id
stringlengths 47
47
| text
stringlengths 176
666k
| safety_metadata
dict | metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|---|
<urn:uuid:0367bcb4-509c-40b1-a5c5-fcab15e9d526>
|
Genetics Home Reference: Nager syndromeby
lower jaw (micrognathia). They often have an opening in the roof of the mouth called a cleft palate... due to the micrognathia, which can lead to life-threatening breathing problems.
People with Nager syndrome...
Genetics Home Reference: auriculo-condylar syndromeby
. These abnormalities often include an unusually small chin (micrognathia) and malfunction of the temporomandibular... more like the smaller upper jaw (maxilla). This abnormal shape leads to micrognathia and problems with TMJ function...
What do you think??by
Recently had a birth where the baby had the following:
Micrognathy (small jaw)
One arm had no radius or ulna, hand was attached at elbow, no thumb present (four digits total)
Other arm had no ulna, hand attached at
Genetics Home Reference: Fryns syndromeby
and upper lip (a long philtrum), a large mouth (macrostomia), and a small chin (micrognathia... ;
Genetics Home Reference: Moebius syndromeby
in early infancy.
Many people with Moebius syndrome are born with a small chin (micrognathia) and a small... ;
motor skill ;
muscle tone ;
Genetics Home Reference: prolidase deficiencyby
), a high forehead, a flat bridge of the nose, and a very small lower jaw and chin (micrognathia). Affected... ;
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is from the Genetics Home Reference and discusses various genetic syndromes and their associated symptoms. The content is entirely educational and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful elements."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1083-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.wellsphere.com/wellpage/micrognathia",
"date": "2014-04-23T11:01:04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202457.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00155-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7912603617,
"token_count": 323,
"score": 2.953125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:356c5adc-c844-41d7-be88-cbcc30010e43>
|
Forget Minesweeper, Go Crater Surveying
Just because you don’t have 20/20 vision, a PhD, or 1,000+ logged flying hours doesn’t mean you can’t help NASA or even visit the moon. Virtually, that is. With the launch of Moon Zoo, NASA is turning to the public (crowd-sourcing) to help examine a massive set of new high-resolution moon surface photographs taken from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera. In a panel-like interface, you can participate in everything from logging craters to “Boulder Wars” (no, not Geometry Wars) where you quickly decide which surface image has more boulders. NASA uses crater survey information to get what’s called an “impact bombardment history” which may help scientists determine the risks Earth faces from meteors and space junk. A project of Galaxy Zoo, 250,000+ people have already signed up to aid in the process. Wait a sec, make that 250,001 – we just joined.
Video of Crater Survey tool after the jump.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content found\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe text discusses a public initiative by NASA to crowd-source crater surveying for educational and scientific purposes. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful, and the themes are related to scientific exploration and education."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1084-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content found"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://gearpatrol.com/2010/05/12/moon-zoo/",
"date": "2014-04-24T16:22:52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206647.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00187-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.89284724,
"token_count": 230,
"score": 3.140625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:4b09e720-9b30-49c1-bc3d-bb8515714086>
|
Speaking of the prospects of an incineration tax, Eunomia Director Mike Brown has made the case that an incineration tax could be the way that the Government responds to falling landfill tax returns, stating that “for a government approaching the event horizon of a financial black hole its attraction could be irresistible”, with the environmental justification being to promote recycling and reflect the negative GHG impacts of incineration (Source). The whole article is well worth reading.
UKWIN sent a letter in February 2012 calling on George Osborne to introduce an incineration tax, and have noted that the case for such a tax was made in the Defra June 2011 Waste Review report and associated documents in our Waste Review briefing.
The idea of an incineration tax is nothing new, and it has been supported by various parties over the years. Indeed, many European countries already have an incineration tax. The OECD Working Party on Environmental Performance advised Germany to consider introducing an incineration tax in January 2012 (Source) and European Commission research reported in April 2012 that: “There is a broad overall trend that higher incineration charges are generally associated with higher percentages of municipal waste being recycled and composted, indicating that higher incineration charges may help to push waste treatment up the waste hierarchy” (Source).
The Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs Committee stated in 2001 that: “We recommend that the Government introduce a tax on incineration. This tax would ensure that waste management did not simply shift from being a landfill-dominated system to an incineration-centred one” (Source).
The 2009 Policy Exchange report A Wasted Opportunity: Getting the most out of Britain’s Bins recommended that: “The landfill tax should be reformed into a broader waste tax covering all disposal processes in line with the waste hierarchy. The rates of this tax would reflect the relative damage done to the environment by different processes and incentivise reuse, recycling and energy recovery, including the separation of food waste where possible. By introducing taxation on incineration a clear preference is signalled to reduce, reuse, recycle or compost where possible.To limit uncertainty, escalating rates should be set over a long enough period to encourage investment.”
The 2007 Blueprint for a Green Economy submission by the Conservative Party Quality of Life Policy Group recommended that: “An incineration tax would ensure that the relative cost of recycling reflects its environmental desirability” (Source).
Chris Huhne stated in 2006 that: “The Liberal Democrats believe that the Government should set a target of Zero Waste for all municipal rubbish in the UK by 2020. This will mean more doorstep collection of dry recyclables and reforming the landfill tax into a broader waste tax, to remove the incentives for incineration and other less sustainable waste disposal options.” (Source).
A conclusion drawn by UKWIN is that the justification for an incineration tax is very persuasive and the prospect for it being introduced is very real, especially given the pledge in the Coalition Programme for Government that “We will increase the proportion of tax revenue accounted for by environmental taxes” (Source) and the Defra acknowledgement that “a negative externality persists” in relation to incineration (Source). As such, local authorities should take this into account before signing long-term waste management contracts. Another interesting angle is whether Scotland would introduce its own incineration tax as part of its devolved taxation powers.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"promotes recycling and waste management policies\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses various policies and recommendations related to waste management, recycling, and incineration. It does not contain any unsafe or inappropriate content, and the language and themes are appropriate for public and educational environments."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1085-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "promotes recycling and waste management policies"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://ukwin.org.uk/2012/09/26/industry-pro-says-incineration-tax-could-be-irresistible-to-government/",
"date": "2014-04-24T16:09:18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206647.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00187-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9358420968,
"token_count": 696,
"score": 2.625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:c6ae800b-ffc7-4c79-bfbc-86785c39e707>
|
Be the first learn about the latest Galapagos news and get the best deals
You are here:> The Galapagos Shark
Scientific Name: Carcharhinus galapagensis
Size: 10 - 12 ft. (3 - 3.6m.)
Depth: 10 - 600 ft (3 - 182m)
The Galapagos shark is quite similar to the Grey Reef Shark but has a rounder head and a thicker body towards the tail section. It can often be difficult to identify when spotted next to other shark species. Galapagos sharks are normally found in very isolated spots in the world, primarily concentrated in the Galapagos Islands. They can grow to be nearly 12 feet in length.
Galapagos sharks pups can be approximately 22 to 32 inches long and a litter can be anywhere from 6 to 16 pups. The young pups stay in shallow waters to avoid being eaten by other sharks, including adult Galapagos sharks, as well as a series of other larger predators.
Description: The Galapagos Shark is one of the larger species in its genus. These sharks have a slender, streamlined body, typical of the requiem sharks. They have a wide and rounded snout with indistinct anterior nasal flaps. The eyes are round and of a medium size for a shark of that size and the mouth usually contains 14 tooth rows on either side of both jaws, plus one tooth at the symphysis (where the jaw halves meet). The upper teeth are stout and triangular, while the lower teeth are narrower; both upper and lower teeth have serrated edges.
Galapagos sharks primarily inhabit clear waters, coral reefs and rocky bottoms, and often swim a few meters above the substrate. The Galapagos Shark is a common but habitat-limited species, and is normally found at depths of 2 m but ranges to the open ocean adjacent to islands, from the surface to at least 80 m. Juveniles seem to be restricted to shallower waters, with a depth of 25 m or less, which they apparently use as nursery grounds to avoid being eaten by other sharks, while the adults range offshore.
Abundance & Distribution: In Galapagos, Galapagos Sharks are abundant, primarily on Darwin Island and Wolf Island, with an occasional balance around the archipelago. They can be spotted at certain snorkeling sites during a Galapagos cruise. They live worldwide in tropical and semitropical waters.
Habitat & Behavior: Galapagos sharks usually cruise over rocky reefs, boulder strewn slopes and along walls. Galapagos sharks are found in aggregations but apparently do not form coordinated schools like hammerhead sharks do in Galapagos. They feed primarily on bottom living fishes (eel, flatfish, triggerfish), but also feed on flyingfish, squid and octopus.
© Quasar Expeditions 2014
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe text provided is a scientific description of the Galapagos shark, which contains no unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It is entirely suitable for educational and general audiences, providing factual information about the shark's characteristics, habitat, and behavior."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1086-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.galapagosexpeditions.com/islands/the-galapagos-shark.php",
"date": "2014-04-24T16:35:53",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206647.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00187-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9243260622,
"token_count": 595,
"score": 3.734375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:6d19fb0e-0cbc-4f35-a748-ddf7bdfcfdb9>
|
Renaissance to Goya
prints and drawings from Spain
Left to right: Manuel Salvador Carmona (1734-1820) after Diego Velázquez (1599–1660) The drunkards or The triumph of Bacchus 1793, print; Francisco de Zurbarán (1598-1664) Head of a monk c1635-55, drawing © The Trustees of the British Museum
Over 130 exceptional prints and drawings from the British Museum, which holds one of the finest collections of Spanish drawings in the world.
The Art Gallery of NSW in Sydney is the only Australian venue in an international tour – which included the Prado in Madrid.
This exhibition brings together for the first time prints and drawings by Spanish and other European artists working in Spain from the mid 16th to the early 19th century. It provides a compelling overview of more than 250 years of artistic production, including many works which have never before been on display.
Beginning with works by 16th-century artists working in and around Madrid, the selection progresses chronologically and by region. Spain’s ‘Golden Age’ (the 17th century) is represented by important artists such as Diego Velázquez, Vicente Carducho and Alonso Cano in Madrid, Bartolomé Murillo and Francisco de Zubarán in Seville, and José de Ribera in Spanish Naples.
Turning to the 18th century, key works by Francisco de Goya, his contemporaries and foreign artists such as the Italians Giambattista Tiepolo and his sons demonstrate how printmaking and drawing greatly increased during the period, forever changing the artistic landscape of Spain.
This exhibition is presented by the British Museum in collaboration with the Art Gallery of NSW.
31 Aug – 24 Nov 2013
- $10 adult
- $8 concession/child (5-17 years)
- $7 member
- $28 family (2 adults + up to 3 children)
- Free for children under 5
- Joint ticket with Sydney moderns
Education groups ($7 per student)
Booked through Public Programs
Parental guidance recommended for young visitors
Temporary exhibitions gallery
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is a description of an art exhibition and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It is suitable for all audiences and does not include any language, themes, or references that would warrant a higher safety score."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1089-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/renaissance-to-goya/",
"date": "2014-04-16T16:09:33",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609524259.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005204-00363-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9308845401,
"token_count": 450,
"score": 2.875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:2e07f046-f664-4a84-a8e9-464affe49321>
|
Figure 1: MMTD Scientists deploying a satellite LIMPET tag on a type-B (“pack-ice killer whale”) in waters off the Antarctic Peninsula. Photo credit to Ken Carlson.
Recent advances in satellite tag electronics have enabled the development of small transmitter tags that can be remotely deployed externally on the dorsal fins of killer whales, using crossbows or pneumatic rifles, without the need for physical capture and restraint (Figure 1). Specifically, SWFSC/MMTD has been involved in the development and application of Low Impact Minimally Percutaneous External Transmitter (LIMPET) tags (Andrews et al. 2008; Figure 2) since 2005, and we have now deployed more than 25 of these 40g tags on Antarctic killer whales. These have been deployed on types A, B (large and small form) and C killer whales in the Antarctic Peninsula and Ross Sea regions, with tag longevity of more than 100 days and tracked individual movements of more than 9000 km. The small size of these LIMPET tags allows them to be deployed high on the dorsal fin of the whale, in comparison to conventional implant tags. This high placement and external mounting of the tags enables relatively frequent transmissions to Argos satellite receivers (www.argos-system.org), resulting is a relatively high resolution tracks of estimated locations (Figure 2). These data are being used to study ranging patterns, migration and foraging behaviors, with comparisons between types and enabling inference about their ecological impacts. Additionally, near real-time tag locations are being used to direct field operations, increasing our understanding of killer whale prey preferences through more regular observations of predation behavior (Pitman and Durban, in press).
Figure 2: Left: A satellite LIMPET tag deployed on the dorsal fin of an adult female Type A killer whale (Pitman and Ensor, 2003). Right: More than 10,000 locations calculated from transmissions by LIMPET satellite tags deployed on Type A and Type B killer whales around the Antarctic Peninsula, 2009-2011. Transmissions were received and processed for location calculations by the Argos Satellite System (www. argos-system.org)
Figure 3: Example of the rapid migration of a type B killer whale from the Antarctic Peninsula to the edge of the tropics and back, in just 42 days. Durban and Pitman 2011
Andrews, R. D. et al. 2008. Satellite tracking reveals distinct movement patterns for Type B and Type C killer whales in the southern Ross Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biology 31: 1461-1468.
Pitman RL, Ensor P. 2003. Three different forms of killer whales in Antarctic waters. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 5:131–139.
Pitman, R.L and Durban. J.W. Cooperative hunting behavior, prey selectivity and prey handling by pack ice killer whales (Orcinus orca), type B, in Antarctic Peninsula waters. Marine Mammal Science, in press.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is entirely focused on scientific research and educational content related to the deployment of satellite tags on killer whales. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful elements. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for public use, educational environments, and general audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1090-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "https://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?Division=PRD&ParentMenuId=211&id=16994",
"date": "2014-04-16T17:02:05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609524259.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005204-00363-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8640890718,
"token_count": 615,
"score": 3.34375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:4e9dc954-8ab3-49c3-8899-5a700d1f6b6a>
|
Find results with:
“Irreconcilables in Petticoats”
On September 28, 1861, at Camp Lyons near Detroit, the First Michigan Cavalry regiment received a heavily-fringed blue silk flag—a standard—with the federal coat of arms. It was accepted by Colonel Thornton Brodhead. The flag bearer, Thomas Shepard, noted that Brodhead ordered the flag hung from the window of the Court House near Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. The women of that Southern town made it a target. When it was taken down, five bullet holes showed the feelings of the “irreconcilables in petticoats.”
On August 30, 1862, the regiment was engaged at Second Bull Run. A Confederate officer fired two rounds at Thornton Brodhead. The bullets pierced Brohead’s lungs and exited his back. Brodhead was removed to a hospital, where he died – after terrible suffering – on September 2.
Brodhead had been an editor of the Detroit Free Press. When his body was returned to Detroit, thousands of mourners passed by his coffin for two days. His funeral, on September 10, was attended by a marching band, the mayor, the city council, many judges, the Detroit Hussars and the mounted Fourth Cavalry. So famous was “The Dying Hero of Manassas” that a song was written about him and advertised in the Free Press:
“Attention! First Michigan Cavalry,—Form en masse—charge! not upon the enemy, but upon the music store of J. Henry Whittemore, where can be found that noble song in memory of your late gallant leader entitled “The Old Flag Will Triumph Yet.”
The Regiment’s Greatest Moment
In June 1863, the First Michigan Cavalry was assigned to a new brigade of four Michigan cavalry regiments (the 1st, 5th, 6th and 7th Michigan Cavalry). This was the only army brigade created completely from a single state. It would be commanded by the dashing “boy general,” George A. Custer.
The First Michigan Cavalry’s greatest moment occurred on July 3, 1863, near Gettysburg. The regiment was ordered to charge the rebel cavalry. Historians have described their charge as one of the most desperate as well as most brilliant of the war. It saved Battery M of the Second Regular Artillery from capture, turning what had appeared to be a defeat at Gettysburg into a victory.
“…The Tattered Standard of Our Regiment…”
The feelings of the men for their flag were well expressed by Lt. Henry Beach, upon sending home a standard of the regiment in 1864:
“Gentlemen, I have the honor to forward to you the tattered standard of our regiment. Where, when and how well we have defended it, we will let the history of the war tell. It has waved over many a bloody field, and been pierced by canister and rifle shot. Yet we trust we have never forsaken or dishonored it. Sirs, we venerate, we almost worship it, and confiding it to your care we humbly pray you will preserve it as long as the Peninsular State has a name and a place in the nation; and whenever, God sparing our lives to return, any of us shall behold, we will bow to its familiar device, while we weep for our brave comrades who have fallen beneath it.”
“Tale of The Old Flag” by Lawrence Sheppard. Dearborn Historian Volume 18, Number 4 (Autumn, 1978)
Letter of Thornton Brodhead to his wife, August 31, 1862.
“Interesting Relic.” Detroit Free Press, June 6, 1864
(View images of Michigan Civil War battle flags on Seeking Michigan.)
More Civil War Look! Articles:
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"historical context\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe text provided is a historical account of the First Michigan Cavalry during the American Civil War. It does not contain any unsafe or inappropriate content, profanity, derogatory terms, or references to illegal activities. The content is suitable for educational and general audiences, making it safe for public use."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1091-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "historical context"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://seekingmichigan.org/look/2013/06/25/brodhead",
"date": "2014-04-18T03:01:03",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532480.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00395-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9693681598,
"token_count": 816,
"score": 2.75,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:b9583679-8440-48a5-abcd-e23ccd742c11>
|
Contrast agents enhance optical coherence tomography to detect tumors
November 5, 2001 | Source: KurzweilAI
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enhanced by contrast agents, a new approach to improving the detection and removal of tumors, has been developed by scientists at the University of Illinois.
OCT allows for high-resolution imaging of tissue by focusing a beam of near-infrared light into tissue and measuring the intensity and position of the resulting reflections.
To make OCT work better, UI researchers have developed injectable contrast agents that will help identify tumors early in their growth.
Stephen Boppart, a professor of electrical and computer engineering and bioengineering, heads a team that has developed the contrast agents. These use tiny spheres –- filled with air or some other light-scattering media –- that create a stronger signal than the surrounding tissue.
The higher contrast might allow researchers to noninvasively image individual cells and detect cellular changes indicative of cancer.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses a scientific advancement in medical imaging technology and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1092-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.kurzweilai.net/contrast-agents-enhance-optical-coherence-tomography-to-detect-tumors",
"date": "2014-04-18T03:03:42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532480.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00395-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9135891795,
"token_count": 202,
"score": 2.84375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:142d42a4-f291-4048-a4c5-f17ae9e1999a>
|
Correctly installed and properly used child safety seats (car seats) and booster seats — or seatbelts, depending on a child's age — are the first line of defense in protecting kids on the road. Couple that with defensive driving habits and you're helping to ensure that your kids travel safely.
But kids also have some responsibilities when it comes to staying safe in a car or on a school bus. Most are in these vehicles every day and so should be taught simple rules for traveling to help ensure their safety. Be sure to explain to your kids that these rules must be followed every time, no matter who is driving or how short the ride may be.
Reviewed by: Elana Pearl Ben-Joseph, MD
Date reviewed: April 2011
|National SAFE KIDS Campaign The National SAFE KIDS Campaign offers information about car seats, crib safety, fact sheets, and links to other health- and safety-oriented sites.|
|National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) NHTSA is the government agency responsible for ensuring and improving automobile and traffic safety.|
|Click It or Ticket Click It or Ticket (CIOT) is the most successful seat belt enforcement campaign ever, helping create the highest national seat belt usage rate of 82 percent.|
|Road Tripping Whether you're driving your friends to the beach for the day or going on vacation with your family, read these tips for surviving road trips.|
|Booster Seat Safety Your tot's not a baby anymore! It's time for a big-kid booster seat. But how can you ensure that your child is still safe and secure in the car? Find out here.|
|Car Seat Safety What's the proper way to install an infant safety seat? Is your toddler ready for a forward-facing seat? Get the car seat know-how you need here.|
|The Keys to Defensive Driving These defensive driving skills can help you avoid the dangers caused by other people's bad driving.|
|Auto Safety More kids are injured in auto collisions than in any other type of accident, but you can protect them by learning the proper use of car seats and booster seats.|
|Staying Safe in the Car and on the Bus You probably spend part of every day in a car or on the bus. Find out how to be a safe traveler in this article for kids.|
|Rules of the Road for Teen Drivers When teens get their driver's license, parents should consider creating their own rules of the road beyond the relevant driving laws.|
What to expect when coming to Akron Children's
For healthcare providers and nurses
Residency & Fellowships, Medical Students, Nursing and Allied Health
For prospective employees and career-seekers
Our online community that provides inspirational stories and helpful information.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"safe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe provided text is entirely focused on safety and educational content related to child safety seats, booster seats, and defensive driving habits. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful elements. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences, including children and sensitive environments."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1093-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "safe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "https://www.akronchildrens.org/cms/kidshealth/bc01f8351a5e6ca6/index.html",
"date": "2014-04-18T03:39:52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532480.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00395-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9358963966,
"token_count": 571,
"score": 3.296875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:dee4b69b-152b-4e0b-929c-9e92ca3a80fb>
|
Social participation and social support are strongly associated with good health and well-being throughout life. Participating in leisure, social, cultural and spiritual activities in the community, as well as with the family, allows older people to continue to exercise their competence, to enjoy respect and esteem, and to maintain or establish supportive and caring relationships.
Specialised educational institutions like Silver College offer a great example of a place where senior citizens can gain a fresh perspective and purpose after retirement. Set up by Kobe City, the College offers many part-time courses around sports, arts, outdoor pursuits, and academic research.
In Happy Active Town we have an example of mobilization in an urban high-rise community. The social catalyst sprang from deep concern over the solitary deaths of elderly neighbours alone in their apartments. HAT is an important example of a socially charged aged friendly environment where locals look out for each other. For an older person whose family support is not in the vacinity, exposure and access to a friendly support network is crucial. Local citizens encourage each other to come together for events at a central location or to visit others close by.
Mr. Yasujiro Yamaguchi is described as the perfect centenarian. A master weaver, the old man of 103 still sits at his loom and creates works of art. He attributes his health to luck, helped by staying mental physically active. The Yamaguchi family, watching closely from the sidelines, provides him supportive relationships. In turn, his children carry on his weaving legacy.
In 2002, a major study of ageing in the United Kingdom undertaken by Dr. Michael Marmot and his colleagues revealed the following:
“Ask people about ageing in our society, and everyone has a view. Most would think it widely known that older age is a time of declining mental and physical function, worse health, and economic and social dependency. The elderly are a ‘problem’. Indeed, a small number of people over the age of 65 fit this stereotype. Most do not. What is striking about the health and social circumstances of older people in society is how variable the picture is, ranging from this rather depressing stereotype to that of vigorous octogenarians, economically and socially independent, with little disability, wide social and cultural interests and much to contribute to society.”
In our fast ageing world, older people are increasingly playing a crucial role – through voluntary work, transmitting experience and knowledge, helping their families with caring responsibilities or in paid work. These contributions rely on older persons enjoying good health and societies addressing their needs.
Active ageing is the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age. It applies to both individuals and population groups.
Active ageing allows people to realize their potential for physical, social, and mental well-being throughout the life course and to participate in society, while providing them with adequate protection, security and care when they need it.
The word “active” refers to continuing participation in social, economic, cultural, spiritual and civic affairs, not just the ability to be physically active or to participate in the labour force. Older people who retire from work, even with some level of disability, can remain active contributors to their families, peers, communities and nations. Active ageing aims to extend healthy life expectancy and quality of life for all people as they age.
“Health” refers to physical, mental and social well-being as expressed in the WHO definition of health. Maintaining autonomy and independence for the older people is a key goal in the policy framework for active ageing.
At the same time, ageing takes place within the context of friends, work associates, neighbours and family members. This is why interdependence and intergenerational solidarity are also important tenets of active ageing.
The role of cities
While the world is ageing, it is also urbanizing. Over half of the global population is now urban, meaning that more older people are living in towns and cities. The proportion of the older adult population residing in cities in developed countries matches that of younger age groups – about 80% – and should continue to rise at the same pace. In low and middle income countries however, the share of older people in urban communities is expected to multiply by 16 from about 56 million in 1998 to over 908 million in 2050. By that time, older people will comprise a quarter of the total urban population in less developed countries
Why develop an age-friendly city?
Making cities age-friendly is one of the most effective policy approaches for responding to demographic ageing. One of the reasons for focusing on cities is that major urban centres have the economic and social resources to make changes to become more age-friendly and can thus lead the way for other communities. An age-friendly community benefits people of all ages.
Source: WHO (2007). Global Age-friendly Cities: A guide.
What are the characteristics of an age-friendly city?
The main chareacteristics can be summarized as follows:
- Inclusive opportunities for civic, cultural, educational, and voluntary engagement (link to Silver City College example)
- Accessible public and private transportation
- Barrier-free and enabling interior and exterior spaces
- Accessible and useful information
- Positive images of older persons
- Activities, programs and information to promote health, social, and spiritual well-being
- Social support and outreach
- Accessible and appropriate health services
- Places and programs for active leisure and socializing
- Good air/water quality
Security and independence
- Appropriate, accessible, affordable housing
- Accessible home-safety designs and products
- Hazard-free streets and buildings
- Safe roadways and signage for drivers and pedestrians
- Safe, accessible and affordable public transportation
- Supports for caregivers
- Accessible stores, banks and professional services
- Supportive neighbourhoods
- Safety from abuse and criminal victimization
- Public information and appropriate training
- Emergency plans and disaster recovery
- Appropriate and accessible employment opportunities
- Flexible work practices
What can individuals do?
Probably the single most important health message for older persons is to achieve or maintain moderate levels of physical activity. There are similarities between the deterioration that occurs with ageing and that accompanying physical inactivity. Preventive measures to reduce diet-related disease should begin early in life, but it is never too late to start, even in old age. Positive changes in lifestyle are worthwhile at every age.
Creating Resiliant and Age-Friendly Communities
Ideally, an age-friendly city can be achieved through good development policies. This involves the local authorities putting in place policies that ensure that all new development projects include measures to meet the needs of the elderly. As a result, over time cities evolve and better reflect the needs of a growing elderly population.
However, there will also be instances when redevelopment is required on a major scale and this can often be the result of a natural disaster. This was the experience of Kobe following the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake.
The earthquake hit Kobe City on Tuesday January 17 1995 at 5:46 a.m causing enormous damage. The death toll from the earthquake was 6,437, with another 43,792 injured. Approximately 510,000 buildings were damaged or destroyed. The total economic loss resulting from the earthquake amounted to 9,926.8 billion (almost 10 trillion) yen (around US$100 billion).
Many elderly and disabled living in traditional housing fell victim to the earthquake. As survivors they had no choice but to move into public housing because they were unable to reconstruct their houses. This presented a major challenge for the local authorities and as of March 2004 there were 16,000 disaster restoration housing units in Kobe City (of which 10,500 units were municipal housing).
By April 2006, elderly households accounted for 48% of all households in this new accommodation, with single elderly households accounting for 41.5%. According to survey results five years after the earthquake (Ii, 2001), about 30% of the residents in the new communities said they had ‘no social contact with their neighbours’, ‘no one to go to for advice’ and ‘no enjoyment.’ They went out only ‘to do some grocery shopping’ and ‘to visit the doctor.’
Another survey found that in a high-rise housing complex in Nagata Ward, seniors over 65 accounted for 70.8% of residents. According to surveys conducted by Kobe University (Shiozaki 2002), the percentage of respondents who said they had social contact with their neighbours dropped sharply to one-fourth, from 50% before the earthquake to 30.3% at the time of moving into temporary housing, and to 12.5% when moving into the permanent housing.
The number of kodokushi (solitary deaths) in disaster restoration public housing amounted to 251, nine years after the earthquake, exceeding the 233 kodokushi in temporary housing. There were two main characteristics. First, young elderly men (55-64) formed the largest subset of victims. Second, alcohol-related problems were the main cause of death.
Experience from the Kobe earthqauke reconstruction clearly illustrates, and as the story of Happy Active Town also exemplifies, that rebuilding better is no simple process. One challenge is to rebuild the infrastructure, services and accommodation. However, another equally important challenge is how to rebuild community spirit and a sense of belonging. This takes considerably more time.
References and Relevant Links:
Minami H, et al. (2006), A Scoping Paper: Social Determinants of Health in Hyogo Prefecture and Kobe City, commissioned by the WHO Kobe Centre.
Ii, K., Kawauchi, K., Kawamura, M.(2001).Long-term support for victims after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, CNAS Hyogo Bulletin Vol.8, 87-100.
Shiozaki, K., Nishimoto, E.(2002). One hundred lessons form the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Creates Kamogawa.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is entirely focused on the benefits of social participation, community support, and active ageing. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and receives a score of 0.",
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text discusses the characteristics of age-friendly cities and communities, focusing on various aspects such as transportation, housing, health services, and social engagement. There are no instances of unsafe content, inappropriate language, or harmful themes. Therefore, the text is fully appropriate for all audiences.",
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe provided text is a list of references and citations related to a research paper or academic article about the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and educational environments."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1094-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1094-1",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1094-2",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://wisdom.unu.edu/en/active-aging/",
"date": "2014-04-19T09:29:15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537097.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00427-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.95374614,
"token_count": 2067,
"score": 2.625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:ef9ca42e-9ac6-4c2e-ab51-76cf0a75737b>
|
NORTH RIDGEVILLE — Where do you wind up when you fly two hours from Cleveland to Atlanta, six hours to Peru and then motor boat six more hours on the Tahuayo River?
You end up deep in the Amazon Rain Forest in an area you can only reach by boat or airplane.
Not too many people can say they’ve had such a travel experience but Allyson Schmitt can.
The North Ridgeville High School senior spent three weeks in the rain forest conducting research this past summer.
Schmitt traveled to a remote region of northern Peru with North Ridgeville High School biology teacher Elizabeth Katoa, Kenyon College biology professor Kathryn Edwards and several Kenyon undergraduates.
Schmitt is taking academic partnership classes with Kenyon and she earned college credit for the trip.
The research team stayed in a lodge powered by propane with stoves for cooking and minimal refrigeration. If someone caught a fish it had to be cooked the same day.
"It was pretty remote," Schmitt said. "We were right on the edge of the Tahuayo River surrounded by the rain forest."
Their research involved studying plant and invertebrate diversity between habitat zones in the Amazon flood plain.
"That’s trees and bugs in English," Schmitt said with a laugh, adding that she has never been the type of person to shy away from handling insects. "I can’t say the same for my little sister. She freaks out over every little thing."
Katoa said the plant research consisted of taking bark samples from trees for DNA bar coding, which helps keep track of plant species. Insect research involved cataloging and assessing invertebrate diversity.
Conducting the research involved standing in dense patches of jungle and muddy currents of river exposed to all the natural elements and animals found in such a place. At times, Schmitt found herself in waters inhabited by piranhas.
But none of this deterred her from carrying on with the research. Being able to have such a hands-on research experience changed the way she sees the world and made her want to focus on a life path involving biological or zoological research.
"It was a life-changing experience because it really let me see what it was like to go out and do research yourself," she said. "It helped me realize more what I want to do with my future."
The nearest villages to the region Schmitt traveled to are inhabited by a couple hundred indigenous people. Those villages have some solar power but no plumbing. Getting there requires hopping in a boat and traveling a half-hour up the river.
Traveling into these areas complemented Schmitt’s scientific experience with a cultural one. The villagers she met speak a form of Spanish mixed with an indigenous language, but they were still able to communicate with each other just enough to learn a few things.
"We had a full-on experience with dyeing things, learning how to grind up roots and weave baskets," Katoa said.
This was the first time Schmitt traveled outside the United States and she won’t soon forget the experience.
"It was a really cool experience because it is so different than everything here," she said. "You read about it, hear about it, see pictures, but you never really know what it’s like until you’re there."
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"travel experience and cultural description\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe text describes a travel experience and cultural immersion in the Amazon Rain Forest. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful, and the themes are educational and cultural in nature, making it fully appropriate for all audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1095-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "travel experience and cultural description"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.morningjournal.com/general-news/20130927/north-ridgeville-student-conducts-research-in-amazon-rainforest",
"date": "2014-04-19T09:37:12",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537097.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00427-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9727160931,
"token_count": 697,
"score": 2.6875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:ace3bf66-940e-4479-b6f5-e02da6a342cd>
|
More to Explore
Franciscan Friars and the Golden Age of Missions
By Robert J. Torrez
Spanish missions were churches established by Franciscan Friars in Indian villages called pueblos, the Spanish word for town. The purpose of these missions was to have a place in each pueblo where the Indians could be taught about Christianity. When New Mexico was settled by Don Juan de Oñate in 1598, the first paragraph of the contract he made with the Spanish government made this goal very clear. "Your main purpose," the contract read, "shall be the service of our Lord, the spreading of His Holy Catholic faith, and the reduction and pacification of the natives of said provinces. You shall bend all your energies to this object, without any other human interest interfering with this aim."
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Spanish established missions almost everywhere they settled. Missions for the various Indian tribes were built in Texas, Arizona and California, but the earliest were in New Mexico. When the Spanish arrived at the northern New Mexico Tewa settlement of Ohkay with Juan de Oñate in 1598, one of the first things they did after arriving was to build a church. Over the next several decades, the seven Franciscan friars who came with Oñate were augmented by others who began to build churches in the pueblos scattered throughout New Mexico. So many churches were built during the 1600s that this period is sometimes referred to as "The Golden Age of the Missions."
Mission churches were built of locally available materials. These ranged from the magnificent adobe buildings at Pecos and Acoma to the equally impressive stone construction of the churches at Jemez and the southern New Mexico pueblos of Quari, Abo and Gran Quivira. The typical mission church included an artio, a walled yard in front of the church which sometimes also served as a cemetery. As you walked through the yard, you faced a massive front wall which was often flanked by one or two towers at the corners. These towers were usually topped by a wooden cross and a bell which was used to call the faithful to worship. A large wooden door at the center of this front wall led to a large, windowless interior space which was usually devoid of benches or seats. The faithful stood or knelt on the hard-packed earthen floor. The interior walls were frequently adorned with colorful murals and locally carved santos, bultos, or painted buffalo hides. Some churches managed to acquire some very ornate and beautiful altars and statuary that were brought from Mexico along the Camino Real at great expense.
Tragically, most of these magnificent buildings were destroyed in the great Pueblo revolt of 1680. However, the ruins of several of these seventeenth century missions are preserved as part of a number of State and National Monuments or Parks throughout the state. A few that did survive or were rebuilt after the Revolt are some of the most magnificent examples of Spanish colonial architecture in North America.
San Estevan Rey in the Pueblo of Acoma is located in one of the oldest continuously settled Indian communities in North America. This mission church, named after St. Stephen the King, was described in 1760 as "The most beautiful of the whole Kingdom." Originally built by 1629, it is the only mission church in New Mexico which survived the Pueblo Revolt intact and may be the most original of any 17th century structure in the United States.
Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe in the Pueblo of Zuni: The mission church of Our Lady of Guadalupe was the most distant from the Spanish capitol in Santa Fe. Although most of the village of Zuni is built of stones set in a mud mortar, the church is built of adobe despite the chronic lack of water which characterizes this part of the desert southwest. The original church was begun about 1627 but was destroyed during the Pueblo Revolt. It has been rebuilt several times since the early 1700s.
San Agustin in the Pueblo of Isleta may be the earliest of the extant mission churches in New Mexico. Although it was destroyed during the Pueblo Revolt, subsequent restorations seem to have incorporated parts of the original foundation and walls which were constructed as early as 1613.
San Jose de Gracia in Trampas is not technically a mission church because it was built in 1760 for use by the Spanish settlers and not the Pueblo Indians. The church remains in use by the descendants of the hardy settlers who founded this mountain community more than two hundred years ago.
Santa Cruz de La Cañada is one of the oldest churches built for use by the Spanish settlers. This adobe structure was originally licensed in 1732 and completed in the 1740s. It contains some of the most magnificent examples of locally produced Spanish colonial religious art in the southwest.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"historical context\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe text provided is a historical description of Spanish missions and their construction in New Mexico. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful and the themes are educational and historical in nature, making it fully appropriate for all audiences.",
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```"
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1097-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "historical context"
},
{
"custom_id": "1097-1",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://newmexicohistory.org/people/franciscan-friars-and-the-golden-age-of-missions",
"date": "2014-04-20T15:52:17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538824.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00459-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9833663702,
"token_count": 1021,
"score": 3.78125,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:09f359fe-6fc0-4e4b-9b6b-f06af06fee35>
|
The Greenland ice sheet is a vast body of ice covering 660,235 square miles, roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland. It is the second largest ice body in the world, after the Antarctic Ice Sheet. The ice sheet is almost 1,500 miles long in a north-south direction, and its greatest width is 680 miles. The mean altitude of the ice is 7,005 feet. And it is all melting. Freshwater losses in Greenland have accelerated since the early 1990s, with the south-east of the island seeing losses rise by 50 per cent in less than 20 years, according to new research from the University of Bristol.
"Greenland has been losing increasing amounts of mass. What had been unclear was how much of that was due to losing water to the ocean, as opposed to factors like reduced snowfall." stated Professor Jonathan Bamber from the School of Geographical Sciences.
Such an increase in the volume of fresh water flowing into the Atlantic could interfere with the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), the current that carries warm tropical water to northern Europe. It could also reduce the ocean's ability to store carbon.
The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years and is also likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise.
If the entire ice sheet were to melt, global sea levels would rise 23.6 feet. Recently, fears have grown that continued climate change will make the Greenland Ice Sheet cross a threshold where long-term melting of the ice sheet is inevitable. Climate models project that local warming in Greenland will be 3 °C (5.4 °F) to 9 °C (16.2 °F) during this century. Such a rise would inundate almost every major coastal city in the world.
Dumping fresh water into the North Atlantic could weaken the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), the vast "conveyor belt" current that carries warm tropical water to northern Europe. It has been suggested that Europe will get colder as a result, but that is unlikely to happen, at least in the next few decades. "That was all blown out of proportion," says Ruth Curry of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts.
The polar oceans are among the world's most important carbon sinks, taking in carbon dioxide from the air and trapping it in their depths — and that could change as a result of the freshwater flux. Curry says Greenland's fresh water will remain at the surface, since the weakened AMOC will be slow to carry it to the bottom. That also means that once this fresh water has absorbed as much carbon dioxide as it can hold, it will not be replaced at the surface by carbon-dioxide-free water that could absorb more of the gas.
For further information see Greenland Ice Sheet.
Greenland image via Wikipedia.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n*Explanation:*\nThe provided text is a factual and scientific description of the Greenland ice sheet and its implications for climate change. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The text is suitable for educational and general audiences and does not include any language that could be considered offensive or harmful."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1098-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/45134",
"date": "2014-04-20T16:59:48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538824.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00459-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.965982914,
"token_count": 579,
"score": 4.5,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:4998726a-f392-49c7-9a78-76ac80c437ee>
|
In this age of globalization, business houses are expanding their business across national boundaries through a well-knit communication network. The management in all corporate bodies understand the importance of communication and rank it as the most desirable qualification for recruitment of people into their organizations. Organizations that have good communication networks are successful in their business whereas organizations with poor communication network are failures. Das reinforces this with the statement, “ From among 1000 target employees in the United States, 96% reported that employees must have good communication skills to get ahead. A study concerning MBA applicants concluded that 85% of the recruiters held communication skills to be the most important skill sought.” (Das, 2009, p.99)
Professional communication, unlike general communication, is guided by professional ethics though they both are controlled by the same principles and share many common features. In general communication, we have two or more than two individuals but in professional communication one of the participants is a representative from the organization.
In a company, every branch depends upon a chain of communicative acts which may involve oral, written and computer-mediated types of communication. Oral communication includes the day to day interpersonal communication between the different hierarchies of management and the employees at different levels. Generally in big organizations the communication network is a top-down one, the flow of information is mainly from the top to the bottom. But bottom up approach to communication is also equally important because unless the people in the lower echelons are able to communicate to the higher authorities problems will not mitigate and chances are there that they would aggravate. Moreover, good communication among all the employees boosts the moral of the employees, leading to quality involvement in work so that the output is also better.
Main form of Professional Communication
Professional Communication falls under three categories:
Personal communication may take place in the form of giving orders, instructions (both spoken and written), oral exchanges between the employees, assembling and preparing reports, writing memos, e-mails etc).
Internal Operational Communication
Likewise, internal operation related communication may take place at various levels like the manufacture, quality control and sale of products, providing services to the customers and maintaining goodwill among the employees.
External Operational Communication
Under external operational communication involves work-related communication with external agencies for advertising, personal selling, writing messages, maintaining good rapport with the clientele as well as the partner institutions and retailers.
General Communication VS Professional Communication
Just like general communication in the other sectors, communication in the business sector goes through a process until it reaches the addressee. At the beginning the sender sends the message which enters the sensory world of the listener. After recognizing the message, the sensory nerves transmit the message to his/her brain, which then filters the message. While filtering the message the brain uses all his/her experience, knowledge, biases, emotions, cultural background and interprets the message accordingly. Different people have different filters because of the differences in their experience, culture, language, and knowledge base. After filtering the message the brain then determines its meaning and sends the feedback, thus completing the cycle of communication.
Communication in the business sector occurs at all stages: the planning stage as well as the implementation stage. At the planning stage, communication is essential for studying the feasibility of launching a particular product, assessing the financial and human resources available for the launching of the product, surveying the market and making publicity campaigns. Similarly at the execution stage, communication always goes on between the manager and higher authorities, the manager and the subordinate employees in the form of reports, orders, circulars to keep the workers motivated and involved, to maintain a sense of discipline and to keep the moral of the employees high.
The communication network in a business organization can be represented in the form of a pyramid where the officers at higher levels of power and authority come at the top and the employees at the lower echelons come on the base. There is a mediating group of employees who are at the middle level and act like links between the top or apex level and base level. As one goes up in the pyramid, the amount of power and control increases and down the pyramid this amount of power and control diminishes. The few people at the stop hold most power and authority and control a large number of people at the base level of the pyramid. But this control does not take place directly between the top level authorities and the employees at the base level. It is the officials at the intervening or mediating level who maintain this communication between the higher authorities and the subordinate staff at the base level.
Levels of Control in Business Organization (as cited in Das et al, nd, 58)
In general communication, as we have already discussed, the purposes for communication are mostly the purposes which language serves in our everyday life. In other words, the purposes are simple and easy to understand. But in business communication, the purposes differ in response to the needs of the organization as well as the clientele it serves. As business is the URL for all business organizations, the main purpose for all communications inside an organization remains mercantile, i.e earning profits. The other purposes which drive companies to communicate are to create a brand image in the market and remain ahead of the competitors. In order to serve these basics purposes, they may devise various means and modes to serve the sub-purposes which ultimately lead to the satisfaction the basic purposes. In order to serve the purposes, people at different levels need to understand the needs of their audience very well. At the top level, the Corporate authorities should be able to identify the right kind of companies who might be interested to invest in their company and also satisfy the norms and conditions laid down by the government. So for them, the immediate audience would be the investors and the government authorities. Similarly managers at each level should be able to know their workers well in terms of their backgrounds, working styles, oddities in order to handle them properly and adopt appropriate communication strategies to create an amicable work environment. People who manufacture products should be able to understand the needs of the customers and explore various means of communication to reach out to them and keep them happy in terms of the products.
When it comes to the question of code, business communication has to take care of the language of the group that it targets. English cannot be the language for communication all over the world. Whenever a multinational company starts an off shore business, it makes plans to reach out to the larger public in the target area through the adaptation of the language and culture of the local people. That’s the reason why we find the advertisement for McDonald and NESTLE in Hindi, and for that matter in the regional languages in India. People who want to purchase a product definitely prefer to have a thorough understanding of the product in their local language, not an alien language. In general communication, one may not be required to communicate in more than two languages at best but in business organizations literatures for products and advertisements are designed, developed ad produced in the local languages to cater to the needs of the target clientele. Use of profession specific registers or jargons may be appropriate for people working in a similar field but for communication with the customers who are not acquainted with this register/jargon, this may sound Greek. Hence care should be taken to use the appropriate code while communicating a message.
As regard the channel for the transmission of the messages is concerned, general communication and professional communication differ to a large extent. General communication is usually sporadic (irregular) but professional or business communication is non-sporadic and requires sustained attention. To put it in a different way, general communication may not occur all the time and there may be some gap. But this cannot happen in the business circle. In a business organization all kinds of communication should keep on happening as per requirement otherwise the company may come to a standstill and block the growth of communication. General communication usually has short term plans in order to meet the immediate needs of the participants but in official communication both short-term and long-term goals are equally important. In general communication, word of the mouth, letters, or at best telephonic calls are used to transmit a message but the requirements of business organizations vary. The channels of communication, in business circles therefore, keep on changing: they may be oral, written or technology-mediated.
Various partern of Communication in an Organization
In the pyramid of organization structure, as we have read earlier, main decisions are taken at the apex level for the large number of people working at the base level and the people at the mediating levels work like links between the top management and the people working at the base level. For the success of a company both upward and downward communication are equally important. Both these patterns of communication are called vertical communication.
Downward (Vertical) Communication
The pattern of communication in an organization depends upon the organizational structure. Earlier most of the organizations preferred to have a top down approach in which the decisions were taken at the higher levels and were implemented at the lower levels. Hence all organizations used to have strong leaders who could take clear and bold decisions to be implemented for all. This type of communication, initiated at the higher level and flowing down to the lower level is known as vertical or down ward communication. In such communication, usually orders and instructions are issued at the headquarters and are implemented at the lower levels. With the advancement of time, this system of functioning has undergone changes. Now people at the higher levels feel that they need to involve the people at lower levels to increase their level of involvement. Hence there is greater sharing of information, greater participation of the employees form the lower levels and hence better outcome. Now the top level officers welcome the new recruits, justify their actions before their employees for level playing with them. Downward communication and upward communication are inter-related because those who give orders or issue instructions (in the form of downward communication) want to check whether their orders and instructions have been carried out or not, which is only possible through the feedback provided, in the form of upward communication.
Upward (Vertical) Communication
Upward communication is significant because it provides feedback to the superiors in the form of suggestions, ensures emotional release, makes policy changes more acceptable and promotes an atmosphere of good will and understanding. It is usually carried out through complaint and suggestion boxes, social gatherings, direct contacts, reports, counseling and training programmes, But the problem with upward communication is that most of the employees do not dare to come forward for the fear of being targeted. Moreover, there are chances for the messages to be distorted before they reach the real officers. Employees also resist this with the apprehension that their criticism of the company policies might be perceived as their personal weaknesses and they may be victimized. In order to make this kind of communication effective, officials should try to get closer to their employees through different ways, keep such communications confidential and act upon the suggestions, complaints and grievances. This will increase trust among the employees and they will feel free to come forward and give their constructive criticism for the improvement of the company. Usually upward communication is made in the form of reports about the progress of work as a result of the orders, appeals and requests for help for sorting out problems at the lower levels.
Horizontal (Lateral) Communication
As the name suggests, Horizontal Communication occurs when the flow of communication is between people working at the same level. This being a communication network among peers, people at the same level, it promotes understanding and coordination among people in various departments. It is mainly transacted through face to face discussions, telephonic conversations, periodical meetings, memos. Small organizations do not need such type of communication as a single person often handles many responsibilities but in bigger organizations it is preferred. Some managers like to implement this mode of communication whereas others avoid it with the fear that too much of familiarity may breed contempt and ultimately lead to indiscipline among the staff. This fear sounds unfounded because too much of discipline and authoritarianism creates an ambience of bitterness and cause complete breakdown of communication. In ‘top-down’ organization structure, horizontal communication is often rare as people at the lower levels look up to the officers at the higher levels for guidance. In the Indian context, particularly in the government sector, where bureaucratic system of administration predominates, horizontal communication is hindered because all files are routed through proper channel. However, in the private sector more value is attached to collaborative work culture and ‘team work’ so that there is more scope for horizontal communication.
Many of the modern business organizations have a flexible communication network where there is scope for the ‘flow and exchange’ of information at all levels, involving a sweet synthesis of both the horizontal and vertical modes of communication. This eclectic mode of communication, adopting an appropriate communication pattern as per the need of the context is diagonal communication.
Sometimes it may so happen that more than one pattern of communication is adopted in an organization. This pattern of communication spreads like a grapevine in any direction, anywhere and spreads fast. Hence it is called grapevine communication. Primarily a channel of horizontal communication, it can flow even vertically and diagonally. The communication that takes place during appointments, promotions, retrenchments, even domestic affairs can be included under this pattern. Under grapevine communication, we have four main sub-patterns: single strand, gossip, probability and cluster. In single strand communication, the communication process is very simple and flows like a chain. In the Gossip pattern, one person is responsible for informing or telling everyone. As per the probability pattern, random information may move from anybody to anybody as per situational needs and in cluster pattern of communication, as the name suggests, information moves through groups.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is a discussion on business communication and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It is suitable for educational and general audiences.",
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text discusses business communication and organizational structures in a professional and educational manner. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content.",
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided discusses various types of communication within an organizational context, including upward, horizontal, and grapevine communication. There are no instances of unsafe content, inappropriate language, or themes that would warrant a higher safety score."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1100-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1100-1",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1100-2",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://wikieducator.org/Professional_Communication",
"date": "2014-04-23T11:47:18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202548.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00491-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9471341968,
"token_count": 2786,
"score": 2.734375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:a0dddce3-dd76-49e4-82fa-1714b9378965>
|
From 8 to 12 Months - Stranger Anxiety
What's happening? That outgoing baby who liked everyone now clings to you when strangers, even grandparents, approach.
Almost every baby goes through the stranger anxiety stage, some more than others. The peak of such behavior is usually between 8 to 10 months of age. Though it can be worrisome and embarrassing to parents, it's really an important step in your baby's development. At this time your baby is learning two very important concepts:
- that he is a separate person, and
- that people and things come and go not because he wants them to, but because they are separate.
Be patient and supportive. When your baby hesitates or pulls away from people, don't force the issue, and don't scold. When you must leave for brief periods, leave a favorite toy or blanket for comfort. Don't try to sneak out without saying goodbye. He may be upset for a short while, but if he doesn't see you go, he will wonder why you aren't with him.
Learning occurs through experience and practice. When you leave, the baby is upset; when you return, he is reassured. Each time he gains confidence that you will come back. For more information on child development and parenting, contact Parents as Teachers by calling your local school district office or by visiting the National Parents as Teachers website. Another resource is ParentLink at 1-800-552-8522 or the ParentLink website.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational content appropriate for all audiences\", \"score\": 0}\n```"
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1101-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational content appropriate for all audiences"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.health.mo.gov/living/families/babies/pregnancyandbeyond/strangeranxiety.php",
"date": "2014-04-23T11:46:58",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202548.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00491-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9596569538,
"token_count": 299,
"score": 2.765625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:55f5499d-79c8-4a0c-b764-22ab69a11b6e>
|
"Writing reflects thought, writing sharpens thought, writing generates thought. Writing is as important for intellectual growth as exercise is for athletic growth."
~Andy Swihart, Psychology Department
The Department of Psychology at SVSU requires writing in many of its psychology course offerings and has multiple important reasons for doing so. First, psychologists in particular, and successful individuals in general, communicate ideas through written means. If you are unable to communicate your ideas in a clear, coherent, written form, you will be unable to participate in the science of psychology. If you cannot communicate your observations, conclusions, and intentions in written format, you will be unable to participate in the clinical application of psychology. If you cannot share task lists, priorities, and information in written format, you will be unable to participate in any but the lowest levels of any employment setting. Being unable to write competently is as devastating a disability as being unable to read.
Second, writing reflects thought, writing sharpens thought, writing generates thought. Writing is as important for intellectual growth as exercise is for athletic growth. Writing is, in large part, the effortful process of wrestling with poorly apprehended and as yet disorganized ideas with the goal of achieving a higher level of understanding of these ideas. Hence, it is entirely erroneous to view writing as the result of putting well-understood and clearly articulated ideas into words. Rather, writing is a process that leads to improved understanding and articulation of the important intellectual ideas we did not initially understand.
Third, as a direct outcome of the above, your written communication of ideas allows your professor a means to assess your academic growth. Through review of your written work, your professor can assess your acquisition and level of mastery of psychological concepts. Furthermore, evaluation of your writing allows your professor to assess your ability to develop a critical, reasoned, intellectually defensible response to the psychological ideas you are encountering in your psychology course work.
In summary, writing is an exercise that is indispensable to your development, both as a consumer as well as a generator of psychological knowledge. More broadly, competency in written expression is a fundamental prerequisite to your post-graduate success. We urge you to approach the writing assignments in your psychology course work with appropriate energy and effort.
Psychology instructors assign a wide variety of written assignments. These assignments include literature reviews, laboratory project reports, position papers, research article critiques, case reports, book reviews, observation reports and self-reflection exercises. Many instructors give essay questions on exams as well.
Professors in this discipline assign a variety of short and long written assignments.
A straightforward, organized style of writing is valued in psychology as it is in any other science. For most assignments it is essential to make clear points with valid evidence supporting each point. For many assignments it is also important to include unique insights or critical thinking about the topic based on the evidence.
It is important to focus on the overall purpose and intended audience of your paper. Because the purpose and audience for each assignment is different, make sure to thoroughly review any assignment guidelines provided by the instructor. Also, take advantage of instructors' office hours to ask questions about an assignment.
Do not forget elements of grammar, sentence structure and paragraph structure when you write psychology papers. (These fundamental elements of good writing are important for more than English papers.) Unless otherwise stated, assume that the instructor prefers a formal style of writing with no slang terms or contractions, for instance.
Empirical evidence and theoretical arguments from peer-reviewed journals provide appropriate support in psychology papers. As with all sciences, the field has its foundation in theory and research. That foundation should be reflected in your papers. You should become familiar with the two general types of psychology journal articles: empirical articles (relate the methods and findings of one study primarily) and review/theoretical articles (synthesize evidence from multiple studies). Both types of articles offer valid support in your papers.
The appropriateness of personal opinion and logical arguments will vary based on the type of assignment. In general, all personal opinions must be supported by theoretical concepts or research.
All psychology instructors require (or at least prefer) APA style for citations. APA style must be followed for in-text citations of quotations, paraphrases and summaries as well as for the reference list at the end of the paper. If you are using direct quotations, remember that you must include either quotation marks (for shorter quotations) or indentation (for longer quotations) AND an in-text citation giving credit to the original author.
References to outside sources are often either underused or overused in student writing. It is vitally important to properly cite all quotations, summaries, paraphrases or even ideas that you got from an outside source. Failure to cite others' ideas, either intentionally or unintentionally, is considered plagiarism. Whereas you must cite all outside ideas, do not just string direct quotations together to construct your paper. Such writing does not reflect true understanding of the material or critical thought.
Laboratory reports should follow all APA formatting guidelines. These papers should include the major sections of an APA manuscript: abstract, introduction, method, results and discussion. These papers also should follow APA format for the cover page, running head, headings, page numbers, tables, and figures. Pay attention to the details and refer to the Publication Manual of the APA frequently!
Other types of papers, such as case reports and literature reviews, may not lend themselves to a format that includes the major sections of an APA style manuscript (e.g., methods, results). Ask your instructor for his or her guidelines for the structure of your paper.
Common "pitfalls" in student papers include the following:
Peer reviewed (i.e., scholarly) articles are highly preferred as references for almost all assignments. Journals published by the American Psychological Association are good sources. Articles from these journals can be found on the databases PsychARTICLES and PsychJOURNALS. You may ask your instructor for a more specific list of recommended journals in his or her subfield. Academic books, such as those found in a university library, are generally also acceptable and should not be overlooked as valuable sources of information.
Information from popular magazines, such as Newsweek, Time, and Psychology Today, are generally NOT preferred or NOT allowed. Information from websites is also generally UNACCEPTABLE. (The exception may be information from government or university websites.) Ask the instructor about his or her policy on citing websites.
See also Writing in Your Major @ www.gvsu.edu/wc
See "Handouts - Writing in Your Major":
- Application Paper
- Research Proposals & Reports
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational and informative content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is entirely educational and informative, discussing the importance of writing in the context of psychology education. It does not contain any unsafe or inappropriate content, making it fully suitable for public use, educational environments, or general audiences.",
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is entirely focused on academic writing guidelines and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It is suitable for educational environments and general audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1102-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational and informative content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1102-1",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.svsu.edu/whywritingmatters/psychology/",
"date": "2014-04-23T13:32:06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202548.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00491-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9381936789,
"token_count": 1373,
"score": 2.609375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:eb73f266-123f-4b04-80bc-a7797ffb1668>
|
|1.||(intr) (esp of pigs and some other animals) to emit a low short gruff noise|
|3.||the characteristic low short gruff noise of pigs, etc, or a similar sound, as of disgust|
|4.||any of various mainly tropical marine sciaenid fishes, such as Haemulon macrostomum (Spanish grunt), that utter a grunting sound when caught|
|5.||slang (US) an infantry soldier or US Marine, esp in the Vietnam War|
|[Old English grunnettan, probably of imitative origin; compare Old High German grunnizōn, grunni moaning, Latin grunnīre]|
any of about 75 species of marine fishes of the families Pomadasyidae and Banjosidae (order Perciformes). Grunts are found along shores in warm and tropical waters of the major oceans. They are snapperlike but with weaker teeth and are named for the piglike grunts they can produce with their pharyngeal (throat) teeth. Some (genus Haemulon) are further characterized by bright, reddish mouth linings. Grunts are edible and valued as food, though most species are small. Some are noted for a behavioral trait in which two individuals approach and "kiss." The purpose of this, whether sexual or aggressive, is not known.
Learn more about grunt with a free trial on Britannica.com.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"Imitative and neutral content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe text provided is a neutral and informative definition of the term \"grunts\" from a biological and etymological perspective. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or offensive content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and receives a score of 0."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1103-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "Imitative and neutral content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/grunt",
"date": "2014-04-24T20:02:12",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206672.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00523-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.893583715,
"token_count": 310,
"score": 3.296875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:15ac8cf4-68b1-4dae-961b-c97edf2b7d83>
|
expert advice MORE
Explaining History and Injustice
Q: In first grade, my son did a project about World War II. When I was helping him, I had difficulty explaining things (Hitler, Mussolini, the Nazi concentration camps) to a six year-old boy. I just made a brief explanation without adding any value judgments.
Now he's 10. He sometimes watches programs about World War II or racism, and asks me about them. How would you explain these sensitive topics to a bright but young boy?
A: I also have a son who has always been deeply interested in history. It sounds as if your son is a history fan, too, so be prepared for lots of dialogue about the "how and why" of history. The facts of history are what they are, and for a gifted child, they can usually be at least basically comprehended. I see no reason to conceal factual history from a willing learner.
For a young gifted child, the "whys" do not always have to be that complicated. Some of the bloodiest battles in history have taken place over property rights. And teaching values is always a parent's right. For example, you could say, "A country's leader hated a certain group of people so much he wanted to wipe them out. He was so powerful he got everyone in his country to follow his plan." You could then go into a little discussion about tolerating other's differences, the importance of helping others, etc. The sensitivity of a gifted child will tune right in to the unfairness of such things as racial inequality and religious persecution.
If TV shows upset him too much, encourage him to turn them off.
Sometimes one of the best ways to handle this is to help the child find a way to contribute meaningfully to solving today's problems. For example, a gifted girl upset at the treatment of animals was permitted to volunteer at the local animal shelter.
There are also many fine children's novels about kids who found themselves in the throes of historical events, which could help your son understand them. Across 5 Aprils (Civil War), Number the Stars (WW2), and so on.
Many gifted kids develop a passion for a specific area of interest, and sometimes parents get concerned unnecessarily. Just because a gifted boy develops an interest in military history does not mean you are raising a future criminal! Usually interests shift -- one year it's military tanks, the next year it's baseball statistics.
You sound like a very caring parent. Good luck.
More on: Expert Advice
Noreen Joslyn is a licensed independent social worker in the state of Ohio and is a member of the Academy of Certified Social Workers. She has a master's degree in Social Work, specializing in family and children, from the University of Pittsburgh. She is a psychiatric social worker in private practice with Ken DeLuca, Ph.D. & Associates, where she counsels parents and children.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational and historical content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provides educational and historical content that is appropriate for a young audience. It does not contain any unsafe or inappropriate language or themes."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1104-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational and historical content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://school.familyeducation.com/communication/war/41877.html?cc=us",
"date": "2014-04-24T18:49:13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206672.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00523-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9658617377,
"token_count": 604,
"score": 3.140625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:3df8c80f-cc4d-42c4-a1a3-0254dbfc36c9>
|
Using Gradient Shading in Web Pages
In his book Code Complete, Steve McConnell wrote:
"Don't limit your programming thinking only to the concepts that are supported automatically by your language [or tool]. The best programmers think of what they want to do, and then assess how to accomplish their objectives with the programming tools at their disposal."
McConnell is right. Without this outside-the-box thinking, new language idioms would probably never be invented. Of course, you should make sure you know about everything inside the box as well, so you don't needlessly reinvent the wheel. In Web programming, the box is very big indeed and has many corners, nooks, and crannies.
This article looks in one of those nooks in the Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) section: filters. There are all kinds of filters that add neat effects to your Web pages. The one demonstrated here adds a gradient coloring effect that you can apply to anything that needs a little lively coloring (in moderation, please).
Reviewing the Elements of a Gradient Filter
You can use cascading style sheets to organize style information in a single location. (You can also embed styles and add them inline, but that's another article.) The filter is an attribute of a style. The filter attribute affects some change on the thing to which it is applied.
The gradient filter is an ActiveX control that applies gradient coloring, beginning with a start color and gradually changing to the end color. The default gradient filter uses a horizontal blue-to-black color scheme. You can apply the default filter inline (for example, on a div) with the fewest number of arguments. Listing 1 shows the default gradient coloring, and Figure 1 shows the results.
Listing 1: The Default Gradient Filter Style Applied Inline to a Div
<div style="filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Gradient( GradientType=1); width: 300px; height: 150px"> </div>
Figure 1: A small div with the default gradient shading filter applied.
To use some additional features of the gradient filter, you need to provide additional arguments. Other features include GradientType, which can be 0 or 1. The value 1 indicates the gradient shading will be horizontal and 0 represents vertical shading. The feature StartColorStr indicates the color to start the shade with and EndColorStr indicates the ending color. For example, if you wanted to use green and white to shade a div vertically, you could use the inline style filter shown in Listing 2 (see Figure 2 for the result).
Listing 2: A Vertical Green and White Gradient Color Scheme
<div style="filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Gradient( GradientType=0, StartColorStr='green', EndColorStr='white'); width: 300px; height: 150px"> </div>
Figure 2: A Vertical Green and White Gradient Shade Filter
If you want some help finding imaginative colors, check out this MSDN link.
Any Effect You Can Think Of
You'll find filters for shadows, control reveals, gradient shading, making images glow, and more. Name what you want to do and you can find a filter that will help you create the desired result.
Gradient filters have been around a little while, but many new and cool features are available for .NET programmers. One of my new favorites is Atlas: lightweight, asynchronous XmlHttpRequests from client to server without the usual ASP.NET page flicker and post back.
About the Author
Paul Kimmel is the VB Today columnist for www.codeguru.com and has written several books on object-oriented programming and .NET. Check out his new book UML DeMystified from McGraw-Hill/Osborne and his upcoming book C# Express for the Professional Programmer from Addison Wesley (Spring 2006). Paul is an architect for Tri-State Hospital Supply Corporation. You may contact him for technology questions at [email protected].
If you are interested in joining or sponsoring a .NET Users Group, check out www.glugnet.org.
Copyright © 2006 by Paul T. Kimmel. All Rights Reserved.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```"
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1105-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.developer.com/lang/css/article.php/3588856/Using-Gradient-Shading-in-Web-Pages.htm",
"date": "2014-04-24T20:58:53",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206672.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00523-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8575482368,
"token_count": 876,
"score": 2.703125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:026d8508-c68a-4534-9dec-ce071ea5b699>
|
KSC Engineers' Reach Exceeds Launch
Engineering and research performed at NASA's Kennedy Space Center can get overshadowed at times by the spectacle of launches, but that doesn't mean the work is any less groundbreaking.
"We've had some technology development expertise for many, many years that many people joke is the best kept secret in the agency," said Karen Thompson, chief technologist in Kennedy's Engineering Directorate.
Working in a variety of specialized laboratories and offices at Kennedy, about 550 engineers support all of NASA's programs and projects, said Miguel Rodriguez, the deputy director for management of Kennedy's Engineering Directorate.
A sample of some of the current work by Kennedy's Engineering Directorate includes continuing improvements to the space shuttle, improving water and air recycling systems on the International Space Station and researching self-healing wiring. Kennedy engineers also are designing ground support equipment for the Constellation Program and working with other centers to develop habitation modules astronauts can live in on other worlds.
Unlike research into fundamental questions of science, such as what far-off galaxies look like, the work by Kennedy's scientists and engineers is focused on turning out a product that improves spaceflight. Some development improves current technology while other work establishes brand-new designs. Still other innovations come from using existing technology in new ways.
"We're not looking to do basic research," Thompson said. "We look for how our areas of expertise can be used to solve problems and meet technology needs."
The passion for working for the space program is one of the reasons engineers and scientists turn away lucrative offers to work elsewhere.
"The typical engineer who comes to Kennedy came because of what Kennedy does," Rodriguez said. "They are attracted by the excitement of flying, of going into space. Once they're here, they typically build a career that lasts generations."
Through the years, the directorate also emphasized advanced education for its staff.
"In the past, advanced degrees weren't that important," Rodriguez explained. "Starting in 1989, we started programs to get master's and advanced degrees."
The center also gets its share of younger engineers, providing a mix of capabilities. The more experienced staff gets to pass on expertise, while those new to the field can teach about new design programs and tools.
The directorate has gone through intense changes in recent years. Created in 2006, the organization drew in agency engineers who worked at Kennedy but were assigned to individual programs, such as the space shuttle or space station. Within the last year, the directorate also incorporated Applied Technology.
"Now we have the critical skills throughout the directorate to perform work ranging from (early) development through implementation," Thompson said.
As the agency's lead launch site, Kennedy handles missions from throughout NASA's network of field centers. So Kennedy's engineers are used to working closely with counterparts throughout the nation, sometimes all over the world for international projects.
"Kennedy has a great reputation for how well we partner with other centers, other agencies, industry, and academia," Thompson said.
Kennedy's role in the partnerships usually touches on several areas depending on a mission, but it almost always involves making sure a spacecraft's delicate sensors and systems can handle the vibration, acceleration and other conditions unique to launch.
"The difference is that we get those elements ready to go into space," Rodriguez said. "We are very good at integration, we're very good at problem-solving such that we can complete the process and fly."
NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text sample discusses the engineering and research activities at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful and the themes are focused on scientific and technological advancements, which are suitable for all audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1106-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/engineeringksc.html",
"date": "2014-04-24T20:22:34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206672.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00523-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9629291296,
"token_count": 714,
"score": 2.84375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:7a86cad9-8a81-4ff4-9a29-93f93bc2c612>
|
The Da Vinci Notebooks at sacred-texts.com
The fundamental laws of the solar system (859-864).Force arises from dearth or abundance; it is the child of physical motion, and the grand-child of spiritual motion, and the mother and origin of gravity. Gravity is limited to the elements of water and earth; but this force is unlimited, and by it infinite worlds might be moved if instruments could be made by which the force could be generated.
Force, with physical motion, and gravity, with resistance are the four external powers on which all actions of mortals depend.
Force has its origin in spiritual motion; and this motion, flowing through the limbs of sentient animals, enlarges their muscles. Being enlarged by this current the muscles are shrunk in length and contract the tendons which are connected with them, and this is the cause of the force of the limbs in man.
The quality and quantity of the force of a man are able to give birth to other forces, which will be proportionally greater as the motions produced by them last longer.
138:441 : Only part of this passage belongs, strictly speaking, to this section. The principle laid down in the second paragraph is more directly connected with the notes given in the preceding section on Physiology.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is from a historical and educational source discussing the principles of force and motion as understood in the context of the Da Vinci Notebooks. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for public use, educational environments, and general audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1108-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://sacred-texts.com/aor/dv/0859.htm",
"date": "2014-04-16T22:29:48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609525991.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005205-00035-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9509960413,
"token_count": 263,
"score": 3.09375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:aa84a5c6-e2cf-48b2-89fb-3e438e32f66c>
|
The presence of shrimp or scuds in a lake or stream tells us a lot about the relative productivity of that water body. Freshwater shrimp flourish in nutrient rich, alkaline waters. Shrimp require high levels of dissolved calcium in the water in order to develop and maintain their chitinous exoskeleton which is frequently shed. Aquatic environments that support populations of shrimp will also be home to a variety of other aquatic invertebrates including mayflies, midges, damselflies, caddisflies, dragonflies and stoneflies, all of which are prominent trout food sources. This nutrient rich water provides ideal growing conditions for a variety of submergent and emergent aquatic plants. The submergent vegetation offers prime habitat for shrimp as well as many other invertebrates and fish.
Freshwater shrimp or scuds can make up a significant portion of the diet of trout in productive stillwaters and spring creeks. They are often referred to as a “meat and potatoes” food source due to their abundance and constant availability as a trout food source. Shrimp may not be the main course each and every day but they can make up over 60% of the annual diet of the trout living in a particular lake or reservoir.
Freshwater shrimp or scuds are members of the Class Crustacea, Order Amphipoda. Worldwide there are about 800 freshwater species. Representatives of two families, Gammarus and Hyalella are common to many North Temperate freshwater ecosystems. Gammarus can reach in excess of 20 mm in length while Hyalella are much smaller, seldom attaining 5 mm in body length. Both genera can be found in the same water body but Hyalella can survive in a much broader range of water chemistry conditions.
Prime scud habitat is the thick mats of vegetation that cover the benthic areas of the shallow shoal or littoral zone of the lake or stream. They also seek cover in rocky or woody debris areas within the shallow water zone. Scuds are omnivorous in feeding behavior but seem to have a preference for detritus (decaying plant matter) or animal matter. Their body colouration will match that of the habitat they are living or hiding in so individuals from the same water body can range from very light olive green to dark brown.
Scuds have a simple life cycle with reproduction and growth occurring within the same general habitat. They do not go on mating swims or migrations unlike many other aquatic invertebrates. Mating can occur several times during the late spring to fall months with water temperature having the most influence on the initiation of mating courtship. During reproduction the females will often be carried on the backs of the males. Females can release several to over 50 eggs per brood. The eggs are carried in a brood pouch or marsupium located on the underside of the thorax area. Fertilized eggs are typically bright orange in colour. All crustaceans undergo regular molts as they outgrow their hard exoskeleton. Newly molted scuds are easily recognized by their semi-transparent light blue or baby blue colouration.
Freshwater shrimp make up a significant portion of the annual diet of trout in stillwaters as well as in productive streams and spring creeks. Trout eat them because of their abundance and availability on a year round basis. Shrimp or scuds are also a relatively easy food source to capture as they are not fast swimmers but rather spend their time hiding amongst the vegetation or other bottom structure. Trout hunt them down by cruising through and around the lush mats of vegetation that grow along the bottom of the shallow water areas of the lake. This means the trout are feeding in water less than about 7 metres in depth and in most situations in less than 4 metres deep.
Scud patterns can be effectively fished with both floating and sinking fly lines. The goal with either setup is to present the fly as close to the bottom vegetation or other structure as possible. Weighted shrimp patterns are very effective when used withfloating fly lines. Use a leader that is at least 25% longer than the depth you are fishing to ensure your fly can reach the bottom zone prior to beginning a retrieve. Intermediate or slow sinking fly lines and 3 to 4 metre long leaders are the other presentation worth trying. Make sure to wait long enough before initiating a retrieve as you want the fly as close to the lake bottom as possible. Take the sink rate of the fly line (inches/second) and the depth being fished to determine how many seconds it will take to get down to the desired depth zone.
A slow, 5 to 15 cm long strip retrieve interspersed with regular 2 to 5 second pauses is a good imitation of the swimming action of shrimp. Capture a few shrimp with a small aquarium net so that colour and size can be matched as closely as possible. ADuncan loop knot or a non-slip loop knot will provide your fly with a lot more natural movement when retrieved through the water.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational content with no unsafe elements\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is entirely educational and informative, discussing the characteristics, habitat, and feeding behavior of freshwater shrimp and scuds. There are no unsafe elements, inappropriate language, or harmful themes present.",
"{\"reason\": \"Content is appropriate and safe.\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe text sample discusses fishing knots and their benefits for fly fishing. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and receives a score of 0."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1109-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational content with no unsafe elements"
},
{
"custom_id": "1109-1",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "Content is appropriate and safe."
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.flyfishersrepublic.com/entomology/freshwater-shrimp/",
"date": "2014-04-16T22:08:15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609525991.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005205-00035-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9501593113,
"token_count": 1019,
"score": 4,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:cf627a8a-9aba-4ef4-bf93-4f3c29195805>
|
The latest research from Sydney's Centenary Institute and the University of Sydney suggests we could.
Last year the researchers showed they could starve prostate cancer. Now a further discovery opens up the prospect of a new class of drugs that could work across a range of cancers including melanoma.
Australia has the highest rate of melanoma in the world. It is the deadliest form of skin cancer, and third most common cancer in Australia.
Unlike normal cells, melanoma and other cancer cells rely on the amino acid glutamine instead of glucose for the energy required to divide and grow. Thus, in order to fuel their rapid growth, cancer cells need to pump glutamine into their cells.
New research published today in the International Journal of Cancer has found that not only do melanoma cells have more glutamine pumps on their surface, but that blocking these pumps stops their growth. The work was led by Dr Jeff Holst, who heads the Centenary Institute's Origins of Cancer Research Group, together with post-doctoral fellow Dr Qian (Kevin) Wang.
"We've shown that if we starve melanoma of these essential nutrients, we can stop the cancer from growing," says Dr Holst. "This involves blocking the protein pumps that move glutamine into tumour cells, which successfully slowed the growth of the tumours in cell cultures", he says.
Although often curable if detected early, melanoma is one of the most difficult cancers to treat once it has spread, says Dr Holst, because it rapidly develops resistance to known therapies. "But a drug that specifically targets and inhibits the glutamine pump will give us a new and different approach from current treatments."
"This work is leading a new wave with potential to develop cancer therapeutic agents. These drug targets, rather than mutations specific to the cancer, are exaggerated normal processes," says Centenary Executive Director Mathew Vadas.
"This is a long journey to the clinic, but it's an exciting development," Dr Holst says. He hopes such a compound can be developed and tested in five to 10 years.
Last year Dr Holst's group published a paper in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute showing that prostate cancer cells require another amino acid, leucine, for their growth. "We first demonstrated this nutrient pumping mechanism in prostate cancers, and it now looks like it occurs in a broad range of cancers, particularly solid cancers such as melanoma. This opens the possibility of designing therapies that can be used to block nutrient pumps across multiple cancers."
More information: Wang, Q., Beaumont, K. A., Otte, N. J., Font, J., Bailey, C. G., van Geldermalsen, M., Sharp, D. M., Tiffen, J. C., Ryan, R. M., Jormakka, M., Haass, N. K., Rasko, J. E.J. and Holst, J. (2014), "Targeting glutamine transport to suppress melanoma cell growth." Int. J. Cancer. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28749
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is a scientific research summary and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It discusses cancer research and potential new treatments without any offensive language, illegal activities, or other concerning elements."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1111-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-02-blocking-glutamine-suppresses-melanoma-cell.html",
"date": "2014-04-18T08:35:02",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00067-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9387417436,
"token_count": 634,
"score": 2.734375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:f66d747b-5107-4bbf-8959-1ef1f158fa7e>
|
Fig. 2. Spatial distribution of Tibetan sacred sites
(a) Sacred sites and four nature reserves around Dzongsar monastery in Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China.
(b) Spatial distribution pattern of sacred mountains around the monastery: (1) sacred mountains worshipped by single village; (2) sacred mountains shared by multiple villages; (3) sacred mountains of higher hierarchical level in the district accompanied by the monastery.
((c) The zoning pattern of a traditional Tibetan community.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content found\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is purely descriptive and educational, detailing the spatial distribution of sacred sites and mountains around a monastery. There are no unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful elements present."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1112-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content found"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss2/art13/figure2.html",
"date": "2014-04-18T08:54:53",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00067-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9073207378,
"token_count": 105,
"score": 2.765625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:132dcfd6-227a-4153-bac8-8fa28db082e4>
|
Contents that have the tag: "natural disastar"
added to this topic, including challenges, vision and ideas
Flooding: A deadly natural disaster.
In the simplest term flooding is when the water level rises in an area. Among all the natural disasters flooding is one of the disastrous problems that can lead environmental, financial and human loses. Even in the 21st century, the cause of death of thousands of people is flooding. How can we prevent it?
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational and informative content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses natural disasters, specifically flooding, and provides educational and informative content about the causes and impacts of flooding. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful elements."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1113-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational and informative content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://massidea.org/en/tag/view/id/5080",
"date": "2014-04-19T14:29:36",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537271.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00099-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9349623919,
"token_count": 96,
"score": 2.875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:00b3cb93-868c-4fd9-8a58-6a60c3beb1f2>
|
Back Pain Health Center
Table of Contents
Back pain and other forms of chronic pain affect millions of American adults every year. Pain from arthritis, back problems, musculoskeletal conditions and headaches costs US businesses more than $61 billion a year in lost worker productivity. In a three-month period, about one fourth of US adults experience one day of back pain. It is one of the biggest medical problems affecting people today.
Back pain can be divided into two different forms: acute and chronic back pain. Acute back pain often results from injury and comes on quickly while leaving just as quickly. This type of pain may result from falling from a ladder, being tackled on the football field or lifting a load that is too heavy and should last no longer than six weeks.
Chronic back pain may arrive quickly or slowly and remains for a long period of time. Pain that lasts longer than three months is considered chronic. While chronic back pain is less common than acute back pain, it can be more debilitating.
Causes of back pain can range from various injuries and accidents to genetics or even some diseases like fibromyalgia and conditions like scoliosis.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is entirely educational and informative, discussing the prevalence and causes of back pain in a general and respectful manner. There are no inappropriate language, harmful themes, or unsafe content that would warrant a higher score."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1114-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.dailyrx.com/conditions/back-pain/encyclopedia?overview",
"date": "2014-04-19T14:30:36",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537271.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00099-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9491419196,
"token_count": 235,
"score": 3.109375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:5da92eee-2ce0-48af-aed0-2dacfb4f8c33>
|
What is Stirling Engine?
A Stirling engine is a heat engine operating by cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas, the working fluid, at different temperature levels such that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work. Or more specifically, a closed-cycle regenerative heat engine with a permanently gaseous working fluid, where closed-cycle is defined as a thermodynamic system in which the working fluid is permanently contained within the system, and regenerative describes the use of a specific type of internal heat exchanger and thermal store, known as the regenerator. It is the inclusion of a regenerator that differentiates the Stirling engine from other closed cycle hot air engines.
Originally conceived in 1816 as an industrial prime mover to rival the steam engine, its practical use was largely confined to low-power domestic applications for over a century.
The Stirling engine is noted for its high efficiency compared to steam engines, quiet operation, and the ease with which it can use almost any heat source. This compatibility with alternative and renewable energy sources has become increasingly significant as the price of conventional fuels rises, and also in light of concerns such as peak oil and climate change. This engine is currently exciting interest as the core component of micro combined heat and power (CHP) units, in which it is more efficient and safer than a comparable steam engine.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is a detailed explanation of the Stirling engine, which is a technical and educational topic. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and educational environments."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1115-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.studyhills.com/",
"date": "2014-04-19T14:29:20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537271.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00099-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9695611596,
"token_count": 279,
"score": 3.84375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:07b6b877-1107-4ca1-b1d7-cbb4614986cf>
|
Maimonides' Eight Levels: A Comtemporary Reading
Jeff Spitzer mines Maimonides' 8 levels of Tzedakah for guidance on contemporary issues in tzedakah.
Among the most widely known texts from all of rabbinic literature is Maimonides’ “Eight Levels of Tzedakah.” Although some of what Maimonides emphasizes might seem off-target when applied to contemporary society, much of what he emphasizes is valuable today, if for no other reason than to make us more reflective about our own practice. Maimonides begins his discussion with the top and works down, but Spitzer’s analysis works its way up from the bottom.
Joy and Sadness in Giving
The lowest two levels on Maimonides’ “ladder” contrast the person who gives with “a happy expression” (level 7) with one who gives out of sadness. The nearly universal explanation of this passage is that a person who gives out of sadness is one who is unwilling to give, or who gives grudgingly.
The benefits of giving joyfully are numerous. Engaging a poor person with a cheery expression fulfills Isaiah’s admonition “pour out your soul” (Isaiah 58:10) to the needy. Giving joyfully to a collector of funds acknowledges the difficult and often thankless job of the tzedakah solicitor. Feeling happy about giving also makes us more likely to give again.
These explanations, however, might be missing a crucial aspect of the contrast between giving with a happy face and giving out of sadness. One who gives out of sadness may be sad at the plight of the poor, and give only when moved to sadness. That person also might give despite pessimism that any assistance will really make a difference.
On the other hand, the person who gives happily sees an opportunity to help. The person who gives happily understands that it is better to have the assets to be in a position to help than to be unable to help. The person who gives happily looks at poverty as a challenge that must be met and not a decree from which there is no escape.
Taking Initiative in Giving
Levels five and six contrast giving before being we are asked and giving only after we are asked. Nowadays, many people are on the receiving end of what seems like an unending barrage of solicitation, so how can we give before we are asked?
One obvious way is to make our planned donations promptly. Each time we toss a solicitation from a tzedakah into the garbage, [it] means that we are going to get another letter or phone call. If we are already planning on giving to a tzedakah, why force the tzedakah to waste their funds and increase their overhead? Giving early can decrease the expenses for collecting and increase the funds that are actually going to work.
A more important way to give before being asked is to budget for tzedakah. Even if we has not yet found the right recipient, we can give tzedakah before being asked, by setting up our checkbooks so that a certain percentage is immediately deducted from any income we receive. Admittedly, this is easier with accounting software, but a pushke (tzedakah box) works the same way. If the money is already designated for tzedakah, it is “given;” all that is left to do at that point is to allocate the funds.
Did you like this article? MyJewishLearning is a not-for-profit organization.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content found\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is an academic discussion about Maimonides' Eight Levels of Tzedakah and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It is suitable for educational and general audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1116-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content found"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://myjewishlearning.com/practices/Ethics/Tzedakah_Charity/History/Jewish_Tradition/Today.shtml",
"date": "2014-04-20T21:03:06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00131-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9573487043,
"token_count": 736,
"score": 2.796875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:2ecdbaf3-0181-4743-a76e-a3ffa144eea3>
|
Shrimp Shells Inspire New Biodegradable Material
by Brian Thomas, M.S. *
Harvard's Wyss Institute specializes in designing new materials and devices that mimic patterns found in living things. Their latest contribution was inspired by the versatile material found in insect cuticle, which is strong and flexible, yet remarkably lightweight.
The result was "shrilk," a moldable, biodegradable substance derived from shrimp shells and silk that is as strong as some aluminum alloys but only half their weight.
"Shrilk could be used to make trash bags, packaging, and diapers that degrade quickly," according to a Wyss Institute press release.1
The inventors copied the plywood-like arrangement of interconnected layers from the cuticles of arthropods like shrimp, lobsters, or insects. They arranged chitin taken from discarded shrimp shells in thin sheets sandwiched between proteins derived from silk. The cross-layering pattern doubled the overall strength.
Chitin is a sugar-based polymer that provides rigid yet flexible protection and framework for arthropods and a few other creatures.2 Experimenters had long ago defined procedures that use acid to modify and extract chitin from source cuticles like shrimp shells.3 This chitin-derivative has been extruded into an array of forms, then hardened under the influence of certain chemicals.
The shrilk engineers added the layering technique, in effect copying the plan that provided strength to the original shrimp shells, but in new shapes and thicknesses. They did not build machines that can manufacture the chitin or silk proteins produced by arthropods and worms. They merely mimicked the creatures' strategies for layering the materials.
Taken together, at least three different and dependent levels of information are required for both insect cuticles and shrilk. First, genetic blueprints specify the suites of tiny cellular machines that manufacture and excrete chitin and silk. Second, the chitin and silk proteins are arranged according to molecular patterns that are exactly specified for their purposes. Finally, these ingredients are laid out according to an overall sheet-like strategy to become strong, flexible, and biodegradable.
As smart as these Harvard researchers undoubtedly are, they succeeded only in mimicking the third of these three levels of information. All three levels are required for cuticle to function on behalf of the arthropods—clearly implying that not only were they originally formulated at one time, but they needed a superior engineer to design them. And far and away the best candidate for that is the Creator God of the Bible.
- Inspired by Insect Cuticle, Wyss Researchers Develop Low-Cost Material with Exceptional Strength and Toughness. Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University press release, December 13, 2011, reporting on research published in Fernandez, J. G. and D. E. Ingber. Unexpected Strength and Toughness in Chitosan-Fibroin Laminates Inspired by Insect Cuticle. Advanced Materials. Published online December 13, 2011.
- Cuttlefish and squid deposit chitin within a hard mineral apatite matrix to form cuttlebones and pens, respectively. Most fungal cell walls are also comprised of chitin and protein laid out in a stable yet porous support.
- Guibal, E. 2005. Heterogeneous catalysis on chitosan-based materials: a review. Progress in Polymer Science. 30: 71-109.
* Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research.
Article posted on December 19, 2011.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe text discusses scientific research and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It is entirely suitable for public use, educational environments, and general audiences. The language is respectful, and the themes are related to biodegradable materials and scientific innovation, which are appropriate for all ages."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1117-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.icr.org/articles/view/6531/360/",
"date": "2014-04-20T20:56:43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00131-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9371375442,
"token_count": 747,
"score": 3.546875,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:a44c73df-46b3-46f4-902a-3fec7e44c8e9>
|
A new gem sparkles in Berenice’s hair. Supernova 2013 df burst to light in the spiral galaxy NGC 4414 in the constellation Coma Berenices (Queen Berenice’s Hair). The exploding star was discovered on June 7 by four Italian amateur astronomers who are members of the Italian Supernova Search Project (ISSP).
The supernova shimmers at about 13th magnitude – on the brighter side for a star going boom 62 million light years away – and is visible from dark skies in telescopes 8 inches or larger. The host galaxy is moderately small but bright at 10th magnitude and very easy to spot in smaller scopes. Pinned to its northeast side along the outer rim of the galaxy’s hazy disk, the supernova is hard to miss. You can try for it anytime starting at the end of evening twilight until 2 or 3 a.m. Earlier is better because the galaxy’s higher in the sky. I caught a view of this “new star” two nights ago around 11 o’clock in my 15-inch scope. Very easy to see.
Tagged as a Type IIb supernova, 2013df star-like appearance only hints at the enormous violence involved in its creation. Type II supernova explosions occur in supergiant stars at least 8 times more massive than the sun that burn through the nuclear fuel in their cores until it’s exhausted.
When the burning stops, so does the pressure from heat that counteracts the ever-present force of gravity. Result: the star collapses in upon itself, creating shock waves that blast it to bits in a titanic explosion.
The enormous energy released makes the former supergiant suddenly brighten by millions of times. That’s why even amateur telescopes can pick up this titanic event across millions of light years.
The “b” in Type IIb indicates a star that’s lost hydrogen gas in its outer atmosphere before the catastrophe.
For more information, updates and photos on 2013df, check out Dave Bishop’s Latest Supernovae site.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses a scientific observation and does not contain any unsafe or inappropriate content. It is fully appropriate for educational environments and general audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1118-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2013/06/13/amateur-astronomers-eye-new-supernova-in-galaxy-ngc-4414/",
"date": "2014-04-23T18:18:20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00163-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9107146263,
"token_count": 436,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:dde3fdef-9bca-4517-9f3e-df66aa5a33b1>
|
By DAVID NG
Unicorns are great. Seriously.
And here I’m going to think out loud and think of them in a conventional biology sort of way. You know – have a little fun evolution wise.
In many respects (except for the magical powers bit) I don’t think this is necessarily too hard to do. i.e. you have something that looks like a horse, but hey what’s this – there’s also a horn there.
I guess the question I’m pondering is whether a unicorn could occur from a realistic evolutionary biology point of view – you know, given the right circumstances and the right timescale. And if so, exactly what sort of things, biologically and genetically, would need to happen?
Anyway, here’s a couple options to sift through.
One possible way to get the whole horn thing started on a poor horse is through a condition known as “cutaneous horn” formation. In this situation, you essentially have an abnormal, sometimes cancerous growth, that results in a keratin structure protruding from the skin.
(Here’s a picture of a cutaneous horn – it’s kind of ugly)
“Cutaneous horns usually arise on sun-exposed skin but can occur even in sun-protected areas. The hyperkeratosis that results in horn formation develops over the surface of a hyperproliferative lesion. Most often, this is a benign verruca or seborrheic keratosis; or it could be a premalignant actinic keratosis. A malignancy has been reported at the base of a cutaneous horn in up to 20% of lesions. More than half of all cutaneous horns are benign.Benign lesions associated with cutaneous horns include angiokeratoma, angioma, benign lichenoid keratosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, dermatofibroma, discoid lupus, infundibular cyst, epidermal nevus, epidermolytic acanthoma, fibroma, granular cell tumor, inverted follicular keratosis, keratotic and micaceous pseudoepitheliomatous balanitis, organoid nevus, prurigo nodularis, pyogenic granuloma, sebaceous adenoma, seborrheic keratosis, trichilemmoma, and verruca vulgaris. Lesions with premalignant or malignant potential that may give rise to cutaneous horns include adenoacanthoma, actinic keratosis, arsenical keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, Bowen’s disease, Kaposi sarcoma, keratoacanthoma, Paget’s disease, renal cell carcinoma, sebaceous carcinoma, solar keratosis, and squamous cell carcinoma.” (From eMedicine)
So you have something producing horn-like features, and whilst not exactly common, is still within the realm of possibility.
However, this possibility of unicorn evolution is kind of weak, because often the base of the “horn” structure is not at all stable, and in fact it looks like these horn structures can often be quite easily removed surgically. As well, this is not really a heritable trait in the usual sense – i.e. normally these structures are formed due to abnormal growth coming from a one cell, possibly mutated from exposure to a some mutagen (the sun is often sited for example). In other words, whilst susceptibility to the abnormal growth is likely genetic, the act of it always occuring on the horses head is less so (or something like that).
In other words, let’s move on.
One thing I can say is that it’s interesting to note that both the horse ((Equus ferus caballus) and the rhino (Rhinocerotidae) both belong to the Perissodactyla order, also often termed the odd-toed ungulates. This suggests that in the grand scheme of things, these two types of creatures are not so far apart. Whilst obviously interbreeding isn’t an option (since the species barrier would presumably be more than sufficient to disallow the formation, as well as the propagation, of hybrids unicorn like rhino-horses), it does present the idea that however the horn formed on the rhino, this could still be in the realm of reality with something like a horse.
Which actually makes all the more sense when you look through a paper published in the Journal of Morphology in 2006, which did CT scanning of rhinoceros’ horns to get a better sense of their anatomy. Here, the suggestion is that the horn of rhinos are markedly different from a horn of, say, a sheep. Specifically:
“The horns of most animals have a bony core covered by a thin sheath of keratin, the same substance as hair and nails. Rhino horns are unique, however, because they are composed entirely of keratin.”
This might fit a little with the “cutaneous horn” angle, but then another observation came about from the CT scans. The lead authors goes on to say that:
“The horns most closely resemble the structure of horses’ hoofs, turtle beaks and cockatoo bills. This might be related to the strength of these materials, although more research is needed in this area.”
And this nugget of information brings up a delicious possibility.
That is – maybe a unicorn could develop initially from a mutation within a hox gene, resulting in a hoof like structure coming out of the animal’s head. And in case, you’re wondering what a hox gene is all about, it’s essentially:
(From wiki) “A group of related genes that specify the anterior-posterior axis and segment identity of metazoan organisms during early embryonic development. These genes are critical for the proper number and placement of embryonic segment structures (such as legs, antennae, and eyes).”
In plain speak, this simply means that the hox family of genes are the grand controllers of body architecture – as in your arms go here, your head here, and this is about right for your big toes. In other words, for our unicorn, we really just need a mutational event where something meant to be coming out at the limbs is inadvertently coming out of the wrong part of the general body plan.
Classic examples of hox mutants occur in fly embryogenesis, and here are two of many examples of mutations that result in something along the lines of a foot/leg like structure coming out of the head area.
This is an image of a fly with a mutated proboscipedia gene: basically the labium develops into a pair of legs (image link)
All to say that I’m wondering if the hox idea might actually have some (pardon the pun) legs to it.
Of course, even so, the hox idea would only be part of the story. Natural selection and the whole epic time scale stuff would still need to do its thing. Here, I must admit that I am curious to see what readers would think are the best environmental conditions (serious and funny ones) to produce the right selecting pressures for unicorn morphology. Maybe a few suggestions in the comments section would be cool?
And what about those magical powers? Well, how about we let the Intelligent Design folks debate over that one…
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses unicorns from a biological and evolutionary perspective, focusing on the possibility of a horn forming on a horse. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content.",
"{\"reason\": \"speculative and imaginative content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe text discusses a hypothetical scenario involving the development of a unicorn through genetic mutations and hox gene expression. While the content is imaginative and speculative, it does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful elements. The text is purely theoretical and does not promote any illegal activities, harmful behaviors, or offensive language. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1119-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1119-1",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "speculative and imaginative content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://popperfont.net/tag/biology/",
"date": "2014-04-23T16:55:23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00163-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9306919575,
"token_count": 1584,
"score": 2.578125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:d9d27d42-33b9-4ce0-b404-92317fb37b78>
|
Definitions for ribonuclease h
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word ribonuclease h
U.S. National Library of Medicine
A ribonuclease that specifically cleaves the RNA moiety of RNA:DNA hybrids. It has been isolated from a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms as well as RETROVIRUSES.
Find a translation for the ribonuclease h definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these ribonuclease h definitions with the community:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"ribonuclease h." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/ribonuclease h>.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n*Explanation:*\nThe provided text is a definition of \"ribonuclease h\" and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It is suitable for all audiences and does not include any language, themes, or references that would be considered unsafe or offensive."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1120-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.definitions.net/definition/ribonuclease%20h",
"date": "2014-04-23T17:29:20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00163-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7909027934,
"token_count": 176,
"score": 2.9375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:153ca015-342e-44f2-8bb3-31b155f1e387>
|
Avian influenza virus H7N9, which killed several dozen people in China earlier this year, has not yet acquired the changes needed to infect humans easily, according to a new study by scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI). In contrast to some initial studies that had suggested that H7N9 poses an imminent risk of a global pandemic, the new research found, based on analyses of virus samples from the Chinese outbreak, that H7N9 is still mainly adapted for infecting birds, not humans.
“Luckily, H7N9 viruses just don’t yet seem well adapted for binding to human receptors,” said Ian A. Wilson, the Hansen Professor of Structural Biology and chair of the Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology at TSRI.
Study showed that H7N9 is still mainly adapted for infecting birds, not humans.
“Because publications to date have implied that H7N9 has adapted to human receptors, we felt we should make a clear statement about this,” said James C. Paulson, chair of TSRI’s Department of Cell and Molecular Biology.
The Wilson and Paulson laboratories collaborated on the study, which is reported in the December 6, 2013 issue of the journal Science.
A Worrisome Outbreak
H7N9 flu viruses infect birds, apparently causing them few or no symptoms. Until this year these strains had never been reported in humans. However, starting in February in two urban areas of eastern China, dozens of people began to come down with H7N9 flu. Most became severely ill. By the end of May, when the outbreak had mostly subsided, there were 132 laboratory-confirmed human cases and 37 deaths—a nearly 30% case-fatality rate.
The outbreak understandably alarmed public health officials, and across the globe dozens of laboratories began studying H7N9 isolates from infected patients. The big question was whether these strains were capable of spreading only in a limited, sporadic way from birds to humans—many of the cases were linked to poultry exposure—or if they had truly “jumped the species barrier.” If the latter were true, and H7N9 could now spread from human to human, the Chinese outbreak might be the start of a global pandemic.
Some prominent early studies came to worrisome conclusions. For example, most of the H7N9 isolates from the outbreak turned out to have acquired a notorious flu-virus mutation that substitutes the amino acid leucine for glutamine in the part of the virus that grabs receptors on host cells. The same mutation, in other influenza virus subtypes, was apparently a key enabler of pandemics that killed an estimated one million people worldwide in 1968-69 (the “Hong Kong flu”) and two million during 1957-58 (the “Asian flu”). Initial studies of the new H7N9 isolates in mice, ferrets and monkeys also suggested that they had at least a limited ability to spread among mammals.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses scientific research on the H7N9 avian influenza virus and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It is suitable for educational and public use."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1121-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.news-medical.net/news/20131206/New-research-finds-that-H7N9-still-mainly-adapted-for-infecting-birds-not-humans.aspx",
"date": "2014-04-23T17:50:32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00163-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9674090743,
"token_count": 631,
"score": 3.21875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:e02b4bca-57e3-450e-ba56-1b5e86f5e180>
|
A question I am asked often when someone is diagnosed with small cell lung cancer is “what are small cell lung cancer survival rates?” This isn’t unexpected, given the reputation of lung cancer as having a poor prognosis relative to some other forms of cancer. Before answering the question, though, it is important to talk a little about how the answer -– the statistical answer –- is derived.
Variables that Affect SurvivalSmall cell lung cancer survival can vary considerably among different people. Some of these variables include:
- The stage and possible spread of your cancer – Small cell lung cancer may be localized to your lungs (limited stage small cell lung cancer) or have spread to regions of your body beyond your lungs (extensive stage small cell lung cancer). Spread to the brain and liver in particular are associated with poorer survival.
- Your age – Younger people tend to live longer than older people with lung cancer.
- Your sex – The survival rate is higher for women with lung cancer at each stage of lung cancer.
- Your general health at the time of diagnosis – Being healthy overall at the time of diagnosis (something known as performance status) is associated with longer survival and a greater ability to withstand treatments that may extend survival.
- How you respond to treatment – Side effects of treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, vary among different people, and may limit your ability to tolerate treatment.
- Other health conditions you may have – Health conditions such as emphysema may lower small cell lung cancer survival.
- Complications of lung cancer – Complications such as blood clots can lower lung cancer survival.
- An increased level of the substances lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or alkaline phosphatase, or a low level of sodium in your blood, is associated with poorer survival.
- Smoking - Continued smoking after a diagnosis of small cell lung cancer likely lowers survival.
Small Cell Lung Cancer Survival Rates – The StatisticsWhen looking at survival rates, it is important to keep in mind that not only do these numbers vary between different people, but they are statistics that are often a few years old. For example, the most recent statistics we have about small cell lung cancer survival rates are from 2007. With advances in treatment, statistics may not be the same as they were when newer treatments were unavailable. Over the past several years, survival rates have improved with the use of radiation therapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI).
That said, the overall survival rate for small cell lung cancer remains low. For limited stage small cell lung cancer, the median survival with treatment (that is, the time at which half of people are still living with the disease and half have died) is 18 to 24 months. The 5-year survival rate for limited stage disease is roughly 14%.
For extensive stage small cell lung cancer, the median survival is 6 to 12 months with treatment, and only 2 to 4 months without treatment.
There's one last thing that is very important to keep in mind. While small cell lung cancer is not usually curable, it is treatable. These treatments may not only improve survival, but help with the symptoms of lung cancer as well. Several treatments are currently being evaluated in clinical trials, and offer hope that small cell lung cancer survival will improve in the future.
- Small Cell Lung Cancer – Symptoms and Treatment
- Tips for Improving Lung Cancer Survival
- What Can You Expect During the Final Stages of Lung Cancer?
- Coping With Lung Cancer
Demedts, I. et al. Treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung carcinoma: current status and future prospects. European Respiratory Journal. 2010. 35(1):292-15.
National Cancer Institute. Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ). Health Professional Version. Updated 02/19/13. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/small-cell-lung/healthprofessional
Slotman, B. et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive small-cell lung cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2007. 357(7):664-72.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"statistical information about lung cancer survival rates\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provides statistical information about small cell lung cancer survival rates and does not contain any unsafe or inappropriate content. It is fully appropriate for educational and public use."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1122-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "statistical information about lung cancer survival rates"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://lungcancer.about.com/od/smallcelllungcancer/f/Small-Cell-Lung-Cancer-Survival.htm",
"date": "2014-04-24T23:49:06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207046.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00195-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9409240484,
"token_count": 862,
"score": 3.0625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:e48d733a-f58b-4bc7-92f3-79d2cf46dc5f>
|
If you are feeding your cat raw food there are things you definitely need to be aware of. This article below explains the basics.
With the number of pet owners turning to feeding more natural diets to their cats and dogs, these days there are plenty of places that you can purchase pre-prepared raw food products. The problem is that manufacturers often treat cats as small dogs and prepare foods exactly the same for both species. When in fact – cats are unique and have extremely specific dietary requirements that are not met when feeding them foods designed for dogs. When purchasing a commercially prepared raw food product – you need to make sure it is nutritious and a species appropriate diet for your cat.
If you are going to buy raw food for your cat already pre-made, below are some essential pointers.
Cats require a rather narrow range of calcium to phosphorus ratio in their diet. The best range for cats is 1.2 – 1.4:1. The calcium comes from bones and the phosphorous comes from the muscle meat and the organs. Different types of meat from different animals will have varying calcium to phosphorous ratios.
An imbalance of Calcium and Phosphorous can cause a serious health problems in cats, so, when you are buying pre-made raw diets - it is essential the food has the correct ratio of calcium and phosphorous for cats. This information should be readily available on the manufacturers website or at least on the packaging. If you cannot find this information, you should contact the manufacturer to ascertain the ratios in their products.
Make sure you are buying food that has around 10% organ meat in it. heart, liver and kidneys etc., are a vital source of nutrients for cats and should be a regular part of their diet.
Cats have a high dietary requirement for the essential amino acid Taurine, and being unable to synthesize it themselves it must be provided in their food constantly. A cat’s natural prey animal – mice- are naturally very high in Taurine, while other meats such as rabbit have a dangerously low level of Taurine.
Muscle meat that is “used” (meaning exercised) is higher in Taurine than that which is not used as much. To explain this a little better – the thigh of a chicken that is exercised constantly will contain a lot more Taurine than the breast meat that is not exercised as much.
Processing of meat, freezing, handling and age, causes a depletion of Taurine. Taurine deficiency causes serious problems including blindness and heart problems. Deficiency can happen very quickly and can be fatal. It is recommend that extra Taurine is added to all raw food for your cat. Taurine is easy to add to your cat’s food as it is tasteless and odorless, it is also really cheap to buy. The usual amount recommended is around 1000mg of Taurine per pound of meat.
Some believe that vegetables are a reasonable addition to a feline diet, and this is probably true – as long as it is only a very small percentage. Three to five percent would be acceptable. However, as cats are not designed to eat – nor have the necessary digestive setup to process vegetable matter, if you are able to buy raw food without it – then all the better.
At an absolute maximum, your cat’s food should have no more than 10% vegetables. Again, if there is no clear indicator of the amount of vegetable in the food, you should contact the manufacturer.
Onions and garlic are common inclusions in dog food (they should not be!) and you will need to make very sure they are not included in the raw food your are feeding your cat. This family of vegetables is called Allium, and they are very toxic to cats and can cause Heinz Body Anemia - which destroys red blood cells. Onions and garlic should never, ever be consumes by felines.
Tomatoes may exacerbate arthritis and most vegetables will lift the cats urinary pH which can cause urinary tract problems – which are nowadays a massive problem. Now you know why!
Herbs are often added to pre-made raw food for pets, but although they sound enticing to people – herbs should not be fed to cats – especially not long-term.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational content with no unsafe elements\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provides educational content about feeding raw food to cats and does not contain any unsafe elements, inappropriate language, or harmful themes."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1123-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational content with no unsafe elements"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.catproblemsadvice.com/raw-cat-food/",
"date": "2014-04-24T23:50:13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207046.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00195-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9658957124,
"token_count": 875,
"score": 2.71875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:64ed41bf-6bb6-4b26-a238-5aa8ec4451ed>
|
-- Robert Preidt
MONDAY, April 18 (HealthDay News) -- Most people with a reduced
sense of smell -- including those who have lost their ability to
smell anything at all -- adjust and learn to cope, researchers
German researchers found that these people usually appear to
place less importance on the sense of smell in their daily lives
than those with a normal sense of smell.
The study included 470 people, half who either lacked or had a
reduced sense of smell and half without the impairment. The
participants underwent testing of their sense of smell, or
olfactory function, and completed a questionnaire about the
importance of the sense of smell.
Those with reduced or no olfactory function rated the importance
of the sense lower than those who had no dysfunction, according to
the researchers at the University of Dresden Medical School.
"Although they might not be aware, [they] seem to adjust to their olfactory constraints. Their sense of smell seems to be of less importance to them in daily life when it is reduced. So they report fewer olfactory-triggered emotions and memories, which seems reasonable because patients with olfactory disease experience fewer olfactory triggers," wrote Dr. Ilona Croy and colleagues wrote in a journal news release. "In accord, they also report to use their sense of smell less and to rely less on this sense in decision making."
The researchers suggested that this behavior "might be an
example of regaining psychological health despite acquired and
The study is published in the April issue of the journal
Archives of Otolaryngology -- Head & Neck Surgery.
Problems with the sense of smell are common, the researchers
noted. Between 13 to 18 percent of people have a reduced sense of
smell and 4 to 6 percent have no sense of smell. Viral infections,
head trauma, nose and sinus diseases, and neurodegenerative
conditions are the main causes of reduced or lost sense of smell,
and most cases are associated with aging, they added.
Because the disorder often develops gradually, many people may
not seek medical help and simply learn to adjust to the impairment,
according to background information in a journal news release.
However, "approximately 17 percent to 30 percent of patients with
olfactory disorders report a decreased quality of life, including
symptoms of depression," the researchers reported.
In addition, those with poor olfactory function sometimes
demonstrate a low interest in eating and a lack of appetite. The
inability to detect harmful odors may also increase their risk of
not recognizing hazardous events, such as a gas leak.
The U.S. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication
Disorders has more about
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text is a health news article discussing the adjustment of individuals with a reduced or no sense of smell. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1125-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.wkhs.com/Heart/Education/News.aspx?chunkiid=643375",
"date": "2014-04-25T00:29:09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207046.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00195-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9518544674,
"token_count": 679,
"score": 3.09375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:6b54c11c-5a6a-4cbb-89fd-dc7363880712>
|
A shortage of trained, experienced personnel and the inability to integrate approaches established by the National Response Framework (NRF) were just a few of the problems the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) said it experienced in its response to Superstorm Sandy, which ravaged the East Coast in October of 2012. But the agency’s use of information technology to coordinate relief efforts and assist survivors was a notable success.
Sandy left more than 8.5 million customers without power, caused tens of billions of dollars in damage, and killed at least 162 people. The agency’s administrator, Craig Fugate, directed the establishment of the Sandy Analysis Team to evaluate its performance in preparing for and responding to the storm, the results of which were published in July of this year in the Hurricane Sandy FEMA After-Action Report.
The 44-page document outlines a number of areas in which FEMA demonstrated strengths in preparation for Sandy, including its pre-deployment of over 900 FEMA personnel before the storm hit, activating the National Response Coordination Center, and deploying its six Mobile Emergency Response System detachments to key states on the East Coast. As the paper points out, “prior regional catastrophic planning coordination between FEMA and the impacted states facilitated these decisions.” The agency also positioned 165 ambulances and medical teams and deployed nine National Urban Search and Rescue Task Forces.
FEMA’s use of an online crisis management system, WebEOC, also proved to be one of the agency’s strong points during Sandy. This online platform helped to coordinate response efforts by facilitating information sharing among FEMA and federal personnel involved in disaster response. WebEOC was used for “multiple activities, including supporting resource requests from the field, coordinating Energy Restoration Task Force activities, maintaining situational awareness, monitoring and tracking national hurricane plan tasks, and tracking assistance delivered to survivors.” The report says that Sandy was one of the first implementations of the WebEOC system, and that more than 60 percent of personnel using the system rated it as “effective” or “very effective.”
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content found\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text discusses the response of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to Superstorm Sandy in 2012. It focuses on the challenges faced and the successes achieved, particularly in the use of information technology and coordination efforts. There is no unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content in the text."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1126-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content found"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://securitymanagement.com/news/post-sandy-analysis-reveals-challenges-successes-fema-0012727",
"date": "2014-04-17T01:04:11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526102.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00371-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9505485296,
"token_count": 424,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:c6ad6706-1244-421a-a942-8b77dd7c1914>
|
- Ph.D., University of Texas
- Low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
- Star and planet formation
- Process of star and planet formation
- She is particularly interested in objects known as brown dwarfs which are thought to form like stars but have very low masses and temperatures (similar to extrasolar planets). She uses wide-field imaging, spectroscopy and laser-guide star adaptive optics to discover planetary-mass brown dwarfs and determine their masses and ages.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is entirely academic and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It discusses scientific research and does not include any language, themes, or references that would be considered unsafe for public use, educational environments, or general audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1128-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "https://www.bucknell.edu/academics/majors-and-minors/physics-and-astronomy/faculty-and-staff/katelyn-allers.html",
"date": "2014-04-17T01:02:33",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526102.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00371-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9296579957,
"token_count": 98,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:68cd8671-88bf-4aae-940b-9d79b9f3182d>
|
The ability to obtain a person’s whole genome sequence for a cost of one thousand dollars is nearly here. Many clinicians expect that this will usher in an era of personalized medicine by allowing the development of individualized disease-risk profiles, preventive medicine strategies, and treatment options. However, it is not clear that the regulatory strategy that currently controls the approval and availability of more limited genetic tests—typically meant to investigate one or a small number of disease or other traits—provides a satisfactory framework for whole genome sequence testing.
This Perspective takes the position that the generation of whole genome sequence testing information needs to be treated differently than the tests and results associated with more traditional diagnostic assays. Part I considers the current regulatory environment and efforts to reform the oversight of genetic tests, in particular, the solution to the question of whether consumers should be permitted to order whole genome sequence tests without the guidance of a health-care professional. Part II discusses how whole genome sequence tests differ from conventional genetic tests both in the vastly greater amount of information that is generated and in the ways the information can be interpreted and reinterpreted for different purposes at different times. Part III suggests that rather than using the current regulatory approach of concentrating on technical attributes of the whole genome sequence testing process, regulatory approaches should be directed to the tools needed to analyze and apply deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence information. Such efforts will safeguard patients from adverse outcomes associated with unreliable disease-risk prediction, while improving access to the perceived benefits of whole genome sequence testing.
Gatekeepers and Goalposts: The Need for a New Regulatory Paradigm for Whole Genome Sequence Results,
Nw. J. Tech. & Intell. Prop.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses the regulatory and ethical considerations surrounding whole genome sequencing and personalized medicine. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for public use, educational environments, and general audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1129-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njtip/vol11/iss1/1/",
"date": "2014-04-18T10:33:49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533308.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00403-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8987116218,
"token_count": 344,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:fb4c1abe-bbca-496b-84ec-71b462f5e263>
|
To be the first player to tell two stories
1 Game Board
1 Spinner Card with Plastic Spinner Arrow
4 Hot Air Balloons
12 Story Chips
Toy Bag and Toys
The player closes his or her eyes and picks a toy from the Toy Bag.
If the player ALREADY HAS one or more toys, the player may either:
Give any one of her or his toys to another player that has a toy, then choose a toy f from that player; or
Return a toy to the Toy Bag, and with eyes closed pick a new toy from the bag
If the player DOES NOT have a toy, her or his turn is over.
If the player ALREADY HAS one or more toys, he or she gives one to any other player.
If the player DOES NOT HAVE a toy, his or her turn is over
A) When a player land on a Picture Cloud Space and has les than three toys, OR has already told a story on that space, the player picks a toy from the Toy Bag. His or her turn ends.
B) When a player lands on a Picture Cloud Space, has three or more toys, and has NOT already told a story on that space, he or she tells a story. The story must include the setting shown and all of the player’s toys. For example: a player lands on the park Picture Cloud Space, then tells a story about a snake, a pig, and a lizard in the park. Upon finishing the story, she or he places one of her or his Story Chips on the Picture Cloud Space and returns all of her or his toys to the Toy Bag. The player DOES NOT need an exact spin to land on a Picture Cloud Space.
When a player finishes her or his move on a small cloud space with another Hot Air Balloon on it, that player pushes the opponent’s Hot Air Balloon to the nearest Picture Cloud Space. The player then completes her or his turn on the small cloud. When the pushed player’s turn comes, she or he starts from her or his new position on the Picture Cloud Space by spinning and moving to a new space.
Two or more players may be on a Picture Cloud Space at the same time.
The first player to tell a story and place her or his Story Chips on two different Picture Card Spaces wins the game! Play continues until all the players have told two stories.
1. Players spin the spinner and move in any direction.
2. Players follow the directions for the cloud spaces.
3. The first player to tell as story in two Picture Cloud Spaces wins the game. Play continues until all players have told two stories.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is a set of instructions for a game. It contains no unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful, and the themes are appropriate for all audiences. Therefore, it scores 0 points on the safety scale."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1130-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.ugames.com/rules/university_games/ShowAndTellGame.html",
"date": "2014-04-18T10:34:00",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533308.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00403-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9667764902,
"token_count": 551,
"score": 2.90625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:1c8c51ba-3601-406d-8bd8-8a5a209d1d07>
|
- Shopping Bag ( 0 items )
From Barnes & Noble
Those more formal called it "the Year Without a Summer"; the less reverent referred to it as "the Poverty Year" or "Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death." However conceptualized, 1816 brought with it an unpredicted global climate change event that had catastrophic effects on both sides of the Atlantic and Pacific. Caused by a volcanic eruption in distant Indonesia, the plunge in stateside temperatures led to droughts, floods, crop damage, famine, unemployment, food riots, disease, and large-scale migration westward. This book by historian William Klingaman (Abraham Lincoln & The Road to Emancipation) and meteorologist Nicholas Klingaman tracks the unfolding disaster of what one historian described as "the last great subsistence crisis in the Western world."
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"historical context\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is a historical description of the events surrounding the \"Year Without a Summer\" in 1816. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful and the themes are historical and educational in nature, making it fully appropriate for all audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1134-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "historical context"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-year-without-summer-william-k-klingaman/1111306181?ean=9781250012067",
"date": "2014-04-21T00:03:25",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539337.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00467-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9301377535,
"token_count": 170,
"score": 2.734375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:6b899f3a-a529-4a0f-b47e-0f0aa3c5b907>
|
There are many sources of 2010 census data for Chicago and vicinity. The Census Bureau's FactFinder2 allows you to download census data and GIS boundary files. Social Explorer (premium edition) allows you to make simple maps with 2010 census data. There are also many Websites with pre-made maps, e.g., a Chicago Tribune map showing population change by census tract.
GIS, as always, allows you to "personalize" your maps: to focus on particular phenomena or regions, to combine data from several sources, and to color the map in any way you choose.
Here are some 2010 census maps made with GIS at the University of Chicago Map Collection. They are set up to be comparable to the maps on the Map Collection's Chicago 1990 census maps and Chicago 2000 census maps Web pages:
Change in population, 2000-2010 (see note). Many of the trends established in earlier decades continued. There was considerable growth both on the outer edge of the metropolitan area--and in the central city. Farmland was still being converted to residential use on the urban edge, while, close to the Loop, population boomed in areas once largely given over to offices, factories, warehouses, or railroad yards. The areas of greatest decline continued to be inner-city low-income areas. The removal of high-rise housing projects made for some especially dramatic population drops. But there was growth for the first time in decades in some low-income predominantly African-American neighborhoods like Woodlawn and Oakland, where a considerable amount of new housing has been built. Also new: there was population decline in several gentrifying areas on the Far North Side. The pattern was complex in the generally stable outer parts of Chicago and in the inner suburbs.
Change in distribution of population by "race" and Hispanic status, 2000-2010 (see note). There was continued rapid growth of white population in favored neighborhoods near the Loop and on the North Side--as well as in the outer suburbs. Many of the long-established predominantly white neighborhoods in the outer city and inner suburbs lost some white population. There was continued decline of African-American population in many (but not all) low-income predominantly African-American neighborhoods. It appears that African-Americans have been moving into many largely white suburbs throughout the Chicago area. There was not nearly as much growth in Hispanic population in predominantly Hispanic Chicago neighborhoods as in the previous decades. Asians, like white people, tended to move outward and toward the city center. Many of the older North Side neighborhoods with substantial numbers of Asians lost some Asian population.
Change in per capita income, 1999-2005/2009 (see note). The demise of the long form makes it impossible to produce the kinds of maps and statistical analyses presented on the 1990 and 2000 census Web pages. The American Community Survey (ACS) is a partial substitute. It provides lower-quality data for running five-year periods. Data for the 2008/2012 period centered on 2010 will presumably not be available before late 2013. This map shows changes in per capita income for the period from 1999 to 2005/2009. The figures have been corrected for inflation. The spatial pattern of income change is rather complicated. There has been a continuation of some of the trends of earlier decades. Many non-Lakefront North and Northwest Side neighborhoods continued to gentrify--but so did some South and West Side neighborhoods, like Bronzeville and the Near West Side. Long-established well-off neighborhoods typically held their own while certain blue collar neighborhoods lost ground.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is entirely focused on the analysis and discussion of census data and demographic trends in Chicago. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for public use, educational environments, and general audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1135-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/collections/maps/chi2010.html",
"date": "2014-04-20T23:27:08",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539337.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00467-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9521982074,
"token_count": 720,
"score": 2.75,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:8285be1b-83fe-4ea3-b6db-ce9f7032c65f>
|
Experts have calculated that Americans throw out so much office paper alone that a year’s worth would stretch from Los Angeles to New York and stand 12 feet tall. While not done so much in America anymore, logging of the boreal forest in both Canada and Siberia is happening at such a lightning-quick pace, it is proving too speedy for many of the native songbirds that live there.
According to a 2007 report by produced by a coalition of environmental groups, known as The State of the Paper Industry. One of the most troublesome facts among the report’s findings is that the average American consumes more than 700 pounds of paper a year. Currently, the paper industry is listed as the fourth-largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions among all manufacturers listed, and thrown away paper accounts for one-third of all landfill waste. It was reported that reducing paper consumption by only 10% would produce savings equivalent to taking 280,000 cars off the road.
The problem gets even worse around the holiday season. That’s when Americans throw away up to 25% more garbage (five million tons more than the average daily amount of 3.5 pounds of garbage we usually throw away) between Thanksgiving and the New Year. About four million of those tons are made up of used wrapping paper and shopping bags. One website recently included a list of websites that sell cool, reusable bags you can buy that offer savings of some 12 million barrels of oil and 14 million trees that go just into the making of plastic and paper bags every year.
Some steps you can take to reduce the amount of paper made each year include cutting down on wrapping paper by reusing some gift bags or buying recycled gift wrap. Reuse cardboard boxes to pack things in whenever and where ever possible. You can even take a lesson from our grandparents and reuse wrapping paper taken from off gifts by removing it carefully, rather than just shredding it haphazardly from the packages you receive.
At the office or at home you can save by printing on the back of printer paper that doesn’t need to be used for clean copies you have to send out to clients. This option is especially useful for internal correspondence that will end up being shredded, anyway. One Hollywood production company has recently indicated that they reuse old scripts by printing new ones on the reverse side of old ones before recycling everything in the form of packing material produced from shredding old documents. You can also cut up used envelopes to make scrap paper.
Believe it or not, it is possible to find recycled paper products in almost all categories, these days. Other areas besides buying paper with a higher recycle content where you can make savings is in the form of paper towels, napkins and toilet tissue that is made of recycled materials. It may take a little work to find some of these items, but you can get your local stores to carry them. Ask for, then vote for this change with your wallet by buying as many of these products as you can.
The little changes you make will pay off in the end. Remember that each ton of recycled paper can save 17 trees, three cubic yards of landfill space and 4,000 kilowatts of energy. Your feathered friends will thank you, too.
Photo by: Willee Cole -
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses environmental issues related to paper consumption and waste, providing educational and informative content without any unsafe or inappropriate elements."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1136-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://agreenliving.net/purchase-recycled-paper-to-help-a-bird/",
"date": "2014-04-23T19:30:53",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203422.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00499-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9605113864,
"token_count": 663,
"score": 2.765625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:07ccd2c7-453e-4e0b-9520-d62e3ce67688>
|
A talk in India by Assistant Professor of Anthropology Shinu Abraham, on
archeological research in Kerala, India, indicates that "a new appraisal of the
State's ancient history" may be written, according to an account in one of two
newspapers that covered the lecture.
Stories about Abraham's talk, "Chiefdom, Kingdom, or State? Looking Outside India
to understand Ancient Kerala," at a history colloquium organized by the Kerala
Council for Historical Research appeared in both The Hindu,
India's national newspaper, and The
New Wind Press.
Kerala is a state on the tropical Malabar Coast of southwestern India. Abraham's
talk examined how archeological methods used in researching civilizations such as
the ancient Mayans, if used for researching Kerala, could yield new information about
social complexities of the area's ancient history.
More: Anthropology at St. Lawrence
Posted: June 19, 2008
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe provided text is a neutral academic discussion about archaeological research and historical analysis. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful, and the themes are purely educational and historical."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1137-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://mailto:[email protected]/netnews/shinuabrahamtalk.html",
"date": "2014-04-23T20:31:00",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203422.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00499-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9212346673,
"token_count": 193,
"score": 2.765625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:b81b139e-01ee-4b1e-aed4-ba91b36b25af>
|
Chefology: Truffles, Demystified
From truffle sex to truffles in Harvard Yard, here’s everything you ever needed to know about the prized fungi.
Now that we’re in the throes of truffle season, chefs and servers are busy shaving slices of fungal gold on dishes all over town. To better appreciate your next taste of these earthly delights, here’s what you need to know about the science of growing and eating truffles.
What exactly is a truffle and how does it relate to a mushroom?
Truffles are underground mushrooms. Normally when mushrooms have “sex” and disperse their offspring (spores), they do it out in the open. Those brightly colored mushrooms in the forest that look like caps or cups are typical mushrooms that pop up from the ground. These mushrooms are lined with spores that disperse, land in a new location, and grow to become a new fungus.
Truffles, however, prefer to have sex in the dark. The gills that drop the spores of a typical mushroom are packed together in truffles to form a sac. It’s these inverted mushroom sacs that truffle hunting dogs find buried in the soil. When you eat a slice of a truffle, you are eating millions of tiny little spores that would have grown up to become baby truffle fungi.
Every bite of truffle is packed full of thousands of microscopic spores. This summer truffle has been sliced in half to reveal a light interior where thousands of tiny sacs of microscopic spores (inset) are found.
Why are truffles so rare and expensive?
Truffles are rare because they only grow in very specific conditions. Unlike other mushrooms that grow on dead logs or in the soil (see our previous post on nature’s three ways to make a mushroom), truffles need a live plant to grow in a relationship called the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. The truffles get sugars from the roots of the tree and in return the truffles provide nutrients from the soil to their tree partner. Truffles only grow on certain types of trees, including oak, hazel, poplar, beech and pine.
The challenge in growing significant quantities of truffles is that you need to grow both the tree and the fungus—and you need them to cooperate with each other while a whole zoo of other microbes lurks in the soil. Scientists still don’t know all of the conditions that tell the fungus to make a truffle structure, so it’s impossible force truffles to grow. Growing the appropriate trees in the correct type of soil and climate is the best you can do—the rest is largely up to nature.
Most truffles are still harvested in Europe where they have been growing for millions of years. There has been considerable success growing high quality truffles in Australia and moderate success growing them in the United States.
What are the main types of truffles?
White truffles (Tuber magnatum)
The most highly prized, most aromatic, and most expensive truffles are the white truffles. Their season ranges from November to early January. Prices are usually near several thousand dollars a pound. This year’s white truffle season happens to be one of the best in a long time— it started early, prices are low (relatively speaking), and quality is high. If you’ve never had them, this is the season to try them.
A trio of this season’s white truffles at No. 9 Park.
Black truffles (Tuber melanosporum)
Black truffles are somewhat more woodsy and mushroomy than white truffles, and not as aromatic. But these have great truffle flavor and are available from December through March when they come from France as Périgord truffles. In our summer, we get them from Australia. Depending on the season, black truffles are usually half the cost of white truffles.
A cross-section of a Périgord black truffle.
Summer truffles (Tuber aestivum)
Like their cousin the black truffles, summer truffles and Burgundy truffles (Tuber uncinatum) are black on the outside. However, their interior is much lighter in color, ranging from light brown to white. These truffles tend to have minimal truffle flavor and instead have a simple mushroom earthiness. They’re the least expensive of all the truffles (about one tenth the cost of white truffles), and are available during summer where they come from Italy and France. These truffles are beautiful and delicious, but because of their simple flavor, they often leave people wondering about all the truffle hype.
A cross-section of a summer truffle.
The three species of truffle described above are the major types of truffles used in restaurants around the world. But there are several hundred truffle species found around the world, and some of these lesser known truffles may one day break into the culinary scene.
Numerous species of desert truffles grow in arid regions in Europe, Africa, and Asia, and have played important roles in the cultures of many desert societies. American pecan farmers have been getting some help from American truffle scientists to explore the ecology and culinary potential of the pecan truffle (Tuber lyonii). Truffles can even be found in our own backyards, although it’s very unlikely that they’d be a species that would taste good. During his Ph.D. research, Ben detected truffles under an oak tree in Harvard Yard.
What chemicals are responsible for providing truffles with their distinct flavors?
There are many volatile compounds that scientists have identified in truffles that contribute to their aromas. Each species has a different set of chemicals that provide unique aroma profiles. In a study of the white truffle, 37 different compounds were found to be associated with typical white truffle aroma.
The one compound that is thought to be common across all truffle species is dimethyl sulfide. This is a volatile sulfur compound that is commonly associated with rotten cabbage aromas in ripe cheeses. This same compound gives truffles their funky earthy notes. Interestingly, dimethyl sulfide is also a major contributor to the smell of farts.
What is the best way to incorporate a truffle into a dish?
Scott loves to pair the white truffle with a Parmigiano-Reggiano risotto or perfectly scrambled eggs. He also loves white truffles shaved over handmade tagliatelle with plenty of butter and Parm. When using truffles with pasta, make sure the pasta is hot to help bring out the volatiles of the fungi.
Pair black truffles with with beef. More specifically, we love it with a roasted ribeye, topped with a slice of seared foie gras, and a Madeira pan sauce. Black truffle also pairs well with surf and turf.
For summer truffle, you can shave it on on anything you’d like to use to impress someone. Scott tends to use a dish with broth so that the limited truffle flavor is dispersed and somewhat more pervasive. Braised lamb shoulder with, say, salsa verde and bagna cauda? Shave some summer truffle on it.
Why are European truffles becoming more difficult to get?
European truffle harvesters have noticed a steady decline in abundance of truffles over the last several decades. Scientists believe that climate change may be partly to blame. Summers are becoming dryer in many regions where truffles are grown and these dry summers inhibit the growth of truffle fungi. This could actually be a good thing for other parts of the world, however, where climate change is creating new environments where truffles could be grown.
Another threat to the future of European truffles are weedy Chinese truffles that are invading European truffle grounds. It’s unclear how they got there, but a truffle species from China (Tuber indicum) has been found in Italian truffle grounds. French truffle scientists freaked out in a paper published in 2008 when this discovery was made, because these truffles are thought to be more aggressive than the native truffles and could replace these highly prized species. The French believe that the Chinese truffles have much less flavor than their European counterparts. Chinese truffles are sometimes laced with synthetic truffle flavor and sold as fraudulent versions of their European truffle counterparts. Unlike a dandelion, it’s difficult to manage weedy fungi that spend most of their time underground. So the Europeans have little in the way of management options to protect their truffle heritage. Check out this awesome 60 Minutes report for more on the threats to the European truffle market.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"informative content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text is purely informative and educational, discussing the science and history of truffles without any unsafe or inappropriate content.",
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses the ecological and culinary aspects of truffles without any unsafe or inappropriate content. It is suitable for educational and general audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1138-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "informative content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1138-1",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.bostonmagazine.com/restaurants/blog/2013/12/05/chefology-truffles-demystified/",
"date": "2014-04-23T20:48:25",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203422.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00499-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9480034709,
"token_count": 1868,
"score": 3.109375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:5345d5f6-6115-4d3a-8700-84a0132a6988>
|
Galveston Island Texas
Galveston Island is a large border island found in the Gulf of Mexico on the Texas coast. Galveston Island is a part of the city of Galveston, although it maintains a culture distinct from the mainland metropolitan areas. Galveston Island covers a total of approximately sixty four square miles, with a population of about sixty thousand residents. Galveston Island is relatively flat, as are many other barrier islands, with its highest point measuring in at about twenty feet above sea level. Galveston Island was originally inhabited by Karankawa and Akokisa Native Americans, and eventually fell under Spanish and subsequently American control. The first known European settlement on Galveston Island was established in the year 1816 by Jao de la Porta. However, a more memorable part of Galveston Island’s history was headlined by the pirate Jean Latiffe, a notable privateer who eventually ran afoul of American authorities and was forced to leave the area. Galveston Island began to attract more residents after the Texas Revolution, and was actually the most heavily populated part of the state of Texas until the early 1900s. The reason for the island’s and city’s population decline in the early 1900s was Galveston Hurricane, a massive natural disaster that killed more than six thousand people and devastated the economy of the city.
Galveston is by far the largest population center found on Galveston Island and, like the island, takes its name from the Count of Galvez. Although it never fully recovered from the 1900 hurricane, the city of Galveston has a modern and diverse economy with a variety of different sectors, ranging from commerce and finance to health care and tourism. Some of the most popular attractions in Galveston are historical sites, including several dozen buildings noted on the National Register of Historic Places. Many of the buildings are concentrated in the East End, Cedar Lawn, Silk Stocking, and Denver Court Historic Districts. The Strand National Historic Landmark District is home to a number of historical sites in addition to many of Galveston Island’s best shopping and entertainment. Galveston enjoys a subtropical climate, meaning that the average temperature for any given month rarely surpasses ninety degrees Fahrenheit in the summer or falls below fifty degrees during the winter.
The Port of Galveston plays host to thousands of cruise ship customers during any given year, especially from the Carnival line of cruise ships. Plans are underway to create more Caribbean routes starting from and returning to Galveston Island, which is currently rated as the number one cruise ship port along the American Gulf Coast. Galveston Island is home to a number of festivals and cultural celebrations throughout the year, including Dickens on the Strand, Mardi Gras, and the Galveston Island Jazz and Blues Festival. Galveston Island and a number of surrounding ports are also home to the Texas Seaport Museum and Seawolf Park, which boast a number of historic ships. Other notable tourist attractions on Galveston Island include the Moody Gardens, the Galveston Schlitterbahn water park, the Lone Star Flight Museum, and the Galveston Railroad Museum.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is purely informational and historical in nature, detailing the geography, history, and attractions of Galveston Island. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1139-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.island-search.com/united-states/galveston-island-texas/",
"date": "2014-04-23T20:43:30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203422.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00499-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9594378471,
"token_count": 653,
"score": 3.46875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:ec90ea6f-7715-4691-be3a-44428d201529>
|
This commentary originally appeared on EDF's Texas Clean Air Matters blog.
Everywhere you turn these days, you hear someone mention the emergence of big data and how our lives will be more and more reliant on numbers. Well the world of electric cooperatives (co-ops) is no exception. Originally emerging out of the establishment of the Rural Electrification Administration, co-ops enabled rural farmers and ranchers to create customer-owned electric utilities in areas that are not serviced by traditional utilities.
I recently visited the Bluebonnet Electric Cooperative (Bluebonnet), one of the Texas’ largest co-ops providing energy to 14 counties, spanning the outskirts of Austin to Houston and boasting an impressive 11,000 miles of electric lines, 83,000 electric meters and 63,000 members. Who would have thought so much big data is coming out of rural Texas?
Unlike other traditional utilities, Bluebonnet does not generate any of its own electricity. Instead, it buys electricity from the Lower Colorado River Authority and CPS Energy, both pioneers for clean, renewable energy. Because of this, Bluebonnet is able to concentrate its energy (pun intended) on using new technologies to provide reliable power and enhance customer satisfaction.
Bluebonnet’s CEO Mark Rose and his staff recently gave me a tour of the co-op’s online dashboard, which provides Bluebonnet members with detailed information on their electricity use. The amount of information readily available to customers is impressive, and the dashboard acts as a great tool to boil down much of this big data into digestible, understandable formats. Bluebonnet members view the information on their own personal energy dashboards in three categories: cost, usage and environmental impact:
The cost tab displays your current monthly electricity bill, as well as a projected monthly bill for the following month based on previous usage. If you want to dive deeper (like I would), a different chart can show you your energy usage each day. On top of that, you can view hourly data to see what time of day you use the most energy.
All of this information empowers Bluebonnet members to control how they use energy and reduce electricity costs. Presently, the dashboard shows data with an eight hour delay, but Bluebonnet’s goal is to show energy data the exact moment it’s used (real-time), so that members can gain control and make savvy energy choices.
While the cost tab shows electricity in dollars and cents, the usage tab shows energy in terms of units (i.e. kilowatt-hours or kWh). This tab compares the current month’s energy consumption to the previous months, highlighting if you’ve increased or decreased your electricity use. Just like the cost tab, you have the option to view daily or hourly usage, but this time in kWh rather than dollars. Additionally, on its website Bluebonnet offers some effective tips for members looking to conserve energy. The site even shows a breakdown of how much energy appliances use nationally. For instance, heating and cooling use about 56% and refrigerators use about 5%.
Bluebonnet’s unique approach shows members the environmental impact of their energy decisions in the form of understandable, real-world comparisons such as pounds of trash produced, number of trees needed to offset pollution or exhaust produced from certain number of cars driving per day. These types of comparisons make our energy carbon footprints feel ‘real’ and, hopefully, manageable.
In addition to its dashboard, Bluebonnet has a mobile app that enables members to check their electricity usage from anywhere. Members can also sign up for email or text message alerts to notify them when their bill reaches a certain dollar amount, which makes saving money even easier.
One challenge the utility faces is insufficient internet access in many of the rural communities it serves. Poor internet access makes two-way communication between Bluebonnet and its members difficult, but the co-op understands this communication gap and is figuring out how to bridge this. Regardless, the co-op should be commended for making a serious commitment to becoming a leader in clean energy and providing health, environmental and economic benefits to its members.
In the future, Bluebonnet hopes to give its members even greater opportunities to manage the energy use and further reduce their electric bills. As the old saying goes, “knowledge is power”, especially when it comes to reducing our energy use and its environment impact.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses the use of big data in an electric cooperative and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It is suitable for all audiences and does not include any offensive language, adult themes, or references to illegal activities."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1141-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://blogs.edf.org/energyexchange/2013/07/23/texas-electric-co-op-at-forefront-of-customer-engagement/",
"date": "2014-04-25T02:24:50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207985.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00531-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9405534863,
"token_count": 907,
"score": 2.640625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:b80b88fa-6138-4ef2-bbf9-d94c3739384c>
|
- name of an imaginary realm in "Las sergas de Esplandián" ("Exploits of Espladán"), a romance by Spanish writer Garci Ordóñez de Montalvo, published in 1510. It was a sequel to his "Amadis de Gaula," and was said to have been influential among Spanish explorers of the New World. It could have led them to misidentify Baja California as this mythical land and to mistake it for an island. The Amadis tales are the Iberian equivalent of the Arthurian romances; they are older than 1510 (traces of them have been found mid-14c.) and were wildly popular. That conquistadors and sailors would have known the story in all its imaginative detail is hardly surprising.
Amadis de Gaula ... set a fashion: all later Spanish writers of books of chivalry adopted the machinery of Amadis de Gaula. Later knights were not less brave (they could not be braver than) Amadis; heroines were not less lovely (they could not be lovelier) than Oriana; there was nothing for it but to make the dragons more appalling, the giants larger, the wizards craftier, the magic castles more inaccessible, the enchanted lakes deeper. Subsequent books of chivalry are simple variants of the types in Amadis de Gaula: Cervantes made his barber describe it as 'the best of all books of this kind.' This verdict is essentially just. Amadis de Gaula was read everywhere, especially in the French version of Herberay des Essarts. It was done into Hebrew during the sixteenth century, and attracted readers as different as St Ignatius of Loyola and Henry of Navarre. Its vogue perhaps somewhat exceeded its merit, but its merits are not inconsiderable. [James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, "Spanish Literature," 1922 edition]
Where Montalvo got the name and what it means, if anything, is a mystery. Californian is attested from 1785. The element Californium (1950) was named in reference to University of California, where it was discovered.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"historical context\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe provided text discusses the historical context and influence of the fictional realm \"Califa\" from the romance \"Las sergas de Esplandián.\" It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The text is purely educational and informative, making it fully appropriate for all audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1143-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "historical context"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=California&allowed_in_frame=0",
"date": "2014-04-25T03:10:34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207985.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00531-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9746130109,
"token_count": 451,
"score": 2.828125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:eea0eb69-55ce-4152-b334-bd89b8553842>
|
Any experienced peanut producer knows that water is the key to a successful growing season. But more precisely, the amount and timing of rainfall or irrigation are keys to success, says John Beasley, University of Georgia Extension peanut specialist.
“This was never more evident than in 2001,” says Beasley. “We had a good year throughout the Peanut Belt, and much of that was due to rainfall. We were fortunate to receive abundant rainfall in Georgia during the month of June and again following Labor Day. The timing of rainfall or irrigation is absolutely critical.”
When scheduling irrigation, he says, it's important that growers maintain a “water balance.”
“You're trying to balance the rainfall or irrigation your crop receives with evaporation from the soil and transpiration from the crop itself. You want to balance the amount of water coming in versus the amount of water going out,” says the agronomist.
Scheduling peanut irrigation efficiently requires that growers know their soil types, he continues.
“You also need to know your equipment limitations. Are you using a center pivot, cable-tow or hard-hose system? And, in a few isolated cases, growers might be using risers with sprinklers. It's important to know the capacity of these systems. It may take an entire week to for some pivots to make a circle and put out three fourths inch of water,” he says.
The water resource is another important consideration, says Beasley. “Is it underground or surface water? We've seen situations, especially in recent drought years, where growers have had limited underground water. The amount of water available becomes even more critical if you're irrigating with surface water. You need to know your water limitations so you can preserve water and use it for the most critical times,” he says.
Some crops need more water than others, says Beasley, and growers need to know the physiological growth stages of the crops they're managing.
“If you're growing peanuts and cotton, you need to know when each of the crops have their highest water requirement. Peanuts have a very low water requirement early in the season. But as you progress though the season, particularly at 85 to 105 days, the peak evapo-transpiration rate is about .03 inch per day.
“If your method of scheduling irrigation is to try and replace the water that's lost, peanuts will need about 2 inches of water per week during this peak period. In other words, any rainfall received should be supplemented with irrigation to equal 2 inches of water per week, especially in the latter growth stages.”
The peanut growth season is divided into four stages, explains Beasley. These include germination and emergence, early vegetation, fruiting and maturation.
“Germination and emergence covers planting through vegetative emergence. If you don't have moisture in the soil when you plant, you won't get adequate germination and emergence, and the plant won't establish a strong root system.”
The early vegetative stage, he says, covers from the time plants emerge until they start blooming. Susceptibility to drought is very low during this period, he adds.
“Peanut plants can survive with very little water during this stage, provided you have a good, uniform stand, a healthy, developing root system and no hardpan limiting root growth. During this stage, the deep root system of a peanut plant can utilize water deep in the soil profile to help maintain the plant vegetatively until it starts to bloom.”
The fruiting period covers from bloom to early pegging and through pod fill, says Beasley. Peanuts in this stage of growth are highly susceptible to drought.
“This is the critical stage at which you can get the highest yield reduction from a lack of water. You absolutely need to use your water during this time. But once you get to within one month of harvest, the water requirements begin to decrease. During this later period, you don't want the peanuts to be stressed. This creates conditions favorable for the development of aflatoxin.”
Growers should be aware of any water deficits or stress during each peanut growth period, says Beasley. Stress occurring during the first critical 30-day period could result in reduced flowering and pegging, he adds, eventually leading to a loss in yields.
“You must have water during that first fruiting stage. During early season drought stress, you'll see a delay in flowering. You should go ahead and water once the plant reaches the stage where it's trying to bloom and flower. You could see some reduced root growth during this early stage, and that could hurt you down the road. If growth is reduced early, and the plant goes into stress later in the season, the plant will wilt much quicker. Don't over-use water during the early vegetative stage, but don't let the plant become stressed.”
The greatest yield reduction in peanuts can occur from a lack of water during the 50- to 110-day growth period, says Beasley.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is entirely focused on agricultural advice and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It discusses the importance of water management in peanut production without any offensive language, illegal activities, or other concerning elements."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1145-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://southeastfarmpress.com/timing-critical-watering-peanuts",
"date": "2014-04-17T10:06:59",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526311.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00043-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9708520174,
"token_count": 1060,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:475684f6-6c80-46e3-bbe5-8ca66dcbb0b5>
|
Gingivitis – What you need to know about it
Gingivitis is an oral problem many people face today. In the paragraphs below, we’ll take a look at what it is, causes, symptoms, and how to cure gingivitis. With this knowledge you will know exactly what to do if you are diagnosed with it and how to prevent this condition from developing.
What is Gingivitis?
It is the most common type of gum disease. Although it isn’t too harmful at first, it can lead to much larger problems such as loss of teeth or bleeding gums. Unfortunately, gingivitis isn’t always detectable, though there is usually a sign of swelling or inflammation. An unnoticeable, small case of gingivitis can become a major concern if left untreated for some time, so it is best to schedule a cleaning and check-up at Smile Concepts every six months to prevent it and any other disease.
If you have any symptoms of gingivitis Call us Now on 02 9268 0778. Discover how we can Help YOU with LASERS!
1. Normal, Healthy Gingiva(Gums)
Healthy gums and bone anchor teeth firmly in place.
Plaque and its byproducts irritate the gums, making them tender, inflamed, and likely to bleed.
Unremoved , plaque hardens into calculus(tartar). As plaque and calculus continue to build up, the gums begin to recede(pull away)from the teeth, and pockets form between the teeth and gums.
4. Advanced Periodontitis
The gums recede farther, destroying more bone and the periodontal ligament. Teeth-even healthy teeth-may become loose and need to be extracted.
How is Gingivitis Caused?
There are a number of factors that can cause gingivitis to develop. Improper oral hygiene is the number one cause here, so make sure to brush and floss twice a day. If you skip a day or two, the plaque will accumulate thus causing hard build-ups to form known at tartar or calculus. When this occurs there is no doubt that you will soon have gingivitis.
Do I Have Gingivitis?
As said, gingivitis can attack at any time without you ever noticing. Although it can sneak in unsuspectingly, there are several sure signs of the symptoms commonly associated with it. The symptoms include bad breath, sensitive teeth, bleeding gums, receding gums, swollen gums, sore gums, loose teeth, and inflammation. If you have any of these then you’ll want to head to this dentist as soon as possible.
Treatment for Gingivitis
The best cure for gingivitis is to prevent it, so if you take proper care of your teeth then odds are that you won’t ever have to worry about it. For those that suspect they may have it, please send us an email or give us a call so that we can treat your gingivitis in Sydney. We will create a gingivitis treatment plan that will include several factors such as a special prescription mouthwash, detailed cleaning, a brushing and flossing plan to be strictly followed, and we’ll show you the proper teeth cleaning techniques you can do at home. Schedule an appointment today to get started on a treatment plan for gingivitis.
See Gum Disease Treatments for more information.
If you would like more information on please Call us Now on 02 9268 0778 or click here to send in your details.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational content with no unsafe elements\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text is purely educational and informative, providing information about gingivitis, its causes, symptoms, and treatment. There are no unsafe elements, inappropriate language, or harmful themes."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1146-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational content with no unsafe elements"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.lasergumtreatment.com.au/gingivitis.php",
"date": "2014-04-17T06:40:50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526311.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00043-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9249970317,
"token_count": 757,
"score": 2.875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:7b4a9bf9-89fe-4cb5-966a-8d9b2d4a1f2b>
|
One who fixes or repairs pipes. Plumber has a "b" in it because pipes were originally made of lead, (lead seemed a logical choice at the time, because of its resiliancy against rust... then people discovered what lead poisening was, and rust no longer seemed so bad!) and lead's abbreviation on the periodic table is pb (derived from its latin name).
Plumbers are given little respect, but we wouldn't want to try to live without them.
Someone who evades projectiles in an online video game such as Halo by jumping constantly. The word is a reference to Mario, the famous jumping plumber who's the hero of the Nintendo games Donkey Kong and Super Mario Bros.
This plumber keeps jumping around so much that he never gets hit!
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n- **Content:** The text discusses the etymology of the word \"plumber\" and provides a humorous reference to a character in video games. There is no unsafe or inappropriate content.\n- **Language:** The language used is respectful and educational.\n- **Themes:** The themes are related to the history of words and video games, which are appropriate for all audiences.\n- **Suitability:** Fully appropriate for all audiences, including children and educational environments."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1147-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Plumber&defid=4752600",
"date": "2014-04-17T06:40:41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526311.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00043-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9720495343,
"token_count": 162,
"score": 2.59375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:f9cac37c-945f-4d6c-b21b-499ee772422b>
|
A few weeks ago one of the members of our astronomy club posted a picture that he had taken of several Geosynchronous Satellites that he had recently had taken. After firing off a quick e-mail to my Satellite Samuri Leo Taylor, I managed to get enough information to take a shot at it myself. Last night (March 15th) after photographing the ISS cross overhead, I was primed to chase a few satellites myself. Well, chasing is the wrong terminology when trying to capture an image of them. Basically all you need is a camera, a lens at least 180 mm long, and a tripod. Use the highest asa/iso that you can. Point it to an area that there is Geosynchronous Satellites and expose for about 1.5 to 2 minutes. This is what you can get.
The region I choose to shoot was just below M42 (The Orion Nebula). That is the large reddish object at the top of the photograph. Below it are 3 satellites going across the image. They are just points of light not moving, while the stars leave trails as they move across the sky. Sat-Mex 5, ANIK F3, and ECHOSTAR 7. Locations for these satellites are eaily found on the internet, or I used a astronomy program called The Sky 6, which actually plotted them on a star chart for me. Now, how simple is that to add to your astrophoto collection!
There are approximately 300 operational geosynchronous satellites.
Geostationary satellites appear to be fixed over one spot above the equator. Receiving and transmitting antennas on the earth do not need to track such a satellite. These antennas can be fixed in place and are much less expensive than tracking antennas. These satellites have revolutionized global communications, television broadcasting and weather forecasting, and have a number of important defense and intelligence applications. (Wikipedia)
I also found a bonus when I looked at this frame. I captured a meteoroid in it just below M42.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational and informative content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text is purely educational and informative, discussing the process of photographing geosynchronous satellites and their importance in various applications. There is no unsafe content, inappropriate language, or harmful themes."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1148-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational and informative content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.ctcameraeye.com/?p=1191",
"date": "2014-04-18T15:53:26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533957.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00075-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9573740363,
"token_count": 410,
"score": 2.5625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:fbd0f763-092c-492b-8703-6d5dd300e352>
|
The nest, which had been incubating in the sand since the end of July, was excavated by MARP and staff from the National Park Service and Maryland Department of Natural Resources late last month before the arrival of high winds and waves from Hurricane Sandy.
The area off Maryland’s eastern shore never has had a confirmed viable sea turtle nest until now. Our MARP team is working closely with various representatives from North Carolina that are experienced with sea turtle nest incubation and hatchlings, including North Carolina State Wildlife Resources Commission, North Carolina Aquarium, and NC State University, to determine the needs of the nest.
The live turtle hatchling is swimming strongly and enjoying supervised deep dives to build endurance. The baby has become stronger and stronger every day and recently reached a milestone by enjoying its first overnight swim. The MARP team is closely monitoring its health while providing antibiotics as a precaution.
The turtle nest was found in sand that was approximately 66 degrees; low temperatures lessen the success rate of turtle nests. Following the arrival of the nest, our team has raised the temperature of the nest to 80 degrees. The eggs require time, moisture and heat, which the MARP team is providing at our off-site Animal Care Center. So far, there is no activity from the nest itself but we are monitoring it closely. According to North Carolina State Wildlife Resources Commission, the hatch success of loggerhead sea turtle nests in North Carolina is about 75%. Unfortunately, nests laid at higher latitudes have a decreased chance of hatch success, which is due to lower temperatures and increased incubation time.
The average incubation time for a loggerhead nest in warmer climates is 70 days. Due to the colder temperatures, nests in the Maryland area require more time, not hatching for more than 100 days. Last year, a nest was found in Delaware that did not hatch until day 109. Information from these nests is being collected and evaluated by the National Aquarium, Maryland Department of Natural Resources and the National Park Service, to aid in drafting sea turtle nesting guidelines for Maryland.
National Aquarium team members hope to rehabilitate the young turtle hatchling to a point where it is strong enough to be released. They plan to release it into warmer waters in conjunction with North Carolina State Wildlife Resources Commission and North Carolina Aquarium.
Stay tuned to hear more about this rescue here on our WATERblog!
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses the incubation and monitoring of a sea turtle nest and hatchling. It contains no unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful, and the themes are educational and focused on conservation efforts."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1150-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://nationalaquarium.wordpress.com/tag/north-carolina-state-wildlife-resources-commission/",
"date": "2014-04-19T22:40:08",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537754.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00107-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9606652856,
"token_count": 482,
"score": 2.796875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:7681bbf8-afb9-40a8-924f-33490e333770>
|
Augustus “Gus” Vanech (1947-1951)
Early History/Schooling: Augustus Devitt Vanech was born in 1906 in New York City and grew up in Stamford, Connecticut prior to attending Peekskill Military Academy in New York. He received an undergraduate law degree from the Washington College of Law in 1936 and an LL.M. from Catholic University in 1944.
Tenure as AAG: Vanech was appointed to the position of Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Lands Division in 1947 by President Truman, and remained in that role until 1951. During his tenure, the Division primarily worked on eminent domain cases and Indian land disputes. While many of the wartime acquisitions had been settled by 1947, the Division continued to acquire some land for purposes of national defense, notably in New Mexico for testing of modern bombs. The Division’s litigation also turned back to “peacetime activities” including dam and reservoir cases, irrigation projects, forestry cases, and power company litigation. During Vanech’s tenure as AAG, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government has rights superior to those of state governments with respect to oil in the marginal sea, and that jurisdiction over these lands was transferred to the Interior Department. One of the major projects during Vanech’s tenure was the acquisition of land for the Central Valley Project in California, a federal water project which brought millions of acre feet of water to California cities and farms annually. Additionally, between June 1948 and June 1949, 47 cases were filed before the Indian Court of Claims, with aggregate claims totaling $5,530,000,000. The Division’s case load continued to increase throughout Vanech’s tenure.
Career: Before joining the Justice Department, Vanech worked in the real estate and insurance industries while living in Stamford, Connecticut. Throughout his nearly two decade career in the Department, Vanech was promoted to increasingly important positions. In 1933, he was appointed Special Assistant to Attorney General Homer S. Cummings. In 1946, he was appointed Chairman of President Truman’s Temporary Commission on Employee Loyalty, tasked with investigating federal employees with ties to communist organizations. In 1951, Vanech was promoted from AAG to Deputy Attorney General under Attorney General James McGrath. Amid controversy that he had improperly obtained a license to practice law in Tennessee after failing bar examinations several times in Washington, D.C. and Virginia, Vanech resigned his post as Deputy Attorney General in 1952. Later that year, he pursued an unsuccessful Senate campaign in his home state of Connecticut, failing to secure the Democratic nomination. Afterwards, Vanech opened a civil law practice in Washington, D.C. where he worked until his death in 1967.
Personal: Vanech was married to Margaret Mary McAuliffe, and they had a son, Michael.
This material is based on the review of a variety of historical sources, and its accuracy cannot be guaranteed. If you have any corrections or additional information about this individual or about the history of the Division, please contact ENRD.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"historical accuracy and content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe text provided is a historical biography of Augustus Vanech, detailing his education, career, and personal life. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful and the themes are appropriate for all audiences. Therefore, it is safe for public use, educational environments, and general audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1151-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "historical accuracy and content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.justice.gov/enrd/4778.htm",
"date": "2014-04-19T22:42:07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537754.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00107-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9781507254,
"token_count": 634,
"score": 2.59375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:5ebb260b-1513-47a6-8c9b-88f1796217a6>
|
By Atreyee Bhattacharya
Around 5 p.m. every evening the usual humdrum of the day starts to wind down at Birch Aquarium at Scripps. As the guests leave, voices and footsteps gradually fade away. A sealed underwater microphone switches on in a behind-the-scenes tank.
By night there is a cacophony of noises–munching, grabbing, calling or just moving. Simon Freeman wants nothing more than to hear this late night cacophony. He would like to understand what these sounds can tell us about the animals and their ecosystem
Freeman is a graduate student in the Marine Physical Laboratory at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Working with Michael Buckingham, a professor of acoustics, he uses sound to monitor animal populations under the sea, noting that sound travels better and for longer distances in water than in air.
The idea of recording noises in the ocean is not new. Using hydrophones, specially designed microphones to record underwater sounds, scientists have been listening to animal sounds in the ocean since the 1940s. A pattern has emerged in the oceans: during the day, the noise level is low. After dark, the noise level increases.
At night, smaller marine animals take advantage of the fact that predators cannot see them. They come out of their hiding places to feed making incidental noises as they move about. These noises have features that are different than other sounds these animals make, such as mating calls. Freeman believes that incidental noise can be used to estimate the number and species of animals in a given area.
The technique could come just in time to document rapid changes in ecologically sensitive ocean areas such as coral reefs, which face threats from ocean acidification, pollution, and abrupt changes in ocean water temperature. One indication of the health of reefs is the number of animals present there. Annual surveys involving dives and underwater photography are conducted to monitor different aspects of coral reef health. The surveys are costly and require long planning and coordination.
Freeman’s research on ocean noise aims to develop a low-cost method to continuously monitor numbers of organisms on coral reefs. For his experiment, he is using hydrophones in shrimp tanks at Birch Aquarium at Scripps to record incidental sound.
“Shrimp have tough skeletons and when they walk on hard coral surfaces, it makes clearly recordable noise,” said Freeman.
In the tanks, there are a known number of shrimp so it is an ideal location to calibrate the noise to the number of animals. For the next year, Freeman will continue to listen to hours of underwater sound. He will be pondering questions such as how scientists can successfully record incidental noise made by animals in the ocean, how one can use recorded noise to estimate the number of individuals and whether particular species make noises that have distinct characteristics.
The process, however, is time-consuming. To get a two-minute recording of useful incidental noise, a researcher may have to record continuously for 48 hours.
“But the low cost of the measuring devices and potential for having a continuous record of ecological parameters more than makes up for it,” said Freeman.
– Atreyee Bhattacharya has a Ph.D. in earth science from Harvard University and is a visiting student at the Geosciences Research Division at Scripps
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content identified\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe text is a scientific article about marine acoustics research and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It discusses the use of sound to monitor animal populations in the ocean and does not include any offensive language, illegal activities, or sensitive themes."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1152-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content identified"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/2920",
"date": "2014-04-19T22:40:58",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537754.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00107-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9497494102,
"token_count": 682,
"score": 3.59375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:6d5870e3-9e58-46ef-a935-728eda22b2ae>
|
The irrepressible Kang boys are now credited with the invention of paper. The three brothers struggle to concentrate on their math as they write their answers on the ground with sticks, an early Chinese method of doing schoolwork, but playing with bugs distracts them. Annoyed, their teacher prints a note to their parents on each of their hands and admonishes them to hold their arms in the air so the ink will dry without smudging. Ting, Pan, and K—ai try to hide the messages as they race through the village, but everyone they pass asks to read what the schoolmaster has written. Their shame leads to a search for something better to write on. While helping Mama make mash for rice cakes, K—ai suggests that they soak their mother's silk sewing scraps the same way. After several days of waiting and vigorous mashing, the boys pour the pulp into the trays used to drain mashed rice. Now they have an invention that will keep their teacher's comments a secret from prying eyes. Cut-paper illustrations are a fitting accompaniment to this amusing account of the discovery of papermaking. With bold black outlines and vivid coloration against a white, marbled background, the artwork captures the action as the boys exercise their ingenuity. Endnotes include information about the origin of paper and simple instructions for making it in a mason jar.
Ying gives an overview of the book:
Award winning author and dynamic public speaker, Ying is the author of many children's books, cookbooks and a novel. Ying has been featured on many national television programs and she has been profiled in national magazines and newspapers.
Ying has visited schools...
As the associate food editor of Whole Living, you better believe that a lot of cookbook galleys cross my desk each week. Every so often there's one that truly embodies the spirit of food and...
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is a description of a children's book and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It is suitable for all audiences and does not include any language, themes, or references that would be considered unsafe."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1153-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://redroom.com/member/ying-c-compestine/books/the-story-of-paper",
"date": "2014-04-21T06:26:43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539493.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00139-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9703525901,
"token_count": 384,
"score": 2.6875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:1eb8e1df-d766-481a-aa5b-89870e2842da>
|
Skip to a section in this page:
Navigate to a main section,
the navigation within each section,
or the main content.
Program Ojectives and Learning Outcomes
The educational objectives of the Computer Science program are as follows:
- Graduates will be capable of productive employment in a computing technology field.
- Graduates will have an understanding of ethical responsibility and service toward
their peers, employers and society.
- Graduates will be able to communicate effectively and work collaboratively.
- Graduates will be able to adapt and grow as work conditions and responsibilities change
with technology and globalization.
Graduates of the Computer Science program will be able to:
- Analyze a computer based solution in software and hardware,
- Design a computer based solution in software and hardware,
- Implement and evaluate a computer based solution in software and hardware,
- Demonstrate an understanding of the local and global societal impact of computing,
- Demonstrate awareness of professional, ethical and social responsibilities related
- Communicate effectively (written & orally),
- Function on teams,and
- Demonstrate recognition of the need for life-long learning and professional development.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is entirely focused on educational objectives and learning outcomes for a Computer Science program. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and educational environments."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1155-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "https://www.southernct.edu/academics/schools/arts/departments/computerscience/outcomes.html",
"date": "2014-04-21T06:25:39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539493.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00139-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9006016254,
"token_count": 242,
"score": 2.640625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:9fbf2ea6-c853-476c-b525-09bccdd6ebbd>
|
Today is a day to celebrate, reflect and mourn.
More than 17 years ago, the United Nations General Assembly declared that on May 3 of each year, we should honor the principles of a free press, remind governments of their duty to uphold the right to freedom of expression, and pay tribute to those journalists who have made sacrifices and even died in the line of the duty.
(More on TIME.com: See a video of the fight for press freedom in Tunisia)
This year, the day’s theme is centered around “21st Century Media: New Frontiers, New Barriers.” “In 2011, the focus of the celebration is on the potential of the Internet and digital platforms as well as the more established forms of journalism in contributing to freedom of expression, democratic governance, and sustainable development,” the World Press Freedom Day 2011 website says.
(More on TIME.com: See the best and worst places to be a journalist)
A conference organized by UNESCO and the U.S. State Department for the occasion is being held in Washington at the Newseum, a museum devoted to the history of the press and to freedom of expression.
According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, 145 journalists are currently in prison and 861 have been killed since 1992. And beyond that, press freedoms are still restricted in many countries.
So today, we salute those people and organizations worldwide who continue to bring us valuable information, even despite all of the obstacles (big or small) that they may encounter.
(More on TIME.com: Read about two journalists arrested in Britain’s new phone-hacking probe)
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text is a tribute to press freedom and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It is suitable for all audiences and promotes positive values such as freedom of expression and respect for journalists."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1156-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/05/03/world-press-freedom-day-united-nations-reflects-on-free-expression/",
"date": "2014-04-24T01:59:03",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223204388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032004-00171-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9409806132,
"token_count": 339,
"score": 2.765625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:a3194bae-4eff-4f4a-bc82-93b90739bdae>
|
Space Acceleration Measurement System-II (SAMS-II) is an ongoing study of the small forces (vibrations and accelerations) on the International Space Station (ISS) resulting from the operation of hardware, crew activities, dockings and maneuvering. Results generalize the types of vibrations affecting vibration-sensitive experiments. Investigators seek to better understand the vibration environment on the ISS.Facility Manager(s)
ZIN Technologies Incorporated, Cleveland, OH, United States
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)Expeditions Assigned
2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19/20,21/22,23/24,25/26,27/28,29/30,31/32Previous ISS Missions
SAMS, the precursor to SAMS-II flew on numerous shuttle flights since STS-40, including STS-107 (Columbia) which was lost in 2003. SAMS-II has been operating on ISS since Expedition 2.
Space Acceleration Measurement System-II (SAMS-II) measures vibrations from vehicle acceleration, systems operations, crew movements, and thermal expansion and contraction. Multiple Remote Triaxial Sensor (RTS) systems directly monitor individual experiments. Each RTS is capable of measuring between 0.01 Hz to beyond 300 Hz of vibration, also known as g-jitter. The RTSs consist of two components: the RTS sensor enclosure (SE) and the RTS electronics enclosure (EE). The RTS-SE, placed as close to the experiment as possible, translates the g-jitter into a digital signal. The RTS-EEs provide power and command signals for up to 2 RTS-SEs and receive the g-jitter data from the RTS-SEs. The RTSs are linked together by the Interim Control Unit (ICU), which coordinates the various RTS systems being used throughout the station. Eventually, the ICU will be replaced by a full-fledged Control Unit (CU), which will allow on board data analysis and direct feedback and will permit crew to control the measurement parameters. The main component of the ICU is a computer. Once the ICU receives the measurements from the RTS systems, it checks the data for completeness, and then sends the data to the SAMS-II Ground Operations Equipment in the TeleScience Center at Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, OH.
SAMS-II measures subtle vibrations that affect only certain types of experiments and is not operational all the time. SAMS-II operates from the Glenn Research Center Telescience Support Center as needed. The ICU laptop has the capacity to save up to ten hours of data from five sensors working at maximum frequency range. This capacity is intended to act as a backup if downlink services are interrupted.
One of the major goals of the ISS is to provide a quiescent low-gravity environment to perform fundamental scientific research. However, small disturbances aboard the ISS impact the overall environment in which experiments are being performed. Such small disturbances need to be measured in order to assess their potential impact on the experiments. The Space Acceleration Measurement System - II (SAMS-II) is used on board the ISS to do just that.
SAMS-II measures accelerations caused by vehicle, crew, and experiment disturbances. SAMS-II measures the vibratory/transient accelerations, which occur in the frequency range of 0.01 - 400 Hz. The sensors measure the accelerations electronically and transmit the data to the Interim Control Unit (ICU) located in the EXPRESS Rack drawer. Data is collected from all the sensors and downlinked to the TeleScience Center at Glenn Research Center. The acceleration data is processed and made available to the microgravity scientific community at Principal Investigator Microgravity Services.
SAMS-II measures vibratory acceleration disturbances in microgravity and non-microgravity modes of ISS operations. Current data indicate that ISS is not meeting its microgravity mode design requirement, and that there is no clear reduction in these disturbances during crew sleep periods (DeLombard et al. 2005).
SAMS-II has collected over 3.4 terabytes of acceleration data, much of which have been processed and analyzed to characterize the reduced gravity environment on board the ISS in order to help science teams understand the ISS environment. SAMS-II, began to have some computer difficulties at the beginning of Expedition 12 (October 2005); the harddrive was replaced at the end of Expedition 14 (April 2007) and SAMS-II functions nominally on an as-needed basis.
Kelly EM, Keller J, McPherson K. Acceleration environment of the ISS. 47th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Orlando, FL; 2009; Orlando, FL.
Goto M, Kelly EM, Keller J, McPherson K. Acceleration Measurement Opportunities on the International Space Station. 59th International Astronautical Congress. Glasgow, Scotland; 2008; Glasgow, Scotland.
DeLombard R, Hrovat K, Kelly EM, McPherson K. Microgravity Environment on the International Space Station. 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit; 2004; Reno, NV.
DeLombard R, Jules K, Hrovat K, Kelly EM, McPherson K. An Overview of the Microgravity Environment of the International Space Station Under Construction. 40 th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reno, NV; 2002
DeLombard R, Humphreys BT, Hrovat K, Kelly EM. Interpreting the International Space Station Microgravity Environment. 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV; 2005
Grodsinsky C, Jules K, Hrovat K, Kelly EM, McPherson K, Reckart T. International Space Station Increment-3 Microgravity Environment Summary Report. NASA Technical Memorandum; 2002.
Jules K, Hrovat K, Kelly EM, Reckart T. International Space Station Increment 6/8 Microgravity Environment Summary Report November 2002 to April 2004. NASA Technical Memorandum; 2006.
Jules K, Hrovat K, Kelly EM, McPherson K, Reckart T. International Space Station Increment-2 Microgravity Environment Summary Report. NASA Technical Memorandum; 2002.
Wright T. Spread and Spread Recorder An Architecture for Data Distribution. NASA Technical Memorandum; 2006.
DeLombard R. Disturbance of the microgravity environment by experiments. Proceedings of the AIP Conference; 2000 614-618.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```",
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content found\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is a series of references and citations related to research and studies on the International Space Station and microgravity environments. There is no unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content in the text. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and does not require any safety score."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1157-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1157-1",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content found"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/SAMS-II_prt.html",
"date": "2014-04-24T02:12:26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223204388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032004-00171-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8636702895,
"token_count": 1387,
"score": 2.578125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:572d1f43-6a47-4b47-8bef-4aef0c081d71>
|
3-D medical scans have moved beyond the novelty stage and are now being used to save lives helping heart surgeons in the operating room.
The technology helps doctors scan the heart and look at it in the front, back and sides.
By allowing surgeons to see these type of images, they can plan the operation the day before to their advantage.
The 3-D ultrasound also measures the strength of the heartbeat. If it weakens, they can change or adjust medication.
Duke Medical Center in North Carolina and Children's Hospital in Boston also have this technology.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content found\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text discusses the use of 3-D medical scans in medical procedures, which is entirely appropriate and beneficial for public use, educational environments, and general audiences. There are no unsafe elements, inappropriate language, or references to illegal activities."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1158-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content found"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.wilx.com/news/headlines/194246.html",
"date": "2014-04-24T01:58:23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223204388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032004-00171-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9473578334,
"token_count": 115,
"score": 2.890625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:904551c3-527b-4a9b-bec9-f83ade164dc5>
|
Dinosaurs are not the only animals with unusual features--think of a porcupine's quills or a peacock's tail. Indeed, many creatures have bizarre structures like horns, trunks, tusks, shells and more. Dinosaurs didn't stop with horns either, but had crests, spikes, domes, armor or plates.
Illustration © John Sibbick
Consider the duck-billed dinosaurs, or hadrosaurs. Famous for their distinctive beaks, some duckbills also had another interesting feature: large, hollow, sweeping crests on the tops of their skulls. The crests were covered in skin that may have been brightly colored. Some scientists think hadrosaur crests could have been used as part of mating rituals, much as peacocks use their tails. Duckbills with the most spectacular crests might have been the most attractive to members of the opposite sex.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content found\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses the unique features of dinosaurs and other animals in a factual and educational manner. There is no inappropriate language, harmful themes, or unsafe content that would warrant a higher score."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1160-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content found"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/dinosaurs-ancient-fossils-new-discoveries/display-or-defense/strangely-familiar",
"date": "2014-04-25T09:14:41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223211700.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032011-00203-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9727745652,
"token_count": 189,
"score": 3.78125,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:281be542-9b93-4ec6-a71c-98047c8393d2>
|
DIMITT'S LANDING. Dimitt's Landing was a transshipment point between seagoing vessels and wagon trains to the interior on the west bank of the Lavaca River near its mouth at northeastern Lavaca Bay, now in Jackson County. It was founded in 1832 by Philip Dimmitt and was basically a pier and a warehouse for handling imports. In March 1836 the remnants of William Wardqv's Georgia Battalion, after finding Victoria occupied by Mexican troops, marched to Dimitt's Landing in hopes of boarding a vessel to escape. On March 22 Ward's command halted within two miles of its destination to slaughter a beef and reconnoiter. There they were overtaken and forced to surrender by units of Mexican cavalry. Most were subsequently killed in the Goliad massacre on March 27. After independence the site was used as a port until Dimmitt's death in 1841.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.C. D. George, "DIMITT'S LANDING," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hvd26), accessed April 25, 2014. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"historical context without unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n*Explanation:*\nThe provided text is a historical description of Dimitt's Landing, which is a neutral and factual account of a historical site and event. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or offensive content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and educational environments."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1161-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "historical context without unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hvd26",
"date": "2014-04-25T09:21:20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223211700.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032011-00203-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9673680067,
"token_count": 271,
"score": 2.984375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:51939ea3-6290-43f5-b82a-0b903e4bd6e0>
|
First Full Week Of Summer Is ‘Lightning Awarness Week’ [AUDIO]
Did you know if you’re close enough to hear thunder, you’re close enough to be struck by lightning?
It’s true. That’s why the motto for this week is “When Thunder Roars, Go Indoors.”
The first full week of Summer is always “Lightning Awareness Week” as proclaimed by the National Weather Service.
An average of 55 Americans are killed each year by lightning.
In fact, there have even been cases where people have been struck by lightning from a storm 10 to 12 miles away.
According to a lightning specialist with the National Weather Service, most of those killed were taking part in leisure activities at the time they were struck.
Most were outside – either fishing, camping or boating.
ABC News has more on what you can do to protect yourself.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational and informative content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text is purely educational and informative, providing safety awareness information about lightning. It does not contain any unsafe or inappropriate content, derogatory language, or references to illegal activities."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1162-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational and informative content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://kxrb.com/first-full-week-of-summer-is-lightning-awarness-week-audio/",
"date": "2014-04-17T09:36:37",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609527423.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005207-00379-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9755764604,
"token_count": 197,
"score": 2.640625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:3412078e-2e1b-40cc-b955-376671ac2f61>
|
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – An MIT research team’s latest finding suggests that stem cell therapies for the brain could be much more complicated than previously thought.
In a study published in the Public Library of Science (PloS) Biology on Nov. 13, MIT scientists report that adult stem cells produced in the brain are pre-programmed to make only certain kinds of connections—making it impossible for a neural stem cell originating in the brain to be transplanted to the spinal cord, for instance, to take over functions for damaged cells.
Some researchers hope to use adult stem cells produced in the brain to replace neurons lost to damage and diseases such as Alzheimer’s. The new study calls this into question.
“It is wishful thinking to hope that adult stem cells will be able to modify themselves so that they can become other types of neurons lost to injury or disease,“ said Carlos E. Lois, assistant professor of neuroscience in MIT’s Picower Institute for Leaning and Memory.
In developing embryos, stem cells give rise to all the different types of cells that make up the body--skin, muscle, nerve, brain, blood and more. Some of these stem cells persist in adults and give rise to new skin cells, stomach lining cells, etc. The idea behind stem-cell therapy is to use these cells to repair tissue or organs ravaged by disease.
To realize this potential, the stem cells have to be “instructed” to become liver cells, heart cells or neurons. The MIT study, which looked only at adult neural stem cells, suggests it will be necessary to learn how to program any kind of stem cell—embryonic, adult or those derived through other means—to produce specific types of functioning neurons. Without this special set of instructions, a young neuron will only connect with the partners for which it was pre-programmed.
The adult brain harbors its own population of stem cells that spawn new neurons for life. The MIT study shows that a neural stem cell is irreversibly committed to produce only one type of neuron with a pre-set pattern of connections. This means that a given neuronal stem cell can have only limited use in replacement therapy.
“A stem cell that produces neurons that could be useful to replace neurons in the cerebral cortex (the type of neurons lost in Alzheimer's disease) will be most likely useless to replace neurons lost in the spinal cord,” said Lois, who also holds an appointment in MIT’s Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. “Moreover, because there are many different types of neurons in the cerebral cortex, it is likely that we will have to figure out how to program stem cells to become many different types of neurons, each of them with a different set of pre-specified connections.”
“In the stem cell field, it is generally thought that the main limitation to achieve brain repair is simply for the new neurons to reach a given brain region and to ensure their survival. Once there, it has been assumed that stem cells will ‘know what to do’ and will become the type of neuron that is missing. It seems that is not the case at all. Our experiments indicate that things are much more complicated,” Lois said.
Lois and colleagues from MIT’s departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Biology found that the stem cells give rise to neurons that become a very specific neuronal type that is already pre-specified to make a very defined set of connections and not others.
Even if the stem cells are transplanted to other parts of the brain, they do not change the type of connections they are programmed to make.
“This suggests that we will have to know much more about the different types of neuronal stem cells, and to identify the characteristic features of their progeny,” Lois said. “We may need to have access to many different types of ‘tailored’ stem cells that give rise to many different types of neurons with specific connections. In addition, we may need a combination of several of these tailored stem cells to eventually be able to replace the different types of neurons lost in a given brain region.
Lois’ colleagues are Picower Institute postdoctoral fellow Wolfgang Kelsch, lead author of the work; biology undergraduate Colleen P. Mosely, and Brain and Cognitive Sciences graduate student Chia-Wei Lin.
This work is supported by the National Institutes of Health.
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text sample is a scientific research summary and does not contain any unsafe or inappropriate content. It discusses stem cell therapies and brain research in a professional and educational manner, making it fully appropriate for all audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1163-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-11/miot-mst112707.php",
"date": "2014-04-17T10:58:09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609527423.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005207-00379-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9444956779,
"token_count": 961,
"score": 3.578125,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:bd122ace-06d5-45a7-b115-5efdd9fbc969>
|
Intestinal worms are parasites that live in the intestinal tract of dogs or cats. If left untreated, they can rob the animal of nutrients, cause severe gastrointestinal upset, and lead to secondary diseases. In addition, many of these worms can be communicated directly to humans. It is important, then, to control intestinal worms by having a pet annually examined by a veterinarian. Internal parasites are especially widespread in dogs. In fact, it is estimated that most puppies are born with some form of intestinal worms. Cats, too, are more susceptible to such worms when they are young. Both dogs and cats, then, should be frequently de-wormed during their first year. After that, they should have a stool examination as part of their annual checkup. Because many parasite eggs enter the environment through animal feces, regularly cleaning a dog's environment and a cat's litter box can help prevent the spread of these worms. For more information on preventing intestinal worms, consult your local veterinarian.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text is entirely educational and informative, providing information about intestinal worms in pets and the importance of veterinary care. There is no inappropriate language, adult themes, or unsafe content that would warrant a higher score."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1164-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.watchfox29.com/guides/petcare/prevent/story/Intestinal-worms/R3GZYsYICkKt3UknX2sf7w.cspx",
"date": "2014-04-17T09:46:30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609527423.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005207-00379-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9596580863,
"token_count": 195,
"score": 3.640625,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:5dd150eb-9a08-4f29-9559-e3bb5ba581c2>
|
The java.io.Interfaces provides for system input and output through data streams, serialization and the file system.
|S.N.||Interface & Description|
|1|| Closeable |
This is a source or destination of data that can be closed.
|2|| DataInput |
This provides for reading bytes from a binary stream and reconstructing from them data in any of the Java primitive types.
|3|| DataOutput |
This provides for converting data from any of the Java primitive types to a series of bytes and writing these bytes to a binary stream.
|4|| Externalizable |
This provides only the identity of the class of an Externalizable instance is written in the serialization stream and it is the responsibility of the class to save and restore the contents of its instances.
|5|| FileFilter |
This is a filter for abstract pathnames.
|6|| FilenameFilter |
This is instances of classes that implement this interface are used to filter filenames.
|7|| Flushable |
This is a destination of data that can be flushed.
|8|| ObjectInput |
This extends the DataInput interface to include the reading of objects.
|9|| ObjectInputValidation |
This is the callback interface to allow validation of objects within a graph.
|10|| ObjectOutput |
This is the objectOutput extends the DataOutput interface to include writing of objects.
|11|| ObjectStreamConstants |
The constants written into the Object Serialization Stream.
|12|| Serializable |
This is enabled by the class implementing the java.io.Serializable interface.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is a detailed explanation of Java.io.Interfaces and their descriptions. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and educational environments."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1167-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/io/java_io_interfaces",
"date": "2014-04-20T00:40:10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537804.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00443-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8052297831,
"token_count": 343,
"score": 2.953125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:bcae57d3-2252-450a-a070-daafd851b965>
|
Being Fruit and Veggie Friendly: Tips to Get Your Kids to Eat 'Em
September is Fruit and Vegetable month! We need more of ‘em and so do our kids. Yeah yeah, they’re full of vitamins, minerals, and fiber, you already know. But did you know that eating lots of fruits and veggies can also help keep weight under control. Plus they're packed with phytonutrients that can fight off chronic diseases. And if that’s not enough fruits and veggies help our kids grow, perform better in school, and stay energetic so they can get out and be kids!
Sold yet? You’re probably saying, “ok, just how do you expect me to do get my kids to eat more?” I hear ya. To start, a good rule of thumb is to build every meal and snack around fruits and vegetables. Try some of these tips and techniques to get you on track:
- First ask your kids what their favorite fruits and vegetables are and how they like them prepared
- Then take your kids grocery shopping with you and have them pick out new fresh, canned or frozen fruit and veggies to try out
- Make mealtime fun-let your kids help you prepare fruits and veggies at home-they can tear up broccoli, wash vegetables, toss salad etc.
- Kids like to have control. Put out small bowls of raisins, baby carrots, cherry tomatoes, crunchy noodles, chopped fruit etc and let them make their own salads
- Pick a dressing they will like-they tend to go more towards the sweeter ones like honey mustard, rather than a vinaigrette
- They can make their own wraps or tacos too, loaded with beans, tomatoes, corn, cucumber, avocado, tomatoes and so on
- Stuff a baked potato with salsa and guacamole
- Try peanut butter and banana instead of PB&J (Yum!)
- Serve chopped veggies (like baby carrots, celery stalks, Jicama sticks, asparagus spears, broccoli and cauliflower florets) with salsa, low fat ranch dressing, flavored hummus, peanut butter, or guacamole
- Dish up boiled edamame in their shell as a snack (soy beans in the pod-they’re such a fun food)
- Add pureed or finley veggies to soups, sauces and casseroles
- Start the day with a fresh fruit smoothie by blending ½ banana, ½ cup frozen strawberries, ½ cup 1% milk and ½ cup 100% fruit juice
- Have your kids make ants on a log for a snack-spread peanut butter onto celery stalks and top with raisins
- Or make elephant ears-spread peanut butter onto lettuce leaves
We should shoot for at least 1 ½ cups fruit and 2 cups vegetables for our kids. An apple, orange, pear and medium banana all count as a cup. For some of the smaller fruit, about 8 strawberries, 3 small plums and 32 grapes make a cup. Note: ½ cup of dried fruit counts as 1 cup. 100% fruit juice counts too but limit juice to 6-8 ounces a day. Juice is high in calories and is easy to over consume.
As for veggies, a medium potato (of course having them as French fries negates their benefit, and eating the skin is key to get the maximum nutrition), about 12 baby carrots, 2 large celery stalks and 2 cups salad greens are all about 1 cup. And don’t ‘forget beans and peas count as veggies too!
Please share your tips with me and I’ll post them to pass along to the group.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text is entirely focused on promoting healthy eating habits and providing tips for encouraging children to consume more fruits and vegetables. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1168-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.healthline.com/health-blogs/family-fork/being-fruit-and-veggie-friendly-tips-get-your-kids-eat-em",
"date": "2014-04-21T07:15:15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539665.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00475-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9335045815,
"token_count": 764,
"score": 2.859375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:80c0221a-de23-453b-b3f2-be91851dda5a>
|
George Wetherill; Leader in Study of Planets
Saturday, July 22, 2006
George Wetherill, 80, a retired Carnegie Institution scientist and recipient of the nation's highest scientific award for his seminal work on the formation of planets and the solar system, died July 19 of heart disease at his home in the District.
Inspired by the research of Russian scientist Victor Safronov, who showed that swarms of small bodies called planetesimals could grow into large bodies such as the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth), Dr. Wetherill was one of the first scientists to develop theoretical models for how planetesimals aggregate and grow. His models enabled him to make predictions about the size and orbits of the inner planets as well as how collisions between bodies in the asteroid belt could result in asteroid impacts on Earth, including the one that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Dr. Wetherill's work also revealed the importance of Jupiter as protector of Earth and other planets. He showed that Jupiter's enormous gravitational field provides a shield from orbiting asteroids and comets, deflecting most of them into the solar system. He estimated that 10,000 times as many objects as big as the asteroid that annihilated the dinosaurs would have hit Earth if Jupiter wasn't standing guard.
George West Wetherill was born Aug. 12, 1925, in Philadelphia and served in the Navy during World War II, teaching radar at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington. He received four degrees in physics from the University of Chicago, including a master's degree and a PhD (1953), and joined the Carnegie Institution's Department of Terrestrial Magnetism as a member of the scientific staff that year.
He began working with an interdepartmental group of Carnegie scientists developing geochemical methods for dating rocks that involved natural radioactive decay. The group's work forms the basis for all high-precision rock dating, going back to the early history of Earth. Later, his interests in age-dating techniques expanded to include extraterrestrial materials, including meteorites and rock samples from the moon.
From 1960 to 1975, he was professor of geophysics and geology and chairman of the department of planetary and space sciences at the University of California at Los Angeles, where he began his theoretical explorations into the origins of meteorites and the terrestrial planets. He returned to Carnegie in 1975 as director of the Terrestrial Magnetism Department, a position he held until his retirement in 1991.
He continued his research as director emeritus and was particularly interested in the discovery of planets orbiting other stars. He theorized that the organization of the solar system may not be unique. Complex three-dimensional computer models he devised simulated how planets might have formed, showing that in almost every case a solar system like ours emerges.
Dr. Wetherill was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1971 and the National Academy of Sciences in 1974. In 1997, he received the National Medal of Science, the nation's highest scientific award.
His first wife, Phyllis Steiss Wetherill, died in 1995. A son, George W. Wetherill III, died in 1974.
Survivors include his wife of eight years, Mary Bailey of the District; and two daughters, Rachel Wetherill of Round Hill and Sarah Wetherill Okumura of Morgan Hill, Calif.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```"
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1169-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/21/AR2006072101558.html",
"date": "2014-04-21T09:29:41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539665.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00475-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9709616303,
"token_count": 691,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:259ecbda-363b-44db-8bd6-6f7f0a1d4a78>
|
Tuesday, January 01, 2013
Happy New Year: Pick up a new skill
Gary Marcus in The New Yorker:
For me, much of the past year revolved around discussions prompted by a book of mine that was published in January, called “Guitar Zero,” about the science of learning and my own adventures in learning guitar at the age of forty. The basic premise was that the scientific evidence for a widespread view called the “critical-period effect” was far weaker than widely supposed. The critical-period effect is the idea that you can’t do certain things—like learn a language, or learn an instrument—unless you start early in life. It’s a discouraging thought for anyone past adolescence. But, recently, the evidence for this idea had started to unwind.
...Learning a new skill can also have unexpected benefits. Recently, the neuroscientist Nina Kraus published a pile of new studies that show that learning about music can facilitate getting better at other things, like language skills and hearing in noisy places—and can do so in ways that last for decades. (Her first studies were with children; other studies are now in progress to see if the same holds true for lessons taken by adults). Music training can help the brain better decompose the elements of sound—in ways that Kraus was able to directly measure in the lab—and seems to improve working memory, too. And, in another recent study, a team of Canadian researchers found evidence that a mere twenty days of music lessons can lead to better scores on a test of verbal intelligence. Moreover, whether or not picking up a new skill makes you smarter, it can certainly make you happier. We can’t all be rock stars. But, as the cliché goes, the journey can be every bit as rewarding as the destination. A New Year’s resolution shouldn’t just be about becoming great at something. It should be about becoming a better or happier or more fulfilled person. Whether your dream is to play piano, cook steak sous-vide, or finally learn to speak French, the lesson from all this new research is clear: there is no better time than now to take on something new. Happy New Year!
Posted by Azra Raza at 07:48 AM | Permalink
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational and motivational content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text is purely motivational and educational, encouraging readers to pick up new skills and highlighting the benefits of learning music and other skills. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1170-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational and motivational content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2013/01/happy-new-year-pick-up-a-new-skill.html",
"date": "2014-04-24T03:45:49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205137.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00507-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9610804319,
"token_count": 475,
"score": 2.765625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:97aa273c-d88d-4488-9348-bfb7e91c660d>
|
What country boasts the most dams?
A study by the World Commission on Dams placed China's large dam total at over 22,000—the most in the world. Large dams are those roughly four stories or taller. Most of China's were built after 1949. And as the study points out, that translates into one large dam built per day, every day since the emergence of modern China.
Overall, China is believed to have more than 80,000 dams. Flood control and irrigation are China's top two purposes for building large dams like the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River and the Xiaolangdi Dam on the Yellow River.
The United States has about 75,000 total dams (over 25 feet high). According to the Association of Dam Safety Officials the average number of dams per state is 1,800. Kansas leads all states with about 9,900 dams.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses the number of dams in different countries, specifically focusing on China and the United States. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful and the themes are educational and factual, making it fully appropriate for all audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1171-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.infoplease.com/askeds/country-most-dams.html",
"date": "2014-04-24T05:36:27",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205137.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00507-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9538132548,
"token_count": 182,
"score": 3.203125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:ef29069a-1257-4748-9ad4-d26ca68f840b>
|
Folknography, a flexible and practical qualitative method of cultural research, depends heavily on the researcher’s ability to engage a culture. The following elements make folknography an applicable research method for many and various circumstances:
1. Folknography depends on triangulation of data collection. For example, implementing the research method involves AT LEAST three different data collection processes. Investigators can employ short survey instruments; extended interviews; focus groups; plenary sessions; observations; context analysis, or content analysis.
2. Generally, folknography is employed by research teams. Even though teams may break out into smaller work groups, at the end of the research day, all members collect for a debriefing session and compare experiences, filed notes, interesting data, and observations.
3. Researchers, employing folknography, write daily narratives based on their field notes taken throughout the day’s field work. Some investigators use tape recorders for better recollection while others rely on the more traditional activity of writing good, accurate notes. Like other qualitative methods, folknography depends on thick descriptions.
4. Digital photos, artistic renderings, and video clips become part of the data collection of a folknographic study. The researcher retains the ability to express the perceptions and attitudes of the folk employing a myriad of options.
5. Each project employs a heavy use of technology. A mobile writing lab, set up in each project base of operations, allows researchers to record narratives, digital photos and recordings, and artistic images through the use of the lap tops, scanners and other portable equipment available in the lab. Investigators can share information and impressions. Each day, some data are posted on the project’s dedicated web page. Social scientists, students, professors, and informants in the research project can follow the results of any particular project study in virtual real time.
6. Folknography encourages discussion, collaboration and cooperation. The method also creates avenues for the informants to become stakeholders in the project. Folknographic projects have enhanced dialogue and discussion within the communities where teams have performed a study.
7. Folknographic studies have proven especially successful with undergraduate students as researchers. The students learn research techniques, apply technology as a result of the method, and grow as writers and communicators.
Folknography, as a research method, allows the researcher to collect data in various forms and quickly share findings over the internet. Communication and sharing of inferences made by investigators become an integral part of analysis. Investigators seek the voice of the people and provide a platform for them to speak out about issues that concern them. Folknography provides a flexible and practical method to approach social and/or cultural research.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content identified\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text discusses the method of folknography in a scholarly and educational manner. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for public use, educational environments, and general audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1172-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content identified"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.southern.ohiou.edu/folknography/basic-elements.html",
"date": "2014-04-24T03:16:20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205137.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00507-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.902086854,
"token_count": 550,
"score": 3.515625,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:b1f814d5-e777-4877-b71e-5ba92d825834>
|
Bangladeshis in Malaysia
|500,000 (2009 est.)|
|Related ethnic groups|
Bangladeshis in Malaysia form a large proportion of Malaysia's foreign labour force. When both legal and illegal residents are included, their population was estimated to total 500,000 persons, roughly one-sixth of all the foreign workers in Malaysia as of 2009[update].
Bengali people have long established in Malaysia, history record demonstrated that the traders from the Bay of Bengal had been involved in commercial activities in the Sultanate of Malacca in the 15th-16th century.
During the colonial era, both British Malaya and the Strait Settlements received Bengali-speaking communities bought by the British from the Bengal Presidency that constitute modern-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. The mass arrival from Bengal correlated with the larger migration from British India to work with the colonial government and companies. Many of them consist of traders, policemen, coolies, plantation labourers and colonial soldiers. This pioneer migration are largely taken place from the late 18th century to the 1930s. Today, there are estimated that around 230,000 people of Bengali ancestry in Malaysia. Among the legacy of the pioneers is the Bengali Mosque in Penang which was built in 1803.
The first migrant workers from modern-day Bangladesh are believed to have been a group of 500 who came in 1986 to work on plantations; the two countries concluded a governmental-level agreement on manpower exports in 1992, following which migration expanded sharply. Bangladesh is one of five countries, along with Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thailand, which have such agreements with Malaysia for manpower exports. As of 1999, official figures record 385,496 Bangladeshis as having gone to Malaysia for work, of whom roughly 229,000 were in the country at that time, forming 12% of all Bangladeshi workers overseas. This figure was roughly comparable to the numbers in Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, but much smaller than the number in Saudi Arabia, the top destination, where roughly one million resided. Remittances from Malaysia to Bangladesh amounted to roughly US$5 million in 1993, but grew eleven times to US$57 million by 1999.
Construction workers form a large proportion of Bangladeshi migrant workers. From July 1992 until December 1995, of 89,111 Bangladeshis issued temporary work passes, 26,484, or 29.7%, worked in construction, forming one-fifth of all workers in the construction sector in Malaysia and making them the second-largest group behind Indonesians. 91.4% were first-time migrants, who had never previously worked abroad. Surveys showed between 6.4% and 14.9% admitted to working illegally, without proper employment authorisation or travel documents.
A scandal arose in 1996 when it became known that Bangladeshi consular officials in Kuala Lumpur had overcharged at least 50,000 workers applying for passport renewal by RM200-300, thus appropriating RM10-15 million for themselves. The situation resulted in many Bangladeshi workers becoming undocumented, and Bangladesh's government later came to an agreement with the Malaysian authorities to redress the situation and issue fresh passports to those affected. However, none of the officials concerned were penalised. The following year, an amnesty was offered under which 150,000 illegal workers were able to regularise their status.
- Recruitment and Placement of Bangladeshi Migrant Workers: An Evaluation of the Process, International Organization for Migration, November 2002, ISBN 984-32-0435-2, retrieved 2008-04-08[dead link]
- Abdul-Aziz, Abdul-Rashid (March 2001), "Bangladeshi Migrant Workers in Malaysia's Construction Sector", Asia-Pacific Population Journal 16 (1): 3–22, retrieved 2008-04-08
- Dannecker, Petra (2005), "Bangladeshi Migrant Workers in Malaysia: The Construction of the 'Others' in a Multi-Ethnic Context", Asian Journal of Social Science 33 (2): 246–267, doi:10.1163/1568531054930820
- Sultana, Nayeem (2007), Trans-national identities, modes of networking and integration in a multi-cultural society: a study of migrant Bangladeshis in Peninsular Malaysia ([dead link]), Working Papers 21, Bonn: Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung, OCLC 257622788
- Sultana, Nayeem (2009), The Bangladeshi Diaspora in Malaysia: organizational structure, survival strategies and networks, ZEF Development Studies 12, LIT Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8258-1629-2, OCLC 262720685
- Ullah, AKM Ahsan (2010), Rationalizing Migration Decisions: Labour Migrants in East and South-East Asia, Ashagate, ISBN 978-1-4094-0513-9
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"historical and demographic information\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is a factual and historical account of the Bengali population in Malaysia. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and receives a score of 0.",
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is an academic reference list discussing the recruitment and placement of Bangladeshi migrant workers in Malaysia. It contains no unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and educational environments."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1173-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "historical and demographic information"
},
{
"custom_id": "1173-1",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia",
"date": "2014-07-10T00:13:09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776400583.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234000-00024-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9270870686,
"token_count": 1024,
"score": 2.984375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:3c18c698-a897-4ea4-ba4d-9a30dacf7cd3>
|
click photo to enlarge
SPECIAL EDUCATION INSTRUCTOR Michelle Harper, left, works on math problems with Erika Rodriguez at White Mountain Middle School in Eagle Point, Ore., Oct. 28. Parents and teachers of special education students have fought hard for funding and for students to be mainstreamed and now the new law, dubbed No Child Left Behind, has turned more attention onto special education because of the resulting consequences for all segments of public schools. The federal law mandates that schools bring all students up to grade level on reading and math standardized tests, including special education students and those who don't speak English.
AP Photo EAGLE POINT, Ore. -- The kids in Michelle Harper's special education class have their own small victories every day -- a temper tantrum stifled, two words rhymed.
When it comes time to take the standardized tests that the federal government uses to measure public schools, many of Harper's students at White Mountain Middle School merely pick answers at random, not realizing the potentially severe consequences for their school.
Across the country this year, thousands of schools were deemed "failing" because of the test performance of special ed students.
The results have provoked feelings of fury, helplessness and amusement in teachers like Harper, who say that because of some of their students' disabilities, there is no realistic way to ever meet the expectations of a new federal law backed by the Bush administration that requires that 99 percent of all children be performing at or above grade level by 2014.
If schools fail to meet those targets, they risk being taken over by the state or private companies; teachers can lose their jobs.
"These children are going to plateau at a certain level -- that is the nature of a disability," said Harper, who teaches students with autism, learning disabilities, mental retardation, Tourette's syndrome, vision and hearing deficiencies and brain injuries. "These kids are not going to grow out of it, not going to grow up and be OK. It's sad, but that is the way it is."
Special education has been a battleground for years. Parents of special ed students fought long and hard for their children to be included in mainstream classrooms, and for the money to provide them with extra help.
Now the new law, dubbed No Child Left Behind, has focused even more attention on special education, because of the consequences for entire schools.
The law mandates that schools bring all groups of students up to grade level on standardized reading and math tests, including special ed students and those who do not speak English. If even one of those groups fails to meet progress targets for two years in a row, an entire school can be listed as failing and face an escalating list of sanctions.
In South Carolina, more than three-fourths of schools were listed as failing. Sandra Lindsay, the state's deputy education secretary, said special education was the most common denominator.
In Nashville, Tenn., schools director Pedro Garcia called it "ludicrous, to give a (special ed) student a test that they cannot read or understand, much less know the answer."
In Oregon, 202 schools reported that their special education students had failed to make the desired progress in reading; 181 said that was true for math.
The government is defending the special education portion of the law, though officials said some changes are in the works that would give more leeway to the most seriously disabled children and their teachers.
However, the Education Department does not want to let all special education students and their teachers off the hook, said Ronald Tomalis, acting assistant secretary for elementary and secondary education.
"There have been low expectations for some of these children all along," he said. "And that's not because of mental abilities, but because of poor instruction received in the early grades. We need to challenge schools that these children can achieve. Sure, they will need an intensive program, but they can be brought up to grade level."
For more seriously disabled children, he said, a proposed change to the law would let 1 percent of all children in a district skip the grade-level exams and instead take a test tailored to their abilities. If they scored well on that alternative, it could be counted in their school's favor.
"We don't expect these children to take a seventh-grade-level math test if they are having difficulties moving a block from one side of the table to the other," Tomalis said.
Oregon mother Cynthia Payne, whose son is severely retarded, said she sees a need for change in the law.
"In my hopes and dreams, I would love him to participate, to be a normal kid, but he is not," she said. "And to penalize the school because he is not capable of that is insane. The range of kids in special education is so incredibly broad, and that makes it very difficult to make any kind of statement or box for everyone to fight into."
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational content with no unsafe elements\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses educational and social issues related to special education and the No Child Left Behind law. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1175-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational content with no unsafe elements"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://staugustine.com/stories/120203/nat_1970429.shtml",
"date": "2014-07-13T21:28:33",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776438683.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234038-00024-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9737859368,
"token_count": 1002,
"score": 2.5625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:6828c783-c0b7-4385-8fe6-324ba06679ce>
|
ARCH 412: Graduate Research Design Studio II, Spring 2011–Melanie Fessel
MANIPULATED LIFE CYCLES
The Bering Strait: Seasonal Transformations
The Bering Strait: where today changes into tomorrow, is located between the westernmost point of the North American continent and the easternmost point of the Asian continent close to the polar circle. The international dateline and the national boundaries merge together in the midst between two islands, The island of Big Diomede in Russia and the island of Little Diomede in the USA, were the
two continents are only 2.4miles (4km) apart and marked the border between the Soviet Union and the United States.
The Bering Land Bridge theory recognizes earliest migration of the North American continent from Asia across the Land Bridge that has been formed due to sea level submerge during cycles of global cooling, where sea water became concentrated in the ice caps. The extraordinary seasonal differences due to extreme temperature changes define a unique and harsh environment only to be
handled by the Inuit traditions of the native Alaska population. The cycles of Sea Ice are extremely altered by the effects of global warming and endanger the traditional lifestyle of the natives, their culture and habitat. Climate change represents a threat to their human rights.
The majority of life in the ocean--nearly 90 percent--is made up of phytoplankton, which are tiny algae and other organisms that live in the ocean's surface layer and utilize the sun's rays for food and growth. Since the Strait is now free of ice during summer it is opened to commercial shipping routes, which alter even further this already fragile system, the proposition within these seasonal
transformation is to respect the human rights of the inuit people and use their local techniques to solve worldʼs climate crisis. Through traditional weaving techniques nets are being released into the open ocean. Ultimately the mission will spread in the region and other natives from other tribes within the region of the arctic will start fabricating the nets to save their local habitats, culture and life and influence in a much larger picture the climate of the earth.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is an academic description of the Bering Strait and its seasonal transformations, focusing on environmental and cultural aspects. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for public use, educational environments, and general audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1176-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://cooper.edu/architecture/student-work/arch-412-graduate-research-design-studio-ii-spring-2",
"date": "2014-07-23T11:59:24",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877881.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00176-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9351914525,
"token_count": 431,
"score": 3.59375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:15c7a34d-393a-4960-b420-2015615e4bec>
|
What is in this article?:
- Consider basics when selecting peanut variety
- Differ in disease resistance
These basics include which varieties are available, what is a variety’s disease resistance, what is its seed size, calcium requirements, growth habit and maturity.
SOME NEW PEANUT varieties are showing various levels of resistance to white mold, a disease that can be devastating.
Differ in disease resistance
“Some of the differences we did see in these varieties were related to disease resistance. We have resistance and we have immunity. I see some white mold in almost every field I walk into.
“There are differences in some varieties, but it’s resistance and not immunity. Immunity means there will be no disease occurring and no disease present.”
All varieties, he says, have some disease, it just depends on how much they get.
“When you put them in the same field, and in the same situation together, you can begin to see the relative resistance. So we compare the varieties and rank them.
“This data is used for Peanut Rx, which gives a relative ranking to varieties based on their tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) resistance, white mold resistance and leafspot resistance.”
Immunity is when no disease occurs, says Tillman. “The only example we have of this is Tifguard and its immunity to root-knot nematode. It’s a very different way of looking at disease resistance.”
If a variety has a lot of disease, then it’s susceptible, he says. There also are intermediate and resistant varieties, he says.
“They’ll all have some disease. There also are environmental effects. The environment has a big influence on the expression of a disease in a field. We probably will see some white mold disease in all varieties, no matter how resistant they may be. But there’s very little environmental influence on root-knot nematode.”
Georgia Green once was the most disease-resistant variety in Peanut Rx, says Tillman. Now, however, all of the new varieties rank higher than Georgia Green in resistance to TSWV.
“Most of them are similar or better on leafspot, and most of them are similar or better on white mold. Florida 07, Georgia-07W and Tifguard all have pretty good resistance to white mold compared to our other options.”
The University of Florida’s new release — Florun ‘107’ — has high yield, good grades, good TSWV-resistance moderate white mold resistance but smaller seed size, he says. Also, it is high oleic.
“What is high oleic, and why is it important? In terms of oil content, a peanut is about 50-percent oil. That oil is made up of fatty acids. In a high-oleic peanut, the oleic acid type is 80 percent of the total oil.
“Linoleic is 2 percent and the others are about 18 percent. In a normal type, it’s about 60 percent oleic, 20 percent linoleic and about 20 percent other oils.
“We have replaced a fraction of oil that oxidizes or becomes rancid quicker with a fraction that does not. That increases the shelf life of peanuts and peanut products.”
This high-oleic trait, he adds, makes the oil quality similar to olive oil. “It’s a high-quality oil, and that’s important because our competitors are using it and our manufacturers are requiring it.”
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content identified\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text is purely educational and informative, discussing agricultural practices and disease resistance in peanut varieties. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1177-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content identified"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://southwestfarmpress.com/peanuts/consider-basics-when-selecting-peanut-variety?page=2",
"date": "2014-07-23T13:40:51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877881.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00176-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9460759759,
"token_count": 766,
"score": 2.6875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:7e92c181-4a28-4581-bb19-a0434bd6f9fb>
|
Definition of Differentiation therapy
Differentiation therapy: An approach to the treatment of advanced or aggressive malignancies in which the malignant cells are treated so that they can resume the process of maturation and differentiation into mature cells.
Differentiation therapy is based on the concept that cancer cells are normal cells that have been arrested at or have gone back to an immature or less differentiated state, lack the ability to control their own growth, and so multiply at an abnormally fast rate. Differentiation therapy aims to force the cancer cell to resume the process of maturation. Although differentiation therapy does not destroy the cancer cells, it restrains their growth and allows the application of more conventional therapies (such as chemotherapy) to eradicate the malignant cells. Differentiation agents tend to have less toxicity than conventional cancer treatments.
The first differentiation agent found to be successful was all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). APL is the result of a translocation (an exchange of chromosome material) between chromosomes 15 and 17. There are two chromosome breaks: one in chromosome 15 and the other in chromosome 17. The break in chromosome 15 disrupts the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene which encodes a growth suppressing transcription factor. And the break in chromosome 17 interrupts the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARa) gene which regulates myeloid differentiation. The translocation creates a PML/RARa fusion gene. It produces an abnormal protein referred to as a chimeric protein that causes an arrest of maturation in myeloid cell maturation at the promyelocytic stage. (It reduces terminal cell differentiation.) And this causes the increased proliferation of promyelocytes.
Most APL patients are now treated first with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). It causes the promyelocytes to differentiate (to mature) and so deters them from proliferating. ATRA induces a complete remission in about 70% of cases. ATRA is the prototype of a differentiation therapy agent.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 9/20/2012
Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z
Search Medical Dictionary
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n*Explanation:*\nThe provided text is an educational definition of differentiation therapy, which is a medical and scientific topic. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful and the themes are related to medical treatment and research, making it fully appropriate for public use, educational environments, and general audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1178-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=19760",
"date": "2014-07-23T12:02:12",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877881.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00176-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8991366029,
"token_count": 459,
"score": 3.234375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:ed3bcdbc-f8c7-4f78-9637-81106f2b0454>
|
We know it’s often referred to as “the best medicine,” but can laughter also be considered a form of exercise? According to a recent Oxford University study, it can.
Laughter, like many of the peculiar human traits we exhibit, is interconnected to a whole host of chemical and physical systems in the body. The study, entitled “Social laughter is correlated with an elevated pain threshold,” published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B focused in on the connection between pain thresholds and the fundamentally physical action of laughing—mainly the “repeated, forceful exhalation of breath from the lungs,” lead author of the study, Robin Dunbar, a professor of evolutionary psychology at Oxford told the New York Times.
To find out more about the physical effects of laughter, the researchers had subjects watch short videos—either comic or rather boring factual documentaries—both alone and within a group setting after testing the individual subjects for their abilities to tolerate pain. According to the Times article, “The decision to introduce pain into this otherwise fun-loving study stems from one of the more well-established effects of strenuous exercise: that it causes the body to release endorphins, or natural opiates.” These endorphins are important in pain management—and may be attributed to the healing effects of laughter as well. And the study researchers found that viewing the funny videos increased pain thresholds whereas viewing the documentaries did not.
Volunteers who exhibited deep belly laughing, in part led to the pleasurable experiences when watching the funny videos, “the sense of heightened affect in this context probably derives from the way laughter triggers endorphin uptake,” wrote Dr. Dunbar and his colleagues in the study. It’s the physical “laugh until it hurts” situation that actually impacted the emotional reaction of something the subjects found to be funny.
Laughter’s infectious capacity, the researchers noted, particularly within a group, led to more intense episodes, resulting in greater physiological effects than laughing alone.
Don’t fake it, says the researchers. The truly physiological reactions to repeated forced exhalations from authentic laughing contribute to the endorphin effect.
Keep in touch with Jill on Twitter @jillettinger
Image: Mike Monaghan
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses the benefits of laughter and its connection to pain thresholds based on a scientific study. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1179-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.organicauthority.com/health/now-thats-funny-laughter-isexercise.html",
"date": "2014-07-23T12:00:37",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877881.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00176-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9408824444,
"token_count": 473,
"score": 3.15625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:9da78b6b-7b0c-4003-8272-eb707d58b168>
|
Before the Deluge: Coping with Floods in a Changing Climate
International Rivers Network’s second annual "Dams, Rivers & People" report explains the failure of dams and levees to stop rising flood damages and describes better ways to tackle flood management. It also surveys the world of rivers and dams in 2006 and hotspots for 2007.
Floods are the most destructive, most frequent and most costly of natural disasters. Flood damages have soared in recent decades, despite hundreds of billions of dollars spent on flood control structures. This is partly because global warming is worsening storms, and partly because of growing populations and economic activity on floodplains. It is also because flood control technologies and approaches often prove counterproductive.
Improving our ability to cope with floods under current and future climates requires adopting a more sophisticated set of techniques -- the "soft path" of flood risk management, which aims to understand, adapt to and work with the forces of nature. Before the Deluge gives an in-depth look at the flaws with hard, structural flood-control techniques and describes what we need to do to make our communities safer from floods.
- Introduction and Key Messages
- "Before the Deluge: Coping with Floods in a Changing Climate," by Patrick McCully, Executive Director, IRN
- "A Dam-Made Disaster: How Large Dams and Embankments Have Worsened India's Floods," by Himanshu Thakker, Coordinator, South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People.
- Early Adopters: Advances in Flood Management
- Dams, Rivers and People in 2006: An Overview
- 2007 River Hotspots
- Fast Facts on Levees, Dams and Floods
View the op-ed by Patrick McCully based on this report
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text is a report on flood management and coping strategies in a changing climate. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful, and the themes are relevant to environmental and public safety issues."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1181-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/before-the-deluge-coping-with-floods-in-a-changing-climate-3987",
"date": "2014-07-24T16:59:05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997889622.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025809-00112-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9239287972,
"token_count": 370,
"score": 2.953125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:d4e9e524-92a0-4edb-8718-c4c1f7254abf>
|
The ISS moves away from Space Shuttle Endeavour, February 2010
Image of the International Space Station (ISS) on 19 February 2010 after the undocking of Space Shuttle Endeavour. ISS with Earth in the background.
The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest technology project of all time: an outpost of humanity in space. At the same time, it is a flying laboratory with outstanding possibilities for scientific and industrial research.
The ISS proves that peaceful international use of space is to the advantage of all its partners, in spite of the initial delays and technical problems. On the contrary, this ambitious project is continuing with enormous commitment from all taking part. It has been crewed now since 2 November 2000.
The huge orbiting laboratory which is the ISS includes contributions from the USA, Russia, Canada, Japan and the member states of the European Space Agency (ESA).
Germany is the foremost ISS partner of ESA in Europe. As largest financial contributer, the Federal Republic contributes 41 per cent of the European infrastructure and to the scientific use of the space station. The German Aerospace Center (DLR) coordinates the German ESA activities within the ISS programmes related to structure, enterprise and use of the station.
Germany contributes, among other things:
German scientists have been active since the beginning of the scientific use of the space station in 2001. Since that time they have accomplished numerous experiments onboard the ISS. These include in particular the investigation of the human equilibrium system, the breeding of protein crystals, basic physics (plasma research) and radiation-biological questions
Last modified:28/06/2011 09:34:10
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content found\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is a factual description of an image and historical information about the International Space Station (ISS). It contains no unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1182-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content found"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10301/460_read-534/",
"date": "2014-07-26T07:07:04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997895170.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025815-00048-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9061760306,
"token_count": 329,
"score": 3.3125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:c1df7a2a-1b0c-44c1-9edd-61a13f486b84>
|
Case Study: Hess Taps Linux for Profits
Case Study: Hess Taps Linux for Profits
A map of the Gulf of Mexico covers an entire wall of geophysicist John Potters office at Amerada Hess Corp.s Houston-based R&D lab. It is as complex as it is large, charting thousands of square miles of underwater terrain. Hand-drawn concentric circles and lines separate, into hundreds of square lease units, thousands of miles of ancient rock formations and subterranean cliffs available for offshore oil exploration. A much more detailed map, this one digital, is stored on Potters desktop computer. Created from sound waves and complex mathematical algorithms, it measures the density and composition of bedrock located miles beneath the Gulf floor that dates back, in some cases, to the days when dinosaurs walked the earth.
But whats most striking about Potters map and the computerized one that he and his colleagues in Hess Geophysical Group use is not so much the age of the underwater landscape but Hess detailed knowledge of it. Potters maps include precise measurements not only of the thickness of a rock layer in one area versus another, but also 3-D images viewable from all angles to look for clues about any undiscovered oil that might lie within.
Such maps would not have existed even five years ago: By necessity, oil exploration has been a high-stakes guessing game of the highest order. Supercomputers, a relatively recent phenomenon, have helped fine-tune the analysis, but at a hefty price, which has limited their use by some companies and made it cost-prohibitive to conduct sustained, ongoing number-crunching and digital depth analysis.
But times are changing. Thanks to the emergence of low-cost computing power in the form of Linux computing clusters, Hess and other oil companies now can run algorithms they never could have dreamed of running before. At far more affordable prices, Hess can now extract terabytes more information about what lies beneath the earths surface than it could with a supercomputer. Indeed, Linux cluster technology has "dropped our cost of computing by an order of magnitude of two," says Hess CIO Richard Ross. "One of our guys wrote a program that allows him to interactively work with multiple terabytes of data. All the books stored in the Library of Congress would equal 20 terabytes. Just think about working with that much information in real time."
Better yet, Hess Linux clusters have nearly doubled in power each year since 1998, enabling Hess engineers to process data more often and in a wider variety of formats. Ultimately, this gives Hess executives a continuously improving stream of information with which to make crucial decisions about which oil fields to lease, where to drill and how much money to bid for a particular field. The difference is like night and day: CIO Ross says todays seismic images put Hess old maps to shame. "Its like the difference between looking at a low-resolution image, where you can barely make out two human figures, and a high-resolution image, where you realize theres a man and woman holding flowers and candy," he says. "Because we can now process more data going into our bids for oil leases, our risk of doing something stupid is lower."
No Margin for Error
No Margin for Error
Doing something stupid in this business isnt just embarrassingits expensive. Each oil well around the globe costs tens of millions of dollars to lease. Producing fast, high-quality seismic images can significantly reduce Hess risk of drilling a "dry hole"which, in deep water especially, wastes between $12 million and $25 million, says Vic Forsyth, Hess manager of geophysical and exploration systems. "We could not have been running the same level of technology on a supercomputer because of the cost," he says. "Sure, we could have run the same code on supercomputers but we couldnt afford to buy the machine. Linux clusters allow us to implement the science we need to reduce risk. Linux changes things."
Hess engineers and geophysicists need all the help they can get. The $12 billion independent oil and gas company, small by industry standards, is being buffeted by dwindling, finite resources and ever-growing demand for oila devils bargain facing all oil companies as untapped reserves become harder to find.
But Hess also faces some unique challenges: At $12.19 per barrel, Hess average cost to find and develop oil wells over the past three years has been nearly twice the $7-per-barrel industry average. Indeed, says oil industry analyst Fadel Gheit, senior vice president of oil and gas research for Fahnestock & Co., Hess F&D costs are now highest of all 30 rivals in the industry, and have been out of whack for a while. "Hess lacks for a reason," says Gheit, "and the biggest problem Hess has is in exploration. The lifeblood of a typical oil company is its ability to replace reserves at reasonable cost, yet Hess has one of the highest reserve finding and development costs in the industry."
Hess cant create oil, of course; it must discover itor buy it from someone else. In the past, Hess placed most of its bets on drilling, but wasnt wildly successful at it, prompting executives to shift gears and instead unleash an aggressive acquisition strategy to compensate for what it hadnt been finding underground. In 1995, Hess had either already dug or was in the process of drilling 3,314 wells, compared with 997 today.
But even the new strategy has had its problems. In the third quarter of last year, for example, Hess surprised investors when it announced it would write off $256 million from a drilling deal that went bad. Hess had paid $750 million for what it hoped would amount to 360 Bcfe of reserves from Louisiana independent LLOG Exploration. But Hess later ratcheted down the expectation, to 95 Bcfe, acknowledging it had overestimated the size of the acquisition by 265 Bcfe. According to analyst Mark Flannery at Credit Suisse First Boston, the mistake by "accident-prone" dealmaker Hess "calls into question Hess judgment in this acquisition." CEO John Hess told investors, "The reserves watered out sooner than we expected." As a result, he said, 2003 production would be 9 percent lower than projected.
Beyond having a middling track record for drilling and acquiring the right wells for the right price, Hess also finds itself locked into a number of unprofitable contracts struck years ago by executives who have since moved on, Forsyth says. "Right now, for example, we have a long-term rig commitment that were paying for through the balance of this year," he says. "Were not even using the rig because it was a commitment made three years ago by a vice president whos not even here anymore; the commitment is for over hundreds of thousands of dollars a day." The rig is now "off drilling somebody elses well, a company thats subleasing it from us," Forsyth adds. "It doesnt take very many such decisions to way overwhelm anything I could ever save on a Linux cluster." Says analyst Gheit: "Companies make mistakes, but Amerada has made more than its share."
Investors have noticed. The companys stock fell from a high of $82.52 last July to a low of $41.14 a share in March. Hess stock closed at $50.26 on June 25. In the first three months of this year, Hess earned $176 million on revenues of $4.3 billion, compared with $141 million on $3 billion in the same quarter a year ago. But analyst Gheit says Hess, when it comes to cost-cutting, "needs to go from being a D student to being a B student to reassure investors."
Economizing, therefore, was one big reason the company was drawn to Linux clusters in the first place. According to CIO Ross, substituting Linux clustersnow totaling 400 dual-processor PCs running on Red Hat Linuxfor its old IBM SP2 supercomputer has saved the company an estimated $14 million in technology costs over the past four years, and thats not even counting the millions saved when the system steers Hess away from a dry well it might otherwise have drilled.
And while Linux clusters increase MIPS, they dont boost manpower. Shifting to Linux has allowed the Geophysical Group to use seven instead of eight programmers and one fewer staffer to handle five or six overlapping exploration projects at once; before, it had to do one at a time. "Were a small competitor in a commodity market," says Jeff Davis, technical lead, global IT infrastructure at Hess. "One of the main ways we differentiate ourselves is cost. If I can spend $100,000 [for a 32-node Linux cluster] instead of $1.5 million, then its a no-brainer."
Hess is not the only company trying to harness the power of Linux clusters to improve business performance. Clusters are proving well-suited to the high processing demands of other information-intensive tasks like movie studio animation, automobile crash simulations, aerospace design and weather forecasting, and companies from DaimlerChrysler Corp. to Pixar Animation Studios are using them to boost results. And interest is likely to keep rising. Market researcher Gartner predicts that within three years, 20 percent of new server shipments will be installed in clusters. Likewise, researchers at IDC project the high-performance cluster computing market alone will more than triple in sales to $1.6 billion in 2006, up from $494 million in 2001.
How does Hess put Linux to work? Forsyth and his crew generate data in much the same way that a bat comes up with a mental image of its cave: by bouncing echoes off surfaces. Hess contracts with third parties to collect this data, in boats crawling across miles of deep waters in the Gulf of Mexico and the North Sea, and off the coasts of West Africa and Southeast Asia. Then the Linux clusters, running complex algorithms developed by Hess IT and engineering experts, turn those sound waves into 3-D images called depth migrations. These "pretty pictures," as Potter likes to call them, show underwater surfaces, such as salt domes, beneath which oil might lodge.
Potter explains that a single depth migration typically comprises 20 nine-square-mile "blocks" of land and substrata under water. To do one depth migration takes a Linux cluster of 32 nodes about three months from start to finishi.e., from receiving the sound wave tapes to having an onscreen picture. Then, other experts within Hess use the pictures to figure out which blocks are most likely to contain oil and gas, and how easy it might be to extract, then estimate a logical bidding price for the rights to lease the land. (Oil companies must place bids with the appropriate governments to win the right to drill in offshore locations.) In the Gulf of Mexico, says Forsyth, "we might lease 15 to 20 percent of the blocks we image" and "find oil on roughly a third of the blocks we lease." It costs anywhere from $200,000 to $15 million to lease a blockdepending on its location and promise of oiland the payoff might be zero, or it might be millions of barrels.
Forsyth says various Gulf deposits have yielded up to 2 billion barrels of oil. Once Hess has leased a block in an area deemed to be promising, the company will drill an exploratory well, then expand both the drilling and the number of blocks it leases if oil is found.
The Hess Geophysical Group didnt start off bullish on Linux. In 1998, when a companywide push to cut costs first moved Forsyths crew to consider Linux, Hess was one of the first to look seriously at the then-untried operating system, which was viewed at the time as more of a rogue movement than a viable alternative to Microsoft and other proprietary software system makers. According to Davis, there was a lot of initial unease over the idea of entrusting Hess most precious cache of information to Linux. The IBM SP2 supercomputer that Hess had been leasing at the time, similar to the chess-playing Deep Blue, had a tried-and-true track record. "It was the best machine I ever worked with in terms of reliability and performance," Davis recalls. "Linux is not at the same level. You have different expectations of a Mercedes and a Volkswagen."
But that year, cost pressures took priority. Hess bottom line took a hit as oil prices dropped to one of the lowest points of the 1990s. At $2 million per year on a three-year lease, the supercomputer was an expense the Houston lab decided it had to questionespecially since Davis and crew would need a second supercomputer to meet the improved performance levels that Hess needed to move forward. It would be a tough call: Hess needed a system that would perform tasks in the same amount of time as the supercomputerbut for a lot less money. And Hess couldnt compromise on reliability; its system would be performing 3-D seismic depth imaging on areas covering hundreds of square miles, a task that would require intense levels of complex number-crunching.
Just then, Scott Morton, a former oil industry expert for computer maker Silicon Graphics Inc., joined the Hess lab in Houston as a senior professional geophysical specialist, and it was Morton who finally convinced the group there was an alternative. At SGI, which offered high-powered Unix workstations and supercomputers (think special effects for Jurassic Park), Morton had watched as SGIs customers began shifting from Unix to the newly emerging Linux. For example, Morton recalls, the national defense labs "had already proved that parallel processing could be done very well"and for far less moneyon clusters of PCs rather than a single massive supercomputer. He believed Hess use of the supercomputer also could be transferred to parallel processing on PCs running Linux.
At most companies, such a radical change in hardware and software might take years to accomplish and require approval from a management committee. But Hess Geophysical Group, a small, tightly knit coterie of eight engineers and IT specialists, was able to move swiftly and autonomously: Hess headquarters in New York traditionally had let its Houston R&D staff noodle as it pleased, as long as it met budget targets. "It was a local decision to experiment with Linux," says Ross. "They let me know what they were doing, but they didnt ask for my approval."
So Morton and some of Hess IT experts, including Davis, began benchmarking Linux against the existing IBM SP2 supercomputer. There were, once more, worries. At first, "we were concerned about the lack of support on the hardware side," Morton recalls. PC suppliers were accustomed to a Microsoft environment, not Linux. Linux though, proved a worthy alternative to the SP2. "In some cases the benchmarking results were the same; in other cases, the cluster was slower or faster," says Davis. On average, the Linux cluster and the supercomputer offered about the same processing speed. "That gave us a good idea of what we could do to replace the SP2," Morton says. With about eight months left before Hess lease of the SP2 was set to expire, the group decided it would gradually shift from the supercomputer to Linux clusters, buying one 32-node Linux cluster and then another as the new system proved itself.
Oil and Water
Oil and Water
There were stumbling blocks. At Hess, the problem wasnt Linux itself, but whether or not some of the third-party applications based on proprietary software that it had been using could be made to work with the new open-source operating system. Forsyth, who has been with Hess for 18 years, says Hess seismic processing software originally was written by a software vendor to run on VAX systems in the mid-1980s. But as Hess went through several hardware iterationsfrom VAX to an IBM mainframe, and then to a succession of Unix machines, including the IBM supercomputerthis became problematic, and so Hess began writing as much of its own seismic applications as possible to open standards like Unix.
Still, some off-the-shelf applications were sticking points. Early in Hess switchover to Linux, for example, Hess had to nudge Scientific Computer Associates (SCA) to reprogram its parallelization software, Linda, for the new operating system. Linda enables all the machines in the grid to work together, but it didnt work very well on Linux at first. "We were debugging their [Linda] code as well as ours," recalls Gary Donathan, geoscience systems consultant for Hess, who writes the algorithms used to assemble the depth migrations. Along with the debugging came hardware glitches with the new PCs in the Linux cluster. "We were finding hardware problems, like network cards that werent reliable, and trying to check out Linda," Donathan says. "Sometimes it would be tough to figure out if it was a hardware or Linda problem." Morton remembers asking SCA for a Linux version of Linda. "They told me in two weeks theyd have a copy for me. It was literally fresh off the keyboard."
Another challenge: Hess uses a suite of GeoQuest software from Schlumberger Information Solutions to help its engineers understand potential oil reservoirs and how they might be drilled. Schlumberger has been slow to bring out a test version of the GeoQuest software on Linux. Right now, it runs on Sun Microsystems Solaris OS. The software includes too many different programs and is used by too many engineers for Hess to develop its own version, according to Forsyth. "We asked Schlumberger two or three years ago to port to Linux, and were still waiting," he says. Schlumberger spokeswoman Carolyn Turner says the company launched a beta version of GeoFrame, the primary component of the GeoQuest suite, at an oil and gas trade conference in May and plans to roll it out to clients this fall.
In the end, though, Hess transition to Linux went smoothly. Eventually, Hess migrated to open-source parallelization software called MPI, another example of how open source allows more flexibility than proprietary software offered by vendors that have no particular incentive to offer their products on a free operating system. "We had run on enough different flavors of Unix that all our code was generic, so it wasnt hard to move to Linux," Donathan says. He has no regrets about the shift. "For the cost savings alone, it was worth doing." Besides, now hes got Linux running on his Pentium laptop so he can debug software at home. He couldnt do that with the supercomputer. "Were doing more with less," he says.
The Future of Linux
The Future of Linux
But while Linux has been successful at the server cluster level, dont expect to see it on many Hess desktopsat least not yet. Sure, Potters desktop runs on Linux, so he can look at 3-D depth migrations. Hes also got a Sun workstation to run GeoQuest and estimates that about 10 percent of what were once Solaris desktop machines run Linux. As more third-party applications become available on Linux, he says, that figure might grow to 30 percent in a couple of years.
CIO Ross expects the migration from Unix to Linux at Hess to continue over the next several years, but he, too, believes the vast majority of desktop machines will remain on Windows. The investment in Windows PCs is largely a sunk cost, Ross says, and users are accustomed to them. Linux will, however, make inroads at the server level, displacing NT and Unix.
Hess approach dovetails with industry trends. A recent report from the Forrester Group entitled "The Linux Tipping Point" finds that 72 percent of 50 large companies ($1 billion-plus) surveyed intend to use more Linux in 2004, and about a fourth of those are replacing Windows servers with Linux servers. Thirteen of the 50 respondents were using Linux on the desktop or on workstations. "Proprietary Unix is stone-cold dead," says Ted Schadler, who wrote the report for Forrester. Linux is "good enough" for most jobs, he says, delivering the same workloads as, say, Solaris on Sun servers at a fraction of the cost.
Further, Red Hat Inc., the open source operating systems company, has introduced an enterprise version of its software that is more robust than the free, downloadable code and maintains compatibility as older versions are replaced, says Paul Cormier, executive vice president of engineering for Red Hat. "Previously, no thought was given to continuity," he acknowledges, but as Linux use increases across hundreds or thousands of machines, upgrades will become difficult without such compatibility. "Linux is growing up," Cormier says.
But will third-party support improve, and can Linux remain united instead of fracturing into various flavors like Unix did two decades ago? AT&Ts Bell Laboratories, which developed Unix, liberally licensed it to other users. With no central body governing development, companies like Sun, IBM Corp., Hewlett-Packard Co. and others developed proprietary versions. "What is to prevent the same thing happening to Linux?" Schadler asks.
Back in New York, Hess CIO Ross shares those questions, and says he doesnt want to go down the same road as many Unix proponents, whose motto often seems to be Anything But Microsoft. "In many ways, the whole vendor side of Linux is promulgated upon dislike of Microsoft, which I find to be a flimsy reason," Ross says. "Linux is attractive because its free, but whats the real technical differentiator?" To be attractive for broader use, Linux "has got to come up with something better than that," Ross adds. Indeed, for Hess engineering applications, the rationale for moving to Linux was not "lets get rid of Microsoft," but "lets get rid of IBM and Sun," Ross says. As proprietary systems, "they were much more expensive while Linux [as open source] gives us much more control over programming. Thats the ultimate differentiator."
To be sure, Hess Houston lab isnt complaining. When it comes to gathering and analyzing oil exploration information, Linux is helping Hess create a whole new kind of gusherone it hopes will be able to spew savings for many years to come.
Karen Southwick is a San Francisco-based freelance writer, Debra DAgostino is a staff reporter for CIO Insight and Marcia Stepanek is the magazines Executive Editor. Please send comments and questions on this story to [email protected].
"Supercomputers for the Masses?"
By John Taschek
eWEEK, June 9, 2003
"The Future of Linux and Open Source"
By George Weiss
Gartner Inc., 2001
"The Linux Tipping Point"
By Ted Schadler
Forrester Research Inc., March 2003
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is a case study about Hess Corporation's use of Linux computing clusters for oil exploration. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and receives a score of 0.",
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n*Explanation:*\nThe text discusses financial and operational aspects of Hess, an oil company, and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It is suitable for public use, educational environments, and general audiences.",
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses the process of generating and analyzing seismic data for oil exploration using Linux clusters. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content.",
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text discusses the transition from a Microsoft environment to Linux clusters at Hess, focusing on technical challenges and solutions. There is no unsafe content, inappropriate language, or harmful themes present in the text.",
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe provided text is a discussion about the future of Linux in the server and desktop environments, focusing on industry trends, market adoption, and technical advantages. There is no unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content in the text. The language is professional and the themes are related to technology and business, making it fully appropriate for all audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1184-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1184-1",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1184-2",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1184-3",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1184-4",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.eweek.com/print/c/a/Enterprise-Applications/Case-Study-Hess-Taps-Linux-for-Profits/",
"date": "2014-07-26T07:07:18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997895170.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025815-00048-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9645587206,
"token_count": 4709,
"score": 2.578125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:4ff2e301-f59f-4343-8778-cab9ae07eddb>
|
Learn All Year Long
Read for My Summer
Beat the summer heat with engaging activities from ReadWriteThink.org.
ReadWriteThink has a variety of resources for out-of-school use. Visit our Parent & Afterschool Resources section to learn more.
Blast Off to Learn New Words
- Computer with Internet access and printer
- Poster board
- Pieces of paper cut into moon shapes
- Tape or glue
- Online Alphabet Organizer tool
- A few books and websites about the moon and space travel
Before the activity, preview moon- and space-themed websites, such as these:
Also consider picking up a few moon-related books to share; the Moon Booklist has some good suggestions. You want the books and websites you share to contain scientific facts about the moon. These resources should help you brush up on your knowledge about the moon too.
|1.||Make a list of moon words the child you are working with already knows. Write each word on one of the moon-shaped pieces of paper, or have the child write the words if capable. Help with spelling as necessary. Use these questions to get started:
|2.||Let the child tape or glue the moon words to the piece of poster board and draw some pictures. Leave space on the poster board for more words.
Note: If you are working on this activity over several days, this is a good place to stop.
Talk about what it would be like to go on a trip to the moon, adding new words to the poster board as you go. Consider these questions:
|4.||Visit space-themed websites together to find additional moon words. Read aloud to the child or ask him or her to read to you, using age and reading ability as a guide. Add new moon words to the poster.
|5.||Read aloud one of the moon books, such as If You Decide to Go to the Moon by Faith McNulty (Scholastic, 2005). Ask the child to let you know when you say a word that is already on your poster or a different moon word to add. (The child can do this by raising a hand or using another signal that you agree on together.)
Note: If you are working on this activity over several days, this is a good place to stop again.
|6.||Introduce the online Alphabet Organizer tool. Ask the child to remember as many moon words as possible without looking at the poster to create an alphabet chart. There are three ways to create a chart using the tool: one word per letter, up to three words per letter, and one word per letter and related notes. The first two choices work well for a child who wants to draw pictures of the words; the last option works well for an older child who wants to use the words in sentences or write definitions of the words.
Keep books and other visuals on hand to serve as visual hints as the child remembers moon words. Also prompt him or her with these questions:
When the child runs out of words from memory, let him or her peek at the poster.
|8.||The Alphabet Organizer tool does not offer an option to save, so be sure to print the child’s work before exiting. The chart can be printed in calendar style or as letter pages. If the child would like to illustrate each of the words, print the chart as letter pages.
Visit the Alphabet Organizer page for more information about this tool.
Read books about space, like Skippyjon Jones: Lost in Spice. Find Skippyjon Jones: Lost in Spice at your local library or online at www.wegivebooks.org. Create a free account by clicking "Join" at the top of the homepage. Once logged in, click "Read" in the top header and then search for the title you'd like to read online.
Let the child stay up late and get a good look at the moon. Choose a night when skies will be clear—maybe during a full moon—and go outside together. As you’re gazing at the night sky, remember all the words you have shared. See how many you can remember together before…yawn…it’s time for bed.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is entirely educational and suitable for children. It does not contain any inappropriate language, harmful themes, or references to illegal activities."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1185-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.readwritethink.org/parent-afterschool-resources/activities-projects/blast-learn-words-30167.html?main-tab=2",
"date": "2014-07-26T07:06:48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997895170.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025815-00048-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9260810614,
"token_count": 872,
"score": 4.125,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:c1b97f6c-49b0-4b46-aa97-2199151e46cd>
|
Hank Greenberg, athlete
Hammerin' Hank: The Life of Hank Greenberg by Yona Zeldis McDonough, illustrated by Malcah Zeldis (Walker Books for Young Readers, 2006)First baseman and outfielder, Greenberg was a American Hall of Famer with an incredible slugging percentage. Born to Orthodox parents, who were not thrilled by his choice of profession, he became the first Jewish baseball star. His heritage was sometimes a source of ridicule on and off the field but as this book shows, it informed the choices he made.
The National Baseball Hall of Fame site offers highlights of Greenberg’s career.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe text provided is a biographical summary of Hank Greenberg, an American baseball player. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or offensive content. The text is suitable for all audiences, including children, and does not include any profanity, derogatory language, or references to illegal activities."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1186-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://annebustard.blogspot.com/2013/01/january-1-birthday-hank-greenberg.html",
"date": "2014-07-29T04:35:48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510265454.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011745-00320-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9672391415,
"token_count": 130,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:5631f944-6ca3-4b10-8c3c-201359dbf66d>
|
Stanford researchers found that walking boosts creative inspiration. They examined creativity levels of people while they walked versus while they sat. A person's creative output increased by an average of 60 percent when walking.
Steve Jobs, the late co-founder of Apple, was known for his walking meetings. Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg has also been seen holding meetings on foot. And perhaps you've paced back and forth on occasion to drum up ideas.
A new study by Stanford researchers provides an explanation for this.
Creative thinking improves while a person is walking and shortly thereafter, according to a study co-authored by Marily Oppezzo, a Stanford doctoral graduate in educational psychology, and Daniel Schwartz, a professor at Stanford Graduate School of Education.
The study found that walking indoors or outdoors similarly boosted creative inspiration. The act of walking itself, and not the environment, was the main factor. Across the board, creativity levels were consistently and significantly higher for those walking compared to those sitting.
"Many people anecdotally claim they do their best thinking when walking. We finally may be taking a step, or two, toward discovering why," Oppezzo and Schwartz wrote in the study published this week in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition.
Walking vs. sitting
Other research has focused on how aerobic exercise generally protects long-term cognitive function, but until now, there did not appear to be a study that specifically examined the effect of non-aerobic walking on the simultaneous creative generation of new ideas and then compared it against sitting, Oppezzo said.
A person walking indoors – on a treadmill in a room facing a blank wall – or walking outdoors in the fresh air produced twice as many creative responses compared to a person sitting down, one of the experiments found.
"I thought walking outside would blow everything out of the water, but walking on a treadmill in a small, boring room still had strong results, which surprised me," Oppezzo said.
The study also found that creative juices continued to flow even when a person sat back down shortly after a walk.
Gauging creative thinking
The research comprised four experiments involving 176 college students and other adults who completed tasks commonly used by researchers to gauge creative thinking. Participants were placed in different conditions: walking indoors on a treadmill or sitting indoors – both facing a blank wall – and walking outdoors or sitting outdoors while being pushed in wheelchair – both along a pre-determined path on the Stanford campus. Researchers put seated participants in a wheelchair outside to present the same kind of visual movement as walking.
Different combinations, such as two consecutive seated sessions, or a walking session followed by a seated one, were also compared. The walking or sitting sessions used to measure creativity lasted anywhere from 5 to 16 minutes, depending on the tasks being tested.
Three of the experiments relied on a "divergent thinking" creativity test. Divergent thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. In these experiments, participants had to think of alternate uses for a given object. They were given several sets of three objects and had four minutes to come up with as many responses as possible for each set. A response was considered novel if no other participant in the group used it. Researchers also gauged whether a response was appropriate. For example, a "tire" could not be used as a pinkie ring.
The overwhelming majority of the participants in these three experiments were more creative while walking than sitting, the study found. In one of those experiments, participants were tested indoors – first while sitting, then while walking on a treadmill. The creative output increased by an average of 60 percent when the person was walking, according to the study.
Written By: May Wong
continue to source article at news.stanford.edu
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses a study on the benefits of walking for creative inspiration and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1187-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://richarddawkins.net/2014/04/stanford-study-finds-walking-improves-creativity/",
"date": "2014-07-29T04:49:54",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510265454.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011745-00320-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9679357409,
"token_count": 775,
"score": 3.09375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:c6ba624a-fe63-4507-bc32-82d898796c48>
|
The Arab Empire
It was the Muslims from Arabia, nomads and settled people alike, whose invasions in the 6th and 7th cent. widely diffused both the Arabic language and Islam. They founded a vast empire, which at its height stretched from the Atlantic Ocean on the west, across North Africa and the Middle East, to central Asia on the east. The Arabs became the rulers of many different peoples, and gradually a great Arab civilization was built up. Although many of its cultural leaders were not ethnically Arabs (some were not even Muslims, but Christians and Jews), the civilization reflected Arab values, tastes, and traditions. Education flourished in the Islamic lands, and literature, philosophy, medicine, mathematics, and science were particularly developed by the Arabs. At the same time in all the provinces of the huge empire, except in Persia, Arabic became the chief spoken language. The waves of Arab conquest across the East and into Europe widened the scope of their civilization and contributed greatly to world development. In Europe they were particularly important in Sicily, which they held from the 9th to the late 11th cent., and the civilization of the Moors in Spain was part of the great Arabic pattern. Christian scholars in those two lands gained much from Islamic knowledge, and scholasticism and the beginnings of modern Western science were derived in part from the Arabs. The Arabs also introduced Europe to the Greek philosophers, whose writings they had already translated into Arabic. The emergence of the Seljuk Turks in the 11th cent. and of the Ottoman Turks in the 13th cent. ended the specifically Arab dominance in Islam, though Muslim culture still remained on the old Arab foundations.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"historical and cultural information\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provides historical and cultural information about the Arab Empire and its influence on various regions and civilizations. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences, including children and sensitive environments."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1188-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "historical and cultural information"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/society/arabs-the-arab-empire.html",
"date": "2014-07-29T05:40:35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510265454.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011745-00320-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9750216007,
"token_count": 358,
"score": 3.71875,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:a3734261-e455-405d-9458-7862ab7ef211>
|
It's crunch time for developing the successor to the 2002 US Farm Bill, set to expire Sept. 30, 2007. Many of the ingredients that may be blended into the 2007 Farm Bill are now becoming public.
Among many issues linked in some way to the environment beat that are affected directly or indirectly by a Farm Bill are renewable energy; air quality; surface-water, groundwater, and drinking water quality; wetlands; wildlife conservation; invasive species; erosion; nutrient runoff; "dead zones;" pesticide contamination; organic farming; local production; food contamination; food quality; obesity; and international trade.
Much of the groundwork for a new Farm Bill has been laid during the past two years. The first official culmination of those efforts was unveiled Jan. 31, 2007, with the release of a draft Farm Bill by US Department of Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns. Home page for the Farm Bill.
Keep in mind that the final Farm Bill, which will be a compromise between upcoming proposals by the US House and Senate, may be vastly different from the initial USDA proposal. That's what happened with the 2002 version, says Allen Hance (202-464-4015), spokesman for the Farm and Food Policy Project, an umbrella group supported or endorsed by more than 350 groups interested in issues such as the environment, social policy, public health, nutrition, hunger, and poverty. Their site includes a state-by-state listing of endorsing groups.
Members of this coalition have found a number of positive aspects in the initial USDA proposal. They say it reforms the 2002 Farm Bill in several ways, with more emphasis on some conservation measures, revised crop subsidy policies, and increased attention to issues such as nutrition and public health.
But they say some of the touted improvements in subsidy reform are undermined by other measures that end up leaving the subsidies in the same old hands. They also say that many of the changes would likely damage some conservation efforts. For instance, they say that large animal feedlots would be the beneficiaries of more public funding, and that significant air and water contamination issues would remain. For position papers covering analysis on dozens of specific aspects, contact the Sustainable Agriculture Coalition's Ferd Hoefner, 202-547-5754;National Campaign for Sustainable Agriculture.
For the perspective of just one of many environmental groups following the debate, see Environmental Defense's Jan. 31, 2007, overview.
For a taste of some points of view on a variety of related environmental, social, and economic issues, see the National Catholic Rural Life Conference's statement, "Seeking Balance in US Farm & Food Policy."
The USDA's initial package met with some sharp criticism from the American Farm Bureau Federation, which said in a March 2, 2007, press release that it is "strenuously opposed" to the agency's proposed subsidy policy, which would cut out farmers who make more than $200,000 in adjusted gross income.
By the agency's calculation, those wealthiest farmers represent only about 1-2% of all current subsidy recipients, but the Farm Bureau does not want them to lose the approximately $400 million they have been receiving.
For the Heritage Foundation's perspective on the current subsidies, including comparisons of US programs to some other countries, and connections to international trade issues: Brian Riedl, 202-608-6201; Riedl bio and papers and "Farm Subsidies, Free Trade, and the Doha Round."
Other farmers have opinions on the Farm Bill that are slightly or sharply different from that of the Farm Bureau. For a few starting points, see:
- National Farmers Union (representing about 250,000 farm and ranch families): Release of March 5, 2007.
- Specialty Crop Farm Bill Alliance (representing many growers of fruits, vegetables, nuts, and nursery plants): Autumn Veazey, 202-303-3400; News and information.
- Another influence in the debate may be a set of recommendations from the recently-formed Bipartisan Policy Center, whose "21st Century Agriculture Policy Project" is headed by Tom Daschle and Bob Dole. They plan to release their proposals in mid- to late-April 2007: Paul Bledsoe, 202-637-0400.
- To find out what your state agriculture officials think, one starting point is the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture.
These and many other players will pitch their interests to the House and Senate in various ways. One venue will be hearings held through about mid-April 2007. After that, there likely will be bill markups, debates, and possibly a final bill from each body by the end of July. A conference bill may emerge by the end of the August recess, and a final Farm Bill may be approved by Sept. 30, 2007. To follow along, resources include:
- Senate Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee. Chairman Tom Harkin (D-IA) and 20 other senators are listed here. Some hearings have already occurred, e.g., Jan. 17, 2007, on the Conservation Security Program and the Environmental Quality Incentives Program, and Feb. 7, 2007, with Johanns discussing the USDA proposal. Upcoming hearings are posted here.
- House Committee on Agriculture. Chairman Collin Peterson (D-MN) and 45 other members are listed here. Hearings that have already occurred include Feb. 14, 2007, with Johanns discussing the USDA proposal, and Feb. 28, 2007, on specialty crops. Upcoming hearings are posted here.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is a detailed discussion about the development of the 2007 US Farm Bill, focusing on various environmental and social issues. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and receives a score of 0.",
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is purely informational and does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It discusses legislative processes and committee hearings related to the Farm Bill, which is suitable for public use and educational environments."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1189-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1189-1",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.sej.org/print/publications/tipsheet/2007-farm-bill-is-front-burner",
"date": "2014-07-29T04:57:57",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510265454.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011745-00320-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9452164173,
"token_count": 1154,
"score": 2.84375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:8d54448f-9153-4d45-b8f2-f308473b9101>
|
Keeping track of the addresses of friends and family members helps your child practice his writing skills, learn about alphabetical order, and learn how to write addresses correctly.Materials
- Pencil, pen, or marker
- Index cards
- Ruled paper
- Blank address book or small notebook
- Stationery and postage stamps (optional)
- Tell your child that an address book organizes information alphabetically by last name.
- Write the names and addresses of friends and family members on index cards.
- Have your child organize the cards in alphabetical order.
- Next, show your child the correct format for writing an address.
- Let him practice writing his own name and address on ruled paper.
- Have your child copy the names and addresses on the index cards into a blank address book or a small notebook. If you're using a notebook, label the pages alphabetically.
- Encourage your child to use his address book when sending letters, greeting cards, and thank-you cards to friends and family.
- If you like, give him a supply of stationery and postage stamps.
More on: Activities for Kids
Copyright © 2001 by Patricia Kuffner. Excerpted from The Children's Busy Book with permission of its publisher, Meadowbrook Press.
To order this book visit Meadowbrook Press.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content found\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is entirely educational and safe, focusing on a simple activity to help children practice writing skills and learn about addresses. There are no inappropriate language, themes, or references to harmful activities."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1190-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content found"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://fun.familyeducation.com/organization/activity/37051.html",
"date": "2014-07-30T13:51:28",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270528.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00368-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9153678417,
"token_count": 275,
"score": 3.765625,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:3551f802-079a-4b2f-abbd-ce39146bb6e6>
|
They demand that the States recognize the authority and competency of their communities in the handling of their lands, territories, and resources.
They pledge to be part of the solution to the food crisis that will consequently result in climate change.
Unanimously, the indigenous women of the world declared that if States did not restore the control that the women had over their land, territories, and resources, it would not only put the communities’ lives in danger, but all of humanity as well.
Through the “Lima Declaration,” endorsed by almost 200 female leaders from Africa, the Pacific, Europe, Asia, Latin America, North America, and Russia, they declared that their role in the preservation of biodiversity and ancestral wisdom of nature is a key piece in order to challenge the impacts of climate change.
“In this moment of serious crisis and impending, irreversible loss of biological diversity, indigenous women emphasize the obligation of the States to protect the territories of indigenous communities,” they demanded.
The declaration, released today, was prepared in the framework of the World Conference of Indigenous Women that met in Lima, Peru, attended by indigenous women from around the globe.
Resources like water, energy, and biodiversity, that contain fundamental economic and strategic value for countries, are located primarily in indigenous territories. This represents a risk for the lives of the communities, especially indigenous women.
A recent study produced by CEPAL shows that in Latin American the growth of mining, forestry, and other industries has resulted in the displacement of millions of indigenous women from their ancestral territories to urban areas.
Nevertheless, this does not mean a change in their life conditions. On the contrary, they already make up part of the most vulnerable populations, having been exposed to various forms of violence such as racism, exploitation of labor, and sexual trafficking.
“Indigenous women experience, in relation to our land, the same pain and effects caused by physical abuse and excessive exploitation,” they asserted in this declaration. Moreover, they warned that they are prepared to defend their communities’ lands, water, and resources with their lives.
The leaders demanded that the states recognize the authority and competency that indigenous communities hold over their lands, territories, and resources. They demanded that all development projects that affect their lives should be made with free, prior, and informed consent of their communities.
Moreover, they indicated that any policy or social program about health, education, or any that focuses on the well being of indigenous women should be carried out with their direct, full, and effective participation. “Nothing about us, without us. Everything about us, with us,” is the protest they adopt in this declaration.
This document, coupled with a plan of action, will be presented in different moments and mechanisms of the United Nations systems focused on the right of women and indigenous communities. The World Conference of Indigenous Communities will be held in 2014 in New York City.
At said conference, they will ask to guarantee the full and effective participation of indigenous women, above all the wise elderly and the young, and that the results of the findings prioritize the concerns of indigenous women.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe text discusses the rights and concerns of indigenous women and their role in preserving biodiversity and addressing climate change. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful and the themes are focused on social and environmental issues, making it fully appropriate for all audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1191-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.chirapaq.org.pe/noticias/indigenous-women-of-the-world-warn-that-they-will-give-their-lives-to-defend-their-lands",
"date": "2014-07-30T13:07:52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270528.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00368-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9600967765,
"token_count": 642,
"score": 3.421875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:7041fc5c-1a6f-4959-b50b-0702ebdedd01>
|
Question? Just ask us!
Free Encyclopedia of Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, Repair
InspectAPedia ® Home
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS - INSPECT, TEST, REMEDY
AIR CLEANER PURIFIER TYPES
AIR POLLUTANTS, COMMON INDOOR
AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES
AIRBORNE PARTICLE ANALYSIS METHODS
ALLERGEN TESTS for BUILDINGS
ASBESTOS IDENTIFICATION IN BUILDINGS
BACKDRAFTING HEATING EQUIPMENT
BLACK MOLD, TOXIC & ALLERGENIC
BLEACHING MOLD, Advice about
BOOKSTORE - ENVIRONMENTAL
CADMIUM in the HOME
CARBON MONOXIDE - CO
CARPETING & INDOOR AIR QUALITY
CAT DANDER in BUILDINGS
CELL PHONE RADIATION
CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS in WATER
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS & IAQ
DIRECTORY of MOLD / ENVIRONMENTAL EXPERTS
DUST SAMPLING PROCEDURE
EMERGENCY RESPONSE, IAQ, GAS, MOLD
EMF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDSRE
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS at BUILDINGS
FLOOD DAMAGE ASSESSMENT, SAFETY & CLEANUP
FLOOR TILE ASBESTOS IDENTIFICATION
FUNGICIDAL SPRAY & SEALANT USE
GAS EXPOSURE EFFECTS, TOXIC
HEATING OIL EXPOSURE HAZARDS, LIMITS
HOUSE DUST ANALYSIS
HOUSE DUST COMPONENTS
HUMIDITY CONTROL & TARGETS INDOORS
INDOOR AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT GUIDE
LAB PROCEDURES MICROSCOPE TECHNIQUES
LEAD POISONING HAZARDS GUIDE
LEGIONELLA LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE
LIGHT, GUIDE to FORENSIC USE
METHANE GAS SOURCES
MILDEW in BUILDINGS ?
MOISTURE CONTROL in BUILDINGS
MOLD ACTION GUIDE - WHAT TO DO ABOUT MOLD
MOLD CONSULTANTS / INSPECTORS
MOLD DETECTION & INSPECTION GUIDE
MOLD EXPERT, WHEN TO HIRE
MOLD RELATED ILLNESS GUIDE
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets
MVOCs & MOLDY MUSTY ODORS
NOISE / SOUND DIAGNOSIS & CURE
ODORS GASES SMELLS, DIAGNOSIS & CURE
OIL, HEATING, EXPOSURE HAZARDS, LIMITS
OIL HEAT ODORS & NOISES
OIL SPILL CLEANUP / PREVENTION
PET ALLERGENS / PET DANDER
PET STAINS & MARKS in BUILDINGS
PLASTIC ODORS-SCREENS, SIDING
PLUMBING SYSTEM ODORS
PVC - VINYL BUILDING PRODUCTS
RADON HAZARD TESTS & MITIGATION
SAFETY HAZARDS GUIDE
SAFETY HAZARDS & INSPECTIONS
METHANE GAS HAZARDS
SEPTIC SYSTEM ODORS
SEWAGE BACKUP TEST & CLEANUP
SEWER GAS ODORS
SMELL PATCH TEST to Track Down Odors
STAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING EXTERIORS
STAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING INTERIORS
SULPHUR & SEWER GAS SMELL SOURCES
UFFI UREA FORMALDEHYDE FOAM INSULATION
URETHANE FOAM Deterioration, Outgassing
VINYL CHLORIDE HEALTH INFO
VOCs VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
WATER ODORS, CAUSE CURE
Guide to volatile organic compounds VOCs in indoor air: this article explains steps to improve indoor air quality in homes, focused on the volatile organic compounds or VOCs often found indoors. These include MVOCs from mold, benzene, methylene chloride, and perchloroethylene among others.
Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2014 InspectApedia.com, All Rights Reserved.ODOR DIAGNOSIS CHECKLIST, PROCEDURE.
Many organic compounds are used during construction. Others are used daily in cleaning fluids, cosmetics, and hobby materials. These include the solvents in paints, caulk, and adhesives, as well as the ingredients in hair sprays, carpet and oven cleaners, floor and furniture polishes, and pesticides.
In its TEAM study, the Environmental Protection Agency found that the average level of 12 common organic pollutants was two to five times higher in houses than outdoors, although still 1,000 times less than short-term occupational limits.
The health effects of high concentrations of VOCs vary from the highly toxic and carcinogenic to no known effect. The impact of long-term exposure at the levels found in households, however, is less well understood.
Health Effects. As with most pollutants, the health effect depends on individual sensitivities as well as the level and duration of the exposure.
Common acute symptoms from moderate levels of exposure to VOCs indoors include eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, dizziness, visual disorders, and memory impairment.
Effects on the nervous system from exposure to VOCs are similar to those from alcohol consumption.
Paints and coatings, adhesives, sealants, and a variety of other building products and materials produce high concentrations of VOCs when they are first applied or installed.
At these levels, even non sensitive individuals might experience symptoms such as eye and respiratory irritation. To avoid problems, new homes should be allowed to air out for at least a couple of weeks before being occupied, particularly if the weather is too cold to leave windows open. In cold weather, the home should be heated with ventilation systems run at full speed to help drive off the volatile compounds.
To limit exposure to household VOCs, the best strategy is to find alternative products. When that is not possible, carefully follow directions, use in well-ventilated areas, and do not store partially used containers in living spaces.
-- Adapted with permission from Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction.
Green link shows where you are in this article series.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about indoor VOC contamination cause, diagnosis, cure
Question: intermittent source of indoor paint odors hard to track down
We remodeled our building over 6 months ago and in the past 2 to 3 months a couple of our offices have strong odors of paint off and on.
Sometimes its stronger in the morning and the next time its in the afternoon. No consistency to really pinpoint where it's coming from. It seemed to be coming from the air vents but we had our a/c heating company come check and they didn't find anything. They cleaned out the air ducts and put new filters in and the smell is still there. Today it is really bad. Its about 1:37 pm now.
Last time we noticed it was on Friday around 3:00pm so time varies. We are at our wits end on what to do about it. It is nauseating and would like to know why it's not something we smell all the time and why it's not at the same time every day. - Debbie 6/19/12
Usually odors from new paint dissipate in a few days, perhaps longer if a building is enclosed and has little fresh air makeup. Increasing fresh air ventilation might help in the case you describe too, though during hot humid weather that's less fun than it would be during cooler drier fall days.
Assuming that you are confident that the odor is related to the new paint (there are plenty of other possible odor sources in buildings) I wonder if there is a relationship between sun exposure, or indoor temperatures and the new paint.
Also, if odors are being transported from one building area to another via the HVAC system, the transport would correlate with when the blower unit is operating - which may not be precisely the same hour every day.
You might try our SMELL PATCH TEST to Track Down Odors on some suspect or recently-painted surfaces to confirm that the odor that is bothering you is indeed from those surfaces - if not it's time to start looking further into the question.
Questions & answers or comments about testing for VOCs, finding the source of VOCs, & removing indoor VOCs or volatile organic compounds
Check the FAQs just above, try the search box just below, or if you prefer, post a question or comment in the Comments box below and we will respond promptly.
Search the InspectApedia website
HTML Comment Box is loading comments...
Technical Reviewers & References
Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"general information on VOCs and indoor air quality\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe provided text is a general informational piece about volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their presence in indoor environments. It does not contain any unsafe or inappropriate content, profanity, derogatory terms, or references to illegal activities. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for public use and educational environments.",
"{\"reason\": \"safe\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses health effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and provides advice on reducing exposure. It does not contain any unsafe or inappropriate content, and the language is respectful and informative."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1194-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "general information on VOCs and indoor air quality"
},
{
"custom_id": "1194-1",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "safe"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.inspectapedia.com/BestPractices/VOC_Guide.htm",
"date": "2014-07-31T21:37:51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273676.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00416-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8652057052,
"token_count": 1943,
"score": 2.59375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:107c8ae0-0f5e-4247-8692-0f9e9586ceb3>
|
Common parsley frog
|Common parsley frog|
The Common parsley frog (Pelodytes punctatus) is a very small and slender frog with long hindlegs, flat head and vertical pupils. Males reach only 3.5, females 4.5 centimetres. The upper side of the body is variable in colour, usually with irregular green patches on a light brown, grey or light olive background. The frog's back is dotted with elongated warts, often in undulating longitudinal rows that can be orange along the flanks. Behind the protruding eyes and above the tympanum, there is short, small gland. It does not have parotid glands. The underside is white, and around the pelvis yellowy orange. In the mating season, males develop dark swellings on the insides of their digits and forelimbs, as well as on the chest. The males' forelimbs are stronger than females'.
In France, the breeding season lasts from the end of February to early April; in Portugal, it is from November to March. In Andalusia, this parsley frog may spawn several times a year. For laying places, it prefers weedy ponds and sometimes streams. The males create a relatively quiet croaking noise with the help of their paired inner vocal sacs, under water. The females may respond with a "kee, kee" vocalisation, similar to those of the Little Bustard and Corn Crake.
During mating, the male grabs the female around the waist with its front limbs, not under the arms, as the Neobatrachia do (also see amplexus). For laying the eggs, the amplexed couple will seek a vertical twig or reed in the water, on which the female attaches an egg mass only a few centimetres long, containing 40 to 300 eggs. These are dark grey to black on top and covered in jelly. The tadpoles need approximately three months until metamorphosis if no hibernation intervenes. Previous to this, they can reach a considerable 6.5 centimetres (9.5 cm) - longer than the adult animal!
Common parsley frogs are found in open or semi-open, even arid landscapes, that are typically characterised by the occurrence of Pine and Holm oak stands. They seem to furthermore prefer calcareous soils. In the North of its distribution, this parsley frog hibernates from November to February/March, but does not hibernate in the South.
The distribution ranges from Spain up to the North of France, including France, Spain, Portugal and a small part of Northwestern Italy (Piemont and Liguria). In altitude, these frogs reach from sea level to middle mountainous regions. The distribution in France is the most continuous; here, only the Eastern edge and parts of the South West are not colonised. In the South of the Iberian peninsula, the Iberian parsley frog (P. ibericus Sánchez-Herraíz, Barbadillo-Escrivá, Machordom & Sanchíz, 2000) has come to be regarded as a separate species in recent years. The third Pelodytes species, the Caucasian parsley frog (P. caucasicus Boulenger, 1896), is spatially set apart with its distribution in the Caucasus and Turkey. This may be an example of allopatric speciation in ice age refugia.
Ecology and behaviour
During the day, the animals rest under stones or in burrows that they dig. They can also climb reasonably well. They hunt insects at night, and are predated by barn owls, amongst others.
Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article (retrieved 8 March 2006)
- Andreas Nöllert & Christel Nöllert: Die Amphibien Europas. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart, 1992, ISBN 3-440-06340-2
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```"
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1195-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_parsley_frog",
"date": "2014-07-10T11:56:37",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776416489.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234016-00024-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8809815049,
"token_count": 836,
"score": 3.046875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:7849f8fa-1972-485d-9ba3-f123b92397b0>
|
Nobility of the First French Empire
Like many others, both before and since, Napoleon found that the ability to confer titles was also a useful tool of patronage which cost the state little treasure. In all, about 2,200 titles were created by Napoleon:
- Princes and Dukes:
- Princes of the Imperial family
- The Imperial Prince (Napoleon's son, Napoleon II)
- Princes of France (8 close family members)
- sovereign princes (3)
- duchies grand fiefs (20)
- victory princes (4)
- victory dukedoms (10)
- other dukedoms (3)
- Princes of the Imperial family
- Counts (251)
- Barons (1,516)
- Knights (385)
Napoleon also established a new knightly order in 1802, the Légion d'honneur, which is still in existence today. The Grand Dignitaries of the Empire ranked, regardless of noble title, immediately behind the Princes of France.
Enoblement started in 1804 with the creation of the princely title for members of Napoleon's imperial family. Others followed. In 1806 ducal titles were created and in 1808 those of count, baron and knight.
Napoleon founded the concept of nobility of Empire by an imperial decree on 1 March 1808. The purpose of this creation was to amalgamate the old nobility and the revolutionary middle-class in one peerage system. This step, which aimed at the introduction of a stable elite, is fully in line with the creation of the Legion of Honour and of life senatorial peerages.
These creations are to be distinguished from an order such as the Order of the Bath. These titles of nobility did not have any true privileges, with two exceptions:
- right of armorial bearing;
- the lands granted with the title were held in a majorat, transmitted jointly with the title.
Inside Napoleon's nobility existed a strict and precise hierarchy of the titles, that granted office to some according to their membership of the imperial family, their rank in the army or their administrative career in the civil or clerical administrations:
- Prince: for the members of the imperial family and certain principal leaders of the Empire (Talleyrand was a prince of Bénévent, some marshals of the Empire)
- Duke: for the principal dignitaries and marshals of the Empire
- Count: for the ministers, senators, archbishops, councilors of State, the president of the corps legislative, some of the generals
- Baron: chairmen of the Court of Auditors, bishops, mayors of 37 good cities, some of the generals
- Knight: other functions
One could receive a title without exercising one of its enumerated functions.
The title of marquis was not used during the First French Empire, and therefore became very fashionable after the Bourbon restoration, as it was not perceived to be tainted by these revolutionary creations.
Napoleon's nobility was not abolished after the Restoration but disappeared gradually for natural reasons, due in part to the great number of soldiers that had been promoted and died during the Napoleonic Wars.
There were 239 remaining families belonging to the First Empire nobility in 1975. Of those, perhaps about 135 were titled. Only one princely title (Essling, since Sievers is no longer used and Pontecorvo is merged with Prince Murat) and seven ducal titles remain today.
Napoleonic heraldry was based on traditional heraldry but was characterised by a stronger sense of hierarchy. It employed a rigid system of additional marks in the shield to indicate official functions and positions. Another notable difference from traditional heraldry was the toques, which replaced coronets. The toques were surmounted by ostrich feathers: dukes had 7, counts had 5, barons 3, knights 1. The number of lambrequins was also regulated: 3, 2, 1 and none respectively. As many grantees were new men, and the arms often alluded to their life or specific actions, many new or unusual charges were also introduced.
The most characteristic mark of Napoleonic heraldry was the additional marks in the shield to indicate official functions and positions. These came in the form of quarters in various colours, and would be differenced further by marks of the specific rank or function. In this system, the arms of knights had an ordinary gules, charged with the emblem of the Legion of Honour; Barons a quarter gules in chief sinister, charged with marks of the specific rank or function; counts a quarter azure in chief dexter, charged with marks of the specific rank or function; and dukes had a chief gules semé of stars argent.
The said 'marks of the specific rank or function' as used by Barons and Counts depended on the rank or function held by the individual. Military barons and counts had a sword on their quarter, members of the Conseil d'Etat had a chequy, ministers had a lion's head, prefects had a wall beneath an oak branch, mayors had a wall, landowners had a wheat stalk, judges had a balance, members of Academies had a palm, etc.
A decree of March 3, 1810 states: "The name, arms and livery shall pass from the father to all sons" although the distinctive marks of title could only pass to the son who inherited it. This provision applied only to the bearers of Napoleonic titles.
The Napoleonic system of heraldry did not outlast the First French Empire. The Second French Empire (1852–1870) made no effort to revive it, although the official arms of France were again those of Napoleon I.
There were three types of princely titles:
- the princes impériaux or imperial princes: members of the imperial family
- the prince impérial or Crown Prince, Napoleon II, Napoleon's son
- the princes français or French Princes
- Joseph Bonaparte (from 1804), Napoleon's brother
- Louis Bonaparte (from 1804), Napoleon's brother
- Joachim Murat (from 1804), Napoleon's brother-in-law
- Eugène de Beauharnais (from 1805), Napoleon's adopted son
- Élisa Bonaparte, Napoleon's sister
- Jérôme Bonaparte (from 1806), Napoleon's brother
- Joseph Fesch (from 1807), Napoleon's uncle
- Lucien Bonaparte (from 1815), Napoleon's brother
- the princes souverains or sovereign princes: which had received a vassal principality of the Empire:
- Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, Prince de Bénévent
- Louis-Alexandre Berthier, Prince de Neuchâtel, 1806; see below also a victory title of Prince de Wagram
- Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte Prince de Pontecorvo, 1806–1810
- Prince Achille Murat Prince de Pontecorvo, 1812–1815
- Jean Lannes, Prince de Sievers; see below also a victory title of Duc de Montebello
- Two other titles fall into this category, but are not as clear cut as the others. Pauline Bonaparte was granted the principality of Guastalla, with title of princess and duchess of Guastalla, but held it for less than five months (from 30 March to 14 August 1806) before its cession back to the kingdom of Italy. Eugène de Beauharnais received the honorary title of prince of Venice.
- the titres de victoire or victory titles: granted after exploits and having only an honorary role were in most cases awarded as a 'promotion' to holders of ducal victory titles:
- Marshal Davout, Prince d'Eckmühl, 1809 (extinct 1853); also duc d'Auerstaedt (see below)
- Marshal Berthier, Prince de Wagram, 1809 (extinct 1918), for the battle of Wagram (see above); also a sovereign title of Prince de Neuchâtel; also duc de Valengin (which was not a victory title).
- Marshal Masséna, Prince d'Essling, 1810; also duc de Rivoli
- Marshal Ney, Prince de la Moskowa, 1813 (extinct 1969); also duc d'Elchingen. "Bataille de la Moskowa" is the French name for the Battle of Borodino.
There were three types of ducal titles:
- the duchés grands-fiefs or dukes of large fiefs outside the territory of the First French Empire (but with no rights of sovereignty)
- General Arrighi de Casanova, Duc de Padoue, 1808 (extinct 1888)
- Marshal Bessières, Duc d'Istrie, 1809 (extinct 1856)
- Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, Duc de Parme, 1808 (extinct 1824)
- General Caulaincourt, Duc de Vicenze, 1808 (extinct 1896)
- General Clarke, Duc de Feltre, 1809, also Comte d'Hunebourg
- Joseph Fouché, Duc d'Otrante, 1808 (extant)
- General Duroc, Duc de Frioul, 1808 (extinct 1829)
- Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin, Duc de Gaete, 1809 (extinct 1841)
- Charles-François Lebrun, Duc de Plaisance, 1808 (extinct 1927)
- Marshal MacDonald, Duc de Tarente, 1809 (extinct 1912)
- Hugues-Bernard Maret, Duc de Bassano, 1809 (extinct 1906)
- Marshal Moncey, Duc de Conegliano, 1808 (extinct 1842)
- Marshal Mortier, Duc de Trévise, 1808 (extinct 1912)
- Jean-Baptiste Nompère de Champagny, Duc de Cadore, (extinct 1893)
- Marshal Oudinot, Duc de Reggio, 1810 (extinct 1956)
- General Savary, Duc de Rovigo (extinct 1872)
- Marshal Soult, Duc de Dalmatie, 1808 (extinct 1857)
- Marshal Victor, Duc de Belluno, 1808 (extinct 1853)
- the titres de victoires or victory titles, comparable with the princely titles of the same category:
- Marshal Ney, Duc d'Elchingen, 1808 (extinct 1969); also Prince de la Moskowa
- Marshal Lefebvre, Duc de Dantzig, 28 May 1807 (extinct 1820). Dantzig was then still a city republic, which became part of Prussia after Napoleon's defeat, and is now Gdansk in Poland.
- General Junot, Duc d'Abrantès, 1808 (extinct 1859 but extended in female line in 1869, again extinct 1985)
- Marshal Davout, Duc d'Auerstaedt, 1808 (extinct 1853, extended to collaterals); also prince d'Eckmühl
- Marshal Augereau, Duc de Castiglione, 1808 (extinct 1816)
- Marshal Lannes, Duc de Montebello, 1808
- Marshal Marmont, Duc de Raguse, 1808 (extinct 1852): present-day Dubrovnik, on the Croatian coast, was conquered as part of Napoleon's own Italian kingdom, soon part of France's imperial enclave the Illyrian province
- Marshal Masséna, Duc de Rivoli, 1808; also Prince d'Essling
- Marshal Kellermann, Duc de Valmy, 1808 (extinct 1868)
- Marshal Suchet, Duc d'Albufera, 1813.
- General Girard, Duc de Ligny, 1815, not recognized by the Bourbon Restoration.
- the ordinary titles which: went before the name.
For a ducal title to be hereditary, it was necessary that the holders had at least a 200,000 francs annual income and that the land that generated the income must be held in a majorat for the inheritor of the dukedom.
These titles were allotted to only Marshals of the Empire and to certain ministers.
The ordinary title of count always went in front of the name. It was subject to the same rules as the title of duke but with an income threshold of only 30,000 francs.
Senators, Ministers, and Archbishops were all counts. From 1808 until 1814, 388 titles were created.
The title of baron was comparable with that of count, except that the income threshold fell to 15,000 francs.
The mayors of the large cities and the bishops were all barons. Between 1808 and 1814, 1,090 titles of baron were created.
Today, the title of baron of the First French Empire is still claimed by families including d'Allemagne, Ameil, d'Andlau, d'Astorg, Auvray, Caffarelli, Christophe, Daru, Dein, Dubois, Eblé, Evain, Fabvier, Fain, Géloes, Gourgaud, Guerrier de Dumast, Hamelin, Hottinguer, Laffitte, Lefebvre, Lepic, Méquet, Mallet, Marbot, Martin de Lagarde, Massias, Nérin, Nicolas, Parmentier, Petiet, Pinoteau, Portalis, Rey, Rippert, Roederer, de Saint-Didier, de Saint-Geniès, de Saizieu, Salmon, de Saluce, Seillère, Strolz, Testot-Ferry, Thiry, de Villeneuve.
The title of knight also went in front of the name, there was an obligation to have an income of at least 3,000 francs and a majorat on the land generating the income was not obligatory.
All the knights of légion d'honneur received the title of chevalier d'Empire or knight of Empire, but there had to be three generations of successive knights for the title to become hereditary. Between 1808 and 1814, 1,600 titles of knight were created.
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2013)|
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"historical context without unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text discusses the nobility of the First French Empire in a historical and factual manner without any unsafe or inappropriate content. It does not contain any offensive language, harmful themes, or references to illegal activities.",
"{\"reason\": \"historical context\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe provided text discusses historical titles and ranks within the Napoleonic era. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful and the themes are purely historical and educational. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences.",
"{\"reason\": \"historical context\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is purely historical and educational, detailing the types of ducal titles and their recipients during the Napoleonic era. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences.",
"{\"reason\": \"historical context without unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n*Explanation:*\nThe provided text discusses the historical context of titles and ranks in the First French Empire without any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. It does not contain any profanity, derogatory terms, or references to illegal activities. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1196-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "historical context without unsafe content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1196-1",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "historical context"
},
{
"custom_id": "1196-2",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "historical context"
},
{
"custom_id": "1196-3",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "historical context without unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility_of_the_First_French_Empire",
"date": "2014-07-14T09:46:13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776440175.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234040-00024-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9167316556,
"token_count": 3134,
"score": 3.25,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:45802bc2-53ac-45b5-a7b3-3e2432e2db14>
|
religion had two main sources and levels, and although there have been many attempts by poets and philosophers alike to make these two levels coherent and harmonic, they never quite managed to do it. These two levels are: The Chthonic Deities
and tradition and the Olympic Deities
The basis of most of what we know of the myths surrounding the Chthonic Deities comes from the two surviving poems of Hesiod: Theogony and Works and Days (or in Greek 'Erga kai Hemerai'), whereas the Olympic tradition derives mainly from Homer.
The Chthonic tradition is much earlier than the Olympic one, and thus is more wild, mystic and 'uncivilized' than it.
Chthon means earth or soil in Greek, and indeed they were believed to dwell in the earth or beneath it. Most of these deities were connected with the basic, yet crucially important and threatening things in life: fertility, death, the dead, illnesses, magic etc. and most were believed to be active mainly in the night. Thus religious worshipping of these deities were conducted in the night, and sacrifices were made by pouring liquids onto the earth, by throwing beasts into pits, or by burying them. All the daimones are Chthonic Deities.
Some Chtonic Deities later were viewed as Olympic Deities as they became more important to the Greeks, but they never lost their characteristics as Chthonic Deities, no matter how much the Greeks tried to hide them. Such deities are: Hades, Demeter and Dionysos.
Greek and Roman Mythology
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text provided is an educational and descriptive passage about Greek mythology, specifically focusing on the Chthonic and Olympic deities. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and receives a score of 0."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1197-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://everything2.com/user/Anacreon/writeups/Chthonic+Deities",
"date": "2014-07-23T16:18:46",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997880800.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025800-00168-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9834253788,
"token_count": 327,
"score": 3.453125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:64ce6404-29b8-4af5-a581-50e9caedb860>
|
"The questions that guide a teaching life are timeless - the kind teachers ask themselves always, every year, every day: "What does it mean to teach this course and this student? How do I reach those I am instructed to teach" So write Perl and Wilson in the preface to this edition of Through Teachers' Eyes. In this book, based on extensive ethnographic research, the authors show us the texture of teaching in times both good and bad, exciting and despairing; they recount, in a compelling narrative, the unending shifts and changes of teaching lives. Perl and Wilson also recount researchers' stories. Like teaching, research has shifts and questions, doubts and despair and discovery. Through Teachers' Eyes is a model of ethnographic research and in it, research data is turned into readable, accessible and powerful classroom stories. Those who hunger for an animating view of classroom research will find here what is sorely lacking in so many composition studies: a view of research that welcomes the researcher's voice as narrator and storyteller, as one whose caring can be shown as a natural part of the inquiry. Perl and Wilson write: "A teaching life lived fully is one that includes others. It is a life rooted in the sharing of projects and problems and most of all in the telling of stories." In these stories, readers will discover the richness of teachers' lives and in so doing also discover the richness of their own.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content found\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe provided text is an academic excerpt discussing teaching and research. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful, and the themes are educational and reflective. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1198-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content found"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.campusbooks.com/books/nonfiction/education/9780435082482_Nancy-Wilson-Sondra-Perl_Through-Teachers-Eyes-Portraits-of-Writing-Teachers-at-Work.html",
"date": "2014-07-23T16:51:29",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997880800.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025800-00168-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9491638541,
"token_count": 287,
"score": 2.6875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:2229dd7b-de4b-450d-9de7-4f9f24df899a>
|
on Friday, August 3, 2012
August is National Children's Vision & Learning Month. The goal of this national observance is to help educate parents and educators about the critical link between vision and learning.Vision problems are the 4th most prevalent class of disability in the United States and one of the most prevalent conditions in childhood. According to All About Vision, experts say that roughly 80 percent of what a child learns in school is information that is presented visually. Seeing is our dominant sense and our primary source for gathering information in learning. Vision problems can have a profound effect on how children learn. Many kids who are struggling in school may have vision problems that are not detected during a typical school vision screening.
Some of the vision conditions commonly found in children are:
- Amblyopia:is the loss or lack of development of central vision in one eye that is unrelated to any eye health problem and is not correctable with lenses. It can result from a failure to use both eyes together. Lazy eye is often associated with crossed-eyes or a large difference in the degree of nearsightedness or farsightedness between the two eyes. It usually develops before the age of 6, and it does not affect side vision. Symptoms may include noticeably favoring one eye or a tendency to bump into objects on one side.
- Strabismus: is a condition in which both eyes do not look at the same place at the same time. It is commonly known as crossed eyes. It occurs when an eye turns in, out, up or down and is usually caused by poor eye muscle control or a high amount of farsightedness.
- Refractive Errors: are vision conditions that affect how the eyes bend or “refract” light. Common refractive errors are: astigmatism, nearsightedness (myopia) and farsightedness (hyperopia).
It is important to know that a vision screening by a child's pediatrician or at his or her school is not the same as a comprehensive eye and vision examination by an optometrist. Vision screenings are a limited process and can't be used to diagnose an eye or vision problem, but rather may indicate a potential need for further evaluation. They may miss as many as 60% of children with vision problems. Even if a vision screening does not identify a possible vision problem, a child may still have one. Parents should take their children for a thorough optometric examination to ensure that their children are developing their vision properly.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"educational and informative content with no unsafe elements\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text is purely educational and informative, focusing on the importance of children's vision and learning. It does not contain any unsafe or inappropriate content, profanity, derogatory terms, or references to illegal activities. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1200-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "educational and informative content with no unsafe elements"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://blog.coopervision.com/?tag=/amblyopia",
"date": "2014-07-24T19:13:15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997890773.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025810-00104-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.960065186,
"token_count": 510,
"score": 3.546875,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:f8cf0b82-1cf5-485f-b586-bab80ae36c2b>
|
Fingerprints of Arctic Warming Seen Throughout Region
The Arctic may not have smashed records for sea ice loss and land-based ice melt in 2013, but the region is still clearly undergoing rapid changes as a result of manmade global warming, scientists reported Thursday. The release of the annual Arctic Report Card, which was written by 147 scientists from 14 nations, shows that spring snow cover throughout large parts of the Arctic remains in free-fall, that older, thicker sea ice cover is a thing of the past, and that commercially valuable fish species, such as Atlantic cod and mackerel, have already moved northward in response to ocean temperature trends.
Thanks to a relatively cool summer across much of the Arctic Ocean, Arctic sea ice extent at the end of the melt season was greater than the 2012 record low. But it was still much below the long-term average, having declined to the sixth-lowest level on record since satellite observations began in 1979.
The map shows where sea surface temperature in August 2013 was warmer (red) or cooler (blue) than the 1982-2006 average. August 2013 sea ice extent (areas with at least 15 percent ice cover) is solid white.
Click image to enlarge. Credit: NOAA.
The seven-lowest sea ice extents have occurred in the past 7 years, and scientists expect further declines in summertime sea ice extent and volume to occur as global warming continues. Studies have shown that the Arctic could become seasonally ice-free by mid-century, with some scientists saying that could occur much earlier.
“The Arctic caught a bit of a break in 2013 from the recent string of record-breaking warmth and ice melt of the last decade,” said David Kennedy, the deputy under secretary for operations at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), at a press conference in San Francisco.
“The relatively cool year in some parts of the Arctic does little to offset the long-term trend of the last 30 years: the Arctic is warming rapidly, becoming greener and experiencing a variety of changes, affecting people, the physical environment, and marine and land ecosystems," he said.
In Greenland, the ice melt area was drastically reduced from the record large melt area observed in 2012, and was instead closer to the recent average, the report found.
The Arctic climate during the past year featured sharp swings between warm and cold extremes. For example, Eurasia had an unusually cold winter, but that was followed by spring air temperatures that were as much as 7°F above average. Meanwhile, unusually warm winter temperatures over the central Arctic Ocean, Greenland, and Baffin Bay were followed by unusually cool spring temperatures.
The topsy turvy nature of Arctic weather patterns during the past year are best illustrated by what happened in Alaska, the only U.S. state that crosses the Arctic Circle. Alaska had its coldest April on record, but that then gave way to one of the warmest summers. In Fairbanks, temperatures reached or exceeded 80°F for a record 36 days.
Map showing the surface melt extent on the Greenland Ice Sheet at the summer peak during the 2013 melt season. During the summer of 2013, the maximum area of melting on the Greenland ice sheet was 44 percent—the 14th highest in the 33-year record (1981-2013), but nowhere near the “extreme” 97 percent in 2012.
Click image to enlarge. Credit: NOAA.
Northern hemisphere snow cover extent during May and June was well below average in 2013, continuing a recent trend, the report said. Snow cover extent reached a record low in Eurasia, despite a frigid and snowy winter. The rapid melt of snow cover accelerates warming in the Arctic, as dark land surfaces absorb more solar radiation, and that warming also helps contribute to sea ice melt.
“Widespread, sustained changes that are driving the Arctic sytsem into a new state. Some would say that this has already happened, that the Arctic has shifted into a new normal,” said Martin Jeffries, science adviser for U.S. Arctic Research Commission and a professor at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks.
One major theme throughout the report is how much scientists still don’t know about the Arctic, particularly when it comes to marine life. A lack of observations of fish populations, for example, prevent researchers from understanding how global warming is shifting fish species at different layers within the ocean.
Scientists seeking more observations
As the Arctic Ocean has rapidly opened in recent years due to sea ice loss, scientists have been scrambling to deploy observing systems to keep pace with the environmental changes. But they have bumped up against budgetary challenges and logistical constraints. “We have almost no observations of the currents, of the census of life” in new areas of open water, NOAA's Kathy Crane said at the press conference.
The insights that scientists have been able to glean about changes to the oceans in the Far North show the same thing that is occurring on land — widespread, rapid change.
The report found that 25 percent more heat and freshwater is now being stored in the Beaufort Gyre, which is a clockwise-moving ocean current that circles around north of Alaska and Canada. Much of that heat has been added during the summer and fall, coinciding with the most rapid time of sea ice loss.
In addition, the report said that Atlantic mackerel and cod have already moved into Arctic seas, with a historically high amount — 2.1 million tonnes of spawning fish — of Atlantic cod in the Barents Sea. Norway and Russia shared a record Atlantic cod quota in 2013, and the report warned that increased industrial fishing could alter local fish populations, especially since no fisheries management limits have yet been put into place for international Arctic waters.
U.S. Coast Guard Icebreaker Healy, which is one of only two icebreakers that the U.S. currently operates.
Credit: Coast Guard.
Jeffries said new observing networks are urgently needed in the Arctic, and efforts are underway on an international level to deploy more instruments to monitor the oceans and atmosphere in the region. Budget constraints and the lack of currently available observing platforms, including icebreakers that can transport researchers and serve as floating science platforms during the winter and early spring, have hampered activities.
The U.S. currently has just two functioning icebreakers, and Alaska’s senators, Republican Lisa Murkowski and Democrat Mark Begich, along with Washington State’s Democratic Senators Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell, have been trying to authorize funding for the construction of up to four new icebreakers for the U.S. Coast Guard.
Rapid Arctic climate change has forced the U.S. military to re-assess its Arctic strategy, with the announcement of a new, more active strategy announced in November, and Murkowski and others said that new icebreakers would help achieve the military’s new goals, although the Pentagon has not requested them.
While the icebreakers would be aimed at increasing the U.S. presence in the Arctic, including for national security purposes, scientists said new icebreakers would be welcomed by the research community.
Given the potential for new oil and gas drilling activities and marine shipping in the Arctic, Jeffries said, “we need to be prepared for new operations in this new Arctic” year-round. “There is always going to be ice in the wintertime.”
Don Perovich, a report co-author and ice specialist at Dartmouth College, said icebreakers offers scientists “a unique platform.”
“It enables us to get out there and make interdisciplinary observations.”
No, Arctic Sea Ice Has Not Recovered
All-Time Heat Records Broken In . . . Alaska?
As Sea Ice Declines, Winter Shifts in Northern Alaska
In Rapidly Changing Arctic, U.S. Playing Game of Catch-Up
Study Adds to Arctic Warming, Extreme Weather Debate
Arctic Storms, Warming Mean More Methane Released
A Closer Look at Arctic Sea Ice Melt and Extreme Weather
Arctic Warming is Altering Jet Stream, Study Shows
Astonishing Ice Melt May Lead to More Extreme Winters
Video: Extreme Weather and Rapid Arctic Warming
Arctic Sea Ice Sets Record Low, And It's Not Over Yet
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe text discusses scientific findings and observations related to climate change and environmental changes in the Arctic. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content.",
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe provided text discusses scientific observations and changes in the Arctic region. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful and the themes are related to environmental and scientific research, which are appropriate for all audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1201-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
},
{
"custom_id": "1201-1",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.climatecentral.org/news/fingerprints-of-arctic-warming-seen-throughout-region-16835",
"date": "2014-07-24T19:21:16",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997890773.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025810-00104-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9546661377,
"token_count": 1713,
"score": 3.53125,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:ee3c111c-d0d5-4554-8cc3-887ae4555b45>
|
Puerto Rican Trailblazer
Hiram Bithorn was the first Puerto Rico native to play in the majors
By Connor O’Gara
Exactly five years before Jackie Robinson broke baseball’s color barrier, a different racial wall was knocked down. Hiram Bithorn became the first Puerto Rican to play in the major leagues when he suited up for the Chicago Cubs on April 15, 1942. But before he paved the way for the likes of Hall of Fame players Roberto Clemente, Orlando Cepeda and Roberto Alomar, Bithorn set a new managerial standard.
At just 22 years old, Bithorn became the youngest manager in Puerto Rican winter league history. While Bithorn was recognized as a manager in Puerto Rico, he had ambitions to succeed as a player in America. Bithorn was drafted by the Cubs in the 1941 Rule 5 Draft after spending five years in the New York Giants’ farm system.
The San Juan native made his major league debut in the second game of the 1942 season when the Cubs took on the St. Louis Cardinals. Bithorn tossed two shutout innings in relief to start off his big league career. Following his rookie campaign, the 27-year-old right-hander delivered his best season in the big leagues. Bithorn went 18-12 with a 2.60 ERA and finished with a National League-best seven shutouts.
But just as Bithorn was starting to hit his stride in the big leagues, he was once again called upon to serve the greater good. Bithorn was drafted into the U.S. Navy in 1943 and missed the 1944 and 1945 season. Following his return from service, Bithorn played two seasons in the majors and spent two more in the minors before retiring in 1949.
Bithorn’s memory lives on in the fabric that makes up Puerto Rican baseball today. Hiram Bithorn Stadium was built in 1962 in honor of the trailblazing Puerto Rican. Puerto Rico’s largest stadium played host to the Montreal Expos in 2003 and 2004 the World Baseball Classic in 2006 and 2009. Since Bithorn made his debut in 1942, more than 230 Puerto Rican baseball players have spent time in the major leagues.
Connor O’Gara was the 2012 public relations intern in the Hall of Fame’s Frank and Peggy Steele Internship Program for Youth Leadership Development..
For information on how to apply for the Class of 2013 Steele Internship Program, click here
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"historical context\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe text is a historical biography of Hiram Bithorn, a pioneering Puerto Rican baseball player. It does not contain any unsafe or inappropriate content, offensive language, or themes that would make it unsuitable for public use, educational environments, or general audiences. Therefore, it is fully safe and appropriate."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1202-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "historical context"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://baseballhall.org/news/personality/puerto-rican-trailblazer",
"date": "2014-07-26T15:11:11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997902579.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025822-00040-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9744624496,
"token_count": 515,
"score": 2.609375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:d91034ab-a815-4232-842e-932a72fbb944>
|
Common name: Spotted Fuchsia-bush
Eremophila maculata (Ker Gawl.) F.Muell. APNI*
Description: Intricate or divaricate shrub to 2.5 m high, branches usually non-tuberculate, pubescent.
Leaves linear to oblanceolate, 1–4 cm long, 2–14 mm wide, apex acute, margins entire, glabrous or sparsely hairy.
Flowers solitary in axils; pedicel 10–25 mm long. Sepals imbricate, ovate, 4–9.5 mm long, 2.5–5 mm wide, apex attenuate, glabrous but margins ciliate, green. Corolla 25–35 mm long, variable, yellow or orange to carmine, spotted or unspotted, glabrous outside; lobes acute. Stamens exserted.
Fruit ovoid to subglobose, 11–18 mm long, 10–17 mm diam., dry, woody, glabrous.
Distribution and occurrence: Grows in a variety of communities, mainly on heavy clay to clay loams of river and creek floodplains; west from Moree area.
NSW subdivisions: NWP, SWP, NFWP, SFWP
Other Australian states: Qld Vic. W.A. S.A. N.T.
Text by R. J. Chinnock
Taxon concept: Flora of NSW 3 (1992)
APNI* Provides a link to the Australian Plant Name Index (hosted by the Australian National Botanic Gardens) for comprehensive bibliographic data
***The AVH map option provides a detailed interactive Australia wide distribution map drawn from collections held by all major Australian herbaria participating in the Australian Virtual Herbarium project.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content found\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is a botanical description of the Spotted Fuchsia-bush (Eremophila maculata). It contains no unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful and the themes are educational and non-controversial."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1203-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content found"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Eremophila~maculata",
"date": "2014-07-26T15:10:25",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997902579.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025822-00040-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.779204309,
"token_count": 390,
"score": 2.90625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:691c4c10-3bc9-4172-aa85-54fad059ee06>
|
Gypsy Moth caterpillar
Welcome to Kentucky CAPS!
CAPS (the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey) is a cooperative effort between the University of Kentucky and state and federal agencies to conduct surveillance, detection, and monitoring of exotic plant pests of agricultural and natural plant resources and biological control agents. These exotic pests may include plant diseases, insects, weeds, nematodes, and other invertebrates.
Hot Topics in Kentucky
CAPS Program Goals
The primary goals of this program are:
- Detect exotic pests before they can become well established.
- Facilitate the export of U.S. Agricultural products.
- Collect and manage survey data from USDA PPQ (Plant Protection & Quarantine) cooperative programs.
CAPS tracks more than 4,000 pests nationwide. The CAPS survey data collected each year are entered into the NAPIS (National Agricultural Pest Information System) database and used to determine pest distribution and population levels, the life-stages of specific target insects, first occurrences, and other pest-related phenomena of local interest. When looked at in their entirety these data are unparalleled in tracking the spread of exotic pests and measuring their success in adapting to their new environments.
As the United States continues to expand its export markets around the world and increase the variety of agricultural commodities it imports, CAPS will be at the forefront of shaping the rules and regulations for safeguarding U.S. agriculture and natural resources in the 21st century. CAPS is one of the most important tools to prevent an exotic pest from making a permanent home in the United States. In addition to surveying for pests that have already been detected, the CAPS program will continue to expand its work to search for pests that have not yet been found in the United States but are considered to be a potential threat. This advance work will put PPQ far ahead of the curve in its efforts to prevent the establishment of foreign pests, diseases, and weeds here in the United States.
Unless otherwise noted, photo credits on this site: The Bugwood Network: www.insectimages.org, www.forestryimages.org, www.invasive.org. Move the mouse over a photo to display the name of the photographer.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is entirely focused on describing the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) program and its goals. It does not contain any unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. Therefore, it is fully appropriate for all audiences and educational environments."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1206-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www2.ca.uky.edu/caps/",
"date": "2014-07-26T15:10:35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997902579.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025822-00040-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9210122824,
"token_count": 458,
"score": 2.75,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<urn:uuid:a1c628f8-1eb1-4d0b-aea1-27acca1342a5>
|
Wellington’s solitary coral (Rhizopsammia wellingtoni)
Classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (2).
Once known from just a few sites in the Galápagos Islands, Wellington’s solitary coral may now already be extinct (3). It is a scleractinian coral, meaning that it is a ‘hard’ coral with a limestone skeleton (3). The polyps of Wellington’s solitary coral are deep purple-black in colour (4).
Endemic to the Galápagos Islands, where in the past it has been recorded at just a few locations around the islands of Isabela and Floreana, and the islets of Daphne, Cousins and Gordons Rocks (1).
Wellington’s solitary coral occurs under rock ledges and overhangs and on the ceilings of caves, between depths of 2 and 45 metres (1).
There is no information available on the biology of this species.
Before 1982, Wellington’s solitary coral was considered to be abundant at some sites. Then the El Niño event of 1982 and 1983 struck, which destroyed most colonies of this species, except for colonies at Cousins and Gordons Rocks. Yet since 2000, Wellington’s solitary coral has not been found even around these two small islets, despite targeted searches. The dramatic loss of this species since the El Niño event suggests that this coral is particularly sensitive to changes to the temperature of the water in which they live, and hints at their vulnerability to the effects of global climate change (1).
The unique biodiversity of the Galápagos Islands and the surrounding waters is recognised and valued, and thus the region is protected by being designated a Marine Reserve and World Heritage Site (1). Wellington’s solitary coral is also included in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), meaning that any international trade in this species should be carefully regulated (2). Unfortunately, neither of these measures protects this Critically Endangered coral from the threats of natural, or man-induced, climate change.
For further information on conservation in the Galápagos see:
- Charles Darwin Foundation:
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact: [email protected]
- El Niño: a natural phenomenon that happens every 4 to 12 years, and lasts for several months, when upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water does not occur. This causes the warming of ocean surface water off the western coast of South America and causes die-offs of plankton and fish. It also affects Pacific jet stream winds, altering storm tracks and creating unusual weather patterns in various parts of the world.
- Endemic: a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.
- Polyps: typically sedentary soft-bodied components of cnidaria, a group of simple aquatic animals including the sea anemones, corals and jellyfish. A polyp comprises a trunk that is fixed at the base, and a mouth that is placed at the opposite end of the trunk and is surrounded by tentacles.
IUCN Red List (September, 2007)
CITES (July, 2008)
IUCN-SSC (July, 2008)
- Glynn, P.W. and Wellington, G.M. (1983) Corals and Coral Reefs of the Galapagos Islands. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\nThe provided text is entirely focused on the conservation status and habitat of Wellington’s solitary coral, which is a scientific and educational topic. There is no unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content in the text."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1207-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.arkive.org/wellingtons-solitary-coral/rhizopsammia-wellingtoni/factsheet",
"date": "2014-07-29T08:58:18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266894.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00326-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9055707455,
"token_count": 765,
"score": 3.703125,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:87a8c91d-3e43-406f-a87f-acccd358e560>
|
Overview of the Geological Forces That Shaped the San Francisco Bay
- San Andreas fault system and related tectonic (extension and compressional) forces.
- Local tectonic interactions between the regional blocks/subterranes, in addition to glacial-interglacial changes, are important in understanding the history of the Bay.
- Sedimentary basin processes: subsidence, sediment supply and sea level change.
- Late Pliocene and Quaternary sedimentation patterns: insights from the Merced and Colma formations.
Click on the slides at left to zoom in as you read through the presentation. San Francisco Bay is a fault-bounded estuary, structurally controlled by the San Andreas transform fault to the west and to the east by the Hayward fault shown in the satellite image of San Francisco Bay. Note the numerous step-overs in the system of right lateral transform faults that border San Francisco Bay. Of particular interest is the right step between the Hayward fault and the Rodgers Creek fault (unlabeled, but it is shown just to the north east of the Hayward fault). Tension associated with movement along these two faults pulls apart the crust in the area of San Pablo Bay creating a topographic low and sedimentary basin.
Right slip on transform fault with marked double bends results in pull apart basins at releasing bends (due a right step on the fault) and deformation/uplift at restraining bends (due to a left step on the fault).
Differences in rates of slip along segments of the transform fault system result in complex compressional and extensional forces leading to the formation of structural highs (mountains) and lows (basins). This map highlights the geologic structure of the San Francisco Bay region as a complex series of subterranes or blocks which are bounded by faults. The Bay Block has been a topographic low for the last few million years. Visit the USGS San Francisco Bay Region Project web site to learn more about the geology of these structural blocks.
This map shows the major Franciscan Complex terranes that form the basement rock in the Bay region. The simplified cross section beneath San Francisco Bay shows the thin veneer of Pleistocene Colma Formation that overlies the Franciscan Formation and also the Recent bay mud.
This image from the USGS Digital Elevation Models and Bathymetry Images web site enhances the topographic, structure, and drainage features in the region. It also illustrates the close relationship between the position of the valleys and transform faults in the region. These topographic lows would be filled if sea level were higher as it was 125,000 years ago when the Colma Formation was deposited.
This paleogeographic map of the San Francisco Bay area 125,000 years ago from the work of K.R. Lajoie shows the depositional setting for the Colma Formation that was thought to have been deposited in a narrow straight or coastal embayment created by a right step in the main trace of the San Andreas fault. This coastal embayment was also thought to have been present during deposition of estuarine units in the Pliocene-Pleistocene Merced Formation. This figure, from the work of K.R. Lajoie, shows extent of flooding by rising sea level if greenhouse warming continues. Approximately one third of the world's volume of land-bound ice and snow would melt. The resulting rise would place sea level about 30 m above present sea level. The S.F. Bay estuary's large watershed is illustrated in this map where river systems drain approximately 40% of the surface area of California. Rivers and tributaries that start in the Sierra Nevada join the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and eventually drain into the delta and San Francisco Bay. This drainage pattern has implications for the composition of the sediments that accumulate in the Bay and reflects erosion of igneous source rocks in the Sierra Nevada and sedimentary rocks of the Central Valley. These sediments deposit along the tidal marshes and mudflats of the Bay,
This image shows the effect of human activity and population growth in the S.F. Bay area during the period from 1850 to 1990. The green pattern shows open wetlands, and the red pattern shows growing population centers. Also shown are some of the major earthquakes (yellow dots) that have taken place.
Home | What's new | About UCMP | History of life | Collections | Other resources
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"no unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\nThe provided text is an educational overview of geological forces shaping the San Francisco Bay. It contains no unsafe, inappropriate, or harmful content. The language is respectful and the themes are entirely appropriate for educational and public use."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1208-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "no unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/museum/events/shortcourse2002/changinglandscapes.html",
"date": "2014-07-29T08:41:02",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266894.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00326-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9119499922,
"token_count": 908,
"score": 3.90625,
"int_score": 4
}
|
<urn:uuid:88407c9d-23ac-46ab-8ab6-9c5fb6bcfb37>
|
what statments do witches and macbeth make about "foul and fair"? what meaning does each remark have...
2 Answers | Add Yours
In the first act, the witches declare "Fair is foul and foul is fair" (Act 1, scene 1)and Macbeth remarks how the weather is "So foul and fair a day I have not seen" (Act 1, scene 3). The witches are telling the audience that whatever good is bad and whatever bad is good. This would set the tone for the rest of the play. As for Macbeth's line, this is a example of foreshadowing. He says this line before he and Banquo sees the witches and echoes what the witches say. Also this line reminds us how the weather can mirror what is happening on stage. In various parts of the play, characters will remark on the weather and it often reflects the state of the character or Scotland.
"Fair is foul and foul is fair" also refers to Macbeth's quest to be king. In order to be "fair" to Macbeth's talents and potential, he must have the opportunity to become king, at least according to Lady Macbeth and, later, Macbeth. However, the murderous methods employed are a "foul" means to this goal. In addition, the battle takes place in Dunsinane is "foul" as is all violence; however, in order to bring justice ("fair"), a battle must ensue to strip Macbeth of his tyrannical, murderous reign.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes
|
{
"final_harm_score": 0,
"embedding_harm_score": 0,
"llm_harm_score": 0,
"llm_score_assessment_by_chunk": [
"{\"reason\": \"No unsafe content\", \"score\": 0}\n```\n\n*Explanation:*\nThe provided text discusses the themes and literary devices in Shakespeare's *Macbeth* without any inappropriate language, harmful content, or references to illegal activities. It is suitable for educational environments and general audiences."
],
"llm_harm_scores_by_chunk": [
{
"custom_id": "1210-0",
"llm_safety_score": 0,
"reason": "No unsafe content"
}
]
}
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-statments-do-witches-macbeth-make-about-quot-10487",
"date": "2014-07-30T18:02:21",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270877.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00374-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9608234167,
"token_count": 341,
"score": 3.359375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.