and they fell into a drain. Vin Diesel gave him an idea using which they were able to drive till the rendezvous point.
What was the idea ?
Known by all without exception, Forever here, for your protection, Sometimes strong, sometimes weak, Right after the night I come - hot and chic. And while millions of miles away, I always get to you, I find my way. No life around could do without me, Can you guess what I might be?
There is a cryptic organization called Cicada 3301 that posts challenging puzzles online, possibly to recruit codebreakers and linguists.
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Hyderabad - Ajanta & Ellora
Hyderabad is a city of history and heritage. The old monuments and their significances add a different dimension to the city. Hyderabad is known for its rich past and the thus the city is named as the 'City of Nawabs'.
The city has a 400-year old history. Its rich heritage finds evidence in its old monuments, gardens, parks and forts. Tourist Attractions in Hyderabad are manifold. Hyderabad's appeal ranges from old monuments like the Charminar to the natural beauty of lakes like the Gandipet Lake.
Ajanta Caves - lying in the core of the Sahyadri hills, on the mountain side above the Waghora River, are the overwhelming Ajanta group of caves, fascinating tourists from all over. The caves at Ajanta tell the story of Buddhism, spanning the period from 200 BC to 650 AD.
The 29 caves were built as private abode of the Buddhist monks, who taught and performed rituals. Using simple tools like hammer and chisel, the monks carved out the imposing figures gracing the walls of these structures.
Ellora Caves - The Ellora caves are 34 in number carved into the sides of a basaltic hill, 30 kms from Aurangabad. These impressive caves reflect the finest specimens of cave - temple architecture. The caves flaunt intricate facades and elegantly adorned interiors. Carved during the 350 AD to 700 AD period these structures represent the three faiths of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. All of Ellora's cave-temples are remarkable in size and detail; the most spectacular of them is the Kailasa Temple, the world's largest monolithic structure.
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Galaxies and Planetary nebulae - Observing targets for February!
Today we embark on another journey through the cosmos. Hand-picked by our team of experts here is the observing list for February! Get to know the powerful stellar winds that sculpted the Crab Nebula and learn about the most beautiful galaxies of Canes Venatici.
Messier 51 - A Cosmic Dance
In the vast canvas of the cosmos, the Whirlpool Galaxy stands as a masterpiece of celestial artistry. Nestled in the constellation Canes Venatici, this grand-design spiral galaxy is situated at a staggering 32 million light-years away spanning an immense 109,000 light-years in diameter. Its spiraling arms, illuminated by the brilliance of countless stars, make it a must see jewel in the night sky. The galaxy's allure is further heightened by its celestial partner, NGC 5195, adding an extra layer of complexity to this cosmic dance.
The Whirlpool Galaxy, in tandem with NGC 5195, has become a focal point for astronomers studying galaxy structure and interactions. The proximity of these galaxies provides a unique opportunity to explore the intricate dynamics at play when galaxies come into cosmic communion. Professional astronomers have extensively observed this celestial duo, utilizing their findings to enhance our understanding of spiral arms and the complexities associated with galactic interactions.
Messier 106 – Beacon Of The Skies
Galaxies serve as celestial beacons, each telling a unique story of cosmic evolution. In the constellation Canes Venatici, where also previously mentioned Messier 51 lies, is another cosmic wonder: Messier 106. It stands as one of the largest and brightest nearby galaxies, comparable in size and luminosity to the Andromeda Galaxy. Situated approximately 22 to 25 million light-years away from Earth, this galactic giant captivates astronomers with its intricate details and cosmic wonders.
At the core of Messier 106 lies an active nucleus classified as a Type 2 Seyfert. A radio-wavelength investigation unveils the presence of a central supermassive black hole, a cosmic behemoth with a mass of 39,000,000 solar masses! The mesmerizing rotation of a molecular gas disk within the inner light-year around the black hole paints a vivid picture of the cosmic dance occurring at the heart of this spiral beauty.
Jones-Embersson 1 – Hidden Giant
In the constellation of Lynx lies an intriguing celestial gem, Jones-Emberson 1, affectionately dubbed the "Headphone Nebula." This 14th magnitude planetary nebula is relatively close to us, situated at a distance of 1600 light years. This makes it’s size in the sky notable, yet its low surface brightness adds an element of subtlety to its appearance. The central star, 16.8-magnitude blue-white dwarf, stands as a testament to the cosmic forces at play within this celestial masterpiece.
The discovery of Jones-Emberson 1 dates back to 1939 when astronomers Rebecca Jones and Richard M. Emberson first laid eyes on this celestial marvel. The "PK" designation, intricately tied to its identity, pays homage to Czechoslovakian astronomers Luboš Perek and Luboš Kohoutek. In 1967, these astronomers meticulously crafted a comprehensive catalog, immortalizing all known planetary nebulae in the Milky Way as of 1964.
Messier 1 – Sculpture of Stellar Winds
This stunning cosmic formation, officially cataloged as Messier 1 was born when a supernova explosion seen by Chinese astronomers in 1054 took place in the skies, they nicknamed the object as a “guest star” and it was visible as a point of light even during the day. Modern research later concluded that this explosion is now visible as a supernova remnant ~thousand years later.
At the heart of this stellar spectacle, we find the Crab Pulsar, a neutron star with a diameter approx. 30 kilometers and a remarkable spin rate of 30.2 times per second. Emitting radiation pulses across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays, the Crab Pulsar is a cosmic powerhouse. The energy unleashed during the pulsar's gradual slowdown is staggering. Powering the synchrotron radiation of the Crab Nebula, the total luminosity is a staggering 75,000 times greater than that of our Sun. This intricate dance of energy and matter not only shapes the nebula's luminous display but also contributes to our understanding of astrophysical processes on a grand scale.
The Crab Nebula's significance extends beyond its captivating visual allure. Serving as a pulsar wind nebula and a supernova remnant, it offers a unique laboratory for studying cosmic phenomena. The pulsar's periodic pulses facilitate detailed examinations of celestial bodies that intersect its path. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Crab Nebula's radio waves helped map the Sun's corona, while in 2003, it aided in measuring the thickness of the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan.
Recent observations in 2019 revealed the Crab Nebula emitting gamma rays exceeding 100 TeV, marking it as the first identified source beyond this energy threshold. This discovery expands our understanding of the extreme processes occurring within this cosmic masterpiece.
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The development of leadership skills is crucial for the personal and professional success of today’s youth. Early exposure to leadership opportunities, such as those provided by co-op programs, can greatly benefit students as they prepare for their future careers. In this blog post, we will explore the challenges faced by young STEM co-op leaders at Coder Sports Academy and discuss how these experiences will ultimately contribute to their growth as future leaders in their communities and beyond.
The Setting: Coder Sports Academy Co-op Program
Coder Sports Academy offers an engaging co-op program for 11th-grade students, providing hands-on experience in computer science through various projects such as preparing Python coding lessons, creating coding projects in Roblox or Unity, and assisting with special event planning like monthly game nights and hackathons. Group 1 co-op students, who are academically capable and planning to attend university in a STEM field, are given leadership roles within their teams and are expected to take responsibility for their team’s performance.
Challenges and Opportunities Faced by Young STEM Co-op Leaders
Navigating the balance between limited authority and responsibility is a key challenge for young STEM co-op leaders. As peer leaders, they must learn how to effectively influence and persuade their team members without the power to enforce policies or discipline. By overcoming this challenge, they develop crucial skills such as effective communication, conflict resolution, time management, and delegation, which will prove invaluable in their future careers and personal lives.
Developing strong communication and collaboration skills is essential for young STEM co-op leaders. They must learn to articulate their thoughts clearly and persuasively, listen actively to their team members, and foster an environment that encourages open dialogue and teamwork. As they progress in their education and careers, the experiences and skills gained during their co-op placements will serve as a strong foundation for future leadership roles, whether in STEM fields, community organizations, or government positions.
Building and maintaining a cohesive team environment is another important aspect of leadership. Young leaders must foster a positive atmosphere, resolve conflicts, and ensure that all team members feel included and valued. They need to recognize the unique strengths and skills of each team member and leverage them to achieve the team’s goals. This ability to create a united and motivated team will benefit them in any future leadership position they hold.
Each co-op placement may present unique challenges, such as the current semester’s attendance issues. Young leaders must learn to adapt and respond to these challenges effectively while maintaining the team’s focus on their goals. By facing and overcoming these obstacles, young leaders have the opportunity for personal growth and self-reflection. They will learn more about themselves, their strengths and weaknesses, and how to adapt and improve their leadership approach based on feedback and experiences.
Fostering a growth mindset is another valuable aspect of leadership development. By facing challenges during their co-op placements, young leaders are encouraged to adopt a mindset characterized by a belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed through hard work, perseverance, and learning from mistakes. This mindset will serve them well throughout their personal and professional lives, enabling them to view setbacks and failures as opportunities for growth and improvement.
During their co-op placements, young leaders have the opportunity to build a network of support, including peers, mentors, and industry professionals. These connections can provide valuable guidance, advice, and resources throughout their future careers and leadership endeavors. Additionally, these relationships can lead to collaboration opportunities, job prospects, and a stronger sense of community engagement.
As young STEM co-op leaders gain valuable leadership experiences and skills, they will be better equipped to empower and mentor future generations. They can share their knowledge and experiences with others, helping to develop a strong foundation of leadership within their communities and industries. This cyclical process of growth and empowerment will ultimately benefit society as a whole, as more individuals become effective leaders and contribute positively to their communities and industries.
The challenges faced by young STEM co-op leaders at Coder Sports Academy provide invaluable learning experiences that will serve them well throughout their future careers and roles as community and national leaders. By embracing these challenges and developing critical leadership skills, these young individuals will be better prepared to lead effectively, foster a growth mindset, and empower future generations.
The co-op program at Coder Sports Academy not only provides students with hands-on experience in computer science and project management but also offers a unique opportunity for personal and professional growth. As these young leaders continue to develop their skills and overcome challenges, they will undoubtedly make significant contributions to their communities, industries, and the world at large.
In summary, nurturing young STEM co-op leaders through real-world experiences and exposure to leadership challenges is essential for fostering the next generation of capable, driven, and compassionate leaders. As these young individuals grow and learn from their experiences, they will be better equipped to make a positive impact on their communities and the world, ultimately benefiting all of us.
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<urn:uuid:f4f75a2f-731c-46a5-8960-03cb9b979956>
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Hospital waste bring major issues in the medical facilities’ everyday life because of the regulations surrounding their management. The solutions for dealing with these hazardous waste are very strict and highly monitored. Some hospitals have been using the autoclave technology for decades (allowing the decontamination by rise in temperature and pressure). However, this technology reaches its limits and does not ensure the safety level provided by the microwaves sterilization methods, both for the staff and the environment.
These are the conclusions of the scientific article published by Klaus Zimmermann – an Austrian specialist in hospitals’ infection risks. Reviewing the different techniques available, he concludes that the microwaves methods, such as Sterilwave, are safer regarding the “medical waste bacterial inactivation”. In addition, it is also more ecological as it is consuming less energy and not producing liquid effluents, (Klaus Zimmermann, 2017). Mr Zimmermann’s publication has been endorsed and shared by the ISWA (International Solid Waste Association) – a non-governmental and non-profit organization making studies and scientific analysis on waste management, on a global scale.
On-site biomedical waste management appears to be the best option to preserve at the same time the environment, the waste traceability and to minimize sanitary risks for the staff and the neighbouring population. Independent laboratories showed that the effective decontamination of biohazardous waste by Sterilwave achieves an inactivation level greater than 8log10 (sterilization level), proving that the microwaves method is efficient and easy-to-use.
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Last Updated on March 17, 2021 by lindseymahoney
Building a compost station at your home is a great way to reduce waste and create nutrient-rich soil. My family has been composting for a few years now using a rolling bin and decided to take our composting one step further at our new home.
Our rolling bin worked great with the two chambers, but it seemed to fill up really quickly. I also found it challenging to easily use the compost, especially when we were constantly adding new food scraps to the bin.
Our plan is to build two additional chambers in the ground using plastic bins. The first bin will be used for new compostable material and the second bin is for compostable material that continues to decompose and can be used in the garden. I really like this system because composted material is fantastic for garden beds and is a great way to add nutrients back into your soil. It also reduces the amount of waste that will go into a landfill.
How to Build Your Own Compost Station
This post contains affiliate links. By purchasing an item through an affiliate link, I earn a small commission at no extra cost to you.
For a full list of materials used for this project, scroll to the bottom of the post!
Step 1 | Build the Compost Station Frame
With our compost station, we built a frame with 2×10 boards. Determine the location of the compost station and get the ground as level as possible using a rake. Create a square using the 2×10 pressure treated lumber and screw them together with decking screws.
If you want the compost frame to look a little more finished, you can angle the corners and connect them. We decided to just butt one end of a board to another to create a 90-degree angle. This works just as well but is not as pretty as a finished corner.
This frame size allows two 55 gallon bins to comfortably fit within the frame. Once the frame is in place, use a shovel to dig the two holes for the bins to sit in. Ideally, both would be slightly raised above the ground, but you may run into obstructions. Unfortunately, we chose a location in our yard with a very strong root system that we could not completely dig out. Our bins would only be buried halfway in the ground, which was lined up perfectly with the top of the frame.
Step 2 | Drill Holes in the Bin
Make a mental note or physically mark (probably the smartest option) of how far your bins will be buried in the ground. Use a thick drill bit (we used a 1/2 inch) and drill holes below this line on all four sides of your bin. This will allow worms to move in and out of the bin to speed up the composting process. We actually drilled holes a little higher than where they would be buried and ended up adding dirt around the top half of the bins inside the frame.
All of the holes should be covered by dirt. If there are exposed holes, it can slow down the composted process by allowing airflow. It can also allow odors to escape and attract pests.
Step 3 | Install the Bins
Use your shovel to dig the hole and get the compost bins in place. You will want the top of the bins to be at the height of the frame or just below. Fill in dirt and around the bins so that the holes are covered.
Step 4 | Add Starter Soil & Worms
In the first tub, add some soil and compostable material. Add a bag of worms to begin the composting process. These will be your workers at the compost station. They will eat the food and turn it into compostable material faster than natural decomposition.
You are ready to compost! Be sure to keep the lids on the bins to prevent pests and trap heat. You will want to periodically stir the compost to help the materials break down. We have kept our rolling bin as a third chamber to decompose materials. This gives us lots of space to add our kitchen and yard scraps.
I also recommend getting a compost bucket to keep under your sink to capture the kitchen scraps. Check out this helpful resource that is all about what you can add to your composting bin. Happy composting!
Compost Station Source List
- 55-gallon black bin (we used two)
- Cordless Drill
- Thick drill bit (1/2″ or similar size)
- Cordless Impact Driver
- Deck screws (we used what we had in our garage – you want them to be weather resistant)
- Star bit (for the deck screws)
- Worms (optional)
- 2×10 pressure treated wood (4)
- Rolling Compost Bin
- Compost Bucket
More Outdoor DIY Projects You Will Love
- How to Install a Charming Brick Border Around Your Flower Beds
- Camouflage Your Electrical Meter with Paint
- How We Painted Our In-Ground Pool and Saved Thousands
- Designing & Planting our English Garden
- My Favorite Tools I Recommend to Beginner Gardeners
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Hazard risks are defined as those risks that tend to arise from liability, property, and losses. Besides that, the hazard risks are often subject to being insured. Examples of hazard risks that will be discussed on in this article include legal risks, consequential losses, property and personnel hazards. Property risk occurs in a situation when a financial loss takes place in a real estate property or investment. It may arise from liability, partnership problems or other legal issues. On the contrary, legal risks arise due to the failure not to comply with the regulatory obligations. Further, personnel risks involve several losses that an organization could face such as the departure of the workers, death, injury or cases of disabilities (Ivanyos, & Sándor-Kriszt, 2016). Lastly, consequential losses tend to arise when a person is not able to use the business equipment. The process of risk management of the hazard risks listed above as per the ISO 31000 will be addressed in the next part of this paper.
In legal risks, the process of managing them would involve the creating of a framework that is in line with the objectives of the ISO-31000 (Florea, & Florea, 2016). The second step in the process of managing legal risks would be to identify the risks while recognizing both the potential and the real risks as well. The third phase would be to analyze the legal risks identified whereby in this process one tends to gain a deeper understanding of the risks involved. The fourth step would be to evaluate the risks, and the last step is to communicate and gain advice on how to deal with the legal risks identified.
Delegate your assignment to our experts and they will do the rest.
Contrary to that, property risks can be managed through a variety of process that includes conducting regular surveys that help in property analyses that help in pricing risks and insurance solutions as well (Luko, 2013). Reports on loss prevention are also another factor that helps in the risk management process of properties. The allegations of injury prevention contain the comprehension of advice regarding how loss prevention processes can be improved. In the construction projects of goods, the risk management processes include the investment negotiations that are frequently used during the process of investment. Lastly, improving the loss prevention helps in preventing injuries from occurring in property management.
The process of solving personnel risk management includes the involvement of a corporation in various commitments (Luko, 2013). The first commitment that could be taken into consideration includes the insurance coverage for the workers in an organization. For this step to be successful, one has to identify the various risk potential areas in an organization. Besides that, it is critical to address all the dangerous areas for the success of the business (Florea, & Florea, 2016). In addition to that, personnel risk management process could be solved by getting expertise that is familiar with the process of risk management that includes measuring, treatment, implementing, as well as, monitoring of the risks (Ivanyos, & Sándor-Kriszt, 2016). Moreover, they should also have the expertise of how to apply the various treatment options in the risks identified. Further, a contractual knowledge is relevant in identification and handling of risks in every personal contract of an employee. The agents deployed should have the ability to identify both the liability and the property risks that are in every personal contract. Therefore, this will help in ensuring that the risks are managed in a cost-effective manner and are also reduced for the success of a corporation (Florea, & Florea, 2016). Besides that, a company can opt to provide counsel to the workers on all the available policies of insurance. For instance, an employee should familiarize with the best health insurance option that can adequately cater for the medical risks for them to make the nest choice in insuring their health. In addition to that, the agents could be useful in giving the employees the right advice on the various policies that are purchased through their employers.
The first step to solving the consequential losses is the identification of the different types of losses which could be quite difficult. Losses can be categorized depending on the various facts and circumstances that are related to a particular contract. Consequential losses involved losses in the case of any investment. The most critical risk management processes of the significant losses are the ability to insure all the dangerous areas (Ivanyos, & Sándor-Kriszt, 2016). Insurance is helpful since it reduces losses since the insurance is likely to pay off a company that has insured most of its properties in the case of any loss. Similar to the ownership risks, consequential losses can be managed through a variety of process that includes conducting regular surveys that help in loss analyses that help in pricing risks and insurance solutions as well. Reports on loss prevention are also another factor that helps in the risk management process of consequential losses.
In conclusion, this paper focuses on hazard risks, in particular, property, legal, personal risks, as well as, the significant losses. Property risk occurs in a situation when a financial loss takes place in a real estate property or investment while legal risks occur due to the failure not to comply with the regulatory obligations. Besides that, personnel risks involve several losses that an organization could face such as the departure of the workers, death, injury or cases of disabilities while the consequential losses tend to arise when a person is not able to use the business equipment. Further, the paper has focused on the various risk management processes that could be of help in solving the risks mentioned above. The insurance of property and the health of the employees is an example of risk management process that could be helpful in addressing the hazard risks discussed.
Florea, R., & Florea, R. (2016). Internal Audit and Risk Management. ISO 31000 and ERM Approaches. Economy Transdisciplinarity Cognition , 19 (1), 72-77.
Ivanyos, J., & Sándor-Kriszt, É. (2016). Risk Management Measurement and Evaluation Methods Based on Performance Indicators. Public Finance Quarterly (0031-496X) , 61 (2), 265-281.
Luko, S. N. (2013). Risk Management Principles and Guidelines. Quality Engineering , 25 (4), 451-454. doi:10.1080/08982112.2013.814508
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Article written by Chris Wurr, with additional content by Geoff Winkler
Methods employed by the Victorian Railways (and its predecessors, the private companies) of preventing trains colliding with each other, in the early years were extremely primitive. The basic “safeworking” principle in use was strict adherence to the times shown in the Service Timetable. Timetables were the visible means of deciding when and where trains departed, arrived, crossed each other, ran through or shunted aside. Regulation 14 of the 1864 VR Rule Book stipulated that all servants of the railway were to have a copy of the Service Timetable with them at all times whilst on duty. Time Bills were used for extra trains which were not laid down in the Service Timetable, but were required to run, perhaps at short notice. This was the genesis of the familiar Special Train Notices board fixed on the outside wall of every station. It was accessible to all employees regardless of grade and available for perusal at any time of the day, whether the station be open for business or closed. Reg.51 warned employees to be mindful that engines could possibly be running on the line at any time, but not be shown in timetables or Time Bills. Of course trains would never be able to adhere to the times shown in 100% of cases and so the Time Interval system was superimposed on the Service Timetable for trains following one another. It must be kept in mind, that at this time, telegraphic communication was by no means available between each and every station or location on the burgeoning rail system. In fact prior to 1st January 1878, the telegraph system (incomplete as it was along the state’s railways) was actually the property of the Victorian Postal Department. Locations not connected to the telegraph were totally reliant on the Service Timetable and observing train head and tail signals, as well as verbal advice from train crews to be informed of following or opposing train movements. This was made even more difficult by the fact that most lines were still single at that stage. Trains were not permitted to depart before the time shown in the timetable or bill.
In the cases of trains running in the same direction, distance between them was regulated by the times shown in the Service Timetable. And when a following train was advancing on a preceding one, an interval of time was to be maintained between them at stations and locations. This was achieved by the use of Station Semaphore signals. These comprised a single post, usually placed centrally within the station limits, with single arms and lights facing trains in both directions. The arm was pivoted at the post and was constructed to be able to disappear from view into a vertical slot in the signal post. The light worked in conjunction with the arm. The arms worked in the lower lefthand quadrant on either side of the post to signal Up and Down direction trains from the one signal post. The arms were set by the Stationmaster or other appointed employee, using a hand lever in the three positions, located at the base of the signal post.
Time Interval system worked in the following manner:
Engine Drivers would sound the whistle when 400 yards out from a signalled location. Upon arrival of a train at a station, the Station Semaphore was placed at the Danger position ----- arm (in the direction of travel) horizontal and the lamp displaying a red light. Five minutes after departure of the previous train, if the line was observed to be clear, the semaphore arm was lowered to the Caution position (about 45 degrees below horizontal) and the spectacle in front of the lamp changed to display a green light. After a further five minutes duration, if all was seen to be OK, the arm was lowered to disappear into the slot in the post and at the same time the green spectacle was raised clear of the lamp lens, thus displaying the “white” light of the lamp.Click image for larger version.
Regs. 197, 198 and 199 of the VR 1864 book stipulate 15 minutes between departing trains at certain locations on the Mainline and the Buninyong line.
Red is a Signal of Danger to Stop.
Green is a Signal of Caution to Slacken Speed.
White is a Signal of All Right to Go on.
It must be remembered that the colour yellow for use in signal lenses, was a long way from being perfected and reliable as a night indication in these early times. Handlamps (kerosene or battery) in use on the railways of Victoria up until very recent times, show only red, green or white and the indications those colours convey are the same as those ancient station semaphores.
The running of following extra trains was announced to all employees by the display of a red “board” or second red tail light on the rears of preceding trains and all employees were implored to check all passing trains for them. Until the occupation of Guard was eliminated starting in the 1980s, the folding tail disc which was part of his kit displayed white on one side and red on the other --- a hark back to the old days. As for working trains in either direction over single line sections, the 1864 book merely stated under Reg. 205 that care must be taken before any train is despatched from a station, to see that there are no opposing trains and to use the telegraph where provided!
Train Signal Books were used at all signalling locations to keep a record of train movements and times, but of course where there was no telegraph between locations, the Signalman/Stationmaster had no information as to the arrival (or otherwise), of the any trains he had sent into the section.
One of the early apparent shortcomings of this form of Signalling, was the absence of any protection for trains that remained at a station for a prolonged length of time, whether stationary or performing shunting operations. The solution for this was the provision of additional Semaphore signals on the approach sides of stations, it is presumed that these were single sided, and applied in the one direction only. Being located outside the immediate station environs, their operation was usually performed remotely via a wire cable. As such they were referred to as Distant or Distance signals, and bore no relation to the Distant signals we know of today. Trials were also carried out for their operation using Electro-Magnetic technology, but very little detail of this is known at present.
It is inferred in snippets of correspondence, that these signals became quite widespread across the system, but definitive locations have not as yet been identified. Officially, they were called an ‘Advanced Semaphore’, being located in the advance of or before a Station Semaphore. This too became quite an anomaly, as subsequently with the introduction of a new Rule book for the Victorian Railways in 1884, the term ‘Advance’ came to refer to something as being behind or after.
Of utmost importance was the protection of trains brought to a stand between locations, and Reg.279 mandated that the Guard provide this with the utmost haste. Telegraphic communication on the VR’s lines was taken over from the postal department and extended to cover the busiest lines, following formation of the Telegraph Branch on 1st January 1878. This paved the way for far safer and more flexible train working.
Following trials conducted during 1883, major State-wide alterations to safeworking occurred early in 1884. The earliest documented evidence at hand of this, appeared in the Government Gazette of February 1, 1884. A copy of a new Victorian Railways Rule book published within it, had all references to the use of three position ‘Station Semaphore’ and ‘Advanced Semaphore’ signals removed, along with the universal use of the system of ‘Time Interval’ working. (View it online here).
As from that point in time, Fixed signals consisted of 6 types only, being Junction, Distant, Home, Starting, Advanced Starting and Siding. All of these displayed only 2 indications, being “Danger” and “All Right”. It was insinuated and is most probable that until replacement, the original Semaphores were retained and used, with modified operation; The vertical position of the arm was removed and the “All Right” was now shown by the arm “hanging down to the side of the post”, (being lowered 45 degrees).
The telegraph system by then had been improved to such an extent that signals which controlled the entrance of trains into an onward section, were to be kept at Danger “until telegraph information had been received….that the preceding train or engine has passed out of the section”. This was known as “Telegraph Block”, and was the forerunner to the introduction of absolute block signalling on double lines. Absolute meaning one train ONLY on the line between signalling locations, rather than the imprecise system afforded by timetable and Time Interval.
Such absolute train signalling systems were being developed in the UK and its colonies during the 1870s. George Kift Winter was the Telegraph Superintendent of the Madras Railway Co. in India and around 1878 invented a two-position block telegraph instrument which could be utilised to control train movements over both double and single lines. This was patented in conjunction with James Craik, the Madras Rly Co’s Assistant Traffic Manager in June 1880 combined with optional Starting signal control through the instruments. The operation of the system was possibly being monitored in India as early as July 1881 and later, about March 1882 in New Zealand, by the VR’s Telegraph Engineer Kynaston Lathrop Murray. He seems to have recommended the adoption of Winter’s block for double line working on the VR, although in New Zealand the system was at that time only applied experimentally to single line working.
Subsequently the VR installed the system (without Starting signal control) commencing in October 1883, over nine sections between Flinders Street and Balaclava. The precise date is still subject to some conjecture.
Consequent upon the adoption of block telegraph working, signals progressed from Station Semaphores to the now familiar two-position Distant/Home/Starting signals configuration. Initially the Proceed aspect by night, was still conveyed by a white light, however circa 1898 the green light aspect was converted to. A green light now indicated Proceed ---- line ahead is clear. The white All Right indication formerly used on Station Semaphores could understandably be confused with white lights from nearby houses, etc and so the adoption of a green light was far safer and more easily identifiable.
Winter’s Block instruments comprise a wooden cabinet on which are mounted: a single stroke bell, two dials with one needle each, a horizontally moveable Switch Handle, a tapping Plunger key and a Black press Button.
The name of the signalling location at the opposite end of the section with which this instrument is always working is displayed on a plate fixed to the front of the cabinet. However if the next location is able to switch out or in, then a changeable indicator is fixed to the top of the instrument to allow the Signalman to rotate the indication to the name of the signalbox being worked with.
Kyneton to Redesdale Jcn. block instrument:Click image for larger version.
The Double Line Block system works in the following manner.
Referring to the drawing of a Winter’s block instrument, say a train was to run from Signalbox A, through the double line section to Signalbox B.
The Signalman at A would Call Attention to the Signalman at B by tapping the Plunger on his instrument once. A beat on the tapping Plunger at one end of the section causes the bell at the opposite end of the section to strike once.
The Signalman at B would respond by tapping his plunger once.
Signalman A would then ask Is Line Clear for whatever type of train was to be advanced. Different trains had a different combination of bell beats. See Code of Bell Signals HERE. Let’s say A wants to send on a Livestock train. He bells 4 pause 1 on the tapping Plunger to B.
If the line is clear between the locations and there is no other reason preventing the train from advancing, then B will put his Switch Handle to ON and repeat the 4 pause 1 bell signal back to A.
Signalman A gives one beat on the bell and presses the black button at the same time. The black needle at A and the red needle at B will then point to On Line.
A is then permitted to clear his Starting signal for the train to depart into the section towards B.
As the train is departing, Signalman A sends Train Departure to B by 2 beats on the Plunger. B acknowledges departure by repeating the 2 beats.
The train now has complete authority to occupy the block section between the two signalboxes. When the train arrives or passes B the Signalman will observe that the train is complete by the exhibition of a white tail disc or single red taillight at night on the rear of the least vehicle. This ensures that the train has not become parted somewhere in the section. Signalman B then places his Switch Handle to OFF and sends 3 beats on the bell to Box A to signify Train Arrival. Signalman A acknowledges this by repeating the 3 bells and at the same time pressing the Black Button on his instrument. This causes the indicator needles on the instruments in both signalboxes to move to Cleared.
The section is now clear and available for another train to pass through. Under Victorian Railways Double Line Block Rules, there were 35 Rules pertaining to all aspects of its operation.
Winter’s Block eventually worked double lines over much of the Victorian main line system. The last still in use (as at January 2022) is between Craigieburn and Seymour, however continued theft of copper wire from the line wires which connect the sections, has lead to the system being conducted over the telephone.
FOOTNOTE: Winter’s Block was also worked in conjunction with Train Staff & Ticket on the single line between Everton and Beechworth until 30th June 1953 when both systems were replaced with Electric Staff. The reason for superimposing Single Line Block over T.S&T. was that in the Up direction from Beechworth to the junction at Everton, was 9¼ miles of continuous downhill track, most of which was at 1 in 30 gradient (nominally the steepest gradient in the state) and that in the early days at least, trains getting out of control were a possibility. The sending of bell signals on the block instruments kept the Signalman at Everton, right up to date with the movements of trains, thus preparing him for safe (or otherwise) arrivals at the junction.
Additionally, prior to the extensive introduction of Electric Staff on single main lines from April 1897, Single Line Block working using Winter’s instruments was also to found over some sections of Train Staff & Ticket.
BELOW: This diagram shows a typical signalling arrangement for stations on Double Lines. The key signal is the Starting signal as this is the authority for a train to enter the section between two stations. The distant signal could not be placed to proceed unless the home and starting signals were at proceed. Note that there are no facing points at either station. This was a direct import of standard British practice on double lines whereby all points, except at junctions, were trailing points. When the Lancefield line was still operational this meant that a down train going onto the branch had to set back from the down platform onto the up line and then pull ahead through the Up platform in order to diverge onto the branchline. Trailing points were not interlocked with the signals. At some locations the use of facing points was unavoidable, such as at Carlshrue, in which case the signals were interlocked with the facing points.
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Physical therapy is an essential and highly rewarding healthcare profession that helps individuals recover from injuries, improve their mobility, and manage pain. If you have a passion for helping others and a keen interest in the human body’s mechanics, pursuing a career as a physical therapist could be an excellent fit for you. While many aspiring physical therapists assume that a doctoral degree is the only way to practice in this field, a bachelor’s degree can serve as a pathway to becoming a physical therapist.
Understanding the Role of a Physical Therapist
Before delving into the educational requirements, it’s important to understand the role of a physical therapist. Physical therapists are healthcare professionals who work with patients to manage, prevent, and treat physical conditions that affect their ability to move and function effectively. They are experts in human anatomy and physiology, as well as movement and rehabilitation techniques.
Physical therapists work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, private practices, sports facilities, and even patients’ homes. They work closely with other healthcare professionals, such as doctors and nurses, to develop personalized treatment plans for their patients. Physical therapists also provide education and guidance to patients and their families, helping them to understand their conditions and achieve their rehabilitation goals.
The Bachelor’s Degree Option
In the United Kingdom, a bachelor’s degree in physiotherapy (also known as physical therapy) is the minimum educational requirement to become a qualified and registered physiotherapist. This degree typically takes three years to complete and provides students with a solid foundation in anatomy, physiology, and rehabilitation techniques.
During a bachelor’s degree program in physical therapy, students will acquire both theoretical knowledge and practical skills through a combination of lectures, laboratory work, and clinical placements. The program is designed to equip students with the necessary competencies to assess, diagnose, and treat a wide range of physical conditions.
Upon completing their bachelor’s degree, graduates must register with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) to practice as a physiotherapist in the UK. This regulatory body ensures that the highest standards of professionalism and ethics are maintained within the field.
The Importance of Continuing Education
While a bachelor’s degree is the minimum requirement, it is important to note that the field of physical therapy is constantly evolving. New research and advancements in techniques and technologies continuously reshape the way physical therapists practice. Therefore, ongoing professional development is crucial for physical therapists to stay current and provide the best possible care for their patients.
Many physical therapists choose to pursue additional certifications, specialize in specific areas of practice, or pursue higher levels of education, such as a master’s or doctoral degree. These advanced degrees can open doors to opportunities for teaching, research, and leadership roles within the field. Additionally, advanced education can enhance a physical therapist’s skills and knowledge, enabling them to provide specialized and evidence-based care.
Building a Successful Career as a Physical Therapist
Once you have obtained your bachelor’s degree in physiotherapy and are registered with the HCPC, you can embark on an exciting and fulfilling career as a physical therapist. With the demand for physical therapy services continuously increasing, career prospects in this field are highly favorable.
As a physical therapist, you can choose to specialize in various areas such as sports rehabilitation, pediatrics, geriatrics, orthopedics, or neurology. Specializing in a particular area can help you develop expertise and attract specific patient populations, allowing you to make a significant impact in a specific field.
Additionally, networking and staying involved in professional associations and organizations can help expand your professional circle and stay updated with the latest industry trends. Active involvement in the field can also lead to exciting research opportunities, teaching positions, and career advancements.
In conclusion, while a doctoral degree may be seen as the traditional route for aspiring physical therapists, a bachelor’s degree in physiotherapy can serve as a solid foundation for a successful career in this rewarding field. With dedication, continued education, and a passion for helping others, you can become a highly skilled and respected physical therapist, making a meaningful difference in the lives of your patients.
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The Science of Macronutrients – An Easier Way to Eat Healthy
By Vanessa Spiller at Cōpare Health
March is National Nutrition Month, and we are highlighting the importance of macronutrients by featuring an excellent blog so you can learn all about macros from one of our trusted health and wellness partners, Cōpare Health. They have been changing lives every day throughout the DMV (Washington D.C., Maryland, & Virginia) area as they guide and educate people about weight loss and total wellness.
As a nutritionist, I get asked a lot of great questions about weight loss and healthy eating. I love introducing the idea to people that weight management and healthy eating can be as simple as having a better understanding of macro nutrition. Macro nutrition-based eating inherently focuses on having a well-balanced caloric intake from protein, fats, and carbohydrates – think quality versus quantity. It goes beyond calorie counting and provides a framework for ensuring that you’re getting an adequate amount of all three macronutrients – carbohydrates, proteins, and healthy fats. Because everybody’s bodies are unique, having a clear understanding of what your body needs to feel its best and achieve optimal health is critical.
Let’s first define macronutrients. Macronutrients are the three types of nutrients that provide your body with most of its energy: carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Micronutrients, on the other hand, are the types of nutrients that your body uses in smaller amounts, like vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and phytochemicals. All of the foods we eat fall into at least one of the macronutrient categories, and sometimes all three. Your food choices are classified according to the macronutrient that is most prevalent. For instance, chicken is a protein even though it also has some fat, and sweet potatoes are considered a carbohydrate even though they have a bit of protein.
Understanding the role that macronutrients play in achieving optimal health will help you determine the right balance for you and your body. Healthy, unprocessed carbohydrates such as whole grains, leafy greens, and vegetables not only provide the body with energy but are also an excellent source of vitamins and minerals. They also provide the body with the necessary fiber to promote healthy digestion and help to regulate blood sugar. Note, the keywords are healthy and unprocessed. Too many unhealthy and processed carbohydrates (such as white breads, pastas, chips etc.) will have a negative effect on the body and have been linked to various health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, and poor metabolic health in general.
Lean proteins also play an important role in achieving optimal health. Making sure that you are consuming adequate protein is critical to both building and maintaining muscle. Clients often ask me why they’re not building muscle when they’re lifting weights 3 times a week. I explain to them that the process of building muscle involves the breakdown of muscle tissue by working out/lifting weights and the repair process, which includes fueling the muscle with adequate protein. As we age, the need for protein is even greater as the body doesn’t process protein as efficiently as it did when we were younger. Maintaining muscle and consuming the right amount of protein will enable us to age both gracefully and optimally.
Consuming healthy, “good” fats, including avocado and olive oil, nuts, seeds, salmon etc., are also important. Healthy fats are critical to brain health, help to digest protein, and can also lower cholesterol.
So, what are the benefits of a macro nutrition-based diet, and why should you focus on counting macros versus calories?
First, not all calories are created equal. Counting macros will help you make more nutritious choices prioritizing the quality of food versus the quantity. For example, if you’re following a plan where you’re allowed a 200 calorie snack, you might be tempted to eat a 200 calorie bag of Cheez-Its. If you’re counting your macros, you are more likely to select a healthy option, like a small apple with a tablespoon of almond butter. While the 2nd option contains more calories, it also has more nutrients, will keep you fuller for longer, contains more fiber, and is less likely to spike your blood sugar.
When people follow a macro-based nutrition plan, they also tend to eat more protein. Protein is the most satiating of all the macronutrients and requires more energy to digest than carbohydrates or fat. Prioritizing lean sources of protein will help to fuel muscle and will aid in losing or using body fat as energy.
Macro nutrition allows you more freedom to choose the foods you enjoy if it fits your macro plan. Whether you’re looking to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight, macro nutrition is the simplest, healthiest way to accomplish your goals.The health coaches at Cōpare (and our MightyFIT nutrition experts) are well versed in the science of macro nutrition. Please feel free to reach out to any one of them for help in understanding and developing a macronutrient-based nutrition plan that is right for you.
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The Revolutionary Power of Teenage Girls
March 16, 2023
Today we are talking about one of the most revolutionary forces in America — teenage girls. Throughout history, teenage girls have consistently stood on the frontlines for change.
At 16, Sybil Ludington outran Paul Revere in warning American troops of the impending threat of the British. At 15, Barbara Johns staged a school boycott that helped initiate Brown v. Board of Education. At 19, Heather Tobis tried to help herself and other girls around her navigate a pre-Roe world by starting Jane — a clandestine network that connected young women with access to safe abortions.
Never heard of these girls? Yeah, neither had we. The achievements and contributions of girls and young women are often under-recorded and dismissed. A new book, “Young and Restless: the Girls who Sparked America’s Revolutions,” by Mattie Kahn interrupts this cycle of erasure. Mattie brings to the forefront girls’ and young women’s trail-blazing activism, from the labor movement of the late 19th century to the fight against climate change now.
Author, writer, and editor Mattie Kahn joins us today to talk about the revolutionary power of girls, the challenges they face, and how they rise up consistently to meet the moment.
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Finding planets outside of our solar system is an area of research that has exploded in recent years. As new, more powerful observational equipment allows us to look into space with greater detail than ever before, spotting the telltale signs of planets orbiting other stars has become much easier, and new exoplanet discoveries are happening so fast that researchers aren’t even able to dedicate much time to each one. Instead, scientists are forced to select the most interesting worlds that warrant attention, and the newly-discovered “Super-Earth” Gliese 486 b is one of those planets.
A large, rocky world orbiting a relatively dim star called Gliese 486, Gliese 486 b is thought to be approximately 1.3 times as large as Earth, and nearly three times as massive. That’s might seem like a huge difference when compared to Earth, but in planetary terms, it’s actually a pretty close match. What definitely isn’t a close match is the incredible surface temperatures on the exoplanet, which are estimated to be around 800 degrees Fahrenheit. Still, the planet is about to get a whole lot of attention from researchers, as it might be our best chance yet to study the atmosphere of an alien world.
The holy grail of astronomy would be finding a planet that has alien life on it. It wouldn’t even have to be intelligent life, but any form of life that didn’t originate on Earth would quite literally rewrite textbooks and change the way we think about our universe and our place within it. Unfortunately, we’re not yet to a point where we can peer at planets like Gliese 486 b — which sits around 26 light-years from Earth — and actually see if there’s anything living there.
In fact, the best we can do with most exoplanets is simply to detect their presence and, if we’re lucky, get an idea for what kind of a planet (gas giant, rocky world, etc) they might be. In the case of Gliese 486 b, however, scientists might be able to do a little bit more. Thanks to a combination of the planet’s size and surface temperature, it’s likely that scientists will be able to study its atmosphere in a way not afforded by many other exoplanets.
“The host star is at a distance of ~8.1 parsecs, has a J-band magnitude of ~7.2, and is observable from both hemispheres of Earth,” the discovering researchers write in a new paper published in Science. “On the basis of these properties and the planet’s short orbital period and high equilibrium temperature, we show that this terrestrial planet is suitable for emission and transit spectroscopy.”
At the moment, the dynamics of rocky planet atmospheres aren’t very well understood, despite the fact that we live on a rocky planet with a robust atmosphere. Put simply, science needs more data points with which to draw conclusions and paint a clearer picture of what planets hold or grow their atmosphere and which ones lose them more rapidly. This data will be hugely beneficial as we move forward with research efforts aimed at finding planets that are suitable for life.
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If you think about Einstein's theory of relativity, you'll realize that time is not a straight line, but is a circle. This means that the future has already been set. But the question is, if this is true, then how can we alter events when the future has already been set?
The future hasn't been "set". It's just already happened. Kinda like the past, but we're not there yet. You can't alter something that's already happened, like the past. But you don't know the future, so you can't alter it. Travel to the "future" is not possible. You can only travel to the present. Ever. According to Einstein's Theories, If you travel at close (95%+) to the speed of light, time will slow down around relatively. So if you travel for a day, and come back to earth to find that a year has passed (which is, in theory, possible), have you really traveled to the future, or just slowed down your present? As Humans, we are perpetually stuck in the present. We can slow down time around us, but we'll always be "here", "now", and we'll just have to accept that.
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Now, there is a easy way to avoid this--teach people TypeScript first regardless of their programming experience.
- is type-safe. If you make a type error, the TypeScript compiler will let you know how to fix it before it goes into production.
- is flexible. You can use as little TypeScript as you want (not recommended though).
- teaches computer data types to people that otherwise would never know what they are. This is very transferable knowledge.
- is adopted by countless companies. It is worth adding to your resume.
New and experienced developers benefit from TypeScript features, there are little to no reasons to not use it.
The one issue with learning TypeScript is that it takes more effort to set up. This requires introducing concepts such as compilers and transpilers and the tooling (e.g. Babel) to the beginner which can be overwhelming if not done carefully.
That said, setting up a TypeScript project is much easier than setting up a Java project and understanding what the hell a JVM is. The reason I call out Java is because, in many intro classrooms is the past and current day, Java was the intro to programming language of choice and people still managed to make it through that.
We know there is a lack of beginner TypeScript content on the web. There is only way to solve that issue.
Make quality content and tutorials for beginners in TypeScript.
That's it. I believe such content has the ability to be of higher quality and effectiveness than what currently exists, so I intend to make web development tutorials and guides for complete beginners in TypeScript. If you're a web dev educator, you should too.
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Local research and innovation at the patient's bedside
Primary care is the patient's gateway to the healthcare system, and primary care centres are the areas where most of the population's health problems are solved. It is an area where the relationship between patient, family doctor and reference nurse is crucial to preventing and curing diseases and promoting healthy habits.
The group conducts multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research, essential for primary care professionals, since the daily life in their professional field requires a biological, psychological and social approach towards patients and their illnesses, both at the clinic and at home.
A comprehensive approach to the patient and long-term care throughout the patient's life allow the group to develop its own and/or collaborative studies to improve the knowledge of the population’s characteristics and of diseases.
The research projects that the group has led have shown, among other things, that an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening programme is viable, safe and feasible for early detection.
It has also proposed a new, one-hour blood pressure monitoring method to diagnose hypertension and classify sub-populations of hypertension. And it has found that an interdisciplinary and multifactorial intervention (with physical exercise, nutrition, polypharmacy review and social assessment) helps prevent fragility in pre-fragile patients and improves functional capacity, quality of life and adherence to the Mediterranean diet.
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Schema is a namespace provided by salesforce which provides schema metadata information using different methods and classes. ChildRelationship Class This class contains methods to access the child relationship as well as the child sObject for a parent sObject. DataCategory Class
Table of Contents
What is the schema class in Salesforce?
The Schema class is in the System namespace. Apex also has a Schema namespace. The Schema namespace hosts a variety of classes that are used by the Describe API, like DescribeFieldResult. It’s also the namespace for static references into Describe metadata, like Schema.sObjectType.Account.
What is a schema builder?
A schema builder lets the user add custom fields, objects, and relationships to the schema. Unlike other apps and programs, the schema builder allows you to search and edit custom field without clicking from page to page. You can easily edit or add a new custom object while viewing the details of your schema.
What is the use of a schema class in a database?
Schema is a Namespace which is referred as Database. This namespace contains some classes and their methods to provide metadata information of Schema. Schema class deals with both bulk and single record means you can fetch all objects’ names at once or a single object name. Basically a schema class is used to make a dynamic application.
What are the methods for obtaining schema describe information?
Contains methods for obtaining schema describe information. The following are methods for Schema. All methods are static. Returns a map of all sObject names (keys) to sObject tokens (values) for the standard and custom objects defined in your organization.
What is schema in Salesforce?
Schema Builder is a dynamic environment provided by Salesforce for viewing and modifying all the objects and relationships in your organization. The tool simplifies the task of designing, implementing, and modifying your data model, or schema. It’s also a helpful way for understanding complex Salesforce data models.
What can you do after you register an external service?
0:481:38Register an External Service : Named Credentials and Endpoint AccessYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipServices they can be mapped to the flow you created before registering your service this is falseMoreServices they can be mapped to the flow you created before registering your service this is false they can be mapped directly to the schema definition.
What is external service in Salesforce?
Use External Services for outbound integrations from Salesforce using low code. External Services is a process-based integration that facilitates functional flows across two or more applications. The examples in this section demonstrate typical External Services workflows.
How do I authenticate an external service in Salesforce?
From Salesforce, go to your personal settings and enter Authentication in the Quick Find box, then select Authentication Settings for External Systems. Click New or Edit. Complete the fields. If you’re not sure which option to select, ask your administrator.
What is an API Spec Salesforce?
Salesforce uses the commonly adopted OpenAPI specification for the description format. Your API spec contains a schema definition that describes what types of inputs and outputs you can include in the calls, or requests, that your org makes to the external web service.
Can you call a REST API from flow in Salesforce?
Yes, this is possible. You will need to write an Apex plugin to do a callout, and drop that into the flow. Show activity on this post.
What is change data capture in Salesforce?
Change Data Capture is a streaming product on the Lightning Platform that enables you to efficiently integrate your Salesforce data with external systems. With Change Data Capture, you can receive changes of Salesforce records in real time and synchronize corresponding records in an external data store.
Can we do callout from flow Salesforce?
The new DataMapper package of actions provides a way to easily create web callouts and powerful new data mapping solution that allows data to be extracted easily from JSON text. This post introduces the Make HTTP Action that is included in DataMapper.
What is describetabs in Salesforce?
The describeTabs method returns the minimum required metadata that can be used to render apps in another user interface. Typically, this call is used by partner applications to render Salesforce data in another user interface, such as in a mobile or connected app.
What is an app in Salesforce?
An app is a group of tabs that works as a unit to provide application functionality. For example, two of the standard Salesforce apps are “Sales” and “Service.”
What is schema in a database?
Schema is a Namespace which is referred as Database. This namespace contains some classes and their methods to provide metadata information of Schema.
Can you query a schema class?
One of the best parts of Using Schema Class is you can query any object and there fields without using any Soql query.you can directly interact with the database using schema methods.
What is schema builder?
The Schema Builder is great for visualization and customization of objects and relationships in your CRM. But Schema Builder will implement immediately any changes you made to the model. So, you cannot plan for complex future customization.
How to access schema builder?
After login, from the setup home search for “Schema Builder” in the quick find box, then click to open it. If you’re using Salesforce with the classic interface, you can access the Schema Builder in the same way.
What is schema in database?
Schema is just pictorial representation of relationship between the database created.
What is schema in Apex?
Apex provides a Schema class, which includes top-level methods to get Describe API information about the schema (and associated metadata, like available tabs). The Schema class is in the System namespace.
Does Apex have a schema?
Apex also has a Schema namespace. The Schema namespace hosts a variety of classes that are used by the Describe API, like DescribeFieldResult. It’s also the namespace for static references into Describe metadata, like Schema.sObjectType.Account.
What is schema builder?
Schema Builder is a handy tool for introducing your Salesforce customizations to a co-worker or explaining the way data flows throughout your system.
Can you create objects in Schema Builder?
You can also create objects using Schema Builder. If you prefer, you can create objects in this visual interface if you’re designing your system and want to be able to revise all your customizations on the spot. Let’s see how it’s done.
Can you drag objects around in Salesforce?
Notice that you can drag these objects around the canvas. This doesn’t change your objects or relationships, but it can help you visualize your data model in a useful way. Schema Builder is a handy tool for introducing your Salesforce customizations to a co-worker or explaining the way data flows throughout your system.
What tool to use to validate schema?
If you use the open-source framework OpenAPI, you can use the Swagger Editor tool to validate that your schema complies with the OpenAPI specification. If you want to take a short detour, go ahead and copy the schema from https://th-external-services.herokuapp.com/accounts/schema into the Swagger Editor. You shouldn’t get any errors.
Is a schema machine readable?
Although a schema is human-readable, it must also be machine-readable. It needs to follow a logical structure so that External Services can easily consume it. An incorrectly structured schema means that the external web service can’t communicate (returns error and exception messages) and, ultimately, External Services can’t ingest it. Meeting structural, logical and syntax restrictions is a necessary first-pass of schema validation. The OpenAPI specification defines these general rules and takes the guesswork out of calling an external web service.
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<urn:uuid:a7cbab79-ac25-41be-bea9-a99fae19a5ff>
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It may not be the highlight of your day, but inspecting your hedgehog’s poo in the morning can give you a great deal of information about their physical wellbeing. The colour, amount and even texture (don’t worry, you don’t have to touch it to tell) all provide clues as to what’s going on internally for your hedgehog so that you can monitor their health and catch any issues early. Here are the key things to look out for…
The first thing to take a good look at is the hue of your hedgehog’s poop; you’re looking for a mid-to-dark brown colour as an indicator of good gastrointestinal health.
A green poo could indicate a range of issues, some more serious than others. Because hedgehogs and their bodies are so sensitive to changes in diet and routine, green poo could simply be caused by a recent development such as moving house or the introduction of a new food. In these cases, a small pinch of probiotic may do the trick to get things back on track. Green poo that persists for more than a few days may be a sign of a bacterial infection (clostridium) or parasite, however, which will need veterinary treatment, so if green poo persists it’s time to take a stool sample to your vet for testing. Hedgehogs that go outside for enrichment time or interact with other animals in the house are at an increased risk of being exposed to parasites.
A fully black or red tinged poo needs to be addressed much more urgently, as blood in the stool indicates internal bleeding which requires medical intervention.
A healthy hedgehog poo will have the appearance of a long, thin, firm sausage; it will of course be soft when it comes out, but should harden over time.
Poo that looks runny, sticky or even mucousy in the morning requires your attention as this is a sure sign of an upset tummy due to stress, bacteria or a parasite. These poos are likely to also be green in colour.
In contrast, poo that has the appearance of multiple small pellets (a bit like a rabbit or hamster poo) suggests a constipated hedgie, as the stool is not soft enough to pass in one go.
Hedgehogs are infamous for producing a lot of poop for their size, so if there’s nothing to be found in the litter tray or on the wheel, it’s likely that your hedgehog is either constipated, or not eating enough to produce stool (this is common in sick hedgehogs that are being syringe-fed, for example). If the food bowl is empty too, constipation is the most likely culprit.
To combat constipation, you can try placing your hedgehog in a nice warm bath, as warm water against their tummy can encourage bowel movements. If this is unsuccessful, feeding them a pea-sized amount of plain cooked pumpkin can also help to move things along due to its high moisture content – just be mindful to keep it to small amounts, because too much can lead to diarrhea. This is why people in the UK are urged not to leave their Halloween pumpkins out for hedgehogs to find, as wild hedgehogs often gorge themselves and become dehydrated as a result.
Article by Sarah Bessie.
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<urn:uuid:dcfeb7ac-ef03-4e58-9a2d-6c3d157bc2fc>
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The global aviation fuel market, estimated at US$252.39 billion in 2022, is projected to reach around US$935.67 billion by 2032, with a 14% CAGR during the forecast period from 2023 to 2032, according to the Precedence Research report. The Indian aviation sector, too, is witnessing a sustained high consumption rate of jet fuel by carriers. As per the ICRA Limited report, Indias jet fuel consumption has consistently increased since September 2023, rising from 657,000 metric tons to 691,000 metric tons in October. Subsequently, it has stabilized at 690,000 metric tons for the next month. A recent report from S&P Global Commodity Insights attributes the sustained demand for jet fuels to the absence of additional long-haul routes and an increase in the number of short-haul flights.
Jaideep Mirchandani, Chairman Sky One
The fuel efficiency of an airplane is directly influenced by the aerodynamic drag experienced during flight. The aircraft encounters significantly higher drag during climb and descent compared to level flight. For example, in a six-hour flight, an aeroplane takes 30 minutes ascending and 30 minutes descending while maintaining a steady level at a high altitude for approximately 85 percent of its total fuel consumption time. In contrast, a short-haul flight ascends to a relatively lower altitude in 20 minutes, followed by a shorter steady-level flight of 1 hour and 20 minutes before landing. This means that 33 per cent of its fuel consumption time occurs during a high drag period.
“Flying at a lower cruising altitude means the air density would be relatively higher, resulting in greater aerodynamic drag. Short-haul flights have relatively lower fuel efficiency,” says Jaideep Mirchandani, Chairman of the UAE-based aviation conglomerate Sky One.
However, with the consistent increase in demand for point-to-point travel, air carriers are now operating more short-haul flights. He says that long-haul flights, with a journey time exceeding six hours, play a key role in this scenario, and an increase in such flight routes could meet India’s jet fuel demand to some extent.
“Along with the focus on boosting domestic travel, there is also a need to expand flight routes to more international travel destinations. A collaborative effort among stakeholders in civil aviation, tourism, and travel service providers can formulate strategies to enhance connectivity for long-haul travel, particularly to destinations in Europe and other regions,” says Mr. Mirchandani.
He says that India must take cues from some of the leading airports, including London Heathrow, which actively promotes long-haul routes. Last year, it introduced 11 new routes, including the UKs only nonstop connection to Peru.
Mr. Mirchandani adds that an increase in long-haul flights will necessitate more wide-body aircraft. The recent order by Air India, as per reports, includes 70 wide-body aircraft. The civil aviation ministry has also taken favourable decisions, like allowing Indian airlines to take wide-body planes on wet leases. This will surely help to address supply chain issues and increase the number of long-haul flights.
Mr. Mirchandani believes that supportive government policies and infrastructure development could also contribute to the expansion of long-haul routes.
“Another favourable approach could be to develop India as an aviation hub. The government has already appointed a committee to assess the possibilities of transforming Delhi into a major transit hub, akin to global facilities like Dubai and Doha. If the plan materialises, it could make significant changes in India’s aviation sector by facilitating seamless domestic-to-international and international-to-international transfers,” he concludes.
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<urn:uuid:66522ff2-ec75-4f3a-a9fd-e6139185e754>
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Imagine that you sprain your ankle. Automatically you will move a bit different, and depending on the circumstances, you will increase the tension around the joint, you will move in a more stereotypical way (limping), and you will move less than before. This is all adaptive: these behavioural changes are beneficial for optimal healing.
Music to read by: Newen Afrobeat with a Fela Kuti cover: Opposite People
But, as everyone knows, while the injury is healing, the amount of limping should start to decrease. Because, as everyone knows, limping is not a good movement pattern, it causes compensation in other structures and areas, and it limits what you can do. So people want to get rid of this limping… (this does not mean that the limping goes away spontaneously in all people, but that’s another story)
Now, imagine that you sprain your back. Automatically you will move a bit different, and depending on the circumstances, you will increase the tension around the joints, you will move in a more stereotypical way (back straight), and you will move less than before. This is all adaptive: these behavioural changes are beneficial for optimal healing.
But, as everyone knows, once your back pain improves, it is important that you continue keeping your back straight, right?
Now, why should it be different for a back compared to an ankle (or to any other joint, for that matter)? There’s been quite a bit of discussion about this ‘keeping your spine neutral’, and more and more people are convinced (by the science) that it is at least not necessary to ‘keep your back neutral all the time’, that it is not necessary to ‘contract your core’ all the time.
What I find interesting is the question: how did we ever think that keeping your back straight all the time would be a good thing?
First of all, there are some biomechanical considerations and some studies that made us think this way (the load on the back is less in a neutral position compared to any other position). Now we know that there’s a lot more to it and that these studies have been ‘overinterpreted’. Just think of these two points:
If you immobilise a joint, it will become weaker and less healthy. What do you think will happen if you keep your back straight all/most of the time?
Load is not bad, on the contrary, appropriate loading of a joint is what keeps it healthy (same as with muscles).
Unfortunately, the message of ‘keeping your back straight’ is now so widespread that all people ‘know’ that they should do it. Add to this knowledge the following:
People with acute back pain experience that keeping their back straight actually reduces the amount of pain they have (on average). The body experiences what the cognitive part of the brain knows! This is really powerful and deep learning! There’s only one problem, it is true only in a specific situation, i.e. acute pain.
Think of the example of the ankle sprain. As the healing proceeds, you want to get rid of the limping. Limping restricts your freedom of movement, your functionality, your adaptability, your balance, and loads other parts of the body in ways it does not really like.
So there’s a mixture of logical thinking, knowledge from authority (doctors, physio’s), circumstances and experiences that causes these maladaptive movement behaviours. So, don’t blame yourself, or your patient for this behaviour. It is understandable. It is logical. But it is not healthy.
What is also interesting to note, is that, in my experience, not all people are equally susceptible to this. It appears that some personality traits increase the risk: perfectionists and anxious people seem more susceptible.
Most people are actually too lazy, to easy-going, to careless, to follow ‘keep-your-back-straight-rule’. And for once, this is probably a good thing (on average).
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<urn:uuid:5ee6c8a5-af6e-4aef-8e99-c1b0d9bc6785>
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On July 3, 1893, thousands of people gathered at Courtland beach to watch 19-year-old Roy Elser make a parachute jump. Instead, they witnessed a tragedy.
Aerial stunts and parachute jumps, which predated the invention of the airplane by a number of years, were attended by frequent mishaps. An Omaha-area balloon ascension and failed parachute jump on the evening of July 3, 1893, ended in the tragic loss of both balloon and balloonist. The Nebraska State Journal (Lincoln) of July 4, 1893, reported:
Several thousand people witnessed a balloon ascension at Courtland beach, a local pleasure resort, this evening [July 3] which resulted in the death of the aeronaut, Roy Elser. The scene of the ascension is about two miles from the [Missouri] river. Elser was in the habit of jumping from his air ship at the height of a mile and reaching the ground by the aid of a parachute. When he had reached that distance tonight he was observed to be trying to detach his parachute from the ropes of the balloon. It appeared to be entangled in the balloon. The air ship was rapidly drifting over the Missouri river, which is about two miles from the place where the ascension was made.
The Journal reported that onlookers were helpless to assist:
The aeronaut was suddenly observed trying to cut the ropes that fastened his parachute to the balloon. The next moment the air ship began to descend rapidly. It was then directly over the middle of the Missouri. The river at this point is nearly a mile wide and very swift.
As the balloon approached the water Elser swung clear of the ropes on his trapeze bar and prepared to avoid the air ship as it settled on the river. When his feet touched the river he released his hold on the air ship and disappeared in the torrent. Contrary to expectation the balloon did not rise when released from the man’s weight, but settled down directly over the spot where Elser was last seen. If he ever came to the surface it was beneath the folds of the big balloon and he was thus imprisoned. The air ship floated down the river and lodged against the false work of the new bridge where it lies at present. Owing to the increasing darkness and the isolated point in which the aeronaut sank no aid could be rendered him, as no boats could be secured.
The Omaha World-Herald, in its account of the incident on July 4, 1893, included the background of the unfortunate young aeronaut. Elser (called “Reddy Estes” by the World-Herald) was “well known among the restaurant and theatrical waiters of Omaha.”
He was engaged in the capacity of waiter in a lunch room at Ninth street and Capitol avenue when he engaged with Gribble & Gould less than two weeks ago to make aerial ascensions. He was about 19 years of age and had resided in this city for about three years. One week ago last Thursday he made his first ascension at Manawa, and after his second the following evening his employers moved to Courtland beach, where he had made three ascensions within the last four days.
Mr. Gould did not desire to have him make last evening’s ascension. He had selected Jack Crosby [another employee of the Gribble and Gould aerial company] to make it and Estes became angry over what he thought was a ‘slight.’ He then insisted upon going up and could not be deterred by reasonable persuasion. He refused even to take with him a life-saver.
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<urn:uuid:bdd2e600-ad35-4e98-bfcf-a52fded8dfb7>
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Register for the Course
Build your understanding of financial statements
Financial Accounting for Business Lenders introduces lenders, analysts, credit officers, and underwriters to the accrual accounting concepts that will help them evaluate and analyze the financial statements of small and midsize businesses.
This five-module eLearning course examines the components of a complete set of financial statements, traces the development of accrual-based statements by following a series of common business transactions, and explores the methods used to recognize revenue and expenses and account for bad debts, leases, fixed assets, and depreciation.
- Identify the components of a complete set of financial statements.
- Identify the steps of the five-step revenue recognition model, and determine whether a business is recognizing revenue appropriately.
- Recognize key asset, liability, and equity accounts and their location on the balance sheet.
- Recognize the components of the income statement, including gross profit, operating profit, and depreciation expense.
- Describe the relationship between balance sheet and income statement accounts.
- You will remain engaged in training, thanks to our interactive, multimedia lessons and quizzes
- You elevate your professional currency by completing a course from a globally recognized leader in the retail credit risk training space
- You develop skills you can immediately apply on the job, instantly transforming your performance
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<urn:uuid:16bbf9c8-de3a-4be2-b402-4b01f04e72c7>
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Gambling is a game of chance in which you place a wager on an event or outcome, with the intent to win something of value. It is an important form of commercial activity and a popular recreational activity worldwide.
There is a wide variety of types of gambling, including sports betting, lottery tickets, and casino games. Some games are more social than others and involve interaction among players. Other games are purely recreational, such as marbles or Pogs.
People may gamble to relieve stress and improve their mental health, but there are also a number of negative effects on individuals and society as a whole. The problem is that a person can become addicted to gambling, much in the same way as they might become addicted to drugs or alcohol.
In addition, the habit can lead to financial losses and other problems. It can negatively impact social relationships and family life.
Those who are concerned about gambling can seek help to stop the behavior. Many psychologists and psychiatrists specialize in helping individuals with this problem.
Psychologists have also discovered that there are certain physiological factors that affect the brain when a person gambles. For example, the brain releases dopamine, a neurotransmitter that causes us to feel happy and excited. The release of this neurotransmitter is accompanied by other chemical changes in the body, such as reduced production of the stress hormone cortisol and improved moods.
It is important to understand how gambling affects the brain, as this can be helpful in learning how to avoid problematic gambling. It is also important to know what can trigger a gambling problem in the first place.
A person who has a problem with gambling may have beliefs about the probability of winning, or that certain rituals can bring them luck. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help a person to change these beliefs and behaviors.
When someone is able to change their beliefs about gambling, they can learn to recognize the signs that it is time to stop gambling. They will have to change how they think about their chances of winning, and they will need to set boundaries on how much money they can lose without losing their job or other important aspects of their life.
In many jurisdictions, gambling is legal and regulated by the local government. Some governments ban gambling altogether, while others regulate it heavily through taxation and licensing.
The debate over gambling is often a complex one that involves multiple perspectives. There are those who support gambling because they believe it is a legitimate tool for economic development, and those who oppose it because they believe it is a societal menace or an unproductive monopoly.
These competing views can be analyzed by a framework known as the Public Health Impacts of Gambling model. This model is an attempt to organize existing empirical work and theoretical literature on gambling in a way that can be used to better understand the impacts of gambling on individual, interpersonal, and societal levels. The results of this model can be used to identify gaps in knowledge and to develop a more balanced evidence base on the health impacts of gambling.
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<urn:uuid:b8a2ae24-cd9f-47f3-9766-4be7f54dcd66>
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If we dig up the history of the Valentine's Day we would find different stories relating to the Valentine's Day. These stories are related to the Saint Valentine but there are three different characters named Valentine or Valentinus in the history and all very killed by emperors.
One of the popular and very much related story of Valentine's Day found in the third century in Rome. Claudius II was the emperor of Rome and he thought that single men are very much suitable and effective soldiers for the battles instead of those with wives and families. He banned the marriage for young men and also ordered to don't development of sexual relations for the soldiers. Valentine realized this injustice and violates the role by arranging marriages of young lovers in secret. But when emperor came to know this violated action of Valentine he ordered for Valentine's death sentence.
Other stories suggest that Valentine may have been killed for trying to help Christians escape from unkind Roman prisons where they were often beaten and tortured.
According to another story, Valentine actually sent the first "valentine" greeting himself. While in prison, it is believed that Valentine fell in love with a young beautiful girl, who may have been jailor's daughter, who visited him during his imprisonment. Before his death, it is alleged that he wrote her a letter, which he signed "From your Valentine," an expression that is still in use today. Although the truth behind the Valentine legends is murky, the stories certainly emphasize his appeal as a sympathetic, heroic, and, most importantly, romantic figure. It's no surprise that by the Middle Ages, Valentine was one of the most popular saints in England and France.
While some believe that Valentine's Day is celebrated in the middle of February to commemorate the anniversary of Valentine's death or burial which probably occurred around 270 A.D others claim that the Christian church may have decided to celebrate Valentine's feast day in the middle of February in an effort to "Christianize" celebrations of the pagan Lupercalia festival. In ancient Rome, February was the official beginning of spring and was considered a time for purification. Houses were ritually cleansed by sweeping them out and then sprinkling salt and a type of wheat called spelt throughout their interiors. Lupercalia, which began at the ides of February, February 15, was a fertility festival dedicated to Faunus, the Roman god of agriculture, as well as to the Roman founders Romulus and Remus.
To begin the festival, members of the Luperci, an order of Roman priests, would gather at the sacred cave where the infants Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, were believed to have been cared for by a she-wolf or lupa. The priests would then sacrifice a goat, for fertility, and a dog, for purification.The boys then sliced the goat's hide into strips, dipped them in the sacrificial blood and took to the streets, gently slapping both women and fields of crops with the goathide strips. Far from being fearful, Roman women welcomed being touched with the hides because it was believed the strips would make them more fertile in the coming year. Later in the day, according to legend, all the young women in the city would place their names in a big urn. The city's bachelors would then each choose a name out of the urn and become paired for the year with his chosen woman. These matches often ended in marriage. Pope Gelasius declared February 14 St. Valentine's Day around 498 A.D.The Roman "lottery" system for romantic pairing was deemed un-Christian and outlawed. Later, during the middle ages, it was commonly believed in France and England that February 14 was the beginning of birds' mating season, which added to the idea that the middle of February — Valentine's Day — should be a day for romance. The oldest known valentine still in existence today was a poem written by Charles, Duke of Orleans to his wife while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt. The greeting, which was written in 1415, is part of the manuscript collection of the British Library in London, England. Several years later, it is believed that King Henry V hired a writer named John Lydgate to compose a valentine note to Catherine of Valois.
In Great Britain, Valentine's Day began to be popularly celebrated around the seventeenth century. By the middle of the eighteenth century, it was common for friends and lovers in all social classes to exchange small tokens of affection or handwritten notes. By the end of the century, printed cards began to replace written letters due to improvements in printing technology. Ready-made cards were an easy way for people to express their emotions in a time when direct expression of one's feelings was discouraged. Cheaper postage rates also contributed to an increase in the popularity of sending Valentine's Day greetings. Americans probably began exchanging hand-made valentines in the early 1700s. In the 1840s, Esther A. Howland began to sell the first mass-produced valentines in America.
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<urn:uuid:c759effe-cc7f-465a-9857-ec0d0c84ef42>
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PANAJI: According to a report released by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), young adults in India are not at greater risk of experiencing sudden, unexplained deaths due to the COVID-19 vaccination. The medical research body went on to say that certain lifestyle choices, a family history of unexpected deaths, and previous COVID-19 hospitalizations all contributed to a higher rate of unexplained sudden deaths among children in India.
“Among young adults in India, the COVID-19 vaccination did not raise the risk of an unexplained sudden death. Factors associated with unexplained sudden deaths among adults aged 18-45 years in India – A multicentric matched case–control study read. “Past COVID-19 hospitalization, family history of sudden death, and certain lifestyle behaviors increased the likelihood of unexplained sudden death.”
Following the emergence of reports of unexpected deaths among healthy adults in India, the researchers carried out their investigations. These reports raised questions about whether the COVID-19 vaccine or the deaths themselves were related to the virus.
The sudden, unexplained deaths of Indian adults in the age range of 18 to 45 years were being investigated by the ICMR. 2,916 controls and 729 cases were enrolled by the researchers. In the cases under study, healthy individuals between the ages of 18 and 45 who had no co-morbidities unexpectedly passed away from unknown causes between October 1, 2021, and March 31, 2023.
Data on smoking, recreational drug use, alcohol frequency and binge drinking, family history of sudden death, COVID-19 vaccination/infection and post-COVID health conditions, and intense physical activity two days prior to death/research interviews were gathered by the experts.
An increase in adult unexplained sudden deaths has been attributed to a number of factors, including prior COVID-19 hospitalization, a family history of sudden death, binge drinking 48 hours prior to death or research interview, using recreational drugs or substances, and engaging in intense physical activity 48 hours prior to death or research interview. According to the ICMR study, “two doses lowered the odds of unexplained sudden death, whereas single dose did not.”
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Operational History of HH-65A-MH-65C/D/E Dolphins
1985 – HH-65A Dolphins Enter Coast Guard Service:
The United States Coast Guard added 96 Short Range Recovery (SRR) HH-65A helicopters to its fleet to replace the HH-52A Sikorsky Sea Guard. The twin-engine Dolphins operate up to 150 miles off shore and will fly comfortably at 120 knots for three hours. Though normally stationed ashore, the Dolphins can be carried on board medium and high endurance Coast Guard Cutters. The cutters are capable of refueling and supporting the helicopter for the duration of a patrol. Unlike the HH-52, the HH-65A is not able to perform water landings.
The SRR is utilized for Search and Rescue, enforcement of laws and treaties, including drug interdiction, polar ice breaking, marine environmental protection including pollution control, and military readiness. Helicopters carried on Coast Guard cutters greatly enhance surveillance capabilities and mission effectiveness.
The HH-65A minimum equipment requirements exceeded anything previously packaged into one helicopter weighing in at less than 10,000 pounds. HH-65As are made of corrosion-resistant, composite-structure materials. The shrouded tail rotor is unique to the Dolphin. Also a unique feature of the Dolphin is its computerized flight management system which integrates state-of-the-art communications and navigation equipment. This system provides automatic flight control. At the pilot’s direction, the system will bring the aircraft to a stable hover 50 feet above a selected object. This is an important safety feature in darkness or inclement weather. Selected search patterns can be flown automatically, freeing the pilot and copilot to concentrate on sighting the search object.
The TALON deck landing system is utilized for the HH-65. It consists of a helicopter mounted hydraulic probe and a six foot diameter shipboard mounted honeycombed grid. After the helicopter touches down, the probe is activated by the pilot to engage the grid. The probe contacts and locks into the grid by applying and maintaining a hold-down force. To save weight, the probe can be easily removable and can be installed when the HH-65 is deployed to a ship.
MH-65C Short Range Recovery (SRR) helicopter twin-engine
Overall Length 44 ft. 5 in
Rotor Diameter 39 ft. 2 in
Overall Height 13 ft. 5 in
Maximum Gross Weight 9,480 lbs.
Empty Mission Weight 6.896 lbs
Fuel Capacity 291 gal / 1900 lbs
Power plants 2 x 835 hp Turbomeca Arriel 2C2-CG turbo shaft- engines
Maximum Range 355 nautical miles
Radius of Action 177 nautical miles
Maximum Speed 175 knots
Cruising Speed 148 knots
Service Ceiling 10.000 feet above sea level
Armament 7.62 M240 B/H machine gun
.50 caliber shoulder precision weapon
Rescue Hoist Capacity 600 lbs
Number of pilots 2
Number flight crew 1 Hoist operator 1 Rescue swimmer
A SRR mission analysis began in 2000. An upgraded version of the HH-65, redesignated as a Multi-Mission Cutter Helicopter (MCH), under the Integrated Deepwater Program was programmed. A Service Life Extension Program (SLEP), including airframe upgrades, landing gear upgrade, improved fenestron (tail rotor), updated avionics, increased payload, additional fuel carrying capabilities and increased cruise speed has been completed. The aircraft has been re-engined with the Turbomeca Arriel 2C2-CG giving the HH-65 greater power, better maneuverability and an increased power margin. All HH-65 helicopters were upgraded and designated MH-65C as of 2008. The MH-65Cs variant reflects the installation of armament and a significantly upgraded communications system. Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron (HITRON) Jacksonville was the first operational Coast Guard unit to employ the MH-65C and has a total of 10 aircraft assigned to replace the MH-68A Stingray aircraft.
The current transition to the MH-65D is designed to address obsolete component issues. Two imbedded GPS/inertial navigation systems and two control display units. The upgrade is slated to be complete by summer of 2015. In FY17 the Coast Guard plans to introduce the MH-65E to the fleet. Currently under development, the MH-65E will feature an digital glass cockpit with advanced navigation capabilities. A digital weather radar system and a digital automatic flight control.
The Coast Guard is planning projects to extend the useful life of the HH-65 until 2027.
The following are photos of the HH-65A-MH-65C/D/E Dolphin helicopter:
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<urn:uuid:984cfdfe-5cc2-4de0-b708-d1d2b940def0>
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1. Introduction (Free Lesson)
3. Opener Continue
4. Arpeggio Explained
5. Compas 1 and 2
6. Compas 3
7. Base Phrase
8. Playing in Time
The Seguiriya is thought to be the oldest of all the flamenco styles and it is certainly the most dramatic, tragic and serious form. The singing of Seguiriya is loaded with pathos and almost cathartic pain. The vocal melisma and melodies, as well as vocal expressions, are heavily influenced by the liturgical chanting of the Sephardic, or Judeo -Spanish Chazanut, or synagogue chanting. Although this form is usually associated with being very Gypsy or gitano in style, its roots go far back in history.
Seguiriya can be enjoyed in its simplest and purest form as well as in a more sophisticated version of it. Even though this lesson is about covering the basics, it is also laced with more progressive concepts. You will get detailed breakdowns of a variety of rasgueados and remates (the ending section of the compás) that are typical of this style. You will also learn some timeless compás phrases and original falsetas which are mostly based on the traditional form that are perfect for an advanced-beginner to intermediate flamenco guitar player.
If you are not confident about your rasgueado technique or you are very new to rasgueado, it is highly recommended to sign up for the Rasgueados Technique prior to learning this Seguiriya lesson.
In this lesson Adam del Monte is playing a Blanca flamenco guitar by Candelas Guitars
Looking for other lessons? Go back to Our Lessons
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<urn:uuid:a4842fa5-122c-45f1-9a4c-c1e4b02e0eaa>
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In the age of the coronavirus pandemic and amid all the precautions one must take to help contain the spread of the virus, new research indicates we should also probably close the lid before we flush, too.
Scientists have found that flushing a toilet can generate a plume of virus-containing aerosol particles that is widespread and can linger in the air long enough to be inhaled by others.
Recent studies have shown evidence of the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19 in fecal matter, which raises the possibility that the virus could be transmitted though the use of shared toilets.
Researchers behind a new study, published June 16 in the journal Physics of Fluids, used computer modeling of a toilet flushing mechanism. It showed that when water pours into the toilet from one side and strikes the opposite side, it creates a vortex and displaces air in the bowl — which can contain fecal matter.
These vortexes move upward above the toilet, carrying droplets to a height of nearly 3 feet where they might be inhaled or settle onto surfaces. The study found that the tiny droplets can float in the air for more than a minute.
And depending on the number of inlets in the toilet, researchers found that flushing can force anywhere from 40% to 60% of aerosol particles into the air above the toilet seat.
“One can foresee that the velocity will be even higher when a toilet is used frequently, such as in the case of a family toilet during a busy time or a public toilet serving a densely populated area,” said co-author Ji-Xiang Wang, of Yangzhou University.
The researchers say one solution to this problem is to simply close the lid before flushing, since this would decrease aerosol spread. But in many countries, including the U.S., toilets in public restrooms don’t always have lids.
The study authors also recommended cleaning the toilet seat before using it, since floating virus particles could have settled on its surface, and washing hands carefully after flushing.
They also suggested a better toilet design, in which the lid is automatically put down before flushing and cleaned before and after flushing.
“Toilets are a daily necessity but also become dangerous if used improperly, especially against the current scenario of a global pandemic,” the study authors concluded.
RELATED: How should I clean and store my face mask?
This story was reported from Cincinnati.
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<urn:uuid:efa35391-f536-43a8-b1a3-bb3c0c3f5f87>
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Authentic Performance Activities facilitate a student's understanding of a lesson's usefulness in real life. They are also an Understanding by Design (UbD) assessment tool. Focus questions act as pre- and post-assessment indicators of the activity's effectiveness.
1. Why do we learn about the water cycle?
2. Can you think of any other jobs where knowing about the water cycle would be helpful?
3. Can you think of any ways where knowing about the water cycle could affect your home and property (i.e. swimming pool, garden. etc.)?
You bought a tree nursery and are learning about how much you need to water your plant stock to keep it alive and healthy. You discover that on hot, sunny days the plants need more water, more often than on cool or cloudy days. Study the diagram of the water cycle below and explain why your watering schedule is driven partly by the heat and sun and partly by the plants’ own actions.
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<urn:uuid:daa56a54-6426-42f2-b7f0-aea58212ff89>
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By Michael Korte
If you played guitar for a while, you might have heard of something called the "modes" of Phrygian, Dorian, Mixolydian and so on, in context of playing lead guitar, but also in context of song writing in a specific "mode".
Let me take the opportunity now, to explain what is meant by that, because the concept is pretty easy to grasp. It is the names, that make it so confusing. But good news is, that you do not make an effort in memorizing those "weird" names, because that will come on its own, by simply working with them and applying them bit by bit.
Look at the C major scale. It is mostly explained by starting with the C, which makes sense, because it is the
C MAJOR scale: C D E F G A B C
This can also be called the Ionian scale. But what if we take the SAME notes and we start the scale on another note?
For example, on the D note: D E F G A B C D.
Here we have the D Dorian scale. Simply by shifting our starting point. Take your guitar and try to play a D Dorian scale. Simply take a C major scale that you know and start it on the 2nd note.
You will notice, that it sounds different than a major scale, because the half steps and the full steps are in a totally different place now. Compared to a major scale, instead of having the half notes on steps 3-4 and 7-8 and the rest consisting of full steps, you now have the half steps at 2-3 and 6-7.
You can go through this process for all the notes in the C major scale now, starting on a different note and you will always get another of the 7 modes. Two we already discovered, the remaining five are as follows:
Phrygian starting on the E: E F G A B C D E with half steps at positions 1-2 and 5-7
Lydian starting on the F: F G A B C D E F with half steps at positions 4-5 and 7-8
Mixolydian starting on the G: G A B C D E F G with half steps at positions 3-4 and 6-7
Aeolian starting on the A: A B C D E F G A with half steps at positions 2-3 and 5-6 – Notice, that this is also a MINOR SCALE, finally:
Locrian starting on the B: B C D E F G A B with half steps at positions 1-2 and 4-5.
Notice that all those modes introduced here, have the half steps between the notes B and C, and E and F.
But what is more important is the structure behind the scales.
The Lydian mode for example, always has the half steps at positions 4-5 and 7-8.
For example, G Lydian then would consist of the notes:
G A B C# D E F# G.
Be aware, that the Lydian mode also starts on the 4th scale degree of a major scale. That would mean, if we count backwards from 4, starting at the G, you would get the parallel major key. Which would be... G, F#, E, D!
So, G Lydian contains the same notes as D Major: D E F# G A B C# D.
Again, this process can be applied to all the modes. You can start any mode on any note and you will find a parallel major key (=Ionian), minor key (=Aeolian), Locrian mode, Phrygian mode, etc.
Why is this important to know?
Because every mode has a different feeling to it and a different mood! You can exploit this fact alone for millions more of expressive tools in your song writing tool box.
If you want to write a chord progression, try to write in in a certain mode. It is easier than you think.
Let us take G Mixolydian as an example. G Mixolydian contains the same notes, as which major key?
Right, C major. Now simply take the chords from C major (C, Dm, Em, F, G and Am), but centre them around the G major chord. That means, start with a G major and finish the song on G major, but play chords from C major.
It will take some time until you develop an ear for the nuances in differences, but also with other modes those differences are more obvious.
You might think now "if even I cannot hear the differences, why would the audience even care? If they do not hear it, why do I need it?". Valid objection.
The point is, inexperienced listeners might not hear it, but they will subconsciously feel the different feeling that you are portraying. So, this topic is well worth exploring!
I hope this brought you some clarity about how the modes are constructed.
About the author:
Michael Korte is teaching guitar in Finland. In his guitar school, he teaches his students new approaches and concepts for their rhythm and solo playing and also shows them how to improve their practicing, so that they get better results faster. If you want to reach the next level in your playing and you are looking for kitaratunnit in Tampere make sure to get in touch with him.
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<urn:uuid:2051c70c-1e0f-411c-9745-c0895d77424f>
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In the rapidly advancing field of computer graphics and digital representation, Gaussian Splatting emerges as a groundbreaking technique, offering unprecedented realism and control in the creation of virtual avatars. This essay delves into the concept of Gaussian Splatting, exploring its mechanics and implications for the future of digital avatars.
UNDERSTANDING GAUSSIAN SPLATTING
Gaussian Splatting is a technique in 3D computer graphics that represents a significant shift from traditional polygon-based rendering. It involves the use of 3D Gaussian splats, which can be visualized as small, blurry 3D blobs. When combined, these blobs form complex, detailed 3D structures. This method contrasts sharply with the conventional approach of using polygons (flat shapes with straight edges) to build 3D models. The ‘Gaussian’ aspect refers to the Gaussian function, a mathematical concept often represented by a bell curve, which in this context, dictates the shape and distribution of each splat.
ADVANCEMENTS IN AVATAR CREATION
The application of Gaussian Splatting in avatar creation marks a notable advancement in the field. Traditional methods often struggled to achieve a balance between realism and computational efficiency, especially in dynamic, real-time environments. Gaussian Splatting, however, allows for the creation of avatars that are not only more photorealistic but also more expressive.
- Photorealism: Avatars created using Gaussian Splatting exhibit a level of detail and realism that was previously challenging to achieve. This realism is particularly evident in the portrayal of human features and clothing, where the subtleties of texture and movement can be more accurately captured.
- Expressiveness and Control: One of the most significant advantages of Gaussian Splatting is the enhanced control over avatar expressions and movements. This method allows for more nuanced and fluid animations, making avatars’ gestures and facial expressions appear more lifelike. Such advancements are crucial in fields like virtual reality (VR) and gaming, where the believability of characters can greatly enhance user experience.
- Efficiency and Flexibility: Gaussian Splatting also offers improved efficiency in rendering, which is vital for real-time applications. This efficiency does not come at the expense of flexibility; on the contrary, it allows for more dynamic interactions within virtual environments.
REAL-WORLD APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
The implications of Gaussian Splatting extend beyond gaming and entertainment. In educational VR, more realistic avatars can enhance the learning experience by providing more engaging and relatable interactions. In remote work and virtual meetings, this technology can create avatars that closely mimic real human expressions, improving communication and collaboration.
Looking to the future, Gaussian Splatting may revolutionize how we interact with digital content. As this technology evolves, we can anticipate avatars that not only look and move like real humans but also respond and adapt to their environments in real-time. This advancement holds the potential to blur the lines between virtual and physical realities, paving the way for more immersive and interactive digital experiences.
Gaussian Splatting represents a paradigm shift in avatar creation and digital representation. By offering heightened realism, expressiveness, and efficiency, it stands poised to redefine our interaction with virtual environments. As this technology continues to evolve, it promises to unlock new possibilities in digital communication, entertainment, and beyond, marking a significant milestone in the journey towards truly lifelike virtual experiences.
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It is normal to feel nervous or slightly scared when faced with an unfamiliar or pressurized situation, but for some people, these emotions feel extreme and prompt a range of emotional and physical symptoms over which the sufferer has no control. In somebody suffering from social anxiety, the anxious feelings can be triggered by situations or events that non-sufferers would consider to be trivial. Read on for more information about social anxiety disorder and helpful tips about how to relieve it.
What Is Social Anxiety?
Social anxiety disorder, or social phobia, is an overwhelming fear of social situations, with the sufferer often feeling as though they are being constantly judged, watched, and negatively evaluated. In the most severe cases, a person will go to great lengths to avoid being around other people, and this obviously has a negative effect on relationships and social life.
Common triggers include:
- Being watched while doing something (e.g., making phone calls and meeting new people)
- The excessive worry that comes with the thought of going to a social gathering.
Symptoms of social phobia include shaky voice, rapid heartbeat, and intense sweating.
Tips for Social Anxiety
Dealing with social anxiety involves taking long-term measures to prevent it and short-term measures to stop feelings when they are already there. The following list gives some of the most helpful tips:
Challenge negative thoughts
The negative though processes that accompany social anxiety disorder need to be reversed if the disorder is to be prevented from getting the better of you, and this takes a little bit of effort. It is a good idea to get into the habit of recognizing the negative thoughts when they arise and replacing them with positive ones. It can be helpful to imagine the words you would give a friend who told you she was feeling this way - the chances are they would be far kinder and more encouraging. After a while, this positive mindset will become routine.
Relaxation and breathing techniques
Elevated blood levels and rapid heartbeat will induce or worsen a sense of panic, and this can lead to the intense fear of social situations that a sufferer of social anxiety will experience. Taking a few minutes a day to practice some relaxation and breathing techniques should reduce social anxiety in the long term and leave you better equipped to use them when you feel an attack striking.
Lifestyle habits, such as diet, can have a huge effect on social anxiety and mood. Although changing lifestyle habits is not the whole solution, they should come as part of a treatment package. The following tips are easy to follow and have been shown to have an effect:
Avoid or limit caffeine. It is a stimulant that worsens certain anxiety symptoms, such as rapid heartbeat.
Avoid alcohol. It is a depressant and will lower your mood, leaving you more vulnerable to irrational thoughts.
Get enough sleep. Good rest will help you stay calm in social situations.
Social anxiety is not easy to cure, but with a bit of effort and diligence, it should become easier to manage. Part of the solution is talking to someone about your efforts. This should provide you with a feeling of support, and the chosen person will be able to help you stay on track. Read more on do's and don'ts of social anxiety.
- Anxiety and Depression Association of America. (2014). Tips to Manage Stress and Anxiety. Retrieved October 9, 2014, from http://www.adaa.org/tips-manage-anxiety-and-stress
- Hill, E.E. et al. (2008). Exercise and circulating cortisol levels: the intensity threshold effect. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 31(7), 587-591. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18787373
- Love, S. & Lindsey, K. (2003). Dr. Susan Love's Menopause & Hormone Book. New York: Three Rivers Press.
- National Health Service UK. (2013). Stress, anxiety and depression: Why do I feel panicky? Retrieved October 9, 2014, from http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/stress-anxiety-depression/Pages/understanding-panic.aspx
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Mexico recognizes Holodomor as genocide
On 19 February the Chamber of Deputies of the National Congress of Mexico passed a resolution with regard to the 75th anniversary of Holodomor 1932-1933 in Ukraine.
The resolution reads:
“The Chamber of Deputies of the National Congress of Mexico expresses its solidarity with the people of Ukraine in connection with the 75th anniversary of Holodomor 1932-1933, deeming this tragic event to have been an act of genocide, and calls [on all] to prevent any such events in the future”
Of decisive importance for Mexico which is sensitive to the issue of human rights adherence in passing this resolution was information provided by specialists during the discussion. The parliamentarians learned, for example, that during the years of Holodomor, the manmade famine, when each minute saw 17 victims, each day almost 25 thousand peasants, 8 to 10 million people died.
Mexico becomes one of the most influential countries of Latin America whose legislative bodies have not only expressed solidarity with the Ukrainian people, but have declared Holodomor to have been an act of genocide. The other countries are Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay and Peru.
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PART I | PART II
H I S T O R Y O F M A N A O A G
PROVINCE OF PANGASINAN
As per Memorandum No. 34, s. 1952
Compiled by the Teachers
[Table of Contents]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HISTORY OF THE POBLACION
PART TWO: FOLKWAYS
HISTORY AND LIFE CULTURE OF BABASIT, BIZAO AND BUGAO
HOW BAGUIMAY GOT ITS NAME
HISTORY AND CULTURAL LIFE OF BOTIGUE
HISTORY AND CULTURAL LIFE OF IMMANDUYAM
HISTORY AND CULTURAL LIFE OF LEBUEG
HISTORY AND CULTURAL LIFE OF LIPIT
HISTORY AND CULTURAL LIFE OF TEBUEL
HISTORY AND CULTURAL LIFE OF LIGSI
HISTORY AND CULTURAL LIFE OF PARIAN
HISTORY AND CULTURAL LIFE OF TURKO
HOW YATYAT GOT ITS NAME
MANAOAG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
August 12, 1953
[Map of the Municipality of Manaoag]
MAP OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF MANAOAG
|Map of the Municipality of Manaoag. Image credit: National Library of the Philippines Digital Collections.
HISTORY OF THE POBLACION
Name and Origin. Situated among the hills called "Capongol-pongolan" is the municipality of Manaoag, which is traveresed by the Angalacan and Aloragat Rivers flowing on beds of sand, gravel, and stones.
The name "Manaoag" is derived from the word "Mantaong," meaning "calling" in the Pangasinan language. It was related that a young Christian was one day going down the hill when, to his surprise, he heard a sweet voice calling to him. He looked up at where the voice came from and, to his amazement, he saw the image of the Virgin Mary at the top of the tree holding the Child Jesus in her left hand and the rosary in the other.
In memory of the marvelous apparition, on the very same spot and of the very same tree, the throne of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary was made and erected. The story of the wonderful occurrence spread far and wide, and from that day, the lovers and devotees of Our Lady began flocking to her shrine, asking her favors and intercessions in their days of sorrow and gloom; giving their thanks in their days of ecstasy and happiness.
Date of Establishment. The Municipality of Manaoag was organized in 1605 by the Dominican Fathers. As traditionally related, the Augustinian order first erected the chapel of the town as early as 1600 at the west side of the Baloking Creek where the Catholic cemetery now stands. The patron saint that time was Santa Monica.
Because of the hardships of travel from Lingayen to the newly-built chapel and other obstacles, the Augustinian order turned over the work to the Dominican Fathers. Land and water
transportation were then unused that time.
After the turnover, the inhabitants of the new community, who were mostly Christians under Fr. Juan de San Jacinto, the first padre cura of the town, moved their huts on the eastern part nearer to the bed of the Angalacan River. Many were the troubles and difficulties of the early inhabitants, for sometimes the Aetas and the Igorots who were living in the thick forest of the mountains would swoop down, attacking the inhabitants, killing them with their arrows and spears and burning their houses; and kidnapping the women and children.
Nevertheless, the savagery being done by the Aetas and the Igorots stopped, probably because of the patron saint of the faithful Christians; and the wonder of all wonders, the savage people requested the missionaries to teach them the new faith. Those who did not like to accept the new religion went deeper into the forest, farther away from their Christian brothers.
At that time, the new community did not offer much attractions to the visitors because most of the houses were small and often made of bamboo and nipa. The inhabitants continued living in these small houses, probably due to the effects of the new religion, which taught more of the spiritual rather that material side of living.
Boundary. Manaoag is bounded to the northeast by Pozorrubio, a distance of 11 kilometers; to the south by Urdaneta, a distance of 12 kilometers; and to the west by Mapandan and San Jacinto, a distance of 7 kilometers. These towns are connected to the town of Manaoag by good roads, and they are leading to the cities of Dagupan and
Baguio; and to the capital of the province, Lingayen.
Looking from the distant north, one can see the extensions of the Cordillera Mountains; and from the distant west, the extensions of the Zambales Mountains. These extensions change colors as the seasons roll on; bluish-green during the rainy season and yellowish-brown during the dry season.
Early Inhabitants. In 1903, the census of the municipality was take; and the number of inhabitants found was 16,793. Most of the people were found living in the poblacion, near the beds of the Angalacan River, and along the roads. The first barrios were: Babasit, Baritao, Caaringayan, Calaoagan, Inamotan, Imoac, Lebueg, Licsi, Lipit, Panaga, Santa Ines, Sapang, and Talogtog.
Establishment of the Local Government. In 1762, a royal decree was passed providing that all regions settled by the Dominicans be made into municipalities to be ruled by the capitan municipal, teniente mayor, and ten Anacbanuas. Our local government was locally organized in 1763, and the new officials went to their offices upon their appointment by the padre cura. The padre cura of Manaoag at that time was Father Juan Salinas. Don Pedro Pinuliar was the first capitan municipal, and he assumed office on January 1, 1765, beginning the effective local government in our municipality.
The people who were inhabitants of our municipality were mostly Pangasinan and Ilocanos. During the harvest season, hundreds of Ilocanos came to Pangasinan to help in the rice harvest; some of them bringing with them all the members of their families. After the harvest, some of them remained in Pangasinan, and the others would return to their native provines. Because of their
patience, thrift, and industry, those who remained were able to buy working animals and later become property owners.
Now, many of the barrios are named after the towns they came from. As Caaringayan, the people came from Aringay; Cabauangan, the people came from Bauang; Calaoagan, the people from Laoag; Magsingal, the people from Magsingal; Namacpacan, the people from Namacpacan; and many more in the barrios where both the Pangasinanes and the Ilocanos are living equally in number.
Early Occupations and Products. Most of the early inhabitants were farmers, and they raised such crops as rice, sugarcane, tobacco, and along the Angalacan River, the people were picking abundant betel leaves which the people used for chewing. Some of our animals and plants were introduced in this town by the Dominicans — as cattle, horses, rice, and medicinal plants were brought from China and introduced here. Tobacco was also brought from Mexico.
Another important industry during the Spanish time was weaving. Many weaving looms are, even to this day, found in many houses. The introduction of plants and animals; the instructions given by the missionaries on better agriculture and industries also improved the living conditions of the people of the community.
We also have in our town the Manaoag Sugar Central, considered to be the first centrifugal sugar central established in the Philippines. Mr. Tomas Rous, who operated a muscovado mill at Daritao, Manaoag, Pangasinan for many years was the first to convert his muscovado mill into a centrifubal mill with the removal of tariff restrictions upon Philippine centrifugal sugar entering the United States through the enactment of the Payne-Aldrich Bill in the United States Congress in 1909.
The first centrifugal sugar crop of this central in 1911 was
1,667 piculs of sugar; and the estimated crop this season is between 90,000 to 100,000 piculs of sugar.
The Manaoag Central's ownership has passed through several hands. Through a disastrous typhoon and accompanying floods in 1920, Mr. Rous' sugar stocks in Dagupan were destroyed, which brought financial ruin to him. This ended the operation of the central (St. Louis Oriental Factory) by Mr. Rous. In 1924, Messrs. Venancio Concepcion and Vicente Fernandez took over the management of the central through acquistion from the Philippine National Bank. The new company (Manaoag Sugar Mills) was organized and in operation only for one year. In 1927, another company was organized as the Pangasinan Sugar Company. This company existed for only two years.
After the failure of this company, the B & D Sugar Company was organized in 1929 by Messrs. Amos G. Bellis and E. M. Bachrach. However, this company lasted only for a year, also. It took over the factory from Mr. Andres Soriano, who acquired it from the Philippine National Bank. The late Mr. R. Renton Hind, with the members of his family, were the controlling stockholders in the new company.
From 1931, with an initial investment of ₱105,000.00, the Hind Sugar Company's assets had grown to over one million pesos today. From an average daily production of about 190 piculs of sugar per day in 1931, the production has increased to about 1,000 piculs per day today.
The company serves over 300 affiliated planters within the towns of Manaoag, Pozorrubio, Binalonan, San Jacinto, Mapandan, and Santa Barbara; and gives employment to thousands of people
who are connected with the sugar industry.
The Hind Sugar Company and its affiliate, the Hind Alcohol Company, pay the government approximately on third of a million pesos annually. It is one of the business concerns in the province of Pangasinan and contribute a great deal to the economic well-being of the territory it serves.
After the Spanish-American War, and when the Philippines were ceded to America as provided for in the Treaty of Paris, marked progress in our municipality was noted in education, agriculture, commerce, and industry. Rice, copra, sugar, and betel leaves became our important products.
The most important products of the town and the acreage of cultivation are as follows: rice - 6,900 hectares; sugarcane - 1,900 hectares; corn - 700 hectares; velatong - planted in rotation with other crops; camoting cahoy - 150 hectares; and camote - 120 hectares.
Our leading industries are pottery - Tabual; basketry - Babasit; hat weaving - Lipit; ceramics - Lipit; wooden shoes - Maraboc and Talogtog; sugar - Baritao; poultry - Laoac; pig-raising - Inmanduyan and Talogtog; and panocha - Turko and Panaga.
Education. Early education in our town was under the supervision of the padre cura. Religion was the most important subject taught. Boys and girls were separated. A male teacher took charge of the boys and a female teacher the girls. Sunday school attendance was compulsory.
In the public schools, classes were opened as early as 1902 under the American rule. Schools were under the supervision of American soldiers; the early teachers were the soldiers. Mr. Paul was the first American supervisor in Manaoag. Later, Filipino teachers
were employed, but were given time for training. Some of the early supervisors in Manaoag were: Mr. Frank George, Mr. Proceso Fernandez, Mr. Shehan, Mr. Jaramillo, Mr. Inadelio Madamba, and Mr. Nemesio Tiong.
Manaoag is not behind the larger towns in Pangasinan with regards to education. We have in this municipality the elementary school, together with the barrio schools, the Pangasinan College, the Holy Rosary Academy, and the Manaoag High School. Children of poor parents are given the chance of pursuing high school education in their own town.
The elementary pupils who are studying in the central school are housed in a concrete building, the PTA Building, Municipal Shop Building, and the new Home Economics Building. The painting of the concrete buildings is very impressive and the school grounds are attractive.
Education during the Japanese Occupation. During the early days of the Japanese invasion, the schoolrooms were forced open and many school properties, supplies, and equipment were looted. Many school records and forms were also destroyed. It should be remembered that the rooms of the concrete buildings were used by the USAFFE to store their beddings, supplies, and provisions.
When the schools were opened in 1942, the few equipment and supplies which the looters left were made use of. One section for every class was in operation. Later, classes in the barrios were also opened.
Attendance was usually small but appeared larger because pupils who were not actually attending were included in the official lists. There was fear among the people of sending their children to school that time. Books dealing with Americans
and English were prohibited to use, while some pages of books were pasted together, to be opened when the Americans would return.
The Medium of Instruction was English. Niponggo was taught by teachers who attended the Niponggo classes in Manila. Home activity membership, food production, and the co-prosperity idea was given more emphasis.
Reopening of Schools. In January 1945, the classes under the liberation forces were opened. The classes in Manaoag were said to be the first openened in Pangasinan under these forces. Photos of the first classes were taken by the photo units and used for their propaganda purposes. Not only elementary pupils were enrolled, but also high school students.
Liberation classes were first housed in private houses, until the concrete building was vacated by the U.S. Army. Many pupils who were enrolled were overaged, and some of them promoted themselves because many of the records were destroyed.
A shortage of qualified teachers was also noted because most of the good teachers were still outside earning more lucrative compensations. Hence, the employment of undergraduate teachers. This shortage of teaches, encouraged many young men and women to prepare for the teaching profession. And the increase did not stop, so that many graduates again could not be employed after their graduation.
Parochial Schools. Side by side with the public schools, we have also in our municipality the parochial school established by the Dominican Fathers; and the main aim of this school is the propagation of the Catholic faith.
The classes were, at first, housed under the convent, but la-
ter, temporary buildings were made for them until a concrete building was also erected. A complete primary course was offered but not recognized by the government.
Under the administration of Father Teodolo Cajigal, a semi-permanent building of nine rooms was built. The Franciscan Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament are running the school. With the opening of the high school department, another building was erected. The student population increased to 760 at the present time. The courses offered are now recognized by the government. The total cost of the two buildings and the building housing the sisters is ₱92,000.
New Trends in Education. For the recent years, the effects of the new education were also felt. From the subject-centered to the child-centered, the trend has shifted. Recently, the municipal officials, the teachers, and the members of the PTA went around to visit the different puroks, seeing for themselves the improvements in other puroks. On February 21, 1953, the Purok Congress was held in the Central School of Manaoag. Dr. Pedro T. Orata, a UNESCO consultant, and some personnel of the division office attended the congress. As a result of the election, Atty. Jose B. Garcia was elected President of the Congress.
Sancutary of Our Lady. People of this municipality who are writing its history cannot go along without making mention of the many favors obtained from Heaven through the intercessions of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary.
From May to September of 1763, there was a great drought. No roar of thunder was heard nor clouds seen collecting above. Father curates and principalias from different towns came to Manaoag to hold a novena. After the procession, the sky was sudddenly covered by dark clouds and a heavy rain.
PART I | PART II
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In India, inclusive education for persons with disabilities is assured through the Rights of Persons with Disability (RPwD) Act, 2016. The act places responsibility on the government to ensure access to reasonable accommodations in both learning and assessments, including written examinations that are often a challenge for people with disabilities. As per the act, reasonable accommodations refer to “necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments, without imposing a disproportionate or undue burden in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise of rights equally with others”.
A brief history of the guidelines
The provision of reasonable accommodations during examinations is currently governed by two sets of guidelines—the 2018 guidelines for conducting written examination for persons with benchmark disabilities and the 2022 guidelines for those with less than benchmark disabilities. Persons with benchmark disabilities are those certified as having no less than 40 percent of a specific disability (such as blindness, locomotor disability, and cerebral palsy). As per the 2018 guidelines, those certified as having benchmark disabilities are afforded accommodations such as a scribe, a reader, a lab assistant, compensatory time, and assistive devices (where applicable) to enable them to successfully complete their examinations.
Since no such assistance was available for people with less than benchmark disabilities, the Supreme Court ordered the government to prepare a fresh set of guidelines. In response, the 2021 draft guidelines were released for public comments, and the 2022 guidelines subsequently came into being. However, the 2022 guidelines not only fail to rectify the double standards of disability accommodations, but also fall back on the assurances in the draft guidelines.
Why the 2022 guidelines are a double blow
The 2022 guidelines speak of disability accommodation through the provision of scribes, and remove the possibility of accommodation through readers and lab assistants that were provided in the draft version.
They fail to retain the indicative list of medical conditions that affect writing capacity, which was present in the draft. By failing to explicitly mention specific learning disabilities such as autism spectrum disorder, the guidelines allow for ambiguity and may prevent the provision of accommodations to individuals who might require them. The removal of language such as “…limitation to read, write and that of speed…” furthers this concern regarding who is eligible for getting accommodations under the 2022 guidelines.
The 2022 guidelines also replace the indicative list of assistive devices provided in the draft (“calculator, tailor frame, Braille slate, abacus, geometry kit, Braille measuring tape, and augmentative communication devices like communication chart and electronic devices”) with simply “assistive devices such as prosthetics & orthotics, hearing aid”. This choice of removing the older, more elaborate list is confusing. Further, the guidelines do so without clearly mentioning the provision of assistive devices on a case-by-case basis.
The final guidelines are substantially different from the guidelines for those with benchmark disabilities. Fundamentally, the kinds of reasonable accommodations offered and the procedure for accessing them should be alike for all persons with disabilities. This was reiterated in the 2021 judgement. However, the merit of the Supreme Court’s order was diluted over successive steps in the drafting process. This has possibly taken us back to square one.
Given all its issues, here’s how the 2022 guidelines are likely to create hurdles for those who require accommodation to participate in examinations.
1. Disabilities are often unquantifiable
The substantively different guidelines create practical differences in rights when considered along with the 40 percent marker delineation. Theoretically, such a demarcation is necessary to allow for enhanced support to those with a more challenging disability. However, having a demarcation made on the numeric value marker is riddled with complications. Thus, although theoretically justifiable, practical failures are often reflected in seeking reasonable accommodations or aid based on a numeric marker. For example, a person with less than 40 percent hearing loss would benefit more from hearing aids than a person with 100 percent hearing loss. The fact that the former cannot avail hearing aids due to lack of schemes and policies supporting those with less than benchmark disabilities will certainly disempower them. Measuring the need for support by percentages can also leave those at the 40 percent mark unable to access income tax benefits and disability pensions. The problem gets exacerbated due to the high costs of care for persons with disabilities. The demarcations leave not just persons with disabilities at a disadvantage, but also their families.
2. Certification is not a solution
The requirement of certification from a multi-member medical committee will create hurdles for persons with disabilities. Involving a team of specialists to certify one’s disability only complicates the situation. The individual is completely at the mercy of a team of experts to verify their eligibility. The struggle of citizens to obtain the Unique Disability Identity (UDID) card because of challenges in disability assessment are well known. Considerations must be given to those seeking accommodations, without them having to jump medico-social barriers.
3. Individual needs must be recognised
The guidelines fail to carve out the possibility of getting need-based accommodations on a case-by-case basis. Persons with disabilities could need accommodations that extend beyond physical aids. For example, a child with autism spectrum disorder may need additional support to accommodate neurodivergent communication. These needs are very different from a person who requires assistance in writing due to a physical inability to write, such as a person having a writer’s cramp. If individual needs aren’t recognised, the guidelines will fail to provide reasonable accommodations to those who need them.
4. The disability ecosystem should be involved more actively
The guidelines disregard the ecosystem of disability support professionals. In the case of a young child with disability, special educators, special schools, and caregivers are deeply involved in providing support. They understand the unique requirements of the child, and the child forms a strong bond with them. The guidelines currently make space for only the medical authority or committee responsible for certification. Thus, it ignores the crucial role that these diverse stakeholders play.
Acknowledging and involving the ecosystem’s support more actively in the guidelines is critical to ensure that persons with disability can successfully attempt an examination. Options for additional support during exams, perhaps in terms of caregiver support, must be allowed for those who may require it.
5. The process of scribe selection should be re-evaluated
As per the guidelines, the qualification of a scribe cannot exceed the minimum qualification criteria of the examination. At the same time, the guidelines mention that the scribe should have at least completed matriculation. Keeping this contradiction aside, the guidelines ignore the individual needs of persons with disabilities. Ideally, scribes must know how to operate different assistive devices. During examinations, persons with disabilities may require a broad range of accommodations, including assistive technology and communication aids. The scribes need the right skills and awareness about additional supportive devices to serve persons with disabilities effectively during an examination. Such factors need to be taken into account in scribe selection, and their training and assignment should be more nuanced.
Further, the guidelines do not consider the agency of a person with disability. Although they provide for self-selection of scribes for an examination, those who do not have the ability to choose their own scribe may face challenges, such as building trust and being able to communicate effectively with them. Additionally, given the nature of examinations and the stress of taking them, allowing the person to change the scribe only in case of an emergency or permitting the person to meet the scribe only a few days prior does not establish the confidence that is needed to perform well. Alternatively, allowing a few meetings before the examination may enable a person with disability and their scribe to form a rapport and get accustomed to each other’s communication styles.
Guidelines that fail to recognise the problems faced by those with disabilities only complicate an already complex issue. Disconcerting as it is, there is no other recourse but to once again approach the courts to strike down the 2022 guidelines for being against the idea of justice.
Any new guidelines for persons with disabilities (whether at the benchmark or below) must consider the voices of those who live with disabilities, along with all the stakeholders who are involved in their well-being. Inclusive policies can emanate only from inclusive and participative processes in policymaking. The motto ‘nothing about us, without us’ should pervade policymaking for persons with disabilities in India.
Sejal Mukkavilli contributed to this article.
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Of the 67 counties in Pennsylvania, Blair, at the core of our Audubon chapter’s area, is ranked 46 all-time in number of bird species recorded. We’ve logged 259 species so far, 38 above Sullivan County, Pennsylvania’s lowest, but 96 less than Lancaster County, number one in the state.
This year, I set out to see if it was possible to detect at least 200 species in a single hotspot – in this case, Plummer’s Hollow, at the northern end of Blair County. I used every means at my disposal, including a nocturnal flight call recorder, and managed to count 202 species (pending continuing flight call analysis that may swell the total). One of the things I learned was that knowing how to detect birds (I call it “intercepting” them) is a large part of what we think of as “species richness.” Location, habitat quality and diversity, and observer effort are also critically important, but it’s amazing how many species are missed just because someone isn’t in the right place at the right time. We probably missed Sandhill Crane, or Swallow-tailed Kite, or you-name-it this year because someone didn’t glance up at just the right moment in just the right location.
While I like to think that Plummer’s Hollow is special, I suspect that virtually every Pennsylvania natural area with varied habitat and a few hundred acres of woods and fields could turn up similar hotspot top-ten numbers on a yearly basis. The problem is how hard it is to detect some birds unless someone is onsite 24/7. I can’t imagine how many rarities escape notice on our many local ponds and lakes, or even muddy fields, for example. Often, waterfowl and waders land in the night, spend a few hours in the morning, and they’re off again. How many of these completely escape detection? How many of the rarities that non-birders see ever get noted or reported to birders?
WE ARE! (#20)
In 2023, Blair County cracked the top 20 in the state, in a five-way county tie of 223 species for the year. This is a substantially higher county rank than in the past and based on far less eBird checklists than the counties occupying one through 19. This 253-and-counting list is probably still dozens shy of the “true number” (total species present in the skies and/or on the ground at some point during the year) but is nevertheless a testament to the couple dozen casual and, well, fanatical birders who have focused more effort on Blair this year than ever before.
Blair added six species to its all-time list in 2023. They were the Painted Bunting on April 22, photographed at a feeder near the Juniata Valley Church, and five nocturnal migrants over Plummer’s Hollow: Common Gallinule (4/15); Whimbrel (5/22 and after); Ruddy Turnstone (5/27); Short-billed Dowitcher (7/1 and after); Upland Sandpiper (8/9). Now, there are naysayers who may doubt the importance of birds that fly over at night, but I think nocturnal migrants are equally as important as those that fly over during the day, such as raptors. Whether they land here or not, nest here or not—they are still within our territory. We don’t own them, for sure, but we are their stewards as long as they are here. And whether we know it or not, they—particularly the night-flying ones—face some pretty large obstacles. Take the tens of thousands of Swainson’s Thrushes, Gray-cheeked Thrushes, Hermit Thrushes, and Veeries that stream north in the spring and south in the fall. On certain September dawns, I sit in a field on top of Plummer’s Hollow, awash in the overlapping peeps of thousands of thrushes as they descend to the forests all around to rest and feed for the day. One day, it occurred to me that, minutes earlier, they may have had to thread the massive wind towers of Sandy Ridge, directly to the north, as they exited the Appalachian Plateau airspace and entered the Ridge and Valley Province. (Or, perhaps, they’ve learned to avoid those obstacles?) I’m happy that we’ve kept much of our part of their flyway free of obstacles, and also that we entice them and hundreds of other species with ample opportunities to spend a day, a week, or a season.
To paraphrase the great Eddie Kendricks, KEEP ON BIRDIN’!
December 28, 1969: ‘Twas a clear day, low of 22, high of 31. Eight intrepid souls, led by the late John Orr, ventured into the woods and fields of Sinking Valley for the first ever Christmas Bird Count in the recently established Culp circle. After 24 hours of team effort, the counters tallied 32 species. That year was the 70th annual CBC nationwide; it would take the Culp count all the way to year #123, on December 17, 2022, to reach 72 species. Along the way, effort, species numbers, and weather have had their ups and downs, but enthusiasm has never flagged. In celebration of surpassing the long-sought 70-species goal, we present a brief history of the Culp Count.
My family, up in Plummer’s Hollow, first got involved in CBC #79, in 1978. I was nine years old. Since then, I participate every year I am in town. In my family, it is safe to say, Christmas Bird Count is bigger than Christmas!
In those early years, the count supper, as we called it, was strictly potluck, at the old Sinking Valley Grange. Before the age of the Internet, we would straggle in oblivious to each other’s finds. Indeed, half the fun was the unveiling of the best species during the tally after every count supper. If you had something good, you kept mum until then. Nowadays, via a Whatsapp group chat, we announce the top finds as we get them.
Back in the day, many frustrations resulted from lack of a good photograph. After all, it was going to take you quite a while to get the film developed, and telephoto lenses were scarce. Now, of course, we share photos instantly. And we have eBird. And Merlin. And so forth—but the spirit of the thing hasn’t changed, even if potluck count suppers are long forgotten, and we meet in the private room of a local restaurant. We still swap war stories (of the birding variety) and do a read-out tally of every species.
It does look like hi-tech has helped us get to 70 species, though. How else would we have known that this year’s putative Yellow-rumped Warbler was actually, on closer examination of digital evidence, a Cape May Warbler? How else to keep track of who is getting what, and thus refocus and calibrate team efforts during the course of the day?
Effort—number of total hours logged by teams—doesn’t necessarily correlate to number of species. In 1993, 138.5 hours were spent for a total of only 50 species. Compare that to 2012, where only six counters, the smallest group ever, spent 40 hours but got 58 species. The most counters, 45, were in 1983, but they only logged 56 species.
The weather of course is a huge factor. Birds that remain in central Pennsylvania in late December move around quite a lot: waterfowl, particularly. They have to, as their waterholes freeze over and they head to bigger lakes or rivers outside the count circle. What about holding it later, after Christmas? Wouldn’t we get more winter species? This tactic has never worked for Culp. The first five counts were all after Christmas, but otherwise, only Jan 2, ’93; Dec. 27, ’97; and Jan. 3, ‘17 have been later; in none of these have species been higher. Mid-December works best!
Now for the suffering. One can reliably predict most of the species that will be gotten, but the weather conditions? Never! Our coldest count ever was December 16, 1989: a low of 0 and a high of only 14.
At the other end of the spectrum, just five years earlier, December 15, 1984, the low was 46 degrees and the high reached 66!
As for the birds themselves, over the years, Culp has gotten a total of 121 species on count day, and another three only on count week (the three days before and after). Some of these, like this year’s Savannah Sparrow and Cape May Warbler, have been gotten only once. Others, like this year’s Lapland Longspur and Golden Eagle, and many more, have been recorded only a handful of times. Then there are the frustrating misses: when the tallier reads out an expected species and no one raises their hand. No Red-breasted Nuthatches??? How can that be?!?!
At least, there are those old dependables, the ones you get on every count. We have 15 species in that category. If you live in the area, you probably won’t be surprised to learn that the most common of these is the European Starling. It’s had some low years, but never less than 100, and the most-ever of a single species was 2,160 in 2016.
Of course, there are a lot of other trends of interest. Ruffed Grouse, PA’s state bird, used to be easy to locate, with a count high of 31 in 1988. A few are still in the area, but we haven’t gotten any on count day since 2016. You can thank the West Nile Virus for that population crash. On the other side of things, we didn’t get the first Bald Eagle until 2002, but now we get up to five every year. Raptors in general have remained stable or gone up in numbers, with the sad exception of the Northern Goshawk, which has vanished from the area and indeed from most of the state.
December 17, 2022: So, what WAS this year’s magic formula for hitting 72? I can honestly say we have schemed and plotted and scouted for several counts in the past. In the mid 2010s, I put together a Google Map of the count circle with every accessible road and birding spot highlighted and applied a technique I had seen in other count circles: drawing birding zones so that we could match teams to areas and avoid overlap and missed opportunities. Still, we couldn’t top the record of 67 species set in back-to-back years (’07/’08).
Then came all the bird identification tech and just the right combination of motivated (some would say obsessed) counters, just waiting for perfect weather conditions. Here are some choice snippets from the group chat:
John Carter, 4:53 AM: “Good morning and happy Culp CBC day! Hope you all have fun and see lots of birds! Thank you for being part of the count. On the board with a Screech Owl.”
John again at 7:21 AM: “Grackle!”
Me at 7:30 AM: “5 male common mergs”
Michael Kensinger at 7:31 AM: “50 Red-winged Blackbirds”
And on it went. People hit the best spots in the morning, cognizant of looming snow showers in the afternoon, and a general lull in bird activity. At around 9:30 AM, we began to wonder about waterfowl.
John: “Any update from Canoe Lake, Jacksons? Hoping there is some open H20 there.” Nothing to report. But a few minutes later, John clocked in with a Green-winged Teal and Laura Jackson reported 3 Northern Pintails.
The adventure continued. Michael Kensinger at 10:01 AM: “100 Horned Larks being hunted by an immature Sharpie.”
Carl Engstrom at 10:33 AM: “Good stuff – kestrels and Bald Eagle if those haven’t been recorded yet.”
At 10:55 AM, John reminded folks to keep their eyes on the sky in case of Golden Eagles; Carl delivered one at 12:36 PM. Sign of the times: a Red-headed Woodpecker returned after a 24-year absence (Michael Kensinger reported from Ft. Roberdeau).
At 11:39 AM, I messaged John: “Looks like we are headed for an all-time high. Easily break 70.” This was after my Savannah Sparrow, hanging with some Northern Cardinals at the edge of our field. But the kicker, or so we thought, was Carl’s 2:06 PM Lapland Longspur. After that, as it usually does, numbers of new species dropped off and heavy snow showers kicked in. I had already walked eight miles and decided to scrap a final push for Ruffed Grouse in the thickest, thorniest, invasive thickets of Brush Mountain. No Barred Owl was to be found, no Red-breasted Nuthatch; no one had gotten a Merlin or a Rusty Blackbird, either: granted, not easy or common species, but when your totals are already high, as all birders know, you tend to get a little greedy. John announced he was headed to Sinking Valley in the fading light to make a try for a possible Short-eared Owl reported by Michael Kensinger, but no luck.
And then it was over. I joked that had the total been 69 species, folks were invited to scrabble through two miles of icy slush to make a try for the Plummer’s Hollow Barred Owl. Owling, as it’s called, is about the only option left if you want to make use of the 5 hours remaining in the count. But we stayed with Great-horned Owl and Eastern Screech-Owl and went home happy (some prepping for another CBC somewhere else the next day).
How many bird species were in the Culp Circle on December 17, 2022? The surprises weren’t over yet. A Peregrine Falcon sailed over my head in Tyrone the next morning, hunting Rock Pigeons, but I doubt it had been there the day before. Nevertheless, it became a count week bird, or “cw.” Though several feeder counters didn’t turn in new species, Michael delivered the biggest surprise of the season when announced on the evening of the 18th that his team’s Yellow-rumped Warbler was a Cape May Warbler, with a photo to back them up. This was only the 9th-ever of this species for Pennsylvania in December and the second from central PA.
For more of Mark's birding adventures, check out his Bird Mountain newsletter.
Join John Carter on the Bells Gap Trail every first Tuesday of the month from 10 am-12 noon while enjoying outstanding views of eastern ridges, the Tuckahoe Valley, and the Bellwood Reservoir. We will stroll 2 miles of the trail that consist of fresh crushed limestone surface. Let’s track what different bird species we see each month and have an enjoyable walk.
What to bring: binoculars, comfortable walking shoes, drink and snack as desired.
Directions to Bells Gap Trailhead: GPS coordinates 40.613171, -78.362070.
Parking and Trail Access to Bellwood trailhead: 163 Igou Road, Tyrone, PA 16686. Let’s meet at the pavilion in the parking lot.
If you have any questions or need more information please contact trip leader, John Carter, at 814-933-7426 or email [email protected].
At the end of each calendar year, I take time to reflect on how the birding world enriched my life and how I was able to give back to the birds. As many of us do, we participate in citizen science initiatives and programs such as the JVAS Earth Week Birding Classic, Shaver’s Creek Birding Cup, Christmas Bird Counts, The Great Backyard Bird Count, attend Hawk Watches, or just create lists of the variety of bird species that we have seen or heard for the first time, or maybe for the thousandth time. Either way we are fascinated by our feathered creatures.
Thinking back on 2021, a sequence of bird watching events I would love to share with you all happened during mid-April, a time in which migration is increasing and a great opportunity to observe vagrant birds. For three consecutive days I was privileged to see and appreciate three new lifetime Pennsylvania birds. Spotting a rare vagrant is an unanticipated delight so when this occurred, I was beyond ecstatic.
4/12/21: I made a trip to Lycoming Co. to visit the Williamsport Dam in which the first PA state record Neotropic Cormorant (NECO) was discovered the day before. It was a dreary day, but seeing this bird perched next to the more common Double-crested Cormorant of our area, was a treasure and a wonderful learning experience to see the differences. The NECO is typically found on waters of southern U.S. states, the Caribbean, and Latin America.
4/13/21: After work on this day, I did not have to contemplate at all after receiving a notification about a species I have only observed in North Carolina, an American White Pelican (AWPE). I arrived at the beautiful Shawnee State Park, Bedford Co. and was greeted by a thick orange billed all-white pelican drifting on the lake. One thing I learned about this species from reading in a field guide is that groups of AWPE will work together in order to herd fish into shallow waters for easy feeding.
4/14/21: Could lightning strike a 3rd time, you betcha! At a residential backyard in State College, Centre Co., of all places, I was able to enjoy alongside many other local birders the 4th Co. record of a King Rail. This was my #295th lifetime PA bird species, and I enjoyed watching as it was consuming earthworms in the yard. King Rail numbers have declined 90% in the last half-century, placing it as a species of high concern in the North American Waterbird Conservation Plan.
I want to thank each of you for your continued efforts supporting the birds and environment that we adore. Our mission cannot be accomplished without your help and dedication for conservation and restoration of our natural ecosystems.
I am also extremely grateful to work with amazing JVAS board members, who volunteer their own time to help with planning for new initiatives, programs, field trips, conservation, and financial efforts and much more. Thank you, Laura and Mike Jackson, George Mahon, Schawnne Kilgus, Matt Karabinos, Laura Palmer, Denice Rodaniche, Allison Cornell, Dave Bonta, Susan Braun, Michael Kensinger, Warren Baker, Sharon Clewell, and Catie Farr.
Here’s to a stellar 2022 together and good birding!
The Earth Week Birding Classic will be held from April 15 to 25, 2021. Registration is free. The goal is for teams in seven different categories to count as many species of birds as possible over a 24-hour period any time during the week beginning on Apr 15 at noon and ending at noon on April 25. This non-profit event is co-sponsored by the Environmental Studies program at Penn State Altoona and Juniata Valley Audubon Society. Pledges that team members garner will support bird conservation and education in central Pennsylvania. Teams of 3 or more (2 or more for Senior citizens) will count birds in Blair and surrounding counties, and prizes will be awarded during the closing ceremony on Zoom immediately following the event. Registration deadline is April 11. For more information, please contact Catherine Farr at [email protected].
Date and Time. Tallying of species may commence at 12:00 PM on April 15 and concludes at 11:59:59:59 AM on April 25. Teams may tally during any 24-hour period beginning at any time prior to 12 PM on April 25. Teams pick a start day and time when they register; they may change this no later than April 11th, the deadline for registration. Pre-registration is required, and free.
The closing event will occur on the Zoom beginning at 1:00 PM on April 25. An email link will be provided to teams at the time of registration. Please contact the organizer, Catherine Farr ([email protected])
All teams competing for prizes must arrive and submit their checklists and pledge forms no later than 1:30 PM (otherwise, submit electronically to the organizers by the end of the day). Winners will be announced, and prizes awarded at 2:00 PM. Prizes will be mailed to team captains. Please note that certain species may require additional documentation to be considered valid (see Checklist). This may mean a descriptive species report, and if possible, photo evidence or sound recording.
Teams are HIGHLY ENCOURAGED but not required to utilize eBird to report their records. They may do this on their phones as they go from place to place, and data can be temporarily hidden if desired (though checking others’ eBird lists is not allowed during the event). For this reason, it is necessary to keep track of numbers of individual birds seen for each species.
Count Area: The geographic area covered by this Birding Classic is Blair County and all counties that border it: Centre, Clearfield, Cambria, Bedford, and Huntingdon. All wild bird species recorded from within the county borders are valid. Counters, as well as birds, must be physically located within one of the counties. It is helpful to have a smartphone to track exact location, in case your team is at the edge of the count area.
Count area for Penn State Altoona campuses: a separate map will be provided to teams covering only the campuses, which include all contiguous (connected) land owned by Penn State on the Ivyside Campus and on the Downtown Campus, as well as in the Seminar Forest. Teams restricting their counting to the campuses can only count birds seen from within the physical boundaries of the campuses, but these may include species perched or flying outside campuses. Teams may not count birds seen when teams are travelling between campuses. Study maps are available at http://www.altoona.psu.edu/aboutus/maps.php.
Team Categories: Prizes will be awarded to the highest number of species counted and verified in each category. Teams can compete in only one category other than Ruffed Grouse, which they are automatically entered to win (teams can choose to enter ONLY Ruffed Grouse category, if they wish—see below).
COOT. Senior Citizens (65 and over) only
OSPREY. Penn State students only
TOWHEE. Limited to a single county
MALLARD. Limited to the grounds of Penn State Altoona, including the Seminar Forest
PIPIT. On foot only – team members may not use any other form of transportation while counting
PHOEBE. Families only. Must include at least one adult.
RUFFED GROUSE. Most species recorded anywhere in the region; winner receives Grand Prize for the Classic
All teams must register for one category only and can win only one category.
If the team winning the RUFFED GROUSE grand prize was registered for another category, the prize for its originally registered category will go to the second place team registered in that category.
A team registered originally only in the RUFFED GROUSE category that does NOT win that category will not be considered eligible to win another category. Strategically, then, COOTs and OSPREYs, who are not limited to a single county, should register for these categories to be automatically considered for the RUFFED GROUSE prize as well, and not the other way around.
All teams must stay together at all times (within earshot and sight of each other) during the 24-hour period or during the periods that they are counting species (breaks may be taken for sleep or other non-Classic activities, and participants may go to different locations before meeting again later). No species may be counted or scouted during any off periods when the team splits up. If the team does not split up, then all species encountered during the 24-hour period can be counted. Teams may count for as little time or as much time as they wish within their chosen 24-hour period.
The original conformation of the team (at the start of the 24-hour period) is the only one valid for counting species, unless members leave the team and do not rejoin, and the team number stays above the required minimum. Thus, NEW members may not join the team after the beginning of the event, BUT the team remains valid if its numbers are reduced during the course of the Classic, down to the minimum of two or three members.
Teams must consist of at least three members, of any age (except the COOTS and PHOEBES; see below). 75% of team members must ID each species. With three members, all three must ID each species for that species to count, though not necessarily at the same time during the 24-hour period. With four members, 3 of the four must record each species for it to be valid; for 5 members, four must ID; etc.
COOT category: Seniors teams may have two or more members. All members must be 65 years of age or older by the 15th of April. 75% or more of members must ID all species, as above. Coots may bird anywhere in the 6-county area.
OSPREY category: Must consist only of Penn State students, who must be currently enrolled full-time at any campus, including World Campus. Ospreys may bird anywhere in the 6-county area.
MALLARD category: the campus teams can be comprised of anyone, not just students.
PIPIT category: for the on-foot teams, no non-foot (or non-wheelchair) transportation may be used at all during the counting period/s. This includes horse, bicycle, canoe, etc. If the team breaks up for non-Classic activities, members must return to the exact spot they ended at before the break, and begin counting on foot from that spot. Pipits may bird anywhere in the 6-county area.
TOWHEE category: for the single-county teams, any county in the Count Area is valid. All birds recorded in or from the chosen county are valid.
PHOEBE category: At least one family member must be an adult (18 or over) and at least one family member must be a child (under 18). Phoebes may bird anywhere in the 6-county area.
ETHICS: Please follow the American Birding Association’s Code of Ethics if in doubt. In general, do not unduly disturb birds, though “pishing” is allowed. No playing of tape to coax out birds is allowed, though calls may be identified using online resources. Calling for owls or other birds using solely team member’s vocal chords is allowed.
DO NOT enter private property except with explicit permission. Birds on private property seen from public rights-of-way are valid.
Be very careful on highways; use flashers if necessary, and do not block traffic.
Birds must be seen or heard to be considered valid.
Domestic species do not count.
It is not permissible during the count period to solicit information on species locations from non-team members.
It is not permissible to track others’ records on eBird, or to access rare bird alerts or other means of finding out where species have been found. This should be done only during scouting periods prior to the 10-day Classic event, and may be done up until just prior to the start of the event at noon on April 15.
It is not permissible to scout for birds during the night rest period (if the group takes one) or any other non-counting break during the 24-hour counting period, and it is not allowable to count birds recorded during that period (an owl, for example), unless the group has stayed together as per the rules.
It is expected that teams will garner as many pledges as possible to make this event a success. Pledges are a flat rate. Event organizers, in coordination with Team Captains, will follow up with each pledged donor after the event is concluded, so be sure to include correct information so that organizers may contact the donors. All money pledged will go to support bird conservation and bird education in central Pennsylvania.
Validity of Reports
Contestants accept, on the registration form, that the judges of the Classic may rule impartially on species reports that require validation, and that they are fully qualified to do so. This will be done after checklists are turned in and prior to deciding of winners, in the case that decisions on validity would affect the outcome.
The judges pick the species that require further validation, based on accumulated frequency data and other data in eBird. It is necessary to fill out a Rare Bird Report for each record and to have these reports prepared prior to turning in the checklist. Accompanying documentation such as digital photos can be shown to the organizers.
Tip for Beginners
While we highly encourage birders with little experience to take part in this Classic, we urge them to consult with organizers ahead of time if they are unclear about the basics of eBird that will allow them to have a good idea of species to expect in certain habitats. We have no way of checking misidentification of common species not needing validation, so we hope that first-time birders will be slow and careful in their identifications.
The JVAS Blair County Christmas Bird Count (CBC), centered on Culp, will be held on Saturday, December 19, 2020 with a Tally Count to be held via Zoom on Tuesday, Dec. 22. All are invited to attend the Zoom tally – even if you aren’t a counter. Details here.
Sign up soon to be a counter! Call or email Laura Jackson by Wednesday, Dec. 2, 2020. Phone: 814-652-9268 Email: [email protected] or email John Carter: [email protected]
Participation is free, but you must count within the established circle, which is located within 7.5 miles of Culp in Sinking Valley. If you live inside the circle, you could count birds at your feeder and on your property, but please sign up so we know your property is covered. Counters will receive a map, a species checklist, and pointers on any hotspots that might be in your part of the circle. We hope you will spend most of the day counting birds in your area of the circle or observing the birds at your feeder if you live in the circle.
If you have a favorite part of the circle, then don’t wait to call as the “early birders” get first pick of the count area. Below are the historic count areas, but anyone who lives in the circle can cover their property, just be sure to sign up so we don’t overlap count areas.
Canoe Creek State Park
Park Forest/Watts Road
Tyrone Treatment Plant
Brush Mountain (NE end)
Juniata River Corridor
There are 3 other Christmas Bird Counts that need counters:
Bedford County CBC is on Saturday, January 2, 2021 and is centered at Manns Choice, Pa. Contact compilers Mike & Laura Jackson: 814-652-9268 or [email protected]
Huntingdon County CBC is on Sunday, December 20 and is centered at Donation, Pa. If you’d like to help, contact compiler Deb Grove: 814-643-3295 or [email protected]
Raystown CBC: Historically occurs near the end of December. If you’d like to help, contact compiler Jon Kauffman: [email protected]
The JVAS Blair County Christmas Bird Count (CBC), centered on Culp, will be held on Saturday, December 16, 2017 with a Tally Dinner (aka “tally rally”) to be held at The Dream Restaurant, starting at 5 P.M. The pay-your-own dinner is open to all, so you can attend even if you can’t help with the CBC. The Dream is located at 1500 Allegheny St., Hollidaysburg, PA.
Please contact Christmas Bird Count Coordinator Laura Jackson no later than Saturday, Dec. 9 to reserve your place at the Tally Dinner. Call 814-652-9268 or email [email protected].
We hope YOU will be a counter this year! We are always in need of more participants, so check with birder friends and invite them to participate, too. Participation is free. In addition to field surveys, we need feeder watchers. If you live in the count circle (within 7.5 miles of Culp), you are encouraged to record the birds you see on your property or at your feeder.
Counters will be assigned a section of the circle to cover, so if you have a favorite area, be sure to sign up early. Register by calling Laura Jackson. You will receive a map showing which part of the circle to cover, a species checklist, and pointers on any bird hot spots that might be in your part of the circle. We will assign the count areas in early December, so if you have a favorite area that you want to cover, contact Laura before December 10.
Also, we hope you will attend the Sunday, Dec. 3 Pre-CBC Workshop to help us organize the event. We will meet at 2:00 pm in Penn State Altoona's Hawthorn Building. Call Laura if you plan to attend.
There are 3 other Christmas Bird Counts in our area that need participants: Huntingdon Co. CBC is centered on Donation, PA.
Contact compiler Deb Grove: 814-643-3295 or [email protected] Bedford Co. CBC on Saturday, December 30, is centered on Manns Choice, PA.
Contact compilers Mike and Laura Jackson: 814-652-9268 or [email protected] Raystown CBC: Contact compiler Greg Grove for more details: [email protected]
We planned to spend three weeks this past January in Honduras on a research expedition to two locations in the remote eastern portion of the country. Our goals were to work with local conservation pioneers and preserves to survey and promote the wide diversity of bird life in these special yet threatened regions.
Note: Ian Gardner was inspired to organize the CACAO 2017 Expedition after participating in our Birding for Conservation trip to Honduras in February, 2016. This initiative is the first research project under the auspices of the newest JVAS Committee: Partners in Neotropical Bird Conservation. Contact Laura Jackson if you would like to get involved in conservation and education projects focusing on migratory birds.
Cacao is the Honduran colloquial name for the threatened Red-throated Caracara, a species of raptor that has nearly disappeared from Central America in the past few decades. It is also the acronym for a small but passionate cooperative of multi-national conservationists. We planned to spend three weeks this past January in Honduras on a research expedition to two locations in the remote eastern portion of the country, Reserva Biologica Rus Rus in Gracias a Dios and Parque Nacional Botaderos in Olancho. Our goals were to work with local conservation pioneers and preserves to survey and promote the wide diversity of bird life in these special yet threatened regions. We were able to meet our funding goal for the trip thanks to the support of many individuals and several Audubon Society chapters like JVAS.
We knew beforehand that these federal lands, Reserva Biologica Rus Rus and Parque Nacional Botaderos, were protected by title alone. During our expedition we learned why. Both areas are remote, at least a very rough 4 hour drive from the closest ICF facility (Instituto de Conservacion Forestal). But they also host an incredible diversity of flora and fauna, particularly birds.
We recorded over 280 bird species in the dimorphic landscape of Rus Rus. This area is comprised of two distinct ecosystems: expansive pine savanna and dense gallery* forest. Each contains a unique suite of species that is constantly evolving, so researchers are recording more species with each visit. Our expedition recorded range expansions for over 20 species and found such notables as Harpy Eagle, Crane Hawk, Jabiru, Black Rail, Green Ibis, Steely-vented Hummingbird, Scaled Pigeon, Northern Potoo, Yellow Tyrannulet, Aplomado Falcon, and Snowy Cotinga.
In Olancho, we surveyed miles of mountain trails in the central highlands and recorded over 200 species. Our top target was the pine forest denizen Red-throated Caracara, which we missed, but we were told of many recent encounters. We did see several other target birds such as Ocellated Quail, Buff-breasted Flycatcher, Olive-sided Flycatcher, Golden-winged Warbler, Golden-cheeked Warbler, and Red Crossbill. We also surveyed the lowland portion of Isidro Zuniga’s Las Orquideas Nature Preserve, where we documented a Wedge-tailed Sabrewing, a hummingbird with an isolated population that can only be found in this small region of Honduras.
Protected forests in eastern Honduras also face serious threats from natural resource extraction companies and cattle ranchers. Mining and Hydropower projects destroy hundreds of hectares and divert miles of rivers in Olancho. Cattle ranchers are recent migrants to the Rus Rus region and are illegally grabbing land to clearcut for cattle pastures. However, a determined community of environmentalists is standing up. These activists are literally risking life and limb to protect the forests, as you read in last year’s article about the late Berta Caceres. Fortunately we never faced any threats during this expedition and were able to talk with local communities and learn about these pressing conservation issues from their perspectives.
* Gallery forests are forests that form as corridors along rivers or wetlands and project into landscapes that have fewer trees, such as grasslands or deserts.
The PGC has done some remarkable work to help birds like the Peregrine Falcon, Osprey, Sandhill Crane, Golden-winged Warbler, and many others increase their populations in Pennsylvania. Join us as we celebrate another year of commitment to bird conservation by both the PGC and Juniata Valley Audubon Society.
A "silent auction" also will be held to raise funds for conservation efforts supported by the JVAS. Members are asked to bring new or gently used nature-related items to donate for the silent auction. Please bring the items before 5:00 PM at the banquet. Books, artwork, pottery, native plants — anything related to nature will be auctioned. Bring your checkbook or cash to support this important fund-raiser!
We will order off the menu, so payment in advance is not required. However, we ask that you email or call JVAS Hospitality Chair Marcia Bonta by April 12, as we need to let Hoss’s know how many plan to attend. Please call Marcia at 814-684-3113 or email: [email protected]
The 1st annual Earth Day Birding Classic at Penn State Altoona will be held on April 22 and 23, 2016. Registration is free. The goal is for teams in six different categories to count as many species of birds as possible in the 24-hour-period beginning at noon on April 22.
The 1st annual Earth Day Birding Classic at Penn State Altoona will be held on April 22 and 23, 2016. Registration is free. The goal is for teams in six different categories to count as many species of birds as possible in the 24-hour-period beginning at noon on April 22. This non-profit event is co-sponsored by the Environmental Studies program at Penn State Altoona and Juniata Valley Audubon Society. Pledges that team members garner will support bird conservation and education in central Pennsylvania. Teams of 3 or more (2 or more for Senior citizens) will count birds in Blair and surrounding counties, and prizes will be awarded during the closing ceremony. The opening and closing ceremonies will take place at the Slep Center on the Penn State Altoona campus immediately prior to and following the event. Registration deadline is April 15 – to register and for more information, please contact Catherine Kilgus at [email protected].
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Very early knowledge about oceanography stems from beach finds that had to have been transported to that beach from far away because the finds themselves (pieces of trees, or coconuts, or whatever) were not native to their finding places so the ocean must have provided a connection between their place of origin and the beach they ended up on. And in early oceanographic research, messages in bottles or even wood pieces marked with identifying numbers were deployed at known times and regions and then recovered wherever they made landfall to get a better idea of ocean currents. And as oceanography got more and more sophisticated as a discipline, such lagrangian (i.e. current-following) data has become an important part of oceanographic research, especially over the last two decades with profiling ARGO floats.
Position of 3930 ARGO floats that were active in the 30 days before January 18th, 2019. Source: http://www.argo.ucsd.edu
ARGO data is available to anyone and, via its Google Earth interface, easily accessible in teaching. But of course this is only a passive resource, you cannot deploy drifters wherever you would like for teaching purposes. Now imagine if you had cheap drifters* available for use in teaching, how cool would that be?
Last year I was involved in discussing the design of home-made surface drifters and later got the chance to join the student cruise (as part of Lars Henrik and Harald‘s GEOF105 class at the University of Bergen, Norway) where the drifters were tested, both in their functions as drifters and as a teaching tool. They are an amazing addition to the student cruise and a great learning opportunity! But there are also a lot of challenges that arise when with working with drifters — or opportunities to think about interesting problems! What more could an instructor (or a student!) want? :-)
Building home-made surface drifters
While in our case the drifters were developed and built before the class started, discussing design criteria with students would be a really interesting task in an applied oceanography course. The design we ended up working with with is described here.
Building those relatively cheap drifters provided us with the opportunity to have students handle them to learn to use oceanographic instrumentation without them, or us, being too concerned about the welfare of the instrumentation. It also provided us with a fleet of four drifters that we could deploy and recover on four day-long student cruises and have them right in the vicinity of where we were taking Eulerian measurements at the same time, so we would end up with a complementing data set and could discuss the benefits of each of the two kinds of measurements and how, when they come together, they tell a much more interesting story than any of them could on their own.
Where to deploy the drifters
If you have a limited number of drifters available (four in our case), you have to think long and hard about where to deploy them. Of course you can just dump them into the water anywhere and see where they end up. But in order to figure out the best spot, it is really helpful to have a clear idea of what influences the currents in the regions you are interested in, and what path the drifters might take, depending on the location of their deployment.
On the three first days of the student cruise, we saw the drifters move against the predicted tidal current (“predicted” tidal currents, because we didn’t look at direct observations of the tidal current, so we don’t actually know if it is behaving the way the prediction predicted) and, at times, also against the main wind field. Nevertheless, we expect the wind to have a large influence on the flow in the surface layer, hence the day at sea starts with a briefing on the weather forecast.
Students presenting the weather forecast for the cruise day in the ship’s messe
In addition to thinking about a deployment strategy for specific weather conditions, it is helpful to think about how trajectories from different days will be compared to each other. Therefore we chose to deploy on two sections over four days, thus repeating each section twice.
How to track your drifters
There are many ways to track drifters. In the early days, acoustic signals were used to know where drifters moved within an array of sound sources. These days, most tracking is done using GPS. In our case, we used readily available GPS tracking units that were then mounted on the drifters (see below).
GPS units being fixed to the drifters onboard RV Hans Brattstrøm
Looking at the features of the GPS units we used, they were apparently mainly designed to tracking cars when you’ve lend them to your kids. In any case you can set alarms if velocities are too high, if they leave a pre-defined area, etc.. Interesting to see what kind of products are on the market!
Looking at how to track the drifter, i.e. the specifications of the GPS sender, might also be a very interesting exercises to do with students. How often should it “call home”, what battery lives are needed, how will the data be transferred, where and how can it be accessed, stored, processed?
How to deploy your drifters
Even when you know where to deploy the drifters, that doesn’t tell you how to deploy them. And even from a small research ship like the Hans Brattstrøm it is not immediately obvious how to do it.
Deploying a drifter
Very good reality check on how difficult it is to get instrumentation in place to measure oceanographic data!
How to interpret your data
Speaking of oceanographic data — how do you actually interpret it? Below you see a snapshot of our four drifters in action. This is actually on of the more interesting times when it comes to velocities: We do have two drifters moving with 4km/h and then one with less than 3km/h (which shows up as not moving because of some algorithm in the website). But what does this actually tell us?
Position and approximate velocities of our four drifters at the end of day 4
Interpreting drifter data becomes very difficult very quickly when you are in a flow field that changes over time. We did have the tidal forecast and the wind forecast, but both only in a coarse resolution in space and time and so it gets really difficult to imagine how they might have influenced the currents and thus the trajectories of the drifters!
How to protect your drifters from damage
Even in a fjord that is sheltered from the wind and big waves of the open ocean, the sea is still a harsh environment and large forces will act on the drifters. If we want to be able to recover the drifters in one piece, we have to make sure that they are actually sturdy enough to stay in one piece.
One of our drifters capsized for unknown reasons. Luckily Algot was still able to recover it!
Another point to consider is how much buoyancy a drifter will need to stay afloat, yet to be submerged enough into the water to actually follow the surface current rather than being pushed through the water by winds, or pushed over by the winds as the one above.
How to find your drifters again
As we think about how to protect the drifter from damage, we also need to think about how we can make sure the drifter stays upright so the GPS antenna stays above the water level. Even with fairly good visibility and low waves, and despite the brightly colored flags and radar reflectors on the drifters, they were pretty difficult to spot!
Even though we can see the drifter’s position through an app on my phone, it is really difficult to spot it out on the water!
How to recover your drifters
Even on a small vessel like the one we used for the student cruise, the water is actually pretty far away from where you can stand on the deck, so recovering a bulky and heavy item out of the sea is not as straight forward as one might think!
Technician Algot and a student recovering one of the surface drifters
Making sense of your drifters’ trajectories
This is not something I can cover in this post, of course — it’s what Inga will do for her Master’s thesis. Below, you see her plotting trajectories from the four days together with the predicted wind fields of the respective days.
Inga looking at analyses of the drifters’ trajectories which she will explain in her Master’s thesis
But there are several aspects I find especially interesting for discussions with students:
- At which depth range did we place the anchor of the drifter, i.e. what “surface current” are we actually tracking, the real surface, or an average over the top 0.5 meters, or the top 1 meter? And what would “average” even mean? Or something else?
- When we have Eulerian data from, say, tidal gauges, weather stations, etc, how do we bring those together with the Lagrangian data provided by the drifters?
- Knowing what we know now, what could we learn for future deployment strategies?
There are so many super interesting questions to be discussed using this fairly inexpensive instrumentation that it is a great opportunity that should not be missed!
*of course, ARGO uses profiling floats that actively measure data and send them home, whereas we use surface drifters that only send their position and nothing else. But maybe we can mount data loggers on them next time? :-)
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Statistically about half adults make a New Year's resolution. Less than 8% of those people actually follow through on their plans. It has been found that it takes 6 years for average person after setting the same resolution each year to finally start taking action on it.
Any new behavioral change comes down to developing new set of habits. Think about it, the most of your actions you take daily are just the habits you've created throughout your life. This leads us to the next question: Why is it so hard to change and so easy to fall back to the old ways?
Your mind naturally gravitates to things it's familiar with. This way of how our mind works was absolutely necessary for our survival as a species thousands years ago. Survival is no longer a huge concern of ours nowadays, but we still kept that part of our brain responsible for driving our behaviors towards familiar things. This very process drives everything we do and how we do it on a subconscious level, making it hard for us to change old patterns.
Doing something new (even when it's beneficial for us) literally could mean death back in the day when we lived in caves. At that time even taking a new path through the woods could put us in danger.
Once we understand this concept about our brain it makes us aware of what stands in our way and how we can help ourselves to make a change and develop a new habit.
Let's take a look at the factors influencing your ability or inability change your habits.
Examine your excuses. You may have good reasons for not wanting to change, or they might be just excuses for not changing. Take a hard look at those reasons. Those reasons might be true or they may be an excuse blocking you from making some changes that could improve your health and enrich your life.
Be honest about the benefits or pleasures of bad habits. It helps to prepare you for possible feelings of self-pity or deprivation. These can undermine your efforts to change. Plan ways that your life can be full and enjoyable without keeping a bad habit.
Get committed! Without commitment new change isn't likely to last. Keep in mind that actions, thoughts and feelings influence each other. Even if you don't always feel like it, act as you believe in your ability to achieve your goal successfully.
Why wait for crisis? Most of the people that were able to change something got there after experiencing a dramatic event or life-changing illness. And they often wish they'd gotten around to those changes earlier.
Pay attention to the language you use in thinking around the change. For example, expressions like "I'll try" suggest that failure looms. Say "I do" or "I will" instead.
Don't be surprised if you lapse! Relapse is the common occurrence on the road to change. Don't blame yourself when you fall short. Setbacks are not a sign of failure. They are part of the very process of change. They provide an opportunity to learn. Many times you'll find yourself cycling through the stages of change several times before succeeding.
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Indigenous Microorganisms (IMOs) - An Overview - Japan - ARI
by the Asian Rural Institute
page developed by Rina Tanaka, ARI Volunteer
submitted July 2021
What are Indigenous Microorganisms?
This page introduces indigenous microorganisms (IMOs), which are microorganisms that we collect from local forests. We begin with a review of microorganisms in general, focusing on their functions and their needs. We then discuss the benefits of IMOs.
First, let's do a review of microorganisms. Microorganisms are tiny living creatures such as bacteria and fungi. They exist almost everywhere, but in nature, they play a vital role in the nutrient cycle. Along with worms and insects, they eat and decompose organic matter, which includes dead plants and animals, and release inorganic matter, which includes nutrients and other essential minerals for plants. Without them, nutrients would be consumed by plants with no replenishment and dead organisms would pile up on the floor with nowhere else to go.
As farmers, we also rely on soil organisms including microorganisms to break down soil organic matter and provide absorbable nutrients for plants. Microorganisms also help improve the soil by developing crumb structure in the soil and turning organic matter into humus. For more details on how soil organisms contribute to soil improvement, read the section "How can we improve soil quality?" on this page.
Microorganisms in soil actually do a lot more than *just* breaking down organic matter, supplying nutrients for plants, and making crumb structure. In soil, a diverse group of microorganisms play a variety of roles, such as preventing outbreaks of harmful microorganisms, fixing nitrogen, and even becoming food for earthworms that till the soil. We still do not fully understand all of the functions of microorganisms, but they are surely essential for soil health. (Note: There might be concerns about "harmful" microorganisms in soil including pathogen. However, if there is a diversity of soil organisms, there will be enough natural competitors and predators to prevent one kind from taking over.)
Our dependency on microorganisms can be seen in other aspects of life at ARI. We use them to make many things that involve fermentation, such as:
Bread and fermented food like natto and miso (Also, the microorganisms in our bodies help us digest food!)
Microorganisms thrive in bedding for livestock, where there is plenty of food and comfortable shelter for them. Animals also benefit from the work of microorganisms because the decomposition of their manure by the microorganisms reduces the odor.
How do we take care of microorganisms?
When we use microorganisms for soil improvement or fermentation, it is important to understand their needs and provide a good living environment for them. Otherwise, we will weaken or kill them. What is tricky here is that there are many kinds of microorganisms with different needs. For example, microorganisms that are active in bokashi are different from those active in fruit vinegar. Therefore, it is important to understand the types of microorganisms we want to increase in a particular context and adjust the environment to their needs.
Moisture: Like all living things, they need water, but the appropriate moisture content depends on the type of microorganisms.
Food: Microorganisms need sugar, protein, fat, and other minerals. We usually provide organic matter such as plant residues and manure or carbohydrates such as rice bran or crude sugar.
Aeration and access to oxygen: Some microorganisms require oxygen (aerobe); others do not or are even harmed by it (anaerobe), but might require gasses like nitrogen. Microorganisms involved in fermenting bokashi or compost need oxygen. Others, such as those that promote anaerobic fermentation in FPJ, do not need air or oxygen.
pH: Some microorganisms can live in highly acidic or alkaline environments, but most function better at a neutral pH level.
Temperature: In general, the growth of microorganisms tends to slow down as the temperature gets lower, however too much heat can kill certain microorganisms.
Sunlight: While some microorganisms can tolerate sunlight, others, such as those living in soil, will be killed by direct sunlight. This is why covering the soil with mulch or providing dark living spaces with charcoal is important to protect these microorganisms.
Where can we get microorganisms? - Indigenous microorganisms
Microorganisms exist everywhere, so they will eventually increase on their own if there is an adequate living environment for them. Indeed, we do not have to add any microorganisms to make compost for example; we wait for the microorganisms already existing on the organic matter to multiply by themselves. In fact, sometimes, all we can do is to wait; for example, when making fruit vinegar, we need to wait for the growth of a specific kind of microorganism which can be found on the surface of the fruits. However, for simple decomposition of organic matter, we sometimes want to add the appropriate microorganisms to organic matter to speed up the decomposition process, such as when we want to quickly make bokashi. Furthermore, a diverse population of microorganisms is necessary to completely decompose organic matter and prevent a few harmful types from dominating. Where can we get such a balanced collection of microorganisms?
It is true that we can buy special blends of microorganisms from stores, but at ARI, we believe that what we need is around us. We collect microorganisms from our local forests and call them indigenous microorganisms (IMOs). Not only are IMOs free and easy to collect, but they are also adapted to the local environment, which makes them resilient and effective for decomposition. Afterall, IMOs are collected from natural forests, where we can see complete decomposition of organic matter by a diverse group of soil organisms. To learn how to collect IMOs from forest soils, go to this page.
To meet the needs of IMOs, we usually mix them with food (rice bran, manure, plant residues) and living space (soil, charcoal).
To better understand how to meet the needs of IMOs, we will look at an example. We use IMOs in bokashi, so let's reflect on how we are creating an ideal environment for IMOs in the process of making bokashi.
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<urn:uuid:a37c3c60-07a7-4ade-b88e-15fe35161bb0>
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Title: The Cultural Significance of Video Game Soundtracks
The cultural significance of video game soundtracks cannot be overstated. From the catchy melodies of classic arcade games to the sweeping orchestral scores of modern AAA titles, video game music has become an integral part of popular culture, influencing not only gaming but also music, film, and even fashion.
In this article, we will explore the various ways in which video game tambang 888 soundtracks have shaped our cultural landscape. We will discuss how these soundtracks have created memorable characters, established iconic themes, and evoked a wide range of emotions, all while contributing to the overall art form of video games.
Emotional Resonance and Storytelling
Video game soundtracks have a unique ability to evoke strong emotional responses in players. This is due in part to the fact that music has a direct connection to our emotions. When we hear a particular piece of music, it can trigger memories, feelings, and associations.
Video game composers harness this power to create soundtracks that resonate with players on a personal level. For example, the soaring melodies of the “Final Fantasy” series can evoke feelings of hope and adventure, while the dark and atmospheric soundscapes of the “Silent Hill” series can create feelings of unease and dread.
In addition to evoking emotions, video game soundtracks can also play a vital role in storytelling. Music can be used to foreshadow events, establish character relationships, and even convey plot points. A well-crafted soundtrack can make a game’s story more immersive and engaging.
Cultural Impact and Influence
Video game soundtracks have also had a significant impact on popular culture. Many iconic video game themes have become instantly recognizable, such as the “Super Mario Bros.” theme and the “Tetris” theme. These themes have been parodied, remixed, and covered by countless artists, and they have even appeared in movies and television shows.
Video game music has also influenced other genres of music, such as electronica, synthpop, and even hip hop. Many popular musicians have cited video game music as an inspiration, and some have even incorporated video game sounds into their own music.
Evolution of Video Game Music
The evolution of video game music has been closely tied to the advancement of gaming technology. In the early days of video games, music was limited to simple melodies and sound effects that could be generated by the hardware of the time. However, as technology has improved, composers have been able to create increasingly sophisticated and complex soundtracks.
Today, video game soundtracks often feature orchestral arrangements, choral performances, and even live instrumentation. Composers are also incorporating a wider range of musical genres into their work, from traditional Japanese folk music to heavy metal.
Video game soundtracks are an integral part of the video game experience, and they have had a significant impact on popular culture. These soundtracks have created memorable characters, established iconic themes, and evoked a wide range of emotions, all while contributing to the overall art form of video games.
As video game technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see even more innovative and groundbreaking soundtracks in the future. Video game music is a powerful medium that has the ability to move us, inspire us, and stay with us long after we have put down the controller.
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<urn:uuid:0fd9c2d8-8bde-4722-94ad-c0cef887b518>
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Half of the world’s population lives within 100 kilometers of a coastline. Coastal regions support the lives and livelihoods of millions, and about a billion people (largely in developing countries) rely on fish as their principal source of animal protein. Nonetheless, coastal areas continue to be subjected to a diversity of stresses, including unplanned and haphazard settlement patterns, environmental degradation, including severe levels of pollution, coastal inundation due to sea-level rise and increase in recurrence and intensity of cyclones and storm surges. Both the utility and vulnerability of coastal areas require that coastal environments be protected and sustainably managed. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) provides a framework for sustainably managing the coast by supporting spatial and sectoral integration and coordination of activities in the coastal space. This issue brief explores prevailing knowledge on the policy nexus between coastal management and coastal adaptation, with special emphasis on the ICZM framework in promoting the health of marine and coastal ecological systems.
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<urn:uuid:baa9c257-c7a2-4ffa-a243-e5deda99c397>
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“Keep it simple.” This common principle of design drove our creative team into a debate last week.
What does simple mean? Does everything we design really need to be simple? Or does it just need to be clear? And what is the difference between simple and clear? This idea of “simple” was an important design principle to follow, but on its own it can lead designers in the wrong direction.
Information design seeks to balance visual simplicity with clarity. Information designers have to take into account both the information that is displayed and the information that is implied. Are we telling the right story in way that is as concise as necessary – and possible? Did we inadvertently change the meaning by deleting too much information? Is it too simple and no longer clear?
Here at XPLANE, our designers constantly have to find this balance between simplicity and clarity. In our work we often create what we call XPLANATiONS—detailed, illustrated maps that clearly convey a complex set of information. Though the visual solution is simplified from the original chaos of the source material, the XPLANATiONS often turn out to be very complex. The final product may not be simple, but the meaning is now clear. We consider that success.
So, we have come to our own definition of the term simple. Simple means having a deep understanding of the information you are trying to convey and focusing on how to display that information as clearly as possible. This clarity helps bring simplicity to the user’s experience and improves understanding. The two ideas should constantly work together, but one does not cause the other. Instead, they can function both separately and together.
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<urn:uuid:5f9a38b3-9a75-430d-b9a5-e43fe771da59>
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By Marianna Tzirani
Mrs. Michal Ashkenazy’s Biotechnology course at St. Francis Prep, Fresh Meadows, is super interesting. We are able to do experiments using the awesome new lab equipment and take trips to learn more about science. One of our recent trips was to the lab at the Lake Success DNA Learning Center in Cold Spring Harbor, L.I.
There, we began extracting our own DNA by obtaining a sample of our cheek cells and tested it for a certain gene associated with certain geographical locations in the world. Through this lab activity, we acquired useful skills and found out more about our cultural heritage.
We tested for the presence of the Alu gene, a small stretch of DNA that “jumps” between certain populations. The gene copies itself and then reinserts itself into new chromosomal locations. After entering our results into the PCR machine, which creates many copies of the DNA to allow us to study it better, we spent an hour touring the Clinical Core Laboratory. We analyzed our DNA using a Chip Analyzer and produced an electropherogram. We saw the genotype each of us has for the Alu insertion.
Then, we entered the Clinical Core Laboratory, which is “home to one of the largest robotic machines involved in diagnostics,” according to the dnalc.org website.
We all wore disposable aprons to avoid contamination and were required to wear closed-toed shoes. We followed our tour guide in single file, staying away from the walls.
The lab itself was a small and very hectic room where it seemed that too many things went on at the same time. It was not like in movies where the lab is a white sterile area where scientists quietly place substances into tubes. The roaring of machinery and stuffiness of the air only added to our excitement!
Most of the hospitals in the area send their test samples to this lab to be studied. Our tour guide explained the complicated process of labeling, color coding tubes and placing them into the correct machines. It seemed so easy to make a mistake as the tubes look almost identical! However, they have a barcode for each patient and barcode readers to avoid confusion.
What is truly special about this lab is that it functions entirely on robotics. All of the processes were done by machines!
We were shown a large assembly line of machines where blood samples are tested. Every process we did by hand in the lab was done quicker and more efficiently by the machines.
In fact, we were told that the lab produces a million test results per month and it has the ability to produce as much as four million results.
I am very thankful for the unique opportunity I had to visit this lab. It was incredibly interesting and I truly confirmed that this is what I want to do in my future.
Tzirani is a senior at St. Francis Prep.
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<urn:uuid:04d514f0-b85b-40da-a832-06572530bf44>
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6. The Historical Boundaries of Washington D.C. (and other trivia)
A survey party placed stones one mile apart to mark the boundary of the District of Columbia in 1791. In 1916 the Daughters of the American Revolution put up fencing to preserve the remaining stones and took their photographs.
Read more about the Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia.
These images are part of a set of lantern slides held by D.C. Public Library. They were purchased in 1944, a collection of 1800+ lantern slides and glass plate negatives purchased from photographer E.B. Thompson for $1,000. Two hundred and thirty of them are available in this Flickr Commons photo set. The collection has many interesting historical photos of the goings on in the US Capitol including Pauline, a pet of President Taft, grazing on the White House lawn.
An image of Marguerite Cassini and one of Alice Roosevelt, a pair of women whose friendship was said to have “all the violence of a bomb.”
And this likely-composite photo showing President McKinley and Teddy Roosevelt, the vice president who became president after McKinley’s assassination.
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<urn:uuid:94bcf4fa-bee1-41fb-ac2e-818c18e3b56c>
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The standard product of the contemporary fencing lesson is instructor pushed. The teacher establishes the written content, decides how to existing it, and then teaches it to the student who is envisioned to master what the instructor has taught. In all chance, this is also how the huge majority of historical fencing classes were being taught.
Nevertheless, is this how all historical lessons ought to be taught currently? The heritage of the modern day historical fencing motion suggests that we need to do extra than teacher presentation of matter issue in the part of font of all expertise. Almost anything we do currently in Medieval and well into Renaissance sword play depends upon analyze and interpretation of authentic sources. The growth of an qualified historical fencer depends upon that fencer staying able to examine (in initial or in qualified translation) and interpret the historic history to find the method.
That reality implies that there is a will need for one thing other than the modern-day instructing lesson to express new content. I counsel the use of a guided discovery mastering course of action that I will phone the Interpretive Lesson. It has two targets – to train a new procedure and, in the approach, to train how to interpret historical sources. My Lengthy Sword software has applied this design more than the previous 12 months and located that it engages learners, benefits in superior studying, and makes better shared understandings of the strategies and methods with more eyes on the problem.
The development of the lesson varies to some extent based mostly on the nature of the source remaining utilized, and the variety of factors that describe the approach. I will acquire operate we are now accomplishing working with the Goliath manuscript, particularly Mike Rassmussen’s translation of the Krakow manuscript. Goliath supplies a model of Liechtenauer’s training verse, a gloss outlining the verse by an unsure writer (usually attributed to Peter von Danzig zum Ingolstadt), and illustrations of some of the tactics. To illustrate the procedure:
First – we browse the first Liechtenauer training verse, and based mostly on it try to create an understanding of the technique and its use. Ordinarily this effects in a very incomplete notion of what the learn intended.
Next – we then examine the gloss, compare it to the verse, and endeavor to execute the approach applying the wording of the gloss.
Third – we evaluate the approach as we realize it from the gloss and verse to the accessible illustration (and this might demand wanting at far more than just one illustration to make confident you are applying the right a single as placement may possibly be problematic). Centered on that comparison we appear to a final interpretation.
Fourth – and, if other sources are readily available, we may well compare our comprehension to how people sources explain the strategy.
Fifth – then we drill in the strategy.
This is not a quick lesson – when mixed with warm-up, other talent pursuits, and bouting one verse and a person gloss fills up our standard just one hour lesson time. Of course extra intricate materials will take extended, and a lot less sophisticated or single things will acquire shorter.
From the instructor’s point of view, this is a demanding way to instruct. You have to a strong history in the weapon, go through the content, achieve an approximate knowing of the approach (it will transform as you and the college students get the job done by way of the resource), have inquiries ready to tutorial the pupils, know supplementary material that will assistance their being familiar with, and be eager to relinquish regulate, the two physically and intellectually, as the college students work by means of the substance. Even so, I believe that it is an critical way to engage your students with the actual text, and to build fencers who can fence historically.
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<urn:uuid:38cdc530-0d09-4cb5-972a-e1c8b80f8f9f>
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Every tree is unique.
Beech is a solid wood species that can exhibit different colors due to its specific structure and chemical composition. The color variation in beech wood is largely attributed to the presence of lignin, an organic polymer found in the cell walls of trees.
Role of Lignin when the tree is still growing:
Lignin serves to solidify the cell walls of plant cells, providing them with structure. It is also responsible for waterproofing and resistance to diseases. In the living tree, lignin is evenly distributed in the cells and has minimal impact on the color of the wood.
Role of Lignin after felling:
After a tree is felled, the wood begins to dry, and the tree can no longer produce new lignin. Lignin may concentrate in the vessels of the wood or distribute unevenly across the growth rings. These variations in lignin distribution result in the natural color variations in the wood, which are entirely normal. Typically, light-colored woods tend to darken, while naturally dark woods lighten.
Why color differences are normal:
Color differences in wood are normal and depend on various factors, including genetic variation, environmental conditions, the age of the tree, and growth conditions. This is illustrated in the example image above. The stand on the right side is a brand new arrival, the one on the left side has been exposed to sunlight for a few weeks.
Color differences in wood can be naturally balanced over time due to various weathering influences, such as sunlight exposure (indoors or outdoors).
In summary, color differences in beech wood are attributed to the interaction of factors like lignin distribution, growth conditions, and UV radiation. These differences contribute to the natural beauty and uniqueness of the wood.
Such variations are by no means a quality defect; instead, they give the wood its characteristic grain and uniqueness. After all, wood is not plastic.
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<urn:uuid:a844ff5c-9500-4194-933f-fc0b812ec143>
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A policy is a set of rules that governs the behavior of a software service. That policy could describe rate-limits, names of trusted servers, the clusters an application should be deployed to, permitted network routes, or accounts a user can withdraw money from.
Authorization is a special kind of policy that often dictates which people or machines can run which actions on which resources. Authorization is sometimes confused with Authentication: how people or machines prove they are who they say they are. Authorization and more generally policy often utilize the results of authentication (the username, user attributes, groups, claims), but makes decisions based on far more information than just who the user is. Generalizing away from authorization back to policy makes the distinction even clearer because some policy decisions have nothing to do with users, e.g. policy simply describes invariants that must hold in a software system (e.g. all binaries must come from a trusted source).
Today policy is often a hard-coded feature of the software service it actually governs. Open Policy Agent lets you decouple policy from that software service so that the people responsible for policy can read, write, analyze, version, distribute, and in general manage policy separate from the service itself. OPA also gives you a unified toolset to decouple policy from any software service you like, and to write context-aware policies using any context that you like. In short, OPA helps you decouple any policy using any context from any software system.
What is Policy?
All organizations have policies. Policies are essential to the long-term success of organizations because they encode important knowledge about how to comply with legal requirements, work within technical constraints, avoid repeating mistakes, and so on.
In their simplest form, policies can be applied manually based on rules that are written down or conventions that are unspoken but permeate an organization’s culture. Policies may also be enforced with application logic or statically configured at deploy time.
What is Policy Decoupling?
Software services should allow policies to be specified declaratively, updated at any time without recompiling or redeploying, and enforced automatically (which is especially valuable when decisions need to be made faster than humanly possible).
Decoupling policy helps you build such software services at scale, makes them adaptable to changing business requirements, improves the ability to discover violations and conflicts, increases the consistency of policy compliance, and mitigates the risk of human error. The policies you write can adapt more easily to the external environment–to factors that the developer could never have imagined at the time the software service was designed.
For example, a cloud computing service could answer questions such as:
- Can I add compute capacity?
- In what regions can I add compute capacity?
- Which instances are currently running in the wrong region?
What is OPA?
OPA is a lightweight general-purpose policy engine that can be co-located with your service. You can integrate OPA as a sidecar, host-level daemon, or library.
Services offload policy decisions to OPA by executing queries. OPA evaluates policies and data to produce query results (which are sent back to the client). Policies are written in a high-level declarative language and can be loaded dynamically into OPA remotely via APIs or through the local filesystem.
Why use OPA?
OPA is a full-featured policy engine that offloads policy decisions from your software. You can think of it as a concierge for your software who can answer detailed questions on behalf of your users to meet their specific needs. OPA provides the building blocks for enabling better control and visibility over policy in your systems.
Without OPA, you need to implement policy management for your software from scratch. Required components such as the policy language (syntax and semantics) and the evaluation engine need to be carefully designed, implemented, tested, documented, and then maintained to ensure correct behaviour and a positive user experience for your customers. On top of that you must carefully consider security, tooling, management, and more. That’s a lot of work.
How Does OPA Work?
See the Introduction for an overview of how OPA works and how to get started.
The OPA Document Model
OPA policies (written in Rego) make decisions based on hierarchical structured data. Sometimes we refer to this data as a document, set of attributes, piece of context, or even just “JSON” . Importantly, OPA policies can make decisions based on arbitrary structured data. OPA itself is not tied to any particular domain model. Similarly, OPA policies can represent decisions as arbitrary structured data (e.g., booleans, strings, maps, maps of lists of maps, etc.)
Data can be loaded into OPA from outside world using push or pull interfaces that operate synchronously or asynchronously with respect to policy evaluation. We refer to all data loaded into OPA from the outside world as base documents . These base documents almost always contribute to your policy decision-making logic. However, your policies can also make decisions based on each other. Policies almost always consist of multiple rules that refer to other rules (possibly authored by different groups). In OPA, we refer to the values generated by rules (a.k.a., decisions) as virtual documents. The term “virtual” in this case just means the document is computed by the policy, i.e., it’s not loaded into OPA from the outside world.
Base and virtual documents can represent the exact same kind of information, e.g., numbers,
strings, lists, maps, and so on. Moreover, with Rego, you can refer to both base and virtual
documents using the exact same dot/bracket-style reference syntax. Consistency across the
types of values that can be represented and the way those values are referenced means that
policy authors only need to learn one way of modeling and referring to information
that drives policy decision-making. Additionally, since there is no conceptual difference
in the types of values or the way you refer to those values in base and virtual documents,
Rego lets you refer to both base and virtual documents through a global variable
data. Similarly, OPA lets you query for both base and virtual documents via the
/v1/data HTTP API . This is why queries for just
return the combination of base and virtual documents located under that path.
Since base documents come from outside of OPA, their location under
data is controlled
by the software doing the loading. On the other hand, the location of virtual
data is controlled by policies themselves using the
in the language.
Base documents can be pushed or pulled into OPA asynchronously by replicating data
into OPA when the state of the world changes. This can happen periodically or when some
event (like a database change notification) occurs. Base documents loaded asynchronously
are always accessed under the
data global variable. On the other hand, base documents can
also be pushed or pulled into OPA synchronously when your software queries OPA for policy
decisions. We refer to base documents pushed synchronously as “input”. Policies can
access these inputs under the
input global variable. To pull base documents during
policy evaluation, OPA exposes (and can be extended with custom) built-in functions like
http.send. Built-in function return values can be assigned to local variables and
surfaced in virtual documents. Data loaded synchronously is kept outside of
avoid naming conflicts.
The following table summarizes the different models for loading base documents into OPA, how they can be referenced inside of policies, and the actual mechanism(s) for loading.
|How to access in Rego
|How to integrate with OPA
data global variable
|Invoke OPA’s API(s), e.g.,
data global variable
|Configure OPA’s Bundle feature
input global variable
|Provide data in policy query, e.g., inside the body of
|The built-in functions, e.g.,
Data loaded asynchronously into OPA is cached in-memory so that it can be read efficiently during policy evaluation. Similarly, policies are also cached in-memory to ensure high-performance and high-availability. Data pulled synchronously can also be cached in-memory. For more information on loading external data into OPA, including tradeoffs, see the External Data page.
The following diagram illustrates the base and virtual document model described above for a
hypothetical policy that renders authorization decisions (named
data.acme.allow) based on:
- API request information pushed synchronously located under
- Entitlements data pulled asynchronously and located under
- Resource data pulled synchronously during policy evaluation using the
The entitlements and resource information is abstracted by rules that generate
virtual documents named
OPA has excellent support for loading JSON and YAML because they are prevalent in modern systems; however, OPA is not tied to any particular data format. OPA uses its own internal representation for structures like maps and lists (a.k.a., objects and arrays in JSON.)
The term “document” comes from the document-oriented database world. Document is just a generic term to refer to data or information encoded in some standard format like JSON, YAML, XML, etc. Document-oriented data does not have to adhere to a strict schema like data in the relational world. Documents are often deeply nested, hierarchical data structures containing several levels of embedded maps and lists.
Internally, HTTP requests like
GET /v1/data/foo/barare turned into Rego queries that are almost identical to the HTTP path (e.g.,
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What Causes “Soft Teeth” in Children?
What Causes “Soft Teeth” in Children
The term "soft teeth" is often used to describe a condition known as dental enamel hypoplasia or enamel defects in children. Enamel hypoplasia refers to a developmental condition where the enamel on a child's teeth is thinner or less mineralized than normal, making the teeth more susceptible to cavities, sensitivity, and other dental issues. Several factors can contribute to soft teeth in children:
1. Genetics: Genetic factors can play a role in the development of enamel hypoplasia. If a child inherits genes that make their enamel less robust, they may be more prone to soft teeth.
2. Nutritional deficiencies: Poor nutrition during early childhood, especially deficiencies in essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus, can lead to enamel hypoplasia. Adequate nutrition is crucial for the proper formation and mineralization of tooth enamel.
3. Prenatal factors: Some prenatal factors, such as maternal smoking, certain medications, and infections during pregnancy, can affect the development of a child's teeth, potentially leading to enamel defects.
4. Premature birth: Prematurely born infants often have underdeveloped enamel because tooth development primarily occurs during the last trimester of pregnancy. Premature infants may also have other health issues that can affect their dental health.
5. Fluoride exposure: Both too little and too much fluoride during tooth development can lead to enamel defects. Proper fluoride intake, as recommended by your dentist or local water supply, is essential for strong enamel.
6. Illness or injury: High fever, illnesses, or traumatic injuries to a child's teeth during early development can disrupt enamel formation and lead to soft teeth.
7. Medications: Certain medications taken by children, especially antibiotics like tetracycline, can interfere with enamel development if administered during tooth formation.
8. Dental fluorosis: Excessive fluoride exposure during tooth development can lead to dental fluorosis, which causes enamel discoloration and pitting. This is not the same as enamel hypoplasia but can also affect the appearance and strength of teeth.
It's important to note that enamel hypoplasia is a condition that can vary in severity from mild to severe, and it may affect only a few teeth or multiple teeth. If you suspect that your child has soft teeth or enamel defects, it is crucial to get pediatric dental care. A dentist can evaluate the situation, provide appropriate dental care, and offer guidance on maintaining good oral hygiene and nutrition to minimize the impact of enamel hypoplasia on your child's dental health. Early intervention and preventive measures can help protect your child's teeth and oral health.
If you think your child may have symptoms of enamel hypoplasia, we recommend seeing one of our dentists as soon as possible. To find a location near you, please see our list of locations below.
Kids & Teen Dental Place - Glendale, Huntington Park, Los Angeles, Van Nuys
Adventure - Aurora, Denver, Commerce City, Greeley, Lakewood, Longmont
Academy Kids - Colorado Springs, Pueblo
Adventure - Kansas City, Topeka, Wichita
Adventure - Baltimore, Essex, Landover Hills
Adventure - Albuquerque, Santa Fe
Adventure - Midwest City
Pediatric Dental Group - Tulsa
Adventure - DC, Landover Hills
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Balance exercises after Neurosurgery
Your child may have balance problems caused by the tumour, the surgery, or both. You can help your child to do some exercises to improve his balance when he goes home from the hospital. Check with your child’s physiotherapist before doing these.
A few points to remember:
Make sure that an adult is always present do these activities a few times a day; pick two or three activities to work on at a time. These exercises are generally suitable for children aged five and up:
- Practise walking on a curb with one foot in front of the other. Or put a piece of masking tape on the ground/floor and practice walking with one foot in front of the other. When this is easy, try this with the eyes closed.
- Practise standing on one leg. Count how long your child can hold this position. Try to beat this record each time.Once your child can balance on one leg easily, stand on the right leg and
- Practise bending the right knee five times. Repeat with the left leg.Play catch with your child. Once he can do this, make it more challenging by throwing the ball to the right or left side, up high or down low.
- Practise kicking a ball with your child. Make it more challenging by kicking the ball to your right or left side so that he has to step and reach for the ball.
- Practise walking backwards or sideways.
- Practise walking upstairs or downstairs without holding onto a railing.
- Practise walking on the toes and on the heels.
- Practise grapevine walking — crossing over the feet.
- Practise playing “Simon says” with your child. Use different movements to make it harder as it gets too easy.
- Practise hitting a balloon back and forth with your child. Make sure there is lots of open space to avoid tripping.
- Practise drawing numbers or letters in the air with the arms or legs.
- Practise stepping up onto a step and back down again. When this becomes too easy,
- Practise stepping over a small object and then back over it again.
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Most 2D-maps are used to represent topographic metrics: distances and areas measured on the map (multiplied by the map scale) give traveling distances and land surfaces. In some cases, this information is irrelevant or even misleading [see an example]. As a cartographer, you may wish to use map metrics to represent other data, such as human populations or amounts of produced resources. This is what ScapeToad is for.
A couple of years ago, I was happy to supervise the production of ScapeToad. The Java programming was done by Christian Kaiser. Its core code is based on the Gastner and Newman diffusion algorithm. Dominique Andrieu, from the University of Tours, France, was our tester. In case you wonder what the toad is about, well, I was looking for an animal that inflates its shape when designing the logo… If you try out the software, you’ll see what I mean.
While all three of us discussed the conception of the software, we stumbled upon a theoretical – and to some extent philosophical – problem: is it right to say ‘anamorphosis‘ to describe what our software does? While this term is widely used for density-equalizing population cartograms, one must recall that its Greek meaning is “deformation”. Can a geographical space be “deformed”? For one, the term has a negative connotation. More importantly, it implies that there is something out there to be deformed; some original space from which our deformed representation derives. Clearly, in philosophical terms, this is a realist stance. I hope we all agree that geography is done with realism by now. Two acceptable positions remain: phenomenology and pragmatic positivism (the latter is often mistaken for realism, but this is another problem). In both cases, there is no such thing as an original base map to refer to. There is no ontological hierarchy, no transcendental relation between a social space of populations and a topographic space of the Earth. So shouldn’t we rather talk about transformation, i.e., about “metamorphosis” when moving from the one to the other?
For a long time, I’ve been in favor of that opinion. Today, I think otherwise. The reason is: calling a density-equalizing cartogram a “metamorphic map” clearly overrates its theoretical scope. Cartograms do not overcome the topographic space. They do not put social and topographic space on equal grounds. On the contrary: they participate to the reification of topographic space as the original territory. By doing so, they are a part of what I call a realist drowsiness of geography. Why? Because their use insists on the importance of topographic topologies. The whole point in a software like ScapeToad is to keep the topologies of the original base map intact. Things that were side by side, topographically speaking, remain side by side. In a density-equalizing cartogram, these relations of topographic adjacency are treated as a fundament of geographical relatedness. Here we are, stuck with the old geographical saying that “things that are closer have more influence on each other”, and displaying our inability to ask what actually “being closer” means. As if we had forgotten that there are many ways to measure distance and that topography is only one of them.
One might object that any base map can be taken as a starting point of a ScapeToad “transformation”. This is true. But all cartograms produced with ScapeToad I’ve seen up to now use a topographic base map. While taking population sizes seriously, none of these cartograms actually questions whether topographic adjacencies actually mean anything in terms of relations between the mapped populations.
To overcome the unbearable evidence of topography, we must go one step further. This step might consist in more sophisticated position of things in space, such as multidimensional scaling, based either on mobility flows or on direct social connections between individuals. In the upcoming years, Open Graph technology might provide just the data geographers need to search in that direction. With François Bavaud of the University of Lausanne, we are currently working on a multiscale mobility-based analysis of the Canton of Valais. We will try to combine our results with cartogram techniques.
So there will be more to hear about ScapeToad. The “only” thing to work on is the base-map. In the meantime, don’t let the user-friendly ScapeToad lure you into theoretical drowsiness. All it does is to deform a given: it slightly stretches the original base-map to give more importance to the population variable. In mapping political results, this deformation is necessary. People vote, not square miles. Anamorphosis is a major step in votation results mapping. But it remains anamorphosis; it always refers to an original base-map which has to be produced and theoretically founded before its density-equalizing deformation.
Reference: Gastner, M.T. and Newman, M. (2004). Diffusion-based method for producing density equalizing maps. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(20): 7499-7504.
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Puberty is the time of life when people develop physically and sexually so that they can have children. It is the time when male and female sex characteristics appear and when changes in the sexual organs occur.
Puberty is the entire process of changes affecting the body and its hormones that accompany sexual maturation. In general, puberty usually starts for girls between the ages of 9 and 11, and for most boys between the ages of 9½ and 13, although the exact age at which puberty starts varies widely among individuals.
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
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Separate comprehensive studies published in the last couple of days in Nature Climate Change and Nature Geoscience find that from the northern tundra to the tropical forests, plant communities are showing substantial capacity to tolerate global warming.
The work builds on earlier research on the responsiveness to climate change of both tropical and Arctic plant communities. Given trajectories pointing to centuries of warming this is no reason to relax, of course. And, as you’ll read below from an expert on the relationship of climate to Arctic communities, there’s plenty of disruption coming. But it is important to weigh such work in calculating risks and benefits of various climate policies.
Both papers are by international teams of authors consisting of many of the best and brightest minds probing these two parts of the globe. I have queries out to some of both and will update this post as replies come in.
Here are links, abstracts and some excerpts:
The paper in Nature Climate Change, “Temperature and vegetation seasonality diminishment over northern lands,” pulls together a wide array of research, including the work by Bruce Forbes of the University of Lapland last year, on what I called “pop-up forests” — patches of rapidly-growing tundra shrubs.
Vegetation growth at Earth’s northern latitudes increasingly resembles lusher latitudes to the south, according to a NASA-funded study based on a 30-year record of land surface and newly improved satellite data sets.
An international team of university and NASA scientists examined the relationship between changes in surface temperature and vegetation growth from 45 degrees north latitude to the Arctic Ocean. Results show temperature and vegetation growth at northern latitudes now resemble those found 4 degrees to 6 degrees of latitude farther south as recently as 1982.
“Higher northern latitudes are getting warmer, Arctic sea ice and the duration of snow cover are diminishing, the growing season is getting longer and plants are growing more,” said Ranga Myneni of Boston University’s Department of Earth and Environment. “In the north’s Arctic and boreal areas, the characteristics of the seasons are changing, leading to great disruptions for plants and related ecosystems.”…
However, researchers say plant growth in the north may not continue on its current trajectory. The ramifications of an amplified greenhouse effect, such as frequent forest fires, outbreak of pest infestations and summertime droughts, may slow plant growth.
Also, warmer temperatures alone in the boreal zone do not guarantee more plant growth, which also depends on the availability of water and sunlight.
“Satellite data identify areas in the boreal zone that are warmer and dryer and other areas that are warmer and wetter,” said co-author Ramakrishna Nemani of NASA’s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif. “Only the warmer and wetter areas support more growth.”
This new science fits with how I described the Arctic in 2011: “a physical system that amplifies warm or cool jogs and a biological system attuned to such changes.”
At the end of this post you can read some thoughts from Bruce Forbes (who is an author) on the impact of projected shifts in coming decades on Arctic reindeer and the herders who depend on them.
The paper in Nature Geoscience, on the tropics, is “Simulated resilience of tropical rainforests to CO2-induced climate change.” It is well summarized in Nature’s news article by Olive Heffernan, “Tropical forests unexpectedly resilient to climate change.”
Here’s an excerpt from the abstract:
Using simulations with 22 climate models and the MOSES–TRIFFID* land surface scheme, we find that only in one of the simulations are tropical forests projected to lose biomass by the end of the twenty-first century—and then only for the Americas. When comparing with alternative models of plant physiological processes, we find that the largest uncertainties are associated with plant physiological responses, and then with future emissions scenarios. Uncertainties from differences in the climate projections are significantly smaller. Despite the considerable uncertainties, we conclude that there is evidence of forest resilience for all three regions.
[* The clunky acronym refers to this model: "Top-down Representation of Interactive Foliage and Flora Including Dynamics."]
Here’s one important line from the body of the paper:
Forest biomass carbon stocks in Asia and Africa are projected to be greater in year 2100 than at the present day, in all simulations. This is also true for the Americas/Amazon, except for the HadCM3 climate model [background on that model is here]. There is however a decreasing ability to sequester carbon in biomass; many pathways have a Cv [vegetation carbon, including live roots] peak towards the end of the twenty-first century.
Swinging back to the north, here’s Bruce Forbes’s response to the question I posed to the authors of the paper on shifts in seasons at high latitudes. I asked them which findings were most troubling and which most encouraging:
1) Shifts in albedo [the amount by which surfaces reflect energy back to space] and feedbacks to the atmosphere potentially accelerating ongoing warming will probably be evident from structural changes within the tundra zone well befoere the coniferous forests migrate north.
2) There are interactions between increasing shrub cover and winter snow capture and spring melt that have strong implications for (1).
3) Increasing frequency and intensity of rain-on-snow and crusted snow events in reindeer and caribou grazing systems has the potential to significantly increase mortality in herds of animals upon which large numbers of people and wildlife depend.
4) The reduced seasonality (e.g. 3) will likely place additional stress on human populations already under pressure from oil and gas development.
5) The reduced seasonality means rivers and lakes freeze up later in autumn and melt out earlier in spring. We have seen this in Fennoscandia [click for background on this region] and northern Russia and it strongly affects both indigenous and non-indigenous livelihoods, like reindeer herding, tourism, oil and gas (winter road use), etc.
6) The reduced seasonality means insect harassment of reindeer begins earlier, which has implication for calf mortality as the exposure to intense harassment would begin before they reach their summer pastures on the arctic coast (Kara and Barents seas). Those shores are typically windy, whereas the inland areas by which they approach the coast are generally much less windy.
On the encouraging side:
1) The reindeer pastures of the tundra zone in west Siberia have been characterized as moderately to heavily ‘overgrazed’ for 5 to 6 decades, and accordingly the reindeer population has long been expected to crash. Yet with no supplemental feeding (unlike in Finland) the reindeer population has more than doubled since World War II from 300,000 to over 630,000 animals. And during the satellite era we find the productivity of the tundra zone has actually increased significantly (the pop-up forests paper and this paper). The west Siberian tundra is certainly becoming more steppe-like, patches of tall shrub woodlands interspersed with low shrub graminoid-dominated vegetation. In other words, a state change is afoot. So, I think it is time to reassess what is meant by ‘overgazed’ with less subjective metrics than outdated models of ‘carrying capacity.’
2) High densities of reindeer managed by herders in northwestern Eurasia may be able to help check increases in shrub growth and height by concentrating grazing in existing low shrub areas before they grow taller. We have two large projects going on this now in Fennoscandia and western Siberia.
3) People and reindeer have been together through episodes of warming and cooling in the past 1,500 years or so. I suspect, but don’t have the solid evidence yet, that human agency is underestimated as a key factor in stucturing past and present tundra and forest-tundra ecosystems of northwest Eurasia. This is one reason we need the paleo data from terrestrial systems in my study regions.
As I explained above, I’ll add more thoughts here as they come in.
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UltraClear Nitrification System
The ammonia or nitrite effluent concentration of
wastewater treatment system is too high, fails
to meet EPA mandated levels or just needs to be
Problem: The ammonia or nitrite level of wastewater discharge from
a lagoon needs to be lowered to meet accepted or
desired levels established by the local
municipality or the Federal Government.
Solution: The UltraClear Nitrification System for wastewater
treatment plants or systems provides a
concentrated liquid biological solution for
reducing the ammonia and nitrite concentrations
in wastewater. The solution is achieved through
A reduction in ammonia level
General Information on Nitrification
Nitrification is the biological oxidation
of ammonia to nitrite. The nitrification process
consist of two steps:
Conversion of ammonia (NH3) to nitrite
Conversion of nitrite (NO2) to nitrate
is performed by the bacterium, Nitrosomonas.
is performed by the bacterium, Nitrobacter.
Various parameters play a key role in successful
nitrification. Among these are the following:
Presence of Required Bacteria:An obvious
requirement is the presence of Nitrosomonas and
Nitrobacter bacteria. However, their presence or
absence may be a function of the other
parameters listed below.
Aerobic Conditions: Nitrifying bacteria are aerobic bacteria,
which means they require dissolved oxygen in
order to metabolize, grow and reproduce.
Alkalinity: Alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to
neutralize acids. A variety of compounds,
including bicarbonates, salts of weak acids, and
hydroxides contribute to alkalinity. When
ammonia is oxidized during nitrification,
hydrogen ions (H+) are liberated. Alkalinity is
needed to neutralize these hydrogen ions. In
fact, 8.64 mg/l of alkalinity are consumed for
each mg/l of ammonia that is oxidized. Without
sufficient alkalinity, the pH of the system will
drop, and nitrification will slow down or even
pH: Nitrification works best when the pH is between 6.5 and 8.5. The
process slows considerably at pH values outside
Temperature: Assuming that dissolved oxygen (D.O.) remains constant,
nitrification efficiency decreases as the
temperature falls. Many plants have severe
nitrification problems during the cold winter
period. A related problem may occur during hot
summer weather. Since DO is less soluble in hot
water than cold water, it is sometimes difficult
to maintain necessary DO levels in the summer.
When this occurs, nitrification may become
inadequate during hot periods. Extreme weather
(hot and cold) can impair nitrification
Simultaneous Removal of BOD: From a practical point of view,
nitrification proceeds better when the
concentration of soluble BOD is low (less than
20 mg/l). Therefore, many treatment plants are
designed with two stages. The first stage is for
BOD removal. The second stage is for
nitrification. In some plants, BOD removal and
nitrification must occur in the same aeration
tank, trickling filter, or RBC. The BOD removal
efficiency of a plant is always an important
factor in nitrification efficiency.
Growth and Reproduction Rate of Nitrifying Bacteria:
Compared to heterotrophic bacteria, which
consume organic compounds, the growth and
reproduction rates of nitrifying bacteria are
quite low. Heterotrophic bacteria take as little
as 30 minutes to reproduce. Nitrifying bacteria
take several hours to reproduce. For every gram
of organic substrate consumed, roughly 0.4 grams
of new heterotrophic bacteria are produced.
However, for every gram of ammonia converted to
nitrate, less than 0.2 grams of nitrifying
bacteria are produced.
Chemical Inhibition of Nitrifying Bacteria:
There are only two main species of nitrifying
bacteria. Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. There
are varieties of chemicals that are known to
inhibit these bacteria, such as sulfides and
cyanides (among many others). Since there are
only two main species involved, nitrifying
bacteria are very susceptible to
chemically-based toxicity, shock or upset.
wastewater treatment plants (WWTP's) are subject
to discharge permits, which limit the amount of
ammonia that can be lawfully discharged.
Government permits and regulations influence
levels of ammonia and nitrite that may be
discharged into streams. The discharge of
ammonia or nitrite into a stream, lake or river
may cause oxygen to be consumed, thereby
lowering the dissolved oxygen concentration and
endangering the aquatic ecosystem.
Maintaining nitrification would be relatively
simple for wastewater treatment plants if they
operated in a 'steady state'. However, the
desired 'steady state' conditions do not exist
in the WWTP environment. For example, all
treatment plants experience significant changes
in daily flow, organic loading, nitrogen
loading, temperature, and concentrations of
toxic chemicals. The nitrification process can
be easily upset and lose efficiency with the
numerous changes that occur on a daily basis. Of
course, the most severe cases occur when a
facility violates its ammonia discharge limit.
These upsets may last only a short while (a few
days or weeks) or can be chronic problems.
In other cases, a plant may nitrify only some of
the time, incompletely, or not at all. Many
factors may be involved when nitrification is
inadequate. Among the most important are:
Inadequate physical plant design for
Inappropriate biological conditions.
Occasional process upset due to toxic
Occasional process upset due to hydraulic
Difficulty in establishing nitrification
when variations in seasonal permits exist.
Loss of nitrification during extreme
The degree of improvement from use of
The UltraClear Nitrification System
varies depending on which specific factors are
causing the problem. The primary benefit of The
UltraClear Nitrification System is designed to
help WWTP's to meet ammonia discharge permits.
Occasionally, there are other benefits from
system use. For example, a WWTP may be able to
maintain nitrification with lower sludge age or
less aeration input when The UltraClear
Nitrification System is in use.
The UltraClear Nitrification System can be used to:
Consistently Meet Nitrification Permit: Some plants, due to inadequate plant design, excessive
hydraulic or organic loading, or other
uncontrollable factors, violate ammonia
discharge limits on a regular basis. When the
plant is typically coming close but not quite
The UltraClear Nitrification System
will most likely bring the plant within
compliance. Ammonia levels that periodically
exceed permit levels can be reduced. Average
ammonia levels can be reduced.
Delay or Avoid Plant Expansion:
In some cases, a facility will consider
expanding in order to consistently meet existing
or pending nitrification limits. Often,
The UltraClear Nitrification System
for ammonia reduction can be used to meet permit
until the expansion is complete. As long as the
sole need is for improved nitrification, and not
for a more difficult situation such as better SS
or BOD removal,
The UltraClear Nitrification System
can potentially save a community the cost of
unnecessary plant expansion.
Recover Rapidly from Upsets: Without The UltraClear Nitrification
System in use, a hydraulic or chemical shock can
cause loss of nitrification that might last for
weeks. With The UltraClear System in use,
recovery occurs as rapidly as possible, often
within a day or two rather than weeks.
Production of Nitrifying Bacteria
The UltraClear Nitrification System for ammonia reduction produces massive numbers of
nitrifying bacteria. With use of the UltraClear
Nitrification System, a treatment plant receives
as many nitrifying bacteria in a single day as
the treatment plant would normally get in 30
days from the raw influent wastewater.
As discussed previously, nitrifying bacteria
have different requirements than heterotrophic
bacteria do. Heterotrophic bacteria consume
soluble organic carbon. And different
heterotrophic bacteria not only grow in water
with plenty of dissolved oxygen (D.O.), but with
low D.O., or even anaerobic conditions (no D.O.).
The conditions in raw wastewater are excellent
for growth of heterotrophic bacteria. There is
an abundant organic food source, varying amounts
of oxygen, and varying lengths of time available
for growth and reproduction (depending on the
residence time of sewage in the sewer pipes).
Many technical specialists will state that 'all
of the bacteria needed for successful biological
wastewater treatment are present in the raw
influent'. However, this is rarely the case with
The conditions required for growth of nitrifying
bacteria are not present in sewer collection
pipes (i.e., the collection system). Nitrifying
bacteria are strictly aerobic, meaning that they
require D.O. for growth and reproduction. The
collection system rarely has significant level
of D.O. Nitrifying bacteria do not grow well in
the presence of high concentrations of soluble
BOD. Of course, the soluble BOD level in the
sewage collection system is quite high.
The concentration of heterotrophic bacteria in
the collection system (raw influent wastewater)
is quite high, generally in the range of 10's of
millions of bacteria per milliliter (ml). These
bacteria are present in the waste that enters
the collection system (in human waste, for
example), plus heterotrophic bacteria grow and
multiply easily in raw influent wastewater.
However, nitrifying bacteria DO NOT grow in the
collection system environment. Plus, nitrifying
bacteria are not among those bacteria that are
typically enter the sewage stream as part of
human waste. Instead, the main source of
nitrifying bacteria is in rain water that enters
the collection system. As strictly aerobic
bacteria, nitrifying bacteria live in the top
few centimeters of top soil. When it rains, some
of the nitrifying bacteria are carried by
rainwater into the sewage system.
The situation in the winter is more adverse.
Again, the nitrifying bacteria live in the top
few centimeters of topsoil. When the soil
freezes, the nitrifying bacteria are
immobilized, and do not enter the sewer system
in sufficient quantities. Cold temperatures
alone inhibit nitrification. But, the lack of
nitrifying bacteria in raw sewage during the
winter conditions makes cold weather
nitrification even more challenging.
Due to many factors, the average concentration
of nitrifying bacteria in raw influent
wastewater is about 10 organisms per ml. Using
this value, it is simple to compare the number
of organisms the number of organisms fed to the
treatment plant by raw influent wastewater
compared to the number fed with the UltraClear
The following calculation is based on a
hypothetical 1 MGD (million gallon per day)
treatment plant. With a concentration of 10
bacteria per ml, the number of nitrifying
bacteria fed to the treatment plant in one day
by the raw influent is 38 billion bacteria per
day (10 nitrifying bacteria/ml times 1,000,000
gallons per day times 3,785 ml/gallon).
The UltraClear Nitrification System is designed to add as many nitrifying bacteria to the
treatment plant as would normally be added in
one month from the raw influent. The UltraClear
Nitrification System is designed to add
nitrifying bacteria at 30 times the rate
contributed by raw influent. The reason is
simple. Many WWTP's do not have an ammonia
permit in the winter period, but have an ammonia
permit restriction in warmer months. Experience
has shown that it takes an average of 30 days to
make the transition from a non-nitrifying mode
into permit-level nitrification. The UltraClear
System offers a solution for speeding-up the
What is Required for Using the UltraClear Nitrification System?
There are three basic parts to
The UltraClear Nitrification System.
First, The UltraClear System Growth Chamber.
Second, a six gallon pail of liquid of
concentrated nitrifying bacteria (UltraClear
Nitrifying Concentrate) and,
Third, dry powder bacteria and nutrients
(Powdered UltraBac) that are introduced to The
UltraClear Growth Chamber on a weekly basis.
See section on
The UltraClear Growth Chamber
for more specific details about the equipment,
installation and operation.
Selecting the Size of the UltraClear System?
Select The UltraClear Nitrification System for
ammonia reduction based on:
1) the flow rate of the WWTP and,
2) the aeration time (retention time) for the
See the following tables to determine the
appropriate UltraClear System:
For 6 to 12 hours retention time:
For 12 to 36 hours retention time:
Initial Set-up Cost for the UltraClear Nitrification System
The set-up cost for using the UltraClear
Nitrification System includes the UltraClear
Growth Chamber and the UltraClear UltraBac
Concentrate. The UltraClear Growth Chamber and
the UltraClear UltraBac Concentrate are common
start-up components for System 1000 through
Weekly Operating Cost for The UltraClear Nitrification System:
The weekly dose of the UltraBac is added to the
UltraClear Growth Chamber every seven days. This
allows the system to continuously operate as
long as this weekly process is repeated.
UltraClear Nitrification System versus 'Ready-To-Pour'?
Which should you use? You need to determine
which solution provides the best value and
benefits. The 'Ready-To-Pour' is not as
economical on a per day comparison, but also
does not require the investment of a start-up
system (i.e., UltraClear Growth Chamber),
set-up, installation cost and ongoing operation.
In addition, it can be used immediately upon
receiving it. Please note that the shelf life of
'Ready-To-Pour' UltraBac Concentrate is one year
after receipt at your facility, so the product
can be kept on hand to deal with nitrification
upsets in an immediate and timely fashion.
Ordering The UltraClear Nitrification System or 'Ready-To-Pour'
Call 800-847-8950 to order. All systems,
components and bacteria are shipped via FedEx
from our facility in Cleveland. Or, send a fax
to 1-866-637-1376 with details.
Where do you add the nitrifying bacteria
produced by the UltraCler System?
The finished product that you draw from The
UltraClear System Growth Chamber every seven
days should be discharged (or poured) to the
secondary treatment. The recommended location is
Single Stage Aeration tank: to the head of the aeration tank.
Multi stage unit:
to the point where nitrification is just
In general, add the finished product to the head
of the aeration tank.
Getting Started with the UltraClear
Go to the section on the
UltraClear Growth Chamber
for additional details about this part of the
system and requirements for utilities, space,
operation and other general issues.
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<urn:uuid:91c7907c-127a-4211-9afb-e607c56e82d5>
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Main Deity - Lord Adinatha.
History - Goa, the smallest state of India in Known for its beaches, places of worship and world heritage architecture, Goa is visited by hundreds of thousands of international and domestic tourists each year. It also has rich flora and fauna, owing to its location on the Western Ghats range, which is classified as a biodiversity hotspot. The state remained as a part of the Portugese overseas teritory for almost 450 years until it was annexed to the Indian Union in 1961 as an union teritory. It was latter elavated as the 25th Indian state on 30th May, 1987.
Traces of Jainism in Goa - Recent Archeological excavations have unearthed evidence of the existence of Jainism in Goa. During the pre-Portuguese period, there were settlements of the Jain trading community in areas like Bandoda, Kudne, Kothambi and Narve, which disappeared during Portuguese rule. There are ruins of three Jain temples belonging to Vijayanagar period. The first Jain Basti of Neminath is from Bandivade of Ponda taluka. The other two Jain temples located in Cudnem and Jainkot area of Narve belong to the Vijayanagar period.
Neminath Jain Basti at Bandivade
- This is situated at Bandivade near Ponda in North Goa District. The temple is dedicated to Lord Neminath, the 22nd Tirthankara. A stone inscription from Nagueshi exhibited in the Museum of Archaeological Survey of India refers to the reconstruction of this Jain Basti during Vijayanagar period in 14th century. The square shaped temple is built of laterite blocks with grilled windows. An arch provided at the entrance indicate the existance of a dome over the structure. Lime mortar is found to have been used extensively in its construction. Ponda, the administrative headquarters of Ponda taluk lies about 28 km south-east of Panaji and 17 km north-east of Margao.
Cudnem Jain Temple - Cudnem is an erstwhile town of the Chalukyan period situated in Bicholim taluk of North Goa District. It is located within 3 km from the Aravalem Caves. An ancient Jain Temple belonging to the Vijayanagar period is an important landmark.
Recent excavations have unearthed a few interesting structures - the temple consists of a Mukhamantapa and a Garbagriha are constructed of laterite on a 2 meter high platform. The 8 X 8.30 meters "Mukha Mandapa" consists of four pillars in the centre and four others on each side wall, it has a gabled roof with tiles. The laterite blocks discovered during the excavations indicate the existence of arches in the Mukka Mandapa. These arches were probably constructed with a laterite floral pendant at the center of the arch. One such floral pendant has been discovered in a recently conducted excavation. The presence of these arches strongly suggest that there was a overlying dome covering the temple. The entrance of garbagriha has an arch. The octagonal "Shikara" of the "Garbagriha" has five tiers. The lower most is half spherical with a rectangular small entrance for the "Garbagriha". A broken stone head of a "Tirathankara" with beautifully sculpted curls was also found near the "Garbagriha". A stone torso of a Jain "Tirathankara" with a "Srivasta" symbol was also unearthed. While desilting a nearby well in the vicinity of the temple, at a depth of 5 meters, the right leg of a Statue was discovered. It appears that the broken head and the leg belonged to the same image. The sculptural structure of the idol indicates that the temple belongs to the Kadamba period. A lot of Lime mortar found during the excavations indicates its use as a binding material. This is the only medieval temple of Goa which has a "Nagara" (Indo-Aryan) architectural features. The high platform and the tall Shikara give a sense of soaring height to the temple. A "Prakara" wall with a base of pillars has also been unearthed. This Jain temple is similar to the Saptakoteshwar temple of Narve and the Chandranath temple of Paroda. It is possible that this temple was the forerunner of these architecturally similar temples.
Narve Jain Temple Ruins - The ruins today called as "Jainkot" are located in the Village of Narve in Bicholim taluk. They lie very near the present Hindu temple of Saptakoteshwar . In front of the Saptakoteshwar temple, there is ancient pathway constructed of locally available laterite slabs which lead to the ruins of Jain temple. These consist of mainly door jams, ceiling canopy and lintels chlorite schist. The Jain temple was built of laterite. Lime mortar has also been noted to have been used extensively here. One of the reference to the temple from an inscription inscription indicates the name of "Suparshwanath" along with the name of the month and day, corresponding to the English calendar date of March 13th, 1151 AD, (period of the Kadambas and King Vijayaditya).
New Jain Structures - The Jain community is Goa is very small with a population of 820 people (as per 2001 census), constitute to about 0.1 percent of the states population. We can find a Digambar Jain Temple and a Jain Sthankawasi Upashraya.
Digambar Jain Temple - The bhoomi pooja for the Digambar Jain temple in Goa was held on the 30th of January, 2005 in the presence of Swasti Sri Lakshmisena Bhattarakha Swamiji of Kolhapur Jain Mutt. The construction of the temple was undertaken in the auspices of the Digambar Jain trust. The Panchakalyana pratishta mahotsava of the temple was conducted in October-November 2008 at Mugali-Davarli near Margao. The Pratishta mahotsava was held under the guidance of Muni Sri 108 Shanthi Samarpansagarji Maharaj and Sri Charukeerthi Bhattarakha Swamiji, the pontiff of the Digambar Jain Mutt, Moodabidri. This has the idol of Lord Adinatha as the main deity.
Jain Sthanakwasi Upashraya - The inauguration of the Jain Bhavan Complex along with the upashraya and other facilites was held on 3rd January, 2001. The ceremonies were conducted under the presence of Guruji Bhavchanraji Swami, Mahasatiji Reshmibai and accompanying Maharajsahebs.
Contact Details - Pajifond Road, Margoa, Goa - 403601. Phone: 0832 2706666.
Goa State Museum - Jaina Exhibits can be found at the Goa state museum.
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<urn:uuid:9ea22230-ffa2-4065-a28a-0d5f4f8e2ac5>
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29 Aug 2008
The Meningitis Trust has issued a warning about the dangers of meningitis as students return to university and college this autumn.
The charity is urging all parents and students who are embarking on the new educational year to be vigilant of the signs and symptoms of meningitis and septicaemia (blood poisoning). Meningitis is an infectious disease that can kill within hours and leave sufferers with severe after-effects including brain damage, deafness, and in cases of septicaemia, even loss of limbs.
The Meningitis Trust produces a life-saving card designed to fit inside your wallet, it displays the signs and symptoms of meningitis. It’s available free of charge – to receive one, people can call the Meningitis Trust’s 24-hour nurse led help line on 1800 523 196.
While children under five are most at risk from meningitis, teenagers and students are the second most at risk group (15 – 23 years). It is estimated that 10% of the population carry the organism which causes meningitis at any one time. This increases to 30% for students who carry the bacteria in the back of their throats. Transmission is via droplets from person to person when coughing, sneezing or through close personal contact such as kissing.
Carole Nealon, General Manager of the Meningitis Trust said, “Shared accommodation arrangements, sitting in close confines and prolonged exposure to bacteria can all unfortunately lead to increased risk of infection. During the winter months we see more cases of meningitis and septicaemia. Worryingly, the symptoms can easily appear like other conditions such as flu so we are asking people to learn the signs and symptoms of meningitis, and to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect the disease.”
For further information please contact:
Carole Nealon, Telephone: 01 276 2050 / 086 824 9720
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Lions are predatory carnivores. They usually hunt in groups, but the actual killing is done by an individual lion. They frequently bring down prey much bigger than they are themselves. Showy males have more difficulty hunting than females because of their conspicuousness, therefore females in a pride do the majority of hunting. Males are still more aggressive during feeding than are females, even though they are less likely to have killed the prey.
African lions eat the most common large ungulates in the area (Thompson's gazelles Eudorcas thomsonii, zebras Equus burchellii, impalas Aepyceros melampus, and wildebeests Connochaetes taurinus). Individual prides tend to have their own eating preferences. Some prides tend to target large prey such as cape buffalo Syncerus caffer and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis. Lions that are not able to capture large prey will eat birds, rodents, fish, ostrich eggs, amphibians and reptiles. Lions also actively scavenge, taking cues from hyenas and vultures.
In Tanzania's Serengeti National Park, local lions subsist on a diet comprized mainly of 7 species: zebras Equus burchellii, wildebeests Connochaetes taurinus, Thompson's gazelles Eudorcas thomsonii, buffalos Syncerus caffer, warthogs Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hartebeests Alcelaphus buselaphus, and topis Damaliscus lunatus provide 90% of their diet.
Hunting effectiveness is increased by hunting in groups. Serengeti research has shown that individual lions succeed in their hunting 17% of the time, whereas group hunts succeed 30% of the time.
Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles; fish; eggs; carrion
Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates)
No one has provided updates yet.
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Now that our local weather has settled into the more routine summer pattern of sunny, hot days, clear, mild nights and the generally southwesterly flow that can bring the occasional higher-terrain thundershower, let’s pause to look at models weather forecasters use to make short and longer-term outlooks.
It might help you understand the unexpected ripples that visit us.
As with any predictive model, accuracy decreases as the forecast period lengthens. It is not hard to understand why a forecast for the next 24 to 48 hours would be inherently more accurate than one looking longer into the future. The atmosphere is wildly dynamic, and its constantly changing parameters of pressure, temperature, humidity and wind — among other factors — make for a shape-shifting, protean target that can prove extremely difficult to hit.
Many of weather models combine a snapshot of current conditions blended with the climatology of the forecast area and the outcomes of similar past scenarios to produce outlooks forecasters can hone for a specific location and time.
The likelihood of certain events occurring is normally quoted in a percentage probability — thus allowing the forecaster, much like any savvy politician of the day, some waffling and wiggle room in which a sudden about face can be performed if what is happening outside the weather office is embarrassingly at odds with what was predicted.
In the case of Walla Walla, the Blue Mountains add another factor that can seriously complicate what might ordinarily be a fairly straightforward forecast.
An excellent example of this occurred last winter during a capricious, protracted ice and snow storm that gave folks fits at the National Weather Service office in Pendleton. Subtle changes in temperature resulting from shifting winds over the mountains necessitated multiple forecast revisions in both precipitation type and amounts every couple of hours.
More recently, the severe thunderstorms that caused damage west of Walla Walla were a forecast challenge because their trajectory and intensity were greatly influenced by their interaction with our local topography.
There are dozens of weather models forecasters can choose, and much like a baseball manager who will keep a blazing hitter in the lineup until his streak cools, weather people will ride a hot model until others begin to outperform it.
Common models of reference are the European (ECMWF); Global Forecast System (GFS); United Kingdom, Canadian, North American (NAM); and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF). The first two are used the most for short-term forecasting. There is also an extended 16-day GFS model that can be very helpful for planning agricultural operations — though the last six to eight days of that period are notorious for frequently being less than 100 percent accurate.
For truly long-range monthly and seasonal outlooks — a full year or more out! — folks at the Climate Prediction Center in Camp Springs, Md., whip up a monthly suite of forecasts on the third Thursday each month, when they are not using the supercomputer to track Washington Nationals baseball stats. They are certainly worth a look but, again, the more proximate the time frame, the higher the accuracy.
I wouldn’t recommend them to tell you if the caterer will need a tarp to protect the gefilte fish and chopped liver platters at your son’s backyard Bar Miztvah reception next May 19, or if your daughter’s $15,000 floral arrangement and 150 guests will suddenly have to be moved into your garage on her June 2013 garden wedding date.
But they can indicate trends corresponding to big climatic players like El Niño or La Niña, which can profoundly affect our weather for months in occasionally unpleasant ways, as was the case with our infamous “summer that never was” in 2011.
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Keeping children in school in North of Cameroon
Yaounde, Cameroon, 10 July 2009-Yvonne Nissole became pregnant when she was in fifth grade in 2007 while attending a primary school in Garoua in northern region of Cameroon.
Within 7 months after her pregnancy, She was discovered by the school headmaster and then dropped out of school that same year.
With the assistance from the Association of Mothers of Pupils in her school, arrangements were made with the school headmaster and her parents so Yvone could return to school after giving birth to her baby.
Upon giving birth, she did return in 2008 to continue. This year she will graduate from the primary school and enter secondary school
While Yvonne’s story has a good ending, this is not the case for all Children in the Cameroon.
School drop out is a big problem in the country as some parents do not allow their children to complete the primary school.
Significant disparities exist particularly in the three northern regions in regard to access to education or full completion of education cycle.
National primary school enrolment rate in 2006 was 80%, with 49% in the Far-North, 55% in the North and 60% in the Adamawa regions (all 3 regions located in North of Cameroon)
Fewer parents send their children to school in the North. Most prefer them to take care of sheep and goats, or sell things in the streets in order to bring some income home.
In addition, early marriage for girls has been a common practice among the northern communities.
Partenering to keep girls children at school
UNICEF with government partners and NGO are actively prompting girls’ Education, through a massive and ongoing campaign in northern Cameroon and the rest of the country.
Activities include advocacy meetings with traditional, administrative and religious leaders and influential personalities in the northern regions; raising awareness through rural and community radio stations, development and dissemination of advocacy material such as posters such as “10 good reasons for the education of the girl child”; strengthening the Mother Pupil Associations for the promotion of girl’s education.
UNICEF and partners are also partnering with a private telecommunication company, MTN, for distribution of key messages.
Following the outreach activities with the communities, The 2007/2008 school year witnessed an increase in enrolment with a national rate of 89.9% and particularly the figures in the North were 51.5% in the Far-North, 60.5% for the North and 62.8% for Adamawa regions respectively.
As Yvone clearly puts it, “going to school will improve a lot of things in my life and give me a better future; I hope the same for all the children in Cameroon.”
By John Nkuo
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Vital Signs: Overview and Effect of Aging Changes
National Library of Medicine
Vital signs show an individual is alive. They include heart beat, breathing rate, temperature, and blood pressure. These signs may be watched, measured, and monitored to check an individual’s level of physical functioning. Normal vital signs change with age, sex, weight, exercise tolerance, and condition.
Normal ranges for the average healthy adult vital signs are:
Temperature: 97.8 – 99.1 degrees Fahrenheit / average 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
Breathing: 12 – 18 breaths per minute
Pulse: 60 – 80 beats per minute (at rest)
- Systolic: less than 120 mm of mercury (mm Hg)
- Diastolic: less than 80 mm Hg
Normal body temperature does not change significantly with aging. Temperature regulation, however, is more difficult.
Because of changes in the heart, the resting heart rate may become slightly slower. It takes longer for the pulse to speed up when exercising, and longer to slow back down after exercise. The maximum heart rate reached with exercise is lowered.
Blood vessels become less elastic. The average blood pressure increases from 120/70 mm Hg to about 150/90 mm Hg and may remain slightly high even if treated. The blood vessels also respond more slowly to a change in body position.
Although lung function decreases slightly, changes are usually only in the reserve function. The rate of breathing usually does not change.
Effect of Changes
Loss of subcutaneous fat makes it harder to maintain body heat. Many older people find that they need to wear layers of clothing in order to feel warm. Likewise, skin changes include the reduced ability to sweat. Therefore, older people find it more difficult to tell when they are becoming overheated.
There may be decreased tolerance to exercise. Some elderly people have a reduced response to decreased oxygen or increased carbon dioxide levels (the rate and depth of breathing does not increase as it should).
Many older people find that they become dizzy if they stand up too suddenly. This is caused by a drop in blood pressure when they stand called orthostatic hypotension.
Medications that are used to treat common disorders in the elderly may also have a profound effect on the vital signs.
For example, digitalis (used for heart failure) and certain blood pressure medications called beta blockers may cause the pulse to slow. Pain medications can slow breathing. Diuretics can cause low blood pressure and aggravate orthostatic hypotension (a drop in blood pressure when changing body position).
Older people are at greater risk for overheating (hyperthermia or heat stroke). They are also at risk for dangerous drops in body temperature (hypothermia).
Fever is an important sign of illness in the elderly. Many times, fever is the only symptom for several days. Any fever that is not explained by a known illness should be investigated by a health care provider.
Often, older people are unable to create a higher temperature with infection so very low temperatures and checking the other vital signs plays an important role in following these people for signs of infection.
Heart rate and rhythm problems are fairly common in the elderly. Excessively slow pulse (bradycardia) and arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation are common.
High blood pressure (hypertension) and a drop in blood pressure when changing body position (orthostatic hypotension) are common blood pressure problems. High blood pressure should always be discussed with your health care provider.
Breathing problems are seldom normal. Although exercise tolerance may decrease slightly, even a very elderly person should be able to breathe without effort under usual circumstances.
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I assume you're asking about molecular breast imaging (MBI), a system that is being studied for cancer detection in high-risk women with dense breasts. In studies so far, MBI has found more tumors than showed up on mammograms, which aren't very good at spotting cancer in dense breast tissue. The new system uses a radioactive "tracer" given intravenously. The radiation is absorbed more readily by abnormal cells than by normal ones and lends a "glow" to these cells that can be seen with special equipment.
A Mayo Clinic engineer who has been working on MBI has reported on a study that compared it with mammograms. Both systems were tested on 940 women who have dense breasts (as do about one-quarter of all women 40 and older) and were considered at high risk of cancer. All told, 13 cases of breast cancer were found. MBI detected eight of them, one showed up on a mammogram and two were seen by both methods. Two other cases were missed entirely and turned up on later exams.
Now researchers are looking at how MBI stacks up against MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) for breast cancer detection. MRI is better than mammograms at finding cancer in dense breasts, but yields many false positives (mistaken indications of cancer when none is present) that lead to unnecessary biopsies. The false positive rate for mammograms is about nine percent and the false positive rate for MRI is even higher. The false positive rate for MBI, so far, is seven percent.
Another concern about MBI is the fact that it uses eight to 10 times the amount of radiation women get with mammograms, although I've read that engineers are working to lower that dose.
MBI will probably be less expensive than MRIs but more expensive than mammograms. The word is that MBI costs may be under $500 compared to more than $1,000 for MRIs. Right now, however, MBI is only being used experimentally in studies to see how it stacks up against the other methods of detecting breast cancer.
Andrew Weil, M.D.
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Memory management is the task of managing the computer memory. With many users running many different processes, there is a great potential for problems concerning memory allocation and the protection of users from accesses to memory and peripherals that are currently being used by other users of the system. This is especially true when software is being tested which may attempt to access memory that does not exist or is already being used. To solve this sort of problem, Linux depends on a memory management unit (MMU) — hardware which divides all the memory and peripherals into sections which are marked as read only, read or write, operating system accesses only, and so on. If a program tries to write to a read only section, an error occurs which the kernel can handle. In addition, the Memory management unit can translate the memory addresses given by the processor to a different address in memory.
The operating system also controls how the memory is accessed and maximizes available storage and memory. Newer operating systems typically manage memory better than older operating systems. The memory-management feature of many operating systems allows the computer to execute program instructions effectively and to speed processing. One way to increase the performance of an old computer is to upgrade to a newer operating system and increase the amount of memory. Most of the operating systems support virtual memory, which allocates space on the hard disk to the supplement the instant, functional memory capacity of the RAM. Virtual memory works by swapping programs or parts of programs between memory and one or more disk devices—a concept called paging. This reduces CPU idle time and increases the mini her of jobs that can run in a given lime span.
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May 7th in history:
The British ocean liner Lusitania was torpedoed by a German submarine on May 7th, 1915. Nearly twelve hundred people aboard the ship died, including 128 Americans. The sinking is considered to be a major factor which led the U.S. into World War I, two years later.
On this date in 1960, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev announced that American pilot Francis Gary Powers had been captured. Powers was flying a U-2 spy plane over the USSR when he was shot down on May 1st.
One of the scientists who developed the optics used on the U-2 was Edwin Land, inventor of the Polaroid camera. Land was born May 7th, 1909.
April 26th in history:
On April 26th, 1986, a reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Soviet Union exploded during a test. Until an earthquake triggered an accident at a Japanese nuclear plant in 2011, the Chernobyl blast generally was considered the worst accident ever at a nuclear power plant.
A wartime bombing raid occurred on this date in 1937, when German planes attacked the Spanish town of Guernica, killing about one thousand people. The attack was immortalized in a mural by Pablo Picasso.
The German secret police force called the “Gestapo” was founded on April 26th, 1933. April 26th was also the birthday of Hitler aide Rudolf Hess (1894).
April 24th in history:
The first fatal accident during a space mission happened on this date in 1967. Soyuz 1, the Soviet Union’s first manned space flight in two years, crashed upon landing after two days in orbit. The crash killed the lone crew member, Vladimir Komarov, who was on his second space mission. The capsule’s parachute apparently failed to open properly.
The Hubble Space Telescope was launched successfully on this date in 1990, aboard the space shuttle Discovery.
New Yorkers could get high in the sky without leaving the ground on April 24th, 1913, on the day that the Woolworth Building opened in Manhattan. You could see a long distance from the top of the skyscraper, which was 792 feet tall…the tallest building in the U.S. for nearly 20 years, until the Empire State Building was constructed.
The movie musical “On a Clear Day You Can See Forever” starred Oscar-winner Barbra Streisand, who was born on April 24th, 1942. Streisand’s character in the movie believes she has been reincarnated. Another winner of the Best Actress Oscar, Shirley MacLaine, is a real-life believer in reincarnation. MacLaine, also a star of screen musicals such as “Can-Can” and “Sweet Charity,” came into the world as Shirley Beaty on this date in 1934.
April 12th in history:
A man moved around the Earth in a space capsule for the first time on April 12th, 1961, when cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was launched into orbit.
Two accidents involving Soviet submarines have happened on April 12th. In 1970, the submarine K-8 sank while being towed in the North Atlantic after a fire. Fifty-two men died when the sub went down with nuclear torpedoes aboard. On April 12th of 1963, the nuclear sub K-33 collided with a Finnish merchant ship. The accident was kept a secret for 44 years.
“The Hunt for Red October,” partly set aboard a Soviet sub, was the first successful novel by author Tom Clancy, born on this date in 1947.
When the movie version of “Red October” was released in 1990, two of the more popular comedies on TV were shows that featured actors born on April 12th. Dan Lauria (born 1947) played Jack Arnold, Kevin’s dad on “The Wonder Years,” and Ed O’Neill (1946) starred as shoe salesman Al Bundy on “Married…with Children.”
March 15th in history:
Beware March 15th, the Ides of March — the day in 44 B.C. when emperor Julius Caesar was stabbed to death by several members of the Roman Senate.
The Russian title “Czar,” meaning an emperor, is thought to be related to the name Caesar. Czar Nicholas the 2nd of Russia abdicated on March 15th, 1917. His brother then became the czar.
Russia was part of the Soviet Union for decades after the monarchy fell. On March 15th, 1990, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev officially took the title of “president” of the USSR. He was the last Soviet president, when the Union disbanded the following year.
A band called the Ides of March was climbing up the record charts on this day in 1970 with its biggest hit, “Vehicle.” At the same time, the song “Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Again)” by Sly and the Family Stone was headed down the charts after hitting number 1 in February. The band’s leader, Sly Stone, was born on March 15th (year in dispute, 1943 or 1944).
March 5th in history:
Two famous show-business deaths on March 5th: John Belushi and Patsy Cline, who were both in their early 30s when they died. Comedian Belushi was found dead of a drug overdose on this day in 1982. Cline and other country singers were killed in a 1963 plane crash in Tennessee.
John Belushi once played an alien named Kuldorth in a “Coneheads” sketch on “Saturday Night Live.” On the day Belushi died in ’82, a Soviet spacecraft called Venera 14 landed on the surface of Venus, surviving the heat and atmospheric pressure of the planet for nearly an hour to take photographs.
A milestone in flight on March 5th, 1912: It was the first time that a dirigible, or zeppelin, was used for military purposes, when Italy sent a dirigible behind Turkish lines on a spy mission.
Led Zeppelin performed “Stairway to Heaven” for the first time in public in Belfast, Northern Ireland, on March 5th, 1971. The band’s bassist, John Paul Jones, says audience members were bored by the song because they had never heard it before.
February 7th in history:
On February 7th, 1962, the U.S. began an economic embargo on Cuba, which remains in effect today. The embargo came in response to Cuba’s allegiance with the Soviet Union in the Cold War.
The Soviet government made a major policy change on February 7th, 1990, when the Communist party gave up its monopoly on power in the nation. Less than two years later, the Soviet Union would be disbanded.
And the band which eventually recorded “Back in the USSR” made its first official visit to the USA in 1964. The Beatles arrived at JFK Airport in New York on February 7th for their first American tour, including appearances three weeks in a row on “The Ed Sullivan Show.”
January 27th in history:
The three astronauts who were scheduled to fly on the first Apollo mission died in a launchpad fire on January 27th, 1967, less than a month before the planned mission. Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee were unable to escape from the Apollo capsule after a flash fire broke out during an equipment test. A pure oxygen atmosphere inside the capsule was blamed for helping the fire spread quickly.
The fire happened the same day in 1967 that an Outer Space Treaty was signed by the U.S., the Soviet Union, and Great Britain. Dozens of other countries have signed it since then. The treaty bans countries from putting weapons of mass destruction into Earth orbit, and from using the moon for military purposes.
The Vietnam War officially ended on January 27th, 1973, when Vietnam and the U.S. signed the Paris Peace Accords. The treaties were signed one week into President Nixon’s second term, and five years after the Paris peace talks began.
The grave of Doors lead singer Jim Morrison has become a popular tourist attraction in Paris. Morrison’s career only lasted four years after the release of the first album by the Doors on January 27th, 1967.
The first Doors album featured the hit “Light My Fire.” On this date in 1984, singer Michael Jackson’s hair caught on fire as a result of pyrotechnics used while he was filming a TV commercial for Pepsi.
October 25 in history:
The United Nations traded in old China for new on October 25th, 1971…when Taiwan (Nationalist China) was expelled and Communist China was admitted as a member. The U.S. ambassador to the U.N., George Bush, walked out in protest. Bush later served as an unofficial ambassador to China before being elected vice-president and president of the U.S.
Another dramatic moment at the U.N. occurred on this date in 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The U.S. ambassador in ’62, Adlai Stevenson, presented evidence to the Security Council that the Soviets had missiles in Cuba. When the Soviet ambassador did not respond to the charge right away, Stevenson said he was prepared to wait for an answer “until hell freezes over.”
A “primrose path to Hell” is how Archbishop Francis Beckman of Dubuque described swing music in a speech to the National Council of Catholic Women on October 25th, 1938. Beckman made that speech on his 63rd birthday.
Wonder what the archbishop would have thought of rock and roll music. October 25th, 1977 was the day of Lynyrd Skynyrd singer Ronnie Van Zant’s funeral. Van Zant was one of six people killed in the crash of the band’s plane in Mississippi. The new Lynyrd Skynyrd album “Street Survivors” was in stores at the time, and coincidentally showed band members surrounded by flames. Released that same week…Meat Loaf’s album “Bat Out of Hell,” which included not only the title track, but also “Heaven Can Wait” and “Paradise by the Dashboard Light.”
October 22 in history:
On October 22nd, 1962, President John F. Kennedy made a televised speech publicly revealing the existence of Soviet missiles in Cuba. In the speech, Kennedy announced a quarantine on ships that might be carrying offensive weapons to Cuba.
By coincidence, Kennedy’s address fell on the same night that JFK impersonator Vaughn Meader was recording a comedy album about the president, to be called “The First Family.” Meader later said that the actors knew about the speech before the recording session, but the studio audience did not. He thought the audience members would not have laughed as much, if they had been aware of the missile crisis.
Appearing on TV that October night in ’62, besides the president, was the game show “I’ve Got a Secret,” created by song-parody writer Allan Sherman, best known for “Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh.” His record “My Son, the Folk Singer” lost the Grammy for album of the year in 1963 to “The First Family.”
Marc Shaiman is famous for writing parodies and other songs for award-show hosts such as Billy Crystal and Neil Patrick Harris. And Shaiman won a Grammy and a Tony for his songs from the musical “Hairspray.” He was born October 22nd, 1959.
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