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<urn:uuid:9cb87d8c-b5e9-4b53-9cd1-710dcff6317b>
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How Can Public Gardens Create Indispensable Community Relationships?
In a project funded by a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), APGA and several garden leaders partnered with Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) to document and analyze nine gardens' contributions to their communities.
The result is a blueprint for successful relationships that outlines the common factors of success and examines the challenges that gardens face when forging successful, durable ties with their communities. With the goal of helping all public gardens dramatically expand their contributions to society, investigators explored the successful ways these nine public gardens of varying geographic location and size have partnered with community organizations. The resulting document contains information on a variety of community collaborations. Additionally, the barriers and pitfalls arising from such partnerships have also been detailed.
This study addressed a critical gap in published research. It is a valuable tool to use with both staff and board members of public gardens who desire to collaborate more meaningfully in the community. It is a process model for public gardens that illustrates the components of successful sustainable community programming and development.
Who is Ms.Smarty-Plants™? How can a garden partner with a prison?
Get answers to these questions and much more!
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<urn:uuid:eedf543a-2d3f-427a-b9cc-ceef67d2d526>
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Skip to Main Content
For many applications in signal processing and control it is crucial that estimates of the state vector in a dynamic system can be obtained in real time. This poses the problem of producing algorithms that are fast enough to enable online execution. In this article, it is investigated how two of the most popular and powerful state estimation algorithms, the Kalman filter and the particle filter, can be efficiently implemented in parallel on a multicore architecture. The proposed parallel implementations are analyzed in terms of hardware requirements, such as memory bandwidth and available cache memory, to provide the desired speedup. The algorithms are exemplified by and evaluated in an adaptive filtering and a bearings-only tracking application. In the cases when original algorithms have been modified for parallelization, the accuracy of the estimates obtained is evaluated in comparison with that of the sequential algorithm. It is found that linear speedup, in the number of cores used, can indeed be achieved without loss of accuracy, for both state estimation algorithms.
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Good News for Fraser River Chum Salmon
Posted on October 24th 2012, by Rodney Hsu, webmaster
The Fraser River chum salmon populations, like most chum salmon runs across coastal BC, have suffered low returns in recent years. In 2009 and 2010, the run did not meet the escapement requirement (800,000 fish) while last year's return was late and managed to reach just above one million fish.
Unlike previous years, 2012's run has been exceptionally good to date. Based on test fisheries in Johnstone Strait and Albion in the Fraser River, Fisheries and Oceans Canada estimates the run to be around 2.1 million fish this week. Final return number can be as high as between 3 and 3.5 million fish. The run has peaked on October 14th, so it has already tapered off with less fish entering the Fraser River mouth each day. In all Lower Fraser tributaries, you do not have to look too hard to find schools of chum salmon digging reeds and spawning.
The health of chum salmon return numbers have widespread impacts on BC coastal river's ecosystem. Eggs laid by these large salmon serve as an important food source for a variety of resident fish species such as trout and char. Prior to spawning, they are eaten by bears and other large predators which need to fatten up for the winter months. Once spawned, their carcasses become fertilizers for the river and surrounding forests. Nutrient given back to the stream ensures the health of their offsprings when they hatch in the following spring. The populations of bald eagle are closely related to the return of these salmon, as we saw in past three years when these birds simply ran out of food to eat at some systems.
Due to this year's good returns, retention opportunities have been available in the Fraser River and most of its tributaries' terminal fisheries. If you are unsure what the daily quota is at a particular system where you are fishing, then you should read the Region 2 daily quota table of the freshwater salmon fishing supplement.
There are also commercial openings and economic opportunities for First Nations. Commercial openings take place in Johnstone Strait and downstream from Port Mann Bridge in the tidal portion of the Fraser River. Economic opportunities for First Nations are fisheries which take place in the Fraser River from Steveston to the Agassiz. Along the non-tidal portion of the Fraser River, between Chilliwack and Agassiz, you will see First Nations' fishers using beach seine school of salmon. These are harvests specifically for chum salmon so all non-target species including chinook, sockeye, coho (both wild and hatchery marked), sturgeon are required to be released. To find out where and when the current commercial and First Nations openings are taking place, please check the fishery notices issued by Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
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<urn:uuid:5ee84b3f-1661-4bfc-9a50-5e0df12ac3d9>
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Marilyn Monroe sang "Happy Birthday" to him when he turned 45. Andy Warhol memorialized him in bright, silk-screened prints. Cultural critics around the world praised his administration for the artists and musicians it welcomed. These are small moments, tokens, of the cultural legacy President John F. Kennedy forged. Though Kennedy himself was ambivalent at best when it came to the arts, he and those close to him realized that his cultural image was crucial to his legacy."If you look at all the presidents since World War II in terms of pop culture, there's really no rival to John F. Kennedy," says political scientist Larry Sabato, author of the "The Kennedy Half Century."[READ MORE:
JFK: 50 Years Later
]Kennedy's youth (at 43, he was the youngest president to be elected), his apparent vigor and his beautiful family helped cultivate that image. His political rise came with growing ubiquity of television, and it was medium that suited the handsome, tanned New Englander. But Kennedy's pop culture legacy was about more than just being lucky enough to look and sound good on TV."The way the Kennedys looked capture everyone's imagination. It was not only the way they looked, but it was their style," says Sally Bedell Smith, author of "Grace and Power: The Private World of the Kennedy White House."Even before he started his political career, Kennedy looked to emulate the star power of Hollywood celebrities. For two months in 1946 – after he returned from World War II and before he fully jumped into politics – he lived in Hollywood, rooming with actor Robert Stack. While there, he hung out with some of the biggest film stars of the time, including Gary Cooper, Spencer Tracy and Clark Gable."He was very interested in what made these men not just actors, but movie stars," says Scott Farris, author of "Kennedy and Reagan: Why Their Legacies Endure." "He was a student. He was trying to understand how people developed this kind of attraction to the broader public."Kennedy's ability to do so served him well as he climbed the political ladder. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1952, and the glamour of Hollywood was something he and his team sought to promote once he was elected president in 1960. "This administration is going to do for sex what the previous one did for golf," Kennedy speech writer Theodore Sorensen bragged after the election.It was also an image the media was ready to perpetuate, with Norman Mailer's 1960 Democratic Convention dispatch being a prime example:
[N]o one had too much doubt that Kennedy would be nominated, but if elected he would be not only the youngest President ever to be chosen by voters, he would be the most conventionally attractive young man ever to sit in the White House, and his wife -- some would claim it -- might be the most beautiful First Lady in our history. Of necessity the myth would emerge once more, because America's politics would now be also America's favorite movie, America's first soap opera, America's best-seller.Kennedy's inauguration was a star-studded affair organized by none other than Frank Sinatra. It featured a number of well-known performers, many of them African Americans like Sidney Poitier, Harry Belafonte and Ella Fitzgerald, making the gala a modern, multiracial event."They really were self-consciously trying to set a new image for change of generational change, of being hip," Farris says.Once in the White House, special assistant and "court historian" Arthur Schlesinger Jr. sought to make arts and culture a priority. A February 1961 memo from Schlesinger encouraged Kennedy to welcome leading writers and scholars into the White House, to bolster his reputation both domestically and abroad, where American culture was dismissed as "materialistic" and "vulgar," as Schlesinger put it. By 1962 the administration had brought on August Heckscher II as the President's Special Consultant on the Arts, the first White House cultural advisor.
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<urn:uuid:4f4d9310-97ae-493a-a48c-a3fbf6aefa05>
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Learning Style: Linguistic
Linguistic gifts are all about words and how we communicate. We put them to work whenever we speak, read, write, or listen. In the classroom, kids must draw on their linguistic talents all the time. For those who aren't strong in this area, schoolwork can be a struggle.
|Your Child's Special Gifts|
|Logical - Mathematical||No Answer|
|Bodily - Kinesthetic||No Answer|
|Save Scores Clear Scores|
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<urn:uuid:6c05781c-b54b-40c2-a31d-34a53f8ebebc>
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Sakasai Ferry, No. 67 from One Hundred Famous Views of Edo
The birds that dominate this scene in the swampy delta area around the village of Sakasai east of Edo have been accorded special attention, with their wing patterns executed in delicate karazuri embossing. Judging from the bushy crests and yellow bills, the birds are Chinese egrets—a species only rarely seen in the summer in Japan. Far more common was the little egret, with no crest and a black bill. The artist naturally preferred the more decorative species, whether it was to be found in the place or not.
- Artist: Utagawa Hiroshige (Ando), Japanese, 1797-1858
- Medium: Woodblock print
- Place Made: Japan
- Dates: 2nd month of 1857
- Period: Edo Period, Ansei Era
- Dimensions: Image: 13 1/2 x 9 in. (34.3 x 22.9 cm) Sheet: 14 1/4 x 9 5/16 in. (36.2 x 23.7 cm) (show scale)
- Markings: No publisher's seal visible, probably lost when left margin was trimmed. Date and censor seals at top margin.
- Signature: Hiroshige-ga
- Collections:Asian Art
- Museum Location: This item is not on view
- Accession Number: 30.1478.67
- Credit Line: Gift of Anna Ferris
- Rights Statement: No known copyright restrictions
- Caption: Utagawa Hiroshige (Ando) (Japanese, 1797-1858). Sakasai Ferry, No. 67 from One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 2nd month of 1857. Woodblock print, Image: 13 1/2 x 9 in. (34.3 x 22.9 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Anna Ferris, 30.1478.67
- Catalogue Description: The center of attraction here are the Chinese egrets, with their bushy crests and yellow bills, that are shown inhabiting the Nakagawa River. In the distance is a lone cargo boatman and two ferries passing each other near the landing. The Sakasai ferry was named after the neighboring village on the far side and was replaced by a Sakasai Bridge in 1879, the first bridge built across the Nakagawa. The Chinese egrets, shown here, were rarely seen in the summer in Japan and today egrets of any type are rare in this densely settled part of Tokyo.
- Record Completeness: Best (88%)
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<urn:uuid:12440c01-80ff-4c71-becd-b153a08edd69>
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Ozone hole smaller in 2009 than 2008: WMO
Geneva (AFP) Sept 16, 2009
The World Meteorological Organisation said Wednesday that the ozone hole is expected to be smaller in 2009 than a year ago.
"The meteorological conditions observed so far could indicate that the 2009 ozone hole will be smaller than those of 2006 and 2008 and close to that of 2007," said the UN agency in a statement.
The hole in the layer over the Antarctic was discovered in the 1980s. It regularly tends to form in August, reaching a maximum size late September or early October before it fills again in December.
The size is dependent on weather conditions.
This year, the hole began forming "earlier than before," said WMO's expert on the ozone Geir Braathen.
On September 16, it stood at 24 million square kilometers, he said.
In 2008, the maximum reached was 27 million square km while in 2007, the maximum was 25 million square km.
Experts have warned that the damage to the ozone layer, which shields the Earth from harmful ultra-violet rays, is so bad that it will only attain full recovery in 2075.
Ozone provides a natural protective filter against harmful ultra-violet rays from the sun, which can cause sunburn, cataracts and skin cancer as well as damage vegetation.
Its depletion is caused by extreme cold at high altitude and a particular type of pollution, from chemicals often used in refrigeration, some plastic foams, or aerosol sprays, which have accumulated in the atmosphere.
Most of these chemicals, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), are being phased out under the 1987 Montreal Protocol, but they linger in the atmosphere for many years.
Share This Article With Planet Earth
All about the Ozone Layer
Paris (AFP) Sept 6, 2009
Climate change will disrupt Earth's precious ozone layer, boosting ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the deep southern hemisphere and reducing UV in far northern latitudes, a study warned on Sunday. By century's end, UV levels in Antarctica could rise by up to 20 percent at seasonal peaks while average exposure in northern Scandinavia, Siberia and northern Canada could fall by almost a tenth. ... read more
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2009 - SpaceDaily. AFP and UPI Wire Stories are copyright Agence France-Presse and United Press International. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by SpaceDaily on any Web page published or hosted by SpaceDaily. Privacy Statement|
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<urn:uuid:4bb1224f-3dc9-41b3-b0b9-c92cfee4ad12>
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A Christmas Carol
No story evokes the magic of a Victorian Christmas better than ‘A Christmas Carol’. Probably the best-known of Charles Dickens’ works, this well-loved tale with money and coins as a central theme carries the joyous message that Christmas is a time for giving and thinking of others.
As we celebrate the 200th Anniversary of Dickens’ birth in 2012, his famous story has never been more popular. ‘A Christmas Carol’ has been translated into dozens of different languages, adapted for stage and screen, and turned into an opera, ballet and Broadway musical.
Bah humbug! The central character Ebenezer Scrooge has entered our culture as a symbol of meanness. In the opening scene of the Disney 3-D film, Scrooge leans into a coffin and pockets the coins covering the eyes of the corpse, muttering, ‘Tuppence is Tuppence’.
Shunned by his family and friends and despised by his business associates, ‘A Christmas Carol’ tells how Scrooge the miser mends his ways when he is confronted by the ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present and Christmas Yet to Come.
Humbled, he discovers that generosity can lead to happiness. He buys a goose and sends it anonymously to the impoverished Cratchit family, home of Scrooge’s loyal yet woefully underpaid clerk. It brings great joy to the whole family, especially their son, the cheerful, yet desperately ill, Tiny Tim, whose words ‘God Bless You One and All’ ends the novel.
The continued popularity of ‘A Christmas Carol’ all over the world is in part due Scrooge’s transformation and the uplifting reminder that giving to others brings so much pleasure.
It’s not surprising that coins and money are recurring themes in many of Charles Dickens’ works, as he knew both wealth and poverty during his colourful life.
Born on Friday 7 February 1812, his childhood was cut short at the age of twelve when his father was imprisoned for debt. Charles was sent to work at Warrens Blacking Factory, near to what is now Charing Cross Station. A natural observer as a child, Dickens worked as a journalist before becoming a novelist.
These vivid experiences of poverty and suffering fuelled his literary ambitions and inspired him to depict authentic characters from working-class backgrounds.
When he achieved fame and fortune, Charles Dickens shrewdly built his reputation, much as publicity-seeking celebrities do today. He travelled extensively and toured America, reading from his books and nurturing the loyalty of his readers.
When he did his first public reading to an audience of two thousand people in Covent Garden, the text he chose was from ‘A Christmas Carol’.
Charles Dickens coined the phrase ‘the inimitable’ to describe himself and indeed, no other novelist in the English language has ever matched his energy, ambition and fame or left us with such a host of memorable characters.
Dickens £2 coin
To mark the 200th anniversary of Dickens’ birth in February 2012, The Royal Mint is issuing a Dickens £2 commemorative coin, celebrating the life and work of this great man of words.
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<urn:uuid:71743ab4-3028-442b-8944-c959f1eea63e>
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Laundry chlorine bleach is a 5.25% solution of sodium hypochloride in water. It is quite powerful and must be diluted with additional water to safely use on bleachable fabrics. While a dry form is available, the liquid version is the most common for home use.
When chlorine bleach is used in washing laundry, the chemical ingredient oxidizes helping to remove soil and organic matter. It acts as a disinfectant on bacteria and viruses and generally whitens fabrics by removing dyes caused by stains or general soil. Care should be taken to use chlorine bleach properly.
Specific questions? Just ask here.
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<urn:uuid:d6b9bd5b-14e4-450f-b96d-f70c659c9c58>
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Urban Planning People and Events
The Field of URBAN PLANNING
The study of Urban Planning focuses on human settlements at all scales—from rural to urban to suburban—for the purpose of helping communities explore and secure their best possible future. It looks at land use policies and designs for making places sustainable, including strategies that protect or restore the environment, policies that will revitalize downtowns, and measures that will ensure a sense of belonging and economic opportunity for all community members.
The planning major--within the Department of Geography and Planning--at Grand Valley State University provides: a foundation in the the history of planning and important ideas and people who have made the most important contributions to planning in the U.S. planning including Jane Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, William H. Whyte and Ian McHarg; an introduction to zoning, comprehensive planning and land use law; study in planning specialites of transportation planning and environmental planning; and, as always in our department, an opportunity to master the skills of computer mapping and GIS anaysls (Geography Information Systems).
"Urban" planning studies rural areas and suburban communities as well as cities. Above from the left: Agricultural landscape in Ottawa County, Mi., the City of Coopersviile, Mi., and a building in Grand Rapids.
The Profession of URBAN PLANNING
Those who become municipal planners can have a profound effect by helping to shape public policy, creating new designs for local spaces, and educating the public. They are often facilitators at public meetings—assisting townspeople in formulating their own plans.
Above: GVSU students Paul Bussey (class of 2013) and Lauren Daniels attend a community "Building Blocks" workshop, considering opitons for the South Arena District in Downtown Grand Rapids. The planning consultant at their table is GVSU Geography and Planning alumnus Andy Moore.
Studying Planning at GVSU
AT Grand Valley State University, students may focus on Urban Planning in three ways:
A MAJOR in Geography and Planning, with a planning concentration;
A MINOR in Urban Planning
Page last modified February 26, 2014
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Each year, in early May, a pilot and a researcher fly low, long hours over the Oregon coast range, sweeping back and forth in transects two miles apart. Below the small aircraft, a rugged, uneven carpet of mature and regenerating forest unrolls: a landscape scarred by logging, but still dominated by Douglas fir. They're in search of discoloration — tracks of spindly, jaundiced fir that signal the presence of a fungal disease, Swiss needle cast, beleaguering the species.
Seldom deadly, the pathogen (Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii) simply slows a Doug fir's growth, causing it to shed needles. But as they sift one by one to the forest floor, those needles presage a potential shift in the composition and carbon sequestration capacity of the Northwest ecosystem, and in the ability of clear-cuts to recover. A slow-growing tree may struggle to hold its ground against other species like western hemlock, and, of course, will convert less CO2 into woody mass — a significant consideration as carbon emissions climb, and biomass is explored as an energy source in the Northwest.
Recently, tree core samples examined by Oregon State University scientists showed the extent to which Swiss needle cast impairs Doug fir, adding to our understanding of the epidemic affecting roughly 300,000 acres along coastal Oregon (click here for an abstract). In one study plot near Tillamook, the lateral growth of diseased trees slowed 80 percent, and their overall growth by 23-50 percent. A more average lateral growth decrease for an infected fir is 20-30 percent. In the light-and-dark ring sequence of years, the disease's arrival is obvious and abrupt. Dendrochronology — the study of tree rings — has been used to monitor tree diseases in the past, especially infestations of insects, but apparently this is one of the first times it's helped assess the impact of a foliar blight.
Monocultures of Doug fir planted in the wake of clear-cuts are especially prone to outbreaks and, to date, Swiss needle cast research has focused on trees less than 30 years old. The Tillamook cores, however, come from naturally regenerated trees at least 70 years old, on unlogged terrain, which shows that older trees are vulnerable to Swiss needle cast, too. True old growth may have inherent buffers from the fungus, like airier crowns and groves, but 400-year-old firs need to be sampled more widely to see if the disease has a long, periodic history. For a baseline of growth in their study, the researchers compared the fir with neighboring western hemlock, whose growth has remained steady (or even increased slightly, in response to lagging Doug fir).
Despite its name, Swiss needle cast is thought to be a Northwest native. It was discovered on Doug fir imports form the Northwest to Switzerland and Germany in 1925. By 1984, the fungus was impacting fir across the Northwest in "unprecedented severity, at least in the context of the past eighty years." Since 1996, when aerial surveys first began, the amount of acreage with symptoms has increased steadily. The disease appears most marked at low, south facing elevations near the coast, and is possibly linked to climate change:
"We now know that weather is a driver in the epidemiology and spread of this disease," said Bryan Black, an assistant professor of forestry based at OSU's Hatfield Marine Science Center. "We can't say yet whether climate change is part of what's causing these problems, but warmer conditions, milder winters and earlier springs would be consistent with that."
A spore sifts through the air, lands on a young, moist needle, and germinates. Before long the fungus creeps inside the needle through a pore, colonizing it with a crisscross of filaments, or hyphae, that, under a microscope, look like chewing gum stretched from wall to wall. The fungus blocks the pores, or stomata, through which the needle exchanges gases necessary for photosynthesis, and the needles soon bleach golden and drop away. More spores float on the breeze.
Several thousand feet above the ravinous country, an ailing slope of Doug fir looks somewhat like a head of bruised and browning broccoli. The researcher gazes out the window of the plane, then down at an iPad-like computer in his hands, which displays a scrolling topographic map with their GPS position. His stylus sweeps across the touch screen, tapping the location of yellow-umber patches. "S" or "M," they're labeled — severe, or moderate. What those patches of disease will mean for the Northwest in the long run is still up in the air. For now, be sure to check out this gallery of related, rather alarming photos.
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logging in or signing up Phonics Powerpoint kremh1he Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Let's Connect Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Copy embed code: Embed: Flash iPad Dynamic Copy Does not support media & animations Automatically changes to Flash or non-Flash embed WordPress Embed Customize Embed URL: Copy Thumbnail: Copy The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 156 Category: Education License: Some Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: September 29, 2011 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Phonics: Ms. Kremhelmer Kindergarten PhonicsWhat does the word “Phonics” mean?: What does the word “Phonics” mean? A way of learning how to read and spell.Share: Share What other words start with the “ sh ” sound? Nathan Jones. Sharing. December 2, 2006 via Flickr, Creative Commons DistributionPuppy: Puppy JSF306. Brady Lake, Ohio. July 29, 2003, Creative Commons AttributionRhyming Words: Rhyming Words Rick Weil. Toys Donated by Westchester Jewish Teen Service Organization. May 17, 2006, Creative Commons Attribution. OakleyOriginals . Harley Boy. April 5, 2008, Creative Commons Attribution. Toy B oy M onkeyatlarge . Sky. May 30, 2005, Creative Commons Attribution Sky Tie Jerry Daykin . Tie Rack. June 19, 2007. Creative Commons Attribution.B: B G K T What letters are below?B: B G K T Parislemon . Multiple Kite Kite . February 3, 2007. Creative Commons Attribution Wwarby . Grass Texture. October 8 2010, Creative Commons Attribution Smowblog . Beach Ball Lamps by TOBYhouse . April 23, 2009, Creative Commons Attribution Indi.Ca . The Number Two (2). December 24, 2009, Creative Commons AttributionSlide 8: Ollesvenson . Apples. December 13, 2008, Creative Commons Attribution MikeBaird . bird-5244001. October 9, 2005, Creative Commons Attribution Newsbie Pix. Plane Taking Off. January 4, 2008, Creative Commons Attribution Keepon . Banana. February 23, 2005, Creative Commons AttributionApple: Apple Bird Banana PlaneRat: Rat ComputerHotline . Rat Des Moissons. September 7, 2008, Creative Commons Distribution Uriel 1998. Cat in my Hat. May 22, 2009, Creative Commons Attribution Cat Bat Different Seasons Jewelry. Sterling Silver Bat. October 29, 2010. Creative Commons AttributionWhat is a poem?: What is a poem? Rhyming through verses Where can you find poems?Slide 12: He had no clothes to wear, except his own brown hair. What two words in this sentence rhyme?Slide 13: He was flying through the air, and he didn’t even care. What two words in this sentence rhyme?Everyday Words: Everyday Words Mom Dad You MeEveryday Words: Everyday Words House Dog Car CatEveryday Words: Everyday Words Bus School Pencil BackpackEveryday Words: Everyday Words Brother Sister Grandma GrandpaWhat did we learn today?: What did we learn today? The “ sh ” sounds How to recognize certain letters Rhyming words Certain everyday words You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
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Mark Wamser, Gomez and Sullivan Engineers P.C.
September 07, 2012 | 1 Comments
Post-dam removal monitoring is ongoing to identify the impacts of removing Merrimack Village Dam in New Hampshire. The dam was removed to restore diadromous fish habitat, improve water quality, restore natural sediment transport and avoid high maintenance costs associated with the aged structure.
In recent years many New England states, including New Hampshire, have been removing low-head dams that no longer serve a useful purpose. To support these efforts, competitive grant funding is available from federal, state and private entities that can be used to partially defray costs associated with feasibility studies and demolition. Most dams eligible for this funding are those along the coast where removal would restore diadromous fish (Atlantic salmon, American shad, river herring and American eel) to former spawning grounds and restore habitat connectivity.
Merrimack Village Dam - the lowermost dam on the Souhegan River in Merrimack, N.H. - was purchased by Pennichuck Water Works in 1964 for use as a supplemental water supply source. These plans never materialized, and in 2004 PWW received a letter from the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services regarding numerous dam deficiencies. PWW opted to retain Gomez and Sullivan Engineers P.C. of Henniker, N.H., to conduct a feasibility study regarding removal of the dam. Removal achieved many goals: diadromous fish restoration, habitat connectivity, restoration of natural sediment transport, elimination of operation and maintenance costs and removal of a potential safety hazard.
From the onset, this project was a cooperative effort among PWW, state and federal agencies, and many non-profit organizations that invested technical experience and grant funds for the successful removal and restoration of the Souhegan River. In 2008, this dam was removed, thereby allowing diadromous fish to once again ascend the Souhegan River.
Project history and setting
The first documented dam construction on this site at Merrimack Village occurred in 1744 for use as a grist mill. Over the centuries, ownership exchanged hands and modifications were made to the dam and power canal. The river at this site was harnessed to power various saw mills, grist mills, shoe industries and a chemical plant. The most recent changes to the dam occurred circa 1934 when the stone masonry dam was overlain with concrete. The dam was about 20 feet high and 145 feet wide along the arched spillway.
As the local population grew, the dam came to be located along a heavily traveled road in a downtown area of Merrimack. A stone's throw below the dam is a vintage stone masonry bridge, called Chamberlain Bridge. From this bridge, drivers and pedestrians could easily view the dam. Although the dam was highly visible, the bulk of the impoundment was relatively hidden from view and no development around the impoundment exists. The impoundment had artificially widened as a result of sediment buildup, resulting in the creation of two small islands. Beneath Chamberlain Bridge the Souhegan River cascades over bedrock before slowing into a shallow, sandy pool. From here, the sandy bottom river slowly winds 1,500 feet to the Merrimack River. From just below Chamberlain Bridge to the confluence with the Merrimack River, the Souhegan River is backwatered by the Merrimack River.
Dam deficiencies and funding opportunities
In January 2004, NHDES' Division of Dam Safety issued PWW a letter of deficiency, stating the dam did not meet current dam safety criterion. Deficiencies included inadequate spillway capacity, deteriorating concrete, inoperable gate structures and excessive leakage due to loose interior stonework on a training wall. The NHDES also indicated in the letter that PWW may opt to remove the dam with assistance from the NHDES' Dam Removal and River Restoration Program.
A combination of the letter of deficiency, the fact that the dam was not used for water supply, the long-term liability and operations and maintenance costs prompted PWW to consider dam removal. After discussions with NHDES about the Dam Removal and Restoration Program, PWW pursued a study to evaluate the feasibility and costs associated with removing the dam. NHDES also assisted PWW with securing federal, state and private grants to help defray the costs of a feasibility study and potential removal.
Initial discussions between PWW and project partners resulted in the de-cision to conduct a feasibility study to determine if dam repair or removal was the best alternative for the site. Major project partners that provided technical and financial support for removal of the Merrimack Village Dam included NHDES, PWW, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New Hampshire Fish and Game, Conservation Law Foundation, American Rivers, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment, Coastal Conservation Association and Restore America's Estuaries. PWW contracted with Gomez and Sullivan in 2004 to conduct the feasibility study.
|This aerial view of the Souhegan River shows what it looked like before removal of the Merrimack Village Dam. Monitoring is ongoing to better understand the geomorphic response to dam removal.|
Feasibility study issues
When evaluating dam removal projects, several resource impacts are considered and can vary depending on site specific conditions. Major issues evaluated by Gomez and Sullivan as part of the feasibility study included:
Given that a dam had been present at this location for centuries, the impoundment was essentially filled with sediment and was artificially widened. The Souhegan River is very sinuous, carving through easily eroded soils that are then transported to the lower Souhegan River. The river is well-known for transporting heavy sediment loads during storm events. The sediment volume in the impoundment was quantified by driving steel rods to the point of refusal every 5 to 10 feet across several transects within the approximate 1,800 foot-long impoundment. The sediment consisted primarily of uniform sand/silt both vertically and horizontally within the impoundment; the gross volume of sediment was about 81,000 cubic yards.
Hydro Review's goal is to provide readers with reliable, relevant information on the issues and challenges encountered in the hydro industry. Hydro Review offers practical, useful information, helpful examples, and constructive guidance...
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As you may have heard, an Asteroid is headed for a very close flyby of the Earth later this week. NASA is currently tracking Asteroid 2012 DA14 and will carry a live video feed (watch it on this page below) as the Asteroid passes within a mere 17,000 miles of the Earth on February 15th 2013.
One of the closest passes of the Earth by an Asteroid, this space rock will so close to the Earth during its flyby this Friday that it could potentially his some of the communications satellites in orbit around our planet. NASA held a media teleconference last Thursday, Feb. 7, to discuss asteroid 2012 DA14, and has assured everyone that the Asteroid is not going to collide with the Earth.
As can be seen in this video, Asteroid 2012 DA14 is about half the size of a football field and will pass inside the orbit of many satellites in geosynchronous orbit during its flyby of the Earth.
You can watch a live streaming internet video as the Asteroid makes its flyby of the Earth. The video below is courtesy of a Ustream feed. The video stream will broadcast the flyby from a telescope at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. The Asteroid 2012 DA14 video will broadcast starting at 9 p.m. until midnight EST on Feb. 15. Please share this page with your friends online.
Video streaming by Ustream
To see additional images of the Asteroid 2012 DA14, visit NASA’s dedicated site at: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/telecon20130207.html. Also, to read more about the upcoming Asteroid flyby and NASA’s asteroid tracking program, visit them at: http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/asteroidflyby.html.
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Wonders of Life
In stock, usually despatched within 24 hours.
Publisher: HARPER COLLINS PUBLISHERS
Publication Date: 24-Jan-2013
What is Life? Where did it come from? Why does it end? In this beautiful and definitive new book, Professor Brian Cox takes us on an incredible journey to discover how a few fundamental laws gave birth to the most complex, diverse and unique force in the universe - life itself.
There are thought to be as many as 100 million different species on Earth - each and every one governed by the same laws. Light, gravity, time, matter and energy are the fundamental building blocks of everything, from the smallest microbe on Earth to the biggest galaxy. What is true for a bacterium is true for a blue whale. This is the story of the amazing diversity and adaptability of life told through the fundamental laws that govern it.
Through his voyage of discovery, Brian will explain how the astonishing inventiveness of nature came about and uncover the milestones in the epic journey from the origin of life to our own lives. From spectacular fountains of superheated water at the bottom of the Atlantic to the deepest rainforest, Brian will seek out the places where the biggest questions about life may be answered: what is life? Why do we need water and why does life end? In an experimental approach which uses the latest advances in science as well as the cutting-edge graphics used in The Sunday Times bestsellers Wonders of the Solar System and Wonders of the Universe, Brian will uncover the secrets of life in the most unexpected locations and in the most stunning detail.
What is Life? Where did it come from? Why does it end?
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Caro, Annibale (än-nēˈbälā käˈrō) [key], 1507–66, Italian poet, friend of Cellini, Varchi, and Bembo. He is best known for his translation of the Aeneid; for his poems in praise of opposing royal houses; and for his letters, which were among the finest of his age.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Italian Literature: Biographies
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Detailed information on the exhibits, research projects, and programs tailored for journalists. For more information or questions please contact Burke Museum Public Relations.
October 24, 2013
Burke Museum delivers centuries-old artifacts to the Suquamish Museum
Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture
Seattle – On Tuesday, October 29, the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture will deliver hundreds of centuries-old artifacts to the Suquamish people.
The artifacts come from the Old Man House village site, where archaeological evidence indicates people have been living for thousands of years. Located on the shores of Agate Passage, Old Man House is the largest known longhouse in the Salish Sea. An historic winter village of the Suquamish Tribe and ancestral home to Chief Sealth (Seattle), the longhouse was burned down by the U.S. government in the late 1800s.
The artifacts were collected from the Old Man House village site and surrounding areas during a University of Washington archaeological investigation in the 1950s. The collection includes hundreds of artifacts, including harpoon points, gun flint stones, smoking pipes, adze blades, glass, and a bone pendant. For decades the Burke Museum curated the collections for the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission (WSPRC), the agency that owned the property at the time of the excavation. In 2004, the WSPRC transferred ownership of The Old Man House State Park, along with the collection, to the Suquamish Tribe. For the past nine years, the Burke Museum has been caring for the Old Man House village site artifacts on behalf of the Suquamish Tribe while they were in the midst of building a new museum.
“The Burke Museum is honored to have cared for the collections during the building of the new Suquamish Museum,” Dr. Peter Lape, Burke Museum curator of archaeology, said. “We are excited to return the collection to them.”
“I am grateful to the excellent staff and dedicated leadership team at the Burke who partnered with us to care for this collection during our period of expansion,” Janet Smoak, Director of the Suquamish Museum, said. “We look forward to a continued partnership with the Burke Museum in sharing Suquamish history and culture.”
The objects returning home to Suquamish is cause for great celebration. The vision over the past decade that resulted in the new Suquamish Museum facility included the desire for a storage area capable of storing and caring for Suquamish objects entrusted to the care of other institutions. The Museum facility, just over a year old, features a state of the art climate controlled environment for storage and exhibition. The objects representing activity at the Old Man House Village site over the past two thousand years will be featured to help illustrate Suquamish Culture in the premier exhibit, Ancient Shores Changing Tides. Over time, individual pieces will also help share individual aspects of Suquamish life and work throughout time in the gallery designed for rotating exhibits.
Please visit the Suquamish Museum website for more information about the museum, www.SuquamishMuseum.org
Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture
The Burke Museum is the premiere museum of natural history and cultural heritage in the Pacific Northwest. The museum is responsible for Washington State collections of natural and cultural heritage and sharing the knowledge that makes these objects meaningful. Located on the University of Washington campus, the Burke serves its community with collections, research, exhibitions, and educational programs in three scientific divisions: anthropology, biology, and geology. The Burke holds nationally ranked collections in each of these divisions and is particularly well known for Northwest Coast and Alaskan Native art, holding the country’s fifth largest such collection. The Burke is a leader in developing collaborative exhibits and programs with partner communities throughout the Pacific.
A new museum facility, completed in 2012, houses the Suquamish Museum and Cultural Center just up the hill from the Old-Man-House village site. Set in a natural landscape of native plants, the space reflects the traditional Big House architecture of the Coast Salish. This Silver LEED building houses the Suquamish Tribe’s collections of artifacts, photographs, and manuscripts. The public areas offer permanent and temporary exhibition spaces, research space, education rooms, and a museum store.
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
(206) 543-9762; FAX (206) 616-1274
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Armeria helodes is a rare flowering plant found only in alkaline fens in a few isolated locations in Friuli, Italy (1) (2) (3). A perennial species (1) (2), it can be recognised by its small clusters of pale pink flowers, which are borne on a long, erect stem (4) (5).
The leaves of Armeria helodes form a dense rosette around the base of the plant (2) (4) (5) (6). Each light green leaf is long and narrow, measuring around 5 to 14 centimetres in length (2) (4).
The flowering stems of Armeria helodes lack leaves (4) and end in a dense, globular cluster of flowers, or inflorescence (5), which measures around 1.2 to 2.2 centimetres across (2). Each flower has five petals, and the sepals of the flower, collectively known as the ‘calyx’, are fused to form a membranous, ribbed tube (2) (5) (6). Below the inflorescence are membranous bracts which grow downwards to form a sheath around the upper part of the flowering stem (5).
As in other members of the Plumbaginaceae family, the fruit of Americahelodes is a dry, membranous, one-seeded achene (5) (6), which is enclosed by the calyx (2) (5) (6).
Armeria helodes is distinguished from the closely related Armeria purpurea mainly by its smooth leaf margins and from Armeria alpina by its larger leaves and longer flowering stem. It also differs from both species in having a short calyx and smaller bracts (3).
- Armeria purpurea.
- Height: 25 - 45 cm (2)
The flowers of Armeria helodes are bisexual, containing both male and female reproductive organs (5) (6), and appear between April and May (1) (2).
Very little other information is available on the biology of this species, but it is known to prefer habitats that are low in nutrients and have high levels of direct sunlight, and it does not compete well with other plants (1) (4). As in other members of the Plumbaginaceae family, the seeds of Armeria helodes are likely to be dispersed by the wind (6).
Armeria helodes is endemic to north-eastern Italy, where it is restricted to seven isolated locations in Friuli (1) (2) (3).
This rare plant is now believed to occupy a total area of only 0.2 square kilometres (1) (4) (7).
Armeria helodes occurs only in alkaline marshes, or fens, which are saturated with water and have peaty soils that are rich in calcium and magnesium (1) (2) (3) (4). It occurs at elevations of up to 150 metres (2).
Armeria helodes is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List (1).
At the start of the 20th century, Armeria helodes was widespread across around 60 square kilometres of wetlands. However, its habitat has been severely reduced and fragmented, and Armeria helodes is now restricted to seven isolated subpopulations in the few remaining habitat patches. Each subpopulation contains just five to ten mature plants, and Armeria helodes is considered to be at high risk of extinction (1) (4) (7).
Although the remaining populations of this species are all in protected areas, its numbers are still decreasing. The main threat to Armeria helodes and its habitat is a falling water table, due to drainage, increased water extraction for agriculture and industry, and recurring drought as a result of decreasing rainfall in the region (1) (4) (7). The few remaining habitat fragments are scattered between areas of agriculture and plantations (4), and are also threatened by a lack of habitat management, which has led to vegetation changes such as the encroachment of woody plants (4).
Pollution from fertilisers is also a threat to Armeria helodes. This species requires habitats that are calcium-rich but poor in other nutrients, and it cannot tolerate any increase in nutrients due to agricultural run-off (1) (4). Due to its very specific habitat requirements, it is also unable to colonise other habitats, and it does not compete well with other plant species (4).
Armeria helodes is classified as ‘Critically Endangered’ in Italy (1) (2) and is listed as an important species in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive, which aims to protect habitats and species across Europe (8).
All the sites where Armeria helodes occurs are protected as ‘Sites of Community Importance’ (SCIs), areas which contribute significantly to the conservation of a natural habitat or species, or to the protection of biodiversity (1) (4) (7). However, the habitat of this species is still under threat and its overall numbers continue to decrease (1).
Recommended conservation measures for Armeria helodes include further research and monitoring, and growing it ex-situ (1) (2) (4). The alkaline fens where this species occur are an important habitat for a variety of species, and a number of conservation projects are underway to protect and restore them. These have included public awareness and education programmes, habitat restoration, appropriate habitat management, and the creation of a ‘buffer zone’ around important habitat areas (4) (7).
During 2009, these projects found a slight increase in the Armeria helodes population, raising hopes that, with appropriate conservation measures, this highly endangered plant may be able to make a steady recovery (4).
Find out more
Find out more about the conservation of Armeria helodes and its habitat:
More information on conservation in the Mediterranean Basin:
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
- A simple single-seeded fruit that falls from the plant in one piece. Achenes usually in occur in clusters.
- Having a pH greater than 7.0. Soil is regarded as alkaline if it has a pH between 8.0 and 10.0. Alkaline soils are usually rich in calcium ions.
- Modified leaf at the base of a flower.
- All of the sepals (floral leaves) of a flower, which form the protective outer layer of a flower bud.
- A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.
- Measures to conserve a species that occur outside of the natural range or habitat of the species. For example, in zoos or botanical gardens.
- Wetland with alkaline, neutral or only slightly acidic peaty soil. The alkalinity arises due to ground water seeping through calcareous rocks (rocks containing calcium carbonate).
- The reproductive shoot of a plant, which bears a group or cluster of flowers.
- A plant that normally lives for more than two seasons. After an initial period, the plant produces flowers once a year.
- A floral leaf (collectively comprising the calyx of the flower) that forms the protective outer layer of a flower bud.
IUCN Red List (October, 2011)
Catalogazione Floristica per la Didattica - Armeria helodes (October, 2011)
Martini, F. and Poldini, L. (1987) Armeria helodes, a new species from north-eastern Italy. Candollea, 42(2): 533-544.
Life Friuli Fens (October, 2011)
Heywood, V.H. (1978) Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J.G. and Bittrich, V (Eds.) (1993) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume II: Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg.
Life Friuli Fens - Conservation and restoration of calcareous fens in Friuli (October, 2011)
EU Habitats Directive (October, 2011)
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This sentence is from South Park. There was a lice problem in the school and the children demand that their teacher Mrs. Garrison tell them who exactly had the lice. She says that it's not important ...
It was a nice feeling, sitting there with Ron, eating their way through all Harry’s pasties, cakes, and candies (the sandwiches lay forgotten). In this sentence, what's the meaning of 'their ...
I have seen that buffalo buffalo... has been posted here before. However some sites claim also that the sentence Fish fish fish fish fish fish fish. makes sense. Can someone confirm and ...
Does someone happen to have an explanation or theory for why in phrases like "the best method possible" the word 'possible' comes after the noun?
Possible Duplicate: When do you use “Did + 1st form” instead of “2nd form” When is do used in affirmative sentences? For example: I do think that this is going to be... Is it only ...
Perceptual constancy refers to our ability to see things differently without having to reinterpret the object's properties. Is differently referring to we see or things?
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Australian scientists have found high concentrations of gold in a place you’d probably never expect to find it — in a termite hill. The termites commonly found in Australia transport sediment from deep underground to the surface, which are used to construct towering mounds that house the colony. Researchers are now realizing these tiny insects are quite the gold prospectors as well.
Gold has been mined across the Australian Outback for years, but finding rich deposits is often painstaking and has a negative impact on the environment. Researchers have long known that precious metal-laced sediments are usually indicative of deposits deeper underground, but you still have to go out and collect the samples to check. Termites just happen to be great for collecting, and “processing” soil samples.
The insects studied in Australia are Tumulitermes tumuli, a species found in the western part of the country. When individual insects consume a sediment sample with significant amounts of metal, those particles are separated out and passed through the digestive system. Testing can then detect the elevated levels of gold deposited in the structure of the termite mound. The research team found samples in some termite colonies as high as 5,000 parts per billion, which is significantly above baselines.
This isn’t quite a viable way to retrieve gold from underground, but it gives us a much better idea about what areas are likely to have a worthwhile deposit of gold. That means less digging, and less interference with the landscape.
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ABOUND; ABUNDANCE; ABUNDANT; ABUNDANTLY
a-bound', a-bun'-dans, a-bun'-dant, a-bun'-dant-li:
These words represent in the English Versions of the Bible a considerable variety of different words in the Hebrew and Greek original. In the Old Testament they most frequently stand for some form of the stem rabh, signifying "to cast together," "to increase." In Proverbs 8:24 the primary idea is "to be heavy" (root: kabhadh); in Deuteronomy 33:19 and Job 22:11 it is "to overflow" shapha`; in Job 36:31 it is "to plait together," "to augment," "to multiply" (makhbir from ka- bhar); in Isaiah 47:9 it is "strength" `otsmah; in 1 Kings 18:41 it is "tumult," "crowd" hamon; in Ecclesiastes 5:12 it is "to fill to satiety" (Revised Version (British and American) "fulness"); in Isaiah 15:7 it is "excellence" yithrah and in Isaiah 66:11 "a full breast" ziz; in Jeremiah 33:6 it is "copiousness" (`athereth from `athar). In several passages (e.g. Ezekiel 16:49; Psalms 105:30; Isaiah 56:12) the Revised Version (British and American) gives other and better renderings than the King James Version. In the New Testament perissos, perisseuo, perisseia, etc., are the usual words for "abundant," "abound," "abundance," etc. (the adjective signifies "exceeding some number or measure"). A slight formal difference of conception may be noted in pleonazo, which suggests that the abundance has resulted from augmentation. In Romans 5:20 the two words stand in the closest connection: `Where sin abounded (by its increase) grace abounded more exceedingly (was rich beyond measure).' In Mark 12:44; Luke 21:4; 2 Corinthians 8:20; 12:7; Revelation 18:3 the Revised Version (British and American) gives improved renderings instead of "abundance," and in Titus 3:6 and 2 Peter 1:11 instead of "abundantly."
J. R. Van Pelt
These files are public domain.
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When calculating data transfer rates we have to understand a few things. Firstly for this example we are ignoring network latency and additional packet data that gets sent along with the file. Next we need to understand the units of measurement and it’s here that some people have trouble and a lot of sites out there publish incorrect methods.
Namely the ‘answers’ sites where people ask this very question and either get responses incorrect working/ logic or told to find an online calculator neither of which are of any help to anyone. There is probably a really nice and simple equation for doing this without the below calculations but I will write my method down here. To begin with let us take our example file of say a 2 Gb file size and a transfer speed of 50 Mbps
Bytes in a Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte
Computer file sizes are measured in bytes, a byte is made up of 8 bits, a bit being a representation of a binary value or state (a 1 or 0, true or false, yes or no etc…) A Kilobyte (KB) is made of 1,024 bytes, a Megabyte (MB) contains 1,024 Kilobytes, a Gigabyte (GB) has 1,024 megabytes and so on – bytes are grouped in groups of 1,024. This is very important to understand, so in our case a 2 Gb file is not just 2 x 1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000 bytes (2,000,000,000), but in fact 2 x 1,024 x 1,024 x 1,024 bytes (2,147,483,648).
Always work in bits
So we understand file sizes and their measurements, next we must look at the transfer speeds and their measurements which are very different. Transfer speeds are measured in bits per second – not bytes per second! So 50 Mbps or “50 meg a second” is not 50 Megabytes per second, but rather 50 Megabits per second. So in order to calculate the transfer rate of a file size we need to convert the size to bits, however, you can’t just say that 2 Gb x 8 will give you the number of bits in the file. Remember that 1 byte is 8 bits, so we need to convert the file size all the way down to exactly how many bytes it is in order to then multiple it by the number of bits. So a 2 Gb file is 2 x 1,024 x 1,024 x 1,024 x 8 bits (17,179,869,184).
Bits in a Kilobit, Megabit, Gigabit
Now we know how many bits we are transferring we can then divide by our speed to get the time. But the final gotcha here is that our file size is in bits, we need to convert our transfer speed of 50 Mbps to bps (bits per second) in order to work out the transfer time. So how many bits are there in a Megabit? Well unlike bytes the grouping of bits is in 1,000’s so there are 1,000 bits to a Kilobit (Kb), 1,000 Kilobits to a Megabit (Mb) etc… So we convert our 50 Mbps to 50 x 1,000 = 50,000 Kbps x 1,000 = 50,000,000 bps.
This is our transfer time for a 2 Gb file which is 17,179,869,184 bits / 50,000,000 bits per second = 343.59738368 seconds. As a formula this could be expressed as:
file size (b) / transfer speed (bps) = time (s).
Always remember to convert your file size and your transfer speeds to bits! Always remember that file sizes are in bytes grouped by multiples of 1,024 while speeds are in bits grouped in multiples of 1,000. And that this calculation does not take into account throughput, latency, extra data packets etc…
You may also have noted the use of (MB) and (Mb), an uppercase B should always be a unit of bytes where as the lower case b should always refer to a unit of bits.
Of course I could have just pointed you to an online calculator instead.
This content is published under the Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
No related posts.
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'Seven-station' series temperature data (archive)
Science Centres: Climate
NIWA has posted its NZ ‘seven-station’ temperature series data for download here. The best-fit linear trend over the past 100 years (1909 to 2008) shows NZ’s average annual temperature has increased by 0.9°C. A schedule of adjustments required to create this series is also available from this page.
Locations in the "seven station" series
The series has been derived from seven locations:
These locations were chosen because they provide broad geographical coverage and long records (with measurements started at all sites by 1908)
Each location uses combined records from a few sites, because no single location has temperature records spanning from the 19th century to the present day. Because of this careful adjustments are required for the different sites. For example, the longest record in the country comes from Dunedin, with climate readings taken at six sites throughout its history.
Learn more about why climate data sometimes need to be adjusted.
The adjusted data
This spreadsheet contains the adjusted data used to compile the 'seven-station' series. In this file, you will find:
- Annual average temperature for each location, and for the 7 locations combined
- Annual anomaly (difference from the 1971-2000 average) for each location, and for the 7 locations combined
The climatology (1971-2000 average temperature) in this series is specific to the “reference” stations used at each of the seven locations. These are:
- East Taratahi
- Hokitika Aero
- Lincoln Broadfield
If a different choice of reference site were made, then the climatology would change. For example, replacing Kelburn with Thorndon would increase the national-average temperature. However, this change would be applied to the whole Wellington record, and so the anomalies and trends would remain the same. The whole series would have merely been displaced by the same amount.
If stations are missing (e.g. Masteron prior to 1906) then the seven station combined value is calculated by:
- Calculating the annual anomaly for each location, and then use the average over all the locations available for that year. This prevents a missing year at a warmer site skewing the results.
- To create a national temperature record, we add this anomaly to the mean national temperature (12.58°C) as from the seven-stations during the reference period (1971-2000)
Changes - technical notes
The spreadsheet has been updated since first posted, to correct a historical data entry error for one location for a month in 1910.
A number of other changes have been made in the climate database:
- Digitising small amounts of data from early last century previously held in paper records in Wellington and Nelson
- Creating two station numbers for Hokitika to reflect the fact there were two sites
Schedule of adjustments
NIWA has documented all the station offsets used to merge temperature records from different sites at the 7 locations. This is often referred to as a "schedule of adjustments") and can be downloaded here.
Documentation of the adjustment process
As an example of the detailed application of the adjustment process, we have posted a ten page description of the adjustment process for the Hokitika site. We will be posting further descriptions for the other six stations in due course.
The 'seven-station' series was originally constructed by Dr Jim Salinger as part of his Ph.D. His thesis is held by Victoria University of Wellington, and the reference is:
- Salinger, M.J., 1981. New Zealand Climate: The instrumental record. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Victoria University of Wellington, January 1981.
The methodology for adjusting for site changes in the NZ temperature record was published in the peer-reviewed International Journal of Climatology in 1993:
- Rhoades, D.A. and Salinger, M.J., 1993: Adjustment of temperature and rainfall records for site changes. Int. Journal of Climatology 13, 899 – 913.
The following is a selection of references to peer-reviewed scientific papers and other authorities outlining internationally accepted techniques for making adjustments to data to take account of changes such as movements of measurement sites:
- Della-Marta, P.M. and H. Wanner, 2006. A method for homogenising the extremes and mean of daily temperature measurements. Journal of Climate, 19, 4179-4197.
- Easterling, D.E. and Petersen, T.C, 1995. A new method for detecting undocumented discontinuities in climatological time series. Int. Journal of Climatology, 15, 369 – 377.
- Karl, T.R., and C.N. Williams Jr., 1987. An approach to adjusting climatological time series for discontinuous inhomogeneities. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 1744-1763.
- Kohler, M.A., 1949. Double-mass analysis for testing the consistency of records and for making adjustments. Bulletin American Meteorological Society, 30, 188-189.
- Vincent, L. A., Zhang, X., Bonsal, B. R., Hogg, W. D. 2002. Homogenization of daily temperatures over Canada. Journal of Climate, 15, 1322–1334.
- The methodology in the Karl and Williams (1987) paper is applied to the U.S. Historical Climatology Network maintained by NOAA.
- Section 4.8.3 on “Homogeneity of Data” in the “Third Edition of the Guide to Climatological Practices” published by the World Meteorological Organization’s Commission for Climatology.
Documentation of site changes
Information about site changes is in a publicly-available report published by the NZ Meteorological Service in 1992, and much of this information is also available from the metadata in NIWA’s climate database.
- Fouhy, E., Coutts, L., McGann, R., Collen, B., Salinger, M.J., 1992: South Pacific Historical Climate Network Climate Station Histories. Part 2, New Zealand and Offshore Islands. NZ Meteorological Service, Wellington. ISBN 0-477-01583-2.
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A local California-based company, Silver Spring Networks, has created an educational program designed to educate teachers, students and their families on how the smart grid addresses our energy challenges. A Smart Energy Future is a curriculum-based program for students to learn about how technology is changing the future of energy and is being tested in California and Ohio schools.
The curriculum features lessons on energy concepts, interactive assignments and community-facing projects, as well as career exploration activities relating to the energy industry.
In unit one, students begin by taking an inventory of their household energy usage. For example, which activities used the most energy? During what times of day was the most energy used? During what times of year are your utility bills the highest? What sources of energy does your household use?
“Students really enjoy learning about energy sources since it is practical and relevant to every-day life. The household inventory is always an eye-opening experience for both students and parents.”
Students also learn about the advantages and disadvantages of various energy sources (solar, water, geothermal, nuclear, etc.) and learn ways to reduce their carbon footprint.
“My students now know what renewable and non-renewable energy is, and the advantages and disadvantages of each.”
In unit two, students research existing jobs in the energy industry and create a career profile for a print or online energy career guide. The career profiles include information about career preparation, responsibilities, and actual work scenarios.
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E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
Habitual, customary. (Latin, sollemnis, strictly speaking means once a year, annual, solus-annus.)
Silent night with this her solemn bird [i.e. the nightingale, the bird familiar to night].Milton: Paradise Lost, v.
Of course the usual meaning of solemn is devout; but an annual festival, like Good Friday, etc., may be both devout and serious. The Latin for it is usual, is solemme est, and to solemnise is to celebrate an annual custom.
The Solemn Doctor. Henry Goethals was so called by the Sorbonne. (12271293.)
Solemn League and Covenant, for the suppression of Popery and Prelacy, adopted by the Scotch Parliament in 1638, and accepted by the English in 1643. Charles II. swore to the Scotch that he would abide by it and therefore they crowned him in 1651 at Dunbar; but at the Restoration he not only rejected the covenant, but had it burnt by the common hangman.
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The Natural History of Disease
In 1993 the nation was riveted by news of an epidemic of unknown origin that rapidly killed healthy young people on an Indian Reservation in the Four Corners area of the southwest. Epidemiologists converged on the area and amazingly were able to isolate the virus in a matter of months. The story of their success is truly dramatic and relied on cooperation among investigating agencies, years of basic research on hantaviruses from other countries, and the continuing development of modern molecular virologic tests.
Early investigation in the Four Corners area pegged the viral disease as coming from rodents. During an intensive trapping program, 1700 rodents were collected from areas of possible human contact and the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) was found to be the main host animal. Tests showed 30% of the animals were infected with hantavirus. Several other rodents tested positive but in lesser numbers. Since then hantavirus has been discovered in every western state except Washington, and in many eastern states.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that hantavirus- carrying mice have been reported in 20 national parks, and that it's possible the virus is in all the parks. This puts campers and hikers at high risk, because they pitch tents on the forest floor and sleep in musty cabins. However, of the 110-plus cases reported, only 2 have been linked to camping or hiking. Hantavirus has also been found in deer mice living in out local deserts.
Hantavirus is carried by rodents, particularly deer mice, in their urine and feces. The carrier does not suffer from the disease but humans do. Humans are thought to become infected when they are exposed to contaminated dust from the nests or droppings of mice. Contaminated dust is frequently encountered when working in or cleaning long-vacated cabins, sheds, or other enclosed areas. Infection is not passed between humans.
The early symptoms of hantavirus resemble influenza with the rapid onset of a fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, nausea, vomiting, and malaise. A dry cough may be present. Young people may have a higher fever than older people. Symptoms progress to an increased respiratory rate, with seepage of fluid into the lungs. The initial shortness of breath progresses rapidly. The patient bleeds internally and ultimately develops respiratory failure.
There is no effective treatment available and, even with intensive therapy, over 50% of the diagnosed cases have been fatal. Because the breathing problems progress rapidly, treatment must be in a hospital.
Avoid exposure to mouse or rodent urine and feces. Pitch tents in areas without rodent droppings and avoid rodent dens. Drink disinfected water and sleep on a ground cover and pad. Do not feed wild animals or leave food where they can get it.
If you are cleaning an area where rodents are living use, appropriate precautions listed below. For more complete directions or if area requires professional cleaning consult the CDC website listed below.
- Put latex gloves on before cleaning up.
- Don't stir up the dust by sweeping, dusting, or vacuuming.
- Instead, thoroughly wet the contaminated area with a detergent or bleach solution to deactivate the virus.
- Once everything is wet, take up contaminated materials with a damp towel, then mop or sponge the area with disinfectant.
- Spray dead rodents with disinfectant and double bag along with all the cleaning materials, and burn or bury them. If that is not possible, contact the Environmental Health Department for correct disposal methods.
- Disinfect gloves before taking them off. After taking the gloves off, throroughly wash hands with soap and warm water.
- Open up and air out cabins and outbuildings before cleaning.
All about Hantavirus—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Provides extensive directions for cleaning enclosed areas and avoiding contamination, as well as a compelling account of the epidemiologic story.
Hantavirus— drkoop.com. Medical Encyclopedia
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(PhysOrg.com) -- Pregnant women who are stressed, particularly late in pregnancy, have an increased risk of their child going on to develop asthma, according to the latest research from Children of the 90s.
Asthma, affects around one child in every 10 and, although the causes of this respiratory condition are not yet entirely clear, it’s known that asthma exacerbations (attacks) can be triggered by both physiological and emotional factors.
Children of the 90s monitored over 5,800 families and found that, in the group of ‘very anxious’ pregnant women - 16 per cent went on to have children who developed asthma. That compares to just 10 per cent of children born to the ‘least anxious’ women. So, those who are very anxious in pregnancy, are 60 per cent more likely to have a child who later develops asthma than mothers with a lower level of anxiety.
The research, published in the latest edition of the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, test the hypothesis that mothers’ anxiety during pregnancy is associated with asthma later developing in their children.
Researcher Dr John Henderson explained that maternal anxiety symptoms during pregnancy were positively associated with asthma in their children at age seven and a half years, raising the possibility that there may be a cause-effect relationship. Women who reported anxiety and depression were evaluated during the pregnancy and after giving birth.
Although the mechanisms behind the relationship are not understood, it is speculated that increases in a woman’s stress hormone, cortisol, during pregnancy may affect programming of the baby’s adrenal functions or immune development.
Maternal anxiety was assessed by self-completion questionnaires that the mothers filled in at 18 and 32 weeks of pregnancy. On the basis of the responses, the researchers were able to divide the women into four groups with different levels of anxiety.
Their children were assessed for asthma at the age of seven and a half, using questionnaires completed by the mothers and bronchial hyperreactivity measurements. Skin prick tests were used to see whether a subject’s asthma was associated with allergies.
Almost 13 per cent of the children were found to have asthma. As expected, researchers confirmed a strong connection between maternal anxiety at 18 and, particularly 32 weeks of pregnancy and asthma in children aged seven and a half.
Future studies should be done to better understand these mechanisms. While enough is not known yet to recommend specific actions to prevent asthma, the authors suggest that reducing anxiety and distress during pregnancy could be helpful.
More information: Mothers' anxiety during pregnancy is associated with asthma in their children by Hannah Cookson, Raquel Granell, Carol Joinson, Yoav Ben-Shlomo, A. John Henderson, The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology April 2009 (Vol. 123, Issue 4, Pages 847-853.e11) http://www.jacionline.org/
Provided by University of Bristol (news : web)
Explore further: Misery mounts in drought-hit southeast Pakistan (Update)
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National PTA President Otha Thornton discusses why his organization supports the Common Core, dispelling myths and sharing resources to help parents learn more and support successful implementation of the standards.
Public School Success Stories
Across the Country, public schools and districts are transforming themselves to prepare students for success in a 21st-century democracy and global society. Take a look at what educators and communities are doing right now to meet this challenge.
Or tell us what's working in your own school or district.
Story posted October 22, 2013
- Between the 2009-2010 and 2011- 2012 school years, reading proficiency scores increased by over 10 percentage points
- School attendance for children participating in afterschool programs has increased by 1% – 3%
- Proficiency across math, reading and writing performance increased or remained constant across three years for after-school participants, while decreasing in math and writing for non-after-school participants
Hartford’s community school initiative probably could have been started by any of the four agencies or organizations represented on the leadership team. But what has made the effort so strong in its relatively short five-year life is that partners from across the city are involved and deeply dedicated to expanding and sustaining a model built on best practices.
Mayor Pedro Segarra’s office, the Hartford Foundation for Public Giving, the United Way of Central and Northeastern Connecticut, and the Hartford Public Schools all financially support and participate in the Hartford Community Schools Partnership (HCSP). ...
Story posted October 22, 2013
- Across all age groups, student achievement is up since 2005
- More than 500 high-quality instructional personnel have been developed and retained through CAPE, a voluntary, tuition-based alternative to university programs created through a labor/management partnership
- In 2013, Charlotte County Support Personnel Association won a $5,000 AFT Solution-Driven Unionism Award for designing a professional development program in conjuntion with the district to attract, train and retain employees*
In Charlotte County, Florida, everyone understands that communities and students benefit when collaborative decision making becomes the norm. That’s why in 2002, the Charlotte County Public Schools (CCPS) invited members of the community to join the Charlotte Florida Education Association (CFEA) in constructing a comprehensive vision for the district. The partnership at the core of “Student Success” has transformed this lower-income district into one with strong student achievement. ...
Story posted September 20, 2013
- The percent of students performing at the proficient or advanced levels of California’s standardized testing has increased, and the school’s Academic Progress Index, a composite measure of school performance, grew over 187 points from 1999, averaging 17 points a year through 2010.
- More recent data* through 2013 shows gradual improvement with a 2012 API Similar Schools Rank of 10/10.
Since 1993, the ABC Federation of Teachers and the ABC Unified School District have worked to cultivate a labor-management partnership focused on continuing student and community success. Fedde Middle School [where 87% of students are Hispanic and 88% qualify for free or reduced price lunch programs] models the partnership’s district-wide emphasis on communication and collaboration between teachers and administration. Guided by a set of 12 principles, the school’s administration and its teachers devised a strategic plan establishing what they want to accomplish together in the areas of student performance, parental involvement, community partnership, professional development, and facility modernization. ...
Story posted September 20, 2013
This story is part of the Partnership for 21st Century Skills' 21st Century Learning Exemplar Program.
- Students outperformed state averages in almost all grades tested
- The district's graduation rate is 97.82%
- Chemistry teacher Trey Armistead’s analysis of year-over-year assessment results indicate that this year’s students - participating in the district's first significant step towards a competency-based curriculum - have outperformed every previous class
Van Meter is truly a learning community. Through a standards-based and personalized approach to instruction, students and teachers alike are mastering content and preparing to innovate and excel in a rapidly changing world.
About Van Meter Community School District
Van Meter is a small K-12 school district located a few miles west of Des Moines and includes just 650 students. In recent years, the district has implemented a 1:1 computing initiative, standards-based grading and the beginnings of competency-based instruction through a model chemistry class.
Van Meter’s size has enabled educators and district leaders to engage stakeholders at every level—including students themselves—in the development of the district’s educational framework. “We involve our students in a lot of the decisions that we make,” says Superintendent Deron Durflinger, “because we want it to be about their learning and to create an environment that’s most conducive to their overall educational experience.”
Prioritizing 21st Century Skill Development
Through a series of conversations, the district identified collaboration, communication, creativity and problem solving (the 4Cs) as essential characteristics of successful students. “When our students graduate from Van Meter, we want them to have a skill set that allows them to be successful in ...
Story posted August 27, 2013
- The percent of students reading at a 10th-grade level or above jumped significantly between October 2011 and May 2012 at all grade levels, rising from 9.9% to 23.7% of 9th graders, 21.6% to 33.5% of 10th graders, 25.3% to 36.2% of 11th graders and 45.6% to 53.1% of 12th graders.
- Performance assessments tracking student mastery of summarization (Common Core Reading Standard 2) revealed significant jumps in proficiency and advanced proficiency between October 2011 and May 2012.
- The staff easily reached their goal of 80% implementation in all classrooms.
- The school rose from the bottom 5% to the 55th percentile of the state in just nine months.
The high school was in the bottom 5% of schools in Michigan, the principal had been replaced, and the school had just received a grant to improve student achievement. The staff read Classroom Instruction That Works (Marzano, Pickering, & Pollock, 2001), everyone was in a professional learning community by department, the school and district administration were deeply committed to improvement, and yet no one could articulate the teaching actions necessary to improve academic performance in a systematic manner.
The school is E.A. Johnson High School in Mt. Morris, Mich., near Flint, where the city has felt deeply the impact of the area’s economic decline. The student population is 72% free and reduced lunch.
The staff was willing to make the changes necessary for success but needed more than a book study. Many of the structures for professional learning were in place, such as opportunities for collegial dialogue, capacity building, and ...
Story posted August 27, 2013
- Beaufort County School District has moved from a district in Corrective Action to a district with a grade of B.
- In 2007, the district had 4 Unsatisfactory schools and no Excellent schools; in 2012, it had no Unsatisfactory rated schools and 8 Excellent schools.
- A Title One early college high school built in a rural, high (over 90%) poverty area achieved 100% graduation rate, with 83% of seniors graduating with college acceptance letters in hand.
Beaufort County School District serves just over 20,000 diverse students in 31 schools, with over 20% ESL and numerous schools over 90% poverty. ...
Story posted August 27, 2013
- Reading proficiency is up from 34% in 2006 to 53%; Math is up from 51% to 63%
- Annual discipline referrals have fallen from 358 to 90
- 92% participation in parent-teacher conferences
Roosevelt Elementary of Allentown, Pennsylvania is one of 11 community schools supported by United Way of the Greater Lehigh Valley’s COMPASS (Community Partners for Student Success) initiative. With more than 35 dedicated partners, including local businesses, nonprofit and community-based organizations, social service agencies, and faith-based organizations, Roosevelt is addressing students’ basic needs, such as health and dental care, as well as providing academic and social support through mentoring and enrichment opportunities.
The El Sistema Lehigh Valley afterschool music program, offered in partnership with Allentown Symphony Association, is just one of many examples of the opportunities provided to students at no cost at Roosevelt, but it clearly demonstrates how multiple partners can work together through a community school model to enrich students’ lives both in and out of the classroom. ...
Story posted January, 2008. Story updated July 23, 2013
In 2011-2012, the four year cohort graduation rate was 98%, and the five-year cohort graduation rate was 100%.
The school outperformed the state in standardized tests in all subjects across all grades in 2012.
For too many young women growing up in the neighborhoods of East Harlem, college is at best a remote prospect. But The Young Women's Leadership School has dramatically changed the odds for some of East Harlem's most vulnerable students. The Young Women's Leadership School (TYWLS) is an all-girls public school serving grades 7 through 12 in East Harlem, New York City. It enrolls young women who too often face extreme disadvantages: 98% are students or color and a full 84% are eligible for free or reduced-price lunch. Girls in these circumstances often struggle during adolescence to fulfill their academic potential. ...
Story posted July 23, 2013
- 11% increase in California Standardized Test scores across all grades between 2010-12
- Acadmic Performance Index rose from 674 to 725 between 2010–12
- 80 core parent volunteers and committee members, up from five in 2004
- 90% attendance at parent-teacher conferences, up from 50% in 2005
When Principal Richard Zapien and Community School Coordinator Stefanie Eldred first arrived at Hillcrest Elementary almost a decade ago, she was the Parent Liaison, and he was the Instructional Reform Facilitator. They encountered animosity between teachers and students, fights breaking out on the playground, and no community partners willing to get involved in such a contentious environment.
“Services can’t be delivered effectively when there is no stability,” says Eldred. So she and the then-principal made improving school climate their top priority—first by building stronger relationships with families in this diverse, southeast San Francisco neighborhood. Other key focal areas were providing professional development for teachers and interventions and support services for students. They knew these changes would translate into better behavior and engagement in the classroom. Eldred explains, “As much as this was about the kids, the teachers were the primary focus of our work when we started. We wanted to help teachers get what they needed to feel supported and to be able to focus on quality and innovative instruction. Without the buy-in of classroom teachers, a community school can only go so far.”
Today, Hillcrest’s climate is far more stable, inviting, and inclusive than it was 10 years ago. Rather than fighting on a regular basis, students are now better equipped to solve their own problems. Teachers lead daily community-building activities in ...
Story posted March 1, 2011. Results updated June 25, 2013
- In 2012, students in all grades, across all subjects, outperformed the state average on standardized tests, sometimes by more than ten percent.
- A variety of unique initiatives ensures students receive an engaging and well-rounded education
At Dakota Hills Middle School, which serves students in grades 6 through 8 in Eagan, MN, it’s all about balance—ensuring that in-class lessons have real-world applications, emphasizing the importance of both academic achievement and career exploration, and providing individualized help along with whole-group instruction. The school has found success in using a trimester system trimesters instead of semesters, and the school offers an extended-day program until 4:50 p.m. for students who need additional help in their core academic courses. Other enrichment activities are occasionally offered during this time as well. ...
A VISION FOR GREAT SCHOOLS
On this website, educators, parents and policymakers from coast to coast are sharing what's already working in public schools--and sparking a national conversation about how to make it work for children in every school. Join the conversation!
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Re: Why did small dinos become extinct?
john hunt writes:
If you accept the global de-vegetation theory it is possible to postulate a
fast extinction of all large animals (bigger than a cat), everything that
was not an insectivore, as there must have been a bug spike to go with the
Not sure how the crocs made it through though.
No doubt there was an initial glut of carcasses for crocs and small
theropods to scavenge from. Once they were gone (either eaten or rotted
away), the lower metabolism of crocs may have given them an advantage, since
they could have gone longer between meals than a high-performance theropod.
Being able to swim (crocs) or fly (volant theropods) may have also been an
advantage, as either mode of travel would have allowed animals to cross long
distances in search of scarce food. Purely terrestrial animals (non-volant
theropods) may not have been able to travel the necessary distances between
food resources efficiently enough. If you use more energy finding food than
the food itself provides, then you eventually starve.
Then there are questions of genetic bottlenecks. Some modern rodents can
found an entire population based on a single pregnant female, with few
inbreeding problems. Other species suffer far more from inbreeding, and
require a much larger gene pool to remain viable. I suspect those species
susceptible to inbreeding tend to fare poorly during mass extinction events,
while those that can bounce back quickly despite genetic bottlenecks tend to
thrive. In the case of theropods, perhaps only some of the volant varieties
were able to cross large enough distances between isolated pockets of
survival to maintain a necessary level of genetic diversity.
GIS / Archaeologist geo cities.com/dannsdinosaurs
Melbourne, Australia heretichides.soffiles.com
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Healthier outlook for expectant mothers
Researchers in Sydney have made a scientific breakthrough concerning preeclampsia, an age-old condition that has troubled expectant mothers for years. The discovery reinforces the startling theory that preeclampsia might involve the rejection of the fetus by its mother’s immune system.
Published today in the highly accredited Journal of Immunology, the paper explains for the first time that a small population of immune cells called Regulatory T-cells might play an important role in preventing rejection during normal pregnancy.
Preeclampsia is a leading cause of complications and even death amongst pregnant women in Australia. It is the country’s most common serious medical disorder in pregnancy, affecting 5-10% of expectant mothers. Yet the causes of this illness remain a mystery and apart from delivering the baby, there is no known cure.
This discovery is the result of collaboration between Centenary Institute’s Professor Barbara Fazekas de St Groth and University of Sydney Medical School Professor Ralph Nanan.
Both Professor Nanan and Professor Fazekas hope that this finding will enable doctors to reduce the effects and severity of preeclampsia. This could lead to improved outcomes for patients like Carley Payne, who developed the condition during her first pregnancy, forcing her to deliver her son Dylan at only 25 weeks.
“I remember being so scared. I just couldn’t think straight. I had no control over anything and I didn’t really know what was going on” said Carley.
“After Dylan was born, he had to stay in the hospital on oxygen and in a humidy crib for three months. It was two weeks before I even got to hold him. He almost died twice. I was worried about Dylan, it was such an emotional time.”
Preeclampsia is an illness that only occurs in pregnancy, most commonly arising during the second half of the gestation period. It can cause multiple problems, such as high blood pressure, kidney failure, leakage of protein into the urine, thinning of the blood, liver dysfunction and occasionally, convulsions.
The baby of a preeclamptic mother may grow slower than normal in the womb or suffer a potentially harmful oxygen deficiency. Often the baby has to be delivered prematurely to avoid serious complications which would threaten the life of the baby and the mother.
In addition, due to healthcare costs and long-term care for disorders linked to premature birth, this condition causes an annual global financial burden estimated to be in the billions of dollars.
Professor Nanan and Professor Fazekas studied the Regulatory T-cell levels of pregnant mothers at the time of delivery, and compared them with those of mothers who had preeclampsia.
“What we found, is that in healthy pregnancies, there was an increase in Regulatory T-cell production and a decrease in the production of cells that cause inflammation. Patients with preeclampsia however did not experience these normal immune adaptations to pregnancy”, said Professor Nanan.
Professor Fazekas explains, “Fifty years ago researchers hypothesized that preeclampsia is caused by the immune system’s inability to generate proper tolerance to the baby but it has been very difficult to prove. Our research reinforces the belief preeclampsia is initiated, at least in part, by an immune mediated problem that leads to an increase in inflammation.”
“Each person has a set of transplantation antigens that are on all cells and are unique to that person. Normally, the immune system will reject anything that has foreign antigens. Pregnancy is therefore an interesting phenomenon, because the mother’s body normally accepts the fetus even though the baby gets half of its antigens from the father, which would usually register as foreign to the mother’s immune system.”
“We found that the changes in the balance between Regulatory T-cells and inflammatory T-cells in pregnancy may be crucial in stopping the mother’s immune system from rejecting the baby. In preeclampsia, when these changes do not occur, both the baby and the mother are put at risk.”
According to Professor Fazekas, “We still have a long way to go to make preeclampsia a condition of the past, but we have opened up a new way of looking at the illness which could lead to new diagnostics and therapies, meaning healthier mothers and babies.”
For more information, a copy of the abstract or to arrange an interview contact:
LauraBeth Albanese, Marketing Coordinator, the Centenary Institutep: 02 9565 6118 m: 0431 029 215 e:
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Interview With Dr F. W. Reichelderfer
Francis Wilton Reichelderfer was born in Harlan in the state of Indiana, USA, on 6 August 1895, the son of a methodist pastor. He graduated from high school in Topeka in 1913, and went on to university at Evanstan, near Chicago, where his principal subjects were physics, mathematics and chemistry. He followed additional courses in English, zoology and psychology, and also derived great satisfaction from taking a three-year course in classical Greek under the eminent Professor J. Scott. His first job was working as a chemist for Calumet, a firm which makes baking powder.
Like many American boys of his age, Francis Reichelderfer dreamed of flying, and in 1917 getting into the war seemed to be the best way of attaining this objective. He looked around for a way to become enlisted. The US Air Force did not exist at that time; there were only small aviation units in the army and the navy.
In 1918 Reichelderfer enlisted in the US Naval Reserve Flying Corps, and after a three-month course in meteorology at Harvard's Blue Hill Observatory, he was ready to be drafted to England for active service.
However, instead of England, he ended up in Canada at a US naval air station at North Sydney (Nova Scotia) where his job was to forecast weather for anti-submarine patrols which guarded convoys crossing the North Atlantic from Halifax. So the war came to an end and he had still not got his 'wings'. Therefore he had himself transferred to a naval air station near Norfolk (Virginia), and it was this move which was decisive for his future career. During the First World War several countries in Europe, and Norway in particular, suffered from a lack of weather information so desperately needed for fishing fleets. Bad weather and storms caused serious damage which could have been avoided with adequate warning. In Bergen, a group of meteorologists under the leadership of Jack Bjerknes embarked upon a serious and in-depth empirical study of weather systems, thereby founding the famous Bergen school. Bjerknes's new method of analysing weather maps became known as frontal analysis'. When Reichelderfer heard about this, he determined to try the frontal analysis technique in the USA, in spite of the scepticism of his colleagues.
In May 1919 there was the first attempt at a transatlantic crossing by flying boats, and Reichelderfer was sent to Lisbon to forecast the weather for them. Four machines were to set out from Rockaway Inlet (Long Island). Two came down in mid-ocean, the crews being rescued by ships. The third developed engine trouble and never left the ground. The fourth flying boat completed the crossing and provided invaluable information.
In September of the same year, Reichelderfer had his first experience as pilot-meteorologist of a balloon when he rode in an open basket to an altitude of about 6000 metres. Perhaps the greatest hazard to balloons in those days was thunderstorms; during an international balloon race from Brussels in 1923, five participants lost their lives when lightning struck their balloons.
When he became lieutenant in charge of the naval meteorological service at Washington, D.C., Reichelderfer put all his effort into means of gaining more information about the upper layers of the atmosphere, and naval pilots flew weather reconnaissance missions for the first time. In 1931 he went to Norway to study with Bjerknes and Bergeron for the greater part of a year. By now airships had reached the apogee of their brief period of celebrity, and he made several long journeys on the ill-fated zeppelin Hindenburg, and in fact was to have returned with her to Frankfurt the time she burst into flames at Lakehurst in 1937.
It was while he was doing a naval officer's obligatory spell of service at sea in 1938 that Reichelderfer was offered the post of Chief of the US Weather Bureau, and he was sworn in on 15 December of that year. From then on things happened with remarkable speed. To begin with, radiosondes had started to be used for taking upper-air observations, and for the first time it was possible to draw a meaningful pattern of the circulation at upper levels. The US Coast and Geodetic Survey already used a calculating machine to forecast ocean tides, and in England, L. F. Richardson had demonstrated that mathematical weather forecasting was theoretically possible, and Rossby at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology had developed fundamental equations describing the general circulation of the atmosphere. A group of Rossby's students had come to the US Weather Bureau to form a nucleus for research. Supported by this group, and with advice from mathematical geniuses such as Rossby himself, John von Neumann and Jule Charney, Dr Reichelderfer raised the US Weather Bureau's research group to a state of high competence. In I960 he was jointly responsible for the first orbiting meteorological satellite—TIROS 1. During Reichelderfer's 25-year term as chief, the Weather Bureau's budget grew from US $4.7 millions to more than $60 millions, and the number of its employees went up from 1650 to 6630.
Dr Reichelderfer became an influential and respected member of many national bodies, and, in his capacity as member of the Executive Council of the International Meteorological Organization, he played a very important part in framing the World Meteorological Organization Convention, adopted by the Conference of Directors at Washington, D.C in 1947. First Congress in 1951 elected him President of WMO and Second and Fourth Congresses elected him member of the Executive Committee by acclamation. (At Third Congress he was already an ex-officio member by virtue of being president of Regional Association IV).
Reichelderfer is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences, the American Geophysical Union, the American Meteorological Society, the Executive Committee of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the Royal Meteorological Society, the Geophysical Society of Lima (Peru), the Philosophical Society of Washington, and the Washington Academy of Sciences. Among the honours bestowed on him from abroad may be mentioned the Order of the Sacred Treasure (Japan 1960) and other international medals or parchments from Chile, Cuba and Peru. He received the ninth IMO Prize in 1964. In his home country he has received medals for meritorious service from the US Department of Commerce and the US Air Force. The American Meteorological Society conferred on him the Cleveland Abbe award in 1964 and a special recognition award in 1972. He is the author of numerous technical and scientific papers.
Throughout his career, Reichelderfer demonstrated a remarkable ability to find solutions to the most complex problems. He always remained calm even in the most provoking circumstances. His sincere and friendly advice had always been appreciated by his colleagues, who spontaneously refer to him as a 'Gentleman'.
On the occasion of his retirement on 1 October 1963, Dr Reichelderfer received the following letter from the President of the United States of America:
This interview took place at the Cosmos Club in Washington, D.C on 28 July 1981. The Editor of the WMO Bulletin was very pleased to see Dr Reichelderfer again and grateful to him for having agreed to contribute to the series. In spite of his 86 years he was extremely sharp, clear in mind, eloquent in conversation. He gives the impression that he is still that resolute naval commander and young scientist seeking to push back the boundaries of our knowledge of the atmosphere.
H.T — Dr Reichelderfer, could you start by saying something about your childhood and family?
F.W.R. — I was born in the small town of Harlan in the state of Indiana on 6 August 1895. My father was a Methodist pastor, and during my childhood we lived in three or four different towns in north-eastern Indiana. The close-knit upright family circle— consisting of my parents, my younger sister Janet and myself, surrounded by many aunts, uncles and cousins living nearby—influenced my subsequent outlook on life, and probably my career too, far more than I realized at the time. These people were genuinely but not fanatically religious. I graduated from the high school at Topeka in 1913. We then moved to Evanston (just north of Chicago) so that my father could go to the well-known Protestant college for ministers and I could follow a course at the Northwestern University.
H.T. — What subjects did you choose?
F.W.R. — I had done as much mathematics, physics and chemistry as I could at high school, and so my course was centred on science. It seems to me that nowadays most young people take the fewest and easiest subjects they can in order to graduate. Without wishing to appear immodest, I took all the courses that my faculty counsellor would allow, which was about 25 per cent more than was required. I decided quite early that I should make chemistry my profession. So my course was based on physics and chemistry, but I also took English, mathematics, zoology, psychology and three years of classical Greek. This last course turned out to be immensely valuable to me because of the extraordinary personality and knowledgeability of Professor John Scott. He succeeded in broadening my horizons in far more directions than simply classical Greek.
H.T. — And after you graduated, what sort of work did you decide to do?
F.W.R. — When I obtained a bachelor's degree I had an option on several positions. I chose to go to the Calumet Company's chemistry laboratory on the west side of Chicago, and started there in June 1917 immediately after graduating. However, since I had not yet been drafted for military service I decided to volunteer. I was attracted by aviation, and so together with a close friend from university I enrolled in the United States Naval Flying Reserve Corps. We were called up for active duty in May 1918 and sent to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for 'ground school' training in preparation for going on to the Naval Aviation Flying School. However, my friend and I rather naively offered ourselves for immediate service abroad, thinking we could get our flying training in England which was still at war with Germany. So we followed an intensive training course in meteorology. Then one of those absurd little incidents occurred which changes the course of one's whole life. A British officer was looking through the list of names of candidates for assignment in England. When he came to mine he protested 'Reichelderfer! Why, the last two people you sent over had German names. Haven't you someone with a more English-sounding name?' Well, there was nobody there to plead for me, so they blithely put me down to fill a vacancy as meteorologist at the US naval air station at North Sydney, Nova Scotia.
H.T. — That British officer unwittingly did a great service for the meteorological community! So what did your work as meteorologist entail, and what facilities were available?
F.W.R. — When I arrived at North Sydney I discovered there were no meteorological facilities whatsoever. The aircraft went out to search for enemy submarines waiting to attack convoys as they set sail for Europe. To forecast for these missions I had to make arrangements with the Canadian Meteorological Service to obtain whatever synoptic reports were available, which did not amount to more than about a dozen observations. Thus it was an extremely primitive kind of forecast office, but in a few months the Armistice was signed and 1 was posted to the naval air station at Hampton Roads, near Norfolk (Virginia), where once again I had to establish a weather observing and forecasting office. We received copies of synoptic reports collected by the US Weather Bureau and made our own charts.
H.T. — You had been done out of your flying training in England. Did you still want to learn to fly?
F.W.R. — Very much indeed, and I had put in a strong request for this to the Navy Department. They agreed, and in February 1919 I was sent to Miami for preliminary flight training and then to Pensacola for more advanced training. However, I had only just started the course at Pensacola when I was ordered back to Hampton Roads for a special assignment. I was to be the meteorological officer at Lisbon (Portugal) which was the point of arrival of the first attempt at a transatlantic crossing by flying boats. The Commanding Officer at Pensacola was sympathetic to me in my predicament and let me arrange night and day training so that I was able to complete the advanced flying course in about ten days instead of the usual two months.
H.T. — Tell me about the transatlantic crossing by flying boats. What was your responsibility?
F.W.R. — I was to forecast the weather on the legs from the Azores to Lisbon and Lisbon to Plymouth in the south of England. You know the rest—one of the four aircraft made it successfully. Incidentally, the meteorological forecaster at the point of departure for the actual crossing—which was Trepassey Bay in Newfoundland—was Willis Ray Gregg. Gregg later succeeded Professor Marvin as Chief of the US Weather Bureau and I took over this post on Gregg's death in 1938. The meteorological community was very closely knit in those days; we knew each other well and there was a great esprit de corps which made the profession really satisfying. At the end of the First World War I had to decide whether to go back to my job with the Calumet Company which had been kept open for me, or whether to stay in meteorology.
I felt sure that there was a better future in meteorology than in chemistry; meteorologists were very few, I was convinced that aviation was on the threshold of an explosive growth, and the opportunities for research and development in aviation meteorology seemed infinitely better than in chemistry. So I chose meteorology, and needless to say I am very glad that I did.
H.T. — Can you tell me how you came to be involved in ballooning?
F.W.R. — If there is any craft which is really at the mercy of the weather it is the free balloon. The US Navy decided to enter a national balloon race in 1919, and to stand a chance of winning you need to know where the wind will take you and what conditions you will encounter. So they looked around for a meteorologist to go along as one of the crew. There were not many, most of the meteorologists in the navy had resigned at the end of the war and gone back to civilian life. I was sent to Akron (Ohio) for training in free ballooning and then took part in the race from St. Louis. This all took place in 1919. When you are in a free balloon you are effectively a particle of air and one learns a great deal about air currents and especially vertical motion. After a time one develops a feeling for the weather which is difficult to describe and which cannot be found elsewhere. In 1923 I had a most exciting experience. The US Navy entered the Gordon Bennett international balloon race which started from Brussels, and I went along again as meteorologist.
There was a large crowd there and we took off on schedule, even though the weather was not good. Besides being meteorologist, I was also navigator. We drifted in and among cumulus clouds, and it became clear that our course was more northerly than we wanted if we were to remain over the continent. One active cumulus carried us much too high and we had to release gas to come down to a level where we could see the ground. By then night had fallen, and the lights below had a definite boundary which could only be the sea coast. We had no desire to go out across the North Sea and perhaps up into the Arctic, so the pilot brought us down in a field of turnips about 800 metres from what was then known as the Zuider Zee in the Netherlands. Next morning we learnt that the US Army's balloon had been struck by lightning and the pilot and co-pilot killed. Three other balloonists had also lost their lives due to lightning, so we had been very lucky.
H.T. — About this time the Bergen school under Jack Bjerknes was very active. Did you have any contact with that group, and did you try out their new frontal theory?
F.W.R. — I don't remember learning about the Bergen school until about 1920 or even early 1921. But one day in 1921 I was on a bombing exercise off the Virginian Capes. I had forecast scattered thunderstorms, but on our way back to base we ran into an extremely ugly-looking line squall and conditions became far more severe than I had expected. Some of the aeroplanes had to land on the beach to escape the storm. Now it happened that I had just received some of Bjerknes's papers on the structure of moving cyclones—up until then our concept of a depression was based on Abercromby's * model which did not recognize fronts or wind-shift lines—and to me this was an exciting revelation and one which should permit us to be much more specific in our forecasting. So I sent for all the material that I could get of Bjerknes and began to draw in fronts as best I could on our daily weather maps. I believe this was the first time it had been done as regular practice in the USA.
H.T. — I see that in 1923 you became a regular Lieutenant in the US Navy, and that you were responsible for weather research. What work did this involve?
F.W.R. — When the officer who had been in charge of the naval meteorological organization in Washington, D.C. resigned, I was ordered to Washington after 1 had passed the examination for transfer into the US Navy as a regular officer, and took up this job. In fact I had to reorganize and build up the entire naval meteorological organization—personnel, selection of stations, instruments, operations, analysis and forecasting methods—in other words I was the 'main guy'.
H.T. — I understand that you enlisted the services of Carl-Gustav Rossby, a student of Bjerknes. How did this come about?
F.W.R. — Rossby had come to the USA on an American-Scandinavian foundation fellowship and he had a corner of a small office in the Weather Bureau headquarters. The senior forecasters in the Weather Bureau were dedicated and highly capable men, and they insisted that nobody should be a forecaster before having had an apprenticeship of five or six years. My work obliged me to visit the Weather Bureau each day to take down the synoptic reports and draw my weather maps, which I then took back to the naval headquarters for briefing the navy aviation people. So I came to make the acquaintance of Rossby—we were about the same age and had similar innovative ideas. The Weather Bureau had not yet got to grips with the main problems that faced aviators, for instance it was not the Bureau's practice to forecast fog! The well-known financier H. Guggenheim was creating an air service in California to set the standard for future airlines and he wanted to include a model aviation weather service which would show the Weather Bureau what was needed in this respect. I was asked for advice, and it was on my recommendation that Rossby was sent to California to help in setting up the aeronautical weather service. I kept in touch with him and it was clear he was doing a good job. During the same time I had managed to organize a postgraduate course in meteorology for naval officers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology—I believe this was the world's first formal course in meteorology for graduates—and I was instrumental in getting Rossby appointed as instructor. He designed the course to meet the requirements of the Navy and ran it himself. This was positively the beginning of an explosive growth in meteorological education, and Rossby deserves credit for his pioneering work.
H.T. — In 1931 the Navy sent you to Norway to study the air-mass and frontal analysis techniques practised by the Bergen school. Had you not already learnt all about this through their published papers and through contact with Rossby?
F.W.R. — We thought we had, but when I went to the air-base at Lakehurst (New Jersey) to forecast for airship operations, I arranged for the maps drawn up by Rossby's group at M.I.T. to be mailed to us, and found that our analyses did not compare very well with theirs. We were unable to find out why, so it was decided that I should go and see just how Bergeron, Bjerknes, Petterssen, Solberg and the others did their analyses. On my way to Norway I spent three or four weeks in England and saw how the British Meteorological Office functioned and how they drew up their weather maps. Once in Norway, it soon became clear to me that they had a skill, an artistry, that we could never have acquired from just reading their papers. I became thoroughly engrossed in learning their technique and was still in Norway more than six months later, although my visit had originally been planned for only a week or two. When I got back to the USA I wrote an official report on the Bergen school analysis technique, partly in order to explain my long absence. I did not consider it as being a final treatise, and so when I addressed the report to the Navy Department I marked it 'Restricted' to imply that it was to be used only for naval purposes and not published. For some reason this made the Weather Bureau and the Air Force suspicious that I had obtained some special information which was not to be divulged outside the Navy. Of course this was not at all true. Anyway they managed somehow to obtain a copy which they duplicated and circulated in hundreds of copies to staff in the Weather Bureau and the Air Force. So this absurd incident probably had much to do with the adoption of frontal analysis methods in the USA.
H.T. — After a spell of two years' sea duty, you returned to Lakehurst in 1935 with the rank of Lieutenant Commander. Did you go back to meteorological forecasting duties?
F.W.R. — My increasing seniority in the Navy prevented me from spending very much time as a real meteorologist. It is true that they still needed my meteorological experience, but during my second spell at Lakehurst I was also saddled with the more administrative tasks that are the lot of the person in authority. Nevertheless I kept in close touch with meteorology, and took part in a number of balloon races so that I was able to apply my knowledge. Also, I had the opportunity to fly in the airships which used Lakehurst as a terminal.
H.T. — What were your impressions of travelling in an airship?
F.W.R. — It was delightful. So quiet. On the Hindenburg there was a separate dining room, music room (with a grand piano), smoking room and we all had small staterooms. Of course the walls were of fabric, not metal or wood. I think my most memorable trip was from Rio de Janeiro to Frankfurt. We had to fly against the North-east Trades and they seemed to be stronger than usual. I could sense an increasing anxiety among the German crew that they might have to make an emergency landing because of lack of fuel. The route they normally followed was across the Bay of Biscay and up the English Channel to follow the River Rhine.
A shorter route was through the Straits of Gibraltar and up the Rhone valley, but France imposed very strict air space limits and if they were to drift off the line of the Rhone, as they easily might in bad weather, there would be all sorts of problems. Well, the crew calculated that they couldn't make it by the English Channel, and chose to risk the French route. I was in the control car as we passed through the Straits of Gibraltar and had a remarkable panoramic view in all directions. Suddenly we heard the thud of gunfire from the Spanish fort at Ceuta on the African side. There was some fear that it might have been aimed at us, but in fact it was the first shot to be fired in the Spanish Civil War, a ranging shot aimed at a submarine, which was followed by a salvo of five more shots, but the submarine got away. Once over the Mediterranean we had tail winds and flew up the Rhone without problem.
H.T. — I suppose airships were highly vulnerable to bad weather?
F.W.R. — The airship was able to take care of itself without danger provided it could avoid the severe updraughts in thunderstorms. The US airship Shenandoah was lost mainly on this account. When I travelled on the Hindenburg I used to draw synoptic maps from weather reports intercepted on the radio (there was no responsibility attached to this, it was simply a bit of co-operation). The German airship officers certainly knew what they were talking about when it came to meteorology. On 6 May 1937 I packed my bags to return with the zeppelin to Frankfurt. The captain wanted to make a quick turn-round without refuelling at Lakehurst in an attempt to establish a world record, but the Hindenburg was not allowed to land immediately because of turbulent thundery conditions, and had to stall around a short distance off the coast. At that altitude the electrical charge would probably be quite different to that on the ground. When the zeppelin eventually came in to land she came very quickly. She released her 200-foot 'drag-ropes' which got wet, and it seems to me very likely that as soon as one of these touched the ground the potential difference caused a spark to the metal framework which ignited a pocket of hydrogen and set fire to the airship. Twenty-six people lost their lives.
H.T. — Being a regular naval officer, you would have to do periods of duty at sea from time to time. Was this as a meteorologist?
F.W.R. — No. I was drafted to the enormous aircraft carrier Lexington where I was responsible for the seaworthiness of the vessel. I was fourth in the line of command. There were 1285 separate watertight compartments which I was supposed to inspect. I learnt a lot during that spell. Then I was transferred to the battleship Utah where I was second in command. That splendid naval officer Captain Walter Brown gave me the responsibility of bringing the huge ship into harbour on a number of occasions, and the thrill of doing this is indescribable.
H.T. — It was while you were at sea that you received a telegram asking you whether you would accept the post of Chief of the Weather Bureau?
F. W. R. — This came as a complete surprise. At the same time it was a terrible shock to learn that my good friend Willis Gregg had died. I was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt and took the oath of office on 15 December 1938. At that time there must have been a total staff of between 150 and 200 at the Weather Bureau headquarters, and another 1500-2000 who were working at the regular synoptic stations throughout the country. It was a loyal and dedicated organization but, as I have already said, it had not managed to keep up with the rapid advances in meteorology. So the challenge and opportunity presented to me were such as few men are afforded.
H.T. — So what were the first things you did?
F.W.R. — As meteorologist at Hampton Roads I had been plagued by the idea that meteorology could be made much more an exact science if greater attention were paid to the relevant physics and mathematics. Therefore, one of the first things 1 did was to try to interest the International Business Machine Company and others in developing an electronic computer which could be used for numerical methods of weather prediction. The U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey already had a good machine for predicting tides, but I soon found that it would be inadequate for the complex processes in the atmosphere. I had to set about getting greater financial appropriations so that we could expand research activities as quickly as possible and get meteorology accepted as a key role in national affairs. Rossby was much committed to his work at M.I.T., but he agreed to come to the Bureau as Assistant Chief for a year or two and did an excellent job, both in research and in the domain of education. When he returned to M.I.T. and later to the University of Chicago, we got Congressional approval for Bureau staff to be sent for graduate training there. With the onset of the Second World War there was a pronounced surge of interest on the part of the military services and some supplementary funding could be obtained from that quarter. We had what was called the Joint Meteorological Committee which was largely instrumental in this. We pressed on with efforts at applying computers to the weather prediction process.
H.T. — How did you manage to enlist the services of such an astonishingly large number of highly capable and prestigious people in the research effort? To name just a few there was Byers, Charney, Machta, Namias, von Neumann, Smagorinsky and Wexler.
F.W.R. — To a large extent this just happened naturally. During the Second World War and immediately thereafter there was more incentive to follow a scientific career in the US Government, particularly in the field of meteorology which was seen as being particularly promising.
H.T. — I believe that at one time you had some difference of opinion with Rossby?
F.W.R. — Well, there was nothing personal about this. The problem arose from the normal and healthy competition which exists in meteorology between the academic and the governmental sides. I thought that Rossby when he was at the M.I.T. promoted this feeling, down-playing the Weather Bureau. Then, during the period that he was Assistant Chief of the Weather Bureau, he was trying to go much faster than the money could be supplied.
H.T. — It was not so many years after numerical weather prediction became an established procedure that the first meteorological satellites were rocketed into orbit. How did you feel about this?
F.W.R. — The idea came from secret military developments at meetings of the Joint Meteorological Committee. We saw photographs taken from early rocket flights which dramatically impressed on us the enormous potential aid these could be for weather prediction. At the IUGG Assembly in Rome in 1954 there was talk in the corridors about launching an Earth-orbiting satellite, and in fact three years later the Soviet Union put up Sputnik-1. We were extremely excited when our own TIROS was so successful, and it encouraged us to push for a weather satellite service as part of our routine facilities. The meteorological satellite has made all the difference in the world to the accuracy of predicting the approach of storms to highly populated areas and thereby saving countless lives.
H.T. — When did you first became associated with IMO? I know that you played an important part in drawing up the Convention of WMO.
F.W.R. — The officers of the IMO called an Extraordinary Conference of Directors (of Meteorological Services) in London in February 1946. Here I again met such personalities as Dr Theodor Hesselberg of Norway who had been President of the International Meteorological Committee, and Sir Nelson K. Johnson of the United Kingdom who was to preside over the famous Conference of Directors in Washington, D.C. the following year which adopted the new Convention changing the IMO from a non-governmental into a governmental organization—WMO. Now much of the credit for drawing up the Convention must go to Hesselberg. During the Second World War he had been reflecting deeply on the terms of an ideal constitution, and it was largely his draft that we discussed in Paris at the meeting of the International Meteorological Committee in June 1946 when we drew up the draft convention for approval by the Washington Conference.
H.T. — You were a vice-president of the International Meteorological Committee and of the Washington Conference, and First Congress in 1951 elected you first President of WMO. You were also member of the Executive Committee until your retirement. In retrospect, how do you view the organization in its early days?
F.W.R. — The policies and concepts of the IMO bore more directly on the science of meteorology and related technical aspects because they arose from a consensus of the Directors of Meteorological Services, without having to take account of administrative or political aspects. It is no criticism of the UN system of organizations but simply a fact of life that all sorts of interests, opinions and plans have to be considered before a major decision is taken by WMO nowadays. So I think in the early days the problems were more straightforward and tangible, so that at the sessions of the Executive Committee it was relatively easy to arrive at a consensus on programmes and budgets which seemed to be in the best interests of Meteorological Services. The membership was smaller which also helped. Some of us were opposed to enlarging the Committee, not because we ignored the desire and right of other nations to be represented, but because we knew that the Committee's proceedings would become more cumbersome. However, we knew the changes would have to come, and I believe the decisions made were wise and just. But nevertheless they made life considerably more complicated for the Organization.
H.T. — How do you see WMO now and in the future?
F.W.R. — When you think how critical the weather and climate is to human beings and wild life, an international organization dealing with meteorology and hydrology just has to be one of the most important in the world.
Among the specialized agencies of the United Nations, I believe WMO is envied because it has managed to avoid some of the divisive difficulties of a political nature which have been encountered elsewhere. I sincerely hope that the present and future officers of WMO will take great care to continue in this line, and foster the progress of science and the application of meteorology rather than make administration the all-important consideration. I remember that at the time satellites started to be used I felt the need for a United Nations resolution which would define the role of WMO with respect to scientific meteorology. Whereas I wanted the other agencies to have full freedom to act, I did not want them to overwhelm the interests and responsibilities of WMO in this new domain.
Eventually a draft resolution was drawn up providing for inter-agency co-operation, but with WMO having full responsibility, not only for strengthening national Meteorological Services, but also for the scientific research aspects which could not be separated from the Organization's role without causing harm. Later it came to my notice that the draft had been changed by certain groups representing the academic viewpoint to give more power to other agencies at the expense of WMO. I quickly called up Secretary-General Davies and my colleague Andrew Thompson of the Canadian Meteorological Service, and through other organs they were able to get the draft changed back to essentially the original version. This gave rise to some misunderstanding and even a bit of ill feeling in certain quarters, but the resolution protected WMO and allowed it to maintain its scientific interest in full co-operation with other agencies concerned.
H.T. — You are a member of a great many learned societies, including the US Academy of Sciences. Do these activities take up much of your time nowadays?
F.W.R. — The societies in fact take the time you choose to spend on them. I find that there are others who devote the time needed on matters concerning, for instance, the special meteorological committees of the Academy, and although I was very active earlier, 1 do not feel there is now the same need for my active participation. I turn to things which nobody else has taken up.
H.T. — Can you say something about the awards you have received?
F.W.R. — The United States Air Force International Service Awards are a recognition of meritorious co-operation in connexion with wartime meteorological needs of the USA and in collaboration with the Army, Air Force and Navy. My Cuban award in 1944 (under the previous regime) arose from the extension of our national hurricane warning service to include Cuba and for the provision of certain meteorological equipment. Then I received the Second Order of the Sacred Treasure from Japan in 1960. I believe this was largely because of my active support of Japan's request to join WMO. When I retired in 1963 I had a fine gold medal given to me by Andre Viaut on behalf of the French Government. This was in recognition of my long years in international meteorology, and it came as a complete surprise. As did the award to me of the IMO Prize in 1964. I was highly appreciative of this decision by the Executive Committee, particularly since in the past it had been given mostly to research scientists.
H.T. — You have many publications to your credit. Were you able to continue your scientific work after you became Chief of the Weather Bureau?
F.W.R, — No. I would really rather have been a scientist than an administrator, but when I took up my appointment in December 1938 there were so many problems, plans and possibilities that I no longer had any time for serious research work.
H.T. — What about your leisure-time activities. Do you still do much gardening?
F.W.R. — I have never had 'green fingers' but I enjoy gardening and still grow some vegetables nearby. In my youth I did farm work of all kinds during high school vacation. I always loved swimming and played water basket-ball at university, in fact I indulged in various water sports even when in my seventies. My son graduated from the US Naval Academy and so I got some sailing through that. Also there were favourite seaside resorts where I enjoyed occasional vacations, with my son and my wife Beatrice. In my closing remarks as President of WMO at Second Congress in 1955 I had an opportunity to express my appreciation for her vital assistance as my 'life-partner', a role she continued to play until 1975, making a total of 55 happy years.
H.T. — What would you say to young people nowadays about making a career in meteorology?
F.W.R. — I would say that the science of the weather certainly deserves close consideration. I believe there are great possibilities in technology and industry for meteorologists to advise about weather factors. Weather permeates everything mankind does. I once had stationery printed with an inscription on the letterhead 'Meteorology - the universal community of interest'. But while there are great opportunities for those specializing in meteorology in the future, it will not be as easy as in the past. With the processing of data by computer, the intimate personal involvement where you make your weather forecast from beginning to end is no longer possible. Nevertheless if you adjust yourself to the computer age and use mathematics, you have an equally challenging and satisfactory career in front of you.
H.T. — Dr Reichelderfer, thank you for according me this interview. On behalf of the readers of the WMO Bulletin may I congratulate you warmly on your long and fruitful career and wish you many more years of active retirement.
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<urn:uuid:e2cd28c2-e5ab-4472-b9d5-c6845c776e40>
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- 1A cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, salamanders, and caecilians. They are distinguished by having an aquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed (typically) by a terrestrial lung-breathing adult stage.
More example sentences
- Class Amphibia: orders Urodela (newts and salamanders), Anura (frogs and toads), and Gymnophiona (caecilians)
- Spadefoot toads are desert-dwelling amphibians that breed opportunistically in short lived pools filled by periodic rainfall.
- Secondarily aquatic adult amphibians provide another source of diversity.
- Among vertebrates, newts and other urodele amphibians show a remarkable capacity for regeneration.
- 1.1A seaplane, tank, or other vehicle that can operate on land and on water.More example sentences
- It says no other road-legal amphibian has managed to exceed 6mph on water.
- Unfortunately for them, in December of 1941 the company was also given the go-ahead to develop an amphibian.
adjectiveBack to top
- Relating to amphibians: amphibian eggsMore example sentences
- In both mammalian and amphibian eggs, integrins have been proposed as putative sperm receptors.
- In dry years, such as the year of this study, ponds were dry by mid-June, invertebrate and amphibian larvae were unable to develop enough to metamorphose and emerge from the water.
- Perhaps 10 to 30 percent of Earth's mammal, bird, and amphibian species are facing extinction.
mid 17th century (in the sense 'having two modes of existence or of doubtful nature'): from modern Latin amphibium 'an amphibian', from Greek amphibion (noun use of amphibios 'living both in water and on land', from amphi 'both' + bios 'life').
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<urn:uuid:0cc6ab59-3bb1-437d-a81b-da4f95bc879a>
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COLLEGE STATION – Cowpeas, known as black-eyed peas in the U.S., are an important and versatile food legume grown in more than 80 countries. Texas A&M University scientists are working to map the genes controlling drought and heat tolerance in recent varieties.
New and improved varieties of cowpeas have numerous adaptive traits of agronomic importance, such as 60-70 day maturity, drought tolerance, heat tolerance, aphid resistance and low phosphorus tolerance, said Dr. Meiping Zhang, Texas A&M AgriLife Research associate research scientist in College Station.
Under a National Institute for Food and Agriculture grant of $500,000, Zhang and other Texas A&M scientists will take advantage of the recently developed DNA sequencing technology to map and ultimately clone the genes controlling drought and heat tolerance for molecular studies and deployment of these genes in other crops, she said.
Joining Zhang on the project are Dr. Hongbin Zhang, Texas A&M professor of plant genomics and systems biology and director of the Laboratory for Plant Genomics and Molecular Genetics; Dr. B.B. Singh, a visiting scholar and cowpea breeder with the Texas A&M soil and crop sciences department; and Dr. Dirk Hays, Texas A&M associate professor of physiological and molecular genetics, all in College Station.
The goal of the study is to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNP markers, the latest DNA marker technology, enabling efficient manipulation of heat and drought tolerances in cowpeas and related species, Zhang said.
Cowpeas were chosen for the study because they are a high protein grain, vegetable, fodder and high nitrogen-fixing legume that can be intercropped with corn, cotton and other crops in many countries, including the U.S., Zhang said.
“We know it is highly tolerant to drought, heat and several other biotic and abiotic stresses,” she said. “This research will use high-throughput site-associated DNA sequencing to map the genes controlling drought and heat tolerance and to develop SNP markers, enabling efficient manipulation of heat and drought tolerances in cowpea and related species.”
Zhang said they have already developed a mapping population of 110 recombinant inbred lines from a cross of two cowpea lines that are highly tolerant or susceptible to both drought and high temperature. This population is being augmented into more than 200 recombinant inbred lines for the new project.
“We will not only map drought and heat tolerant genes, but also develop a platform for mapping genes controlling several other biotic and abiotic stress tolerances such as aphid resistance and low phosphorus tolerance, both of which are also of extreme significance for agricultural production of many crops.”
The drought and heat tolerant genes, once defined and cloned, will significantly advance understanding of the molecular basis underlying plant tolerances to these stresses, Zhang said.
This will help researchers design tools to effectively combine multiple traits into new cultivars adapted to the globally changing climate in this and related crops, thus supporting the long-term genetic improvement and sustainability of U.S. agriculture and food systems, she said.
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<urn:uuid:26680302-452b-4078-aa33-54387dc44cbc>
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Erasers & BandagesEraser Decorating
1. Pour some paint onto a disposable plate. Dip just the end of the eraser into the paint and dot the egg. Wash or wipe off the eraser to change colors. Dot one color at a time. Cover the egg with dots.
Tip: You can also use a cotton swab to make small dots on your egg.Bandage Decorating
Steps 1 and 2
This way of decorating your egg works best on a natural-colored egg instead of painting the egg first.
1. Cut larger bandages in half the long way or use small bandages to decorate the egg. Overlap the bandage strips or make whatever design you choose.
2. Paint the entire egg, covering all of the bandages. Let the egg dry. Carefully peel off the adhesive bandages. There will be eggshell-colored stripes where the bandages were.
Tip: You could make designs on the eggshell-colored stripes by using some of the other painting ideas.
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54 pages | 8.5 X 11
In many countries, colleges and universities are where the majority of innovative research is done; in all cases, they are where future scientists receive both their initial training and their initial introduction to the norms of scientific conduct regardless of their eventual career paths. Thus, institutions of higher education are particularly relevant to the tasks of education on research with dual use potential, whether for faculty, postdoctoral researchers, graduate and undergraduate students, or technical staff.
Research in the Life Sciences with Dual Use Potential describes the outcomes of the planning meeting for a two-year project to develop a network of faculty who will be able to teach the challenges of research in the life sciences with dual use potential. Faculty will be able to incorporate such concepts into their teaching and research through exposure to the tenets of responsible conduct of research in active learning teaching methods. This report is intended to provide guidelines for that effort and to be applicable to any country wishing to adopt this educational model that combines principles of active learning and training with attention to norms of responsible science. The potential audiences include a broad array of current and future scientists and the policymakers who develop laws and regulations around issues of dual use.
National Research Council. Research in the Life Sciences with Dual Use Potential: An International Faculty Development Project on Education About the Responsible Conduct of Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2012.
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<urn:uuid:490e51f3-1268-4ab6-a353-1f3d21c9a75f>
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Organic mechanisms and synthesis (CH2208)
This module aims to encompass the synthetic organic chemistry previously learnt by the student and apply it to the synthesis of more complex organic structures. It will explain some of the key features in designing organic syntheses and introduce the broad picture of how functional group reactivity and mechanistic understanding are pivotal to this area of science.
This module introduces ideas of retro-synthetic analysis and the disconnection approach to develop a better understanding of synthetic methods in organic synthesis. New transformations for the preparation of alkenes, alkynes, alcohols and carbonyl compounds will be discussed and these new techniques will be applied to understand the synthesis and properties of heterocyclic molecules. The module will consider specific reaction mechanisms involving carbonyls, the Wittig reaction, C-C and C=C bond formation and aldol condensation as well as basic heteroaromatic chemistry.
Revision of synthetic procedures previously met.
Methods in synthesis and retrosynthetic analysis :
Introduction to retrosynthetic analysis, including synthons and synthetic equivalents and the principles of the disconnection approach to complex organic target molecules. Umpolung. Common types of polar reactions used for carbon-carbon bond formation utilising carbonyl chemistry. This includes the aldol reaction, Claisen ester condensation, Dieckmann cyclisation, Michael reaction, Robinson annelation, Wittig reaction as well as cycloaddition, principally the Diels-Alder reaction. Carbon-carbon bond formation using organometallics (addition of Grignard reagents to carbonyls and epoxides), and using acetylene chemistry. Functional group interconversion.
Introduction to heteroaromatic chemistry :
Similarities in the chemistry of enol ethers, enamines, amides, thioamides and amidines, synthetic strategies for elaboration of 5-membered heteroaromatics. Extensions to the synthesis of simple azoles and 6-membered heteroaromatic systems. Methods for homologation of the parent heteroaromatics, by directed electrophilic substitution and metallation.
Practical work :
Preparation, characterisation, analysis of organic compounds, including :
Use of an inert gas atmosphere.
Distillation, (re)crystallisation, chromatography.
Safe handling of hazardous and toxic chemicals.
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<urn:uuid:e486152f-ee35-4fd7-ba71-c4b34afb2d4b>
|
The letters oo are used to spell two slightly different sounds. These words have the short oo sound as in book.
This spelling list was created by Spellzone
|good||I could see from his smile that he was in a good mood.|
|wood||Most chairs and tables are made of wood.|
|cook||This chef can cook a fantastic meal.|
|look||He tried not to look into the bright light.|
|soot||The fire place was covered in soot.|
|foot||The football player kicked with his right foot.|
|wool||Her new sweater was made from wool.|
Learn about these words in unit 13
The word list has been used 5460 times. The average score is 81%.
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<urn:uuid:577281ad-6af1-4841-b654-241f1f960a78>
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Milled Plaster of Paris
Location: South Africa
Country: South Africa
Date: June 2006
Once Plaster of Paris (hemihydrate) has set (as the
dihydrate), can the hemihydrate be obtained again, i.e. by milling the
set materials and dehydrating it by heating? If so, are there any guide
lines as to the suitable fineness (particle size) of the milled
materials and the dehydration conditions to be used? Will the resultant
hemihydrate (if obtained) be as good as the original in using again as
Plaster of Paris, and if so how many times can this recycling and reuse
of Plaster of Paris be continued?
Plaster of Paris (gypsum hemihydrate) is in fact created
industrially by heating fully hydrated gypsum (the
dihydrate). Typically the dihydrate must be heated moderately
above the boiling point of water; usually about 120°C to 170°
for a specific time to drive off excess water of
crystallization and result in the hemihydrate. Since Plaster
of Paris that has "set" is the same thing a gypsum, the
results will be the same, whether heating gypsum, or "set"
Plaster of Paris.... the hemihydrate will result.
So in answer to your question, Plaster of Paris can be
"recycled" endlessly by the above method. As to how finely it
needs to be reground, I suspect that the hemihydrate has
essentially no structural strength, and thus will crumble
easily to powder, so significant effort to regrind it is
probably not needed.
Click here to return to the Material Science Archives
Update: June 2012
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Progeria: A rare genetic disorder that causes children to age prematurely. The classic type of childhood progeria is Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome, which is commonly referred to as progeria. It is characterized by dwarfism, baldness, pinched nose, small face and small jaw relative to the head size, delayed tooth formation, aged-looking skin, diminution of fat beneath the skin, stiff joints, and premature arteriosclerosis. Children with the progeria syndrome usually appear normal at birth. However, within a year, their growth rate slows and their appearance begins to change and age prematurely. They often suffer from symptoms typically seen in elderly people, especially severe cardiovascular disease. Death occurs on average at age 13, usually from heart attack or stroke.
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<urn:uuid:d3870797-0ada-4f23-afa9-516ba049681b>
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About the Landscapes BlogThe Landscapes for People, Food and Nature Initiative is an international collaborative effort to support and scale-up the practice of whole landscape approaches to address the full set of needs from the rural land base – from sustainable, climate-resilient food and fiber production to biodiversity conservation to rural livelihoods. As part of this Initiative, the Landscapes Blog serves as a venue to learn about, share, and discuss topics related to landscape approaches. It seeks to engage leaders in the field, highlight research, present examples of landscape approaches in practice, and contribute to the discussions during major international events and policy processes.
Find a Post by Date
TagsAdaptation Africa Agricultural Development Agriculture Agrobiodiversity agroforestry Biodiversity Bioversity International Business Certification Climate Change Commodities Community Community-Based Management East Africa Ecosystem Services Events FAO Food Security Forests GLFCOP19 Indigenous Peoples Intensification Landscape Approaches Latin America Livestock Mitigation Multi-stakeholder Multifunctional Landscapes Natural Resources Management Policy Publications Research Resilience Rio+20 Sustainable Development Tenure Tools Trees UNEP United States Video Water Watershed WRI
Tag Archives: Land Sparing
We’ve heard of the imminent peak oil, peak water, and in some circles even peak soil. Now researchers at the Rockefeller University in New York say that we may have reached peak farmland. This is not to say that the … Continue reading
Eva Wollenberg, Research Associate Professor CCAFS and University of Vermont, USA While adaptation and climate change mitigation in agriculture are usually managed at the farm, plot, or crop level, a landscape-level approach can increase agriculture’s “climate smartness.” That means achieving … Continue reading
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Located at the headwaters of the Savage River, Finzel Swamp is a biodiversity treasure chest containing more than 30 rare and uncommon species, and five globally and locally significant wetland habitat types. This remnant boreal fen has been left behind from the Pleistocene Epoch and is one of the few remaining refuges in Maryland where boreal species have persisted since the last Ice Age. Nestled in a natural frost pocket, Finzel Swamp provides the colder conditions required for the survival of these species. After a short hike from the parking lot through an alder thicket, the view opens to reveal the distinctive character of this location. Though hard to see without a pair of binoculars, Endangered American larch (Larix laricina) persist in the forested swamp to the north. In the spring, visitors may spot the rare alder flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) swooping out from its perch to grab passing insects, or experience the annual spotted salamander migration. From the forested wetlands to the herbaceous wet meadows, these communities are all interconnected and support a variety of wildlife that utilize them for breeding, feeding and refuge.
The trail leading from the parking area traverses the swamp, over a series of short wooden bridges, to a shallow lake. Along the trail, there are ample opportunities to observe many species of birds, butterflies, dragonflies and other wildlife and plants, some of which are rare or uncommon in Maryland. From the lake, visitors can continue north over a low hill that overlooks the eastern edge of the swamp. A few meadows dot the landscape further east and north. Finzel Swamp was established in 1970 and is owned and managed by The Nature Conservancy.
Last Stand for Larch
While here, take a moment to look for the remaining American larch trees that still exist within the forested swamp to the north. These unusual conifers shed their needles in the winter after turning a brilliant golden-yellow in the fall. American larch has been lost at four locations in Maryland due to changes in climate as well as changes in natural water flow (hydrology). Currently, the population at Finzel Swamp is one of only two remaining populations in Maryland. In an attempt to save the larch from being lost at Finzel, The Nature Conservancy has worked tirelessly to restore the natural hydrology of this swamp.
The Nature Conservancy Hard at Work
Finzel Swamp has been protected by The Nature Conservancy since the first tract was purchased in 1970. Eight additional tracts were added to this preserve in 1973. Management at this site has included a re-engineered road to allow a more natural water flow, forest regeneration and restoration, and an attempt to reduce ATV impacts.
Click here for a Print Version of this map.
From Frederick: Take I-70 west to I-68 at Hancock. Continue on I-68 about 50 miles to Exit 29. Turn right at the end of the exit ramp, heading north toward Finzel on MD 546 (Beall School Road), and continue about 1.8 miles. Turn right onto Cranberry Swamp Road and keep left at the fork. Finzel Swamp is on the left. The parking area and trail head is at the end of the gravel/dirt road.
Driving directions and aerial views open with Google Maps. For the aerial view button, if an aerial view does not open by default, click on the Satellite icon in the upper right corner and Google Maps will switch to an aerial view of the Natural Area.
Maryland's Natural Areas
- Guide to Maryland's Natural Areas
- Interactive Map of Natural Areas
- Natural Areas by County
- List of Natural Areas
- Maryland Natural Areas News
- Natural Heritage Program
- Rare, Threatened & Endangered Species
- Natural Plant Communities
- Maryland's Wildlife Diversity Conservation Plan
- Maryland Naturalist Organizations
- Contact Us
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The Musée du quai Branly, known in English as the Quai Branly Museum, nicknamed MQB, is a museum in Paris
that features indigenous art, cultures and civilizations from Africa
, and the Americas. The museum is situated close to the Eiffel Tower
. The nearest métro and RER stations are Alma - Marceau and Pont de l'Alma
A commission was established to study the feasibility of building the museum in 1995. When the study was concluded, land was reserved near the Eiffel Tower for the future museum. The curved site on the edge of the Quai Branly and the Seine is situated 100 metres from the Eiffel Tower.
The building was designed by architect Jean Nouvel. The "green wall" (200m long by 12m high) on part of the exterior of the museum was designed and planted by Gilles Clément and Patrick Blanc. At installation this was quite healthy and vibrant; however, in winter, the direct exposure of the plants to north winds blowing over the open expanse of the Seine River
causes regular frost damage even though the support system for the plants' roots, irrigation and drainage has proved to be perfectly adequate on the less exposed east facade of the building and in other places in Paris where it is used.
The museum complex contains several buildings, as well as a multimedia library and a garden. The museum's frontage facing onto quai Branly features very tall glass panelling which allows its interior gardens to be remarkably quiet only metres from the busy street in front of them.
Australian Aboriginal artists
Australian indigenous artists represented in the 2006 Australian Indigenous Art Commission at the Museum include Paddy Bedford (Kija), John Mawurndjul (Kunwinjku), Ningura Napurrula (Pintupi), Lena Nyadbi (Kija), Michael Riley (Wiradjuri/Kamilaroi)|, Judy Watson (Waanji) and Gulumbu Yunupingu (Gumatj).There are many Aboriginal artists represented in the collection, including Mawurndjul.
The museum contains the collections of the now-closed Musée National Des Arts
d'Afrique et d'Océanie and the ethnographic department of the Musée de l'Homme. The museum contains 267,000 objects in its permanent collection, of which 3,500 items from the collection are on display.A part of it is now exhibit at the Pavillon des Sessions of the musée du Louvre, where the master pieces are such as "l'homme de fer".
The museum has also an important library with 3 main departments :
The library has collections from important ethnologists such as Georges Condominas, Françoise Girard, Nesterenko, or art trader such as Jacques Kerchache.
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<urn:uuid:c22e3204-9373-4d8b-b4e8-c2d747e43d78>
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The Indian sale of Manhattan is one of the world’s most cherished legends. Few people know that the Indians who made the fabled sale were Munsees whose ancestral homeland lay between the lower Hudson and upper Delaware river valleys. The story of the Munsee people has long lain unnoticed in broader histories of the Delaware Nation.
First Manhattans, a concise distillation of the author’s more comprehensive The Munsee Indians, resurrects the lost history of this forgotten people, from their earliest contacts with Europeans to their final expulsion just before the American Revolution.
Anthropologist Robert S. Grumet rescues from obscurity Mattano, Tackapousha, Mamanuchqua, and other Munsee sachems whose influence on Dutch and British settlers helped shape the course of early American history in the mid-Atlantic heartland. He looks past the legendary sale of Manhattan to show for the first time how Munsee leaders forestalled land-hungry colonists by selling small tracts whose vaguely worded and bounded titles kept courts busy—and settlers out—for more than 150 years.
Ravaged by disease and war, the Munsees finally emigrated to reservations in Wisconsin, Oklahoma, and Ontario, where most of their descendants still live today. This book shows how Indians and settlers struggled, through land deals and other transactions, to reconcile cultural ideals with political realities. It offers a wide audience access to the most authoritative treatment of the Munsee experience—one that restores this people to their place in history.
Robert S. Grumet, anthropologist and retired National Park Service archeologist, is a Senior Research Associate with the McNeil Center for Early American Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. His numerous publications include The Lenapes and The Munsee Indians: A History.
Note: Books noticed on this site have been provided by the publishers. Purchases made through this Amazon link help support this site.
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This is the RTV-N-15, also known as Pollux, a post-World War II U.S. Navy pulsejet-powered research vehicle for missile development and testing piloted aircraft components. The last and largest vehicle of the important Gorgon series of post-war experimental Navy missiles, it was unusual in having an internally-mounted pulsejet and was an attempt to increase the normally slow operating speed of a pulsejet vehicle by streamlining.
The design range was 75-100 nautical miles, with guidance by active radar and heat-seeking homing. It made only three test flights from 1948-1951 and then was cancelled due to its slow development. This is probably the only extant example of the RTV-N-15 and was donated to the Smithsonian in 1971 by the U.S. Navy.
Transferred from U.S. Navy
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A fever is an increase in your child’s body temperature. It is part of the body’s normal response to infections, and it plays an important role in fighting such infections.
Fever is rare in babies under six months of age and can be a sign of serious illness or infection. Contact your doctor for advice if your baby is younger than three months and has a fever 38°C or above, or is between three and six months of age with a temperature of 39°C or above.
Normal body temperature is 37°C (98.6°F) when measured by the mouth. Fever is a body temperature of 1ºC or more above the normal range. Normal body temperature varies according to where it is measured as well as at different times of the day.
A number of different types of thermometers are available, your doctor or pharmacist will be able to offer you advice. Always follow the instructions that come with the thermometer.
1. Mercury or digital thermometers:
Used under child’s arm (never in baby’s mouth or in baby’s bottom). Plastic digital thermometers, which beep when they’re ready, are easier to use and read than traditional thin glass thermometers. They’re also less fragile. Some also bend to mould into the shape of child’s underarm.
2. Fever strip:
Placed on baby’s forehead. Fast to use (remember to take off the backing strip first), and good as a general guide – but not as accurate as other methods.
3. Instant thermometer (infra-red):
Used in baby’s ear. Quicker (almost instantaneous), easier to use and read, and quite accurate – but a lot more expensive.
- Offer your child regular drinks (where a baby or child is breastfed the most appropriate fluid is breast milk).
- Look for signs of dehydration: sunken fontanel (soft spot on a baby’s head), dry mouth, sunken eyes, no tears, and fewer wet nappies than normal.
- Do not under or over dress your baby; if they are shivering or sweating a lot add more or less clothing accordingly.
- Do not sponge your child with water; this does not help to reduce fever.
- Check your child regularly for rashes and to see if they are getting better. If a rash appears or if you are concerned that your child is not improving contact your doctor for advice.
- If your child attends daycare check the policy at the centre; it is best to keep your baby home while they have a fever and notify the daycare of the illness.
You need to see a doctor if your child has a fever and:
- Your child is very young (six months or younger).
- Your child seems very sick.
You also need to see a doctor if your child:
- Has an earache.
- Has difficulty swallowing.
- Has fast breathing.
- Has a rash.
- Has vomiting.
- Has neck stiffness.
- Has bulging of the fontanel (the soft spot on the head in babies).
- Is very sleepy or drowsy.
Medicines (known as antipyretics) to reduce fever are available from the pharmacy. These medicines can help to lower your baby’s temperature, but they do not treat the cause of the fever.
If your child’s temperature is above 38.5°C and they are distressed or very unwell, you can help to make them feel more comfortable by giving them an antipyretic, such as Children’s Panadol®.
Children’s Panadol (paracetamol) can be given to babies from one month of age. The recommended dose for use in children is 15 mg/kg every four to six hours up to a maximum of four doses (60mg/kg) per day for up to 48 hours. Paracetamol starts to reduce fever in as little as 15 minutes† and can reduce fever for up to eight hours.
Always follow the directions on the bottle and ask your doctor or pharmacist if you are unsure about the correct dose to give for your child.
- If there is severe vomiting, and baby does not keep down paracetamol or any fluids.
- If baby’s neck seems stiff or rigid.
- If baby is having difficulty breathing.
- If baby is screaming, very irritable and unable to be consoled.
- If baby is unconscious (you can’t wake him or her up), or if he or she is having fits or convulsions (jerky, uncontrollable movements).
What happens if your baby has a convulsion and what can you do during this time? Find out with this information about Febrile convulsions.
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<urn:uuid:cecd9570-0a42-4904-8e2e-4822fffe99d7>
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- Hits: 1043
The Rolle Canal (also known as the Torrington Canal) in North Devon, England runs 6 miles from Landcross, where it joins the River Torridge, to the limekilns at Rosemoor.
It has one sea lock at Landcross, an inclined plane at Weare Giffard – to raise it 60 feet – and a five arch aqueduct (known as the Beam Aqueduct) over the River Torridge.
The canal's construction was started as a private venture in 1823 by John Rolle, the then Baron Rolle. In this the canal is unusual as no Act of Parliament had to be obtained.
The idea for the canal was originally proposed by his father Denys Rolle but for various reasons nothing had come of those plans.
James Green was employed as the lead engineer.
The Baron Rolle laid the foundation stone of the aqueduct in an event marked by the firing of a cannon. The cannon burst, resulting in the injury of a man by the name of John Hopgood, who the Baron compensated with a year's salary.
Completed in 1827 it was used to carry limestone and coal for the kilns as far inland as possible and to carry Marland clay to the port of Bideford for export.
The canal cost between £40,000 and £45,000 to construct.
The canal shared many of its design features with the Bude Canal, unsurprisingly as the Bude Canal had been part of the inspiration for the scheme and the projects shared the same lead engineer. Similarities include the use of trains of tub boats and the use of canal inclined planes rather than locks. The inclined plane was powered by a water wheel.
The aqueduct is referred to as the canal bridge in Henry Williamson's Tarka the Otter.
Around 1852 the canal was leased to George Braginton who among other things held the position of Mayor of Torrington a number of times. Exactly when the lease ended is uncertain but certainly at a date no later than 1865.
In 1871 the canal was closed and sold to the London and South Western Railway by Mark Rolle (the nephew of the second wife of John Rolle) to make way for the railway from Bideford to Torrington.
Some parts of the canal are still visible today, including the aqueduct (now a viaduct), the sea lock (although without any gates) and some parts of the inclined plane.
Part of the railway alignment is now a cyclepath.
Some work on the sea lock was carried out in 2006.
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<urn:uuid:049a63fa-a6a9-4ada-89a5-8749174c254c>
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- another term for great white shark.More example sentences
- The attack by two sharks is unusual behaviour for white pointers, which are generally regarded as solitary hunters.
- The technology comes too late for 29-year-old Bradley Smith, who was attacked by two white pointers recently while surfing in Perth.
- Over the last month there have been two ‘encounters’ with large white pointers, originally thought to have involved the same animal.
More definitions of white pointerDefinition of white pointer in:
- The US English dictionary
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The Return of the Giant Ground Sloth
The Museum of Arts & Sciences (MOAS) welcomed back the historic Giant Ground Sloth to public viewing. After being kept behind closed doors due to 2009 flooding, the sloth was welcomed back on display as part of the museum’s permanent collection on Sunday, May 1, 2011.
The impressive 13-foot tall skeleton of the Eremotherium laurilardi or giant ground sloth was excavated in 1975, in an important Pleistocene fossil site called the Daytona Bone Bed. Dr. Gordon Edmund, Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology at Canada’s Royal Ontario Museum, identified and reconstructed the giant sloth for MOAS.
Approximately 130,000 years ago, the giant ground sloth lived in the coastal area of Florida and specifically in Volusia County. This huge, hairy mammal weighed between three to five tons and rose to the height of 15-20 feet on its hind legs, was 5 feet wide and about 20 feet long. It was a plant eater (herbivorous) and is believed to have roamed Florida lands in herds searching for food.
The Volusia County giant ground sloth is the best preserved and most complete fossil of this species in North America and has made its home at The Center for Florida History of MOAS for the past 30 years.
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Issue 21 Electricity Spring 2006
Tales of Desert Nomads
AUDC (Robert Sumrell & Kazys Varnelis)
One of the least-known facts about the Mexican-American War of 1846–1848 is that it gave rise to the short-lived experiment of the United States Camel Corps. That conflict made clear to military leaders that securing the rough terrain of the Southwest against Native Americans or the Mexican government, both of whom were unhappy with the growing power of the US in that region, would not be easy. The majority of American causalities in the war in those distant lands fell victim not to enemy fire but to the harsh conditions, proving just how inhospitable that region is to traditional cavalry and infantry.
Convinced they had found a solution, Second Lieutenant George H. Crossman, a veteran of the Seminole Wars, and Major Henry C. Wayne, a quartermaster, gained the support of Secretary of War Jefferson Davis and persuaded Congress to allocate thirty thousand dollars to the Camel Military Corps in 1855. Like many such ideas, this seemed sensible at the time. Both Arabia and the American Southwest are similar climatologically. Obviously, dromedaries are well suited to the arid environment and even if it is hardly plausible that Crossman, Wayne, or Davis would have known this, giant prehistoric camels once roamed the American continent. More likely, Crossman and Davis had heard of plans to bring camels to the Mojave desert as pack animals and might even have received word that the animals were being brought to Australia by settlers to help colonize the Outback. In what would be the first operational test of material in the field by the Army, the Corps was charged with determining the capabilities of the animals for the possible formation of a camel cavalry, for deployment in artillery units, and for use as pack animals.
Two years later, the Army imported seventy-seven North African camels and a Syrian camel driver named Hadji Ali to the Southwest. Based at Camp Verde, the Corps was charged with establishing mail and supply routes to California to the west and to Texas to the east. Although the camels thrived in conditions that would fell any horse, the experiment was not without its problems. The animals did not adapt well to the rocky terrain, they scared other pack animals such as horses and burros, and soldiers found them foul-smelling and bad-tempered and complained about camels spitting at them. Nevertheless, the new Secretary of War, John Floyd, was impressed and asked Congress for a further one thousand camels. But tensions between the North and South were rising and the Congress couldn’t be bothered with the distant lands of the Southwest. Moreover, upon being appointed Commander of the Texas Army, Major General David E. Twiggs, sometimes known as “The Horse” (but also as “Old Davy” or “the Bengal Tiger”) was horrified to discover the Camel Corps in his charge and successfully lobbied Congress to be rid of the beasts. Perhaps it is just as well: Twiggs would soon surrender his command and, with it, the Texas Army to the Confederacy.
Instead of serving the Confederacy, the Camel Corps was sold off at auction in 1863. Most would wind up in private hands, but some would be released into the desert where they became feral. Hadji Ali, now known as “Hi Jolly,” remained behind although whether this was to pursue the American dream or simply because he was marooned far from home is unclear. After running a camel-borne freight business for a while, Hi Jolly married a Tucson woman and moved to the western Arizona town of Tyson’s Wells, nine miles west of Quartzsite, where he worked as a miner until he died in 1902. In memory of his service, the government of Arizona built a small pyramid topped by a metal camel on his gravesite in the 1930s. Feral camels would be seen roaming the desert until the early 1900s.
More recently, a new monument to the camel sprung up about a mile away, this time made of automobile rims and mufflers, to announce the fulfillment of the century-and-a-half-old vision of self-sufficient desert nomads roaming the West.
During the scorching summer, Quartzsite is a sleepy town of 3,397 inhabitants, but every year between October and March, a new breed of nomad comes to descend upon the town as hundreds of thousands of campers bring their Recreational Vehicles (RVs) to Quartzsite. These “snowbirds,” generally retirees from colder climates, settle in one of the more than seventy RV parks in the area or in the outlying desert administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The BLM and local law enforcement agencies estimate that a total of 1.5 million people spend time in Quartzsite between October and March, a mass migration that temporarily forms one of the fifteen largest cities in the United States. If all of these residents inhabited Quartzsite at once, the result would be a more populous urbanized area than Dallas, San Jose, or San Diego, possibly even bigger than Phoenix or Philadelphia, America’s fifth largest city.
For a half century after Hi Jolly’s death, the population of Quartzsite remained small, with only about fifty people living in the outpost town on a permanent basis. By the 1950s, however, snowbirds began spending the relatively mild winter months in the area, and by the 1960s the seasonal population would swell to 1,500. Many of these winter travelers returned year after year and some settled permanently. As the community slowly grew, businessmen and civic boosters formed the Quartzsite Improvement Association and created a gem and mineral show to encourage more winter travelers to come.
Today, Quartzsite makes a radical break with the surrounding emptiness. Although it rejects vertical density and permanence, Quartzsite proposes a new kind of super-dense sprawl, achieving a remarkable horizontal density as RV is parked next to RV.
That they came at all is the result of the invention of this modern replacement for Hi Jolly’s camels—the RV. In retrospect, the development of such a self-sufficient beast, capable of hauling a family and enough food and water to sustain it long distances, seems almost inevitable.
In his 1896 essay “The Frontier in American History,” Frederick Jackson Turner, the founder of American Studies, observed that the United States Census Bureau considered the frontier closed in the 1880s. For Jackson, this could only result in an epochal shift in the American psyche. Until then, he argued, Americans could renew themselves in the primitive conditions of the frontier. The loss of a true wilderness experience meant that the individual no longer had a ready place for social regeneration.
The end of social regeneration on the frontier, however, paved the way for a new idea: recreation in exurbia. After Henry Ford built the Model T, his “car for the great multitude,” large numbers of individuals would flee the city on a regular basis in search of the newly domesticated “nature.” Ford himself believed that the Model T’s principal use would be to enable families to enjoy the blessing of hours of pleasure in God’s great open space. Auto camping grew rapidly after World War I. By 1922, the New York Times estimated that of 10.8 million cars, 5 million were in use for camping. Soon “auto-tents” designed to fit the Model T would be available and trailers for the Model T to tow would follow.
At first, campers would simply park in empty fields or by the side of the road, but this led to confrontations with angry rural townsfolk, who saw their lives under threat not only from declining profitability but also from these nascent exurbanites who they feared would one day colonize the countryside. Soon campgrounds or “trailer parks” sprang up to provide places to stay with other campers on the road. Although campers sought nature and escape from a fixed community, they also enjoyed sharing this experience with their brethren. Unlike the metropolis, trailer parks were places of relative homogeneity—campers were generally middle-class WASPs—so campers were able to tolerate living in remarkably close quarters.
During the Depression and World War II, camper trailers acquired a stigma, coming to be used as temporary shelters to be inhabited while their inhabitants worked transient jobs. With the return of affluence in the 1950s, however, Americans once again regained their desire to travel the country in self-sufficient “land yachts,” untethered by hotels, inns, or motor courts. By this point, the old automobile-drawn campers were unsuitable. Not only did they have the unpleasant connotation of transient housing to overcome, but they now also seemed small and cramped given the increase in the size of homes in suburbia.
The solution was to integrate the automobile and the trailer, creating the continuous unit now known as the “Motorhome” or “Recreational Vehicle.” This new kind of vehicle was generally much larger than the campers of old and it would permit other activities to take place while the unit was being driven. Moreover, in doing away with the automobile or truck hauling the camper, the RV is clearly a vehicle that cannot be employed for traditional forms of work. You cannot drive your RV to a workplace: it exists purely for a lifestyle of leisure and consumption.
RVs have continued to rise in popularity ever since. Today, one in ten American vehicle-owning households owns one. But the majority of RV owners are in their sixties and seventies now, and spent their formative years in the 1950s, coming of age in the decade that saw the greatest migration in American history as they moved their young families from city to suburbia.
At Quartzsite, snowbirds annually re-enact the process of settling the suburbs, choosing a vacant spot to inhabit next to others just like themselves, thereby recapturing the treasured anonymity and sameness of that era. Since everyone is in a camper, everyone is equal. Pasts are unimportant and incomes matter little. As in the postwar suburb, architecture is of no importance at Quartzsite. There are different models of RV and even some fundamental differences in RV typology—the full-fledged land yacht, the persistent trailer, the converted van, the converted bus—and some units may cost five hundred thousand dollars while others cost five thousand. Nevertheless, an RV is an RV, a pre-manufactured unit that is not that dissimilar from other units of its kind. Like a historic preservation district in a contemporary city, Quartzsite is composed of similar units, and individual expression is kept to a Protestant minimum. Add a flag, some plastic chairs, even a mat of green Astroturf, but your RV is still just like everyone else’s and you are, quite likely, five or ten feet away from your neighbor.
Although the RV might appear to be an ultimate manifestation of American individualism, just like the trailer campers of the 1910s, RV’ers generally see themselves as part of a community. After all, Quartzsite is the largest gathering of its kind in the nation, assembled purely by the desire to collect together. But this is still a particularly contemporary idea of community. The seventy-odd campsites in Quartzsite are generally privately owned and charge a moderate daily fee for usage. In the private campsite, the RV’er does not participate in any governance, choosing to let the “gated community” of the campground host do the governing. A sizeable percentage of travelers opt out of these areas, “boondocking” on BLM land where it is possible to stay for free for up to two weeks. Campers frequently form small communities on BLM land on the basis of RV brand, extended family ties, or group membership. Knappers (individuals skilled in striking pieces of flint with other pieces of flint to make primitive tools and ornaments), HAM radio buffs, full-timers who have sold their homes and live only on the road, nudists, and the Rainbow children, attracted to the freedom of Quartzsite as they wander the country re-creating the hippie lifestyle of the early 1970s, all seek the company of others like themselves at Quartzsite. In this, they reproduce the clustered demographics of post-urban America where groups of remarkably specific inhabitants are congealing into discrete communities.
But beyond these clusters—and also like the world of which Quartzsite is a microcosm—community at Quartzsite is based on trade. Stimulated by the model of the Quartzsite Improvement Association, nine major gem and mineral shows, and more than fifteen general swap meeting shows attract RV’ers to the area. Much like the young hipsters who populate the fashionable districts of cities like New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, campers at Quartzsite generally don’t work except as full-time consumers. Seemingly incongruous juxtapositions of ever more bizarre goods appear throughout the markets: fresh shrimp cocktails hundreds of miles from the ocean are available next to cow skulls, and fox furs dangle near street lights. African sculpture is popular, a demonstration of Quartzsite’s role in a global network of nomadic trade. After wandering for a time at a Quartzsite show like the “Main Event” or the “Tyson Wells Sell-A-Rama,” one is gripped by the thought that even the merchants don’t come to Quartzsite to make a buck. As more than one sign advertising a merchant’s need for a wife makes clear, merchants are more interested in interacting with people than in making a buck.
Closed to RV and automotive traffic, the shopping districts serve as the primary conduits for the flow of people and information. Quartzsite’s economy is beyond scarcity or affluence. In general, the products sold at Quartzsite’s markets are bought and sold to facilitate social relationships, not because they are needed or to establish social status. Many people—even those who don’t spend the night—go to Quartzsite just for this sense of impromptu community. Visitors arrive from around the world and mull over the value of useless objects.
It’s no surprise then, that the exchange of rocks remains central to the market economy at Quartzsite, being the focal point of the markets and a major draw for visitors. Often obtained from the surrounding mountains during leisurely hikes and having had minimal labor applied to their retrieval and processing, Quartzsite’s rocks circumvent any notion of labor or scarcity in economy. Nor are these rocks useful. At Quartzsite, the markets teach us of a new nomadic way of life beyond any idea of affluence or material desire. Instead, the products sold at Quartzsite’s markets are bought and sold to facilitate social relationships, not because they are needed or desired.
Karl Marx wrote that the social character of a producer’s labor is only expressed through the exchange of commodities. But if there is no labor to speak of involved in bringing these valueless rocks to sale, exchanging them is a way for Quartzsite’s winter visitors to remind each other that they have escaped the capitalist system into a world in which they are nothing, make nothing, and do not need to labor. At Quartzsite, the subject finally disappears into the system of objects, but instead of being a source of oppression, as they were in Marx’s day, objects appear to become a source of liberation, as they in fact once were in the Potlatch or under the never-realized utopian vision of Communism: “From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs!”AUDC would like to thank the Annenberg Center for Communication, University of Southern California, for its support of this project, which is part of a book forthcoming in 2006 from ACTAR that may or may not be called Blue Monday.
Allan D. Wallis, Wheel Estate: The Rise and Decline of Mobile Homes (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
AUDC, composed of Robert Sumrell and Kazys Varnelis, is a new media architecture collaborative investigating the individual using the tools of architecture to research the role of the individual and the community in the contemporary urban environment.
Cabinet is a non-profit organization supported by the Lambent Foundation, the Orphiflamme Foundation, the New York Council on the Arts, the NYC Department of Cultural Affairs, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, the Katchadourian Family Foundation, Goldman Sachs Gives, the Danielson Foundation, and many generous individuals. Please consider making a tax-deductible donation by visiting here.
© 2006 Cabinet Magazine
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<urn:uuid:6e1a8f70-ded3-472b-80a7-fe6d06d0e9a7>
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A postvaccination test for immunity to the
hepatitis B virus (HBV) is recommended only if
Infants born to mothers who are infected with HBV should be tested at
9 to 15 months of age.
With the exception of infants, a postvaccination test for immunity, when needed,
should be done between 1 and 2 months after a person receives the last dose of
October 29, 2012
Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine
& W. Thomas London, MD - Hepatology
How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
We are happy to take your appointment request over the phone, or, you may fill out an online request form.
Disclaimer: The information on this website is for general informational purposes only and SHOULD NOT be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider.
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By Mike1989 @ 2013-02-18 07:20:28
Emus in Andratx, Mallorca.
The emu (pron.: /ˈiːmjuː/, sometimes US: /ˈiːmuː/; Dromaius novaehollandiae) is the largest bird native to Australia and the only extant member of the genus Dromaius. It is the second-largest extant bird in the world by height, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. There are three subspecies of emus in Australia. The emu is common over most of mainland Australia, although it avoids heavily populated areas, dense forest, and arid areas.
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Another Dimension to SuperpositionCategory: Science & Technology
Posted: October 5, 2012 05:15PM
Quantum mechanics is weird. For some that is probably not news, but as those people read on they may see it is even weirder than they thought. Researchers at the University of Vienna (paper) have determined that superposition, a phenomenon that allows one particle to exist in multiple states in space, should also for a particle to exist in multiple states in time.
A fundamental concept for everyday life is 'cause and effect.' What the researchers have found though is that causality need not be so definite in the Universe, so even if A causes B and B causes A, A and B can be in a superposition. The scenario the researchers use to describe it is a message being left in a room by Alice or Bob. Whoever enters the room first leaves the message for the other (A causes B or B causes A), but the actual decision of who enters the room first can be in a superposition. This means both messages can be in the room at the same time, and at least partly readable by the 'first' person to enter the room.
This superposition in the fourth dimension (time) could prove very useful for future studies of quantum mechanics and perhaps the linking of quantum and classical mechanics. Personally though, I'm wondering when someone is going to use this to answer the obvious question: which came first, the chicken or the egg?
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Time is the most frequently occurring noun in English, according to the Oxford Dictionaries site, and the 55th commonest word in the language. And it keeps growing. The Oxford English Dictionary has been editing the entry for ‘time’ over the last quarter and it has added around forty new ‘time’ phrases. Several of them are a reflection on our busy lives these days; new sub-entries at the main 'time' entry include: time constraint, time management, time pressure (and time pressured), time-sensitive and time-starved. Time-filler has only just gone in to the Dictionary, but time-waster and time-wasting have always been there as entries in their own right. Time-wasting and time-waster date back to the 17th century, although the OED says that the former was “rare before the mid-19th century”.
The fact that a word has only just gone in to the Dictionary does not mean necessarily that it is a new word. The first citation for time-filler is from 1893, and for time-starved from 1894. Time money has only just gone in to the Dictionary, but already it is described as “now rare”; it means “money loaned, or available for loan, for a set period”, and it was first recorded in 1873. Time-warped has gone into the Dictionary for the first time but, not as a sub-entry of the main 'time' entry as the words above, but as a headword in its own right. Its use in science fiction dates back to the 1930s but it was first recorded in print in 1841 (meaning "warped or distorted by the passing of time").
The verb 'times' has just been given its own entry in the OED. It has a technical meaning in the building and surveying industries, but another, colloquial, meaning is "to multiply" and many of us will have used the verb well before its entry into the Dictionary (eg "do I times these numbers together?"). The fact that there is a verb 'to times' means that there is also an -ing form, timesing, and this too is a sub-entry at 'times'.
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Power Rule Teacher Resources
Find Power Rule educational ideas and activities
Showing 1 - 20 of 23 resources
Calculus: Derivatives 3
This video covers the differential notation dy/dx and generalizes the rule for finding the derivative of any polynomial. It also extends the notion of the derivatives covered in the Khan Academy videos, �Calculus Derivatives 2� and �Calculus Derivatives 2.5 (HD).� Note: Additional practice using the power rule for differentiating polynomials (including some with negative exponents) is available to the listener.
Students construct the graph of derivatives using a tangent line. For this construction of a graph of a derivative lesson, students use their Ti-Nspire to drag a tangent line along a graph. Students graph the slope of the tangent line. Students discuss the similarities and differences between the original graph and its derivative.
Taking in to the Limit
Twelfth graders explore the concept of limits. In this calculus lesson, 12th graders investigate the limit rules for both finite and infinite limits through the use of the TI-89 calculator. The worksheet includes examples for each rule and a section for students to try other examples.
Calculus for electric circuits
In this circuits activity students complete a series of questions on equations, robotics and integration. There is an answer sheet.
In this capacitance worksheet, students solve 19 problems about capacitance, voltage, electric charge and Ohm's Law. They use calculus to solve some of the problems and they are given equations used to solve different capacitance problems.
Calculus: Derivative of x^(x^x)
Sal starts with an example of finding dy/dx of y = x2 and builds to showing the solution to the more complicated implicit differentiation problem of finding the derivative of y in terms of x of y = x ^ x ^ x .
Calculus: Derivatives 3
This video covers the differential notation dy/dx and generalizes the rule for finding the derivative of any polynomial. It also extends the notion of the derivatives covered in the Khan Academy videos, "Calculus Derivatives 2Ó and "Calculus Derivatives 2.5 (HD).Ó Note: Additional practice using the power rule for differentiating polynomials (including some with negative exponents) is available to the listener.
Beginning the Year with Local Linearity
Students investigate an article on local linearity. In this calculus lesson, students read about the application of math in the real world. They gain insight from the teachers view of how to teach and relate the topic to the real world.
Twelfth graders investigate derivatives. In this calculus lesson, 12th graders use technology to explore the basic derivatives and how to choose the proper formula to use them. The lesson requires the use of the TI-89 or Voyage and the appropriate application.
In this calculus instructional activity, students use integration to solve word problems they differentiate between integration and anti derivatives, and between definite and indefinite integrals. There are 3 questions with an answer key.
TI-89 Activities for PreCalculus and AP Calculus
Using the TI-89 calculator, learners explore the statistical, graphical and symbolic capabilities of the TI-89. Students investigate topics such as solving systems of equations, finding inverse functions, summations, parametrics and trigonometry.
In this inductance worksheet, students answer 20 questions about magnetic fields as they relate to inductors, inertia, transistors, and the flow of current through circuits.
Surfing the Waves
High schoolers use online resources, including animations,to define the slope of a curve and how to calculate the slope. They solve 8 problems online, using the definition of the derivative of a function at a point to calculate slope of the curve.
Review for Test on Derivatives.
Students review derivatives and equations for their test. In this calculus lesson, students review average rate, parametric equations, tangent line to a curve and value of a derivative to prepare and show mastery on a chapter test. They show proficiency on rig derivatives and differential equations.
Review for Test on 3.1-3.5
Students review integrals and how they apply to solving equations. In this calculus lesson, students assess their knowledge of derivatives, rate of change, and lines tangent to a curve. This assignment contains two version of the same test concept.
Test on 3.1-3.5
Twelfth graders assess their knowledge of trig functions and their properties. In this calculus lesson, 12th graders take a test on derivatives, trig functions, and the quotient rule. There are 2 different versions of the same test available.
In this calculus learning exercise, students solve functions using the derivative formulas. There are 26 formulas for them to review and go over.
Graph And Their Derived Function
Students analyze graphs and determine their general shape. In this calculus instructional activity, students solve functions by taking the derivative, sketch tangent lines and estimate the slope of the line using the derivative. They graph and analyze their answers.
Solving Initial Value Problems
Pupils explore derivatives and antiderivatives using the TI. In this calculus lesson, students relate integrals to real life scenarios. They identify the antiderivative through graphing.
NUMB3RS Activity: Exponential Modeling
Students investigate exponential functions. In this Algebra II/Pre-calculus instructional activity students find an exponential model from a set of data. Students investigate the affects of changing parameters have on the graph of an exponential function.
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The world is on track to become a very different place in the next two decades. Per capita income levels are rising, the global middle class is expanding, and the population is set to hit 8.3 billion people by 2030. At the same time, urbanization is happening at an accelerated pace—the volume of urban construction over the next 40 years could equal that which has occurred throughout history to date.
While these projections would bring benefits like reduced poverty and individual empowerment, they have serious implications for the world’s natural resources. Global growth will likely increase the demand for food, water, and energy by 35, 40, and 50 percent respectively by 2030. Add continued climate change to the equation, and the struggle for resources only becomes more intense.
These are just a few of the estimates included in the new Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds report from the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) that was released last month. The assessment, which the NIC puts out every four years, reflects in-depth research on trends and geopolitical changes that may unfold in the next 15-20 years—everything from urbanization to conflict to resource scarcity.
Assessments like the NIC’s are invaluable in providing decision makers with forward-looking insights and analysis. But while the report offers a glimpse into the future, what’s more important is how we respond today to the questions these “megatrends” raise.
4 Challenges to Overcoming Resource Scarcity
The NIC report depicts clearly the challenges of providing enough food, water, and energy for an exploding middle class in the face of unabated climate change. Whether the world rises to these challenges—or succumbs to greater instability—will hinge in no small part on how we deal with the following questions.
1) What Will the Global Energy Mix Be?
The NIC assessment points to a shifting energy mix, one that’s transitioning from coal to unconventional oil and gas, particularly shale gas. According to the Energy Information Administration, U.S. shale gas production has increased 12-fold over the past decade, while China, Argentina, India, and other countries hold significant reserves.
While natural gas emits approximately half the carbon dioxide as burning coal, shale gas presents environmental concerns. Extracting shale gas through fracking releases methane emissions—the extent of which scientists are only beginning to understand. Plus, the declining price of gas is diverting investment away from renewable energy development.
While natural gas is an important fuel, it can’t be seen as the solution to meeting the world’s energy needs. Rather, its role must be to act as a bridge fuel as we transition to a low-carbon economy based on clean renewables like solar and wind power.
2) How Do You Ensure Food Security?
Food and agriculture production already account for about 29 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, 70 percent of water use, and 38 percent of land mass. Factor in estimates that food production will need to increase by up to 70 percent by 2050 and the resource conundrum becomes even more complex. So how do you produce enough food in a way that doesn’t degrade ecosystems and exacerbate climate change?
There is no silver bullet—increasing productivity isn’t enough to ensure food security and protect ecosystems. We’ll need to think about a range of innovative solutions like curbing food waste (the United States alone wastes 40 percent of its food supply every year), growing food on degraded lands, and revising biofuel policies.
3) What Will Global Governance Look Like?
Governance of resources and the environment has changed profoundly over the last 20 years. Decades ago, governments placed tremendous faith in international treaties and institutions--like the 1992 Rio Earth Summit--to solve global environmental challenges. Today, confidence in multilateralism is absent.
In lieu of legally binding multilateral cooperation, smaller clubs and coalitions are forming voluntarily to tackle these pressing problems. These groups include initiatives like the Open Government Partnership, where countries commit to improve national transparency, and the Clean Energy Ministerial, a global forum to advance clean tech.
Clubs and coalitions can play a crucial role in catalyzing action. But for many problems, we will still need legally binding, top-down approaches to complement voluntary, bottom-up initiatives.
4) How Can We Use Technology to Improve Governance?
The world has made significant technological advances in recent decades—and is expected to push even further by 2030. We now rely on satellite imaging, cloud computing, internet connectivity, social media, and other technologies to collect, analyze, and disseminate research and information. Can we use this greater availability of information to improve governance of global resources?
Take forests: Just a few years ago, the most recent satellite data on Indonesian forests was from 2006—and wasn’t available online until 2008. It’s impossible to manage forests and prevent deforestation without adequate monitoring systems and up-to-date information.
In a few months, WRI will launch Global Forest Watch 2.0, an online database of global forest maps that will be updated every 16 days. Users will be able to detect logging occurring anywhere in the world in near-real time, with the ability to zoom into an area as small as a football field.
Global Forest Watch 2.0—and other technological innovations like it—can profoundly change how the world’s natural resources are monitored. Can we use this transparency to achieve better management of natural resources like food, water, forests, minerals, and energy?
What Will 2030 Hold?
The NIC report identifies several alarming trends, but the study’s authors acknowledge that nothing in the assessment is inevitable. It is up to us to figure out how to respond to these challenges in timely and effective ways. By doing so, we can create an alternative 2030--one that brings both sustainability and prosperity to people and the planet.
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AS THE artist Georges Seurat knew, a beautiful image can be created from a series of dots. Now an Australian firm hopes to use this trick to revolutionise computer graphics and make it possible to create stunning virtual worlds on relatively modest machines.
Existing graphics software creates virtual objects for home computers and games consoles using polygons. The more polygons you use, the more detailed your object can be, says Bruce Dell, CEO of Unlimited Detail in Brisbane, Australia. But that approach is inefficient because it renders some background detail hidden behind foreground objects. For the average home system, that unnecessary work affects the quality of graphics.
Instead of polygons, Unlimited Detail's system uses dots - billions of them - to create a "point cloud" representation of a virtual world. By selecting one point for every pixel on the display screen, it's possible to create an exquisitely detailed 3D snapshot ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.
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Hasia Diner: A Jewish Migration Like No Other
Hasia Diner discusses the great century of migration, from the 1820s to the 1920s, when one third of Europe’s Jews left their homes to seek places in other lands. Of that number, 85-90 percent opted for the U.S. Diner examines the characteristics of American life that attracted the emigrating Jews.
Diner is the Paul S. and Sylvia Steinberg professor of American Jewish History at New York University. Funded in part by Barton P. and Mary D. Cohen Charitable Trust and the Avashia Family Fund.
Complements the Emma Lazarus Exhibit.
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|Swiss pine growing on the Dachstein, Austria|
Pinus cembra, also known as Swiss pine, Swiss stone pine or Arolla pine, is a species of pine tree that grows in the Alps and Carpathian Mountains of central Europe, in Poland (Tatra Mountains), Switzerland, France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Slovenia, Slovakia (Tatra Mountains), Ukraine and Romania. It typically grows at 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) to 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) altitude. It often reaches the alpine tree line in this area. The mature size is typically between 25 metres (82 ft) and 35 metres (115 ft) in height, and the trunk diameter can be up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) .
It is a member of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five, with a deciduous sheath. The needle-like leaves are 5 centimetres (2.0 in) to 9 centimetres (3.5 in) long. The cones, which contain the seeds (or nuts), of the Swiss pine are 4 centimetres (1.6 in) to 8 centimetres (3.1 in) long. The 8 millimetres (0.31 in) to 12 millimetres (0.47 in) long seeds have only a vestigial wing and are dispersed by spotted nutcrackers.
The very similar Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica) is treated as a variety or subspecies of Swiss pine by some botanists. It differs in having slightly larger cones, and needles with three resin canals instead of two as in the Swiss pine.
Like other European and Asian white pines, Swiss pine is very resistant to white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola). This fungal disease was accidentally introduced from Europe into North America, where it has caused severe mortality in the American native white pines in many areas, notably the closely related whitebark pine. Swiss pine is of great value for research into hybridisation to develop rust resistance in these species.
The Swiss pine is a popular ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, giving steady though not fast growth on a wide range of sites where the climate is cold. It is very tolerant of severe winter cold, hardy down to at least −50 °C (−58 °F), and also of wind exposure. The seeds are also harvested and sold as pine nuts and can be used to flavor schnapps (see Ref. 2).
The wood is the most used for carvings in Val Gardena since the 17th century.
The cone of the Swiss pine was the field sign of the Roman legion stationed in Rhaetia in 15 BC, and hence it is used as the heraldic charge (known as Zirbelnuss in German) in the coat of arms of the city of Augsburg, the site of the Roman fort Augusta Vindelicorum.
It is also a species that is often used in bonsai.
- Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Pinus cembra. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
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"The strategy of returning to our ancestral lands has brought many birds and animals back to the forests, which are healthier now. We are proving that the indigenous approach to conservation is lasting and effective."
Community leader in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
by Molly Castillo Keefe
Vea también en español
In Colombia’s Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, indigenous communities that descended from the great Tairona culture believe their home is the heart of the world, and that on its health the well-being of the entire Earth depends.
Driven by this belief, local communities have set forth an ambitious plan to recover their ancestral lands and restore their vitality, as they were before the expansion of agriculture and deforestation threatened their survival. And The Nature Conservancy is helping them do so.
In January 2009, the Conservancy transferred more than 3,000 acres of protected lands to members of the Kogi, Arhuaco, Wiwa and Kankuamo indigenous communities here. These lands are now legally-recognized indigenous reserves.
The indigenous communities’ environmentally friendly agricultural practices will help conserve the region’s unique natural areas and protect the Sierra Nevada’s 35 river basins, which supply fresh water to nearly 2 million people.
A Fair Deal for People and Conservation
The indigenous communities of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta are committed to returning both their people and their traditional approach to conservation to their ancestral lands, making them a likely partner for The Nature Conservancy.
For nearly five years, the Conservancy has worked with local councils to create new indigenous reserves, first by identifying priority conservation areas using maps that overlaid biodiversity priorities onto areas of cultural significance. Based on these findings, the Conservancy purchased nearly 1,200 hectares (3,000 acres) of land throughout the Sierra, which were then transferred to the indigenous communities.
This process of establishing key conservation sites was guided by generations of local knowledge that expanded our science-based understanding of the area’s natural systems.
The land transfer was accompanied by a conservation agreement that ensures the ongoing protection of biodiversity within the reserves, guided by a traditional vision of conservation through which 70 percent of natural forests remain intact and 30 percent of lands are occupied by small parcels of subsistence crops, such as coffee, yucca, corn, potatoes, plantains and fruit.
Indigenous leaders have their own approach to conservation that is just as effective — if not more so — than conventional efforts. Traditionally, community leaders and mamos, or spiritual leaders, gather to decide which lands have become exhausted from production and should no longer be used to grow crops. They move production away from those sites, allowing nature to take over with her tried-and-true remedy for recovery.
According to Rogelio Mejía, the governor of the Arhuaco indigenous group, “The work advanced by the Conservancy in the Sierra will help protect the sources of freshwater upon which more than 2 million people depend. Regaining land allows us to strengthen environmental and cultural conservation and will therefore help restore the integrity of our ancestral territories and affirm our traditional land use practices.”
Protecting a “Biological Gem” for Migratory Birds
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an area of unique biodiversity. The largest coastal mountain in the world, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta emerges from the shoreline a mere 26 miles from Colombia’s Caribbean coast, creating a sharp contrast of landscapes where palms, cacti and tropical dry forest meet tropical rainforests, treeless plains and snow-capped peaks. Its isolation from the Andean chain makes this place an island of biodiversity, where species have evolved distinctly and spawned unique flora and fauna found no where else in the world. More than 628 species of birds call the Sierra home, 71 of which are migratory birds that make the long journey from the U.S. and Canada to winter here.
Familiar North American birds like the rose-breasted grosbeak, Swainson's thrush, American tedstart, and Tennessee and blackburnian warblers are frequently found in the Sierra's varied habitats, where they mingle with resident birds. Protection of this important area will ensure that wintering birds survive for their spring migration and find food, shelter, and water to continue on their long journeys.
“The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is a biological gem. To lose it would be to lose an invaluable treasure for future generations,” says Aurelio Ramos, the Conservancy’s conservation programs director for Latin America.
Now that the indigenous reserves have been established, the Conservancy is taking on a new role in helping design a system to monitor the protection of lands that have been designated for conservation. This model of indigenous management and local monitoring is being created in such a way that it can be replicated in the future in other priority conservation sites.
As the Tairona believe, the health of the whole world may just depend on what happens here. Following the lead of indigenous leaders, it would serve us well to better steward the Earth’s tired and exhausted lands, giving them a chance to take a much-needed rest and let nature take back over for a while.
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<urn:uuid:6ac3edba-17e1-4aae-955f-14826d92fcfc>
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The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) is conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. The program involves the monthly collection, processing, and dissemination of job openings and labor turnover data. The data, collected from sampled establishments on a voluntary basis, include employment, job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations.
The number of unfilled jobs—used to calculate the job openings rate—is an important measure of the unmet demand for labor. With that statistic, it is possible to paint a more complete picture of the U.S. labor market than by looking solely at the unemployment rate, a measure of the excess supply of labor.
Information on labor turnover is valuable in the proper analysis and interpretation of labor market developments and as a complement to the unemployment rate.
Last Modified Date: July 30, 2002
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<urn:uuid:ed9fc9e0-137f-4d8d-96f7-ece76abe9d6e>
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Congressional Briefing Series on Science and Impacts: South American Glacier Loss
October, 20, 2006
The tropical Andes is one of the regions of the globe where recent climate change is most evident. Andean glaciers are receding rapidly, with potentially severe consequences for the availability of water for drinking, irrigation, mining, and hydropower. Climate models predict an additional warming of 7-9 °F in the region if atmospheric carbon dioxide doubles from pre-industrial levels by the end of this century. Some glaciers are already destined to disappear completely; for many more, the threshold for disappearance will be reached within the next 10 to 20 years unless conditions change quickly.
Rapid glacier retreat places in doubt the sustainability of current patterns of water use and ultimately the viability of the economies and ecologies of the Andes. The changes induced by tropical glacier retreat constitute an early case of the need for adaptation and therefore an example of the impacts caused by climate change.
Two leading experts, Dr. Mathias Vuille and Mr. Walter Vergara, will present the state of knowledge regarding the science and impacts of mountain glacier loss in tropical South America, with special focus on the Andes Mountains of Peru, where glacier retreat is particularly advanced.
Mathias Vuille, Ph.D.
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Dr. Vuille Research Associate Professor at the Climate System Research Center, Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst. His research interests are in tropical climatology and paleoclimatology, with particular interest in linking observed modern climate dynamics to paleoclimatic interpretation of proxy data. He is the lead investigator on a research project funded by the National Science Foundation to investigate the "Impact and consequences of predicted climate change on Andean glaciation and runoff." He has published more than 40 peer-reviewed papers on paleoclimate and glaciology. Dr. Vuille earned his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from University of Bern, Switzerland.
The World Bank
Mr. Vergara is Lead Engineer in the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Department of the World Bank’s Latin America and Caribbean Regional Office. Mr. Vergara works on climate change issues and has participated in development of the carbon finance portfolio in the region, as well as initiatives on adaptation to climate change, transport and climate change, air quality, application of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to wastewater, solid waste management, and renewable energy. He is the author of four books and numerous technical articles, and currently manages an extensive portfolio of climate initiatives in the region. Mr. Vergara is a chemical engineer and graduate of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, and the Universidad de Colombia in Bogotá.
Jay Gulledge, Ph.D.
Pew Center on Global Climate Change
Dr. Gulledge is Senior Research Fellow for Science and Impacts at the Pew Center on Global Climate Change. He serves as the Center’s in-house scientist and coordinates its work to communicate the state of knowledge on the science and environmental impacts of global climate change to policy-makers and the public. He is also an adjunct Associate Professor at the University of Wyoming, home to his academic research on the carbon cycle. He has published more than a dozen refereed journal articles on microbial ecology and biogeochemical cycling of atmospheric greenhouse gases, and serves as an associate editor of Ecological Applications, a peer-reviewed journal published by the Ecological Society of America. Dr. Gulledge earned a PhD in Ecosystem Sciences from the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
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<urn:uuid:6d654634-c75d-4d1e-8425-0c4668c032ea>
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Aside from the presents and cake, birthday party games make the gathering stimulating and fun.The classic game of "seek and find" allows kids to focus on a task while running around and solving an interesting challenge. Seek and find also gives children a concrete sense of accomplishment when they find the hidden treasure. You can adapt the game depending on the ages of the children participating and the theme of the party.
Gather items to hide appropriate to the ages of the party guests and the theme of the party. For example, for a space-themed party for elementary school children, you could hide small stars, astronauts and rocket ships around your yard or home. For a regular birthday party for toddlers, simple colorful items like silk scarves, round plastic eggs, small pillows or plastic flowers will do. For older children, hide prizes they would want to find, like DVDs, gift cards or small presents.
Hide the items around your house or yard according to varying levels of difficulty. For small children, hide them in places the kids can reach without assistance and without hurting themselves. Good places include behind couch cushions, under tables, behind pillows, behind curtains or under beds. Good outdoor hiding places might be under bushes, behind trees and in tall grass. With older children, hide the items in more challenging places to keep their interest in the game. For example, behind books, in drawers, under lamps and in cupboards.
Devise clues for the children. For toddlers, use one-word hints or clues to help them find an item or lead them to the general hiding area. For older children who know how to read, write out actual clues to lead them to the hidden objects. For example, write "Find a treasure under the item with two hands and a face but no eyes or mouth" to lead them to a prize hidden under the mantle clock. Older kids enjoy solving riddle-like clues.
Tips & Warnings
- Give all the kids who played seek and find a prize, or allow them to keep the items they found. You can even offer a prize to the group that found the most items.
- "The Ultimate Party Planning Guide"; A. Olson; 2007
- "2,000 Best Games and Activities"; Susan Kettmann; 2005
- Jupiterimages/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images
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<urn:uuid:afc99e4f-8947-4240-b19f-d2af7b7016df>
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Written by fastcompany.com Wednesday, 22 December 2010 09:42
Late last week, construction of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory wrapped up at the National Science Foundation’s Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica. The team of international scientists behind the effort has come up with something truly remarkable in building the world’s largest neutrino observatory. The massive telescope, which is the size of a cubic kilometer and located 1,400 meters underground, took a decade to build and cost approximately $271 million. Oh, and if you lined up the world’s three tallest skyscrapers, their collective height would be shorter than this telescope.
IceCube is operated by the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the National Science Foundation, with funding provided by the United States, Belgium, Germany, and Sweden. Researchers from Barbados, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom are also involved in the project.
For IceCube, construction at the South Pole all came down to their scientific goals. The observatory is designed to find extremely high energy neutrinos—tiny subatomic particles—originating from supernova explosions, gamma-ray bursts and black holes, with an emphasis on expanding humankind’s knowledge of Dark Matter. Neutrinos, according to current scientific theory, play a crucial part in detecting Dark Matter.
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Half the world's spam comes from just 50 ISPs2010.11.19 10:11 by Daniela
Tags: ISP, spam
Just 50 ISPs are responsible for the bulk of the world's spam, a new study shows, bringing hope that it might be a little easier than expected to wipe out some of the world's most prolific botnets.
The study, carried out for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), gathered 109 billion spam messages between 2005 and 2009, emanating from 170 million unique IP addresses.
The researchers found that between 80 and 90 percent of spam arrived from an infected machine. Surprisingly, though, the networks of just 50 ISPs were found to account for half of all infections worldwide.
"To put it differently: the number of actors needed to create an impact on botnets is smaller than expected," says the report.
Read more -here-
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<urn:uuid:a711cc4b-8449-4b83-9e7b-abcf977770f7>
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Could somebody provide a bit more explanation, possibly giving correct and incorrect examples on how to use に with "masu-stem (連用形 stem) + に + Verb" as illustrated in the following examples?
Both feel intuitively sound but I cannot find an explanation that allows me to compose my own sentences.
Please forgive us in the case that payment has been completed "in crossing" with this letter(ie while the letter was still on its way)(note1)
And ringing the bell in passing, he led the way into the adjoining room
What are my thoughts?
- に indicates that (と)行き違い describes the manner in which お支払い(済み) was done and seems to be the same as the に below (despite お支払い済み appearing not to be a verb)
- It looks similar to Nにして／連用形 stemながらにして which "indicates a time[/point] when a surprising [event] takes place"(note2) but does not fit the pattern.
- It seems to be different from the familiar 「を買いにいく」which has a clear purpose and direction ("to go to buy something") or the other use of this pattern covered in another question "How does one use the “[V ます stem] に [Vタ]” pattern (as in 待ちに待った)?".
- Its not an "N1にN2 pair"(because I asked in a previous question)
*Note1: This often appears in payment reminders. The English equivalent is more likely to be "Please ignore this notice if you have already paid (this card and your payment have crossed)" but I think this literal translation is more helpful to solve the question.
Note2: From Dictionary of Advanced Japanese Grammar*
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<urn:uuid:3dcb35cf-bd70-4e9c-9a0e-83f7c130a83d>
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As a high school history teacher gazes up at an enormous mural, he begins to plan an activity that engages his students in careful analysis of both the image and its historical context. Listening to a drum beat while she walks in the footsteps of a Civil War soldier, a fourth-grade teacher gains an appreciation for the power of music and of historic places. She learns new ways to incorporate multiple senses into her classroom, opening student minds through the sounds, smells, and tastes of the past.
Whether it takes place in a national museum, on a working seventeenth-century farm, or in a library or archive, professional development that allows teachers to explore history in person can be a powerful learning experience. But what are the components of good history and social studies workshops for teachers? What roles can cultural institutions, such as museums, libraries, archives, and historic sites, play in creating quality learning opportunities for educators? What strategies help teachers translate these experiences into classroom learning, inspiring students to think in new ways?
Students in Stacy Hoeflich’s fourth-grade classroom at John Adams Elementary School in Alexandria, Va., don’t just learn American history, they live it through encounters with primary sources and historical reenactors, participation in “Colonial Day” fairs, field trips to historical sites, operas about historical figures such as George Mason and Thomas Jefferson that are written and performed by the students, and more. Ms. Hoeflich’s efforts were recognized last month by the Gilder Lehrman Institute for American History, which awarded her the prestigious 2011 National History Teacher of the Year Award. Co-sponsored by the Gilder Lehrman Institute, HISTORY®, and Preserve America, the award was presented in a ceremony at the Frederick Douglass Academy in New York City and is accompanied by a $10,000 cash prize.
In proclaiming October as National Arts and Humanities Month, President Obama said the arts and humanities “speak to our condition and affirm our desire for something more and something better.” A new poster from the National History Clearinghouse, "How Do You Piece Together the History of the Civil War?,” employs images of objects such as a quilt, a map, some photographs, a haversack, and a receipt to deepen understanding of the Civil War and about how historians piece together the past.
This 24-by-36-inch poster features a collage of primary sources and related questions that get students thinking about how we know what we know about the past, as we do with all history, but especially in relation to our country’s most devastating conflict, the Civil War. The question, “How can geography impact a battle?,” accompanies a map of Gettysburg while a slave receipt prompts students to think about the laws, economics, and, most importantly, people involved in the institution of slavery.
This week is Teacher Appreciation Week, and the Teacher Quality program office would like to highlight some of the OII programs that support high-quality teacher preparation and professional development.
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<urn:uuid:a7bdef4e-8935-4882-966e-7572c91602d7>
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Mark Dawe, chief executive of OCR, one of Britain's biggest exam boards, said growing numbers of young people struggled to function in further education or the world of work after failing to “acquire the maths skills that society demands” at school.
He suggested that the existing curriculum was unable to cater for children with different needs, including the very brightest at one end and those that struggle with the basics at the other.
Currently, almost half of 16-year-olds fail to achieve grade C at GCSE, with just 15 per cent studying maths beyond that level.
It is also feared that as many as a quarter of economically active adults are "functionally innumerate".
Speaking ahead of a conference on maths education today, Mr Dawe said lessons "will always be flawed until schools, universities and employers agree on what maths skills they really want from young people".
“Maths means different things to different people," he said. "Some say it’s all about numeracy – the facility to add, subtract, multiply and divide whole numbers, with perhaps, a little bit of percentages thrown in – whereas others equate maths with arithmetic – the art of calculation.
“Some believe ‘real maths’ helps unpick the secrets of the universe. Whichever it is, the system clearly isn’t delivering.”
Speaking before a conference at the Royal Institution in London, he said: “Too many students do not acquire the maths skills that society demands which means they can’t enjoy mathematics or take it into further education, the workplace or use it in everyday life.”
OCR has now set up a new “maths council” to gather views on the future direction of the subject.
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<urn:uuid:9d80561b-761f-4830-a311-750f5aec9fa8>
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Cacti are some of the most rewarding houseplants, as long as you have adequate light. Few flowers can compare in color, size or beauty, even though they appear only once a year. Most cacti grow slowly, so space is usually not a problem. They are generally very tough and adaptable. Contrary to popular belief, they do not “thrive on neglect”, but rather, like most plant species, they “thrive” on tender loving care…they will, however, “survive” on neglect.
Desert type cacti do best in a very sunny south- or west-facing window (minimum of 4 to 6 hours of direct sun.) Wooly and heavily spiny species require the most sun, while spineless species normally require mid-day shade. A reddish discoloration may indicate that your plant is at or beyond the intensity of sun it can tolerate. Epiphytic, or tree-dwelling, cacti (e.g., Christmas cactus) prefer less sun (and more humidity) than do desert types.
When you water, water thoroughly, and allow the soil to dry before watering again. An exception
would be the Christmas cactus which does not want to dry completely. Judging when to water a cactus can be tricky…it can be difficult to feel the soil, so you might try lifting the pot when freshly watered, and then checking periodically to see how the pot gets lighter as root ball begins to dry. Another way to check for moisture is to feel the sides of a clay pot…cool and damp when the root ball is wet. Some plants can be checked by feeling the “leaves” or stems, which will be plump and firm when the plant has enough moisture. Most cacti prefer to be drier in winter than in the warmer growing season. Never let your cacti stand in drainage water longer than about 30 minutes.
Fertilize cacti with a higher phosphorous fertilizer (5-10-5, or 10-30-20, etc.), as too much nitrogen (the first number in the fertilizer formula) encourages excessive rapid green, weak growth. We recommend diluting the fertilizer more than the label instructions advise, as most cacti have adapted to growing in nutrient-poor soils.
Slow-growing cacti usually require infrequent repotting, which is great since handling these spiny plants requires both care and bravery! Use a pair of wooden tongs or a rolled up piece of newspaper to grasp the plant and ease it out of its pot. Always repot at or above the previous soil level to discourage rot.
While there are many wonderful succulent plants (from the Latin succus, meaning “sap” or “juice”), a true cactus can be identified by the cottony pad (areole) at the base of its spines. In other spiny succulents, the spines grow directly out of the flesh. Be aware that once you have a few cactus species, it is hard to avoid the desire to make a collection…there is so much variety in shape, size, color, and habit!
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Coendou sp. Prehensile-tailed Porcupine // Erethizon sp.—American Porcupines // Erethizon bathygnathum—Extinct Porcupine // Erethizon cascoensis—Casco Porcupine // Erethizon dorsata—American Porcupine
The ancestor of the porcupines moved north from South America following the completion of the Central American land bridge in the Pliocene. In common with many South American rodents, the infraorbital foramen is huge (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. The infraorbital foramen is in about the center of the image, separated by a bar of bone from the orbit.
Fig. 2. American Porcupine. Photograph by Mary Meagher, courtesy of the Nation Park
Living species of Coendou occur from about central Mexico south into Central and South America.
Irvingtonian: El Golfo (Croxen et al. 2007).
Croxen et al. 2007.
Rogers et al. (2000) recorded without comment Erethizon sp. from both the Irvingtonian and Wisconsin/Holocene deposits.
Irvingtonian: SAM Cave (Rogers et al. 2000).
Early Irvingtonian: Gypsum Ridge (Wagner and Prothero 2001).
Wisconsin/Holocene: SAM Cave (Rogers et al. 2000).
Literature. Rogers et al. 2000; Wagner and Prothero 2001.
Late Blancan/Irvingtonian: Anza-Borrego (Murray 2008).
Literature. Murray 2008.
The type locality is the San Timoteo formation, Casco local fauna (Albright 2000).
Late Blancan: Jack Rabbit Trail, San Timoteo Badlands (Albright 2000: ?).
Early Irvingtonian: El Casco, San Timoteo Badlands (Albright 2000).
Literature. Albright 2000.
Synonyms. Erethizon epixanthum.
This large rodent is common today in our region. Although generally thought of as a woodland and forest creature, there are a number of records from creosotebush desert. In most of the literature until very recently, the specific portion of the species name was given as "dorsatum".
The cheekteeth of E. dorsata are rooted and the occlusal surfaces unique (Figs. 1 and 2). The only other Pleistocene rodent of our region possibly confusable with the porcupine is Castor canadensis (American Beaver), which has unrooted cheekteeth with complex occlusal surfaces that are quite different in detail from those of Erethizon. In suitable material, the very small infraorbital foramen of the beaver clearly separates it. Another notable difference is that the angular process of the porcupine is strongly inflected, unlike that of the beaver (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1. Upper right toothrow of Erethizon dorsata. Anterior is to the left.
Fig. 2. Right dentary of E. dorsata, showing the character of the teeth and the inflected angular process.
Fig. 3. Mid-Wisconsin palate of Erethizon dorsata (UTEP 5689-1-116) from U-Bar Cave.
Wisconsin: Cave NE Dry Cave (Harris 1993c).
Early/Early-Mid Wisconsin: Rm Vanishing Floor (Harris 1993c: cf. gen. et sp.).
Mid Wisconsin: U-Bar Cave (Harris 1993c); Castle Mountains (Mead et al. 2005).
Mid/Late Wisconsin/Holocene: Sierra Diablo Cave (UTEP).
Late Wisconsin: Animal Fair 18-20 ka (Harris 1989); Big Manhole Cave (Harris 1993c); Bison Chamber (Harris 1989); Charlies Parlor (Harris 1989); Harris' Pocket (Harris 1970a); Human Corridor (Harris 1993c); Lower Sloth Cave (Logan 1983); Muskox Cave (Logan 1981); Rick's Cenote (Harris 1993c); Rampart Cave (Van Devender et al. 1977a); Vulture Cave (Mead and Phillips 1981).
Late Wisconsin/Holocene: Balcony Room (UTEP); Boyd's Cave (UTEP); Fowlkes Cave (Dalquest and Stangl 1984b); Isleta Cave No. 1 (Harris 1993c); Pendejo Cave (Harris 2003); Sheep Camp Shelter (Harris 1993c); Stanton's Cave (Olsen and Olsen 1984); Williams Cave (Ayer 1936); Wolcott Peak (Mead et al. 1983).
Literature. Ayer 1936; Dalquest and Stangl 1984b; Harris 1970a, 1989, 1993c, 2003; Logan 1981, 1983; Mead and Phillips 1981; Mead et al. 1983; Mead et al. 2005; Olsen and Olsen 1984; Van Devender et al. 1977a.
Last Update: 15 Apr 2014
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Organizing Your First No Name-Calling Week: A Comprehensive Approach
This is a must-read for those planning their first No Name-Calling Week or for those working to build the support needed to bring No Name-Calling Week to their community.
Annual Planning Guide
Keep your school's No Name-Calling Week annually fresh and targeted with this planning tool.
10 Simple Ways to Celebrate No Name-Calling Week
GLSEN's Top Ten list based on 10 Years of No Name-Calling Week
Suggested Literature and Media
Lists helpful books and videos for students, programs and curricula, and websites you can use to add to your No Name-Calling Week.
Activities from Across the U.S.
A brainstorming starter and look at what others have included in their celebration.
Student Survey: Name-Calling & Verbal Bullying
Learn about Name-Calling and Bullying from your students and use this to help develop your school's celebration.
Take a Stand Lend a Hand
A simple tool to help your students go from bystander to ally.
An important handout with tips for Students.
No Name-Calling Week Pledge
Have your students take the pledge while learning about SAFE strategies.
No Name-Calling Week Poster
A special edition No Name-Calling Week Poster
Use this sample proclamation to raise awareness of No Name-Calling Week in your community.
No Name-Calling Week Stickers
Download and print stickers for your students!
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- Access Genealogy - http://www.accessgenealogy.com -
The Locations of the Hasinai Confederacy
Posted By Dennis Partridge On In Native American,Texas | No Comments
For determining the location of these tribes our chief materials are the Journal of Joutel (1687), the Relación of Francisco de Jesus Maria Casañas (1691), De Leon’s diary of the expedition of 1690, Terán’s for that of 1691-2, those of Ramon and Espinosa for the expedition of 1716, Pena’s for that of Aguayo (1721), Rivera’s for his visita of 1727, Solis’s for that made by him in 1767-8, and Mezières accounts of his tours among the Indians in 1772, 1778, and 1779. Two only of these are in print, while two of them have not before been used. Besides these and numerous supplementing documentary sources, there are:
It will be interesting, before studying the location of each one of the tribes separately, to read the general description of the group given by Jesus Maria in 1691. Speaking of the Great Xinesi, he said, “To him are subject all of these nine tribes: The Nabadacho, which, for another name, is called Yneci. Within this tribe are founded the mission of Nuestro Padre San Francisco and the one which I have founded in Your Excellency’s name, that of El Santíssimo Nombre de Maria. The second tribe is that of the Necha. It is separated from the former by the Rio del Arcangel San Miguel [the Neches]. Both are between north and east. At one side of these two, looking south, between south and east, is the tribe of the Nechaui, and half a league from the last, another, called the Nacono. Toward the north, where the above-mentioned Necha tribe ends, is the tribe called Nacachau. Between this tribe and another called Nazadachotzi, which is toward the east, in the direction of the house of the Great Xinesi, which is about half way between these two tribes, comes another, which begins at the house of the Great Xinesi, between north and east, and which is called Cachaé. At the end of this tribe, looking toward the north, is another tribe called Nabiti, and east of this a tribe called the Nasayaha. These nine tribes embrace an extent of about thirty-five leagues and are all subject to this Great Xinesi.” This description will be convenient for reference as we proceed.
It may be noted here that the average league of the old Spanish diaries of expeditions into Texas was about two miles. This should be kept in mind when reading the data hereafter presented.
(↵ returns to text)
Article printed from Access Genealogy: http://www.accessgenealogy.com
URL to article: http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/the-locations-of-the-hasinai-confederacy.htm
Copyright © 2013 Access Genealogy (http://www.accessgenealogy.com/). All rights reserved.
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The Camargue bull is an animal of a rustic species, shaped by the
environment in which it lives. Bulls from Camargue live in herds called
"manade" and the territory in which they are bred is comprised of large
marshes and wild plains. Its body and head are slender, and the bull is
never higher than 4 feet. Its coat is always very dark. The horns are
the most typical feature of the race, they go vertically toward the sky
and form a perfect lyre, especially for females.
The bull from Camargue has never been able to be domesticated and the preservation of the species is only due to its suitability for bull games and bull runs. This animal is rustic and tough: 120 cowherds ensure breeding of about 15000 bulls.
The breeding of bulls, like the breeding of Camargue horses, is extensive .
Only at the end of the 90's, bullmeat became one of the rare meats which received designation of origin (A.O.C.).
They live within "manades" (herds), almost totally free on lands unfit for cultivation where only reeds, saltworts and triangle can grow...these plants are its only food.
Like the foal, the calf will be branded when it is one year old ("ferrade" in French).
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<urn:uuid:506503df-ed15-4d19-89a3-58a03d3c00da>
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About whooping cough
Whooping cough (also known as pertussis) affects the lungs and respiratory system and spreads very easily by coughing and sneezing.
Adults and teens may experience milder symptoms, but the illness is much more serious for infants and young children. They usually catch it from parents, grandparents, and siblings who just have a mild cough, not knowing they have whooping cough.
The dangers of whooping cough
Young babies may have trouble feeding and breathing and may turn bluish. Older babies and kids can have severe coughing spells that make it hard for them to eat, drink, breathe, and sleep. Often these children must gasp for air between coughs, making a 'whoop' sound, which is how the disease got its common name. Whooping cough can also lead to pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, and death.
The best way to prevent whooping cough among the most vulnerable – young babies – is for pregnant women to get the Tdap vaccine between 27 and 36 weeks of their pregnancy. Although, there is no harm in getting the vaccination anytime during or immediately after pregnancy. (Source: ACIP Report).
Two vaccines protect against whooping cough. Here's what you need to know:
|DTaP for children|
(diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis)
|Infants and children|
|A series of 5 shots|
|Beginning at 8 weeks of age|
|Tdap for adults|
(tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis)
|Everyone 11 or older and during each pregnancy|
|One booster shot|
|Age 11 and 12; and teens and adults who didn't get the booster should get it right away|
Ask your health care provider about your and your child's vaccination status.
If you think you or your child might have whooping cough, call your health care provider.
Find out where else to get vaccinated from the Washington State Department of Health.
One Mother's Story
When Michelle and Joe welcomed their healthy baby girl into the world, their family felt complete. Then after two weeks, their lives were turned upside down.
Whooping cough is a dangerous disease that can be catastrophic for infants. This is one family's story of their newborn's battle against whooping cough and their message to the community.
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In A Galaxy Far, Far Away and Also Those Nearby
NASA: We have booster ignition and liftoff of Columbia, reaching new heights for women and X-ray Astronomy.
Martin Elvis: The main thing Chandra does is take these superb, sharp images.
Narrator: "In a galaxy far, far away..." These are some of the most famous words in movie history. But what do we already know about galaxies, and what do astronomers, like those using the Chandra X- ray Observatory, still hope to learn about them?
Let's start with the basics. All galaxies have certain things in common. Every galaxy is made up of some configuration of millions or even billions of stars, dust, gas, and the mysterious stuff known as dark matter. And all of this is bound together by gravity.
Of course, nothing in the Universe is ever that simple. There are billions of galaxies strewn across the cosmos, just as there are grains of sand on a beach. But astronomers have learned many things about galaxies, including how they fall into different kinds of categories. Dr. Roy Kilgard studies galaxies, and explains the different forms they come in.
Scientist: Historically, galaxies have been classified by their apparent shape as seen in optical telescopes. The 3 main categories are spiral, elliptical and irregular galaxies. Spiral galaxies have majestic, sweeping arms of stars and dust. These galaxies have a core, or bulge, of older stars and are actively forming new stars. Our own Milky Way is a spiral galaxy. Elliptical galaxies appear as rounded balls of light. These galaxies tend to have little on-going star-formation, so are composed of mostly older stars. Irregular galaxies have peculiar shapes that may be caused by gravitational interaction with nearby galaxies. This interaction can sometimes stir up rapid star- formation in an event called a starburst.
Narrator: Like most astronomical objects, galaxies were first studied in optical light. When astronomer Edwin Hubble saw galaxies through his telescope in the early 20th century, he called them "island universes". But telescopes that look at different types of radiation, like Chandra and its study of X-ray light, can help astronomers learn more about the galaxies than just meets the eye.
Scientist:With X-ray telescopes, we don't see the normal stars and dust that make up most of a galaxy. Instead, we see the most energetic objects: X-ray binary stars and supernova remnants. These objects appear as points of light to Chandra, and are often embedded in diffuse X-ray emission from hot gas. X-ray binaries are star systems with a black hole or neutron star accreting matter from a more normal star. By combining X-ray observations with those from optical telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope, we can tell whether each X-ray binary is associated with young or old stars. The properties of the X-ray source associated with young stars can tell us about the star-formation history of a galaxy, whereas those associated with old stars can tell us about the distribution of matter throughout that galaxy.
With Chandra, we can determine the temperature and chemical composition of the hot gas in galaxies. This can tell us about the properties of the parent stars that produced the gas in supernova explosions. Studying the gas provides us with an independent measure of the star-formation in galaxies.
Narrator:So scientists have used Chandra and many other telescopes since Edwin Hubble's time to discover much more about galaxies, but they are by no means at the end of their journey. Roy Kilgard talks about some of the most pressing questions still open in the quest to understand galaxies.
Scientist: When we study galaxies, ultimately what we are studying is star formation: how stars are born, how they live and evolve, how they interact with one another, and how they die. In the X-ray, we are mostly concerned with the end of this chain: with the supernova remnants produced by the death of stars and with compact objects produced at the end of a star's life--the black holes and neutron stars we see in X-ray binaries. By combining the X-ray observations with other wavelengths, we can attempt to see the complete picture, from the youngest stars in blue and ultraviolet light to older stars in red and infrared wavelengths. By trying to understand this process, we are ultimately attempting to understand our own place; in our own Milky Way galaxy and in the universe as a whole.
Narrator:So the next time you hear a science fiction movie mention the far reaches of the galaxy, take a second to think about what that means. A galaxy is certainly a large and complicated object, but remember that it is just one of billions we know about in our Universe. Astronomers are using all of the tools available to them, including the Chandra X-ray Observatory, to learn more about galaxies far, far away, and also those nearby.
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It should really go without saying that scientific research has done some pretty impressive things. (Higgs Boson, anyone?) However, scientists are still trying to find an explanation for why people enjoy rock music, apparently, and a recent UCLA study may have solved this troubling conundrum. The study concludes that distortion in rock sounds similar to the noises an animal makes when in distress—which, as part of the animal kingdom, excites us human listeners.
The study involved having test subjects listen to a soundtrack that ranged from mellow elevator Muzak to more noisy sounds with “abrupt transitions.” Organizers asked the subjects whether the varying pieces elicited positive or negative emotions. The listeners in the experimental control group (who heard a lot of non-linear sounds) described their music as “exciting” and “negatively charged.” In a second round of experiments, they added video into the mix. The results reported that the addition of visual stimuli to “potentially fearful or arousing” sounds represses the “excited” response, meaning that while an album with lots of distortion might sound awesome, even science knows that watching a dude fool around with guitar pedals is boring.
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<urn:uuid:5b48057b-4ea2-4efc-a12f-96f4c506dbc9>
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Is my online identity at risk? Use the Online Identity Risk Calculator to find out!
Question of the Week: I’m a gamer who also banks and shops online. Am I at risk for identity theft?
Your activities online can potentially make you more vulnerable to identity theft. How many times a month do you access your bank account online? How many email addresses do you have? Do you like to try previews of new games? These questions can help you determine your exposure to identity theft.
According to the Federal Trade Commission, it takes people an average of six months and 200 hours to recover from identity theft.
StaySafeOnline, the organization behind National Cyber Security Awareness Month, of which Avast is a proud champion, has an Online Identity Risk Calculator that can help you know if you’re at risk. Players answer some questions to find their personal identity risk score and get practical tips on keeping their online identity protected. Play now!
Cybersecurity begins with STOP. THINK. CONNECT. These three simple steps are the starting point for staying safer and more secure online.
- STOP: Before you use the Internet, take time to understand the risks and learn how to spot potential problems. An obvious step is to install antivirus protection. For the risk averse, we suggest avast! Internet Security with SafeZone, an isolated environment that keeps your sensitive transactions private.
- THINK: Take a moment to be certain the digital path ahead is clear. Watch for warning signs and consider how your online actions could impact your safety or your family’s.
- CONNECT: Enjoy the Internet with greater confidence, knowing you’ve taken the right steps to safeguard yourself and your computer.
Avast Software is proud to be a champion that supports National Cyber Security Awareness Month with news and tips on how, together, we can make a safer digital society.
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Water: Targeted Watersheds Grants Program
Established in 2003, the Targeted Watersheds Grant Program is designed to encourage successful community-based approaches and management techniques to protect and restore the nation's watersheds. The Targeted Watersheds Grant program is a competitive grant program based on the fundamental principles of environmental improvement: collaboration, new technologies, market incentives, and results-oriented strategies. The Targeted Watersheds Grant Program focuses on multi-faceted plans for protecting and restoring water resources that are developed using partnership efforts of diverse stakeholders.
Targeted Watersheds Implementation Grants are focused on individual watershed organizations. Successful watershed organizations are chosen because they best demonstrated the ability to achieve on-the-ground, measurable environmental results relatively quickly, having already completed the necessary watershed assessments and developed a technically sound watershed plan. Each of the watershed organizations exhibits strong partnerships with a wide variety of support; creative, socio-economic approaches to water restoration and protection; and explicit monitoring and environmentally-based performance measures. To date nearly $50 million dollars have been awarded to 61 organizations for their work to address water quality issues using the watershed approach.
In addition to supporting on-the-ground watershed projects through Implementation Grants, the TWG program also provides Capacity Building Grants, which are awarded to leading organizations with a national or regional focus that are able to provide training, technical assistance and education to local watershed groups and to teach the critical skills necessary to improve watershed health. The goal of these grants is to better serve the needs of local watershed groups.
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In the cool, salty air of the Norwegian coast, a revolution in reverse is being attempted. Here, amid a mare’s nest of gleaming steel pipes and flaming yellow gas flares, engineers are aiming to put back under the ground what many nations have exerted all their might for the last century to get out: carbon.
If all goes to plan, the oil refinery and gas power plant at Mongstad will have millions of tonnes of its climate-warming carbon dioxide funnelled back under the North Sea. And there are plans aplenty around the world for carbon capture and storage (CCS). They carry racy names such as Goldeneye and Gorgon, promise to even suck greenhouse gases out of the air one day, and are laced with the delicious irony of having been kickstarted by climate sceptic United States president George W. Bush, who wanted to “do something for coal“.
But the optimism that fuelled hopes of CCS driving deep carbon cuts has stalled. The infant industry was knocked off course by the world economic crisis that dragged urgency about global warming down with it, and made money hard to come by. This matters, says the International Energy Agency, which thinks 20% of all the carbon cuts needed to tackle global warming could come from trapping the exhausts of power stations and putting them out of harm’s way.
“If CCS is out, we need to find other ways to get those carbon cuts and that will be very, very difficult: we have to do it,” said Maria van der Hoeven, the IEA executive director, adding that almost three-quarters of all energy between now and 2050 will come from burning fossil fuels. The IEA, which recently warned current trends would lead to a catastrophic 6°C of warming, says 3,000 large CCS plants will be needed by 2050, with three dozen within a decade. There are currently none on power stations.
Norway‘s prime minister Jens Stoltenberg, who opened the Mongstad plant, told the Guardian: “With nine billion people expected on the planet in 2050, there is no way we can choose between increased energy production and reduced CO2 — we have to achieve both. Without CCS, we cannot do it.”
The country clearly in the lead is the US. Of the 15 major CCS projects currently running or being built, which aren’t attached to power stations, it has eight. The $3 billion for CCS in the US stimulus bill in 2009 turbocharged the several billion the nation had already ploughed in. “The former [Bush] administration wanted to do something for coal,” said Jay Braitsch, senior CCS advisor at the US department of energy (DoE). He said Bush had dropped out of international climate negotiations and wanted another way to address energy concerns. “That meant giving it a whole lot of money,” Braitsch said.
But another factor has put the US in pole position: the need for copious carbon dioxide to pump out the last dregs of oil from drained reservoirs, so-called enhanced oil recovery. All but one of the eight current US projects depend on selling CO2 for this, to make their finances add up.
Canada and Australia — who also have heavy carbon footprints and a history of sceptical climate policies — are next furthest advanced in CCS. Norway, which has put $1 billion of state money into the world’s largest CCS test centre at Mongstad and has been burying CO2 since 1996, is also a leader, but for different reasons.
Howard Herzog, a CCS expert at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said: “There are unique circumstances in Norway, where they care very much about climate change and have the money to actually do something about it,” alluding to Norway’s vast sovereign wealth fund built on oil and gas revenues.
But the status of China, the world’s biggest polluter, divides opinion. Brad Page, chief executive of the Global CCS Institute, said: “The fastest mover in the last 12 months has been China.” A large plant opened in 2011 near Shanghai, was built very rapidly. But Herzog said: “China’s goal is not to be the innovator, but to be the low-cost supplier. They will not leapfrog the rest of the world in technology.” The Shanghai plant, which will pump its CO2 into fizzy drinks, was built using 20-year-old technology, he said.
Europe hosts none of the 15 frontline CCS plants, but has 21 of the 60 or so plants currently in planning. But Herzog said: “The EU plan is totally on the rocks.” Its plan to fund development by selling off 300m carbon pollution permits will raise far less than anticipated due to the floundering carbon price, which throws a double whammy as the plants’ future earnings from burying CO2 have also tanked, he said.
Günther Oettinger, the European commissioner for energy, acknowledged the problem. “Most CCS projects funded by the EC face delays, due to slow investment and the low carbon price. If the EU wants to remain a leader, we have to step up.”
Within Europe, the UK leads with one-third of the bloc’s planned projects, and has the advantage of the vast storage potential of the North Sea. One is at the UK’s biggest polluter, the Drax coal-fired power station in Yorkshire, where a new £1.5 billion furnace is planned. It would burn wood and straw alongside coal and, as CO2 was drawn from the air as the plants grew, burying the gas would cut the level in the air.
“You create a giant vacuum cleaner that sucks CO2 from the atmosphere,” said Charles Soothill, head of technology at Alstom, the French engineering company behind the Drax plan. “It is the only industrial way of reversing climate change. I think that is very exciting.”
A further promise of CCS is cleaning up the vast emissions of the steel, cement and chemical industries, which contribute roughly 20% of global CO2 from energy. These energy-intensive industries have few options, and capping their pollution at source with CCS appears most promising, say experts, yet barely any current CCS projects address this issue. Another hidden issue is whether local communities will accept the burial of CO2 under the land near their homes, as campaigners have already helped halt a project in the Netherlands.
The energy industry bigwigs gathered in Mongstad for the plant opening all bemoan the low value the world currently places on carbon pollution. The world’s biggest carbon trading scheme, in Europe, currently charges about $9 for a tonne, contrasting with the likely $70/tonne cost of CCS.
Most interested parties, including oil giant Shell for example, are betting on that price rising. “It is a very cost effective technology,” said Andy Brown, director for upstream international at Shell, which is involved in the Goldeneye CCS project at Peterhead, Scotland.
Others are looking further ahead. Braisch said the US DoE is focusing its new research on future generations of CCS, including using fossil fuels to power plants full of fuel cells. That would result in a pure stream of CO2, he said, avoiding the two-thirds of CCS’s cost, which is incurred in separating the gas. Another cost-cutter could be using the CO2 to grow algae, which is then used as animal feed.
CCS has one final card: the prospect of a global high-technology industry that could bring desperately sought growth to stagnant economies. Many governments use the industrial opportunity presented by CCS to press the case for pushing ahead in the race to develop the technology.
But prime minister Stoltenberg, who will sign off billions more of his taxpayers’ krone for a full-scale plant if testing at Mongstad is successful, claimed there was a different motivation. Maintaining Norway’s position as the biggest gas exporter in the world by cleaning it up with CCS is “much less important than people believe”, he said, as “gas will be a winner even without CCS, because it has half the carbon emissions of coal.”
“We should not look upon efforts to develop this technology as a race between countries,” Stoltenberg said, “but as a race between what we do together versus global warming.”
• The Technology Centre Mongstad assisted with the Guardian’s travel.
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Over 320 species of birds and 58 mammal species have been observed on the Refuge. Located on the Pacific Flyway, Malheur's abundant water and food resources provide resting, nesting and feeding for many resident and migratory birds. The following chronology will help you decide when to visit and our bird arrival list provides more insight on when specific birds are in the area or search for the arrival date of a specific species.
In spring many migratory birds nest on the refuge while others stop over on their way to northern nesting areas, making it a popular birding site in the west. The Silvies River Flood Plain near Burns provides excellent birding opportunities in March, April and sometimes in to May as large flocks of migrating waterfowl feed on grazed and flood irrigated meadows, before continuing on their jouney northward.
We are often asked, "When is the best time to visit during spring migration?" The response depends on whether you would like to see large concentrations of birds or a lot of different species. The following summary of spring migration chronology should help you plan your visit to the area.
March - April
In early March, following the long, cold winter, only a few spring migrants have arrived in the area. These include greater sandhill cranes, tundra swans, northern pintails and white-fronted, snow, Ross' and Canada geese. Sage grouse begin displaying on their leks. Lesser sandhill cranes begin arriving in early March along with other species of ducks. Waterfowl numbers increase in the area through March and, depending on the weather, usually reach their peak late in the month.
During this early spring period the majority of the birds can be found feeding in flooded meadows around the town of Burns. Usually the best birding areas include the meadows along Hotchkiss and Greenhouse Lanes and Potter Swamp Road near Burns. The Double-O Unit of Malheur Refuge is another good birding spot. Depending on water conditions, good viewing may also be found along Highway 20 between Burns and Buchanan. These areas continue to provide good birding through April, but locating birds on a given day may take some scouting in order to find the concentration areas. Migration in the Blitzen Valley on the Refuge is much less spectacular because the area is outside the major migration corridor. However, the Blitzen Valley is the best place to see local trumpeter swans and to view greater sandhill cranes.
As time progresses, more and more species arrive in the basin. American white pelicans, double-crested cormorants, western grebes, long-billed curlews, and American avocets are some of the birds that arrive in late March. More marsh birds, shorebirds, and passerines species show up as spring progresses into April, while numbers of migrant waterfowl decrease.
In early April, the Harney County Chamber of Commerce and local agencies sponsor the "The John Scharff Migratory Bird Festival." The festival begins on Friday evening with presentations on migratory birds. Tours of the area are given on Saturday and Sunday, including tours to eagle roost sites. Although the festival occurs after the late March peak for waterfowl migration, birds are usually still present in large numbers, and many additional species can be seen.
May - June
Major songbird migration begins in April and reaches its peak in mid May. Refuge Headquarters, Benson Pond and P Ranch are the best places to look for passerines. Many warblers, vireos, tanagers and buntings concentrate in these areas. Most of the refuge's rare bird sightings have been at these locations. By early June songbird migration wanes, leaving the refuge to the many local breeding species.
July - August
Southbound shorebirds begin arriving from their high latitude breeding grounds to fuel up for their extended journeys south. The Double-O unit of the refuge and Harney, Mud, and Malheur Lakes provide excellent feeding for shorebirds on receding mudflats and alkali playas. They are best viewed at pond and lake shores in the Southern Blitzen Valley, the Double-O unit and at the Narrows. Least and western sandpipers and both species of yellowlegs are common. Unusual shorebird species to watch for include solitary, pectoral and Baird's sandpipers, as well as, marbled godwit and ruddy turnstone.
August - October
Over 200 pairs of greater sandhill cranes nest on the refuge each year. In September large groups of cranes begin congregating in the grainfields on the refuge. Cranes from northern latitudes join Malheur birds to feed before continuing on their journey to California's Central Valley where they winter. Early morning and late evening are the best times to view these birds. Ask at the Visitors Center for grainfield locations.
Warblers, sparrows and other songbirds reach their autumn peak at Malheur from mid August through late September at Refuge Headquarters, P-Ranch and Page Springs. Joining the regular visitors are more unusual species, such as American redstart, indigo bunting and the possible eastern vagrant.
Many of the marshes and meadows dry up in the fall, driving concentrations of ibis, gulls, terns, pelicans and herons to cluster around the remaining pools of open water to feed on trapped fish. Ducks concentrate in open water areas at the display pond at headquarters and Benson and Knox ponds north of the P-Ranch.
Malheur also hosts an array of raptors. Swainson's and Red-tailed hawks are present and bald eagles and rough-legged hawks begin arriving in mid October. Watch for raptors on power poles and in open fields and stay alert for the occasional merlin or peregrine falcon.
In addition to the abundance of birds using the refuge, mule deer are common. Refuge headquarters and the southern Blitzen Valley favorite viewing areas. Pronghorn antelope are also in the area, and elk are occasionally observed.
November - January
Warblers have gone south for the winter, but some sparrows remain. Careful observers may find American tree sparrows along snow lined roads, and if they are lucky, longspurs or snow buntings.
Many species of ducks, geese and swans use the refuge in winter, but their numbers are reduced compared to other times of year because of cold temperatures and few areas of open water. Check the display pond at Headquarters, the Blitzen River, Knox Pond and the Narrows. Search for Barrow's and common goldeneyes, and mergansers, as well as, the rare Eurasian widgeon. One of the highlights of winter are the large groups of tundra swans which are present in October and November, usually at Knox Pond. Hundreds can gather in one area and their voices carry long distances. Resident trumpeter swams may also be seen. Both species of swans may remain through the winter, but in smaller numbers.
Many raptors over winter in the area. Look for rough-legged hawks, and golden and bald eagles.
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Table of Contents »
Greenland's ice is melting.
Caves of Faith
Near the Silk Road oasis, a time capsule of ancient art.
Parting the Waters
The Middle East could be a model for averting water wars.
A three-year drought has reduced water to cities and farms.
Packs are back. Westerners are glad, scared, and howling mad.
Peru's Puzzling Lines
The ancient Nasca lines of Peru shed their secrets.
One Cubic Foot
How much life could you find in one cubic foot?
Humans want to know more about the Congo's ace toolmakers.
See how bionics are changing lives.
Learn about exoplanets and how they are found.
See the strange crocs of the Sahara.
Animal mummies hold intriguing clues to life and death in ancient Egypt.
Trace history on the growth rings of a redwood tree.
Compare an old map with a street grid of present-day New York.
Below Yellowstone, superheated rock rises from within the Earth.
The city's structures have suffered from sea-level rise and sinking.
Art of Deception
Sometimes survival means lying, stealing, or vanishing in place.
Animations, photos, and a time line in this Angkor interactive.
View the milestones of telescope history.
Find out the Native American meanings of U.S. place names.
Learn more about these swimming machines.
Examine the anatomy of a baby mammoth.
Scientists could try to clone a mammoth. Should they?
Death of Lyuba
How was the baby mammoth preserved for 40,000 years?
Read the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Suggestions for how to cope with the effects of one too many.
A simulation models the cataclysmic 1908 impact.
Learn what has undermined conservation efforts.
Stages of Stonehenge
Follow Stonehenge's development.
Explore the God Particle
Europe's giant new atom smasher.
Green Life Interactive
Assess the carbon footprint of your household appliances.
Drowning in Mud
See what may have caused the disaster.
Tour of a computer's toxic components.
Closer Look at Dinosaurs
What makes these dinosaurs "bizarre?"
Flight of the Albatross
Explore the physical traits of the albatross.
Track the flights of 16 albatrosses.
Mapping Memory in 3D
See how memories are saved (or lost).
What not to feed your dog-even if it begs.
The Chocolate Chart
How much of each kind of chocolate will harm your dog?
See how emerging biofuels compare.
Swim With Sea Monsters
Monsters of the ancient sea.
Examine the Iceman
Learn about a 5,000-year-old Neolithic hunter.
Jamestown and the Powhatan
America in 1607.
See the impact of another Vesuvius eruption.
Unraveling the mysteries of King Tutankhamun.
Vanishing Sea Ice
Discover the effects of the shrinking ice shelf.
Explore the bottom of the earth.
Relive the Hubble Space Telescope's first 17 years.
50 Highlights of Space Travel
A time line of 50 years of space exploration.
How much do you know about space trash?
Take this quiz and find out if you need more sleep.
Test your knowledge of Hatshepsut.
Blue Whales Quiz
Test your knowledge of blue whales.
See how much you know about carbon emissions.
Burial Customs Quiz
A quiz on burial customs and traditions around the world.
Charles Darwin Quiz
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The North Pole has captivated generations of explorers.
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Crystal Giants Quiz
What are crystals and how do they grow so large?
What makes neanderthals different from humans?
Get the dirt on soil.
What's Moscow like today?
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Think you know Stonehenge? Take our quiz.
China Architecture Quiz
What's being built in China?
Chinese Languages and Ethnicity Quiz
What do you know about the Chinese?
Black Pharaohs Quiz
How much do you know about ancient race and ethnicity?
What ideas about dinos are wrong?
Ancient Maya Quiz
Test your knowledge of the ancient Maya.
Sublime Scottish Islands
Many of Scotland's Hebrides islands are still reached by sea.
Deep Southern Caves
Hard-core cavers probe an underworld wilderness.
Path of the Jaguars
See the web of connections between jaguar populations.
See a photo map of the last ones left in America.
See images of this magnificent Canadian wilderness.
My Shot Map of India
Click on our map of India to see images by our readers.
Locations where impactors have hit Earth.
View stunning aerial images.
Your Shot China Map
Tour China through readers' images.
Photo Map: Bitter Waters
See the toll of growth along the Yellow River.
Learn about popular pilgrimage destinations.
Writer Howard Norman shares observations.
Maps of the Pacific
Learn more about the migration of the Lapita.
India's Ancient Art Map
Stunning murals in dim man-made caves.
Tour Decade Volcanoes
Explore the 16 Decade Volcanoes.
Death Valley Map
Tour Death Valley and see more photos.
Latin American Aerials
What a condor's-eye view reveals.
Local Foods Map
America's offbeat and beloved edibles.
Ancient Maya Site Map
Explore 15 key Mayan sites.
The nation's efforts to straddle the fault line.
New Troglobites Map
Explore these strange invertebrates.
International Peace Park.
Visit the Nation's Cemetery.
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Honors | Madness and Melancholy (HON)
H213 | 31449 | Gareth Evans
“Madness and Melancholy” rests on the assumption that definitions of
madness and melancholy are, in Roy Porter’s words, “not fixed points
but culture-relative.” While we will read some contemporary
discussions of how depression and other mental disorders are treated
and defined, the bulk of our reading will consist of literary,
medical, and philosophical accounts of madness and melancholy
written from the classical period to the early seventeenth-century.
Our reading will be comparative and we will seek to understand each
account of madness and/or melancholy in the context in which it was
written. Instead of agreement, we will find, in every period, debate
and disagreement about how madness and melancholy should be defined
While depression and madness are now typically medicalized and
pathologized, in other periods, writers, scientists included, took
an approach to melancholy and madness that was as much, or more,
religious, ethical, or philosophical as it was medical. We will see
madness and melancholy sometimes judged positively rather than
negatively. We will read writers defining madness and melancholy in
relation to the bodily humors, to gender, genius, the gods or God,
love, parents, power, the planets, reason, and sin. More often than
not, these same writers are more concerned with what it means to
live the good life than they are concerned with what it means to be
well. Frequently, the writers we read are critical of the societies
in which they live and of most of the people in those societies,
including those who are wealthy and have power. The class has less
to say, then, about psychology or medicine than it does about
religion, moral philosophy, and the social and political
implications of madness and melancholy.
HON H 213 is a writing intensive class. According to the rules of
the university, to pass a writing intensive class a student must
write a number of essays that add up to at least 20 double-spaced
pages in length. Said 20 pages does not include the revised essay
each student must also write during the semester.
NOTE: Before you enroll in the class, you should be aware that every
semester some students find some of the work we read difficult to
comprehend and interpret. You should also be aware that I place a
great deal of emphasis on the quality of student writing. While it
is perfectly possible to get an A in the class, you are going to
have to earn it.
Plato, Phaedrus (Hackett)
Shakespeare, Hamlet (Arden).
Shakespeare, King Lear (Arden).
Excerpts on E-Reserve or on the web from work by the following
writers: essays by and excerpts from: [Pseudo] Aristotle, Timothy
Bright, Robert Burton, Erasmus, Marsilio Ficino, Galen, Hildegard of
Bingen, Hippocrates, Ruth Padel, [Pseudo] Hippocrates, and Seneca;
Medea and Bacchae by Euripides; the following selection of work that
illustrates issues central to the contemporary debate about the
diagnosis and treatment of depression: entries from the Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV), “The bright
side of being blue: Depression as an adaptation for analyzing
complex problems” by Paul W. Andrews and J. Anderson Thomson, Jr.,
comments on that essay by Ed Coyne and Jerry Hagen, essays by Jonah
Lehrer and Louis Menand, and a debate between Christopher Lane and
Nassir Ghaemi about, among other topics, the present and the future
of DSM IV.
•Two 6-8-page essays and two 8-10 page essays, one of which is a
revision of one the 6-8 page essays. 75% of the final grade.
•Attendance and participation in discussion and in-class activities.
A series of writing assignments that are either posted at Oncourse
or brought to class. All of the assignments are designed as building
blocks for each essay you will write. 10% of the final grade.
•A 5-minute presentation of the argument of your final essay. 5% of
the final grade.
•A graded exercise designed to display your ability to find and use
information in IUCAT, WorldCat, the online Modern Language
Association International Bibliography, and a number of other online
databases. 10% of the final grade.
Books are available at Boxcar Books, 408 E. Sixth Street,
Bloomington, IN 47408.
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<urn:uuid:6e706273-2101-4756-970c-12b8e291209b>
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Nature, Nurture and the Power of Love
Leading edge research in cell biology reveals that "environmental signals" are primarily responsible for selecting the genes expressed by an organism. This new perspective is in direct contrast with the established view that our fate is controlled by our genes. The new emphasis on nurture (environment) controlling nature (genes) focuses special attention on the importance of the maternal environment in fetal development. In addition to the established role of maternal physiology, it is now recognized that maternal behaviors and emotions profoundly impact the child's physical development, behavioral characteristics and even its level of intelligence.
Beardsley, T. (1997). Evolution evolving. Scientific American, (September) pp. 15-18.
Cairns, J., Overbaugh, J., and Hiller, (1988). The origin of mutants. Nature 335, 142-145. For a review of this important paper see Thaler, D. S. (1994), The evolution of genetic intelligence. Science 264, 224-225.
Devlin, B., Daniels, M. and Roeder, K.(1997). The heritability of IQ. Nature 388, 468-471.
Lipton, B., Bensch, K. G., and Karasek, M. (1991). Microvessel endothelial cell transdifferentiation: Phenotypic characterization. Differentiation, 46, 117-133.
Lipton, B. H., Bensch, K. G., and Karasek, M. (1992). Histamine-modulated transdifferentiation of dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Experimental Cell Research, 199, 279-291.
Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., Caldji, C., Francis, D., Freedman, A., and Sharma, S. (1997). Maternal care, hippocampalglucocortoid receptors and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science, 277, 1659-1662.
Nijhout, H. F. (1990). Metaphors and the role of genes in development. BioEssays 12, 441-446.
Pennisi, E. (1996). A new look at maternal guidance. Science 273, 1334-1336.
Pennisi, E. (1997). Superoxides relay Ras protein's oncogenic message. Science 275, 1567-1568.
Raloff, J. (1997). Sphinx of fats. Science News 151, 342-343.
Vines, G. (1997). There is more to heredity than DNA. New Scientist (April 19, p. 16.)
Bruce H. Lipton, Ph.D.
Paper presented to 1997 Congress of APPPAH, San Francisco. Address correspondence to 2574 Pine Flat Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, or email to: [email protected].
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This work documents the convergence of two distinctive worldviews. When Christian icons were first introduced to central Africa by the Portuguese in the late 1400s, elements of their design resonated profoundly with local spiritual precepts. Then, in the early sixteenth century, the king of Kongo was baptized, adopted Catholicism as the state religion, entered into exchanges with the king of Portugual and the pope, and emphasized those alliances through courtly patronage of Christian artifacts. The Kongo designer of this prestige piece significantly transformed the Western prototype that served as its model. At the center of a flat cruciform, a Christ figure with African features and broad, flattened feet and hands was cast in relief, arms extended. The abstract modeling of four smaller figures whose hands are clasped in prayer contrasts with the more expressionistic treatment of Christ. His torso is given definition by the incised ribs, raised nipples and navel, and wrapper around his pelvis. While the suppliants depicted at the apex and base kneel, the two others sit comfortably on the top edge of either arm of the cross.
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Gene swapping muddles the history of microbes
Thanks to marriage and birth records, human genealogy is relatively simple. Some people, taking for granted that infidelity hasn't blemished the family history, can trace their genes back hundreds or thousands of years.
Note: To comment, Science News subscribing members must now establish a separate login relationship with Disqus. Click the Disqus icon below, enter your e-mail and click “forgot password” to reset your password. You may also log into Disqus using Facebook, Twitter or Google.
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<urn:uuid:204323ab-9383-493d-990e-ebcac044076f>
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Electricity Fuel Source Technical Papers
Cogeneration Fast Facts
- Cogeneration is the “simultaneous production of electrical and thermal energy from a single fuel.” 1
- About seven per cent of electricity generation in Canada is through cogeneration. Alberta has 2.3 GW of cogeneration capacity, which is the largest in Canada. Ontario is second to Alberta, with 2.1 GW. These two provinces account for 67 per cent of the cogeneration capacity in Canada. Canadian utilities account for the most cogeneration capacity, at 45 per cent when classified by systems operator. This is followed by paper manufacturing, at 23 per cent.
- There are five types of cogeneration systems. Condensing steam turbine engines are the most efficient, at 81 per cent, while diesel systems are the least efficient, at 41 per cent.
- Cogeneration, combined heat and power (CHP), is the simultaneous production of electrical and thermal energy from one fuel source. The waste heat from electricity generation is recovered and used for applications such as space heating and cooling, water heating, and industrial process heat. By making use of the waste from one process in the production of the other, substantial gains in energy efficiency can be realized.
- A cogeneration facility is comprised of two basic parts: a power generator and a heat recovery system. A range of technologies can be used to achieve cogeneration, including steam turbines, gas turbines, reciprocating engines, microturbines, fuel cells, and Sterling engines.
- Cogeneration can be implemented at a range of scales, from large scale systems serving communities or large industrial complexes, to independent energy supplies for hospitals or universities. Since heat is not easily transported, facilities must be located near their “thermal hosts” or users of thermal energy.
- System efficiency and heat output characteristics are important attributes of cogeneration. System efficiency is the percent of fuel converted to electricity plus the percent converted to useful thermal energy. Most cogeneration systems have overall efficiencies between 65 per cent and 85 per cent. Heat output from cogeneration systems varies depending on the system type. High pressure, high temperature steam is considered high quality thermal output and can be used to meet most industrial process needs. Hot water is considered low quality and can be used only for limited thermal applications.
Cogeneration in Canada
- In 2011 there were 6.5 GW in electricity capacity in Canada. Alberta has the most cogeneration capacity in Canada, the majority of which serves the oil and gas industry. Cogeneration in Ontario serves a broader range of industries, including manufacturing, forest products, hospitals and universities. The majority of cogeneration capacity in British Columbia, Manitoba, Quebec and the Maritimes serves the forest products industry.
- The technology has experienced two significant growth periods, the first of which occurred in the 1970s in response to rising energy prices and a perceived scarcity of energy resources. The second began in 1990 due to public protest over large-scale energy projects, smaller systems becoming more cost effective, and deregulation in Alberta stimulating the development of larger, grid-connected cogeneration systems.
Benefits of Cogeneration
- By using outputs and waste from one process as inputs to other processes, cogeneration systems have the potential to increase fuel efficiency, reduce energy costs, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and reduce releases of ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from air conditioning units.
- The benefits of cogeneration are maximized when the production of electricity is maximized and the thermal load requirements of the host are closely matched. If the thermal output is greater than necessary, excess thermal energy is produced that could have been used to generate more electricity.
- Location of cogeneration near load for heat means electricity is produced closer to load than centralized power production. This “distributed” energy approach allows for geographically dispersed generating plants, reduces transmission losses, and provides spare and process heating / cooling for buildings.
- Most of the world’s electricity is generated by rotating machinery that is driven by the combustion of fuels. As a result, cogeneration systems have enormous potential for growth.
Challenges to Development
- Siting of cogeneration can be challenging, as facilities must be located near their thermal hosts, as well as near an area of the grid that requires additional capacity in order to maximize efficiency. In addition, integrating distributed energy sources into the electricity grid may require transmission and distribution system upgrades.
- Many players must work together in the development and operation of a cogeneration facility, including the electricity generator, the utility that distributes the electricity, and the thermal host. The distribution utility must be willing to purchase power from the generator, and may put restrictions or costs on connecting to the grid. In addition, the thermal host may have fluctuating heat requirements which are difficult for the system to follow.
- Natural Resources Canada, RETScreen International, www.retscreen.net
- Canadian Industrial Energy End‐use Data and Analysis Centre, “A Review of Existing Cogeneration Facilities in Canada,” Canadian Industrial Energy End‐use Data and Analysis Centre website, http://www2.cieedac.sfu.ca/media/publications/Cogeneration_Report_2012_Final.pdf, accessed October 17, 2012.
- Natural Resources Canada, “Combined heat & power (Cogeneration),” Natural Resources Canada website, http://www.retscreen.net/ang/g_combine.php, accessed October 17, 2012.
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<urn:uuid:3da9c95a-3c00-4cff-a82e-79c5f9e7d12c>
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Who Makes What: LTE Equipment
LTE is horribly complicated when viewed as part of a complete architecture, as it forms Release 8 of the ongoing 3GPP series of architectural and standards developments for wireless networks. These standards by now embrace a huge array of network functional entities and interfaces (including the massive Internet Multimedia Subsystem – see, for example, What's Up With IMS?), and, even though the LTE development aims at simplification, it has to interwork with, and build on, the accumulated debris of earlier releases. So a fundamental issue for a Who Makes What is to decide what LTE actually means in terms of network equipment.
Figure 1 suggests that a possible way to do this is to concentrate on what is new in the architecture, as this will translate into new or upgraded equipment. On these grounds, LTE affects principally two broad areas of the network (tinted green in Figure 1):
- The radio access network
- The packet core network
- The earlier 2G and 3G Radio Access Networks (GERAN and UTRAN, respectively) are replaced by the new E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN/RAN). In particular, the 3G base-station NodeB is replaced by the new eNodeB.
- The General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) core network,
which supports both the 2G and 3G RANs, is replaced by a new Evolved Packet
Core (EPC, but known also as System Architecture Evolution, SAE, when the
new E-UTRAN and other access networks are included with it). This uses two
new functional elements: the Mobility Management Entity (MME) node, which
handles control signaling; and the SAE Gateway (which can be split into a
separate Serving Gateway and a Packet Data Network Gateway), which handles
traffic and the data-plane aspects.
- There are lots of new interfaces, many of them with existing network functional elements, as LTE makes full use of these elements and interworks with non-3GPP access networks, for example. Thus the MME node uses the existing Home Subscriber Server (HSS), although this is now done through Diameter signaling rather than SS7. The use of Diameter here is significant because it means that all the interfaces in the LTE architecture are now IP ones.
First, legacy ATM is dispensed with in favor of all-IP. Then the architecture is flattened and simplified by dispensing with the Radio Network Controller (RNC) – instead, the eNodeB connects directly to the SAE Gateway and the MME. Reducing the number of nodes involved in a connection improves scalability, performance, and cost-efficiency.
On the RF side, LTE introduces the use of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) radio access and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna technologies. Pure OFDM is used on the downlink from the base station to the terminal, and was selected for its cost efficiency in supporting the requirement for spectrum flexibility – from under 5MHz bandwidth to up to 20MHz, and for both Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD) and Time-Division Duplex (TDD) modes of operation. On the uplink from terminal to base station, LTE uses a special version of OFDM called Single-Carrier Frequency-Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), chosen for its lower power consumption, an important consideration for terminals.
On the basis of these considerations, this Who Makes What classifies LTE products under five broad headings:
- Access – the radio base stations and eNodeB equipment
- Core – the new Evolved Packet Core nodes
- Silicon, platforms, and subsystems – the new chipsets and other subsystems or devices needed to implement the LTE Access and Core equipment
- Software and protocols – similarly for software and protocol stacks
- Test and measurement – the new equipment needed by vendors and operators to test and monitor LTE Access and Core equipment
- Terminals/CPE. These are obviously crucial and will be made in vast quantities, so their omission might seem surprising. But there is a simple reason – they don’t really exist in the commercial-product sense yet. Yes, it’s almost GSM all over again: The standards are done, the infrastructure equipment exists, but there is not much on the CPE side – and the first services are launching in the next 12 months or so. Of course, this will be rectified in time, but it is a useful corrective to the industry’s tendency to overhype LTE’s commercial mass-market readiness.
In the meantime, there are demonstration devices and early platforms and chipsets (some of which are mentioned in the following pages). Given LTE’s high bandwidth capabilities and low latencies, and relatively limited early geographical coverage, most of the early CPE are likely to be data-type card dongles for laptops and netbooks, rather than flashy smartphones like the Apple iPhone.
- Antennas. Although LTE brings new antenna technologies to mobile networks, these are not new per se – WiFi networks have used MIMO techniques for some time, for example – and arguably belong more to the general art of RF communications than to any specific application such as LTE. In the interests of manageability, they are thus omitted, but, for the record, relevant vendors include Ace Antennas, Cellmax Technologies, Motorola Inc. (NYSE: MOT),Powerwave Technologies Inc. (Nasdaq: PWAV),
Radio Frequency Systems (RFS) , and Socowave.
- Backhaul/aggregation equipment. This is another crucial part of any real LTE network, and doubtlessly will encourage specialist and optimized Ethernet/IP solutions because of LTE’s wholesale move to IP and the need for new backhaul/aggregation to match the rollout of new LTE base stations (RAD Data Communications Ltd. , for example, is majoring on this application for its Carrier Ethernet pseudowire technology). But, again, this is arguably a new application of an existing art, rather than a new LTE equipment category.
- Existing functional entities interfacing to EPC. The new interfaces between the EPC and entities such as the HSS, PCRF, AAA, and so on (see Figure 2) will obviously require vendors of products providing these entities to make changes. However, these are not specifically new LTE functional entities, and, as these products are very numerous, they are treated as beyond the scope of this Who Makes What.
Table 1: Vendors of LTE Equipment
|Vendor||Access||Core||Silicon / Platforms / Subsystems||Software / Protocols||T&M|
|AXIS Network Technology||Yes|
|Blue Wonder Communications||Yes|
|Fujitsu Network Communications||Yes||Yes|
|Hitachi Communication Technologies||(Yes)||(Yes)|
|MYMO Wireless Technology||(Yes)|
|Nokia Siemens Networks||Yes||Yes|
|Panasonic Mobile Communications||Yes|
|Rohde & Schwarz||Yes|
|Tata Consultancy Services||Yes||Yes|
|Parentheses indicate products planned or in development.
Source: Light Reading, 2009
Next Page: LTE Access
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Raised beds filled with rich soil provide ideal growing conditions for cool-season-crops. In the wood-framed beds pictured here, a Seattle family of six harvests vegetables, herbs, fruits, and cut flowers year-round. Altogether, the family maintains four 4- by 8-foot beds and one 4- by 4- foot bed. They've found a number of ways to get the most crops and color out of their beds.
Grow crops vertically to save space. Along the back of a bed (left), edible pole peas will twine up a framework of 5-foot bamboo stakes inserted into the soil in a crisscross pattern. Sweet peas planted at the base of a wood obelisk will climb the sides, leaving plenty of room for strawberries to fill the rest of the bed.
• Plant cut-and-come-again vegetables that can be harvested a few leaves, sprigs, or stems at a time. Leaf lettuce, for example, will keep forming new leaves if you harvest mature leaves one at a time from the outside of the plant. Swiss chard can keep producing leaves for a couple of years. Grow curly parsley as a garnish and Italian flat-leaf parsley for cooking or salads. Japanese bunching onions yield a steady supply of stems you can use like scallions.
• Choose long-bearing or multipurpose vegetable varieties when possible. Everbearing strawberries yield fruit from spring through fall. If you plant bulbing onions at 2-inch intervals, you can thin them in the green stage for scallions, then pick mature bulbs next summer.
• Interplant herbs with vegetables. Set oregano, thyme, and prostrate rosemary along the edges of raised beds and let them spill over the sides. Tuck a few pansies into the beds; use their edible flowers to garnish salads.
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<urn:uuid:fefcc726-429a-4ad0-b8fe-eca7176c098f>
|
Mygalomorph spiders constitute a moderately diverse group including more than 2,600 described species, currently classified into over 300 genera and 15 families. Familiar mygalomorphs include tarantulas (also called baboon spiders) and trapdoor spiders, but many other distinctive taxonomic groups exist. Most mygals are relatively large, long-lived (15-30 years), ground dwelling spiders - the largest spiders in the world are in fact mygalomorphs. These spiders build a diverse array of silk constructs for prey capture, shelter, and protection (Coyle 1986). Considered an ancient monophyletic group (Coddington & Levi 1991; Platnick & Gertsch 1976; Raven 1985), mygalomorphs retain several characteristics that are considered primitive for spiders (e.g., two pairs of book lungs, simple spinning structures, etc). Many mygalomorph taxa are dispersal-limited and regionally-endemic, and have long been favorites of biogeographers (e.g., Griswold & Ledford 2001; Platnick 1981). Mygalomorph lineages have a deep evolutionary history, as reflected in a rich fossil fauna that extends back to the lower Triassic (Selden & Gall 1992), with fossil representatives of several families dating to the mid-Cretaceous (see Eskov & Zonshtein 1990; Penney et al. 2003; Selden 2002). Recent molecular clock analyses suggest intra-familial divergences date to the Cretaceous (Hendrixson & Bond 2007), and inter-familial divergences may be as old as 300 Ma (Ayoub et al. 2007).
No one has provided updates yet.
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<urn:uuid:fca9a402-1c40-44a5-9252-3064f867bc8b>
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Direct View—A True Original
Still the most common TV in homes today, Direct View CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) is the original granddaddy that started it all. Invented in the late 1920s, the concept remains essentially the same to this day. A glass vacuum tube with a flat screen is covered with red, blue and green phosphors. These phosphors light up whenever they’re hit by a scanning electron beam.
Our televisions receive an electronic signal that they then convert to beams of light. These beams are then projected as lines onto the backside of the TV screen where the phosphors react. Each beam begins at the top, moving from left to right, and from top to bottom. This all happens 30 times a second, faster than your eyes can detect, so your eyes see the result as a complete image.
A major improvement to CRT technology is interlaced scanning. Interlaced scanning refers to the beam’s ability to go back and fill in the lines it skips on the first pass. Of course, now the beam has to pull double duty to keep the image complete. It’s happy to do so as it scans a second pass 60 times a second, producing a visually richer image.
The bottom line: Direct View CRT may be older technology, even dated according to some enthusiasts, but refinements continue to be impressive. Picture quality is superlative.
Some things to consider when looking at Direct View CRT:
- Your least expensive option
- Bright, easy to see screens
- Heavy and bulky due to the glass vacuum-tube
- Size limitations (the largest set is 40”)
- The screens reflect background light<
Rear Projection Vs. Front Projection
1. Rear Projection
Available in sizes from 40” to 80”, recent advancements in rear projection TVs have begun to replace the three-color projector bulbs with a DLP (Digital Light Projector) LCD rear projection or LCOS or XSRD (Sony). The DLP is an ingenious projector that uses a single, high-intensity bulb that shines through a color filter wheel onto a chip, and then reflects the image onto the screen. Rear Projection TVs cost a bit more but what your pocketbook gives up your picture gains in sharpness and splendor.
- Very large screen sizes are available
- The color is more accurate and true-to-life
- Not as bright as Direct View or Plasma screens
- Bulbs last around 6000hrs and are expensive to replace
- Viewing from an angle diminishes image quality
2. Front Projection
Front projection TV systems are composed of a projector and a screen, similar to the setup at your local movie theater. The image created by front projection TVs generally starts at 60” to 80” and can get impressively large—up to 250”. The only factors that might limit screen size are your room dimensions, your room’s darkness level and that upright piano no one uses.
THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF FRONT PROJECTION TVs:
A. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
Common in sports bars and conventions, these are the larger models with three-color tubes. The image quality is fantastic, assuming, of course, one is up for the cost and maintenance to own one.
B. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
With an LCD projector, a single light is directed through a lens toward the screen. This is a much smaller unit and is virtually a staple in corporate conference rooms.
C. DLP (Digital Light Projector)
As mentioned before, a digital light projector uses microscopic mirrors and a color wheel filter to produce an enhanced image. This technology is available in both front and rear projectors.
When looking at Front Projectors consider:
- Provides the largest screen sizes available
- Image quality is superb and most resembles a movie theater
- Initial cost and maintenance (alignment and burned bulbs) can be steep
- Your room needs to be darker with the ability to control light
- Installation can be a bear
Direct View LCD—Think Computer Monitor But Better
Extra video inputs plus a flat-panel computer monitor equals the stunning LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). These babies are getting more and more popular with screen sizes ranging from 6” to 37”. LCD TVs use the same technology as laptop computer screens. The mental note for you to make is that, much like computer screens, quality between models can vary widely. Look closely, ask questions and do your research.
A bit on the pricey side, LCD TVs are worth looking at. Bear in mind:
- Extremely compact enclosures (can be mounted on a wall)
- Excellent image quality depending on model
- Can double as a monitor for a computer system
- Larger models can be very expensive
- Viewing at an angle may diminish quality
- Black levels are not a good as Plasma, RPJ, or CRT
The Big, Flat Plasma
Similar to LCD TVs, Plasma units have a very shallow screen depth (3” to 6” average). Unlike LCDs, Plasma TVs use tiny red, green & blue gas-contained cells. These cells are ignited by electrical charges to produce a sharp, sumptuous picture. Because Plasma technology works best with larger screens, sizes range from 37” to 103”. Remember: because the technology is relatively young, advancements in features as well as shrinkage in price are both bound to happen. Be sure to scrutinize various models carefully as some are clearly superior to others.
- Can be mounted on your wall
- Excellent image quality depending on the model
- Can be viewed in nearly any light condition and from various angles
- Price, usually more expensive for the size.
- Repairs can be extremely expensive<
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<urn:uuid:6b7713af-5db3-434a-8cd8-2b57a72e79f9>
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Allergy & Immunology
Ingesting gradually larger amounts of egg protein may wipe out the allergy in children, researchers found.
After two years of oral immunotherapy, 28% of children in a randomized controlled trial passed an oral challenge and were able to eat eggs a year later, Wesley Burks, MD, of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and colleagues reported in the July 19 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
"This is a treatment that we think is safe, and we think might work, but it is not ready to be put into practice," Burks told MedPage Today and ABC News. "It sounds somewhat simple, taking small doses of egg in larger and larger quantities, but it is not something to be done at home or in the office."
Tania Mucci, MD, an allergist at Winthrop University Hospital, noted that there's currently only one treatment for food-allergic patients: avoidance.
"Oral immunotherapy for food allergy, if safe and standardized, would be the holy grail for food-allergic patients," Mucci said in an email to MedPage Today and ABC News. "Immunotherapy to grasses, trees, cat, and dog is curative in 75% of patients."
James Li, MD, PhD, chair of allergy and immunology at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., cautioned that there's still a risk for allergic reactions during immunotherapy.
"A single 'failure' of oral immunotherapy for food allergy could potentially result in a serious, even life-threatening reaction," he said in an email to MedPage Today and ABC News, adding that careful patient selection will be important if the therapy eventually becomes clinically available.
Burks and colleagues conducted their randomized, controlled trial at five U.S. centers. They enrolled 55 children ages 5 to 11 who had egg allergy; 40 were assigned to oral immunotherapy, while 15 were given placebo.
They found that after 10 months of therapy, 55% of children who had oral immunotherapy passed the oral food challenge of 5 grams of egg white powder and were considered desensitized, compared with none of the children in the placebo group (P<0.001).
Among these 22 desensitized kids, 14 had no symptoms, seven had mild symptoms, and one had moderate throat discomfort. All symptoms resolved without treatment, the researchers said.
After 22 months, 75% of kids in the oral immunotherapy group passed a challenge of 10 grams of egg white powder. These 30 desensitized children then avoided all egg consumption for 4 to 6 weeks.
After that brief period of avoidance, 11 children (28% of the oral immunotherapy group) passed another oral food challenge and were considered to have sustained unresponsiveness (P=0.03 compared with placebo).
At 30 and 36 months, all of these children were able to eat egg as they pleased, with no adverse events -- though the researchers cautioned that they could lose their sustained unresponsiveness if they were to stop eating eggs.
Burks and colleagues found that wheal diameters on skin-prick testing and egg-specific IgG4 antibody were predictive of passing the oral food challenge at 2 years.
In regression analyses, median IgG4 antibodies at 10 months were higher in children who were desensitized at 22 and 24 months (P=0.005 and P=0.02, respectively), and reduced wheal size at 22 months correlated with sustained unresponsiveness at 24 months (P=0.005).
The researchers noted that adverse events were more frequent with oral immunotherapy, with most being oral or pharyngeal, occurring during the first 10 months of oral immunotherapy, and most often related to dosing. About 15% of the oral immunotherapy group dropped out because of allergic reactions -- but there were no serious adverse events, they wrote.
The study was limited because the children could have spontaneously outgrown their egg allergy, though that was unlikely given study inclusion criteria that predicted a low likelihood of outgrowing the allergy, the researchers wrote.
Burks' group has previously tested oral immunotherapy on milk and peanut allergy as well. They'd found that peanut-allergic children on 48 weeks of oral immunotherapy could eat about 20 peanuts compared with just 1.5 peanuts for those in a placebo group.
But Burks again cautioned that it will be at least 5 to 10 years before oral immunotherapy for these types of allergies will be used clinically.
"For oral immunotherapy to be recommended as a standard of care," the researchers wrote in the study, "it will be important to better define the risks of oral immunotherapy versus allergen avoidance, determine the dosing regimens with the most favorable outcomes, identify patients who are most likely to benefit from oral immunotherapy, and develop postdesensitization strategies that promote long-term immune tolerance."
This article was developed in collaboration with ABC News.
Primary source: New England Joural of Medicine
Source reference: Burks AW, et al "Oral immunotherapy for treatment of egg allergy in children" N Engl J Med 2012; DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1200435.
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<urn:uuid:2d5a72e1-0a8a-4366-a9d0-3469fc4bac5f>
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People find food tastes better when they think it is organic, a new study finds.
Researchers from University of Gävle in Sweden offered 44 participants two identical cups of coffee, telling them one was organic. When asked which one tasted better, most of the subjects pointed to the supposedly organic version.
"An increasingly large number of products are marked with morally loaded labels such as fair-trade and organically produced -- labels associated with social or environmental responsibility that speak to our conscience," the researchers wrote.
"We show that eco-labels not only promote a willingness to pay more for the product but they also appear to enhance the perceptual experience of the product's taste. Who needs cream and sugar when there is eco-labeling?"
Researcher Patrik Sorqvist added: "In the case of crop products, like coffee, consumers could quite easily imagine production differences that could influence taste, such as crop spraying."
The latest study, published online in the journal PLoS, builds on the team's prior research finding that people believe organic products are healthier and contain fewer calories.
Last year, a large-scale study from Stanford University in the California stirred up debate after claiming that when it comes to nutrition, organic foods, such as meat, dairy, and produce, may not be worth the extra cash. While organics come at a premium, researchers said they are not healthier and not significantly safer than conventional foods and produce grown with pesticides.
Organic foods can cost as much as a third more than conventional alternatives, with consumers shelling out the extra cash with the hopes of purchasing healthier, more nutrient-dense food.
A separate new study, published last year, from Oxford University in the U.K. found that organic farming may not be better for the environment either. The researchers cited that organic products such as milk, cereals, and pork generate higher greenhouse gas emissions than their conventional counterparts. However, organic beef produced lower emissions.
© AFP/Relaxnews 2014
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<urn:uuid:9611fd17-28e5-42f3-bba5-b8387ac71a92>
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How cool would it be if you could learn a new language simply by watching subtitled foreign films? So far, research has shown that you can certainly learn new vocabulary this way, but not grammar. Now Sven Van Lommel and colleagues at the University of Leuven have again tested whether subtitled films can be used to learn grammar, following their belief that prior research was hindered by methodological shortcomings, such as the lack of suitable control groups.
Van Lommel’s team showed a film in Esperanto (‘En Somera Vilao’), with Dutch subtitles, to half of 94 Dutch-speaking primary school sixth-formers and 84 secondary school sixth-formers. Unfortunately, watching the film brought the pupils no advantage in a subsequent test on Esperanto grammar.
In fact, watching the film actually impaired grammar test performance among those pupils who were previously read a short story that introduced some rules of Esperanto grammar. Overall the pupils who heard the story tended to perform better on the grammar test, but among the pupils who heard the story, those who also watched the film did worse than those who didn’t. “Inserting a movie between the advance rule presentation and the test increased the retention interval and may have caused some interference, leading to more forgetting of the presented rules” the researchers said.
When it comes to learning, it seems there’s no substitute for practising speaking a new language yourself. In the researchers’ words “…grammar acquisition may remain minimal without verbal production of the to-be-acquired language forms”. However, they also said the possibility remains that the film shown in this study was too short to be of any benefit, and that a sequence of several films spread over an extended period of time could be useful.
Van Lommel, S., Laenen, A. & d’Ydewalle, G. (2006). Foreign-grammar acquisition while watching subtitled television programmes. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 243-258.
Post written by Christian Jarrett (@psych_writer) for the BPS Research Digest.
Update: I've added the name of the film they used, following the query posted under comments.
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<urn:uuid:f0f56b08-5f18-4f70-b5e3-32edf0c31320>
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Bureau of Statistics (BOS) conducted the population and housing
census in April/May 2006. The census Preliminary results have
already been released in August 2007. The purpose of this report is
to provide the public with some tables on the final population size
- District, age
group, and sex
age group and sex
- Urban and rural
residence, age group and sex
distribution of the national, district and urban and rural
populations are also provided by single years of age.
Population size, age
and sex structure
final 2006 census results show that Lesotho’s de jure population is
1,876,633. This is marginally lower than the preliminary figure by
0.2 percent. Males constitute 912,798 which is 48.6 percent of the
total population, while females represent 963,835 or 51.4 percent.
This is consistent with the overall sex composition of the
population in the past censuses.
age and sex distribution is graphically presented in the pyramid in
Figure 1.1. It shows that in 2006, the age group 15-19 has the
highest percentage share (12.4) of the total population. In 1996, it
was age group 10-14 that had the highest percentage share (13) of
the total population.
rate and Urbanization
implied annual growth rate of the population during the intercensal
period 1996-2006 is barely 0.08 percent. This represents a sharp
decline in the intercensal annual growth of 1.5 percent recorded for
the period 1986-1996. Detailed analysis of the dynamics of
population change would unravel the drivers of the observed rapid
decline in the population growth rate. The urban population in the
2006 census represents 22.8 percent of the total, compared with 16.9
percent in 1996. This translates to about 36 percent increase in the
urban population during the intercensal period.
percent distribution of the total population by district is
reasonably consistent with the trend over time. About one in every
five of the total population lives in Maseru while one in every
twenty-seven lives in Qacha’s Nek. The four largest Districts of
Maseru, Leribe, Berea and Mafeteng together hold about 62.2 percent
of the total population, a slight increase from 61.8 percent in
analytical report and the Statistical tables that will follow will
provide more details on the census results.
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<urn:uuid:43632fe9-3c84-4432-af6d-3af32f88f48a>
|
This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
Fortunately, cancer in children and adolescents is rare, although the overall incidence of childhood cancer has been slowly increasing since 1975. Children and adolescents with cancer should be referred to medical centers that have a multidisciplinary team of cancer specialists with experience treating the cancers that occur during childhood and adolescence. This multidisciplinary team approach incorporates the skills of the primary care physician, pediatric surgical subspecialists, radiation oncologists, pediatric medical oncologists/hematologists, rehabilitation specialists, pediatric nurse specialists, social workers, and others to ensure that children receive treatment, supportive care, and rehabilitation that will achieve optimal survival and quality of life. (Refer to the PDQ Supportive and Palliative Care summaries for specific information about supportive care for children and adolescents with cancer.)
Guidelines for pediatric cancer centers and their role in the treatment of pediatric patients with cancer have been outlined by the American Academy of Pediatrics. At these pediatric cancer centers, clinical trials are available for most types of cancer that occur in children and adolescents, and the opportunity to participate in these trials is offered to most patients/families. Clinical trials for children and adolescents with cancer are generally designed to compare potentially better therapy with therapy that is currently accepted as standard. Most of the progress made in identifying curative therapies for childhood cancers has been achieved through clinical trials. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Dramatic improvements in survival have been achieved for children and adolescents with cancer. Between 1975 and 2002, childhood cancer mortality has decreased by more than 50%. For Hodgkin lymphoma, the 5-year survival rate has increased over the same time from 81% to more than 94% for children and adolescents. Childhood and adolescent cancer survivors require close follow-up since cancer therapy side effects may persist or develop months or years after treatment. (Refer to the PDQ summary on Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer for specific information about the incidence, type, and monitoring of late effects in childhood and adolescent cancer survivors.)
Overview of Childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma
Childhood Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the few pediatric malignancies that shares aspects of its biology and natural history with an adult cancer. When treatment approaches for children were modeled after those used for adults, substantial morbidities (primarily musculoskeletal growth inhibition) resulted from the unacceptably high radiation doses. Thus, new strategies utilizing chemotherapy and lower-dose radiation were developed. Approximately 90% to 95% of children with Hodgkin lymphoma can be cured, prompting increased attention to devising therapy that produces less long-term morbidity for these patients. Contemporary treatment programs use a risk-adapted approach in which patients receive multiagent chemotherapy with or without low-dose involved-field radiation therapy. Prognostic factors used in determining chemotherapy intensity include stage, presence or absence of B symptoms (fever, weight loss, and night sweats), and/or bulky disease.
Hodgkin lymphoma comprises 6% of childhood cancers. In the United States, the incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma is age-related and is highest among adolescents aged 15 to 19 years (29 cases per million per year), with children ages 10 to 14 years, 5 to 9 years, and 0 to 4 years having approximately threefold, eightfold, and 30-fold lower rates, respectively. In non-European Union countries, there is a similar rate in young adults but a much higher incidence in childhood.
Hodgkin lymphoma has the following unique epidemiological features:
Epstein-Barr virus and Hodgkin lymphoma
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been implicated in the causation of Hodgkin lymphoma. A large proportion of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma have high EBV titers, suggesting that an enhanced activation of EBV may precede the development of Hodgkin lymphoma in some patients. EBV genetic material can be detected in Reed-Sternberg cells from some patients with Hodgkin lymphoma.
The incidence of EBV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma also shows the following distinct epidemiological features:
EBV serologic status is not a prognostic factor for failure-free survival in pediatric and young adult Hodgkin lymphoma patients.[10,13,14,15,17] Patients with a prior history of serologically confirmed infectious mononucleosis have a fourfold increased risk of developing EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphoma; these patients are not at increased risk for EBV-negative Hodgkin lymphoma.
Immunodeficiency and Hodgkin lymphoma
Among individuals with immunodeficiency, the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma is increased, although not as high as the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Characteristics of Hodgkin lymphoma presenting in the context of immunodeficiency are as follows:
The following presenting features of Hodgkin lymphoma result from direct or indirect effects of nodal or extranodal involvement and/or constitutional symptoms related to cytokine release from Reed-Sternberg cells.
As the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma has improved, factors that are associated with outcome have become more difficult to identify. Several factors, however, continue to influence the success and choice of therapy. These factors are interrelated in the sense that disease stage, bulk, and biologic aggressiveness are frequently codependent. Further complicating the identification of prognostic factors is their use in determining the aggressiveness of therapy. For example, in a report from the German-Austrian Pediatric multicenter trial DAL-HD-90, bulky disease was not a prognostic factor for outcome on multivariate analysis. However, in this study, boost irradiation doses were given to patients who had postchemotherapy residual disease, which could have obfuscated the relevance of bulky disease at presentation. This underscores the complexity in determining prognostic factors.
Pretreatment factors associated with an adverse outcome in one or more studies include the following:
Prognostic factors identified in selected multi-institutional studies include the following:
The rapidity of response to initial cycles of chemotherapy also appears to be prognostically important and is being used in the research setting to determine subsequent therapy.[28,29,31] Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning is being evaluated as a method to assess early response in pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma. Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET avidity after two cycles of chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma in adults has been shown to predict treatment failure and progression-free survival.[32,33,34] Further studies in children are required to assess the role of early response based on PET. The value of PET avidity to predict outcome and whether improved outcome can be achieved by altering the therapeutic strategy based on early PET response is to be determined.
Although prognostic factors will continue to change because of risk stratification and choice of therapy, parameters such as disease stage, bulk, systemic symptomatology, and early response to chemotherapy are likely to remain relevant to outcome.
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|11.||Araujo I, Bittencourt AL, Barbosa HS, et al.: The high frequency of EBV infection in pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma is related to the classical type in Bahia, Brazil. Virchows Arch 449 (3): 315-9, 2006.|
|12.||Makar RR, Saji T, Junaid TA: Epstein-Barr virus expression in Hodgkin's lymphoma in Kuwait. Pathol Oncol Res 9 (3): 159-65, 2003.|
|13.||Herling M, Rassidakis GZ, Medeiros LJ, et al.: Expression of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1 in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma: associations with presenting features, serum interleukin 10 levels, and clinical outcome. Clin Cancer Res 9 (6): 2114-20, 2003.|
|14.||Claviez A, Tiemann M, Lüders H, et al.: Impact of latent Epstein-Barr virus infection on outcome in children and adolescents with Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 23 (18): 4048-56, 2005.|
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|32.||Hutchings M, Loft A, Hansen M, et al.: FDG-PET after two cycles of chemotherapy predicts treatment failure and progression-free survival in Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 107 (1): 52-9, 2006.|
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|34.||Dann EJ, Bar-Shalom R, Tamir A, et al.: Risk-adapted BEACOPP regimen can reduce the cumulative dose of chemotherapy for standard and high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma with no impairment of outcome. Blood 109 (3): 905-9, 2007.|
Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by a variable number of characteristic multinucleated giant cells (Reed-Sternberg cells) or large mononuclear cell variants (lymphocytic and histiocytic cells) in a background of inflammatory cells consisting of small lymphocytes, histiocytes, epithelioid histiocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, plasma cells, and fibroblasts. The inflammatory cells are present in different proportions depending on the histologic subtype. It has been conclusively shown that Reed-Sternberg cells and/or lymphocytic and histiocytic cells represent a clonal population. Almost all cases of Hodgkin lymphoma arise from germinal center B cells that cannot synthesize immunoglobulin.[1,2] The histologic features and clinical symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma have been attributed to the numerous cytokines, chemokines, and products of the tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNF-R) family secreted by the Reed-Sternberg cells.
The hallmark of classic Hodgkin lymphoma is the Reed-Sternberg cell, which has the following features:
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is divided into the following four subtypes:
These subtypes are defined according to the number of Reed-Sternberg cells, characteristics of the inflammatory milieu, and the presence or absence of fibrosis.
Characteristics of the histological subtypes of classical Hodgkin lymphoma include the following:
A study of over 600 patients with nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma from three different university hospitals in the United States showed that two haplotypes in the HLA class II region were identified, which correlated with 70% increased risk of developing nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma. Another haplotype was associated with a 60% decreased risk. It is hypothesized that these haplotypes result in atypical immune responses that lead to Hodgkin lymphoma.
Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
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|11.||Anagnostopoulos I, Hansmann ML, Franssila K, et al.: European Task Force on Lymphoma project on lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin disease: histologic and immunohistologic analysis of submitted cases reveals 2 types of Hodgkin disease with a nodular growth pattern and abundant lymphocytes. Blood 96 (5): 1889-99, 2000.|
|12.||Bazzeh F, Rihani R, Howard S, et al.: Comparing adult and pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program, 1988-2005: an analysis of 21 734 cases. Leuk Lymphoma 51 (12): 2198-207, 2010.|
|13.||Cozen W, Li D, Best T, et al.: A genome-wide meta-analysis of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin lymphoma identifies risk loci at 6p21.32. Blood 119 (2): 469-75, 2012.|
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|16.||Stein H, Marafioti T, Foss HD, et al.: Down-regulation of BOB.1/OBF.1 and Oct2 in classical Hodgkin disease but not in lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin disease correlates with immunoglobulin transcription. Blood 97 (2): 496-501, 2001.|
|17.||Boudová L, Torlakovic E, Delabie J, et al.: Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma with nodules resembling T-cell/histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma: differential diagnosis between nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma and T-cell/histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma. Blood 102 (10): 3753-8, 2003.|
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|19.||Chen RC, Chin MS, Ng AK, et al.: Early-stage, lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma: patient outcomes from a large, single-institution series with long follow-up. J Clin Oncol 28 (1): 136-41, 2010.|
|20.||Jackson C, Sirohi B, Cunningham D, et al.: Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma--clinical features and treatment outcomes from a 30-year experience. Ann Oncol 21 (10): 2061-8, 2010.|
Staging and evaluation of disease status is undertaken at diagnosis and performed again early in the course of chemotherapy and at the end of chemotherapy.
The following three specific constitutional symptoms (B symptoms) correlate with prognosis and are considered in assignment of stage:
Additional Hodgkin-associated constitutional symptoms without prognostic significance include the following:
Anatomic information from CT is complemented by PET functional imaging, which is sensitive in determining initial sites of involvement, particularly sites too small to be considered abnormal by CT criteria.
Definition of bulky disease
The posteroanterior chest radiograph remains important since the criterion for bulky mediastinal lymphadenopathy used in North American protocols is defined by the ratio of the diameter of the mediastinal lymph node mass to the maximal diameter of the rib cage on an upright chest radiograph; a ratio of 33% or higher is considered bulky. This definition is no longer used in some European protocols because it does not influence risk classification.
The criteria for bulky peripheral (nonmediastinal) lymphadenopathy have varied per cooperative group study protocols from aggregate nodal masses exceeding 4 to 6 cm. This disease characteristic has not been consistently used among all groups for risk stratification.
Criteria for lymphomatous involvement by CT
Defining strict CT size criteria for the establishment of lymphomatous nodal involvement is complicated by a number of factors, such as overlap between benign reactive hyperplasia and malignant lymphadenopathy and obliquity of node orientation to the scan plane. Additional difficulties more specific to children include greater variability of normal nodal size with body region and age and the frequent occurrence of reactive hyperplasia.
General concepts to consider in regard to defining lymphomatous involvement by CT include the following:
The recommended functional imaging procedure for initial staging is now PET.[4,5] In PET scanning, uptake of the radioactive glucose analog, 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) correlates with proliferative activity in tumors undergoing anaerobic glycolysis. PET-CT, which integrates functional and anatomic tumor characteristics, is often used for staging and monitoring of pediatric patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. Residual or persistent FDG avidity has been correlated with prognosis and the need for additional therapy in posttreatment evaluation.[6,7,8,9]
General concepts to consider in regard to defining lymphomatous involvement by FDG-PET include the following:
FDG-PET has limitations in the pediatric setting. Tracer avidity may be seen in a variety of nonmalignant conditions including thymic rebound commonly observed after completion of lymphoma therapy. FDG-avidity in normal tissues, for example, brown fat of cervical musculature, may confound interpretation of the presence of nodal involvement by lymphoma.
Establishing the Diagnosis of Hodgkin Lymphoma
After a careful physiologic and radiographic evaluation of the patient, the least invasive procedure should be used to establish the diagnosis of lymphoma.
Key issues to consider in choosing the diagnostic approach include the following:
Ann Arbor Staging Classification for Hodgkin Lymphoma
Stage is determined by anatomic evidence of disease using CT scanning in conjunction with functional imaging. The staging classification used for Hodgkin lymphoma was adopted at the Ann Arbor Conference held in 1971 and revised in 1989. Staging is independent of the imaging modality used.
|a Reprinted with permission from AJCC: Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. In: Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2010, pp 607-11.|
|I||Involvement of a single lymphatic site (i.e., nodal region, Waldeyer's ring, thymus, or spleen) (I); or localized involvement of a single extralymphatic organ or site in the absence of any lymph node involvement (IE).|
|II||Involvement of two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (II); or localized involvement of a single extralymphatic organ or site in association with regional lymph node involvement with or without involvement of other lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (IIE).|
|III||Involvement of lymph node regions on both sides of the diaphragm (III), which also may be accompanied by extralymphatic extension in association with adjacent lymph node involvement (IIIE) or by involvement of the spleen (IIIS) or both (IIIE,S).|
|IV||Diffuse or disseminated involvement of one or more extralymphatic organs, with or without associated lymph node involvement; or isolated extralymphatic organ involvement in the absence of adjacent regional lymph node involvement, but in conjunction with disease in distant site(s). Stage IV includes any involvement of the liver or bone marrow, lungs (other than by direct extension from another site), or cerebrospinal fluid.|
|Designations applicable to any stage|
|B||Fever (temperature >38ºC), drenching night sweats, unexplained loss of >10% of body weight within the preceding 6 months.|
|E||Involvement of a single extranodal site that is contiguous or proximal to the known nodal site.|
Extralymphatic disease resulting from direct extension of an involved lymph node region is designated E. Extralymphatic disease can cause confusion in staging. For example, the designation E is not appropriate for cases of widespread disease or diffuse extralymphatic disease (e.g., large pleural effusion that is cytologically positive for Hodgkin lymphoma), which should be considered stage IV. If pathologic proof of noncontiguous involvement of one or more extralymphatic sites has been documented, the symbol for the site of involvement, followed by a plus sign (+), is listed. Current practice is to assign a clinical stage on the basis of findings of the clinical evaluation; however, pathologic confirmation of noncontiguous extralymphatic involvement is strongly suggested for assignment to stage IV.
After the diagnostic and staging evaluation data are acquired, patients are further classified into risk groups for the purposes of treatment planning. The classification of patients into low-, intermediate-, or high-risk categories varies considerably among the various pediatric research groups, and often even between different studies conducted by the same group, as summarized in Table 2.
|Trial||Low Risk||Intermediate Risk||High Risk|
|E = extralymphatic.|
|a Adapted from Kelly.|
|Children's Oncology Group|
|AHOD0031||IA bulk or E; IB; IIA bulk or E; IIB; IIIA, IVA|
|AHOD0431||IA, IIA with no bulk|
|C5942||IA, IB, IIA with no bulk, no hilar nodes and <4 sites||IA, IB, IIA with bulk, hilar nodes or ≥4 sites; III||IV|
|C59704||IIB/IIIB with bulk, IV|
|P9425/P9426||IA, IIA with no bulk||IB, IIA, IIIA1 with bulk; IIIA2||IIB, IIIB, IV|
|GPOH-HD 95; GPOH-HD 2002;PHL-C1[3,22,23]||1A/B, IIA||IE A/B;IIE A; IIB; IIIA||IIE B; IIIE A/B; IIIB; IV|
|Stanford/St. Jude/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Consortium|
|HOD05||IB, IIIA, IA/IIA with E, ≥3 sites or bulk|
|HOD08||IA, IIA with no bulk, E and <3 sites|
|HOD99||IIB, IIIB, IV|
Although all major research groups classify patients according to clinical criteria, such as stage and presence of B symptoms, extranodal involvement, or bulky disease, comparison of outcomes across trials is further complicated because of differences in how these individual criteria are defined.
Further refinement of risk classification may be performed through assessment of response after initial cycles of chemotherapy or at its completion.
Interim response assessment
The interim response to initial therapy, which may be assessed on the basis of volume reduction of disease, functional imaging status, or both, is an important prognostic variable in both early- and advanced-stage pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma.[24,25] Definitions for interim response are variable and protocol specific, but can range from volume reductions of greater than 50% to the achievement of a complete response with a volume reduction of greater than 95% by anatomic imaging or resolution of FDG-PET avidity.[3,18,21]
The rapidity of response to early therapy has been used in risk stratification to tailor therapy in an effort to augment therapy in higher-risk patients or to reduce the late effects while maintaining efficacy.
Results of selected trials using interim response to titrate therapy
End of chemotherapy response assessment
Restaging is carried out upon the completion of all planned initial chemotherapy and may be used to determine the need for consolidative radiation therapy. Key concepts to consider include the following:
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|15.||Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2010.|
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|17.||Friedman DI, Wolden S, Constine L, et al.: AHOD0031: A phase III study of dose intensive therapy for intermediate risk Hodgkin lymphoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. [Abstract] Blood 116 (22): A-766, 2010.|
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|19.||Nachman JB, Sposto R, Herzog P, et al.: Randomized comparison of low-dose involved-field radiotherapy and no radiotherapy for children with Hodgkin's disease who achieve a complete response to chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 20 (18): 3765-71, 2002.|
|20.||Kelly KM, Sposto R, Hutchinson R, et al.: BEACOPP chemotherapy is a highly effective regimen in children and adolescents with high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Blood 117 (9): 2596-603, 2011.|
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|27.||Cheson BD, Pfistner B, Juweid ME, et al.: Revised response criteria for malignant lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 25 (5): 579-86, 2007.|
|28.||Brepoels L, Stroobants S, De Wever W, et al.: Hodgkin lymphoma: Response assessment by revised International Workshop Criteria. Leuk Lymphoma 48 (8): 1539-47, 2007.|
|29.||Juweid ME, Stroobants S, Hoekstra OS, et al.: Use of positron emission tomography for response assessment of lymphoma: consensus of the Imaging Subcommittee of International Harmonization Project in Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 25 (5): 571-8, 2007.|
|30.||Cheson BD: The International Harmonization Project for response criteria in lymphoma clinical trials. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 21 (5): 841-54, 2007.|
|31.||Voss SD, Chen L, Constine LS, et al.: Surveillance computed tomography imaging and detection of relapse in intermediate- and advanced-stage pediatric Hodgkin's lymphoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 30 (21): 2635-40, 2012.|
|32.||Nasr A, Stulberg J, Weitzman S, et al.: Assessment of residual posttreatment masses in Hodgkin's disease and the need for biopsy in children. J Pediatr Surg 41 (5): 972-4, 2006.|
|33.||Levine JM, Weiner M, Kelly KM: Routine use of PET scans after completion of therapy in pediatric Hodgkin disease results in a high false positive rate. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 28 (11): 711-4, 2006.|
|34.||Rhodes MM, Delbeke D, Whitlock JA, et al.: Utility of FDG-PET/CT in follow-up of children treated for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 28 (5): 300-6, 2006.|
|35.||Meany HJ, Gidvani VK, Minniti CP: Utility of PET scans to predict disease relapse in pediatric patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 48 (4): 399-402, 2007.|
|36.||Picardi M, De Renzo A, Pane F, et al.: Randomized comparison of consolidation radiation versus observation in bulky Hodgkin's lymphoma with post-chemotherapy negative positron emission tomography scans. Leuk Lymphoma 48 (9): 1721-7, 2007.|
Historical Overview of Treatment for Hodgkin Lymphoma
Long-term survival has been achieved in children and adolescents with Hodgkin lymphoma using radiation, multiagent chemotherapy, and combined-modality therapy. In selected cases of localized lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, complete surgical resection may be curative and obviate the need for cytotoxic therapy.
Treatment options for children and adolescents with Hodgkin lymphoma include the following:
|1.||Radiation therapy as a single modality. |
|2.||Multiagent chemotherapy as a single modality.|
|3.||Radiation therapy and multiagent chemotherapy as a combined-modality therapy. Considerations for the use of multiagent chemotherapy alone versus combined-modality therapy include the following:|
Contemporary treatment for pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma uses a risk-adapted and response-based paradigm that assigns the length and intensity of therapy based on disease-related factors such as stage, number of involved nodal regions, tumor bulk, the presence of B symptoms, and early response to chemotherapy by functional imaging. Age, gender, and histological subtype may also be considered in treatment planning.
Risk-adapted treatment paradigms
Histology-based therapy (stage I nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma)
Histological subtype may direct therapy in patients with stage I completely resected, nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, whose initial treatment may be surgery alone.
This treatment approach is supported by the following findings from the literature:
As discussed in the previous sections, most newly diagnosed children will be treated with risk-adapted chemotherapy alone or in combination with consolidative radiation therapy (RT). RT volumes can have variable and protocol-specific definitions, but generally encompass lymph node regions initially involved at the time of diagnosis, without extensive inclusion of uninvolved regions. RT field reductions are made to account for tumor regression with chemotherapy.
With advancements in systemic therapy, RT field definitions have evolved and become increasingly restricted. RT is no longer needed to sterilize all disease. Advancements in radiologic imaging allow more precise radiation target definition. Historically, concerns about the symmetry of growth in young children with unilateral disease involvement often prompted treatment of the contralateral tissues. With contemporary treatments utilizing 15 to 21 Gy, treatment of contralateral uninvolved sites is not necessary in all but perhaps the very young.
General trends in radiation treatment volume are summarized as follows:
|Involved Node(s)||Radiation Field|
|a Adapted from Hudson.|
|b Upper cervical region not treated if supraclavicular involvement is extension of the mediastinal disease.|
|c Prechemotherapy volume is treated except for lateral borders of the mediastinal field, which is postchemotherapy.|
|Cervical||Neck and infraclavicular/supraclavicularb|
|Supraclavicular||Neck and infraclavicular/supraclavicular ± axilla|
|Axilla||Axilla ± infraclavicular/supraclavicular|
|Mediastinum||Mediastinum, hila, infraclavicular/supraclavicularb,c|
|Spleen||Spleen ± para-aortics|
|Para-aortics||Para-aortics ± spleen|
|Iliac||Ipsilateral iliac ± inguinal + femoral|
|Inguinal||Inguinal + femoral ± iliac|
|Femoral||Inguinal + femoral ± iliac|
A breast-sparing radiation-therapy plan using proton therapy is being evaluated to determine if there is a statistically significant reduction in dose. Long-term results are awaited.
Considerations in IFRT Treatment Planning
Traditional definitions of lymph node regions can be helpful for defining IFRT but may not be sufficient. The following issues should be considered in IFRT treatment planning:
The dose of radiation is also variously defined and often protocol specific. General considerations regarding radiation dose include the following:
Technical considerations for the use of radiation therapy to treat Hodgkin lymphoma include the following:
Role of LD-IFRT in childhood and adolescent Hodgkin lymphoma
Because all children and adolescents with Hodgkin lymphoma receive chemotherapy, a question commanding significant attention is whether patients who achieve a rapid early response or a CR to chemotherapy require RT. Conversely, the judicious use of LD-IFRT may permit a reduction in the intensity or duration of chemotherapy below toxicity thresholds that would not be possible if single modality chemotherapy were used, thus decreasing overall acute and late toxicities.
Key points to consider in regard to the role of radiation in pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma include the following:
Additionally, when considering the role of RT in the initial management of Hodgkin lymphoma, one must carefully consider the endpoint that is being evaluated. Unlike most other pediatric malignancies, Hodgkin lymphoma is often salvageable if initial treatment does not result in a CR or if relapse occurs. For example, studies comparing combination chemotherapy with or without RT in adults with advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma showed that EFS was higher for patients who received initial chemotherapy and RT; however, OS was no different for patients whose initial therapy was chemotherapy alone. Among adult Hodgkin lymphoma patients, study results conflict regarding whether adjuvant RT improves OS compared with chemotherapy alone, despite an improvement in EFS, because of the ability to effectively salvage patients who relapse after initial therapy. Thus, it is not clear whether EFS or OS should be the appropriate endpoint for a trial comparing chemotherapy with or without radiation.
Finally, an inherent assumption is made in a trial comparing chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy and radiation that the effect of radiation on EFS will be uniform across all patient subgroups. However, it is not clear how histology, presence of bulky disease, presence of B symptoms, or other variables affect the efficacy of postchemotherapy radiation.
All of the agents in original MOPP and ABVD regimens continue to be used in contemporary pediatric treatment regimens. COPP (substituting cyclophosphamide for mechlorethamine) has almost uniformly replaced MOPP as the preferred alkylator regimen in most frontline trials. Etoposide has been incorporated into treatment regimens as an effective alternative to alkylating agents in an effort to reduce gonadal toxicity and enhance antineoplastic activity.
Combination chemotherapy regimens used in contemporary trials are summarized in Table 4.
|IV = intravenous; PO = oral.|
|COPP ||Cyclophosphamide||600 mg/m2||IV||1, 8|
|Vincristine (Oncovin)||1.4 mg/m2||IV||1, 8|
|COPDAC||Dacarbazine substituted for procarbazine in COPP||250 mg/m2||IV||1–3|
|OPPA||Vincristine (Oncovin)||1.5 mg/m2||IV||1, 8, 15|
|Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)||40 mg/m2||IV||1, 15|
|OEPA||Vincristine (Oncovin)||1.5 mg/m2||IV||1, 8, 15|
|Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)||40 mg/m2||IV||1, 15|
|ABVD||Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)||25 mg/m2||IV||1, 15|
|Bleomycin||10 U/m2||IV||1, 15|
|Vinblastine||6 mg/m2||IV||1, 15|
|Dacarbazine||375 mg/m2||IV||1, 15|
|Vincristine (Oncovin)||1.4 mg/m2||IV||0|
|Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)||35 mg/m2||IV||7|
|VAMP||Vinblastine||6 mg/m2||IV||1, 15|
|Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)||25 mg/m2||IV||1, 15|
|Methotrexate||20 mg/m2||IV||1, 15|
|DBVE||Doxorubicin||25 mg/m2||IV||1, 15|
|Bleomycin||10 U/m2||IV||1, 15|
|Vincristine (Oncovin)||1.5 mg/m2||IV||1, 15|
|ABVE-PC||Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)||30 mg/m2||IV||0, 1|
|Bleomycin||10 U/m2||IV||0, 7|
|Vincristine (Oncovin)||1.4 mg/m2||IV||0, 7|
|Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)||35 mg/m2||IV||0|
|Cyclophosphamide||1200 mg/m2||IV||1, 8|
|Vincristine (Oncovin)||2 mg/m2||IV||7|
Results from Selected Clinical Trials
North American cooperative and consortium trials
The Pediatric Oncology Group organized two trials featuring response-based, risk-adapted therapy utilizing ABVE (doxorubicin [Adriamycin], bleomycin, vincristine, and etoposide) for favorable low-stage patients and dose-dense ABVE-PC (prednisone and cyclophosphamide) for unfavorable advanced-stage patients in combination with 21 Gy IFRT.
Key findings from these trials include the following:
The Children's Cancer Group (CCG) undertook a randomized controlled trial comparing survival outcomes in children treated with risk-adapted COPP/ABV hybrid chemotherapy alone with those treated with COPP/ABV hybrid chemotherapy plus LD-IFRT. The study was closed early because of a significantly higher number of relapses among patients treated with chemotherapy alone. Long-term results include the following:[14,17]
Another CCG Study (COG-59704) evaluated response-adapted therapy featuring four cycles of the dose-intensive BEACOPP regimen followed by a gender-tailored consolidation for pediatric patients with stages IIB, IIIB with bulky disease, and IV Hodgkin lymphoma.[Level of evidence: 2Dii] For rapid early responding girls, an additional four courses of COPP/ABV (without IFRT) were given. Rapid early responding boys received two cycles of ABVD followed by IFRT. Slow early responders received four additional courses of BEACOPP and IFRT. Eliminating IFRT from the girl's therapy was intended to reduce the risk of breast cancer. Key findings from this trial include the following:
The Stanford, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, and Boston Consortium administered a series of risk-adapted trials over the last 20 years. Key findings include the following:
German multicenter trials
In the last 30 years, German investigators have implemented a series of risk-adapted trials evaluating gender-based treatments featuring multiagent chemotherapy with OPPA/COPP and IFRT.
Key findings from these trials include the following:
Accepted Risk-Adapted Treatment Strategies for Newly Diagnosed Children and Adolescents with Hodgkin Lymphoma
Contemporary trials for pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma involve a risk-adapted, response-based treatment approach that titrates the length and intensity of chemotherapy and dose of radiation based on disease-related factors including stage, number of involved nodal regions, tumor bulk, the presence of B symptoms, and early response to chemotherapy as determined by functional imaging. In addition, vulnerability related to age and gender is also considered in treatment planning.
|Chemotherapy (No. of Cycles)a||Radiation (Gy)||Stage||No. of Patients||Event-Free Survival (No. of Years of Follow-up)||Survival (No. of Years of Follow-up)|
|CS = clinical stage; IFRT = involved-field radiation therapy.|
|a Refer toTable 4for more information about the chemotherapy regimens.|
|b Without bulky mediastinal (defined as one-third or more of intrathoracic ratio measured on an upright posteroanterior chest radiograph) or peripheral lymphadenopathy (defined as 6 cm or more) or B symptoms.|
|c Without adverse features, defined as one or more of the following: hilar adenopathy, involvement of more than four nodal regions; mediastinal tumor with diameter equal to or larger than one-third of the chest diameter, and node or nodal aggregate with a diameter larger than 10 cm.|
|d Results fromas-treated analysis.|
|VAMP (4)||15-25.5, IFRT||CS I/IIb||110||89 (10)||96 (10)|
|VAMP (4)||25.5, IFRT/None||CS I/IIb||41/47||88/89 (5)||100/100 (5)|
|COPP/ABV (4)[14,17]||21, IFRT/None||CS IA/B, IIAc||94/113||100/89 (10)d||97/96 (10)d|
|OEPA/OPPA (2)||20-35, IFRT/None||I, IIA||281/113||94/97 (5)||N/A|
|ABVE (2-4)||25.5, IFRT||IA, IIA, IIIA1||51||91 (6)||98 (6)|
|Chemotherapy (No. of Cycles)a||Radiation (Gy)||Stage||No. of Patients||Event-Free Survival (No. of Years of Follow-up)||Survival (No. of Years of Follow-up)|
|CS = clinical stage; E = extralymphatic; IFRT = involved-field radiation therapy.|
|a Refer toTable 4for more information about the chemotherapy regimens.|
|b With adverse disease features, defined as one or more of the following: hilar adenopathy, involvement of more than four nodal regions; mediastinal tumor with diameter equal to or larger than one-third of the chest diameter, and node or nodal aggregate with a diameter larger than 10 cm.|
|c Results fromas-treated analysis.|
|COPP/ABV (6)||21, IFRT/None||CS I/IIb, CS IIB, CS III||103/122||84/78 (10)c||100 (3)|
|OEPA/OPPA (2) + COPP (2)||20–35, IFRT||IIE A, IIB, IIIA||212||92 (5)||N/A|
|OEPA/OPPA (2) + COPDAC (2)||20–35, IFRT||IIE B, IIIE A/B, IIIB, IVA/B||139||88.3 (5)||98.5 (5)|
|ABVE-PC (3–5)||21, IFRT||IB, IIA, IIIA||53||84 (5)||95 (5)|
|Chemotherapy (No. of Cycles)a||Radiation (Gy)||Stage||No. of Patients||Event-Free Survival (No. of Years of Follow-up)||Survival (No. of Years of Follow-up)|
|E = extralymphatic; IFRT = involved-field radiation therapy; RER = rapid early response; SER = slow early response.|
|a Refer toTable 4for more information about the chemotherapy regimens.|
|OEPA/OPPA (2) + COPP (4)||20–35, IFRT||IIE B, IIIE A/B, IIIB, IVA/B||265||91 (5)||N/A|
|OEPA/OPPA (2) + COPDAC (4)||20–35, IFRT||IIE B, IIIE A/B, IIIB, IVA/B||239||86.9 (5)||94.9 (5)|
|ABVE-PC (3-5)||21, IFRT||IB, IIA, IIIA||163||85 (5)||95 (5)|
|BEACOPP (4); COPP/ABV (4) (RER; girls)||None||IIB, IIIB, IV||38||94 (5)||97 (5)|
|BEACOPP (4); ABVD (2) (RER; boys)||21, IFRT||IIB, IIIB, IV||34|
|BEACOPP (8) (SER)||21, IFRT||IIB, IIIB, IV||25|
Treatment of Adolescents and Young Adults with Hodgkin Lymphoma
The treatment approach used for adolescents and young adults with Hodgkin lymphoma may vary based on community referral patterns and age restrictions at pediatric cancer centers. In patients with high-risk disease, the standard of care in medical oncology practices typically involves at least six cycles of ABVD chemotherapy that would deliver a cumulative anthracycline dose of 300 mg/m2.[48,49] In late-health outcomes studies of pediatric cancer survivors, the risk of anthracycline cardiomyopathy has been shown to exponentially increase after exposure to cumulative anthracycline doses of 250 mg/m2 to 300 mg/m2.[50,51] Subsequent need for mediastinal radiation can further enhance the risk of a variety of late cardiac events.[50,51,52] In an effort to optimize disease control and preserve both cardiac and gonadal function, pediatric regimens for low-risk disease most often feature a restricted number of cycles of ABVD or derivative combinations, whereas alkylating agents and etoposide are integrated into anthracycline-containing regimens for those with intermediate- and high-risk disease.
Participation in a clinical trial should be considered for adolescent and young adult patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Current Clinical Trials
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage I childhood Hodgkin lymphoma, stage II childhood Hodgkin lymphoma, stage III childhood Hodgkin lymphoma and stage IV childhood Hodgkin lymphoma. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI Web site.
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The excellent response to frontline therapy among children and adolescents with Hodgkin lymphoma limits opportunities to evaluate second-line (salvage) therapy. Because of the small number of patients that fail primary therapy, no uniform second-line treatment strategy exists for this patient population. Adverse prognostic factors after relapse include the following:[Level of evidence: 3iiA]
Children with localized favorable (relapse ≥12 months after completing therapy) disease recurrences whose original therapy involved reduced cycles of risk-adapted therapy or with chemotherapy alone and/or low-dose involved-field radiation therapy (LD-IRFT) consolidation have a high likelihood of achieving long-term survival following treatment with more intensive conventional chemotherapy.[5,6]
Key concepts in regard to treatment of refractory/recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents are as follows:
Agents used alone or in combination regimens in the treatment of refractory/recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma include the following:
Brentuximab vedotin has been evaluated in adults with Hodgkin lymphoma. A phase I study in adults with CD30-positive lymphomas identified a recommended phase II dose of 1.8 mg/kg on an every 3-week schedule and showed an objective response rate of 50% (6 of 12 patients) at the recommended phase II dose.[Level of evidence: 2Div] A phase II trial in adults with Hodgkin lymphoma (N = 102) who relapsed after autologous stem cell transplantation showed a complete remission rate of 32% and a partial remission rate of 40%.[14,15] The number of pediatric patients treated with brentuximab vedotin is not sufficient to determine whether they respond differently than adult patients. There are ongoing trials to determine the toxicity and efficacy of combining brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy.
Patients treated with HCT may experience relapse as late as 5 years after the procedure; they should be monitored for relapse and late treatment sequelae.
Response Rates for Primary Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma
Salvage rates for patients with primary refractory Hodgkin lymphoma are poor even with autologous HCT and radiation. However, intensification of therapy followed by HCT consolidation has been reported to achieve long-term survival in some studies.
Current Clinical Trials
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent/refractory childhood Hodgkin lymphoma. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI Web site.
|1.||Metzger ML, Hudson MM, Krasin MJ, et al.: Initial response to salvage therapy determines prognosis in relapsed pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Cancer 116 (18): 4376-84, 2010.|
|2.||Moskowitz CH, Nimer SD, Zelenetz AD, et al.: A 2-step comprehensive high-dose chemoradiotherapy second-line program for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin disease: analysis by intent to treat and development of a prognostic model. Blood 97 (3): 616-23, 2001.|
|3.||Schellong G, Dörffel W, Claviez A, et al.: Salvage therapy of progressive and recurrent Hodgkin's disease: results from a multicenter study of the pediatric DAL/GPOH-HD study group. J Clin Oncol 23 (25): 6181-9, 2005.|
|4.||Gorde-Grosjean S, Oberlin O, Leblanc T, et al.: Outcome of children and adolescents with recurrent/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma, a study from the Société Française de Lutte contre le Cancer des Enfants et des Adolescents (SFCE). Br J Haematol 158 (5): 649-56, 2012.|
|6.||Rühl U, Albrecht M, Dieckmann K, et al.: Response-adapted radiotherapy in the treatment of pediatric Hodgkin's disease: an interim report at 5 years of the German GPOH-HD 95 trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51 (5): 1209-18, 2001.|
|7.||Cairo MS, Shen V, Krailo MD, et al.: Prospective randomized trial between two doses of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide in children with recurrent or refractory solid tumors: a children's cancer group report. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 23 (1): 30-8, 2001.|
|8.||Bonfante V, Viviani S, Santoro A, et al.: Ifosfamide and vinorelbine: an active regimen for patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's disease. Br J Haematol 103 (2): 533-5, 1998.|
|9.||Cole PD, Schwartz CL, Drachtman RA, et al.: Phase II study of weekly gemcitabine and vinorelbine for children with recurrent or refractory Hodgkin's disease: a children's oncology group report. J Clin Oncol 27 (9): 1456-61, 2009.|
|10.||Wimmer RS, Chauvenet AR, London WB, et al.: APE chemotherapy for children with relapsed Hodgkin disease: a Pediatric Oncology Group trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer 46 (3): 320-4, 2006.|
|11.||Sandlund JT, Pui CH, Mahmoud H, et al.: Efficacy of high-dose methotrexate, ifosfamide, etoposide and dexamethasone salvage therapy for recurrent or refractory childhood malignant lymphoma. Ann Oncol 22 (2): 468-71, 2011.|
|12.||Schulz H, Rehwald U, Morschhauser F, et al.: Rituximab in relapsed lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: long-term results of a phase 2 trial by the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group (GHSG). Blood 111 (1): 109-11, 2008.|
|13.||Younes A, Bartlett NL, Leonard JP, et al.: Brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35) for relapsed CD30-positive lymphomas. N Engl J Med 363 (19): 1812-21, 2010.|
|14.||Seattle Genetics, Inc.: ADCETRIS (Brentuximab Vedotin): Prescribing Information. Bothell, Wa: Seattle Genetics, 2012. Available online. Last accessed February 01, 2013.|
|15.||Younes A, Gopal AK, Smith SE, et al.: Results of a pivotal phase II study of brentuximab vedotin for patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 30 (18): 2183-9, 2012.|
|16.||Aparicio J, Segura A, Garcerá S, et al.: ESHAP is an active regimen for relapsing Hodgkin's disease. Ann Oncol 10 (5): 593-5, 1999.|
|17.||Kobrinsky NL, Sposto R, Shah NR, et al.: Outcomes of treatment of children and adolescents with recurrent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease with dexamethasone, etoposide, cisplatin, cytarabine, and l-asparaginase, maintenance chemotherapy, and transplantation: Children's Cancer Group Study CCG-5912. J Clin Oncol 19 (9): 2390-6, 2001.|
|18.||Zinzani PL, Bendandi M, Stefoni V, et al.: Value of gemcitabine treatment in heavily pretreated Hodgkin's disease patients. Haematologica 85 (9): 926-9, 2000.|
|19.||Santoro A, Bredenfeld H, Devizzi L, et al.: Gemcitabine in the treatment of refractory Hodgkin's disease: results of a multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol 18 (13): 2615-9, 2000.|
|20.||Baker KS, Gordon BG, Gross TG, et al.: Autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's disease in children and adolescents. J Clin Oncol 17 (3): 825-31, 1999.|
|21.||Shafer JA, Heslop HE, Brenner MK, et al.: Outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplant as salvage therapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma in adolescents and young adults at a single institution. Leuk Lymphoma 51 (4): 664-70, 2010.|
|22.||Claviez A, Sureda A, Schmitz N: Haematopoietic SCT for children and adolescents with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 42 (Suppl 2): S16-24, 2008.|
|23.||Peniket AJ, Ruiz de Elvira MC, Taghipour G, et al.: An EBMT registry matched study of allogeneic stem cell transplants for lymphoma: allogeneic transplantation is associated with a lower relapse rate but a higher procedure-related mortality rate than autologous transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 31 (8): 667-78, 2003.|
|24.||Lieskovsky YE, Donaldson SS, Torres MA, et al.: High-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for recurrent or refractory pediatric Hodgkin's disease: results and prognostic indices. J Clin Oncol 22 (22): 4532-40, 2004.|
|25.||Akhtar S, Abdelsalam M, El Weshi A, et al.: High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for Hodgkin's lymphoma in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia: King Faisal specialist hospital and research center experience. Bone Marrow Transplant 42 (Suppl 1): S37-S40, 2008.|
|26.||Harris RE, Termuhlen AM, Smith LM, et al.: Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in children with refractory or relapsed lymphoma: results of Children's Oncology Group study A5962. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 17 (2): 249-58, 2011.|
|27.||Wadehra N, Farag S, Bolwell B, et al.: Long-term outcome of Hodgkin disease patients following high-dose busulfan, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, and autologous stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 12 (12): 1343-9, 2006.|
|28.||Jabbour E, Hosing C, Ayers G, et al.: Pretransplant positive positron emission tomography/gallium scans predict poor outcome in patients with recurrent/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer 109 (12): 2481-9, 2007.|
|29.||Cooney JP, Stiff PJ, Toor AA, et al.: BEAM allogeneic transplantation for patients with Hodgkin's disease who relapse after autologous transplantation is safe and effective. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 9 (3): 177-82, 2003.|
|30.||Claviez A, Klingebiel T, Beyer J, et al.: Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation following fludarabine-based conditioning in six children with advanced Hodgkin's disease. Ann Hematol 83 (4): 237-41, 2004.|
|31.||Sureda A, Schmitz N: Role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's disease. Ann Oncol 13 (Suppl 1): 128-32, 2002.|
|32.||Carella AM, Cavaliere M, Lerma E, et al.: Autografting followed by nonmyeloablative immunosuppressive chemotherapy and allogeneic peripheral-blood hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation as treatment of resistant Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 18 (23): 3918-24, 2000.|
|33.||Robinson SP, Goldstone AH, Mackinnon S, et al.: Chemoresistant or aggressive lymphoma predicts for a poor outcome following reduced-intensity allogeneic progenitor cell transplantation: an analysis from the Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation. Blood 100 (13): 4310-6, 2002.|
|34.||Devetten MP, Hari PN, Carreras J, et al.: Unrelated donor reduced-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 15 (1): 109-17, 2009.|
|35.||Robinson SP, Sureda A, Canals C, et al.: Reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation for Hodgkin's lymphoma: identification of prognostic factors predicting outcome. Haematologica 94 (2): 230-8, 2009.|
|36.||Wadhwa P, Shina DC, Schenkein D, et al.: Should involved-field radiation therapy be used as an adjunct to lymphoma autotransplantation? Bone Marrow Transplant 29 (3): 183-9, 2002.|
|37.||Morabito F, Stelitano C, Luminari S, et al.: The role of high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with primary refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma: a report from the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dei Linfomi (GISL). Bone Marrow Transplant 37 (3): 283-8, 2006.|
|38.||Akhtar S, El Weshi A, Rahal M, et al.: High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant in adolescent patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 45 (3): 476-82, 2010.|
|39.||Moskowitz CH, Kewalramani T, Nimer SD, et al.: Effectiveness of high dose chemoradiotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with biopsy-proven primary refractory Hodgkin's disease. Br J Haematol 124 (5): 645-52, 2004.|
Children and adolescent survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma are at risk for numerous late complications of treatment related to radiation, specific chemotherapeutic exposures, and surgical staging. Adverse treatment effects may impact oral/dental health; musculoskeletal growth and development; endocrine, reproductive, cardiovascular and pulmonary function; and risk of secondary carcinogenesis. In the past 30 to 40 years, pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma therapy has changed dramatically to proactively limit exposure to radiation and chemotherapeutic agents, such as anthracyclines, alkylating agents, and bleomycin. When counseling individual patients about the risk for specific treatment complications, the era of treatment should be considered.
The following table summarizes late health effects observed in Hodgkin lymphoma survivors followed by a limited discussion of the common late effects. (Refer to the PDQ summary on Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer for a full discussion of the late effects of cancer treatment in children and adolescents.)
|Health Effects||Predisposing Therapy||Clinical Manifestations|
|Oral/dental||Any chemotherapy in a patient who has not developed permanent dentition||Dental maldevelopment (tooth/root agenesis, microdontia, root thinning and shortening, enamel dysplasia)|
|Radiation impacting oral cavity and salivary glands||Salivary gland dysfunction|
|Accelerated dental decay|
|Thyroid||Radiation impacting thyroid gland||Hypothyroidism|
|Cardiovascular||Radiation impacting cardiovascular structures||Subclinical left ventricular dysfunction|
|Heart valve dysfunction|
|Coronary, carotid, subclavian vascular disease|
|Anthracycline chemotherapy||Subclinical left ventricular dysfunction|
|Congestive heart failure|
|Pulmonary||Radiation impacting the lungs||Subclinical pulmonary dysfunction|
|Musculoskeletal||Radiation of musculoskeletal tissues in any patient who is not skeletally mature||Growth impairment|
|Glucocorticosteroids||Bone mineral density deficit|
|Reproductive||Alkylating agent chemotherapy||Hypogonadism|
|Immune||Splenectomy||Overwhelming post-splenectomy sepsis|
|Subsequent neoplasm or disease||Alkylating agent chemotherapy||Myelodysplasia/acute myeloid leukemia|
|Epipodophyllotoxins||Myelodysplasia/acute myeloid leukemia|
|Radiation||Solid benign and malignant neoplasms|
Male Gonadal Toxicity
Female Gonadal Toxicity
Hodgkin lymphoma survivors exposed to doxorubicin or thoracic radiation therapy are at risk for long-term cardiac toxicity. The effects of thoracic radiation therapy are difficult to separate from those of anthracyclines because few children undergo thoracic radiation therapy without the use of anthracyclines. The pathogenesis of injury differs, however, with radiation primarily affecting the fine vasculature of the heart, and anthracyclines directly damaging myocytes.[19,20]
Radiation-associated cardiovascular toxicity
The risks to the heart are related to the amount of radiation delivered to different depths of the heart, volume and specific areas of the heart irradiated, total and fractional irradiation dose, age at exposure, and latency period.
Selected studies evaluating cardiovascular toxicity associated with radiation
(Refer to the Cardiovascular Disease in Select Cancer Subgroups: Hodgkin lymphoma section in the PDQ summary on Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer for information on studies evaluating cardiovascular toxicity associated with radiation.)
Anthracycline-related cardiac toxicity
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|8.||Hobbie WL, Ginsberg JP, Ogle SK, et al.: Fertility in males treated for Hodgkins disease with COPP/ABV hybrid. Pediatr Blood Cancer 44 (2): 193-6, 2005.|
|9.||da Cunha MF, Meistrich ML, Fuller LM, et al.: Recovery of spermatogenesis after treatment for Hodgkin's disease: limiting dose of MOPP chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2 (6): 571-7, 1984.|
|10.||Meistrich ML, Wilson G, Brown BW, et al.: Impact of cyclophosphamide on long-term reduction in sperm count in men treated with combination chemotherapy for Ewing and soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer 70 (11): 2703-12, 1992.|
|11.||Thibaud E, Ramirez M, Brauner R, et al.: Preservation of ovarian function by ovarian transposition performed before pelvic irradiation during childhood. J Pediatr 121 (6): 880-4, 1992.|
|12.||Chemaitilly W, Mertens AC, Mitby P, et al.: Acute ovarian failure in the childhood cancer survivor study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 (5): 1723-8, 2006.|
|13.||Sklar CA, Mertens AC, Mitby P, et al.: Premature menopause in survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Natl Cancer Inst 98 (13): 890-6, 2006.|
|14.||van der Kaaij MA, Heutte N, Meijnders P, et al.: Premature ovarian failure and fertility in long-term survivors of Hodgkin's lymphoma: a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lymphoma Group and Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte Cohort Study. J Clin Oncol 30 (3): 291-9, 2012.|
|15.||Constine LS, Donaldson SS, McDougall IR, et al.: Thyroid dysfunction after radiotherapy in children with Hodgkin's disease. Cancer 53 (4): 878-83, 1984.|
|16.||Hancock SL, Cox RS, McDougall IR: Thyroid diseases after treatment of Hodgkin's disease. N Engl J Med 325 (9): 599-605, 1991.|
|17.||Sklar C, Whitton J, Mertens A, et al.: Abnormalities of the thyroid in survivors of Hodgkin's disease: data from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 (9): 3227-32, 2000.|
|18.||Loeffler JS, Tarbell NJ, Garber JR, et al.: The development of Graves' disease following radiation therapy in Hodgkin's disease. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 14 (1): 175-8, 1988.|
|19.||Fajardo LF, Eltringham JR, Steward JR: Combined cardiotoxicity of adriamycin and x-radiation. Lab Invest 34 (1): 86-96, 1976.|
|20.||Adams MJ, Lipshultz SE: Pathophysiology of anthracycline- and radiation-associated cardiomyopathies: implications for screening and prevention. Pediatr Blood Cancer 44 (7): 600-6, 2005.|
|21.||Hancock SL, Tucker MA, Hoppe RT: Factors affecting late mortality from heart disease after treatment of Hodgkin's disease. JAMA 270 (16): 1949-55, 1993.|
|22.||King V, Constine LS, Clark D, et al.: Symptomatic coronary artery disease after mantle irradiation for Hodgkin's disease. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 36 (4): 881-9, 1996.|
|23.||Adams MJ, Lipshultz SE, Schwartz C, et al.: Radiation-associated cardiovascular disease: manifestations and management. Semin Radiat Oncol 13 (3): 346-56, 2003.|
|24.||Küpeli S, Hazirolan T, Varan A, et al.: Evaluation of coronary artery disease by computed tomography angiography in patients treated for childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 28 (6): 1025-30, 2010.|
|25.||Trachtenberg BH, Landy DC, Franco VI, et al.: Anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity in survivors of childhood cancer. Pediatr Cardiol 32 (3): 342-53, 2011.|
|26.||van Dalen EC, van der Pal HJ, Kok WE, et al.: Clinical heart failure in a cohort of children treated with anthracyclines: a long-term follow-up study. Eur J Cancer 42 (18): 3191-8, 2006.|
|27.||Krischer JP, Epstein S, Cuthbertson DD, et al.: Clinical cardiotoxicity following anthracycline treatment for childhood cancer: the Pediatric Oncology Group experience. J Clin Oncol 15 (4): 1544-52, 1997.|
|28.||van Dalen EC, Caron HN, Dickinson HO, et al.: Cardioprotective interventions for cancer patients receiving anthracyclines. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD003917, 2008.|
|29.||Silber JH, Cnaan A, Clark BJ, et al.: Enalapril to prevent cardiac function decline in long-term survivors of pediatric cancer exposed to anthracyclines. J Clin Oncol 22 (5): 820-8, 2004.|
|30.||Lipshultz SE, Lipsitz SR, Sallan SE, et al.: Long-term enalapril therapy for left ventricular dysfunction in doxorubicin-treated survivors of childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol 20 (23): 4517-22, 2002.|
|31.||Beaty O 3rd, Hudson MM, Greenwald C, et al.: Subsequent malignancies in children and adolescents after treatment for Hodgkin's disease. J Clin Oncol 13 (3): 603-9, 1995.|
|32.||van Leeuwen FE, Klokman WJ, Veer MB, et al.: Long-term risk of second malignancy in survivors of Hodgkin's disease treated during adolescence or young adulthood. J Clin Oncol 18 (3): 487-97, 2000.|
|33.||Green DM, Hyland A, Barcos MP, et al.: Second malignant neoplasms after treatment for Hodgkin's disease in childhood or adolescence. J Clin Oncol 18 (7): 1492-9, 2000.|
|34.||Metayer C, Lynch CF, Clarke EA, et al.: Second cancers among long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease diagnosed in childhood and adolescence. J Clin Oncol 18 (12): 2435-43, 2000.|
|35.||Wolden SL, Lamborn KR, Cleary SF, et al.: Second cancers following pediatric Hodgkin's disease. J Clin Oncol 16 (2): 536-44, 1998.|
|36.||Sankila R, Garwicz S, Olsen JH, et al.: Risk of subsequent malignant neoplasms among 1,641 Hodgkin's disease patients diagnosed in childhood and adolescence: a population-based cohort study in the five Nordic countries. Association of the Nordic Cancer Registries and the Nordic Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. J Clin Oncol 14 (5): 1442-6, 1996.|
|37.||Bhatia S, Yasui Y, Robison LL, et al.: High risk of subsequent neoplasms continues with extended follow-up of childhood Hodgkin's disease: report from the Late Effects Study Group. J Clin Oncol 21 (23): 4386-94, 2003.|
|38.||Constine LS, Tarbell N, Hudson MM, et al.: Subsequent malignancies in children treated for Hodgkin's disease: associations with gender and radiation dose. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72 (1): 24-33, 2008.|
|39.||Swerdlow AJ, Higgins CD, Smith P, et al.: Second cancer risk after chemotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma: a collaborative British cohort study. J Clin Oncol 29 (31): 4096-104, 2011.|
|40.||Reulen RC, Frobisher C, Winter DL, et al.: Long-term risks of subsequent primary neoplasms among survivors of childhood cancer. JAMA 305 (22): 2311-9, 2011.|
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|43.||Tebbi CK, London WB, Friedman D, et al.: Dexrazoxane-associated risk for acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome and other secondary malignancies in pediatric Hodgkin's disease. J Clin Oncol 25 (5): 493-500, 2007.|
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The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
Diagnosis and Staging
Added text about a Children's Oncology Group study that evaluated surveillance computed tomography (CT) and detection of relapse in intermediate-stage and advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma; the routine use of CT at the intervals used in this study did not improve outcome (cited Voss et al. as reference 31).
Treatment for Newly Diagnosed Children and Adolescents with Hodgkin Lymphoma
Added text to state that involved-nodal radiation therapy (RT) defines the treatment volume using the prechemotherapy positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan that is obtained with the patient positioned in a similar manner to the position that will be used at the time of RT. This volume is later contoured onto the postchemotherapy-planning CT scan; the final treatment volume only includes the initially involved nodes with a margin, typically 2 cm.
Added text about involved-site RT, the indications for use, and the size of the treatment volumes.
Added text to state that proton therapy is currently being investigated and may further decrease the mean dose to the surrounding normal tissue compared with intensity-modulated RT or 3-dimensional conformal RT, without increasing the volume of normal tissue receiving lower-dose radiation.
Treatment of Primary Refractory/Recurrent Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children and Adolescents
Added Gorde-Grosjean et al. as reference 4.
This summary is written and maintained by the PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of NCI. The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. More information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in maintaining the PDQ summaries can be found on the About This PDQ Summary and PDQ NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database pages.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of childhood Hodgkin lymphoma. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.
Reviewers and Updates
This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should:
Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary.
The lead reviewers for Childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment are:
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Levels of Evidence
Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board uses a formal evidence ranking system in developing its level-of-evidence designations.
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National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/childhodgkins/HealthProfessional. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.
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Search the NCI Web site
The NCI Web site provides online access to information on cancer, clinical trials, and other Web sites and organizations that offer support and resources for cancer patients and their families. For a quick search, use the search box in the upper right corner of each Web page. The results for a wide range of search terms will include a list of "Best Bets," editorially chosen Web pages that are most closely related to the search term entered.
There are also many other places to get materials and information about cancer treatment and services. Hospitals in your area may have information about local and regional agencies that have information on finances, getting to and from treatment, receiving care at home, and dealing with problems related to cancer treatment.
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Last Revised: 2013-02-01
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<urn:uuid:2c7555f6-e53e-4290-a809-97f8914ffcb3>
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Heavy rains across South America created a flood disaster across central Bolivia in late February and early March 2007. More than 40 people had been killed in the flooding, which also drove tens of thousands from their homes. Food crops and livestock were destroyed, and the threat of water-borne diseases such as dengue fever, malaria, and tetanus escalated, causing the government to declare a national disaster in the eastern part of the country.
This pair of images from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA’s Terra satellite shows dramatic flooding west of the small city of Trinidad, which is located in Beni Department. On March 5, 2007 (top), the city (hidden by cloud just outside the right edge of the scene) was almost completely cut off from the outside world by pools of flood water, which appear dark blue (or nearly black). The images are made with a combination of visible and infrared light observed by ASTER. In this type of image, vegetation is red, bare ground, such as the road that cuts across the images, is tan, and clouds are bluish-white. On March 5, the main road into Trinidad was completely underwater.
The bottom image provided for comparison shows the same area on April 12, 2001. The large pools of water visible on that day indicate that the area is prone to flooding in the rainy season. However, the floods of 2007 were exceptional. More than 30 percent of the population of Beni Department had been affected by the flooding, including more than 14,000 people forced into emergency shelters. A wider-area image of the floods around Trinidad was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite in late February. Similar problems were occurring across Bolivia and other parts of South America.
You can also download a 15-meter-resolution KMZ file of the floods on March 5, 2007, for use with Google Earth.
NASA image created by Jesse Allen, using data provided courtesy of NASA/GSFC/MITI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and the U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team.
- Terra - ASTER
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Location: Cotton Ginning Research
Title: Thermal defoliation Author
Submitted to: Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering
Publication Type: Book / Chapter
Publication Acceptance Date: February 9, 2010
Publication Date: September 28, 2010
Citation: Funk, P.A. 2010. Thermal defoliation. In: Heldman, D.R., Moraru, C.I., editors. Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering. 2nd edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 1671-1674. Interpretive Summary: Thermal defoliation is defined, its development traced, and its current potential presented in this 1500 word encyclopedia article. The emphasis is on cotton, with an explanation of why defoliation in general is necessary. Historic patents are cited to show important technological advances. The benefits of defoliating by thermal means are summarized from the literature. Research and commercial applications of the technology are illustrated by original photographs. The purpose of the encyclopedia is not to present new research information but to describe new concepts with reference to the literature.
Technical Abstract: The negative perception some consumers hold regarding agricultural chemicals has resulted in an increased demand for organic foods and fibers, and in increasing political pressure for the regulation of agricultural production practices. This has revived interest in thermal defoliation of cotton and has resulted in prototype and commercial machines that improve on concepts first developed half a century ago. The present hot air devices resulted in defoliation rates approaching 80%, and up to 100% desiccation. They prepared cotton for harvest independent of weather, complied with organic production rules, eliminated insects responsible for cotton stickiness, facilitated early picking and extended the harvest window by two to three weeks.
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<urn:uuid:924b93d9-ff58-472f-8cb4-acee55285f5b>
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For release: Thursday, December 6, 1990
Animal studies have revealed new knowledge of brain chemistry in Parkinson's disease and suggest new treatment approaches, according to results published in the December 7, 1990 issue of Science .*
People with Parkinson's disease have reduced levels of dopamine — a substance important to the transmission of signals between nerve cells, or neurons — in the brain region responsible for movement control. This loss is particularly severe in an area known as the substantia nigra, which in turn effects the striatum.
"For years, the major treatments for Parkinson's disease have concentrated on supplementing the deficient supply of dopamine in the substantia nigra. But intermittent doses of dopa-generating drugs do not always result in complete symptomatic relief," said Thomas N. Chase, M.D., chief of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke's Experimental Therapeutics branch and an author of the paper. "These new results tell us that dopamine significantly affects the striatum and other brain systems as well. Learning about these effects should offer new avenues for treating Parkinson's disease."
In healthy people and animals, dopamine regulates two major pathways originating within the striatum, maintaining the delicate balance of brain chemicals that allows normal, coordinated movements. In the current study, scientists at the NINDS and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) examined how low dopamine levels in Parkinsonian rats alter the striatopallidal and striatonigral neurons that comprise these two pathways.
The study, performed in the NIMH's Laboratory of Cell Biology, found that dopamine depletion affected striatopallidal neurons by elevating levels of certain dopamine receptors — known as D2 — and of a brain chemical called enkephalin. Lack of dopamine also affected striatonigral neurons: they showed lowered levels of D1 receptors and of two other brain chemicals, substance P and dynorphin. "In other words," said NIMH investigator Charles R. Gerfen, Ph.D., "the effect of lost dopamine on the D1 receptor is completely opposite its effect on the D2 receptor."
By using medications that selectively stimulated D1 or D2 receptors, the scientists were able to reverse some of these effects of dopamine depletion. When the scientists treated Parkinsonian rats with a drug that stimulated the D2 receptors (which inhibit enkephalin) the rodent's elevated levels of enkephalin fell. Conversely, stimulating the D1 receptors (which have an excitatory effect on the brain chemicals they influence) raised the animal's levels of both substance P and dynorphin.
They also found that the way these drugs were delivered to the rats affected treatment effectiveness: D1 receptors responded to intermittent injections, while D2 receptors needed continuous treatment provided by a small pump.
These studies are already having an impact on research to treat people with Parkinson's disease; although is is too early to predict results, several trials are now beginning to test drugs that affect enkephalin, substance P, and dynorphin levels.
"This work is a fine example of the value — in fact, the necessity — basic research has for clinical progress," said NINDS director Dr. Murray Goldstein. "Only through such fundamental studies can we gain the knowledge necessary to make reasoned, and reasonable, clinical judgments."
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, one of the 13 National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, is the primary supporter of brain and nervous system research in the United States. The National Institute of Mental Health is a component of the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration and supports research nationwide on the brain, mental illnesses, and mental health.
* "D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptor-Regulated Gene Expression of Striatonigral and Striatopallidal Neurons," by C. R. Gerfen, T. M. Engber, L. C. Mahan, Z. Susel, T. N. Chase, F. J. Monsma, Jr., and D. R. Sibley, Science, December 7, 1990.
Last Modified August 7, 2009
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<urn:uuid:e8375e7b-3700-4cf2-8e60-b706baf14306>
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Your teeth are constantly under attack. Bacteria attach to the enamel and erode the hard surface through demineralization, which causes calcium and phosphorus to leave the enamel and will lead to cavities if not stopped. Fluoride is often referred to as nature’s cavity fighter. It’s a mineral that occurs naturally in food and water and remineralizes the tooth, acting as a catalyst to strengthen the calcium in the enamel to make it more resistant to the decay-causing bacteria.
Check your tube of toothpaste and chances are good it will say “contains cavity-fighting fluoride” or words to that effect. So why do you still need fluoride when you’re at your dentist office?
“The concentration of fluoride in over-the-counter products is not as high as in the products that can be placed or prescribed by us,” said Faddy Makaryus, DMD, a general dentist in the Coast Dental Clearwater office.
“All patients need a fluoride treatment because we’re all prone to decay. Even if you’ve never had a cavity before, you can get one,” Dr. Makaryus said. “We recommend you have fluoride applied to your teeth at every cleaning and that you take home a mouth rinse that you can use every day so you can remineralize your teeth and prevent cavities.”
Dentists may also prescribe fluoride supplements in the form of tablets, drops or lozenges for patients who are at a high-risk for tooth decay. This includes people who have already experienced decay, have illnesses or are taking medications that limit the amount of saliva they can produce, are undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatments, are anorexic or bulimic, or children ages six months to 16 years who live in an area that does not have fluoridated water. Make sure you ask your dentist is any of these circumstances apply to you.
Faddy Makaryus, DMD, has been a practicing dentist since 2006. He provides general dentistry services to patients age 8 and older. His services include crown lengthening, dental implants and restorations, bone grafting, extractions, periodontal disease management, ridge augmentation, root canal therapy, sinus lift and surgical treatment of oral cancer. His office is located at 23680 U.S. Highway 19 N, Clearwater, FL 33765.
Written By: Beth Gaddis
Reviewed By: Faddy Makaryus, DMD
Reviewed By: Charbel Klaib, DMD
Reviewed By: Cindy Roark, DMD
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<urn:uuid:23ee9081-1b89-4484-996c-ce7a0c10143d>
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last week a student asked me about the expression sunk cost. i told her the expression should be sunken cost, but my correction was based on grammar and as it ends up, not exactly correct.
both expressions mean the same thing. this blog refers to sunken costs, or costs that cannot be recuperated but twitter and google turn up more examples of sunk costs than sunken costs .
the verb sink is sank in the past and sunk is the participle. sunken is an alternative participle but is more frequently used as an adjective that means submerged or below. for example, sunken treasure is a standard device in pirate stories and sunken gardens can be found in various cities across the united states. there are a few in chicago and there is also one in denver’s la alma neighborhood. these places have sunken in their names too:
sunken garden theater in san antonio, texas
sunken meadow state park beach in new york
parque hundido (sunken park) in mexico city
also check this headline about an explosion on an oil drilling platform last week:
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Santa’s Magical Reindeer
Apart from Santa’s magical reindeer there are many thousands more living in the forests and fells of Lapland who have not yet reached the standard for a joining the special magic team. These are reindeer that were originally wild animals that the Lapps started to domesticate about 1,000 years ago.
Reindeer calves are born between April and early May and the weight at birth is 5kg. During summer, the Reindeer owners get together to mark the calves. Each owner has his own mark, which is put inside the reindeer’s ear, and there are over 16,000 different marks in Finland. In the autumn, the mating season starts and the dominant male reindeer gathers a large harem. The total number of reindeer in the wintertime exceeds 200,000 heads and, during the summer, about 150,000 calves are born.
Reindeer eat anything that is green including grass and birch tree leaves, as well as cloudberry flowers, berries and mushrooms. In the winter reindeer must find food by digging for lichen under the snow. They also eat moss that grows on trees but in reality most winter nutrition comes from the fat layer on their backs.
The Reindeer can run at a speed of 70km per hour but they can not maintain this speed for long. Some compete in reindeer race competitions.
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