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{ "text": [ "a family of AAA-ATPase proteins" ], "answer_start": [ 2018 ] }

{ "text": [ "S2 subunit of 2019-nCoV is highly conserved and shares 99% identity with those of the two bat SARS-like CoVs (SL-CoV ZXC21 and ZC45) and human SARS-CoV" ], "answer_start": [ 8256 ] }

{ "text": [ "regulations/legislations regarding strict face-to-face social interaction" ], "answer_start": [ 31133 ] }

{ "text": [ "Arenaviridae and Bunyaviridae: Hantavirus" ], "answer_start": [ 2977 ] }

{ "text": [ "35 %" ], "answer_start": [ 8845 ] }

{ "text": [ "Retrospective analysis revealed that, when given at the correct time and to the appropriate patients, corticosteroid use could decrease mortality and also length of hospital stays" ], "answer_start": [ 10425 ] }

{ "text": [ "systematically analysed the nucleolar proteome perturbations occurring in Jurkat T-cells" ], "answer_start": [ 6845 ] }

{ "text": [ "that the time from symptom onset to hospitalisation/case isolation was about 3 days longer for locally acquired cases than for imported cases." ], "answer_start": [ 9816 ] }

{ "text": [ "some bats have an antiviral immune response called the interferon pathway perpetually switched on" ], "answer_start": [ 5247 ] }

{ "text": [ "Emergence risk should be highest in the most rapidly transforming urban areas, peri-urban zones where mixes of urban-rural, modern-traditional land uses and poultry husbandry coincide most intensely." ], "answer_start": [ 5073 ] }

{ "text": [ "deoxyribozymes can form from ribonucleotides (Wilson and Szostak, 1999) . Thus, DNA can arise from RNA chemically, without the key protein enzyme, the reverse transcriptase." ], "answer_start": [ 3619 ] }

{ "text": [ "the understanding of viral induced exacerbation in chronic airway inflammatory diseases and indicates pathways that may be targeted for more effective management of chronic inflammatory diseases." ], "answer_start": [ 1806 ] }

{ "text": [ "isolate at home during their illness" ], "answer_start": [ 3493 ] }

{ "text": [ "viral persistence which lead to continuous expression of antiviral genes may also lead to the development of steroid resistance, which is seen with RV, RSV, and PIV infection" ], "answer_start": [ 19050 ] }

{ "text": [ "serum concentration of mannose-binding lectin (MBL)" ], "answer_start": [ 1031 ] }

{ "text": [ "one third of the world's population" ], "answer_start": [ 1940 ] }

{ "text": [ "In some patients there is a progression to the more severe form of ALI, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)" ], "answer_start": [ 2590 ] }

{ "text": [ "by strongly limiting virus genome sizes and their incorporation of new information." ], "answer_start": [ 2302 ] }

{ "text": [ "a maintenance function play by the host(s)" ], "answer_start": [ 7212 ] }

{ "text": [ "firstly, early recognition of the deteriorating patient; secondly, HCW safety; thirdly, bystander safety; fourthly, contingency plans for medical emergencies during transport; fifthly, post-transport decontamination" ], "answer_start": [ 2228 ] }

{ "text": [ "More studies are needed to explore this possibility and resolve the natural origin of SARS-CoV-2. We should emphasize that, although SARS-CoV-2 shows no evidence of laboratory origin, viruses with such great public health threats must be handled properly in the laboratory and also properly regulated by the scientific community and governments." ], "answer_start": [ 7082 ] }

{ "text": [ "close and lengthy exposure" ], "answer_start": [ 912 ] }

{ "text": [ "influenza A" ], "answer_start": [ 16081 ] }

{ "text": [ "estimated at $30-$100 billion" ], "answer_start": [ 5423 ] }

{ "text": [ "Recent data suggest that there has been a 25% decrease in the incidence of pneumonia, from 0.29 episodes per child year in low-and middle-income countries in 2000, to 0.22 episodes per child year in 2010 [3] . This is substantiated by a 58% decrease in pneumonia-associated disability-adjusted life years between 1990 and 2013, from 186 million to 78 million" ], "answer_start": [ 2356 ] }

{ "text": [ "3.1% [0.85%-8.4%]" ], "answer_start": [ 13284 ] }

{ "text": [ "herd immunity" ], "answer_start": [ 7235 ] }

{ "text": [ "Pregnant staff" ], "answer_start": [ 12636 ] }

{ "text": [ "A systematic search was carried out in three major electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library) to identify published studies in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Supplementary strategies through Google Search and personal communications were used." ], "answer_start": [ 1035 ] }

{ "text": [ "three" ], "answer_start": [ 701 ] }

{ "text": [ "fever, cough, and myalgia or fatigue." ], "answer_start": [ 2947 ] }

{ "text": [ "initial amino acid sequences were input and analysed using neural networking and its own algorithm." ], "answer_start": [ 6478 ] }

{ "text": [ "the proportion of deaths among those infected with MERS-CoV is much higher than that known for the HCoVs NL63, HKU1, 229E or" ], "answer_start": [ 29725 ] }

{ "text": [ "the region upstream of the ifitm5 gene lacks the interferon regulatory elements" ], "answer_start": [ 6335 ] }

{ "text": [ "33%" ], "answer_start": [ 6862 ] }

{ "text": [ "Early life pneumonia can impair longterm lung health by decreasing lung function [6] . Severe or recurrent pneumonia can have a worse effect on lung function; increasing evidence suggests that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease might be related to early childhood pneumonia" ], "answer_start": [ 4098 ] }

{ "text": [ "the detected 32.14% (45/140, one case from Taiwan, and one case from Hong Kong) (22, 23)." ], "answer_start": [ 9523 ] }

{ "text": [ "members of the Roquin and Regnase families" ], "answer_start": [ 4276 ] }

{ "text": [ "64.3%" ], "answer_start": [ 2547 ] }

{ "text": [ "Taking advantage of the ability to display substrate-specific peptides at known locations on the phage filament Hess et al., 2012) , this pioneering FIGURE 3 | Chemically addressable groups of the filamentous bacteriophage major coat protein lattice." ], "answer_start": [ 35374 ] }

{ "text": [ "among humans, birds, livestock, mice, bats, and other wild animals" ], "answer_start": [ 2069 ] }

{ "text": [ "25,000" ], "answer_start": [ 2531 ] }

{ "text": [ "due to the complex interactions between the host and the exacerbation agents" ], "answer_start": [ 3281 ] }

{ "text": [ "the importance of the virome within the airway microbiome environment and its impact on subsequent bacterial infection." ], "answer_start": [ 1661 ] }

{ "text": [ "by creatively leveraging the so-called 'strengths' of viruses. Viral RNA polymerisation and reverse transcription enable resistance to treatment by conferring extraordinary genetic diversity." ], "answer_start": [ 2042 ] }

{ "text": [ "airway epithelial cells 19 , resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) and blood monocytes-derived macrophages" ], "answer_start": [ 2714 ] }

{ "text": [ "potential human infecting HKU-1, 4, 5 and 9 [17, 18] . Recent MERS-CoV infection is another example for severe disease caused by used-to-be-less pathogenic coronaviruses. Shi and colleagues [19] by using NGS have discovered many unknown animal viruses from bat, especially some important paramyxoviruses and reoviruses. Filovirus has also been identified in bat with potential severe outcomes. Lyssaviruses (with many genotypes, including rabies virus) in the Rhabdoviridae family have been linked with severe fatal human cases, even in the developed countries, including Australia, with the bites of bats in the city [20, 21] ." ], "answer_start": [ 1562 ] }

{ "text": [ "adult riding, racing and show horses" ], "answer_start": [ 11305 ] }

{ "text": [ "influenza virus infections are often accompanied by other viral pathogens" ], "answer_start": [ 3095 ] }

{ "text": [ "after being fully isolated from the body and repeatedly grown in pure culture, the microbe can induce the disease anew" ], "answer_start": [ 15429 ] }

{ "text": [ "H7N9" ], "answer_start": [ 5591 ] }

{ "text": [ "ouabain" ], "answer_start": [ 14232 ] }

{ "text": [ "Patients with chronic airway inflammatory diseases" ], "answer_start": [ 16802 ] }

{ "text": [ "three or four inactivated viruses, i.e., two type A strains (H1 and H3) and one or two type B strains." ], "answer_start": [ 3192 ] }

{ "text": [ "relatively close and prolonged exposure" ], "answer_start": [ 4407 ] }

{ "text": [ "the humanized mouse model that possess human immune cells" ], "answer_start": [ 34685 ] }

{ "text": [ "an antiviral medicine" ], "answer_start": [ 25927 ] }

{ "text": [ "2019-nCoV patients should be admitted" ], "answer_start": [ 2990 ] }

{ "text": [ "2.2" ], "answer_start": [ 7158 ] }

{ "text": [ "showed good performances" ], "answer_start": [ 1850 ] }

{ "text": [ "humoral responses to the hemagglutinin (HA) protein," ], "answer_start": [ 3337 ] }

{ "text": [ "KATNB1" ], "answer_start": [ 2338 ] }

{ "text": [ "inflammatory reactions and high Fe concentrations" ], "answer_start": [ 2455 ] }

{ "text": [ "the induction of vasodilation or tight junction opening factors which may increase the rate of infiltration." ], "answer_start": [ 21850 ] }

{ "text": [ "nine cases" ], "answer_start": [ 7565 ] }

{ "text": [ "13 to 14 days" ], "answer_start": [ 6261 ] }

{ "text": [ "0.8-1.3" ], "answer_start": [ 15455 ] }

{ "text": [ "as part of screening following repatriation and during contact tracing respectively." ], "answer_start": [ 7190 ] }

{ "text": [ "from the infected epithelium and responding immune cells, which may serve to further dysregulate airway inflammation leading to exacerbations." ], "answer_start": [ 29615 ] }

{ "text": [ "cytoplasmic" ], "answer_start": [ 10797 ] }

{ "text": [ "50 kDa" ], "answer_start": [ 10762 ] }

{ "text": [ "March to June 2010" ], "answer_start": [ 4731 ] }

{ "text": [ "global childhood population from 605 million in 2000 to 664 million in 2015" ], "answer_start": [ 2274 ] }

{ "text": [ "Constitutive immune processes can thus prohibit pathogen invasion, while induced responses, by definition, can only control infections post-hoc." ], "answer_start": [ 33638 ] }

{ "text": [ "53 swabs, representing 24% of the sample" ], "answer_start": [ 11673 ] }

{ "text": [ "IFV infection was found to induce oncostatin M (OSM) which causes tight junction opening (Pothoven et al., 2015; Tian et al., 2018) . Similarly, RV and RSV infections usually cause tight junction opening which may also increase the infiltration rate of eosinophils and thus worsening of the classical symptoms of chronic airway inflammatory diseases" ], "answer_start": [ 22206 ] }

{ "text": [ "lack of awareness or recall bias" ], "answer_start": [ 4503 ] }

{ "text": [ "lung epithelial cells are one of the initial cell targets of humans following inhalation of mammarenavirions" ], "answer_start": [ 6917 ] }

{ "text": [ "immunization with NP expressed by AAV, rAd5, alphavirus vectors, MVA, or other vector systems induces potent CD8 + T cell responses" ], "answer_start": [ 39054 ] }

{ "text": [ "In both bat species, the strongest antiviral responses were countered by the virus spreading more quickly from cell to cell. This suggests that bat immune defenses may drive the evolution of faster transmitting viruses, and while bats are well protected from the harmful effects of their own prolific viruses, other creatures like humans are not." ], "answer_start": [ 6368 ] }

{ "text": [ "whole cell pertussis vaccines" ], "answer_start": [ 3739 ] }

{ "text": [ "the NDV vector is well-tolerated, even at high doses delivered intravenously" ], "answer_start": [ 25083 ] }

{ "text": [ "substantial exposure risk for ICU staff because of the following reasons" ], "answer_start": [ 3763 ] }

{ "text": [ "infiltrating cells in response to the infection such as neutrophils will also trigger respiratory burst as a means of increasing the ROS in the infected region. The increased ROS and oxidative stress in the local environment may serve as a trigger to promote inflammation thereby aggravating the inflammation in the airway" ], "answer_start": [ 32697 ] }

{ "text": [ "January 15, 2020" ], "answer_start": [ 4421 ] }

{ "text": [ "endothelial migration over substrata" ], "answer_start": [ 10059 ] }

{ "text": [ "H1N1 Viruses descended from the 1918 strain, as well as \nH3N2 Viruses, have now been cocirculating worldwide for\n29 years and show little evidence of imminent extinction." ], "answer_start": [ 4045 ] }

{ "text": [ "as elements of combination therapeutics against certain drug-resistant infections." ], "answer_start": [ 27890 ] }

{ "text": [ "to provide further understanding of viral induced exacerbation to identify potential pathways and pathogenesis mechanisms that may be targeted as supplementary care for management and prevention of exacerbation." ], "answer_start": [ 9168 ] }

{ "text": [ "improved understanding of immunity to conserved influenza virus antigens" ], "answer_start": [ 6642 ] }

{ "text": [ "vancomycin" ], "answer_start": [ 2785 ] }

{ "text": [ "Influenza viruses, Respiratory Syncytial viruses (RSV) and Parainfluenza viruses" ], "answer_start": [ 1966 ] }

{ "text": [ "SARS-CoV (lineage B βCoV) and MERS-CoV (lineage C βCoV) may cause severe lower respiratory tract infection with acute respiratory distress syndrome and extrapulmonary manifestations, such as diarrhea, lymphopenia, deranged liver and renal function tests, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, among both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts with mortality rates of ∼10% and ∼35%, respectively" ], "answer_start": [ 3483 ] }

{ "text": [ "ion channel activity of the 3a protein" ], "answer_start": [ 1006 ] }

{ "text": [ "presence of viral RNA outside of the respiratory tract might herald the severity of the disease and alarm the requirement of special care" ], "answer_start": [ 9149 ] }

{ "text": [ "Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections." ], "answer_start": [ 283 ] }

{ "text": [ "168 million people across 50 countries" ], "answer_start": [ 369 ] }

{ "text": [ "long non-coding RNAs" ], "answer_start": [ 354 ] }

{ "text": [ "Coronavirus OC43" ], "answer_start": [ 10380 ] }

{ "text": [ "inositolrequiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6)" ], "answer_start": [ 31128 ] }