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{ "text": [ "Old World (OW) and New World (NW)" ], "answer_start": [ 2898 ] }

{ "text": [ "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)" ], "answer_start": [ 1919 ] }

{ "text": [ "glycyrrhizin might also serve as lead structure for the development of novel anti-influenza drugs" ], "answer_start": [ 18948 ] }

{ "text": [ ", multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)" ], "answer_start": [ 3806 ] }

{ "text": [ "there is some evidence that simultaneous treatment with IFNs could increase the potential benefits" ], "answer_start": [ 10624 ] }

{ "text": [ "Consolidations within a single lobe or several lobes with a clear border and air bronchogram were the most common findings on HRCT scans. Nodules, patches, pleural effusion, abscess and a cavity were also seen visualized by HRCT" ], "answer_start": [ 10189 ] }

{ "text": [ "3.0% [1.1%-7.4%]" ], "answer_start": [ 13164 ] }

{ "text": [ "the 1918 and 1918-like Viruses would be\nas sensitive as other typical Virus strains to the Food and\nDrug Administrationiapproved antiinfluenza drugs riman-\ntadine and oseltamivir." ], "answer_start": [ 27291 ] }

{ "text": [ "hantaviruses have been identified as adversely affecting" ], "answer_start": [ 10002 ] }

{ "text": [ "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus" ], "answer_start": [ 722 ] }

{ "text": [ "exponentially, up 1800%" ], "answer_start": [ 842 ] }

{ "text": [ "parainfluenza virus (PIV), influenza virus (IFV) and adenovirus (AdV)" ], "answer_start": [ 6720 ] }

{ "text": [ "PCR-based techniques" ], "answer_start": [ 12007 ] }

{ "text": [ "SARS-CoV also spreads more rapidly between hosts, while MERS-CoV has been more easily contained, but it is unclear if this is due to the affected patient populations and regions" ], "answer_start": [ 4750 ] }

{ "text": [ "15.0% (7.0 [18-19] million people)" ], "answer_start": [ 12685 ] }

{ "text": [ "the agents of the more severe forms of HFRS and HCPS have begun to achieve sufficient mass" ], "answer_start": [ 16586 ] }

{ "text": [ "to comprehensively investigate the viral epidemiology of adult RTIs" ], "answer_start": [ 850 ] }

{ "text": [ "sore throat, fever, couch, running nose, vomiting, body ache, leg pain, nausea, chills, shortness of breath" ], "answer_start": [ 6502 ] }

{ "text": [ "close to one" ], "answer_start": [ 47059 ] }

{ "text": [ "an increase in infectivity of Ae. albopictus when compared to its infectivity of Ae. aegypti" ], "answer_start": [ 8761 ] }

{ "text": [ "severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) which emerged in China in 2002-2003 to cause a large-scale epidemic with about 8000 infections and 800 deaths, and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) which has caused a persistent epidemic in the Arabian Peninsula since 2012" ], "answer_start": [ 2544 ] }

{ "text": [ "Jurkat T-cells" ], "answer_start": [ 32303 ] }

{ "text": [ "help scientists develop better ways to predict, prevent or limit the spread of viruses from bats to humans." ], "answer_start": [ 6903 ] }

{ "text": [ "is immunogenic without adjuvant in all species tested to date, including mice (Willis et al., 1993) , rats (Dente et al., 1994) , rabbits (de la Cruz et al., 1988) , guinea pigs (Frenkel et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2004) , fish (Coull et al., 1996; Xia et al., 2005) , non-human primates (Chen et al., 2001) , and humans (Roehnisch et al., 2014)" ], "answer_start": [ 20826 ] }

{ "text": [ "Wuhan, China" ], "answer_start": [ 377 ] }

{ "text": [ "colorectal cancer" ], "answer_start": [ 2187 ] }

{ "text": [ "26 to 32 kb" ], "answer_start": [ 1745 ] }

{ "text": [ "a minimum of 2 weeks of cough, whoop, or posttussive vomiting" ], "answer_start": [ 17093 ] }

{ "text": [ "a pro-coagulant protein" ], "answer_start": [ 748 ] }

{ "text": [ "non-compartment model" ], "answer_start": [ 8522 ] }

{ "text": [ "an attenuated, temperature-sensitive strain of type II FIPV" ], "answer_start": [ 2958 ] }

{ "text": [ "43 breaths per minute" ], "answer_start": [ 9244 ] }

{ "text": [ "connected to the fever clinic and\nincludes the fever accessway, the CT examination room, and the DR examination room for\n6\nconfirmed and suspected cases. One CT scanner and one DR system closest to the emergency\ndepartment are designated the fever-CT and fever-DR to examine patients with suspected and\nconfirmed COVID-19. There is a separate dedicated access between the contaminated area and\nthe fever screening tents." ], "answer_start": [ 10953 ] }

{ "text": [ "New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae have contributed to decreases in radiologic, clinical and complicated pneumonia cases" ], "answer_start": [ 566 ] }

{ "text": [ "provide a mathematical model for calculating the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2" ], "answer_start": [ 18174 ] }

{ "text": [ "working memory and spatial memory" ], "answer_start": [ 11976 ] }

{ "text": [ "as to whether or not our seasonal or pandemic flu might have another reservoir host." ], "answer_start": [ 464 ] }

{ "text": [ "plasma viral load" ], "answer_start": [ 25635 ] }

{ "text": [ "rhinovirus" ], "answer_start": [ 20799 ] }

{ "text": [ "3.7% [1.3%-9.7%]" ], "answer_start": [ 13114 ] }

{ "text": [ "The chronic stage of CHIKF is characterized by" ], "answer_start": [ 6379 ] }

{ "text": [ "2%" ], "answer_start": [ 2638 ] }

{ "text": [ "by recognizing and killing infected cells" ], "answer_start": [ 27936 ] }

{ "text": [ "Yunnan strains such as the WIV1" ], "answer_start": [ 9312 ] }

{ "text": [ "common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media" ], "answer_start": [ 2207 ] }

{ "text": [ "35-50%" ], "answer_start": [ 1876 ] }

{ "text": [ "the much higher fre-\nquency of complicated, severe, and fatal cases in the last 2\nwaves." ], "answer_start": [ 10785 ] }

{ "text": [ "Hantavirus of the family Bunyaviridae" ], "answer_start": [ 4567 ] }

{ "text": [ "Riyadh" ], "answer_start": [ 58270 ] }

{ "text": [ "in a sylvatic cycle among forest-dwelling Aedes spp. mosquitoes, wild primates, squirrels, birds, and rodents" ], "answer_start": [ 1998 ] }

{ "text": [ "Lassa and Lujo viruses" ], "answer_start": [ 514 ] }

{ "text": [ "BatCoV HKU10" ], "answer_start": [ 4900 ] }

{ "text": [ "N95 mask" ], "answer_start": [ 12064 ] }

{ "text": [ "antigenic match" ], "answer_start": [ 6142 ] }

{ "text": [ "human urine" ], "answer_start": [ 2382 ] }

{ "text": [ "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Zika virus (ZIKV), HCV, poliovirus (PV), influenza A virus (IAV), HIV, and enteroviruses (EV)" ], "answer_start": [ 6863 ] }

{ "text": [ "viral replication, virion assembly, and virus escape from immune surveillance." ], "answer_start": [ 3715 ] }

{ "text": [ "5-day" ], "answer_start": [ 10193 ] }

{ "text": [ "Chickens (Gallus gallus) are a natural animal reservoir for Salmonella, which makes them an important source of Salmonella-associated gastroenteritis in humans." ], "answer_start": [ 17653 ] }

{ "text": [ "for bacterial vectors there can in fact, in some cases, be an enhancement in immunogenicity, typically humoral, while for viral vectors pre-existing immunity is a hindrance for subsequent induction of cell-mediated responses." ], "answer_start": [ 1071 ] }

{ "text": [ "respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B (INF-A, INF-B) viruses, parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), and human adenoviruses (HAdVs)" ], "answer_start": [ 2831 ] }

{ "text": [ "MERS-CoV has a broader tropism, grows more rapidly in vitro, more rapidly induces cytopathogenic change, triggers distinct transcriptional responses, makes use of a different receptor, induces a more proinflammatory state and has a delayed innate antiviral response compared to SARS-CoV." ], "answer_start": [ 68137 ] }

{ "text": [ "All patients had HAdV-55 viremia. In four of the five patients, it was first detected in endotracheal aspirate (ETA) samples" ], "answer_start": [ 10659 ] }

{ "text": [ "Nterminus of HBV preS1 (amino acids 1-47)" ], "answer_start": [ 2168 ] }

{ "text": [ "also may alter the management of the disease or confer resistance toward treatments that worked before." ], "answer_start": [ 33515 ] }

{ "text": [ "Studies that examined the mechanisms of diagnostic tests, drug therapy or vaccine efficacy against SARS, MERS and 2019-nCoV" ], "answer_start": [ 6235 ] }

{ "text": [ "to increase miR-21 and augmented inflammation in experimental murine asthma models, which is reversed with a combination treatment of anti-miR-21 and corticosteroids" ], "answer_start": [ 29800 ] }

{ "text": [ "a 'brake' on the immune system" ], "answer_start": [ 4686 ] }

{ "text": [ "small mammals" ], "answer_start": [ 2908 ] }

{ "text": [ "30-80% of acute COPD exacerbations" ], "answer_start": [ 4293 ] }

{ "text": [ "up to 48 h" ], "answer_start": [ 43373 ] }

{ "text": [ "in accordance with WHO recommendations" ], "answer_start": [ 3393 ] }

{ "text": [ "NYVAC is very attenuated and considered safe for use in humans of all ages" ], "answer_start": [ 32720 ] }

{ "text": [ "the external subdomain," ], "answer_start": [ 8876 ] }

{ "text": [ "between 30% and 40%" ], "answer_start": [ 1046 ] }

{ "text": [ "more than 35%" ], "answer_start": [ 2124 ] }

{ "text": [ "local endothelium" ], "answer_start": [ 16364 ] }

{ "text": [ "compiling and collating the current known mechanisms of viral-induced exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases; as well as linking the different viral infection pathogenesis to elucidate other potential ways the infection can exacerbate the disease" ], "answer_start": [ 8884 ] }

{ "text": [ "Adenovirus 5 (Ad5)" ], "answer_start": [ 8062 ] }

{ "text": [ "CHIKV's secondary vector species, Ae. albopictus, to supplement Ae. aegypti as its primary vector" ], "answer_start": [ 8003 ] }

{ "text": [ "liver" ], "answer_start": [ 2422 ] }

{ "text": [ "mutant residues in PBD of AP2 and AP3" ], "answer_start": [ 2349 ] }

{ "text": [ "A second scope of this combination is the protection against newly emerging pandemic viruses during the time until identification of the virus followed by manufacturing and distribution of vaccines" ], "answer_start": [ 32767 ] }

{ "text": [ "HT-29 cells" ], "answer_start": [ 19277 ] }

{ "text": [ "detect novel variants" ], "answer_start": [ 8039 ] }

{ "text": [ "the presence of DC-SIGNR at the placental endothelial cell surface may protect infants from HIV-1 infection by capturing virus and promoting its degradation/presentation." ], "answer_start": [ 28910 ] }

{ "text": [ "Viral sequence data now suggest that the entire 1918\nVirus was novel to humans in, or shortly before, 1918, and\nthat it thus was not a reassortant Virus produced from old\nexisting strains that acquired 1 or more new genes" ], "answer_start": [ 14934 ] }

{ "text": [ "the study was stopped after interim analysis suggested the vaccine did not achieve efficacy and individuals with high preexisting Ad5 antibody titers might have an increased risk of acquiring HIV-1" ], "answer_start": [ 10868 ] }

{ "text": [ "ELISA and IFA" ], "answer_start": [ 2177 ] }

{ "text": [ "whole blood specimens" ], "answer_start": [ 1751 ] }

{ "text": [ "The NYVAC vector is a highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain. NYVAC is replication-restricted" ], "answer_start": [ 32395 ] }

{ "text": [ "using two different datasets of weekly influenza confirmed cases in two countries, namely the USA and China" ], "answer_start": [ 1722 ] }

{ "text": [ "the VEE targets antigen-presenting cells in the lymphatic tissues, priming rapid and robust immune responses" ], "answer_start": [ 18262 ] }

{ "text": [ "serum antibodies" ], "answer_start": [ 3812 ] }

{ "text": [ "Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an innate immune receptor synthesised in the liver and secreted in the bloodstream in response to inflammation signal. MBL promotes pathogen elimination by opsonization and phagocytosis," ], "answer_start": [ 28335 ] }

{ "text": [ "Phosphorylation of CEACAM1 ITIM motifs and activation of caspase-3" ], "answer_start": [ 27479 ] }

{ "text": [ "inflammation and alteration of the lower airway environment, resulting in prolong exacerbation episodes following viral infection." ], "answer_start": [ 26671 ] }

{ "text": [ "nucleus" ], "answer_start": [ 33361 ] }

{ "text": [ "the need to collect paired serum samples (in the acute and convalescent phases) from cases under investigation for confirmation to eliminate potential cross-reactivity from non-specific antibodies from past exposure and/or infection by other coronaviruses." ], "answer_start": [ 17837 ] }

{ "text": [ "Fever and gastrointestinal symptoms may form a prodrome, after which symptoms decline, only to be followed by a more severe systemic and respiratory syndrome" ], "answer_start": [ 6496 ] }