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{ "text": [ "it is cleared from the blood within hours through the reticuloendothelial system (Molenaar et al., 2002) , particularly of the liver and spleen, where it is retained for days (Zou et al., 2004) , potentially activating marginal-zone B-cell responses." ], "answer_start": [ 25552 ] }

{ "text": [ "in the respect of improving clinical symptoms, elevating quality of life, promoting immune function recovery, promoting absorption of pulmonary inflammation, reducing the dosage of cortisteroid and shortening the therapeutic course" ], "answer_start": [ 18611 ] }

{ "text": [ "58 general practitioners (GPs) spread over the island and represented around 7% of all Réunion Island GPs." ], "answer_start": [ 3240 ] }

{ "text": [ "They are ideal candidate vectors due to their large DNA-packing capacity and their thermal and genetic stability" ], "answer_start": [ 6864 ] }

{ "text": [ "94 %" ], "answer_start": [ 13726 ] }

{ "text": [ "forms a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily" ], "answer_start": [ 3177 ] }

{ "text": [ "3.87 [3.01-4.66]" ], "answer_start": [ 13500 ] }

{ "text": [ "induce immunity at sites of inductive immunity to natural infection, in this case the respiratory tract" ], "answer_start": [ 42835 ] }

{ "text": [ "2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP)" ], "answer_start": [ 1509 ] }

{ "text": [ "0.72% [0.28%-1.8%]" ], "answer_start": [ 13189 ] }

{ "text": [ "it is possible to develop a multivalent DNA vaccine for poultry that can protect against multiple HPAI H5N1 strains and that could keep pace with the continued evolution of avian influenza viruses" ], "answer_start": [ 6165 ] }

{ "text": [ "Wuhan, Hubei Province, China" ], "answer_start": [ 2778 ] }

{ "text": [ "10 days" ], "answer_start": [ 1773 ] }

{ "text": [ "019-nCoV at 2.56 (95% CI" ], "answer_start": [ 1779 ] }

{ "text": [ "The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)" ], "answer_start": [ 3267 ] }

{ "text": [ "we cannot discharge a patient purely based on oral swabs negative, who may still shed the virus by oral-fecal route. Above all, we strongly suggest using viral IgM and IgG serological test to confirm an infection, considering the unreliable results from oral swabs detection" ], "answer_start": [ 10581 ] }

{ "text": [ "strain-specific HI titer" ], "answer_start": [ 3549 ] }

{ "text": [ "the combination of two effective, established mono-therapies resulted in a significantly enhanced survival in lethally H7N7 infected mice" ], "answer_start": [ 21494 ] }

{ "text": [ "highly conserved among influenza A virus strains" ], "answer_start": [ 2838 ] }

{ "text": [ "The Sphere Handbook, a collection of rights-based guidelines for humanitarian response" ], "answer_start": [ 4150 ] }

{ "text": [ "[71.5%" ], "answer_start": [ 2132 ] }

{ "text": [ "VEE replicon systems can induce robust mucosal immune responses through intranasal or subcutaneous immunization [72] [73] [74] , and subcutaneous immunization with virus-like replicon particles (VRP) expressing HA-induced antigen-specific systemic IgG and fecal IgA antibodies" ], "answer_start": [ 18378 ] }

{ "text": [ "a sentinel practitioner's network" ], "answer_start": [ 3162 ] }

{ "text": [ "Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013" ], "answer_start": [ 2772 ] }

{ "text": [ "Detection of viral proteins rather than viral RNA" ], "answer_start": [ 13491 ] }

{ "text": [ "access areas for medical personnel and a dressing area for technologists." ], "answer_start": [ 11528 ] }

{ "text": [ "Reservoir-People (RP) transmission network model" ], "answer_start": [ 1216 ] }

{ "text": [ "Our model showed that the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 was higher than the Middle East respiratory syndrome in the Middle East countries, similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome, but lower than MERS in the Republic of Korea." ], "answer_start": [ 1716 ] }

{ "text": [ "arthropod" ], "answer_start": [ 395 ] }

{ "text": [ "method of delivery of the G gene" ], "answer_start": [ 3603 ] }

{ "text": [ "to: describe the key epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 cases detected in Europe; inform country preparedness; and improve further case detection and management." ], "answer_start": [ 3594 ] }

{ "text": [ "enhance the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12" ], "answer_start": [ 14834 ] }

{ "text": [ "(1) coordination between the\nhospital’s management and planning of infection control and radiology departments; (2)\ncollection of the most up-to-date protection-related information to educate and train staff in the\ndepartment; (3) reallocation of staff according to the actual situation; (4) establishment of the\nCT procedures for patients with COVID-19; and (5) establishment of an emergency\nmanagement plan for the radiology department to ensure that the department would run\nnormally." ], "answer_start": [ 10070 ] }

{ "text": [ "Respiratory virus infection" ], "answer_start": [ 491 ] }

{ "text": [ "the anti-H5N1 effects of EAP offer an alternative strategy for developing antiinfluenza agents" ], "answer_start": [ 4621 ] }

{ "text": [ "250" ], "answer_start": [ 751 ] }

{ "text": [ "it limits the access of the RNA to host nucleases" ], "answer_start": [ 10422 ] }

{ "text": [ "will be used globally to help identify evidence of widespread community transmission and, should the virus spread and containment no longer be deemed feasible, to monitor intensity of disease transmission, trends and its geographical spread." ], "answer_start": [ 14462 ] }

{ "text": [ "adenovirus serotypes have been explored as vectors, particularly non-human and uncommon human serotypes" ], "answer_start": [ 12568 ] }

{ "text": [ "viruses that induce strong type 1 inflammation and cell death such as IFV (Yan et al., 2016; Guibas et al., 2018) and certain CoV (including the recently emerged COVID-19 virus)" ], "answer_start": [ 19859 ] }

{ "text": [ "high land-use diversity landscapes, a variable not previously considered in spatial studies of HPAI H5N1, are at significantly greater risk for HPAI H5N1 outbreaks" ], "answer_start": [ 34261 ] }

{ "text": [ "three genotypes based on phylogenetic studies." ], "answer_start": [ 3229 ] }

{ "text": [ "34.0%" ], "answer_start": [ 2105 ] }

{ "text": [ "Six" ], "answer_start": [ 2275 ] }

{ "text": [ "in Jordan" ], "answer_start": [ 422 ] }

{ "text": [ "The replication defective vaccines or replicons do not encode viral structural proteins, having these portions of the genome replaces with transgenic material." ], "answer_start": [ 16634 ] }

{ "text": [ "single-stranded" ], "answer_start": [ 1801 ] }

{ "text": [ "less than 50%" ], "answer_start": [ 2294 ] }

{ "text": [ "due to the current scarcity of antiviral drugs for the management of viral-induced exacerbations." ], "answer_start": [ 9427 ] }

{ "text": [ "due to displacement, crowded housing, malnutrition, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) tools, and stigmatization" ], "answer_start": [ 1344 ] }

{ "text": [ "for accessing latrine-adjacent handwashing stations, particularly for hand hygiene to prevent respiratory pathogen transmission." ], "answer_start": [ 4858 ] }

{ "text": [ "viruses were recovered during acute exacerbations events and reports implicating their role emerged in the late 1980s" ], "answer_start": [ 6357 ] }

{ "text": [ "infectious transmission pathways between hosts" ], "answer_start": [ 7273 ] }

{ "text": [ "comparison of the enzymatic activity of the two RNases followed by deliberations on the physiological consequences of their activation." ], "answer_start": [ 1788 ] }

{ "text": [ "Previous studies have shown that smokers are twice more likely than non-smokers to contract influenza and have more severe symptoms, while smokers were also noted to have higher mortality in the previous MERS-CoV outbreak" ], "answer_start": [ 1245 ] }

{ "text": [ "potentially toxic" ], "answer_start": [ 2856 ] }

{ "text": [ "using high throughput or \"deep\" sequencing methods for complete genome deduction" ], "answer_start": [ 51231 ] }

{ "text": [ "did not provide a survival advantage" ], "answer_start": [ 19815 ] }

{ "text": [ "~ 85% similarity" ], "answer_start": [ 6742 ] }

{ "text": [ "March 16" ], "answer_start": [ 1750 ] }

{ "text": [ "5 days" ], "answer_start": [ 8958 ] }

{ "text": [ "The antiviral mechanism of carrageenan is based on the interference with viral attachment; as a consequence, viral entry is inhibited" ], "answer_start": [ 5365 ] }

{ "text": [ "neuraminidase inhibitors" ], "answer_start": [ 2189 ] }

{ "text": [ "The latter are composed of key\ngenes from the 1918 Virus, updated by subsequently-incor—\nporated avian influenza genes that code for novel surface\n\n \n\n*Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rockville, Maryland, USA;\nand TNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA\n\nproteins, making the 1918 Virus indeed the “mother” of all\npandemics." ], "answer_start": [ 1729 ] }

{ "text": [ "on the epgradient Mastercycler 1 (Eppendorf) and the hybridization, ligation and detection steps on the LightCycler 1 480 system (Roche Applied Science)." ], "answer_start": [ 5642 ] }

{ "text": [ "low molecular weight, antimicrobial peptide hormone" ], "answer_start": [ 2302 ] }

{ "text": [ "3,000 aminoacids" ], "answer_start": [ 5612 ] }

{ "text": [ "Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market (reservoir) to people," ], "answer_start": [ 3803 ] }

{ "text": [ "While there is limited preexisting immunity, availability of non-human strains as vaccine candidates eliminates these concerns." ], "answer_start": [ 14500 ] }

{ "text": [ "the maximum tolerated size of the fused polypeptide, its copy number on the phage, and potentially, the structure of the displayed polypeptide." ], "answer_start": [ 5607 ] }

{ "text": [ "prevents cleavage of viral proteins required for replication" ], "answer_start": [ 9113 ] }

{ "text": [ "Parainfluenza 1,2 and 4 viruses" ], "answer_start": [ 8769 ] }

{ "text": [ "80,793" ], "answer_start": [ 4738 ] }

{ "text": [ "Clinical studies have started to correlate specific biomarkers with disease outcomes in ARDS patients" ], "answer_start": [ 13874 ] }

{ "text": [ "fever, encephalitis, pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)" ], "answer_start": [ 1837 ] }

{ "text": [ "This was mostly a result of delays in identifying the index cases of the two clusters in France and Germany. In the German cluster, for example, the first three cases detected locally were hospitalised in a mean of 5.7 days, whereas the following six took only a mean of 2 days to be hospitalised." ], "answer_start": [ 6726 ] }

{ "text": [ "the broad spectrum antiviral peptides against S2 would be an important preventive and treatment modality for testing in animal models before clinical trials" ], "answer_start": [ 8425 ] }

{ "text": [ "The first open reading frames" ], "answer_start": [ 12079 ] }

{ "text": [ "residues corresponding to the NHR pocket region" ], "answer_start": [ 2065 ] }

{ "text": [ "oxidative stress which will further increase the local inflammation in the airway." ], "answer_start": [ 26111 ] }

{ "text": [ "In patients with high initial viral titers there is a poor prognosis" ], "answer_start": [ 5976 ] }

{ "text": [ "a 2019-nCoV complete genome from a patient in this familial cluster and compared it with the genomes of related βCoVs to provide insights into the potential source and control strategies." ], "answer_start": [ 4817 ] }

{ "text": [ "Despite being a major cause of exacerbation, reports linking respiratory viruses to acute exacerbations only start to emerge in the late 1950s (Pattemore et al., 1992) ; with bacterial infections previously considered as the likely culprit for acute exacerbation" ], "answer_start": [ 6000 ] }

{ "text": [ "infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)" ], "answer_start": [ 710 ] }

{ "text": [ "calculate the relatedness of objects with the same or different types" ], "answer_start": [ 16718 ] }

{ "text": [ "the expression of vasodilating factors and fluid homeostatic factors such as angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) and bactericidal/permeabilityincreasing fold-containing family member A1 (BPIFA1)" ], "answer_start": [ 22630 ] }

{ "text": [ "anticoccidial" ], "answer_start": [ 3094 ] }

{ "text": [ "this same process also causes immunopathology when prolonged or deregulated." ], "answer_start": [ 3822 ] }

{ "text": [ "liposomes, nanoparticles, and immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs)" ], "answer_start": [ 37056 ] }

{ "text": [ "~ 65% similarity" ], "answer_start": [ 6693 ] }

{ "text": [ "Rare memory B cells producing antibodies specific for the EBV fusion machinery have been isolated; these can neutralize both B cell and epithelial cell infection (20). A new paradigm in malaria vaccine development is also emerging with the discovery of IgM+ and IgD+ memory B cells targeting the Merozoite Surface Protein 1, that rapidly respond to malaria re-infection" ], "answer_start": [ 4790 ] }

{ "text": [ "5= side" ], "answer_start": [ 2067 ] }

{ "text": [ "the proportion of individuals who become ill with or die from a disease in a population initially uninfected" ], "answer_start": [ 5816 ] }

{ "text": [ "adenovirus (Ad) vector is another of the most widely evaluated vectors to date to express heterologous antigens, due to ease of production, safety profile, genetic stability, the ease of DNA genome manipulation, and the ability to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses and induce both T and B cell responses" ], "answer_start": [ 7156 ] }

{ "text": [ "nucleocapsid protein C, envelope glycoproteins E rns , E1 and E2" ], "answer_start": [ 3278 ] }

{ "text": [ "discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that protect against infection across diverse viral isolates has intensified efforts to understand the developmental pathway of the rare B cells that produce these antibodies" ], "answer_start": [ 3589 ] }

{ "text": [ "from 0.2 to 0.0125 mg/ml" ], "answer_start": [ 9091 ] }

{ "text": [ "Southeast Asia" ], "answer_start": [ 3290 ] }

{ "text": [ "The concomitant development of steroid resistance together with recurring or prolong viral infection" ], "answer_start": [ 19542 ] }

{ "text": [ "2-5 times higher than in developed countries" ], "answer_start": [ 2063 ] }