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http://spark-bearing.com/article/20171130154616.html | 2018-02-20T07:32:35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812913.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220070423-20180220090423-00133.warc.gz | 0.894574 | 194 | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-09__0__166425277 | en | Tapered roller bearings are generally used to support combined load mainly consisting of radial load. The bearing capacity depends on the angle of outer ring raceway, the larger the Angle, the greater the carrying capacity. Their cups are separable and easy to assembly. According to the columns of the rolling body, it can be divided into single row , double row, and four-row tapered roller bearing.
Tapered roller bearings has cone inner ring and outer ring raceway, the tapered roller is installed in between. The projection lines of all the tapered surfaces meet at a common point on the bearing axis, this design makes tapered roller bearings suitable for undertake composite load. The axial load capacity of the bearing is largely determined by the contact Angle, the greater the Angle, the higher the axial load capacity.
Tapered roller bearings are widely used in automobile, rolling mill, mining, metallurgy, plastic machinery and other industries. | materials_science |
https://www.brcbeads.com/collections/jade/home-garden | 2021-02-26T19:24:03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357935.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226175238-20210226205238-00385.warc.gz | 0.825281 | 127 | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__175791612 | en | Nephrite consists of a microcrystalline interlocking fibrous matrix of the calcium, magnesium-iron rich amphibole mineral series tremolite (calcium-magnesium)-ferroactinolite (calcium-magnesium-iron). The middle member of this series with an intermediate composition is called actinolite (the silky fibrous mineral form is one form of asbestos). The higher the iron content, the greener the colour.
Jadeite is a sodium- and aluminium-rich pyroxene. The gem form of the mineral is a microcrystalline interlocking crystal matrix. | materials_science |
https://www.soopart.ca/product/steel-disc-cdc-449/ | 2024-02-29T21:31:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474853.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229202522-20240229232522-00101.warc.gz | 0.878369 | 951 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__70884882 | en | Title: Understanding Steel Disc CDC-449: Causes of Failure and Related Keywords
Steel discs are critical components used in various applications, including automotive clutches, brakes, and industrial machinery. The Steel Disc CDC-449 serves as a specific steel disc designed for certain applications. However, steel discs can experience failure over time due to various factors. In this comprehensive article, we will explore the potential reasons for steel disc failure, delve into related keywords, and provide detailed explanations.
1. Causes of Failure:
1.1 Wear and Tear: Continuous use and friction between the steel disc and mating surfaces can cause wear over time. Factors such as high loads, temperature fluctuations, or abrasive contaminants can lead to material degradation, loss of thickness, or surface damage, resulting in reduced performance or steel disc failure.
1.2 Overheating: Excessive heat generated during operation can cause the steel disc to undergo thermal stress and deformation. Overheating can lead to warping, loss of flatness, or reduced structural integrity of the disc, compromising its performance and reliability.
1.3 Excessive Load: Subjecting the steel disc to loads beyond its specified capacity can cause failure. Excessive load can result in permanent deformation, cracking, or structural failure of the disc, leading to compromised functionality or complete failure.
1.4 Corrosion: Exposure to corrosive environments or inadequate corrosion protection can lead to corrosion of the steel disc. Corrosion can result in pitting, rust formation, or surface irregularities, weakening the disc’s structural integrity and reducing its overall performance.
2. Related Keywords:
2.1 Steel Disc Replacement: This keyword encompasses various topics related to the inspection, replacement, and proper installation techniques for steel discs, including compatibility considerations, dimension specifications, and troubleshooting steps.
2.2 Disc Brake System: Keywords related to disc brake systems highlight the importance of proper maintenance, including brake pad replacement, rotor resurfacing, and caliper inspection, to ensure optimal performance and prevent steel disc failure.
2.3 Load Capacity: Keywords related to load capacity address the significance of adhering to the specified load limits for steel discs to prevent structural failure and ensure safe operation.
2.4 Corrosion Protection: Keywords related to corrosion protection emphasize the importance of using appropriate coatings, surface treatments, or environmental controls to prevent corrosion and extend the lifespan of steel discs.
3. Further Explanations:
Regular inspection and maintenance of steel discs, including the CDC-449, are crucial to detect signs of wear, deformation, or corrosion. Monitoring for abnormal noise, reduced braking performance, or visual irregularities can help identify potential steel disc failure.
Proper installation techniques, including following manufacturer guidelines, ensuring correct mating surfaces, and using proper torquing procedures, are essential for reliable and safe operation of the steel disc.
Applying suitable protective measures, such as corrosion-resistant coatings, proper cleaning procedures, and avoiding exposure to corrosive environments, can help mitigate the risk of corrosion-related failure and extend the life of the steel disc.
Ensuring the steel disc operates within the specified load limits and avoiding excessive loads or sudden impacts will help prevent structural failure and maintain optimal performance.
The Steel Disc CDC-449 serves as a critical component in various applications, including clutches and brakes. Understanding the potential causes of steel disc failure, along with related keywords and explanations, is essential for users and technicians. Regular maintenance, proper installation techniques, load capacity considerations, and corrosion protection are crucial for ensuring the effectiveness and longevity of the CDC-449 steel disc. By following these best practices, users can optimize the performance, reliability, and safety of their applications, minimizing the risk of steel disc failure and ensuring efficient operation.
SOOPART NO. : 752449
G900 Models, L90E, L110E, L120E, L150E, L180E
MARINE & INDUSTRY:
Reference Number :
STEEL DISC CDC-449
Competitive price and high-quality parts, meets our customers needs. We are proud of the quality of offered parts.
We offer Volvo Truck, Volvo Bus, Volvo Construction and Volvo Penta (Generator) parts also Scania Truck and Bus spare parts in Canada and to our customers in Middle East.
You can find a good variety of complex parts, such as the steering system, hydraulic equipment and driveshaft, engine parts, gearbox and engine gears, electronic parts and sensors for heavy duty needs in our list.
Being in business for more than a quarter of a century means that we succeed. | materials_science |
http://homesforsalemarcoisland.com/seawall-material/ | 2018-11-14T19:41:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742263.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114191308-20181114213308-00106.warc.gz | 0.932198 | 442 | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__185051819 | en | A "riveting" look at seawall materials!
When it comes to owning and protecting a waterfront home, the seawall is an important part of your property. A seawall performs two major functions: physically protecting your property from losing land mass to erosion from a water front, and also designating the boundary of your private property.
If you are deciding between seawall materials, here is some helpful information! Bear in mind that it is common to combine different types of seawall materials to suit your individual needs (like a vinyl seawall covering concrete, or a rip rap seawall covering vinyl).
Concrete seawalls have been the industry standard. Their expected lifespan is thirty years. Often they may exceed their lifespan. The important factor in a concrete seawall’s lifespan is the strength of the reinforcing steel, which must be protected from the corrosive water. The reinforcing steel is typically protected by a concrete cover. Concrete seawalls will require ongoing maintenance, usually repairs to cracks and holes in the concrete cover to prevent corrosion of the reinforcing steel. These damages occur naturally from exposure to marine conditions.
Vinyl seawalls have a greater life expectancy than concrete, lasting up to fifty years. It could also be considered more aesthetically pleasing – from color choice, to the fact that vinyl seawalls will not corrode, rust, crack, or rot from sea water. Vinyl may be installed in front of an old concrete seawall. The installation process is also generally less invasive and time-consuming, as vinyl weighs less than concrete and doesn’t require the same heavy equipment to install. Vinyl does have height limitations, and may not be driven into certain hard surfaces.
A rip rap seawall is one composed of rocks, stones, and other material arranged along the wall, giving protection from corrosion while also delivering a beautiful and natural look. The rip rap absorbs waves coming toward your property, dissipating the wave’s energy and protecting your seawall from erosion. It will also provide a habitat for marine life, allowing plants and animals to thrive right in your backyard. Rip rap is fairly simple to maintain and repair, although it requires annual examination to ensure stability. | materials_science |
https://physics.shu.edu.cn/info/1082/1641.htm | 2022-08-09T20:39:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571086.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809185452-20220809215452-00529.warc.gz | 0.723838 | 328 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__178046087 | en | Yi Zhang, Kun Jiang*, Fuchun Zhang, Jian Wang, and Ziqiang Wang*. Atomic line defects and topological superconductivity in unconventional superconductors. Phys. Rev. X 11, 011041 (2021).
Yi Zhang, Kun Jiang, Ziqiang Wang, and Fuchun Zhang*. Correlated insulating phases of twisted bilayer graphene at commensurate filling fractions: A Hartree-Fock study. Phys. Rev. B 102, 035136 (2020).
Yi Zhang*, Hanna Terletska, Ka-Ming Tam, Yang Wang, Markus Eisenbach, Liviu Chioncel, and Mark Jarrell. Locally self-consistent embedding approach for disordered electronic systems. Phys. Rev. B 100, 054205 (2019).
Yi Zhang, R. Nelson, K.-M. Tam, W. Ku, U. Yu, N. S. Vidhyadhiraja, H. Terletska, J. Moreno, M. Jarrell, and T. Berlijn*. Origin of localization in Ti-doped Si. Phys. Rev. B 98, 174204 (2018).
Yi Zhang*, Y. F. Zhang, S. X. Yang, K.-M. Tam, N. S. Vidhyadhiraja, and M. Jarrell. Calculation of two-particle quantities in the typical medium dynamical cluster approximation. Phys. Rev. B 95, 144208 (2017). | materials_science |
https://www.thermaltechexpo.com/information | 2022-01-24T12:09:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304528.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124094120-20220124124120-00152.warc.gz | 0.835163 | 192 | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__97722870 | en | MAKE AN ENQUIRY
Your free registration will give you an all-access pass to not only Thermal Technologies Expo but also to Ceramics Expo, North America’s leading event for the technical ceramic supply chain. Ceramics Expo brings together 3,000 attendees and 220+ leading suppliers & manufacturers spanning every key end-user sector including aerospace, defense, automotive, energy and medical.
Smarter Shows (Tarsus) Ltd. is an international exhibitions and conferences organizer focusing on technical events for the manufacturing and engineering sectors. Smarter Shows’ portfolio of events includes Space Tech Expo USA, Space Tech Expo Europe, Ceramics Expo, Foam Expo, Foam Expo Europe, Foam Expo China, Adhesives & Bonding Expo and Adhesives & Bonding Expo Europe. | materials_science |
https://unitedadvisersgroup.com/revolutionising-construction-iforms-sustainable-journey-and-the-opportunity-for-impact-investing/ | 2024-04-16T13:03:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817095.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416124708-20240416154708-00194.warc.gz | 0.927313 | 678 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__198948923 | en | The iForm Difference: Pioneering Composite Building Technology
At the forefront of the UK’s composite building industry, iForm has distinguished itself through its revolutionary composite panel technology. Conceived by iForm Chairman Mr. Michael Holmes in 1986, this technology was born out of a vision to create a building material that seamlessly combined structural strength with lightweight, insulated properties. The result? Portable and modular buildings that defy industry norms.
Built for Exceptional Quality and Sustainability
iForm’s commitment to quality is embedded in its DNA. As the leading composite building supplier in the UK, the company’s ISO9001 Quality certification and Government VCA Approval underscore its unwavering dedication to excellence. Every aspect of construction, from the senior leadership to on-site contractors, is driven by an obsession with quality and meticulous attention to detail.
Environmental Stewardship: Turning Bottles into Buildings
One of iForm’s standout features is its commitment to sustainability. The company produces its composite panels from an astounding 99% recycled plastic, making it the most sustainable building material of its kind. This innovative approach not only addresses environmental concerns but also positions iForm as a trailblazer in the sustainable construction space.
Global Impact: Solving Housing Crises through Innovation
iForm’s impact extends beyond its innovative engineering. With over 35 years of experience and a diverse portfolio of structures crafted from 99% recycled plastic bottles, iForm is contributing to the resolution of global housing and building crises. Backed by Government, Corporate, and Export contracts, the company is now poised for substantial growth to meet escalating demand.
iForm’s Path to Growth: Impact Investing Opportunity
As iForm scales up to meet global demand, United Advisers recognizes a unique opportunity for impact investing. The company’s growth trajectory is supported by contracts from the UK Government, Corporate partnerships, and international demand. Notably, iForm is set to construct a manufacturing plant that will revolutionize recycling by turning Corporate partners’ plastic waste into sustainable buildings, creating hundreds of job opportunities in the process.
Justin MacRae’s Perspective: A Testament to iForm’s Impact
Justin MacRae, Fund Manager at Fortunis Venture Capital Evolved, expresses excitement about iForm joining the Impact Fund. He says: “‘Whether you look along the coastline of the UK, or at Educational Facilities and even further afield, you can see iForm’s presence by way of its buildings that continually serve a purpose all year and come with over a 200-year guarantee.” MacRae looks forward to funding the construction of iForm’s innovative manufacturing plant, which aligns with the vision of recycling plastic waste into sustainable structures while fostering job creation.
In conclusion, iForm’s journey is not just a narrative of sustainable construction; it’s a testament to the transformative power of impact investing. As the company continues to redefine the industry, the opportunity for investors to be a part of iForm’s sustainable legacy is both compelling and forward-thinking.
This communication is not intended to constitute, and should not be construed as, investment advice, investment recommendations or investment research. You should seek advice from a professional adviser before embarking on any financial planning activity. | materials_science |
https://stitch36.com/products/flower-clip-1 | 2023-10-05T02:31:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00639.warc.gz | 0.872119 | 155 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__189731741 | en | From the maker of Little Cheeks:
I am in love with our new FLOWER pacifier clips!
These pacifier clips come with a stainless steel clip, helping to keep your baby's pacifier in place. Although the clips are safe, they are not intended to be chewed.
- Beads are made from 100% food grade silicone
- Non-toxic (no BPA, lead, PVC, phthalates)
- Stainless steel clip
- Nylon cord
- Wood safety bead
- US Safety Standards - ASTM F963-17
- Canadian Safety Standards - CCPSA - SOR/2011-17 | materials_science |
https://www.altur.ws/motorbike-care/cleaning/engine-care/motomek | 2019-06-19T18:42:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999040.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619184037-20190619210037-00048.warc.gz | 0.850473 | 164 | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__119166794 | en | Concentrated degreasing detergent for motorbikes and scooters. Specific for engines, mechanical parts, forks, chassis, wheels degreasing and over all mechanical parts like exhausts, crowns, bolts, chains etc.
Ideal for cleaning mechanical parts in ultrasonic washing machines.
Way of use: cool down the surface before nebulizing the product, if you do it using water, turn up the product concentration to keep the cleaning action.
Low pressure sprayer application: dilute 1:5 to 1:10 with water, spray over the surface, wait about 1 minute, then rinse with high pressure water jet.
Ultrasonic parts washer: dilute 8-10% in water, use a maximum temperature of 45°C, rinse with water after cleaning. | materials_science |
http://crenovo.com/pv23.html | 2019-02-21T13:37:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247504790.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221132217-20190221154217-00309.warc.gz | 0.745875 | 419 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__208650998 | en | Known as carbazole violet, Pigment Violet 23 is a dioxazine pigment of blue tone. Novoprime Pigment Violet 23 is of good chroma, high coloring strength and extraordinary heat and light resistance, serving industries require high performance violet, like automotive and decorative coatings, gravure and water flexo inks, plastics and textile printing.Pigment Violet 23 is Crenovo's core product. With a sophisticated factory of 1,000 MT/year's capacity, Crenovo produces PV23 from crude to pigment, from ball milling to kneading, presents 9 segmented types meeting critical requirements of different industries.
Pigmented with ball mill, optimized for water system.
|RL||standard type for waterborne system, reddish and high chroma.||TDS|
|BL||bluish type for waterborne system.||TDS|
|RLN||optimized type for water based ink, reddish, easy dispersible, water stable.||TDS|
|RLX||specialized type for textile printing,Reddish, clear shade, high strength.||TDS|
|RLS||standard type for solvent system, reddish, good rheology.||TDS|
|BLS||bluish type for solvent system, good rheology.||TDS|
|RLS-2R||extra-reddish type for solvent system.||TDS|
|RLS-G||specialized type for solvent based gravure ink, reddish, better rheology and stability.||TDS|
|BLS-G||specialized type for solvent based gravure ink, bluish, better rheology and stability.||TDS|
Low FPV, easy dispersible in plastics.
|RLP||specialized type for plastics, reddish, easy dispersible.||TDS|
|BLP||specialized type for plastics, bluish, easy dispersible.||TDS| | materials_science |
https://www.cuatrorayas.es/blog/en/tag/sugarcane/ | 2020-09-19T15:44:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400192778.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919142021-20200919172021-00024.warc.gz | 0.94644 | 276 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__61833623 | en | We have already talked about the closure of the bottle, about the process that surrounds
it, and, especially, about the materials used. Along with cork, synthetic and natural
stoppers, now a new addition closures the range of Cuatro Rayas’ wines. We are talking
about a cork made from polymers derived from sugar cane.
The new kind of cork provides a high-quality closure, although its main advantage has
to do with the control of oxygen ingress in the bottle. In addition to the oxygen control,
another particular feature is that it is the world’s first virtually zero carbon footprint
closure for fine wines.
Another of the advantages is that this kind of closure doesn’t provide flaws to the wine.
Furthermore, it has an excellent mechanical action in the closure, in other words, it
corks perfectly and keeps good closure conditions, at the very least, for five years. It is
certainly a great innovation in the wine sector that, in this case, benefits from a
vegetable raw material such wonderful as the sugar cane. Environment-friendly,
sustainable, easy-to- uncork and provides all guarantees for wine preservation. These are
the new stoppers that seal the wines of Cuatro Rayas Winery. Could we ask for more? | materials_science |
http://www.nekosphere.com/IndustryDetail?id=7050&i_type=2&dt_release_time=2023/4/28%2013:44:13 | 2023-06-02T04:54:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648322.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602040003-20230602070003-00620.warc.gz | 0.925206 | 961 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__170963134 | en | Global refractories market set to ignite, and to blaze a trail to $35 bn by 2028
Release Time：2023-04-28??Browsing Volume：100?
Apr. 27, 2023 - Driven by the strong mechanical strength, and growing demand from the iron and steel industry the global refractories market is forecasted to cross US$ 35 bn by 2028, according a recent research study.
Refractory materials are non-metallic minerals possessing chemical and physical properties. It is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attacks and retains its strength and form. Refractories are more heat resistant than metals and are used to line the hot surfaces inside industrial processes.
There are 5 key insights on this high opportunity market being shared by the latest research study.
1. The Soaring Infrastructure Development and Growing Steel Industry Augmenting the Demand Refractories
The Global Refractories Market is expected to witness positive growth during the forecast period, owing to its strong mechanical strength and its resistive property of decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attacks. According to the study estimates, the Global Refractories Market is estimated to be about US$ 25 Bn by 2022 and is expected to grow further to more than US$ 35 billion opportunity by 2028, witnessing growth at a CAGR of 5% during the forecast period 2022- 2028. Asia- Pacific is the most dominating region in the global refractories market. As the refractories market has no alternative and has wide applications, therefore it holds a minimum threat to be replaced by any substitute in the near future. According to the World Refractories Association, one ton of steel requires approximately 10-15 kg of refractories to line the furnace in which it is produced. Without the protective material property of refractories, the furnace could not contain the molten steel.
2. Iron and Steel Surge in Automotive Sector Drives the Market Growth; High Demand for Refractories Observed
The demand for refractories is increasing due to an increase in demand for various industries like the automotive industry, energy and chemical industry, and others. The rise in demand for iron and steel in the automotive industry due to the surge in EVs is adding to the growth of the refractories market. Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’ Automobile (OCIA), in 2021 quoted approx. 80.15 million vehicles were produced around the world, witnessing a growth rate of 3% compared to approx. 77 million vehicles in 2020, thereby enhancing the consumption of refractories for the manufacturing of vehicle body parts.
3. Overdependence on the Iron and Steel Industry, Companies Face Limited Opportunities in Market Expansion
The over-dependence of the refractories market on the iron and steel industry is a major challenge for the refractory market. The lining of a reactor, transport vessel or kiln uses a wide range of refractory products including bricks, monolithic, and high-temperature insulation wool. Refractories provide mechanical strength, protection against corrosion, and thermal insulation. According to World Refractories Association, 70% of the refractories are sold to the steel industry and the rest 30% of the share is covered by other end users like power generation, cement, glass, petrochemical, chemical, and paper & pulp. Thus, the downfall of the iron & steel industry would lead to a decline in the refractories market, restraining the market to grow.
4. A Significant Market Share held by the Brick and Shaped Segment, Also Likely to Showcase High Growth
The Refractories market is anticipated to be dominated by the brick and shaped segment during the forecasted period. The shaped bricks are specially made for particular kilns and furnaces and are generally machine-pressed. Furthermore, owing to its high use in metal and non-metal industries, the brick and shaped segment is likely to hold a significant market share. For instance, according to China’s Five-Year Plan unveiled in January 2022, the construction industry is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 6% in 2022, hence indicating more production of steel leading to the growth of brick and shaped segment.
5. Asia Pacific Recognized as Largest Regional Market, Manufacturing and Industrialization Chipping in Aggressively
Asia Pacific is expected to dominate the Global Refractories Market during the forecast period. In Asia Pacific region, China is the largest economy having a large number of manufacturing and production industries in the world. As China possesses local availability of raw materials it dominates the refractories market in terms of consumption and production. | materials_science |
https://www.okacc.com/what-is-the-lithium-ion-battery/ | 2022-08-08T01:27:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00120.warc.gz | 0.919133 | 332 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__171186160 | en | Lithium-ion battery (sometimes Li-ion battery or LIB) is a member of a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as the electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in the non-rechargeable lithium battery.
Lithium-ion batteries are common in consumer electronics. They are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, with one of the best energy densities, no memory effect, and only a slow loss of charge when not in use. Beyond consumer electronics, LIBs are also growing in popularity for a military, electric vehicle, and aerospace applications. Research is yielding a stream of improvements to traditional LIB technology, focusing on energy density, durability, cost, and intrinsic safety.
Chemistry, performance, cost and safety characteristics vary across LIB types. Handheld electronics mostly use LIBs based on lithium cobalt oxide(LiCoO2), which offers high energy density, but have well-known safety concerns, especially when damaged. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium manganese oxide (LMO) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) offer lower energy density, but longer lives and inherent safety. These chemistries are being widely used for electric tools, medical equipment, and other roles. NMC in particular is a leading contender for automotive applications. Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) and lithium titanate (LTO) are specialty designs aimed at particular niche roles. | materials_science |
https://ide-e.com/pla-crystallization-and-drying-in-minutes-instead-of-hours/ | 2021-10-19T04:53:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585242.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019043325-20211019073325-00548.warc.gz | 0.926886 | 587 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__224304409 | en | PLA crystallization and drying in minutes instead of hourside
Polylactide (PLA) continues to enjoy increasing popularity. A particular challenge in processing is crystallization and drying. Because PLA is a hygroscopic thermoplastic, it readily absorbs moisture from the atmosphere. The presence of even small amounts of moisture hydrolyzes the biopolymer in the melt phase and reduces the molecular weight. As a result, the mechanical properties of PLA decrease and the quality of the final product is compromised. Therefore, PLA must be thoroughly dried directly before melt-processing. In many cases, recycled polymer must also be crystallized before drying.
With its infrared rotary drum (IRD), KREYENBORG offers a fast, energy-saving and product-friendly solution. Feed material is first introduced into the rotary drum by a volumetric dosing system. High-level heat is then quickly and directly introduced into the core of the material by means of infrared light. This energy thus heats the material from the inside and drives the moisture out through heat flow from the inside out. The air, laden with moisture, is discharged by a constant flow of air from within the drum.
A continuously moving spiral welded into the rotary drum ensures a homogeneous mass-flow with a defined residence time (first-in/first-out principle). The mixing elements integrated in the spirals, as well as the rotation, ensure continuous mixing of the feed material. In the process, the material at the surface is constantly exchanged. These continuous rotary movements prevent the product from blocking and clumping. With these advantages, drying times of only 15 minutes can be achieved.
In conventional hot air dryers, the previously crystallized PLA can be dried at only 65-90 °C (150-190 °F) using dehumidified air. Here, higher drying temperatures could lead to softening and blocking of the polymer in the dryer. Typically, this results in drying times of between 2 and 8 hours, while lower drying temperatures result in even longer drying times. The energy input necessary for these conventional processes is sometimes considerable.
Generally, PLA must be dried to a moisture level of < 250 ppm and maintained at this level to minimize hydrolysis during melt processing. Achieving and maintaining these kinds of levels is not optional, but is an absolute necessity, and is feasible using KREYENBORG’s infrared rotary drum. A dry granule helps control relative viscosity (RV) loss, which should be less than 0.1. Controlling RV loss is critical to maintaining impact resistance, melt-viscosity and other important properties of the feedstock.
KREYENBORG invites customers who want to see the performance of the machinery in action to participate in pilot plant trials, which now can even be conducted online! | materials_science |
https://www.sacnu.com/the-fabrics | 2023-12-09T00:59:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100781.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209004202-20231209034202-00835.warc.gz | 0.924527 | 1,666 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__102716612 | en | (With thanks to Elmarie Robson from Mini Matters for the information provided below)
Modern cloth nappies are made of various types of fabrics. The outer is normally a waterproof or water repellent fabric and the inside has the fabric that absorbs.
Waterproof vs Water repellent
The two types of waterproof fabrics used in modern cloth nappies are PUL and Waterproof Softshell. The part that makes them waterproof is the same – a breathable polyurethane (PU) film.
PUL (Polyurethane Laminate Fabric) - waterproof
These fabrics consist of a breathable polyurethane (PU) film that is permanently bonded to a base fabric (usually polyester when used in cloth nappies).
There are 2 ways that PUL fabric is manufactured:
Chemical bonding – this method uses a chemical process to attach the PU film to the base fabric. This method is considered old fashioned because it is not environmentally friendly. It is still used in the medical industry as it can withstand the high temperatures needed for autoclaving.
Thermal bonding – also known as TPU, uses a hot melt process to create a permanent bond. This is what most cloth nappy retailers would use in their PUL nappies. It’s pliable and soft so works very well for cloth nappies. It’s also environmentally friendly as the production process does not emit any toxic waste or VOCs (volatile organic compounds).
Waterproof Softshell Fabric
This is a type of PUL fabric. The waterproof PU layer is sandwiched between two layers of fabric, so it is not exposed. Usually, it would be 100% polyester + polyurethane + microfleece. So, it’s a 3-layer fabric instead of 2-layers like regular PUL. This makes it thicker and slightly less breathable than regular PUL, however some prefer it for the soft, fleecy inner layer.
Benefits to using cloth nappies with a waterproof PU layer are:
It’s soft and breathable, a very comfortable fabric.
Regular 2-layer PUL is thin and trim.
It offers very good waterproof protection.
Durable and long lasting provided it is not repeatedly exposed to high temperatures or direct sun.
Potential drawbacks to using nappies with a waterproof PU layer are:
It is synthetic (man made) and some babies may have a sensitivity to synthetic materials.
Not as breathable as other all natural fiber alternatives like wool and fleece (but more breathable than disposable nappies).
It may deteriorate more easily if not well looked after.
The three types of water repellent/resistant fabrics are Polyester Fleece, Water Resistant Softshell and Lanolised Wool
Polyester Fleece (Water resistant)
Microfleece lets moisture through and is good for a stay-dry lining inside a pocket nappy or for re-usable liners. Polar fleece repels water and is good for use as a water repellent nappy cover.
Lanolised Wool (Water resistant)
Wool covers (soakers) can be used as covers for overnight use too. One needs to lanolise them using lanolin (sheep wool fat). Wool soakers are normally knitted or crocheted using 100% pure merino wool. No buts. 100% pure merino wool. Sheep’s wool, which will make high quality soakers.
Water Resistant Softshell fleece
Works in a similar way to polar fleece by repelling water. This type of softshell fabric does not have a waterproof layer inside and usually consists of two layers; 100% polyester + microfleece that are bonded together.
Water repellent/resistant fabrics are great for overnight use for babies who tend to need a little bit more breathability for overnight use
One of the aspects that sets nappy types apart are the layers used for absorbancy. Options are synthetic fabrics and/or natural fibres. An example of a synthetic fabric is microfibre (polyester). Natural fibre examples are cotton, hemp, bamboo or a mixture of them.
Microfibre needs pressure to absorb and it absorbs fast. A con is that it could lead to compression leaks. Microfibre inserts are similar to sponges. You press a wet sponge, the liquids will run out. Keep in mind that Microfibre can never go directly against baby's skin (it absorbs too fast and could dry out your baby's skin). Always use them inside a pocket or cover it with a liner to protect baby's skin. Microfibre inserts dry quickly. The pocket lining (microsuede (polyester)) of pocket nappies are also a synthetic fabric but has a stay dry feel for baby.
Natural fibres contain liquids well and are trim options for inserts. Natural fibres can go against baby's skin. Note that baby can feel wetness with natural fibres (it doesn't have a stay-dry feel). For most babies this is not a problem at all, natural fibres can feel a lot more comfortable than synthetic fibres. Natural fibres are recommended for overnight use because it contains liquids better than microfibre. Natural fibres tend to become hard when dried in the sun. A quick rub between your hands will soften them. You could also throw them into your tumble drier for ten minutes to soften them.
Cotton is a natural fibre that stays soft. It is easily available and one of the most affordable options when it comes to natural fibres. Its durability is also an advantage since it’s not particularly sensitive to different PH levels in the case of a baby with acidic urine.
Bamboo is a natural fibre that is very trim. It is considered a relatively delicate fabric and is often blended with cotton or polyester to help strengthen it. Bamboo fabric comes in varying qualities and weights. The advantage of bamboo fabric is its ability to absorb very fast and its softness (this can vary depending on the quality and blend).
Hemp has an excellent trimness vs absorbent ratio, so it can hold a lot of moisture for it's trimness, hence being especially popular for night time cloth. Hemp do tend to get stiff when line dried therefore requires you to rub or tumble dry them to soften up. Hemp absorbs slower than other fabrics. That’s why some pocket nappies have 1 microfibre and 1 hemp insert. A great combination – microfibre that absorbs fast, paired with hemp that absorbs slowly but contains liquids well. So the hemp inserts catches the “overflow” from the microfibre insert. Hemp/cotton blend inserts work excellent for this reason as well, the cotton will absorb quickly and the hemp will hold on to the moisture
It is overwhelming to choose which types of fabric to use. At first, you will need to establish whether your little one is sensitive to any of the fabrics used (This is rare). Keep in mind though that some babies might develop a sensitivity at a later stage, a previous sensitivity can also disappear as baby gets older. They like to keep us on our toes, don’t they? Sensitivities are easily and cheaply handled by using liners (stay-dry if baby reacts to wetness or cotton if baby reacts to synthetic fabrics in a cloth nappy).
The above fabrics are a guideline for the qualities you would generally find in fabric stores, however the absorbency is not always determined by the type of fabric but rather its weight. Weight of fabric is stated in GSM (grams per square meter). Most fabric stores unfortunately do not state the weights on their fabrics, while more specialised fabric retailers will be able to give you the specs. For making flats, aim for a natural fibre fabric that is at least 220gsm in weight. The heavier the weight, the more absorbent (but also thicker), it will be. | materials_science |
http://www.linkjoin.com/English/Sys/Products/Site_PageTplSee.asp?PkValue=%7B7764B1E3-F448-4DC6-8755-6BA00A5F9B7F%7D&SiteName=Linkjoin&MenuName=Model+MATS-2010H+Hysteresisgraph | 2023-04-02T04:57:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950383.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402043600-20230402073600-00027.warc.gz | 0.809465 | 435 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__248190680 | en | ·Automatic measurement on saturation hysteresis loop and magnetic characteristic parameters of generally permanent-magnet material such as Ferrite, Rubber & Plastic Magnet and AlNiCo, Js, Br, HcB, HcJ, (BH)max and μrec.
·Automatic measurement on demagnetization curve and magnetic characteristic parameters of rare earth permanent-magnet materials such as NdFeB and SmCo, etc. At the second quadrant: Br, HcB, HcJ, Hk (H90) and (BH)max.
·Test sample shapes: toroid, round cake, square, tile and other irregular shapes.
·Adopt B coil + fluxmeter to measure magnetic induction, zero shift of integrator can be self-corrected through software.
·Adopt J coil + fluxmeter to measure magnetical polarization, remnant coil area of J coil can be automatically compensated through software.
·Magnetic field intensity can be measured with Hall magnetometer, nonlinear error of hall probe can be corrected through software, within 0 ~ 2.4 T range, nonlinear error can be controlled within ±0.2%.
·Adopt H coil + fluxmeter to measure magnetic field intensity, Hall magnetometer only used to indicate zero point of magnetic field so as to thoroughly eliminate nonlinear error of hall probe.
·Optimal range of field voltage, fluxmeter and magnetometer can be automatically set up.
·Magnetization, testing and demagnetization of general permanent magnetic sample can be completed at one time, time set up 20 seconds ~ 60 seconds.
·Rare earth permanent magnetic samples need saturation magnetizing before testing, testing time 60 seconds ~ 120 seconds.
·The sample after testing can be in a state of demagnetization or magnetizing, freely selected buy users.
·Select heating head and temperature controller to detect magnetic characteristics of Ferrite, AlNiCo and rare earth material under high temperature (maximam 220°C).
·Select shoe jig for direct measurement on magnetic shoe. | materials_science |
http://www.dedekoca.com/2015/02/23/euro-pallets-really-know/ | 2019-05-20T21:52:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256147.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520202108-20190520224108-00030.warc.gz | 0.883942 | 556 | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__114366664 | en | Euro pallets (Do we really know them?)
Everything about Euro pallets (EPAL)
According to the regulations of the:
Union Internationale de Chemin de fer PARIS
Code 435 – 2
( DIN 15146 )
The measurement 800 mm x 1200 mm is based on the internationally standardized packaging module 400 mm x 600 mm. The building tolerances respect the natural features of wood (e.g. becoming smaller when getting dry). The net weight of a Europallet is 30 kg (depending on kind of wood and moisture)
The EURO-Pallet is made for following weights when being stored in racks or on the fork of a forklift-truck:
1000 kg (rated weight), when the weight is spread over the pallet.
1500 kg, when the weight is spread over the pallet evenly.
2000 kg, when the weight is spread in a compact way over the total pallet completely.
On stacks the additional weight of the lowest pallet is:
max. 4000 kg, when it is placed on an even, horizontal and fix surface and the weight is spread horizontally over the total pallet.
The wood has to be free from any preservers.
Following defects are not allowed:
rottenness (mould, sponge, dry rottenness) , active insect attacks.
The wood moisture may not be more than 22% of the weight of the dry wood (kiln weight).
In case of less wood moisture other percentages are valid.
When using oak-wood tree-edges are not allowed. In case of other wood tree-edges on two edges are allowed under certain circumstances. Tree-edges are not allowed for cross boards, middle bottom boards and on outside edges of the Deckrand- and bottom edge boards.
Branches up to 10 mm diameter cannot be used. Strongly grown branches can be used; strongly grown means if branches are grown fix at minimum on 3/4 of their girth on one side.
All boards have to exist out of one piece.
On the loading- and bottomsurface of the pallet the boards have to be rough (not planed).
Blocks of wood:
The grains of the blocks, except the blocks 145 mm x 145 mm, have to run parallel according to the longitudinal axis.
The blocks may consist of:
– one piece of wood
– wood shave material (forming shave block)
The upper edges of the bottom boards and the four edges of the pallets need to have diagonal edges.
When using blocks of wood shaves material the inner edges of the ground boards do not have to be adjusted to the diagonal edges of the blocks. | materials_science |
http://biocoreopen.org/ijnme/Afghanistan-Traditional-Lime%20Plaster.php | 2019-05-25T08:06:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257920.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525064654-20190525090654-00097.warc.gz | 0.940435 | 1,036 | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__53681718 | en | Afghanistan has its own tradition in architecture, construction and construction materials. In traditional construction material s, lime, gypsum, ash and other local materials have been used vastly. Though these days manufactured and imported building materials are commonly used in the construction industry, lime is one of the traditional building materials which has been used for many centuries in Afghanistan. It has been used in building foundation, wet areas in ordinary plaster and decorative plaster works throughout the country. Remains of lime used in building could be found not only in historical buildings but also in common buildings in all parts of the country especially in the old cities of Herat, Ghazni and Kabul.
In Kabul when Turquoise Mountain Foundation (TMF) was working in Murad khani Area (Part of the old Kabul city) they discovered application of lime as a main building material which was used in the Hamams (Traditional Bathhouse), room floors, under foundations and as final wall plaster on the external walls of courtyards.
Lime used as final finish layer on external walls has unique characteristics; it is used on the external walls with a thickness of less than 10mm, has a white color, metallic break sound, sufficient compressive strength, water resistant properties and high durability properties.
Samples from more than 150 years found in Murad Khani’s Great Serai still looked new with sufficient strength.
Keywords: Hydrated Lime , Lime Render,Egg White , Stone Powder, Badagal(Gul-e-Lukh) and Water
Ingredients of White Color Tradition Wall Render
The plaster materials are composed of hydrated Lime, egg white, stone powder and a local bush fiber called “Gul-e-Lukh” or Badagal”. The lime needs to be kept in water for at least 4-months and the older works the best.
Plaster Mix Preparation Methodology
When received from the wet storage pond, the lime is beaten sufficiently until all hard and solid particles are dissolved and the lime is turned into a paste. Then the egg white, stone powder and the gul-e-lukh are added slowly while continuously mixed. The mixing ratio of materials as rediscovered (after months of hard working, sampling and repeated testing, by Engineer Rahmatullah Oryakhel and the skilled laborers who worked with him on the Great Serai) was 1 kg lime, white of one egg, 1kg stone powder and 3knodes of gul-e-lukh.
While adding the ingredients to the lime it should be continuously mixed/stirred in a manner that the gul-e-lukh is mixed in the end in minor amounts and beating/mixing rigorously. The stone powder in the mix adds to the strength, egg white provides adhesive bonding to the mixing materials, and gul-e-lukh provides fiber bonding to keep all materials together and prevents cracking.
An important characteristic of this lime plaster is that, apart for fire bricks and concrete surfaces, it works best on mud wall surfaces. Before application of the plaster the wall surface should be scratched with sharp tools to make fine lines on the surface of the wall (better in horizontal direction), then the wall surface to be cleaned from loose materials. A filling layer is first applied on the wall surface and wetted in minor. After 24-hours the lime plaster should be applied using first wooden trowels and for finishing use steel trowels. The plaster should be applied in layers of (5-8) mm thickness. It has been found that a single wall face should be worked at a time without long breaks to avoid visible restart joints.
After application of the plaster it should be kept wet and humid for at least two weeks to avoid shrinkage and development of any minor cracks. After setting a clean white glowing wall surface is developed. The plaster is resistant to water, rain and minor shocks and hits. When gets dirty could be cleaned and wiped using a wet cloth.
Usage of Lime Plaster
Today, the aforementioned material will not be used for modern construction purposes, but it can be used widely - for repairing and renovation of historical building across the world, which means recreating past memories and can be highly rewarding. Lime plaster with such characteristics might be very effective for different goals with great results.
This material was widely used at places where had high value & rich people could only use this material at their bathrooms because of good finishing and waterproofing.
Using this material at historical area will be more effective and
reminds all past memories, in addition it is cost effective, durable, and waterproof. It generally recommends for places which exposed to water flow.
I am Gul Rahman Abdulrahimzai from Afghanistan, Head of Department of Civil Engineering at Kardan University with a demonstrated history of working in the education management sector.
I have skills in research, lecturing, teaching leadership, and curriculum development. With strong academic foundation of a bachelor of science (B.Sc.) focused on Civil Engineering from National Military Academy of Afghanistan, (NMAA). | materials_science |
https://www.labware.com.hk/news/new-mm-500%3A-first-mixer-mill-to-achieve-grind-sizes-in-the-nanometer-range | 2023-09-26T21:50:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510225.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926211344-20230927001344-00130.warc.gz | 0.893142 | 341 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__23767236 | en | 29 Apr 2020
With the new Mixer Mill MM 500 RETSCH has developed the first ball mill with a frequency of 35 Hz which produces enough energy for efficient wet grinding of samples down to the nanometer range.
Based on performance, operation, application fields and design the MM 500 is a unique combination of a classic mixer mill and a planetary ball mill! Hence, it is perfectly suited for long-term grindings of several hours with high energy input to obtain particles sizes <1 µm, e. g. for mechanical alloying or chemical reactions. Thanks to only moderate warming effects, no cooling breaks are required when using the MM 500. On top of that, operation and handling are more comfortable than with planetary ball mills.
The benchtop unit is also suitable for dry, wet and cryogenic grinding of sample volumes up to 2 x 45 ml in one working run. It mixes and pulverizes powders and suspensions in only a few seconds.
The MM 500 can be controlled via the new optional RETSCH App which provides functionalities like creation of application routines, access to the RETSCH database or direct contact to the RETSCH service team.
Benefits at a glance:
Powerful pulverization down to the nanometer range with up to 35 Hz
For long-term grinding up to 99 h
Great flexibility due to grinding jar volumes of 50 ml, 80 ml, 125 ml and 4 different materials
New jar design allows for full use of volume, also for wet grinding
Grinding jars may remain clamped in the mill for taking a sub-sample
Screw-Lock, jars pressure-tight up to 5 bar | materials_science |
https://dymapak.com/rigid-packaging-vs-flexible-packaging/ | 2024-04-14T23:44:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816904.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414223349-20240415013349-00733.warc.gz | 0.936895 | 1,777 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__161234415 | en | No product is considered finished until the producer lands on the perfect packaging system to bring it all together. Even as the economy becomes more digitized, customers still care about packaging for many reasons, including functionality, sustainability, and the way it looks or how it adds to the unboxing experience.
How a product is packaged comes down to more than just first impressions. Rigid versus flexible packaging is a perfect example of how these choices impact the user experience.
Let’s look at the basics of both rigid and flexible packaging, and compare the pros and cons of each from the standpoint of branding, shipping, and convenience. We’ll also outline the top materials and packaging types that come into play when designing products for the modern marketplace.
What Is Rigid Packaging?
Encompassing any package type that’s strong, inflexible, and able to stand upright, rigid packaging is certainly the more common of the two types in the spotlight today.
With materials like cardboard, hard plastics, glass, and metals, rigid packaging solutions keep things simple and straightforward for producers and consumers alike. These packages offer reasonable protection, decent barrier properties, and a degree of customization that helps to realize the vision of the manufacturer.
Rigid packaging may be more familiar to the masses. After all, these materials have been around for far longer. But rigid packaging isn’t without its downsides.
Rigid packaging can be costlier to ship, may not have the same customization as flexible packages, and may not provide the highly adaptable child-resistant security that flexible packaging handles with ease.
What Is Flexible Packaging?
It may be relatively new compared to its rigid counterparts, but flexible packaging has made some major waves by introducing plenty of undeniable advantages.
Flexible packaging solutions are made from various materials, from multi-layer films and laminates to complex foils, malleable thermoplastics, and much more. They can better meet a variety of needs thanks to food-safe materials and plenty of customization regarding size and design.
A few decades ago, flexible packaging seemed like an odd proposition to brands in food, household goods, and other high-volume industries. But now, companies are seeing the appeal of pouches, bags, and other versatile containers that offer far more pliability.
Consumers are also warming up to flexible packaging as they enjoy a more convenient and modern user experience in the home. Snacking, cleaning, and other household activities are made easier with flexible packaging to protect their favorite products.
What Are Common Types of Flexible Packaging?
Today’s flexible packaging options are plentiful, but a few materials lead the way in terms of popularity. These are the materials that offer benefits like chemical barrier properties, resilience during shipping and storage, plus the user experience that customers want.
Here are the top flexible packaging types that brands should consider using now.
Low-Density Polythene (LDPE)
Best known for its high temperature resistance and structural strength, LDPE is a soft and flexible material with tons of customization options. Customers are familiar with LDRE in the form of plastic bags, lids, squeezable bottles, single-use cups, and six-pack rings.
As a packaging solution, LDPE is affordable with relatively quick execution, making it a cost-effective, entry-level option.
Biaxially-Oriented Polyethylene Terephthalate (BOPET)
A step up from LDPE in strength and quality, BOPET is incredibly versatile not only as a flexible packaging material, but also for many other industrial applications.
Since BOPET is made from stretched polyethylene terephthalate (PET), it has the properties of that strong film with even more tensile strength and stronger chemical barriers. This takes BOPET to new heights with its mechanics and capabilities.
We now see brands in industries like food, supplies, and even cannabis use BOPET packaging to help set their products apart and extend shelf life for more profits.
Biaxially-Orientated Polypropylene Polymer (BOPP)
It may not have the temperature protection or the tensile strength of BOPET, but BOPP is a solid alternative film that CPG manufacturers can count on for packaging.
BOPP excels in one key area over others in its class: vapor and liquid barrier protection. This is key for packaging food and other dry goods that must be protected from moisture throughout the supply chain journey and during the user experience.
BOPP and its parent material, polypropylene, are also great for making packaging labels. It’s always in demand for brands across the board.
What Are Common Types of Rigid Packaging?
Even though flexible packaging benefits from newer innovations and novelty, there is still plenty to be excited about with rigid packaging. Here are the common types of rigid packaging solutions that still hold strong today.
Paper-based materials are more capable than they appear, especially with innovations in corrugated and paperboard technologies. “Cardboard” or “paperboard” is the umbrella category here, and the applications are endless for brands packaging products of all kinds.
Today’s paperboard is also surprisingly malleable, giving brands more to work with in terms of customized designs and differentiating features, though it lacks child-resistant properties and isn’t as durable as other options. Companies aren’t always looking to reinvent the wheel with packaging, and paperboard offers that familiar look and feel.
Despite some notable weaknesses, glass is still one of the best in the packaging scene with its strong barrier properties, accessibility, and familiarity.
Glass bottles and jars will remain on store shelves for years to come, and the material also has sustainable features making it appealing to the masses.
Food products, cosmetics, and even some household supplies can make use of glass packaging, though savvy brands are looking into easier-to-ship flexible pouches, especially those who want child-resistant properties.
Think beyond foil for a moment: aluminum in rigid form is another popular solution for brands needing a strong, reliable packaging plan. Containers and lids made from aluminum are great for the food industry, where temperature regulation and customization are key.
The material is extremely light for its exceptional barrier properties, able to withstand high temps, and maintain the structure of food for longer periods. On an industrial level, aluminum is also common in creating cartridges, caps, closures, cans, bottles, and more.
What Makes Rigid and Flexible Packaging Different?
The differences between rigid and flexible packaging are deeper than surface-level looks (although there are certainly differences there too). Here’s how these two packaging types vary and why these choices matter for brands.
While rigid packaging materials are well-established, customization options aren’t as numerous as flexible alternatives.
This isn’t to say that metal, glass, and paperboard can’t be crafted to fit a company’s specifications for a product. They are simply working with a limited framework of properties and functionality.
The winner here should be no surprise, as flexible packaging is designed for this specific purpose.
Rigid packaging solutions cannot compete in flexibility, which limits the versatility of these materials when it comes time to create custom solutions. The lack of flexibility with rigid packaging can bump up shipping costs and take up more space on store shelves.
The last generation of flexible materials may not be known for durability, but that is changing fast. Modern flexible packaging solutions like those from Dymapak are more durable than ever, with strong barrier properties comparable to rigid packages.
Much of the space occupied by rigid packaging is underutilized or unnecessary. Flexible packaging fixes this problem by reducing the required dimensions of a package and using that space more efficiently.
This equates to lightweight products which save costs upfront and lighten loads for shipping and storage. Best of all, it enables a company to better stock shelves, avoid “outs,” and let retailers better maintain product replenishment.
The Bottom Line
Flexible packaging offers a variety of perks in a slew of industries. Dymapak offers child-resistant, eco-friendly packaging that’s food-grade and fully customizable. Making the right selection is key to the success of your product in any industry, ensuring protection, sustainability, and consumer enjoyment through the years. | materials_science |
https://pyreneeshi.com/product/tourmalet-bottle/ | 2023-03-23T08:50:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945030.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323065609-20230323095609-00417.warc.gz | 0.884563 | 130 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__166601082 | en | Our Tourmalet bottles are NOT made of plastic! They are made from Braskem® Green Polyethylene, a renewable raw material derived from sugar cane ethanol. During their growth cycle, the raw materials used to produce Green Polyethylene absorb and repair CO2 in the atmosphere, reducing greenhouse gases. Our Tourmalet Bio-bottles are fully recyclable. Size – 0.75l
If you’re going to climb the Tourmalet, you’ll need to drink a lot! | materials_science |
http://hassall.com/applications/marine-applications.html | 2013-12-09T00:34:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163837349/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133037-00066-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.866835 | 690 | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-48__0__198999269 | en | John Hassall supplies custom formed and machined parts utilized in a variety of marine related applications. The requirements of marine customers vary from simple standard fasteners, to weather-resistant stainless steel parts, to specialty items made from exotic materials with extremely close tolerances and demanding performance criteria. Either way, we have the capability to cold head, hot forge, or machine from bar the part you need in the most cost effective manner possible. Further, when cold heading or hot forging cannot, by that process alone, create a unique shape or hold a critical tolerance, John Hassall can provide a part to the most demanding of specifications by employing a variety of secondary operations, including:
- Threading (flat die and tri-roll) with and w/o heat
- Multi-axis CNC machining
- Centerless and specialty surface grinding
- Broaching, milling and drilling
- And more
John Hassall supports the marine industry with its US-based manufacturing factory, which is complemented by an in-house heat treating facility and metallurgical laboratory, certified to NADCAP and AS 9102 standards. Our quality systems are compliant with MIL-I-45208A and MIL-DTL-1222J. The Defense Logistic Agency, US Department of Defense lists John Hassall under Cage Code 82224 to their Qualified Suppliers List for Manufacturers (QSLM) for Class 2 & Class 3 Threaded Fasteners and Rivets.
Components and hardware (fittings, pumps, valves, bearings, etc.) for submarine and surface vessels, outboard engines, outdrives, fishing equipment, marine/oceanographic equipment and electronics, and more.
Bolts (hex, twelve point, socket, six lobe), nuts (hex, self clinching, spanner), screws (machine, metric, special), pins, studs, rivets, electronic hardware, special fasteners and parts to AN, MS, NA and NAS specification, and more.
Various grades of alloy steel, stainless steel and cobalt based alloys, including Inconel, A286, Titanium, Monel, Hastelloy, 18-8, 317, 347,17-4 PH, Brass, Silicon Bronze, Aluminum, Nitronic, and more.
Just about any size or length, headed or machined from bar.
Presses with induction heaters for hot forging; 2die/3 blow headers with induction heaters for warm forming; open die and single die headers, as well as multi-die parts formers for cold heading; pointers; trimmers; re-headers; a NADCAP certified heat treat facility capable of vacuum solution treatment and aging, induction annealing, atmospheric hardening and tempering, as well as cold treat freezing to -120°F; multi-axis CNC machining; auto-fed CNC centerless grinding; specialty surface grinding; auto-fed CNC chucking; broaching; bar-fed CNC Swiss turning; threading (flat die & tri-roll); milling & drilling; electrical discharge machining; burnishing; deburring; PWA/LCS approved metallurgical laboratory for both destructive and non-destructive testing, micro & macro evaluations of materials and parts; assembling; EDI; bar coding; ISO 9001:2008 / QS 9000 certification. | materials_science |
http://www.davidgraas.com/products/details/save-our-soup-(l) | 2014-03-11T14:02:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011207526/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092007-00000-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.937993 | 241 | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-10__0__25523953 | en | Save Our Soup (L)
Plastic, indestructible and endlessly recyclable. Time and time again the material can be broken down and shaped into new products. Like super clay. Strangely enough plastics are mostly used for single use products with a functional life time of less then 30 minutes. Think of bottles, cups and plastic bags. To make matters worse, much of it ends up in the ocean, becoming an ingredient for a global bowl of soup. Eaten by smaller species of marine life, this plastic is slowly but steadily passed up the food chain and eventually will find its way into your own bowl of soup.
Save Our Soup is a modular lamp, available in (S)mall, (M)edium and (L)arge. The triangular modules are made from recycled plastic soap bottles. The flow of bright colours of the shredded bottles show a resemblance to the plastic soup in our oceans. Reshaped as a lamp the plastic is saved from our soup. Instead it has found a new use that is more fitting to its durability.
Check the "products" category for the sizes Small and Medium.
photo's: Tim Stet
* excluding shipping | materials_science |
https://anerka.com/automation_systems.html | 2024-04-25T10:35:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712297292879.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240425094819-20240425124819-00101.warc.gz | 0.9622 | 206 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__151002289 | en | The major challenge regarding the automation of roll bending is that the forming process is significantly influenced by stochastic effects. These mainly include batch-specific fluctuations of the material properties of the plates (strength, thickness, etc.), but also fluctuations of the properties of the machine tool (temperature of the hydraulic oil, etc.). In the case of conventional manual control of roll bending, the influence of these effects is recognized by the plant operator and compensated by an adequate adjustment of the machine.
We have been working on this issue since 1999 and we have developed our CNC software thanks to many data and analyzes we have obtained.
We succeeded in producing our automation system, which eliminates all these difficulties and can perform the bending process in less than 1 minute, and we exhibited it for the first time at the Euroblech fair held in Germany in 2022.
The results we achieved were incredible. Thanks to this system we developed, error-free cylindrical roll bending were no longer impossible with less cost and without human touch. | materials_science |
https://www.hawacast.de/en/eigenschaften-en/ | 2023-03-27T20:11:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948684.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327185741-20230327215741-00712.warc.gz | 0.904316 | 2,032 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__239563136 | en | HAWAMID PA 12G – Properties + advantages
Directly to the info
Least water absorption
PA 12G has the lowest water absorption of all polyamides
PA 12G absorbs the least amount of water amongst all polyamides: 0.9% in standard atmospheric conditions and only 1.1% when immersed in water (for comparison: PA 6 up to 12%). Where other plastics start to swell and lose their mechanical properties, HAWAMID PA 12G keeps its shape, dimensional stability and resilience. HAWAMID PA 12G is therefore often used for mechanical parts and gaskets in sewage treatment plants, bottling plants or shipbuilding.
By using our development HAWAMID PA 12G + oil, the outstanding material properties can be enhanced yet again to only 0.85% water absorption when immersed in water. Dryness also has no effect on the material properties of PA 12G – whereas e.g. PA 6 starts to brittle.
Owing to its high moisture absorption, PA 6 exhibits lower strength and, due to its swelling behaviour, lower dimensional stability. In the case of frost, there is also the risk of bursting. PA 12G is saturated at 1.1% – this means lasting dimensional stability and strength even in damp environments and at temperatures as low as -50°C.
Wide temperature interval
Even at low temperatures HAWAMID PA 12G does not lose its viscoelastic properties: at -50°C it still exhibits an impact strength of 6 to 8 mJ/mm². A perfect material for vehicle manufacturing, the cableway industry or refrigeration/air-conditioning systems.
PA 12 G has the most evenly shaped curve: at -50°C PA 12G does not „brittle“ and at 120°C does not „soften“. PA 12G is elastic and exhibits good elastic recovery across a wide range of temperatures.
Constant up to 120°C continuous operating temperature
Even in hot-temperature environments or heat caused by mechanical stress PA 12G demonstrates its superiority: the elastic modulus remains constant in the case of long-term exposure to temperatures of up to 120°C (for comparison: POM up to 60°C). Manufacturers of washing and electroplating plants utilise this property for themselves and manufacture drive elements made of PA 12G.
The modulus of elasticity is still constant up to a continuous operating temperature of 120 ° C. A property of the PA 12G that is often used for drive elements.
PA 12G exhibits particularly good resistance to alkaline solutions and low-concentration acids. PA 12G is therefore often used in washing plants, bottling plants and enamelling lines or by the petroleum and chemical industry during plant construction. Detailed information on chemical resistance can be found in the „Technical appendix“.
Due to the particularly good chemical resistance, manufacturers of washing or filling systems and the petroleum and chemical industry rely on drive elements made of PA 12 G.
Abrasion-proof, material-friendly in the case of metal/plastic pairings
PA 12G is extremely viscoplastic and therefore wear-resistant. The high restoring force can absorb a large amount of energy without resulting in wear. This property is particularly useful when PA 12G is used in combination with metal. If PA 12G is combined with metal, e.g. gear/gear, runner/running track, pulley/cable or sliding bush/shaft, durability can multiply compared to metal/metal applications.
If PA 12G is combined with metal, e.g. gear/gear, runner/running track, pulley/cable or sliding bush/shaft, durability can multiply compared to metal/metal applications.
Low creep behaviour
No flattening out, low creep behaviour
A disadvantage of many plastics is their creep behaviour. When subjected to static and dynamic loads, the inner structure changes permanently and does not return to its original shape even after the loads have been removed. Runners made of POM or PET for example start to flatten out and result in vibrations, imbalance and increased wear. Runners made of PA 12G, however, exhibit a high restoring force. Thanks to the spherulitic crystallinity, the material returns to its original shape after having been deformed within the load limit. The smooth running properties of the material are thus preserved. Due to the large contact surface and thus lower surface pressure, wear on the runner and running track is minimal.
Pressed-in ball bearings retain their press fit and do not loosen when subjected to static loads.
Direct comparison of cast and extruded polyamides – i.e. comparison of polyamides with high and low crystallinity: The high-crystalline, cast PA 12G can be subjected to considerably higher and longer loads than the low-crystalline, extruded polyamides PA 12E and 6E.
Self-lubricating antifriction properties
When subjected to frictional stress, the surface of HAWAMID PA 12G is compressed and polished: This produces a permanent antifriction layer that allows for dry-run operation – without the need of additional lubricants. In the food and textile industry where the use of lubricants is often not possible, mechanical parts such as runners, gears, guides and sliding plates are often made of HAWAMID PA 12G. By using HAWAMID PA 12G + oil, the antifriction properties are enhanced even more
An ideal sliding partner for PA 12G is steel with a surface hardness of >50 HRC. This pairing can withstand higher loads compared to plastic/plastic pairings because the heat that is generated can be removed more quickly. But in this case too HAWAMID PA 12G proves to be the superior material: As can be seen in the diagrams (Vicat-B-50 and elastic modulus), PA 12G keeps its shape even if exposed to a long-term temperature of 120°C.
Wherever the use of lubricants is possible, running-in lubrication is recommended in order to increase operating times.
In the ideal pairing of PA 12G with hardened steel, we can reduce the coefficient of sliding friction again from 0.35 to 0.18. By adding oil, friction wear can be halved from 0.1 to 0.05 µm/km.
HAWAMID PA 12G has a density of only 1.025 kg/dm³. As a comparison: steel has a density of 7.85, aluminium of 2.8 kg/dm³. Lower weight means lower centrifugal mass and forces, less energy consumption during acceleration and braking and less wear. HAWAMID PA 12G is therefore often used as a substitute material for steel. Conveying systems, sprockets or gear wheels made of HAWAMID also allow for smaller and energy-saving light-weight design.
Lower weight means lower centrifugal mass and forces, less energy consumption during acceleration and braking and less wear.
Hardly any wear due to optimal damping behaviour
Drive elements made of PA 12G respond to loads elastically: force peaks can thus be cushioned without causing any wear. Wear on the following parts is also reduced. If compressed by 0.1%, PA 12G can withstand a load of 46 N/mm². The ball indentation hardness is 103 N/mm².
Spur gear with polygon steel hub subjected to impact loads of up to 550 Nm. By replacing a steel/steel pairing with a steel/plastic pairing, it was possible to treble the operating life.
HAWAMID PA 12G is whisper quiet
Compared to metal, HAWAMID PA 12G is whisper quiet. Gear drives involving steel/steel pairings are up to 3 times louder than steel/plastic pairings.
With these pulleys, set constructions at the Hamburg Theatre are lifted and lowered – silently!
Unbeatable impact strength of HW und HI
Depending on the temperature, the impact strength lies between 10-15 mJ/mm², at -50°C still at 6-8 mJ/mm². This value highlights the characteristics of PA 12G: hard and tough across a wide range of temperatures.
Depending on the requirement, we can modify these values through the production process. Our grade HAWAMID PA 12G HW passes through the normal production process.
Our grade HAWAMID PA 12G HI is slightly softer and thus exhibits a higher impact strength.
The perfect property of HAWAMID PA 12G: hard and tough across a wide range of temperatures.
High load transfers thanks to hybrid connection
PA 12G is, with the exception of PA 6/12G, the only high-strength plastic capable of forming positive and non-positive connections with metal. In the case of runners, rollers or gear wheels the special properties in the coating of PA 12G and the special features of metal inside the core are combined in one workpiece.
The perfect connection: rollers, rolls or gears with metal in the core.
HAWAMID PA 12G is food safe
HAWAMID PA 12G in the colours natural, black and yellow has been tested for extractable substances (water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, toluene) according to CFR21 Section 177.1500 and been approved for use in food handling applications.
HAWAMID PA 12G is approved for food handling. | materials_science |
http://holidaytripper.com/florida-vacation/be-an-eco-fashionista-on-earth-day/ | 2016-09-30T20:17:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662336.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00233-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.919335 | 350 | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-40__0__165220655 | en | Be an eco-fashionista on Earth Day!
Dress eco-consciously on your Florida Vacation
You don’t have to wear Birkenstocks on Earth Day to be eco-conscious. As concerns for the environment is more mainstream, consumer demand is growing in every product category, including fashion. In response, you can pull on a stylish dress rather than one made out of milk cartons!
There are certain textiles that have a detrimental impact on the environment, so consider fabrics when choosing your clothing, such as recycled polyester or organic cotton. We all know how scarce of a resource crude oil is, and this is where polyester comes from. The process for creating recycled polyester uses less energy and recycles plastic waste – see it as giving a second life to products in your recycling bin! Organic cotton isn’t genetically modified (GMO) and is cultivated without pesticides, fertilizers or other synthetic chemicals. The silky feel of lyocell is derived from regenerated cellulosic fiber which is biodegradable and is extracted from the pulp of eucalyptus wood pulp in a closed-loop process that is energy efficient.
Skunkfunk is known for its eco-friendly fabric and convertible clothing that can be redesigned to create a new look (a different form of recycling!). Skunkfunk also practices its eco message, even creating reusable bags from scraps of leftover fabric.
Earth Day Deals
For Earth Day 2012, Skunkfunk is offering a 15% discount on their online store for eco-conscious clothing. Upon checking out use promo code EARTH2012. The deal is available till the end of April 2012.
Do you wear organic clothing? | materials_science |
https://hu.the-socioesthetician-international.com/forum/pharm-d-candidate-appe/3d-printed-natural-bioinks-promote-wound-healing | 2024-04-21T20:03:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817819.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421194551-20240421224551-00543.warc.gz | 0.886592 | 2,938 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__138187201 | en | Polymers highlighted evidence from existing studies that support the use of natural-based bioinks
3D Printing Applications in the World of Pharmacy
3D printing offers cost-effective and rapid creation of diverse shapes that have many applications in our lives. Recently, attention has shifted to patient-centric drug development, with 3D printing becoming a key player in the pharmaceutical field.
Compared to traditional methods, 3D printing provides amazing flexibility for producing customizable medications tailored to individual patient needs. This technology operates by depositing layers of materials using computer-aided design (CAD) software or 3D scanners. Various 3D printing technologies, such as laser-based, inkjet-based, and extrusion-based systems, are employed based on factors like resolution, biocompatibility, temperature, and cost-effectiveness.
The impact of 3D printing on pharmaceuticals is profound, allowing for the precise fabrication of diverse pharmaceutical systems and devices. Experts foresee a shift towards personalized medicine, departing from the one-size-fits-all approach. However, achieving high-quality dosage forms requires meticulous attention to printing parameters and an in-depth understanding of materials' characteristics.
As 3D printing evolves, business models involving the sale of 3D-printed products are emerging. The integration of 3D printers in pharmacies and hospitals is anticipated as regulatory guidelines are established, enabling quality-by-design printing of pharmaceutical forms.
In biomaterials, the use of inks or bioinks is crucial. Natural biomaterials like alginates and synthetic biopolymers enhance the resolution of 3D-printed objects. The diversity of biopolymers and APIs makes 3D printing promising for constructing various drug delivery systems, contributing to effective wound healing. While Inkjet-based systems offer precise printing for tissue engineering. Extrusion-based 3D printing allows for scaffolds and microneedles, with the choice depending on the intended application and polymer properties.
Natural polymers like pectin and pluronic F-127 show efficacy in extrusion-based 3D printing for wound healing. Thermoresponsive hydrogels, including nanocellulose, introduce optimal rheological characteristics for extrusion-based printing, leading to the development of 4D printing.
Oral Drug Delivery Devices (ODDDs) like tablets and capsules are widely used for their rapid release profiles, but traditional methods limit design flexibility and often result in a "one-dose-fits-all" approach due to high costs and potential drug interactions. A study done in 1999 explored 3D printing for ODDDs, showcasing the ability to tailor release mechanisms. Binder Jetting has since gained approval for the first 3D printed drug, Spritam®, in 2016.
Material Jetting (MJ) and filament extrusion techniques have also been employed for ODDDs, allowing for the creation of tablets with various release profiles. Topical drug delivery through 3D printing has improved drug loading and accuracy in masks and wound dressings compared to traditional methods. Personalized 3D-printed masks for facial hypertrophic scars have been developed.
For rectal and vaginal drug delivery, 3D printing methods such as SLA and filament extrusion have been utilized to create customizable geometries for suppositories and intrauterine system (IUS) devices. In parenteral drug delivery, 3D printing has been used to create microneedles for rapid drug action and implantable devices like stents and catheters.
While the future of 3D printing in drug delivery holds significant potential, challenges include ensuring quality control, safety, and regulatory compliance, with limited guidance available. Large-scale manufacturing and collaboration among academia, industry, and government are crucial for widespread adoption. Machine learning (ML) is emerging as a tool to optimize design parameters and predict 3D printing performance, contributing to enhanced product quality and productivity.
Katstra W, Palazzolo R, Rowe C, et al. Oral Dosage Forms Fabricated by Three Dimensional Printing. J Controlled Release. 2000;66:1–9
Mancilla-De-la-Cruz J, Rodriguez-Salvador M, An J, Chua CK. Three-Dimensional Printing Technologies for Drug Delivery Applications: Processes, Materials, and Effects. Int J Bioprint. 2022 Oct 20;8(4):622
Uchida DT, Bruschi ML. 3D Printing as a Technological Strategy for the Personalized Treatment of Wound Healing. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2023 Jan 25;24(1):41
Advancements in 3D Printing and Wound Healing
Wounds, both acute and chronic, pose a considerable health risk on a global scale, affecting the lives of millions. As wounds pass a certain size, they often become challenging to self-heal, leading to chronic conditions and, in severe cases, mortality. Recent advancements in 3D printing technology, in conjunction with biocompatible hydrogels, offer a promising route for the development of intelligent wound dressings. These dressings, made through 3D printing, can incorporate antibiotics, antibacterial nanoparticles, and drugs to expedite the wound healing process. The precise control from 3D printing technology enables the production of customized dressings, addressing various challenges in wound care.
The prevalence of chronic wounds globally emphasizes the need for innovative solutions. Traditional wound dressings, while commonly used, often show limitations such as poor adherence to newly grown tissues and low oxygen permeability. Modern wound dressings, especially those using 3D printing technology and biocompatible hydrogels, are multifunctional. They provide enhanced physical protection, maintain optimal wound microenvironment moisture, and accelerate the healing process.
Recent studies on hydrogel-based wound dressings produced through 3D printing have showcased significant progress. Works include advancements in creating physically cross-linked chitosan hydrogels, developments in composite hydrogels for biomedical applications, and a focus on 3D-printed conductive hydrogels. The versatility of 3D printing extends to printing polysaccharides and proteins, contributing to various fields such as drug delivery and regenerative medicine.
Hydrogels are characterized by their three-dimensional crosslinked structure and water-absorbing properties. Natural hydrogels, including chitosan and alginate, show biocompatibility but may trigger immune responses. On the other hand, synthetic hydrogels offer reproducibility but lack inherent bioactivity. Smart hydrogels, responsive to stimuli like temperature, pH, and biological molecules, emerge as a promising avenue for wound care.
Smart hydrogel wound dressings, responsive to stimuli and capable of maintaining an optimal wound environment, play an important role in the wound healing process. These dressings enhance oxygen permeability, efficiently absorb exudate, and contribute to the various phases of wound healing, including hemostasis, inflammation, tissue growth, and tissue remodeling.
The mechanical strength and water absorption of hydrogel-based wound dressings play a crucial role in their effectiveness. The cross-linking process significantly influences these properties. Typically, hydrogels contain 5 to 10% crosslinking polymers, and the crosslinking ratio affects the swelling and strength of the hydrogel. More crosslinking results in less swelling but higher strength. However, excessive crosslinking can make the material rigid or glassy.
The type of crosslinker used is essential, with physical and chemical crosslinkers being the two main categories. Physical crosslinkers are formed by weak interactions, acting as bridges between polymer bonds. Chemical crosslinkers, on the other hand, involve covalent bonds that are more challenging to degrade. The choice of crosslinking method influences the overall performance of the hydrogel wound dressing.
Different types of crosslinking, such as semi-IPN and double network (DN) hydrogels, offer unique characteristics. Semi-IPN hydrogels effectively respond to pH or temperature changes, possess modified pore size, and enable slow drug release. DN hydrogels, comprising two networks with distinct structures, exhibit lower water absorption rates but higher mechanical strength and toughness. The sacrificial bonds in the first network sustain stress, while the second network's ductile polymer chain can extend to sustain large deformation.
Moving on to additive manufacturing and 3D printing, these technologies have gained popularity in recent years. Various techniques like fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), polyjet process, selective laser sintering (SLS), 3D inkjet, and digital light processing (DLP) have different characteristics, impacting repeatability, resolution, printing time, and material processing capabilities. Each technique has its compromise in terms of material properties and application suitability.
3D printing offers advantages over traditional methods, such as reduced steps, less manual labor, quick production, low waste generation, and risk mitigation. In wound dressing applications, 3D printing, especially techniques like DLP and STL, has shown promising outcomes. These methods can process biocompatible polymer materials like hydrogels, mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the skin. However, challenges such as printing large structures with good mechanical properties and addressing surface finish issues persist.
Bioprinting, a subset of 3D printing, holds promise in burn treatment. It involves layer-by-layer deposition of cells and scaffolding materials over burn injuries, aiming for optimal esthetic outcomes and improved scar quality. Bioprinting-based wound dressings go beyond traditional dressings by promoting wound closure and enhancing functional outcomes.
While 3D printing of hydrogels for wound dressings has shown significant progress, challenges remain. Issues like adhesion, applicability to various body parts, and addressing technical limitations during the pre-printing, printing, and maturation stages need further attention.
Moving to recent developments, various hydrogel wound dressings incorporating 3D printing technologies have been explored. The integration of sensors with these dressings has emerged as a cutting-edge approach. Biosensors, when integrated into wound dressings, offer advantages such as real-time sensing, response to changes in the wound environment, and remote monitoring. Temperature and pH sensors have been commonly integrated, providing valuable insights into infection and inflammation.
When the skin is injured, its pH shifts from acidic to alkaline. The skin's acidic pH range (4–6) is vital for pathogen defense, sourced from sebaceous gland fatty acids and sweat's lactic and amino acids. Wound pH evolves from alkaline to neutral and then acidic during healing. Transducers track pH-responsive hydrogel volumetric changes through mechanical work or property alterations.
Various studies utilize pH indicators like phenol red or red cabbage to detect pH changes in hydrogel patches. The transparency of the hydrogel enables naked-eye pH level observation. However, water content and calcium content can affect these pH indicators making it a difficult option. Integrated pH sensors in wound dressings provide continuous, real-time monitoring without physical contact. Smart patches with microchips for ion tracking and drug release, compatible with smartphones, exemplify this advancement. Reinforcing hydrogels with nanomaterials enhances their properties, allowing for diverse sensor integration. However, dressings must align with skin movement, deform as wounds heal, and not impede clotting.
Despite the promising potential of wound bandage-integrated sensors, challenges remain in the current landscape. 3D-printed hydrogel-based wound dressings have shown promise but face challenges such as poor mechanical strength and stability. Stereolithographic techniques often result in parts with inconvenient mechanical properties, and resin homogeneity can be a concern. Overcoming these challenges may involve post-curing processes and the incorporation of specific additives, such as gluconic acid, to stabilize pH levels and prevent bacterial growth.
Nanofillers and cations like calcium ions play crucial roles in enhancing hydrogel properties. Carbon nanomaterials, when combined with hydrogels, show potential in drug delivery applications, although concerns about toxicity remain. Cations like K+ and Ca2+ contribute to the mechanical strength of printed hydrogels and can be employed for various functionalities, including pressure sensing. Overcoming current limitations and addressing challenges will pave the way for more effective and patient-friendly wound care solutions in the future.
Alketbi A.S., Shi Y., Li H., Raza A., Zhang T. Impact of PEGDA photopolymerization in micro-stereolithography on 3D printed hydrogel structure and swelling. Soft Matter. 2021;17:7188–7195.
Bahram M., Mohseni N., Moghtader M. Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels. IntechOpen; London, UK: 2016. An introduction to hydrogels and some recent applications
Lu B., Li D., Tian X. Development trends in additive manufacturing and 3D printing. Engineering. Epub Ahead Print. 2015;1:85–89Nizioł M., Paleczny J., Junka A., Shavandi A., Dawiec-Liśniewska A., Podstawczyk D. 3D Printing of Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Laden with an Antimicrobial Agent towards Wound Healing Applications. Bioengineering. 2021;8:79
Tack P., Victor J., Gemmel P., Annemans L. 3D-printing techniques in a medical setting: A systematic literature review. Biomed. Eng. Online. 2016;15:1–21
Tsegay F, Elsherif M, Butt H. Smart 3D Printed Hydrogel Skin Wound Bandages: A Review. Polymers (Basel). 2022 Mar 3;14(5):1012
Zarybnicka L., Stranska E. Preparation of cation exchange filament for 3D membrane print. Rapid Prototyp. J. 2020;26:1435–1445. doi: 10.1108/RPJ-03-2019-0082 | materials_science |
http://contileindustries.com/concrete_coatings_stains.html | 2023-12-11T11:36:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679511159.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211112008-20231211142008-00773.warc.gz | 0.916532 | 209 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__251425727 | en | Pros: Concrete Coatings and Stains are decorative and a long lasting way to protect your concrete floor. For example, a garage floor against the elements brought in from the road during winter. It is easy to clean, food safe, stain resistant, non- slip coatings, decorative look, and add value to an older well structured floor. Concrete Coatings and Stains provides an original one of a kind look or feature to your project as there are many options to choose from (finishes, epoxies, aspartic, urethanes, etc). Above all, it is easy to bring back to life.
Cons: Concrete Coatings and Stains Finish is a tedious preparation and application process. No coating is perfect and it can be hard to remove or bond to existing concrete. Some coatings require regular maintenance and some coatings will melt under high temperatures. Not UV resistant and will yellow and appear cloudy over time if used outdoors. If not adhered sufficiently it can bubble or blister or peel.Home | materials_science |
https://rhqdesigns.com/the-art-of-stainless-steel-fabrication/ | 2023-12-10T01:11:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100989.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209233632-20231210023632-00382.warc.gz | 0.911756 | 603 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__116958749 | en | Stainless steel fabrication is a versatile and precise process that allows for the creation of stunning and functional pieces. From architectural elements to household appliances, stainless steel has become a popular choice for its durability, sleek appearance, and resistance to corrosion. In this blog post, we will take you on a journey through the art of stainless steel fabrication, exploring the process from concept to creation.
Understanding Stainless Steel Fabrication
Stainless steel fabrication involves transforming raw stainless steel sheets or bars into customized products or components. The process typically includes cutting, bending, welding, and polishing to achieve the desired shape and finish. Skilled craftsmen utilize advanced machinery and techniques to ensure precise measurements and flawless execution.
Designing the Perfect Piece
The first step in stainless steel fabrication is conceptualizing the design. Whether it’s a unique piece of furniture, a striking architectural feature, or a functional industrial component, the design stage is crucial. Collaborating with experienced designers and engineers can help bring your vision to life while considering factors such as functionality, aesthetics, and structural integrity.
Precision Cutting and Shaping
Once the design is finalized, the stainless steel sheets or bars are cut into the required shapes using advanced cutting techniques like laser cutting or waterjet cutting. This ensures precise and clean edges, allowing for seamless integration and assembly. Bending and shaping the metal follows, utilizing specialized machinery and tools to achieve the desired forms and angles.
Welding and Assembly
Welding is a critical stage in stainless steel fabrication, where the various components are joined together to create a unified structure. Skilled welders utilize different welding methods, such as TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) or MIG (Metal Inert Gas), to ensure strong and durable connections. Attention to detail is vital during this stage to maintain the integrity and aesthetics of the final piece.
Once the main structure is complete, the stainless steel piece goes through a finishing process to refine its appearance. This includes grinding, polishing, and surface treatments to achieve a smooth and lustrous finish. These finishing touches not only enhance the visual appeal of the stainless steel but also provide additional protection against corrosion.
Stainless steel fabrication is an intricate art form that combines creativity, precision, and technical expertise. From conceptualization to the final polish, each step plays a crucial role in transforming raw materials into stunning and functional stainless steel creations. If you’re looking to add a touch of elegance and durability to your space, consider the possibilities of stainless steel fabrication.
At RHQ Designs, we specialize in stainless steel fabrication, offering tailored solutions for both residential and commercial projects. Our team of skilled craftsmen and designers is committed to delivering exceptional quality and attention to detail in every piece we create. Contact us today to discuss your stainless steel fabrication needs and bring your ideas to life. Ready to elevate your space with stunning stainless steel creations? Contact RHQ Designs today for a consultation and let us transform your vision into reality. | materials_science |
https://cnc-mdf-milling.e4c.pl/home,11,building_models.html | 2019-09-16T03:07:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572471.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916015552-20190916041552-00289.warc.gz | 0.941162 | 373 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__29290745 | en | We make models and plugs for mould production
One of our company operation aspects is making models for mould production. We have been dealing with composite model-making for many years, which is a very complex production process supported by high precision, experience and vast knowledge of our personnel. Each model is made by using a CNC machine tool, which allows us to provide you with top quality and precision.
Our company deals with making models of MDF, wood, HDF, styrofoam, extruded polystyrene, NECURON type model-making foams and even aluminium. These models are used to create moulds for cast industry and plastic production sector. Industries we target our services at include toilet equipment production, automotive parts, shipbuilding, thermoforming and every application where high precision and quality of plug and mould are required. We have design and production infrastructure, which means that the moulds performed on models supplied by us are fully professional. We can use documentation supplied or are able to develop it from scratch by collaborating with each customer.
Moulds – accuracy and precision
By using a high-tech 5-axis CNC milling machine we can make virtually any workpiece with a dimension precision of up to 1 hundredth of a mm! We specialise in preparing models for producing composite materials, mainly GRP. If necessary, we can provide advice, build production moulds, and if needed, we can launch a dedicated production using our infrastructure.
Cast models, cores and moulds – take advantage of our offer!
If you are looking for a company dealing with model-making of cores and moulds, this is the right place. We have been providing our customers with top-quality services for many years, thus constantly increasing their number. Each customer is approached individually to make them fully satisfied with our services. | materials_science |
https://www.fossweb.com/module-summary?dDocName=D2662161 | 2020-12-01T09:15:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141672314.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201074047-20201201104047-00148.warc.gz | 0.857574 | 110 | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-50__0__212671145 | en | Module Summary – Delta Inquiry Investigations – Atoms and Molecules
This durable, plastic model easily allows students to graphically model the components of the atom. Learn about the structure of atoms and ions, and model the formation of ionic and covalent bonds. Using color-coded plastic manipulatives, students construct familiar molecules and compounds including soaps, detergents, acids, bases, and salts. Using the 3-D models, students explore the crystal lattice structure of salt, and learn about organic compounds and hydrocarbons. | materials_science |
http://www.enlitechnology.com/news-detail/show-292998.htm | 2018-06-22T05:38:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864354.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622045658-20180622065658-00138.warc.gz | 0.905166 | 6,471 | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__171727316 | en | Cost Analysis of Perovskite Tandem Photovoltaics
• Low LCOE is achieved due to extreme low cost of perovskites in tandem PVs
• Further improving tandem module lifetime and efficiency reduces LCOE
• LCOE decrease rates are used to measure the research efforts
【Context & Scale】
Solar energy is the most abundant resource to power this planet. Photovoltaics (PV) harvest solar energy in a clean manner, wherein the relevant technologies are mostly based on crystalline silicon. Featuring skyrocketing efficiency and extreme low cost, hybrid halide perovskite solar cells have emerged as the most promising next-generation PV technology. Moreover, they can be coupled with a complimentary absorber to form tandem solar cells, which may face fewer obstacles for market penetration by capitalizing on the established PV industry. It is thus important to establish the technoeconomic competitiveness of final electricity production. We estimated the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) using a sensitivity analysis by varying the materials, module efficiency, and lifetime. We found that perovskite tandem PVs are potentially competitive, and further efforts are required to simultaneously improve the efficiency and lifetime of perovskite PVs to stand over the entire energy sector.
Recently, metal halide perovskite photovoltaics (PV) are marching toward commercialization. The possibility for perovskite absorbers to be incorporated into multi-junction solar cells is also being discussed, which suggests alternative market entry. Although intensive investigations are being made on their technical feasibility, serious analysis on the cost of perovskite-based tandem modules is lacking. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of solar modules is often used to evaluate technoeconomic competitiveness. Here, we performed a detailed cost analysis on two perovskite-based tandem modules (the perovskite/c-silicon and the perovskite/perovskite tandem module) compared with standard multi-crystalline silicon and single-junction perovskite solar cells. We found that perovskite PVs (both single junction and multi-junction) are competitive in the context of LCOE if the module lifetime is comparable with that of c-silicon solar cells. This encourages further efforts to push perovskite tandem modules onto the market in the future.
The world's energy demands to power society keep on increasing with the evolution of human civilization. Global electricity consumption reached 21,190 TWh in 2016, which was a significant portion of the world's total energy comsumption.1 Photovoltaics (PV) provide electricity in a clean and renewable manner, and the PV market has grown dramatically in the past decades. In 2017, newly installed PV capacity increased by more than 75 GW, while the cumulatively installed capacity exceeded 300 GW worldwide.2, 3 With the fast development of PV technology, the final price of electricity generated by PV has exhibited competitiveness among the whole energy sector. For example, Abu Dhabi Water and Electric Authority (ADWEA) reported price bidding for PV as low as 2.42 US cents/kWh,4 even lower than that of fossil energy.
With the rapid progress in PV technology, metal halide perovskite is emerging as the most promising candidate for the next-generation PV materials. In less than 8 years, perovskite solar cells have attained power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.7%,5 and thus have attracted considerable attention in both academia and industry. The community has already advanced significantly to validate the technical feasibility of single-junction perovskite solar cells. Very recently, perovskite-based multi-junction PV devices have received intensive attention as an exciting research topic,6, 7 thanks to their tunable band gap, superior optoelectronic properties, and ease of fabrication. To date, perovskites have been incorporated with c-silicon8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or CIGS13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 to construct hybrid tandem solar cells with respectable PCEs. By carefully tuning the band gap of the perovskite absorber, the theoretical PCEs for perovskite/silicon solar cells and perovskite/perovskite solar cells are predicted to be 39% and 34%, respectively.19 In addition, all-perovskite tandem solar cells were also successfully demonstrated.20, 21, 22 Similar to that of perovskite single-junction modules, the development of tandem devices is facing the same major technical problems, such as stability, upscaling, and reproducibility.23 In view of the encouraging theoretical PCE limit and feasible pragmatic routes, perovskite-based tandem solar cells are expected to penetrate the market swiftly by capitalizing on the existing c-silicon industry.6
However, manufacturing cost, as one essential factor governing the success of PV techniques, has received limited attention. Recently, Cai et al.24 analyzed two representative perovskite solar modules and calculated the corresponding levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). They concluded that the LCOE of perovskite PV was estimated to be 3.5–4.9 US cents/kWh with 15 years lifetime, which was even lower than that of traditional fossil energy. They suggested that more attention should be given to improving device efficiency and lifetime instead of low-cost material replacement. Recently, the LCOE of a single-junction module was also analyzed by Chang et al.25 They made conservative assumptions on limited materials availability and estimated the module cost to be US $107/m2, which led to a significantly higher LCOE than in Cai's report. During the preparation of this manuscript, Song et al.26 proposed a feasible manufacturing flow for single-junction perovskite PV fabrication. They estimated the LCOE to be 5.82 US cents/kWh in Wichita, Kansas, if a system lifetime of 30 years can be achieved. The apparent discrepancy in LCOE estimation encourages further discussion and careful justification to project the manufacturing costs.
Given the roadmap of the development of perovskite PV, tandem modules serve as one important sector.6, 7 Nevertheless, they have received limited consideration from a technoeconomic perspective, which may influence future research efforts in this field. Here, we adopted a bottom-up cost model to estimate the module cost and further LCOE, and carried out a sensitivity analysis of LCOE varying the efficiency and lifetime of relevant PV modules. We carefully compared four modules: mc-silicon (the passivated emitter and rear cell [PERC]), perovskite single junction, perovskite/c-silicon (heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer [HIT]) tandem, and perovskite/perovskite tandem. The latter three perovskite-based modules are shown to have potential for commercialization within the assumptions of this study. We focused this investigation on the technoeconomic competitiveness among the four PV techniques in the given boundary conditions. Some financing and policy assumptions are reasonably simplified, which does not affect the effectiveness of the conclusions within the relative comparison. We found that perovskite PVs exhibit low materials cost, which reduces the LCOE substantially in both the single-junction devices and the tandem devices. Still, module efficiency and lifetime are the dominant parameters that affect the LCOE significantly. In addition, the idea of LCOE decrease rate is introduced for the first time as a clear measure to guide the direction of research and development for perovskite-based PVs and tandem solar cells.
【Results and Discussion】
◆Modules Configurations and Fabrication
Four representative configurations of solar cells are listed in parallel for comparison, as shown in Figure 1. Module A uses the conventional PERC device based on p-type multi-crystalline silicon. PCE of ∼21.0% in line production is claimed, which is predominant in the PV market.27 This represents one of the major competitors that perovskite PVs face. The cell in module B is based on the planar structure of a perovskite solar device, which can be fabricated using low-temperature processing techniques such as screen printing and dip coating.28 The best certified cell PCE is 22.7% for ∼0.1 cm2 devices5, and 20.1% PCE is reported for 1 cm2 devices with a similar architecture.29 The planar perovskite device has already been adopted for commercialization trials. We assume in-line production will achieve cell PCE of 19% in the 2020s as a result of the fast development of perovskite solar cells.5 In module C, perovskite/c-silicon tandem cells are used with HIT sub-cells. HIT cells have achieved the best PCE of 26.6%,5 which is one of the most promising next-generation silicon-based techniques ready for mass production. Currently, successful demonstration of perovskite/c-silicon tandem cells showed a PCE of 23.6%.30 By capitalizing on accumulative efforts in silicon solar cells, we assume these HIT/perovskite tandem cells can attain a PCE of 25% in line production in this study. Module D proposes a perovskite/perovskite tandem device configuration adopting two different absorbers with wide/narrow band gaps, respectively. The feasibility of fabrication has recently been demonstrated in practice and has revealed solar cell efficiency of 25.9% by modeling.19 We investigated its technoeconomic competitiveness by assuming cell efficiency of 22% for mass production in the coming years, which might serve as a reference point for future research and design of all-perovskite tandem cells.
▲Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of Modules
(A) Module A is composed of traditional silicon cells.
(B) Module B is composed of planar perovskite cells.
(C) Module C is composed of silicon/perovskite tandem cells.
(D) Module D is composed of perovskite/perovskite tandem cells.
Spin coating, which is often used in the lab, is replaced by screen printing for large-scale manufacturing in our simulation.24, 25, 26 The materials utilization ratio for most techniques in this paper is 80%, whereas that of evaporation is assumed to be 60%.25, 26 The material costs of some key components are listed in Table 1 (see Supplemental Information for details). The fabrication process flows for each module are summarized in Supplemental Information and Tables S1–S4.
▼Table 1: The Costs of Key Components in LCOE Simulation
|Component||Raw Material||Price ($/kg)||Weight (g/m2)||Material Cost ($/m2)|
The LCOE represents the unit cost (per kilowatt hour) of electricity over the lifetime of certain generating entity, which is often used to measure the overall competitiveness of different technologies. In the context of physical chemistry, the chemical potential eventually determines the occurrence of a reaction. Similarly, the LCOE provides a cost estimation, which governs the commercialization process of a generating technology. Based on the above-mentioned assumptions, we have thus conducted LCOE analysis on the four representative modules, which is summarized in Figure 2. Here, we retain an accuracy of 0.01 cent/kWh in the final value to comply with the conventional LCOE calculations; it is not easy to achieve such accuracy considering the uncertainty in the technique and economy development. Modules B, C, and D exhibit LCOEs of 4.34, 5.22, and 4.22 US cents kWh−1, respectively. As a comparison, the LCOE for module A is 5.50 US cents kWh−1. Specifically, the LCOE of the single-junction perovskite solar cell (module B) is in line with the previous report,24 which is 21% lower than that of a traditional silicon solar cell (module A). This shows the great commercialization potential of perovskite solar cells if the final products can reach those assumptions during manufacturing. By incorporating perovskites into silicon solar cells (module C), the LCOE of the tandem device can be reduced by 5% from that of conventional silicon solar cells. Moreover, we calculated the most aggressive tandem device with two perovskite sub-cells (module D), with the largest LCOE reduction compared with that of module A. Interestingly, materials costs for modules B and D contribute much less to the LCOE compared with module A and C. This implies that perovskite-based PVs are less sensitive to the materials cost than the currently predominant multi-crystalline silicon PVs. These LCOE values are estimated based on a few favorable assumptions, such as good module efficiency and acceptable module lifetime (see Experimental Procedures). Some of these assumptions remain challenging (e.g., the lifetime), and some are expected to be achieved soon during mass production (e.g., the efficiency). Given the same operation conditions, however, it is inferred that the tandem solar cell design has a positive impact on reducing the LCOE when perovskite is incorporated. This can likely be attributed to the low module cost as discussed later.
Module cost affects the LCOE estimation significantly, which differs among different PV technologies. The estimated manufacturing cost breakdown of the different modules proposed above was carefully investigated. The module manufacturing cost is mainly composed of materials cost, depreciation and maintenance, labor, utilities and others (e.g., weighted average cost of capital [WACC], inverter price, balance of system [BOS], operation cost, etc).26 We performed the estimation based on the internal data provided by existing manufacturers, literature reports, and reasonable assumptions (see Experimental Procedures for details). As shown in Figure 2A, the manufacturing costs are estimated to be 89.59, 32.69, 121.18 and 45.23 US$ m−2 for modules A, B, C, and D, respectively. Taking the PCE into account, the module costs are 0.43, 0.17, 0.48, and 0.21 US $/W for the four modules. The material cost is a significant part of each module cost: 88.0%, 78.2%, 81.3%, and 81.2% for modules A, B, C, and D, respectively. It dominates the overall cost and thus the final LCOE of the corresponding technology. Interestingly, the cost for the perovskite absorber layer only contributes 4.1%, 1.1%, and 3.0% to the total material cost in modules B, C, and D, respectively. It clearly shows the cost advantage of perovskite absorber, which is in accordance with the previous analysis (Figure 2). In short, the perovskite PV is approaching the sweet zone to balance the module efficiency and cost, which leads to the attractive LCOE in the PV market.
▲Figure 2: The Estimated LCOE and Breakdown of Each Module
(A) The comparision of LCOE. (B–E) The cost breakdown of each module. (B) Module A, composed of traditional silicon cells; (C) Module B, composed of planar perovskite solar cells; (D) Module C, composed of silicon/perovskite tandem cells; and (E) Module D, composed of perovskite/perovskite tandem cells.
A variety of materials have been reported to couple with the perovskite absorber to construct the heterojunction. In our estimation, we assume that economically favored materials are used for module fabrication. To reveal how the materials selection affects the LCOE, we conducted the sensitivity analysis for modules B and C (Figure 3B). In respect of carrier transport materials, [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester(PCBM), 2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene(Spiro-OMeTAD), and Poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)aminePoly(triarylamine)](PTAA) are used as replacements for NiO or SnO2. They lead to increases in manufacturing costs of 801%, 348%, and 622% in module B, and 299%, 172%, and 252% in module C, respectively. Consequently, the LCOE increases to 286%, 166%, and 238% in module B, and 218%, 143%, and 190% in module C. When copper is replaced by gold in the electrodes, we found significant increment of module cost to 493% and 215% in modules B and C, respectively. The corresponding LCOE increased to 204% and 168% in modules B and C. This is consistent with previous estimations of manufacturing cost,25, 26 indicating usage of expensive material probably prevents any market penetration of perovskite PVs. Interestingly, when silver is used to replace copper, we observes negligible increment of LCOE in both modules B and C. Development of cheaper materials to couple with perovskite absorber is required for the commercialization of perovskite PVs. However, it remains challenging to obtain highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells with low-cost materials. Moreover, it is critical to rationally design and construct tunneling junctions for tandem devices based on cheap building blocks, which is still less investigated.
▲Figure 3: The Estimation of the Module Cost and the Effect of Material on Module and LCOE.
(A) Breakdown of the estimated cost for each module in US$ m−2.
(B and C) Variation of estimated (B) module cost and (C) LCOE with the use of alternative materials in modules B and C.
Furthermore, we attempted to correlate the LCOE with different components (e.g., materials, facility, etc.) in different modules. Among all the components that contribute to LCOE, material cost plays a significant role. It consists of all the materials involved during the manufacturing process, including the main materials, solvent, additives, etc. Figure 4A shows the linear relationship between material cost and LCOE, wherein the marker on each line represents the assumptions used in the current study. The slopes of the four curves are almost the same, which indicates that the dependence of LCOE on materials cost is similar for all four PV modules. It is interesting to note that the curves overlap for modules A and D, indicating the module D, if realized, follows a similar LCOE function for materials cost as currently predominant PVs. This means that the LCOE is the same for modules A and D if their module costs are the same. This is likely due to the similar module efficiency and the same module lifetime for the two modules, which further indicates costs other rather than the module cost (e.g., facility cost) have a relatively small impact on LCOE. Moreover, it is clearly revealed that the extremely low LCOE of modules B and D correlates with their low material cost. To reach the same LCOE as that of module B (if realized), the material cost of module A needs to be further reduced by 45%. It thus suggests reduction of materials cost as one effective strategy to reduce the final LCOE for silicon PVs and future perovskite/c-silicon tandem PVs. Comparing modules A and C in Figure 4A, we can further see the advantage of applying a tandem design to achieve lower LCOE even with higher materials cost.
On the other hand, the LCOE is found to be relatively insensitive to the facility cost. In our simulation, facility cost describes the cost of the main equipment to perform module production, such as building, equipment, etc. Figure 4B shows the dependence of LCOE of each module on the facility, wherein the marker on each line represents the assumptions used in the current study. As expected, the LCOE increases linearly with the increase in the facility cost in all four modules. We found that the dependence of LCOE on facility cost is similar for all four PV modules. Even if the facility investment for module B doubles, the LCOE increases by just 3%, which is significantly different than the impact of module cost on LCOE (Figure 4A). It clearly suggests that the initial equipment cost affects the LCOE to a minor extent, given 20 years constant throughput. It also indicates that facility investment should not be a concern if upgrading the c-silicon module fabrication line to a c-silicon/perovskite tandem module. Perovskite-based solar cells have a significant advantage of low materials cost to reduce the LCOE if the prerequisites of commercialization are satisfied.
▲Figure 4: The Sensitivity Analysis Regarding Material Cost and Facility Cost.
(A and B) The linear dependence of LCOE to (A) the materials cost, and (B) the facility cost in each module. The marker in each line represents the assumptions used in the current estimation
Stability has been a serious concern since the beginning of the perovskite cell development.31 However, tremendous progress has been achieved in the last 5 years in device reliability over thousands of hours with various degradation protocols.32, 33 Perovskite cells are required to work for 20 years with over 80% of their initial power output, which is in line with the typical field warranty for PV panels. In the LCOE simulation, the lifetime describes how long the PV system (project) would operate, which generally correlates to the module lifetime. During the project operation life cycle, the power degradation rate for each module would remain at 1% per year. We found the lifetime significantly affects the LCOE, wherein the lifetime obeys an inverse proportion relationship with the LCOE (Figure 5A). We found that lifetime plays a great role in minimizing the LCOE value; that is, a longer lifetime can result in a significant decrease of the LCOE. Taking the perovskite single-junction module (module B) as an example, the LCOE decreases substantially from 7.52 to 4.34 US cents/kWh if the lifetime is improved from 10 to 20 years. According to the current market requirement that commercial c-silicon modules (module A) have a guaranteed lifetime of 20 years, we find that the perovskite single-junction module (module B) requires only 14.7 years to achieve the same LCOE. It means the requirement for lifetime is not as strict as that of conventional c-silicon PVs, which might suggest a different business model for the commercialization of perovskite PVs. Nevertheless, it is still desirable to obtain long-term operational stability of perovskite-based PVs to compete against other energy sectors.
▲Figure 5: The Sensitivity Analysis Regarding Module Lifetime and Efficiency
(A and B) LCOE variation as functions of (A) the module lifetime and (B) the module efficiency in each module, with the other parameters related to LCOE are fixed. The markers indicate the assumed conditions for each module in the LCOE calculation.
Similar to the module lifetime, module efficiency also plays an essential role to determine the LCOE value. In general, an increment in module efficiency leads to a significant decrease of the LCOE. Taking module B as an example, the LCOE decreases from 4.9 to 3.9 US $/kWh if the module efficiency increases from 17% to 22%. This applies to all four PV modules investigated here. It suggests research should focus on improving PCE as an effective approach to a competitive LCOE in perovskite PVs especially at the current stage, wherein their module efficiency during mass production is far from the theoretic limit. Although challenging, the predicted efficiency requirements are based on some assumptions wherein the dynamic development of the PV community is mostly overlooked. The calculations show theoretically that the perovskite PV is capable of achieving the same LCOE at a relatively lower efficiency than c-silicon PVs in either single-junction or tandem devices. This economic advantage is mostly ascribed to the low manufacturing cost originating from cheap materials and a low energy-consuming process. However, perovskite PVs are far from being commercially available. A fully developed industrial manufacturing process for perovskite solar modules and practical implementation of these modules are not yet available. The estimation predicts their potential technoeconomic competitiveness over c-silicon PVs, and improving the module lifetime and efficiency are feasible strategies to lower their LCOE.
The LCOE decreases with the increase of the module lifetime and/or efficiency. With different module lifetimes and/or efficiency however, the LCOE of different modules changes at different rates. A clear measure is required to analyze the effectiveness of different approaches to reducing LCOE. Therefore, the LCOE decrease rate is introduced to investigate the relationship between LCOE and module lifetime and efficiency. The LCOE decrease rate is defined as the first derivative of LCOE for either the lifetime or module efficiency (Figure 6). With increasing lifetime, the LCOE decrease rate gradually approaches zero (Figure 6A). It means the positive impact of reducing LCOE diminishes by prolonging the module lifetime. For discretion, we assume negligible effects on the LCOE when the LCOE decrease rate achieves −0.1 US cents/kWh/year. And we obtain effective module lifetimes of 30.6, 27.0, 29.6, and 25.8 years for modules A, B, C, and D, respectively. Comparing with silicon solar cells (module A), the current lifetimes of perovskite modules are far below the effective module lifetime as calculated, motivating efforts to extend of the lifetime of perovskite PVs with quantitative justifications.
Similarly, LCOE decrease rate over module efficiency was obtained for each module (Figure 6B). Compared with that over module lifetime (Figure 6A), the decrease rates over module efficiency of each module at their current module efficiency are relatively higher. This implies that the LCOE can be reduced considerably by improving module efficiency at the current stage. By setting the value of LCOE decrease rate at −0.1 US cents/kWh/%abs, we calculated the effective module efficiency to be 33.6%, 28.4%, 35.3%, and 30.0% for module A, B, C, and D, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that improving the module efficiency is a universal approach to the reduction of LCOE for all four PV technologies investigated here. It is found that modules with lower materials cost show lower effective module efficiency, which means the LCOE reduction for low-cost modules is less dependent on module efficiency. The selection of −0.1 cent/kWh/year or −0.1 cent/kWh/%abs is arbitrary and is shown as an example in this study. The choice of effective numbers was made to guide research efforts. These two numbers do not necessarily apply to guide mass production. It is found that effective module lifetime and effective module efficiency serve as yardsticks to measure the effectiveness of different techniques for LCOE reduction, which sheds light on judicious R&D for perovskite PV technology.
▲Figure 6: The LCOE Decrease Rate of Module Lifetime and Efficiency
(A and B) The LCOE decrease rate changing with (A) the lifetime and (B) the module efficiency. The solid line represents the current value given by previous research and the dotted line represents the estimated value when the module efficiency and the lifetime are improved in the future. The LCOE decrease rate around −0.10 US cents kWh−1 is magnified in the insets.
In conclusion, we investigated four solar modules (e.g., silicon solar cells, perovskite solar cells, perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells and perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells) with major emphasis on their LCOE and relevant contributors. The proposed tandem structures show great commercial potential if their performance (PCE and lifetime) on lab scale can be achieved after scaling up with low-cost materials with a satisfactory material utilization ratio. We adopted the bottom-up cost model to estimate the manufacturing cost and subsequently the LCOE of each module based on current progress and assumptions. We conclude (1) single-junction perovskite solar cells are promising to achieve a competitive LCOE in the PV market; (2) tandem PVs by incorporation of perovskite absorbers are capable of lowering the LCOE effectively due to the extremely low manufacturing cost and high efficiency of perovskite sub-cells; (3) a significant decrease in the LCOE can be achieved by improving the lifetime and the efficiency of solar modules; and (4) LCOE decrease rates are defined and investigated for the first time, and demonstrated to serve as a yardstick to measure the effectiveness regarding the research direction for PV development. In our analysis, the single-junction perovskite PV shows a lower LCOE than that of the c-silicon/perovskite tandem device. However, the latter may face less barriers when penetrating the market by potentially leveraging the established PV industry. Although the current analysis indicates that perovskite PVs have great potential from a technoeconomic perspective, they are still far from practical use; the assumed device performance has not been fully achieved yet. It calls for further efforts to simultaneously improve the efficiency and lifetime of perovskite modules, which will ultimately improve the competitiveness of perovskite PVs over the entire energy sector.
Q.C. and H.Z. acknowledge funding support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (51673025, 51672008), Q.C. thanks National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant no. 2016YFB0700700) and Young Talent Thousand Program. The authors sincerely appreciate the valuable discussions with Dr. Q. Wang of JA Solar, Mr. S. Wang of Macro Economic Research Institute of the State Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, and Ms. I. Ke of Enlitech.
Q.C. and H.Z. conceived and supervised this work, Z.L., Y.Z., X.W., Y.L., and Q.C. contributed to the discussion and writing of the manuscript, Y.S., Z.Z., Y.L., X.W., and H.Z. contributed to data collection. Z.Q., X.W., H.Z., and Q.C. participated in analysis of the results. | materials_science |
https://spirig.org/default-668f298d78/default-title | 2021-01-27T12:54:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704824728.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127121330-20210127151330-00496.warc.gz | 0.934579 | 580 | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__259376543 | en | Ernest Spirig established this company named DIPL. ING. ERNEST SPIRIG as a closely held private company on March 14th 1969 in Rapperswil, Canton St. Gall, Switzerland. In its very early times the company was engaged in consulting and development services for the emerging Semiconductor Industry, specializing in gold wire bonding technologies. There was a need for the development of stable hydrogen sources for the flame-off process for the gold wire ball bonding. Besides developing high precision mechanical regulator technology for bottled high pressure Hydrogen gas, this was also the origin of studying the water electrolysis process to create a clean just-in-time hydrogen source with a stable caloric output. This basic work laid the foundation for the years later following engagement in the manufacture of patented, multi-cell Hydrogen / Oxygen generators used as stable heat sources for precision soft- and silver soldering, for precision brazing and welding, for precision annealing and hardening, for activation of adhesive layers and activation of surfaces to increase adherence of printing inks and adhesive coatings. From its beginning Switzerland was for the specialization a too small market and Spirig had to cater to the markets worldwide. The action in Semiconductor manufacturing technologies was at that time the USA. Over the years, as Semicon started to span the world, Spirig followed those markets.
Mr. Spirig holds a MSEE degree (Dipl. Ing. ETH) in electronic and electric engineering from the Swiss Institute of Technology in Zurich. He is also author of one of the first German written books on "Microelectronics", still used today as an assistant textbook/introduction into basic semiconductor technology.
The company is today (2012) still fully and privately owned. Turn-over or employment figures are not released to the public. Spirig fully owns various companies catering to manufacturing and distributing activities in various countries.
Mr. Spirig has invented and owns today (2020) more than 100 patents in various countries worldwide on varied technologies, which can be divided into:
• Electrolysis-apparatus and -system.
• Clean-room particle shielding technologies (semiconductor, pharmaceutical, atomic plants).
• Electronic signal processing for alarm systems.
• Temperature recording-methods and -materials.
• De-soldering, -tools, -methods and -material for the electronic/electric industries.
• Mechanical gear systems.
Various technologies and patents are used in production, others are licensed out. Some products based on these technologies do have a seizable world-market share.
The product and technology mix is constantly increased by actively investing into start-up operations (seed capital) and/or buying/selling know-how.
SPIRIG is open to inquiries for new start-ups or new technologies. | materials_science |
https://escobedogroup.com/projects/armadillo-vault/ | 2024-02-22T21:05:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00745.warc.gz | 0.935688 | 370 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__82414576 | en | Comprised of 399 individually cut limestone pieces, unreinforced and assembled without mortar, the Armadillo Vault spans 16 meters with a minimum thickness of only 5 cm. Its funicular geometry allows it to stand in pure compression, while tension ties equilibrate the form. Starting from the same structural and constructional principles as historic stone cathedrals, this sophisticated form emerged from novel computational graphic statics-based design and optimization methods developed by the project team.
The Armadillo Vault was the centerpiece of the “Beyond Bending” exhibition at the 15th International Architecture Exhibition – La Biennale di Venezia, curated by Alejandro Aravena, which was held in Venice, Italy, from May 28 to November 27, 2016.
The engineering of the discrete shell used innovative computational approaches to assess stability under various load conditions. Each stone voussoir is informed by structural logic, by the need for precise fabrication and assembly, by the constraints of a historically protected setting, and by limitations on time, budget, and construction. The voussoirs are designed to be planar on the exterior to avoid the need to flip the stones during machining. Their interior sides’ doubly curved geometry was obtained through rough cutting. Rather than milling away the excess material left by this process, it was instead hammered off, leaving the resulting grooves as an expressive feature.
The shell’s dual appearance, scale-like on the outside and softly curving on the inside, is thus a direct materialization of the project’s hard constraints. Standing without reinforcement, proportionally as thin as an egg shell, the expressively flowing surface structure challenges the idea that complex, freeform geometry need go hand-in-hand with inefficient and untruthful use of material. | materials_science |
https://sydneyleathercleaners.com.au/leather-cleaning-and-protection/ | 2024-02-29T01:17:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00514.warc.gz | 0.938212 | 338 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__54101325 | en | Types of Leather We Clean
‘Aniline‘ leather is the best among all the quality leathers and is made from the very best hides. It has a quality look and feel and is very expensive. Due to its characteristics it is also highly sensitive, prone to sun fading and difficult to repair. Aniline leather survives best with constant care and maintenance.
‘Nubuck‘ leather. To get the desired finish, softness and new-look Nubuck is buffed, which gives it a velvet texture. Unfortunately this requires regular maintenance to keep it in good condition, it’s quite difficult to repair and is prone to fading. Often Nubuck is mistaken for suede.
‘Pigmented‘ leather. As the name suggest the leather is processed with a layer of pigment to overcome the wearing issues of Aniline and Nubuck. Eighty percent of the leather used in modern lounges is pigmented leather, it is durable, easy to maintain for families with kids, pets etc. It stands up to reasonable wear and tear and can be repaired more easily.
Leather Cleaning and Protection:
- We do a thorough close-inspection of the lounge leather.
- Spot-test to check colourfastness and other issues
- We apply a neutral cleaning solution
- Then massage the solution into the leather
- This breaks down the oils and grease
- And removes stains and other debris
- We spot-clean where necessary
- Oils are then replenished by applying a conditioner
- As an optional extra, we can apply a stain resistant protection treatment. | materials_science |
https://servyoutube.com/eco-friendly-water-bottle-a-reusable-water-bottle-that-helps-reduce-plastic-waste/ | 2023-09-23T01:38:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506429.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922234442-20230923024442-00261.warc.gz | 0.938467 | 720 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__297457718 | en | In recent years, concerns about the impact of plastic waste on the environment have been growing. Plastic waste has been found in oceans, rivers, and even in the air we breathe, leading to devastating effects on wildlife and their habitats. One of the major contributors to this issue is disposable water bottles. However, there is a solution to this problem: eco-friendly water bottles. These reusable water bottles not only help reduce plastic waste but also offer many other benefits. In this article, we will explore the advantages of using an eco-friendly water bottle.
Eco-friendly Water Bottle: The Solution to Plastic Waste
Eco-friendly water bottles are made from a range of materials such as glass, stainless steel, and BPA-free plastic. The main benefit of these bottles is that they are reusable and can be used multiple times, reducing the amount of plastic waste that ends up in landfills and oceans. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, Americans throw away 50 billion plastic water bottles every year. These bottles take over 1,000 years to decompose, and as they do so, they release harmful chemicals into the environment.
Eco-friendly water bottles offer a solution to this problem. By using a reusable water bottle, individuals can significantly reduce the amount of plastic waste they produce. In addition, eco-friendly water bottles are durable and long-lasting, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
Why Choose a Reusable Water Bottle over Disposable Ones?
Disposable water bottles are convenient, but they come with a high environmental cost. Firstly, the production of these bottles requires a significant amount of energy and resources, leading to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. Secondly, while they may be recyclable, many of them end up in landfills, where they can take hundreds of years to decompose.
On the other hand, reusable water bottles are a sustainable and practical option. They can be used for many years, reducing the need for frequent replacements, and they are available in a variety of sizes and designs, making them suitable for individuals with different lifestyles.
Environmental Benefits of Using an Eco-Friendly Water Bottle
The environmental benefits of using an eco-friendly water bottle are significant. By reducing the amount of plastic waste, we can help mitigate the harmful effects of plastic pollution on the environment. Eco-friendly water bottles also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as they require less energy to produce than disposable water bottles.
In addition, eco-friendly water bottles are often made from materials that are non-toxic and BPA-free, reducing the risk of exposure to harmful chemicals. They are also often dishwasher-safe, making them easy to clean and maintain.
Furthermore, the use of eco-friendly water bottles can help reduce the demand for single-use plastic water bottles, leading to a reduction in the amount of plastic waste that ends up in landfills and oceans. This, in turn, can help protect wildlife and their habitats from the harmful effects of plastic pollution.
In conclusion, eco-friendly water bottles offer a practical and sustainable alternative to disposable water bottles. They help reduce plastic waste, greenhouse gas emissions, and exposure to harmful chemicals. By choosing to use a reusable water bottle, individuals can make a significant contribution to protecting the environment and reducing their carbon footprint. With the wide range of options available, there is a suitable eco-friendly water bottle for everyone. So, let’s make the switch to eco-friendly water bottles and make a positive impact on the planet. | materials_science |
https://clarke430.marietasshops.com/2021/03/17/what-is-a-bokeh-battery.html | 2021-04-20T04:33:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039375537.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420025739-20210420055739-00321.warc.gz | 0.939052 | 880 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__170170288 | en | What is a Bokeh Battery?
BGo batteries have an electrochemical characteristic of charging and discharging. There are six common styles of BGo battery, each having its own distinctive features. The manufacturer’s specifications regarding the size and shape of the cell may vary slightly from model to model. However, all the BGo cells are standard in size and shape. The term ‘battery’ is used to describe any pair of batteries consisting of a cell and an outlet.
Bismuth borate or even bistatic but is definitely an alkaline inorganic compound of bifrontal, bromine and oxygen. Frequently the term is used to explain the electrolyte-rich compound having static crystalline framework, employed like a light thermally activated ionic conductor in battery anode designs. Any time a current is applied, the ions bonding to the particular negatively charged base are encapsulated within the boat, which then releases typically the charge. Bistatic boron nitride batteries are recognized for high discharge prices and energy densities.
Boron nitride is created when the compound boron combines with oxides, leading to the alteration in the boron in order to nitride. The producing product includes a gaseous form that is insoluble in water. This is mainly utilised in the manufacture of Nivea batteries, particularly Nivea Nitecore lithium batteries. As opposed to borate, bide, oxide is inert in order to most reactions; as a result it acts as a control and preventative for that effect between the electrodes and the mobile. Thus, the oxide can prevent the particular cell components, which often include the dishes and cells, coming from being prematurely exposed to harmful chemicals.
Bacterial copper mineral oxide is applied in many types associated with batteries, in particular those getting active chemical ingredients. This makes it a powerful electrolyte. This type of electric battery produces less sulphation than borate which makes it suitable for use in mobile apps and industrial automation systems. Furthermore, water piping oxide will help maintain the performance in the battery while typically the sulphate-free compounds produce an atmosphere that is less safe for the battery, such because when exposed to be able to fire.
Nitride boron electric battery electrodes likewise have their uses. These electrodes are combined with co2 to form nitride clusters. Like carbon, this produces a gas that is not inert. However , unlike carbon, which in turn causes a chemical effect that releases totally free radicals, when the electrodes touch a great oxidising agent, nitride forms a gas that is inert. Nitroglycerin is a common compound applied in the creation of nitride-based battery packs.
Nitride-based batteries in many cases are ready by combining borate and lithium. Because the borate-lithium combos dissipate in the electrolyte, their interaction produces hydrogen. The producing product is referred to as monohydrate and offers great potentiality regarding being a good conductor of electricity. Regrettably, the performance associated with these types associated with batteries is affected by the tendency regarding the active substance to bind with the electrolyte leading to a loss within voltage and the lowering of battery existence. To remedy this specific, the battery may be subject to the few charge series before reaching complete performance levels once more.
About the other hands, boron bide will be a combination regarding boron and water piping oxide. Unlike nitroglycerin, this kind of battery does not form a new gas, but instead the solid crystalline type of oxide. It does not bind along with the electrolytes. Instead, the oxide absorbs the energy by means of the active cations and releases it when the battery’s discharge time matches the input voltage.
The availability of boron compounds 파라오 토토 toto implies that bide electric batteries can be used to replace the majority of of the active chemical-based batteries within your vehicle. Although these people aren’t as effective as nitroglycerin-based tissues, they may be cheaper and do not have a similar harmful effects. Boron also improves the general efficiency of the battery. You may expect greater distance from your automobile along with longer lasting, safer battery efficiency. | materials_science |
http://renleather.com/index.php?main_page=leather_types&zenid=hg8h6dpjnldmjl5drjv87mrt87 | 2017-04-23T05:28:33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118477.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00403-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.936864 | 222 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__307735332 | en | Vegetable tanned or veg tan:
Sometimes called oak-tan leather. This is a process that soaks the hides in pits with tanning liquors made from the bark of certain trees. These barks contain tannin, a naturally occurring substance that preserves the leather, leaving hides that can be carved, embossed, molded and hand-dyed. This is the leather saddles are made from. All our veg-tan leather is from North American hides, tanned in the USA. Those two characteristics are important because they assure the highest strength and quality.
This is a leather that is first vegetable-tanned, then stuffed or forced with waxes and oils to make the leather resistant to moisture and wear. This leather is primarily intended for tack and bridle uses, where it gets very hard wear in all weathers.
Latigo leather has exceptional strength and durability, which make it ideal for utility straps, bags and any tough outdoor gear. After tanning, sides are drum dyed, then dipped in hot oils and hand rubbed to a beautiful finish. | materials_science |
https://blog.onfloor.com/right-diamond-grit-size-for-grinding | 2024-02-26T14:33:33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474660.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226130305-20240226160305-00112.warc.gz | 0.894355 | 1,929 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__86319681 | en | Concrete grinding is an essential step in many construction and renovation projects. It helps to level uneven surfaces, remove imperfections, and prepare the concrete for coatings or polishing. One critical factor in achieving a successful concrete grinding job is choosing the right diamond grit size.
Diamond grit size refers to the size of the diamond particles embedded in the grinding tools. It plays a crucial role in determining the efficiency, speed, and quality of the grinding process. In this article, we will explore the different diamond grit sizes available and guide you on how to choose the right diamond grit size for your concrete grinding job.
The Importance of Selecting the Correct Diamond Grit Size
Diamond tools used in hard concrete grinding have a wide range of grit sizes. Diamond grinding is the process of using a diamond abrasive to remove material from a hard surface. The diamond abrasives are bonded to a metal or resin matrix, which is then attached to a grinding machine or other equipment.
The diamond grit size refers to the size of the individual diamond particles on the abrasive disk. The size of the diamond grit is measured in microns, with smaller micron numbers indicating larger diamond particles.
Choosing the correct diamond grit size when grinding concrete is important because it affects how much material is removed from the surface and how quickly the work is completed.
A larger grit size will remove more material but will also leave a rougher surface, while a smaller grit size will remove less material but will leave a smoother surface. It's important to choose the right grit size for your specific job to ensure that you achieve the desired finish without damaging the surface or your equipment.
Understanding Diamond Grit Sizes
Diamond grit sizes are indicated by numbers that represent the size of the diamond particles in the grinding tool. The lower the number, the larger the diamond particles, and the coarser the grit size.
Conversely, the higher the number, the smaller the diamond particles, and the finer the grit size. Diamond grit sizes typically range from 16 to 3000, with 16 being the coarsest and 3000 being the finest.
Coarse Grit (16-40)
Coarse diamond grit sizes such as 16-40 are used for aggressive grinding and removal of thick coatings, adhesives, and uneven surfaces. They are typically used in the initial stages of concrete grinding when the surface is severely damaged or needs to be leveled.
Medium Grit (40-80)
Medium diamond grit sizes like 40-80 are used for general grinding and removal of moderate coatings, adhesives, and imperfections. They are commonly used in the intermediate stages of concrete grinding to refine the surface after the initial coarse grinding.
Fine Grit (100-200)
Fine diamond grit sizes such as 100-200 are used for fine grinding and polishing of the concrete surface. They are typically used in the final stages of concrete grinding to achieve a smooth and polished finish.
Extra Fine Grit (400-3000)
Extra fine diamond grit sizes like 400-3000 are used for fine polishing and honing of the concrete surface. They are used to achieve a high gloss and mirror-like finish on the concrete surface.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Diamond Grit Size
Choosing the right diamond grit size for your concrete grinding job depends on several factors. It's crucial to consider these factors to ensure that you achieve the desired results efficiently and effectively. Here are some factors to consider when choosing diamond grit size:
The condition of the concrete surface you are grinding is a crucial factor in determining the appropriate diamond grit size. If the surface is heavily damaged, has thick coatings, or uneven patches, a coarse diamond grit size such as 16-40 may be required for aggressive grinding and removal.
For moderately damaged surfaces, a medium grit size like 40-80 may be suitable for general grinding and surface refinement. If the surface is in relatively good condition and requires polishing, a fine or extra fine diamond grit size may be appropriate. For soft concrete, soft bond is preferred.
Diamond tooling is available in various grit sizes, and each one is suitable for different grinding goals. The goals of your concrete grinding job also play a role in choosing the right diamond grit size.
If you are aiming to remove coatings or adhesives quickly, a coarse grit size may be necessary. If you are looking for a polished finish, a fine or extra fine grit size may be needed. Consider the end result you want to achieve and choose the diamond grit size accordingly.
Equipment and Speed
The type of grinding equipment and the speed at which you are grinding also influence the diamond grit size selection. Different grinding machines have different capabilities, and their performance can vary with different diamond grit sizes.
Coarse grits are typically used with high-speed grinders, while finer grits are used with low-speed grinders. It's essential to consult the manufacturer's guidelines to ensure that you select the right diamond grit size for your equipment.
A diamond grinding cup wheel with a finer grit size can produce a smoother finish on the concrete surface than a coarse grit size.
Common Mistakes to Avoid When Selecting Diamond Grit Size
Concrete polishing and grinding is a delicate process, and selecting the wrong diamond grit size can lead to a range of mistakes.
One of the most common mistakes people make when selecting diamond grit size is assuming that a higher grit number is always better. However, this is not always the case.
While a high grit number can produce a very smooth surface, it may not be the best choice for all applications. For example, if you need to remove a lot of material quickly, a lower grit number may be more appropriate.
Another mistake is not considering the hardness of the surface you are grinding. Harder surfaces require a higher diamond grit number to effectively remove material.
If you use too low of a grit number on a hard surface, the diamond particles will wear down quickly, reducing the effectiveness of the abrasive disk and causing damage to your equipment.
How to Determine the Diamond Grit Size You Need
The diamond grit size you need for your concrete grinders will depend on several factors, including the type of surface you are grinding, the amount of material you need to remove, and the desired finish.
Here are some general guidelines to follow:
For heavy material removal, use a lower diamond grit number, such as 16-40.
For moderate material removal, use a medium diamond grit number, such as 70-120.
For light material removal and a smooth finish, use a higher diamond grit number, such as 200-400.
However, keep in mind that these are just general guidelines, and the specific diamond grit size you need will depend on the unique characteristics of your job.
Tips for Grinding Smarter, Not Harder
Now that you understand the importance of selecting the correct diamond grit size, here are some additional tips for grinding smarter, not harder:
Use the right equipment. Make sure you have the right grinder, disk, and other equipment for the job.
Keep the disk clean. Clean the diamond abrasive disk regularly to prevent clogging and ensure maximum effectiveness. The diamond cup wheel should spin freely and not be overworked.
Use a steady hand. Keep the grinder steady and move it in a smooth, even motion to prevent damage to the surface and your equipment.
Use water. Water can help control dust and prevent the surface from overheating, which can cause damage to the diamond abrasive disk.
Techniques for Using Diamond Grit Effectively
To use diamond grit effectively for your concrete floor, it's important to follow the right techniques. Here are some tips to keep in mind:
Start with a lower diamond grit number and work your way up to higher grits. This will help you achieve a smoother surface and prevent damage to your equipment.
Use overlapping passes. Make sure each pass overlaps the previous one by about one-third to ensure even material removal.
Keep the disk level. Make sure the diamond abrasive disk is level with the surface being ground to prevent uneven material removal and damage to your equipment.
Use a consistent speed. Keep the grinder at a consistent speed to prevent damage to the surface and your equipment.
Tools and Equipment for Grinding with Diamond Grit
To effectively grind with diamond grit, you'll need the right tools and equipment. Here are some things to consider:
Grinder: A high-quality grinder is essential for effective diamond grinding. Look for a grinder with a variable speed control and a dust collection system.
Diamond abrasive disk: Choose a high-quality diamond abrasive disk with the right grit size for your job.
Dust collection system: A dust collection system is important for controlling dust and preventing damage to your equipment.
Safety gear: Wear safety gear, including eye protection, ear protection, and a dust mask, to protect yourself from dust and debris.
In conclusion, selecting the correct diamond grit size is crucial to grinding smarter, not harder. By choosing the right grit size for your specific job, you can maximize efficiency, achieve the desired finish, and minimize damage to your equipment.
Avoid common mistakes, follow the right techniques, and use the right tools and equipment to ensure a successful grinding project. With these tips in mind, you'll be able to tackle any grinding job with confidence and ease. | materials_science |
https://www.connectproducts.nl/en/products/silicone/seal-it-218-silicon-cl/ | 2019-10-21T22:24:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987795253.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021221245-20191022004745-00344.warc.gz | 0.828953 | 731 | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__29821797 | en | Seal-it® 218 SILICON-CL
Seal-it® 218 SILICON-CL is a fungicidal and neutral-curing sealant that is available in many colours, for structural, glazing, façade and sanitary joints, that is based on silicone technology and moisture-cures into a durable rubber that retains its elasticity.
- Specially designed for projects that require joint seals in specific colours for aesthetic reasons.
- Fungicidal joint sealant in sanitary spaces and other spaces with plumbing fixtures, such as bathrooms, showers, toilet rooms, saunas, kitchens, cold storage units, slaughter halls and washing and laundry rooms.
- Seal connecting and dilation joints between building components made from concrete, stone, masonry, stainless steel, plastic, PVC, polycarbonate, steel, coated and anodised aluminium, wood, composite and glass in façade and interior structures.
- Top and bead seals for insulating and laminated glass, in accordance with NEN 3576/NPR 3577.
- Joint sealant for sections, window and door frames, panels, boards and other building components.
- Repair compound for glazing, sanitary, façade and other joints, based on silicone.
- Durable, retains elasticity, maximum movement capacity of 25%.
- Excellent adhesion and working properties, versatile.
- Neutral, low-odour, acid-free and non-shrink curing, CE-certified silicone system.
- For orders starting from 1 cartridge, fast delivery within a few working days, in all NCS and RAL colours.
- Meets requirements for intruder-resistant glass, in accordance with the Secure Home Police Label (the “Politie Keurmerk veilig wonen”).
- Fungicidal in accordance with ISO 846.
- Good resistance to discolouration, UV, weather, water, moisture, cleaning products and ageing.
- Non-corrosive to metals.
- Compatible in direct contact with PVB-laminated glass and edge seals on insulating glass.
- Free of solvents and organic plasticisers.
- Very low emission: certified VOC emission class A+.
- Application temperature (ambient and surface) between +5°C and +40°C.
- On stable, compatible, dry, clean, uncontaminated, grease-free and dust-free surfaces.
- Ensure proper joint dimensions, for proper absorption of any movements.
- Use a suitable brush to remove any loose particles from the surface.
- Degrease the surface properly using Seal-it® 510 CLEANER.
- Seal-it® 218 SILICON-CL adheres excellently to many surfaces. We recommend priming highly porous/absorbent/open surfaces with Seal-it® 520 PRIMER first.
- Use Seal-it® 550 FINISH to apply a smooth and tight finish, before skin formation.
Standard product line
Available in all NCS and RAL colours
SI-XXX-XXXX-XXX = Article number.
Other colours and/or packaging on request.
- EN 15651-1: F-EXT-INT-CC 25LM
- EN 15651-2: G-CC 25LM
- EN 15651-3: S-XS1
- EN 15651-4: PW-EXT-INT-CC 25LM
- VOC emission class A+ | materials_science |
https://frameshop.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/8000080881-my-acrylic-perspex-has-arrived-and-it-looks-scratched-and-blurry- | 2021-12-02T04:23:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361064.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202024322-20211202054322-00117.warc.gz | 0.911821 | 219 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__27389005 | en | All of our acrylic perspex sheets have a protective coating on both sides. Our acrylic glass prints will have a protective coating on the front only.
This can either be a frosted plastic that looks like it has lots of scratches and scuffs on it, or it could be a brown paper cover. These are designed to protect the acrylic during transit and handling and should be peeled off before use.
We recommend the following steps:
1) Place your acrylic sheet on a flat, smooth surface that will not scratch the acrylic (a soft towel on a kitchen table etc)
2) Start peeling from any corner and pull the coating away from the acrylic
3) Flip the acrylic over and peel the protective coating off the other side
4) Using a soft micro fibre cloth wipe over both sides of the acrylic to remove any dust or fluff before inserting it into your frame.
If after you've peeled the protective coating from both sides the acrylic still has any imperfections, scratches or damage. Please take a picture and contact us and we'll organise a replacement for you. | materials_science |
https://www.thecarburetorguy.com/post/restoration-must-do-revitalise-your-parts-with-our-zinc-plating-electroplating-services | 2023-09-23T00:13:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506429.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922234442-20230923024442-00577.warc.gz | 0.883403 | 1,079 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__192488249 | en | Shield your metal surfaces from corrosion with The Carburetor Guy's expert zinc plating services! This tried-and-true process deposits a thin layer of zinc onto your metal, creating a barrier between it and the environment. Not only will your metal be protected from rust and corrosion, but it will also boast an improved appearance and a longer lifespan. Upgrade your metal's defense with our top-notch zinc plating services. Here’s how Zinc plating adds value to not only your vehicle but also your life:
Protection from corrosion: Zinc plating acts as a barrier between the metal and the environment, providing protection from corrosion and rust.
Improved appearance: The thin layer of zinc deposited on the metal surface enhances its appearance and gives it a uniform, shiny finish.
Extended lifespan for metal surfaces: By protecting the metal from corrosion and rust, zinc plating extends the lifespan of metal surfaces and increases their longevity.
Enhanced durability and performance: The added protection from corrosion and rust increases the durability and performance of metal surfaces.
Increased value of metal parts: The improved appearance and longevity of metal parts increases their value and marketability.
Improved resistance to wear and tear: Zinc plating provides an extra layer of protection against wear and tear, making metal parts more resilient.
Cost-effective solution for metal protection: Zinc plating is a cost-effective way to protect metal surfaces compared to other forms of corrosion protection.
Easy to maintain and clean: The zinc coating on metal surfaces is easy to clean and maintain, making it a convenient solution for protecting metal parts.
Provides a consistent and uniform layer of zinc: Zinc plating ensures a consistent and uniform layer of zinc is deposited on the metal surface, resulting in a uniform appearance.
10.Protects against rust and other forms of corrosion damage: The added layer of zinc protects against rust and other forms of corrosion damage, ensuring the longevity and durability of metal parts.
Here's a step-by-step guide to our zinc plating process:
Step 1: Surface Preparation: The first step in the zinc plating process is to prepare the surface of the metal. This involves cleaning it thoroughly to remove any oils, dirt, or other contaminants that could affect the quality of the final coating. The metal must also be polished to ensure a smooth surface for the plating to adhere to.
Step 2: Cleaning Once the surface is prepared, it must be cleaned to remove any remaining contaminants. This step is crucial to ensuring the quality of the final coating. A variety of cleaning methods can be used, including degreasing, pickling, and electrocleaning.
Step 3: Rinse After cleaning, the metal must be rinsed thoroughly to remove any residue from the cleaning process. This ensures that the surface is completely free of contaminants before the next step.
Step 4: Strike The next step in the process is called the strike. This step involves applying a thin layer of zinc to the surface of the metal. The purpose of this step is to provide a base for the final coating and to ensure that the final coating adheres properly to the surface.
Step 5: Rinse Again After the strike, the metal must be rinsed again to remove any residue from the strike process.
Step 6: Base Coat The next step is to apply the base coat of zinc. This step involves immersing the metal in a bath of zinc ions, which deposit onto the surface of the metal and build up the thickness of the coating.
Step 7: Final Coating Once the base coat is complete, the final coating of zinc can be applied. This step is similar to the base coat, but it results in a thicker and more durable coating.
Step 8: Final Rinse Finally, the metal must be rinsed one last time to remove any residue from the plating process. This ensures that the final coating is free of contaminants and that it provides the best possible protection against corrosion.
Protect your metal surfaces in style with The Carburetor Guy's zinc plating expertise! This versatile and effective process will not only shield your metal from corrosion, but also enhance its appearance for long-lasting beauty. Trust us to help you with all of your plating needs, from start to finish. Our team of experienced technicians will work with you to ensure that your metal parts are protected and looking their best. Don't settle for mediocre metal protection, upgrade to zinc plating with The Carburetor Guy. Contact us today to learn more!
#restoration #restorationhardware #restorationproject #restorations #restorationcoach #restorationkitchenandwine #restorationindustry #restorationrocks #restorationthyroid #restorationhouston #restorationinprogress #restorationhardwarebaby #Restoration117 #restorationprojects #restorationthemovie #restorationreconsidered #restorationofindependance #restorationproducts #restorationpanel #restorationoftheyear #restorationscifi #restorationweekend #restorationvilla #restorationsussex #restorationstation #restorationshop #RestorationService #restorationserum #restorationseo #restorationofcivilrights | materials_science |
https://www.standingimpressions.com/product/14x20-5-inch-reclaimed-wood-ottoman-tray-natural/ | 2023-11-29T12:51:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00319.warc.gz | 0.947893 | 137 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__197359126 | en | Our one-of-a-kind ottoman trays are handcrafted with assorted species of reclaimed wood and fitted with handles made from reclaimed copper pipe.
Finish: shellac & polycrylic
Size: 14″ long x 20.5″ wide x 3″ high (1.75″ deep)
Due to the nature of our reclaimed materials, there is no way to ensure the surfaces will be as smooth as new wood while retaining their unique character. We have made every effort to sand surfaces smooth to feel pleasant to the touch and avoid splinters. However, discolorations, knot holes, cracks, old nail, and bug holes are to be expected. | materials_science |
https://www.glassrepairatlanta.com/uc-berkeley-chemists-develop-glass-that-generates-electricity/ | 2024-04-16T04:57:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817043.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416031446-20240416061446-00005.warc.gz | 0.952934 | 347 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__28538269 | en | Last year, a team of scientists at Stanford announced that they had developed a new type of window glass that can switch from transparent to opaque in a matter of seconds, eliminating the need for drapes and blinds. Now, just a few months later, the Chemistry department at UC Berkeley has unveiled another exciting window glass innovation that could allow the homes and skyscrapers of the future to generate their own clean energy.
This “smart glass” uses a liquid semiconductor to generate electricity when it’s exposed to solar radiation. The glass also takes on an orange tint when it’s heated, offering additional energy savings by keeping building interiors cool on hot days.
“In the early morning, it’s a window that’s transparent,” said UC Berkeley chemistry professor Peidong Yang in a recent interview. “Then in the afternoon, when the temperature is a little higher, it automatically becomes a shade, meantime collecting electricity out of the solar radiation.”
Yang and his team envision their glass as an ideal clean-energy solution for tall, narrow buildings that don’t have enough roof space to support traditional solar panels. In addition to being remarkably innovative, the glass is also relatively easy to manufacture on a large scale. This could make it a particularly cost-effective solution for developers looking for ways to minimize heating and cooling costs in their buildings.
The chemists are currently working to refine their product by making it more energy-efficient and reactive at lower temperatures. Ultimately, they hope to make the glass even more efficient than conventional solar panels. It’s an ambitious goal that could shape the future of window design for generations to come. | materials_science |
http://midcentralbusinessforms.com/2017/03/21/why-fibre-cement-may-be-the-best-choice-for-your-homes-new-roof-or-siding/ | 2019-04-25T18:38:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578732961.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425173951-20190425195951-00326.warc.gz | 0.960768 | 484 | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-18__0__145582315 | en | When you think about getting a new roof or siding for your home, you may not think of cement as an option. However, fibre cement is a bit different than the cement used to make walkways and driveways, and it is a very strong and durable choice that is actually very attractive. If your contractor has suggested fibre cement, or if you are looking for an affordable and eco-friendly option for a new roof or siding, consider a few reasons why you might opt for this material.
What makes up fibre cement
Fibre cement is not the same as concrete used for walkways, as mentioned above. This material is composed of cement, cellulose or wood fibre, sand, and other components. This makes fibre cement lighter than standard concrete but still very durable and strong. The materials are also sustainable, meaning they're plentiful and easy to harvest. Fibre cement can also be made with recycled cellulose or wood fibre, keeping this material out of landfills and reducing the amount of new materials that need to be harvested for producing new roofing and siding.
Fibre cement siding and roofing may last several decades before it needs to be replaced, although it may need a fresh coat of paint every few years to keep the colour true. The cellulose component of fibre cement also gives it a slight elasticity, so it's less prone to dents, dings, warping, cracking, and other damage that is typical with aluminium siding. Fibre cement does not become brittle and then crumble and flake away, like asphalt roofing shingles typically do. The material also does not hold mould and mildew and is very fire resistant, so it's a good choice for any area with heavy rainfall or high humidity levels, as well as any home at risk of lightning strikes or brushfires.
You may assume fibre cement looks like concrete, but this material can be painted and shaped to resemble a wide range of other materials, including metal, brick, stone, wood, and slate. If you've always wanted a slate or metal roof but couldn't afford the installation costs, or like the look of stacked brick or stone for the exterior of your home, fibre cement can be a good alternative. An installer can create a unique look with various shapes and colours so that your home's exterior surfaces look their best while still being affordable and durable. | materials_science |
http://www.altamet.com.au/consulting/alan-taylor/ | 2016-05-30T16:16:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051036499.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005036-00060-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.921415 | 295 | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-22__0__136180410 | en | Alan Taylor has 40+ years’ experience in the metallurgical, mineral and chemical processing industries in Australasia, New Zealand, North and South America, Africa, Asia and Europe. He has worked in metallurgical consulting, project development, engineering/construction, plant operations, plant start-up and technology development. Projects and studies have involved copper, gold/silver, nickel/cobalt, uranium, base metals, phosphates and alumina.
Since 1985, as an independent metallurgical consultant, he has as undertaken feasibility studies, project assessment, project development, supervision of testwork, flowsheet development, basic engineering, supervision of detailed engineering, plant commissioning and peer reviews and audits. Clients have included a variety of major and junior mining, exploration and engineering companies throughout Australia and overseas.
Alan graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering (Honours) from Durham University, UK and is registered as an AusIMM Chartered Professional Metallurgy.
Professional Memberships include:
- AUSIMM (Fellow) – Australasian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy
- AusIMM Consultants Society
- CIM – Canadian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy
- SME – Society for Mining Metallurgy & Exploration (USA)
- TMS – Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (USA)
- SAIMM (Fellow) – Southern African Institute of Mining & Metallurgy | materials_science |
http://pascomachine.fpmweb.design/thermal-spraying/ | 2020-02-27T19:17:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146809.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227191150-20200227221150-00012.warc.gz | 0.887787 | 718 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__146271204 | en | Thermal Spraying is an excellent repair process for worn surfaces such as (but not limited to): bearing journals (internal and external), seal fits, pump packing sleeves, mechanical seal shaft sleeves, pump impeller skirts, impeller wear rings, and sleeve bearing fits. Don’t throw your worn parts away; improve them with thermal spray and cut down on unnecessary replacement costs!
During the coating there is no distortion of the part being coated. The part temperature is generally below 250˚ F (121˚ C) during the spray operation; the substrate of the part that is being coated does not get altered metallurgically. Virtually any material can be applied to any metal substrate and some plastics (including ceramics, carbides, pure metals, and alloy metals), and the application time and finish machining is very fast, reducing costly downtime.
At Pasco Machine, our waterjet cutting machine can perform precision quality cuts on materials from .03 inches to 6 inches in thickness. watch it perform it’s magic
NO Material Limitation
Waterjet cutting is an efficient and versatile way of cutting vast types of material such as composite, plastic, metal, glass, stone or rock, ceramic, and rubber. With the addition of a granular abrasive, our waterjet cutting machine can perform precision quality cuts on materials from .03 inches to 6 inches in thickness.
NO Heat Affected Zone
A major advantage of waterjet cutting is that no heat affected zone (HAZ) occurs due to its cold cutting method. Not only does cold cutting enable clean cuts but produces satin-smooth edges.
NO Material Distortion
Through its cold cutting method, the heat exposure can be bypassed, which is especially critical for materials like metal, leading to a fine cut without edge distortion in the material. This results in a smooth and burr-free cut.
NO Additional Finishing Process – Immediate Satisfaction
The high cut quality ensures a precise result the first time, avoiding additional finishing processes. This helps reduce overall project costs by saving cut time and increasing the overall efficiency of any cutting project.
NO Hazardous Waste
The growing importance of environmentally friendly processes throughout the industries is becoming more apparent. A significant advantage of waterjet cutting is that it does not create any hazardous waste in the form of fumes and gases, unlike other cutting technologies.
Pasco Machine thermal spraying
With Intelli-MAX, the operator enters the material type and thickness, then the software calculates and controls the cutting.
A state-of-the-art tool cutting machine
Fast cutting speeds and precision cuts leaving behind a satin-smooth edge, reducing secondary deburring operations
Cuts .03” sheets of aluminum to 6” plates of steel with precision
Waterjet cutting results tight tolerances
Does not create heat-affected zones or mechanical stresses
Environmentally “green” system uses only natural garnet abrasive and water in the cutting process
Our Omax Waterjet comprises of a Dual Bridge-3 – cutting head system that can be used to increase machining capability and job speed.
Our Waterjet software allows you to import drawings directly from other programs, works with standard DXF files to advance 3D shapes and allows all major CAD / CAM and artistic drawings programs to be imported.
With a built-in innovated CAD software system we are able to take an image from a scanner, digital camera or the internet and quickly convert it to a vector drawing. | materials_science |
https://th.msasafety.com/Face-Protection/V-Gard%C2%AE-Visors/c/10901 | 2021-01-24T19:31:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703550617.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124173052-20210124203052-00070.warc.gz | 0.918105 | 192 | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__155924432 | en | V-Gard® Visors PC for General Purpose
MSA polycarbonate visors reliably protect against impact, chemical splash and UltraViolet radiation. They are the perfect solution for general and basic applications and can be worn with helmet-mounted ear muffs.
V-Gard® Mesh Visors for General Purpose Applications
MSA V-Gard Mesh Visors provide maximum ventilation in humid working conditions. Lightweight and durable – great for outdoor applications such as brush clearing and trimming. Ideal combination with helmet-mounted ear muffs.
Visor for Radiant Heat/Elevated Temperatures
These special visors are thick, molded and reflective coated to protect against damage from impact, radiation and heat. The reflective coating reflects at least >60% of InfraRed from the surface of the visor, away from the wearer. Ideal for hot working conditions, such as foundries, steel mills, and blast furnaces. | materials_science |
https://www.rssupply.com/product/thermulate-ibc2-heating-jacket-for-275-330-gallon-ibc-totes/ | 2017-11-21T21:04:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806426.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121204652-20171121224652-00681.warc.gz | 0.814734 | 257 | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-47__0__14227276 | en | Our Thermulate IBC2 is ideal for customers requiring liquids to be heated as rapidly and evenly as possible.
Two high power heating circuits (1550 watts each) enable the top and bottom of each jacket to be separately controlled with built-in thermostats, each adjustable from 0-90C (0-194F).
Black nylon fabric outer layer, high-temperature silicone-coated glass-cloth inner layer.
High grade thermal insulation to reduce heat loss and increase efficiency while providing protection for the operator.
Fits both 275Gal and 330Gal totes, specific lids available for each size to reduce heat loss to a minimum.
Fitted with adjustable retaining straps and quick release buckles.
Delivers heat over a large surface area, minimizing the possibilities of damaging the product.
Fit and forget – no regular maintenance required. Safe to use 24/7.
Ambient temperature: -40°F to +104°F(-40°C to +40°C).
3100 Watts at 120 VAC.
7 ft (2m) premium oil, water, and abrasion resistant SOOW power cable.
ETL certified to UL and CSA standards.
Waterproof and custom sizes available. | materials_science |
https://www.borastapeter.com/en/environment-sustainability | 2020-01-22T07:49:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00442.warc.gz | 0.93724 | 562 | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__127504220 | en | Environmentally friendly wallpapers
Our goal is sustainability
Boråstapeter is a modern company that takes an active approach to sustainability, from idea right through to finished product. In choosing wallpapers from Boråstapeter, you are choosing non-toxic, environmentally friendly wallpapers made in our own factory just outside Borås, Sweden.
It is our responsibility to ensure that the environment and sustainability are always in our minds when implementing any ideas, decisions or actions. Boråstapeter’s wallpapers should be as environmentally sound as they are artistic. Beautiful, environmentally friendly wallpapers, completely free of harmful substances.
The raw materials used in our wallpapers are supplied exclusively by northern European paper groups that practise sustainable forestry. We do not use PVC or harmful solvents in production, and we work only with water-based inks and surface treatments that we can safely process at our own treatment plant.
We are constantly striving to reduce our energy use in wallpaper production, and we are also trying to reduce waste throughout the entire process, from roll production to printing.
The waste generated by our production plant in Borås is disposed of and turned into district heating for the town of Borås. And, when you receive your finished rolls of wallpaper from Boråstapeter, you will see they are packaged in recyclable materials.
Our production maintains the highest standards in environmental and safety requirements. Which is why all of Boråstapeter’s wallpapers are made in Sweden and CE-labelled in accordance with European standards for wallpaper.
This environmental certification (SS-EN15102) means that our wallpapers follow the EU directive on emissions of formaldehyde, heavy metals and a range of other harmful substances, while meeting a number of basic requirements relating to health, safety, functionality and more.
All production takes place at our factory in Borås, Sweden, and we use a base paper that is both easy to work with and a strong and durable EasyUp material. All of this ensures that you can wallpaper with no mess, minimal preparatory work and, above all, a clear conscience, without compromise to the environment.
Since 2018, WallVision Sweden AB has been FSC-certified. This means that we print our wallpapers on FSC-certified materials. Which in turn means that you can rest assured that the raw wood material used to produce our paper and non-woven wallpapers comes from sustainably managed forests. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an international organisation that works to ensure that forests are managed in an environmentally, socially and economically responsible way.
More information about the FSC can be found at www.fsc.org. | materials_science |
http://www.wellservicegroup.com/cellars/ | 2018-05-26T02:23:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867277.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526014543-20180526034543-00203.warc.gz | 0.930133 | 347 | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__208470374 | en | Our High Density Polyethylene cellar is built with a steel reinforced profile which provides durability and stability. The steel prevents buckling and eliminates concerns of typical profile wall HDPE. It’s lightweight so that it can be easily handled and quickly installed. Its high performance in crack resistance, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity make it a popular choice for a variety of projects. Our HDPE cellars range from 6 to 8 feet but can also be prepared to a specific size.
Custom Fabricated Cellars
Durability is crucial, which is why our custom fabricated cellars are built with half inch steel plate and are welded together to create a solid, water-tight seal. Each cellar has four exits for Flare Line; optional ladders can be built for easy access and prevents the need for a confined space permit. Well Service Group also includes a recessed lid for each cellar which provides a safe walking environment for foot traffic. Need a custom size? No problem. We can fabricate our cellars to any custom size based on the needs of the project.
The Tinhorn Cellars are a basic cellar and are a great economically friendly option. They are built with corrugated steel and, like our other cellar options, can be sized to any project. Secondary services included with our Tinhorn Cellars are delivery, installation, and plastic application.
Well Service Group provides delivery and installation services for all of our types of cellars. We contribute our own installation equipment including Excavators, Skid Steers, Loaders, and more. No matter the cellar, Well Service Group has a number of different techniques to seal containment to the cellars to create a water tight seal. | materials_science |
https://www.sanitaryware.co.za/toilet-brush-holder-8538-pol | 2021-10-23T18:46:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585737.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023162040-20211023192040-00115.warc.gz | 0.890508 | 636 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__251225563 | en | The wall mounted toilet brush and holder with a frosted glass bowl is finished off with the same square design on the back plate as the rest of the 8500 series. The glass bowl is secured with a stainless steel ring and silicone insert. Easy to remove for cleaning purposes, the glass bowl holds one toilet brush and handle. The brush and handle can be purchased separately should you need to replace it. The stainless steel frame and toilet brush handle will not rust and are perfect for the bathroom environment.
A toilet brush needs to be handy and easy to access when needed, but discreetly placed beside your toilet. Choosing a toilet brush that can be easily maintained and that is always within reach, will make bathroom life much simpler.
- Glass bowl, toilet brush head and handle are all individually replaceable
- Stainless Steel construction ensures durability
- Easy to install
Fixing System: RIGID Loc Mounting System
This product uses our patented RIGID Loc mounting system which is designed to ensure the bathroom accessory remains secure to its mounting and will not rotate.
Material: GRADE 304 Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel has a natural resistance to corrosion and therefore does not require any protective coating which makes this material ideal for the bathroom environment. The shiny polished finish of Stainless Steel is often confused with a Chrome finish, however the two could not be more different. While Stainless Steel will not peel or flake, Chrome products on the other hand are susceptible to chipping and pitting due to the nature if a coated product.
Cleaning and Care:
To keep your product in pristine condition, simply wipe it down with a warm damp cloth and then buff dry with a microfiber cloth. You could also, on occasion use a Chlorine-free stainless steel cleaner to maintain the shine. If you use stainless steel polish, make sure it is abrasive free. When cleaning wall surfaces around your bathroom accessories do not use any household detergents that may contain Chlorine based chemicals such as bleach as it will cause permanent damage to the surface of the stainless steel product.
What’s in the box:
8538 Toilet Brush and Holder
Fischer UX 6mm Plastic Plugs (2 pieces)
Wall Screws (2 pieces)
2.5mm Allen Key (1 piece)
Installation Instructions (1 piece)
Tools needed (not supplied):
Drill & Drill bits
6mm Diamond drill bit – if drilling through ceramic tiles
6mm Masonry drill bit – if drilling into Masonry (Brick)
- Check for water pipes before deciding where to drill
- In Masonry walls, always drill a smaller pilot hole first for better sizing and location accuracy
Product Dimensions: 114mm(w) x 149mm(d) x 385mm(h)
Warranty: 15 Year Limited Guarantee
Suitable to be installed: Masonry or Concrete surface (wall fixings supplied), Tiled surface (wall fixings supplied), Dry wall - mounting onto stud (wall fixings not supplied), Glass (using Bathroom Butler glass mountings - optional extra) | materials_science |
http://www.sandhautomation.com/ | 2021-07-24T06:59:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150134.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724063259-20210724093259-00297.warc.gz | 0.905363 | 220 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__83344651 | en | |Manufacturers of Pneumatic / Hydraulic Tube & Wire Bending Machines|
|815 Commerce Dr.
Bryan, OH 43506
|At S&H Automation we build tube and wire bending machines for the automotive and related industries.
With many years of combined experience, we have built hundreds of dedicated bending machines for the automotive companies. We have the capabilities of producing equipment to form material from 14 GA hard drawn wires to 3/4" heavy wall tubing, with sizes ranging from less than 2" in length to over 17' in length. Our experience is not limited to metal forming. We are proficient in producing assembly equipment and nylon bending equipment, including the automatic insertion of various end connectors and in-line leak testing.
The website shows our facility as well as the size and capability of machinery.
We look forward to quoting your dedicated bending machinery needs. Let our design staff help with your tooling needs. Please contact us today for a quote.
|© 2004-2013 - S & H Automation & Equipment Co., Inc.
All Rights Reserved | materials_science |
https://protech.mc/en/service-covering/ | 2024-03-03T06:22:50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476205.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303043351-20240303073351-00736.warc.gz | 0.909368 | 331 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__41873126 | en | - Infinite customisation possibilities
- High-quality films
- Perfect finish
Give your vehicle a unique style.
We propose coating the painted surfaces of your vehicle as per your specifications and provide you with a wide range of incredibly realistic 3D-effect materials and colours.
Stylish, athletic, trendy or original Style, let your imagination run free and follow the advice of our experts.
A tailor-made service
2 -YEAR GUARANTEE*
very high-quality films
The products of our wrapping range, "Patterned Effects" materials, consist of high-quality multilayer cast films which can withstand most chemicals (alcohol, petrol, diluted acids, oil, fuel, etc.).
With a thickness equivalent to the paint coat of your car, these materials offer you an unparalleled resistance. Their adhesion is immediate and permanent 24h after their installation.
Our teams install films in a precise manner so it is practically indistinguishable from the paint. Our experts shape the film in accordance with the specific characteristics of every section so that it perfectly matches the shape of the surface. This performance will meet your exacting requirements.
no damage upon application
The quality of our films means that your vehicle will regain its initial condition once the film has been removed.
adapted maintenance method
Upon completion of the service, we give you the adapted ProTech® product and accessory to maintain your film-wrapped surfaces.
We offer up to 2 year* guarantee on our films against peeling, scratching, bubbling and discoloration.
*to be confirmed by your ProTech® expert according to regional terms. | materials_science |
https://megall.com.cn/cn/product-31720-71103.html | 2023-09-23T05:21:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506479.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923030601-20230923060601-00804.warc.gz | 0.836062 | 169 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__226573053 | en | 1. Natural: 100% natural fiber pulp, healthy, harmless and sanitary to use.
2. Non-toxic: no toxic substance or odor is released even in high temperature or in acid/alkali condition;
100% food contact safety.
3. Microwaveable: safe to be used in microwave oven and refrigerator.
4. Biodegradable and compostable:100% biodegrade within two month.
5. Recyclable: renewable; reuse to make paper.
6. Water and oil resistance: 212°F/100°C hot water and 248°F/120°C oil resistant,
no leakage and distortion within 3 hours.
7. Top quality with competitive price.
8. Variety of sizes and shapes available. Customers design acceptable. | materials_science |
http://subibo.store/what-are-the-characteristics-uses-and-environmental-impact-of-polyester-yarn/ | 2024-02-27T03:58:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474670.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227021813-20240227051813-00010.warc.gz | 0.945478 | 732 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__20518430 | en | Polyester yarn is a synthetic fiber that has gained significant popularity due to its versatile nature, durability, and affordability. In this comprehensive discussion, we will delve into the characteristics, uses, and environmental impact of polyester yarn. By exploring its properties, applications, and ecological footprint, we can gain a deeper understanding of this widely used textile material.
Polyester yarn is derived from a polymer called polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET is made from petroleum, a non-renewable resource, which raises concerns about its sustainability. However, the manufacturing process of polyester yarn has undergone significant advancements to reduce energy consumption and minimize its environmental impact. Modern techniques now involve recycling PET bottles to create polyester yarn, promoting the circular economy and reducing waste.
Polyester yarn possesses several desirable characteristics. It is highly durable, making it resistant to stretching, shrinking, and wrinkling. This attribute contributes to its widespread use in the production of clothing, home furnishings, and industrial textiles. Polyester yarn is also known for its excellent strength, enabling it to withstand wear and tear, making it suitable for high-stress applications such as outdoor fabrics and upholstery.
Additionally, polyester yarn has a low moisture absorption rate, meaning it dries quickly and is resistant to mildew and rot. This feature makes it ideal for outdoor apparel, swimwear, and sports equipment. Polyester yarn also exhibits good color retention properties, allowing it to retain its vibrant hues even after prolonged exposure to sunlight, washing, and general wear and tear.
The versatility of polyester yarn is reflected in its diverse range of applications. It is widely used in the textile industry for the production of garments, including shirts, dresses, and sportswear. Its ability to blend seamlessly with other fibers, such as cotton, wool, and rayon, expands its applications and enhances fabric performance. Polyester yarn is also employed in the manufacturing of home textiles, such as curtains, beddings, and upholstery, due to its durability and resistance to fading.
Beyond the fashion and interior design sectors, polyester yarn finds extensive usage in technical textiles. These include geotextiles for erosion control, automotive textiles for seatbelts and airbags, and medical textiles for sutures and implants. The strength, resilience, and versatility of polyester yarn make it a preferred choice in these specialized areas.
While polyester yarn offers numerous advantages in terms of performance and affordability, its environmental impact has raised concerns. The production of polyester yarn requires significant amounts of energy, and the extraction of raw materials contributes to carbon emissions. Furthermore, the disposal of polyester products poses a challenge due to their slow degradation in landfill sites.
However, advancements in recycling technology have offered a potential solution. By transforming discarded PET bottles into polyester yarn, the environmental impact can be mitigated. Recycling polyester reduces the demand for new raw materials, conserves energy, and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. This process promotes a circular economy by turning waste into a valuable resource.
In conclusion, polyester yarn is a versatile and widely used synthetic fiber with several desirable properties. Its durability, strength, and low moisture absorption make it suitable for various applications, ranging from fashion and home textiles to technical and industrial uses. While concerns about its environmental impact exist, recycling initiatives have emerged to address these challenges and promote sustainability within the polyester industry. By understanding the characteristics, uses, and environmental implications of polyester yarn, we can make informed decisions about its utilization and work towards a more sustainable future for the textile industry. | materials_science |
https://www.2wheel.com/parts-unlimited-standard-inner-tube/_/0350-0333.html | 2023-01-29T16:29:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499744.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129144110-20230129174110-00432.warc.gz | 0.895996 | 147 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__217891913 | en | Parts Unlimited Standard Inner Tube - 4.00/4.60-16, 120/90-16 - TR-4 Valve Stem
Manufactured to the highest quality as approved by all the Japanese motorcycle manufacturers.
Available in standard and heavy-duty versions.
Each tube is individually boxed with a full range of sizes and valve stem types clearly marked on each box end.
Wide range of sizes available for rim diameters from 8in. through 23in.
Real butyl tubes made from 100% butyl polymer, unlike other butyl tubes, which are blended with butyl polymer and natural rubber.
100% butyl tube minimizes natural air leakage while maintaining air pressure for a longer period of time. | materials_science |
https://kentresinsolutions.co.uk/resin-driveways-dispelling-myths-and-misconceptions/ | 2023-12-02T16:03:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100427.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202140407-20231202170407-00196.warc.gz | 0.927843 | 630 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__25230767 | en | Introduction: Resin driveways have gained popularity for their durability, aesthetic appeal, and low maintenance. However, like any emerging trend, there are bound to be myths and misconceptions surrounding them. In this enlightening blog post, presented by Kent Resin Services, we aim to debunk common myths and shed light on the facts about resin driveways, helping you make informed decisions about this innovative landscaping option.
Myth 1: Resin Driveways Are Expensive
Fact: While resin driveways might have a higher upfront cost than traditional materials like concrete or asphalt, they offer long-term savings due to their low maintenance requirements and extended lifespan. Their durability justifies the investment over time.
Myth 2: Resin Driveways Are Only Suitable for Modern Homes
Fact: Resin driveways are incredibly versatile and can complement various architectural styles. With various colours, textures, and patterns, resin driveways can be tailored to suit modern and traditional homes.
Myth 3: Resin Driveways Are Slippery and Unsafe
Fact: Resin driveways are designed to be slip-resistant. They can be finished with textured surfaces or anti-slip additives to ensure safety, even in wet conditions.
Myth 4: Resin Driveways Require Constant Maintenance
Fact: Resin driveways require minimal maintenance. Regular sweeping and occasional power washing are sufficient to keep them looking their best. They are also less prone to cracking and crumbling compared to traditional surfaces.
Myth 5: Resin Driveways Are Prone to Fading
Fact: High-quality resin driveways are UV-stable and formulated to resist fading over time. Proper installation and using premium materials can ensure that your driveway maintains its vibrant colour for years.
Myth 6: Resin Driveways Are Difficult to Install
Fact: Resin driveways require professional installation to ensure a proper, even finish. While the process involves multiple steps, experienced installers can complete it efficiently, and the driveway can often be used shortly after installation.
Myth 7: Resin Driveways Are Not Eco-Friendly
Fact: Resin driveways can be environmentally friendly. They are permeable, allowing rainwater to infiltrate the ground and reducing runoff. Some resin materials are also formulated using recycled materials, making them a sustainable choice.
Myth 8: Resin Driveways Are Prone to Cracking
Fact: Resin driveways are flexible and resistant to cracking. Unlike concrete, which can crack due to freezing and thawing, resin driveways are more adaptable to temperature changes and ground movement.
Conclusion: Kent Resin Services is dedicated to providing accurate information about resin driveways and dispelling myths and misconceptions. By understanding the facts, you can decide whether a resin driveway is the right choice for your property. Resin driveways offer a range of benefits, including durability, versatility, and low maintenance, making them a viable option for enhancing your property’s aesthetics and functionality. As with any landscaping investment, it’s crucial to work with reputable professionals to ensure a quality installation that maximises the benefits of resin driveways. | materials_science |
https://stackpole.workable.com/jobs/1074307 | 2019-09-24T09:17:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572896.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190924083200-20190924105200-00376.warc.gz | 0.901818 | 530 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__193335164 | en | Advanced Engineering Metallurgist (or Metallurgical Engineer)
Are you looking to apply your skills with a company that has a long track record of growth and success? Stackpole International designs and delivers solutions for customers around the globe. We combine world-leading expertise in fluid power solutions and powder metal technology with world-class product and process engineering to solve our customers’ most difficult challenges. We have earned their trust by honoring our commitments.
With Corporate Services in Ancaster, Ontario, we operate from manufacturing facilities and technical centres throughout North America, Europe and Asia. Because we are a Johnson Electric company, we offer leading-edge capabilities in electrification. Our in-house development, test and manufacturing capabilities are focused on a unified goal: delivering high-quality, high-performance assemblies, components and systems for the applications of today and tomorrow.
We are looking to add a new member to our Advanced Engineering Technical Services team based in Mississauga, Ontario. Travel throughout Southern Ontario may be required.
- Perform short term failure investigation projects on ferrous and non-ferrous automotive components
- Generate concise reports under tight timeframes and suggest appropriate problem root causes
- Develop analytical methods and instructions to enable use of standardized test methods
- Supervise laboratory technicians in implementation of written work instructions
- Maintain detailed records of analytical results. Analyze test results for reasonableness, completeness and appropriateness to the problem
- Work with external analytical laboratories to develop a resource network of most appropriate analytical techniques
- Liaise with internal and external customers during analytical investigations
- Advise on selection of analytical methods and laboratory equipment
- Minimum undergraduate degree in Materials Science/Metallurgy
- Expertise in optical and electron microscopy is an asset
- Knowledge of advanced materials analytical methods will be an advantage
- Practical experience of execution of failure analysis projects
- Experience in interpretation of steel microstructures will be essential, knowledge of ferrous powder metallurgy materials and microstructures is a definite asset
- Knowledge and interest in strength of materials, microstructures and effects on mechanical properties will be preferred.
What we offer...
- Full-time employment
- Competitive salary, benefits and pension
- Intercultural team
- Regular information meetings and social events
- Great colleagues and work climate
- Training and Development opportunities
Accommodation will be provided in all parts of the hiring process as required under Stackpole’s Accessibility for Ontarians Policy. Applicants need to make their needs known in advance. We value diversity and inclusion and encourage all qualified people to apply. | materials_science |
https://www.tsbsteel.com/en/about-us/ | 2023-12-01T23:42:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00312.warc.gz | 0.92038 | 173 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__160170162 | en | Established in 2007, with a registered share capital of 400,000,000 Thai Baht, we have achieved substantial growth at our advanced 112,000 sqm facility, where the development and implementation of the latest manufacturing standards and practices has allowed us to steadily expand our production capacity to over 350,000 tons per annum. We are now widely recognized as one of the country's leading experts in steel production, innovation and manufacturing for the Thai construction industry.
Our market leading steel business offers the following products:
- Round Bar
- Deformed Bar
- Angle Bar (Future Product)
- Channel Bar (Future Product)
At T.S.B. Steel we endeavor to continuously monitor and implement the very latest production techniques and manufacturing processes to ensure our business model is efficient, compliant and delivers the best in product quality to our customer base. | materials_science |
https://www.richardsonmetals.com/services/custom-aluminum-enclosures/ | 2023-12-10T06:32:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101282.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210060949-20231210090949-00546.warc.gz | 0.925978 | 840 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__172135676 | en | At Richardson Metals Inc., we specialize in the production of high-quality metal products for use in electrical applications, among others. For more than 40 years, we have been a leader in metal fabrication products due to our reliable and accurate parts and methods. We provide aluminum, brass, copper, bronze, stainless steel, and plastic projects to fit our customer’s needs.
Our aluminum enclosures, specifically, can be designed and produced to fit your specifications for a variety of industrial applications. At Richardson Metals, we are a member of the Aluminum Extruders Council (AEC), which means we are consistently working to find the most effective solutions and best information to create the highest quality aluminum enclosures possible.
What Are Aluminum Enclosures?
An aluminum enclosure is a custom-made aluminum shape, used to protect material placed inside. The enclosure, or extrusion, is created by heating aluminum and aluminum alloys, and then pushing the metal through a die to outfit the specified shape. Commonly used die shapes include hollow, semi-hollow, rods, and other standard shapes. The die can be formed to meet the client’s request, both in shape and dimensions.
At Richardson Metals, we rely on the use of two different aluminum types, 6061 and 6063. They are both popular choices for enclosures and extrusions due to their superior strength, merchantability, formability, and surface finishing. Aluminum enclosures can be for electronic use or non-electronic use. Some non-electronic uses include sports equipment, such as bike frames and skates. It also is commonly used for boat equipment, due to its lightweight nature. Aluminum enclosures also can be decorative pieces, and are used in home and business construction.
Electronic Aluminum Enclosures by Richardson Metals
Aluminum is a durable metal that offers strong heat and corrosion resistance, which makes it a popular choice for electrical enclosures. We are able to create aluminum enclosures that demonstrate accurate tolerances of ± 0.005. Many industries rely on the use of electronic aluminum enclosures, which include aerospace and military, construction, medical, and telecommunications.
Aerospace and military: Due to aluminum’s ability to function in both high and low temperatures with little to no maintenance, it is an ideal choice for aerospace and military applications. Aluminum enclosures and other components are commonly found on the International Space Station.
Construction: Besides decoration, aluminum enclosures are commonly used in the construction of buildings. This can include exterior support pieces and interior enclosures that contain and lessen the energy consumption of electronics.
Medical: Because of aluminum’s extreme tolerances it is a popular choice for the strict requirements of the medical field. Common uses include hospital beds and vital testing equipment.
Telecommunications: Aluminum applications are an ideal choice for telecommunication equipment, such as cables and satellites. The lightweight metal reduces the cost of installation and is effective at conducting electricity across long ranges.
The use of aluminum enclosures also is extremely common in specific electronic applications due to its noise and emission reduction properties. These specific applications include:
- Chemical plants
- Electric vehicle charging equipment
- Manufacturing plants
- Mining, oil, and gas facilities
All of our products, including aluminum enclosures, are closely inspected by our quality team, who can provide post-run optical comparisons, inspections, samplings, and certificates of conformance with all of our extrusions, if required.
Contact Richardson Metals for Your Custom Aluminum Enclosure Needs
At Richardson Metals Inc., we have the facility, team, and experience to create the best possible aluminum enclosure to safely protect your electronic equipment. We have provided this service for a range of industrial clients for 40 years, and can do it for you, too. Our dedicated and knowledgeable staff has the expertise to manufacture your metal project — aluminum enclosure or otherwise. We are dedicated to quality, which is why we focus on small- to medium-size production runs with an emphasis on timely and satisfactory delivery. Request a quote to start the process of securing electronics with a custom aluminum enclosure today. | materials_science |
https://midstatecontainers.com/collections/insulation/products/stick-framed-r13-insulation-drywall-finish-40-high-cube | 2024-04-19T18:06:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817442.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20240419172411-20240419202411-00739.warc.gz | 0.877423 | 373 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__83695646 | en | - 2x3 wood framing
- R13 fiberglass insulation
Drywall, fiberglass insulation, and wood framing can collectively transform the interior of a shipping container, making it a habitable and comfortable space. Drywall, a popular interior wall material, is a versatile building component that enhances the aesthetics and structural integrity of the container. It is composed of gypsum plaster pressed between layers of paper and provides a smooth, paintable surface, offering a clean and finished appearance to the interior.
Fiberglass insulation is a crucial component in creating a thermally efficient environment within the container. Installed within the wood framing, fiberglass insulation helps regulate temperature, preventing heat loss in cold climates and heat gain in warm ones. This insulation material is known for its cost-effectiveness, fire resistance, and sound-absorbing properties, making it an ideal choice for creating a comfortable and energy-efficient interior.
Wood framing serves as the structural skeleton for the interior modifications of a shipping container. By affixing wood studs to the container walls, a framework is established to support the drywall and insulation. Wood framing allows for the installation of doors, windows, and other fixtures, providing flexibility in designing the interior layout. Additionally, it facilitates the incorporation of electrical wiring, plumbing, and other utilities.
The synergy of drywall, fiberglass insulation, and wood framing addresses both aesthetic and functional aspects of container modification. Drywall creates a polished appearance, fiberglass insulation ensures thermal comfort, and wood framing offers structural support and customization possibilities. This combination transforms a rugged shipping container into a livable space suitable for residential, office, or commercial use. The insulation provided by fiberglass and the finishing touch of drywall contribute to an environment that is not only visually appealing but also energy-efficient and conducive to various activities. | materials_science |
http://dljjzx.com/about/ | 2024-03-01T01:07:54 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00431.warc.gz | 0.795191 | 457 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__118528586 | en | Yingkou Botian Material Technology Co., Ltd. was established in 2010. It is a high-tech enterprise, gazelle enterprise in Liaoning Province and safety production standardization enterprise, which mainly focuses on R & D, production and sales of graphite products. The company is located in the iron and steel production area of Yingkou Laobian Industrial Park, which is supported by the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" of Liaoning Province. It covers an area of 70 mu, with registered capital of 10 million yuan and more than 150 employees. The main products are natural flake graphite, including medium carbon graphite, high broken graphite and high purity graphite, and the annual production capacity of high purity and high carbon graphite is 30,000 tons.
The company attaches great importance to product quality control and research and development, has carried out technical exchanges and research and development cooperation with a number of universities and colleges, now has a number of national invention and utility model patents, to create their own unique product advantages. The company has more than 20 technical research and development personnel, and has built 300 square meters of research and development center, complete research and development and testing equipment with strong quality assurance system.
Since its inception, the company has been building with a high starting point, high standards, strict requirements and strict management guidelines, and strives to build products with advanced production equipment and efficient management team to provide customers with continuous satisfaction. Now through and obtained ISO9001 quality management system certification, IS014001 environmental management system certification and IS045001 occupational health and safety management system certification graphite products obtained SGS certification (halogen ROHS and REACH) products indicators meet the needs of domestic and foreign customers.
The company through years of technological accumulation and development of innovation, graphite production line year-round continuous operation, stable and reliable capacity, can ensure continuous and stable delivery, while strictly control product quality, products are widely used in the field of refractory production. The company has been adhering to the "abide by the credibility, people-oriented" business philosophy and "continuous improvement, scientific and technological innovation" management faith, won a good reputation and reputation in domestic and foreign customers. | materials_science |
https://www.marketresearchbase.com/2019/12/08/global-waterborne-architectural-coatings-market-key-companies-profile-their-market-share-and-other-important-parameters/ | 2020-08-07T01:35:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737050.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807000315-20200807030315-00182.warc.gz | 0.843603 | 570 | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__85121736 | en | On the basis of resin type, Acrylic waterborne coating has witnessed the largest market share and expected to be dominant throughout the forecast period due to the durable properties of the resin. On the other hand, in terms of Application, Architectural & Automotive holds THE largest market share with increase in adoption of waterborne coatings in emerging and developed countries and pigment dispensability.
The waterborne coatings industry is witnessing high growth because of growth in its applications areas, government regulatory support, and growing demand in the Asia-Pacific region. Waterborne coatings are largely used in waterborne coating applications. Rapid growth of the waterborne coatings market is driven by environmental concerns and increasingly stringent regulations.
Access Report Details at: https://www.themarketreports.com/report/global-waterborne-architectural-coatings-market-research-report
The global Waterborne Architectural Coatings market is valued at xx million US$ in 2018 is expected to reach xx million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of xx% during 2019-2025.
This report focuses on Waterborne Architectural Coatings volume and value at global level, regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents overall Waterborne Architectural Coatings market size by analyzing historical data and future prospect. Regionally, this report focuses on several key regions: North America, Europe, China and Japan.
Key companies profiled in Waterborne Architectural Coatings Market report are Basf, Akzonobel, Ppg Industries, Rpm International, The Sherwin-Williams, The Valspar, Axalta Coating Systems, Nippon Paints, Kansai Paint, Tikkurila, Berger Paints Indiaand more in term of company basic information, Product Introduction, Application, Specification, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019), etc.
Purchase this Premium Report at: https://www.themarketreports.com/report/buy-now/1421540
Table of Content
1 Waterborne Architectural Coatings Market Overview
2 Global Waterborne Architectural Coatings Market Competition by Manufacturers
3 Global Waterborne Architectural Coatings Production Market Share by Regions
4 Global Waterborne Architectural Coatings Consumption by Regions
5 Global Waterborne Architectural Coatings Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
6 Global Waterborne Architectural Coatings Market Analysis by Applications
7 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Waterborne Architectural Coatings Business
8 Waterborne Architectural Coatings Manufacturing Cost Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
10 Market Dynamics
11 Global Waterborne Architectural Coatings Market Forecast
12 Research Findings and Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source | materials_science |
https://rbeey.com/products/brown-6-inch-soft-toe-leather-work-boots-ak436-909044410 | 2023-01-28T11:13:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499541.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128090359-20230128120359-00506.warc.gz | 0.884372 | 297 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__124611400 | en | Men's 6 Inch Brown Work Boots, Steel Toe, Slip Resistant, Electrical Hazard Protection, Rubber outsole, CoolMAX, Chemical/Acid Resistant, Heat Resistant, ASTM F2892-18 EH
Oiled Crazyhorse Leather - High quality performance leather that is water resistant and durable.
PORON Materials - With Microban technology provides consistent, reliable and long-lasting protection, while keeping your foot comfortable.
CoolMAX - Temperature Control, Moisture Wicking, Quick Dry.
Electrical Shock protection - ASTM F2413 EH compliant, protection against electrical shock up to 18000V
Rubber Outsole - Rubber outsole with slip resistant tread that is chemical, oil, heat and acid resistant. Heat resistant up to 500°F
- Wide Width, width is an indication of the space in the ball of the boots. Give your toes more space so they do not feel cramped. For exact measurement please refer to the size chart.
- Safety Rating - ASTM F2892-18 EH
- Size in men's size, for women's size simply add 1.5. IE Men's US 6 would be equivalent of Women's US 7.5
- 6 Inch tall, Rubber outsole
- Shaft measures approximately 5.5'' from arch
- Platform measures approximately .75"
- See work boots with zipper | materials_science |
https://learntopaint.shop/products/art-spectrum-series-950-stiff-synthetic-brush-flat-size-12 | 2024-02-26T12:34:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00051.warc.gz | 0.878594 | 156 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__148151907 | en | Art Spectrum® Series 950 Brushes
Developed in Europe for Art Spectrum®, the new Series 950 stiff synthetic brush range is an excellent example of the latest synthetic fibre advancements. The strength and special mix of these new interlocked fibres create a brush perfectly suited for impasto work. The fibres’ elasticity resists the brush head spreading under pressure therefore enabling precise brushstrokes whilst keeping the original shape intact even after intensive use.
Stiff synthetic brushes are often too rigid and have a tendency to drag the paint across the canvas surface. Art Spectrum® Series 950 allows the artist to lay paint down with complete control.
The Series 950 has a nickel-plated brass ferrule and is available in Round, Flat, Filbert and Bright in 10 sizes. | materials_science |
http://www.aceoccasions.com/2023/in-depth-particle-sizing-for-cutting-edge-rd-projects.htm | 2024-04-14T01:44:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816863.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414002233-20240414032233-00242.warc.gz | 0.896052 | 608 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__89203589 | en | Particle sizing is a critical component of cutting-edge research and development R&D projects in a multitude of fields, ranging from pharmaceuticals and materials science to environmental monitoring and nanotechnology. Accurate and in-depth particle sizing plays a pivotal role in characterizing and optimizing the performance of various products and processes. By determining the size distribution of particles within a sample, researchers can gain invaluable insights into the physical properties, behavior, and quality of the materials under investigation. In pharmaceutical R&D, for example, the precise sizing of active pharmaceutical ingredients APIs and excipients is paramount. The efficacy and safety of drug formulations often hinge on the uniformity of particle size distribution, which affects factors such as dissolution rate, bioavailability, and drug release kinetics. For this reason, advanced particle sizing techniques like laser diffraction, dynamic light scattering, and image analysis are employed to scrutinize particle properties.
These methods not only help in the formulation of dosage forms but also enable the development of novel drug delivery systems, ultimately leading to more effective and targeted therapies. In the realm of materials science, the size and shape of particles significantly impact the characteristics and performance of materials. Whether it is designing high-strength composites, developing advanced coatings, or tailoring the properties of ceramics, particle size analysis is indispensable. Researchers use methods like scanning electron microscopy SEM and transmission electron microscopy TEM to delve into the microstructural details of materials, discerning the distribution of nanoparticles and micron-sized particles. This knowledge is pivotal for optimizing material properties, enhancing mechanical strength, and ensuring consistent product quality. Environmental research benefits greatly from particle sizing as well. Monitoring the size distribution of aerosol particles, pollutants, or microplastics is crucial for understanding their dispersion, transport, and potential health and environmental impacts visit ats lab. Advanced particle sizing techniques are pivotal for assessing the efficacy of air filtration systems, tracking the movement of airborne contaminants, and studying the dynamics of particulate matter in aquatic ecosystems.
By gaining a comprehensive view of particle size and distribution, environmental scientists can devise effective strategies for pollution control and remediation. In nanotechnology, where materials are manipulated at the nanoscale, precise control over particle size is imperative. Nanoparticles exhibit unique properties and behaviors that can be harnessed for a wide range of applications, from drug delivery and electronics to catalysis and energy storage. Characterizing and controlling nanoparticle size is fundamental in nanotech R&D, enabling the fine-tuning of material properties and the development of groundbreaking technologies. In conclusion, particle sizing is an indispensable tool for researchers across various disciplines engaged in cutting-edge R&D projects. It empowers scientists and engineers to understand, manipulate, and optimize materials and processes at the micro and nanoscales. The ability to control particle size and distribution enhances the quality and performance of products, ultimately driving innovation and shaping the future of industries as diverse as pharmaceuticals, materials science, environmental science, and nanotechnology. | materials_science |
https://permavoid.todosmedia.com/products/ancillaries/permatie/ | 2021-10-22T16:30:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585516.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022145907-20211022175907-00645.warc.gz | 0.926736 | 227 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__281651912 | en | The strength of a raft of Permavoid units is not only determined by the strength of the units but depends on the strength of the joints in between the units too. The Polypropylene PermaTies are designed to be slightly conical so they pull the individual units tightly together to form a rigid raft. For the Permavoid 150 two ties per joint are used (one inserted from each side) where for the Permavoid 85 and 85S one PermaTie per joint suffices. The PermaTies are white, so during installation one can easily spot where one is missing.
Even though the PermaTies tighly bind the Permavoid units into a raft, the PermaTies can be removed easily to deconstruct the raft without damage, enabling the user to re-use the system many times over. This is the key feature of the Permavoid subbase solution for temporary situations.
“The units are designed with tomorrow’s world in mind. Made from 100% recycled materials now, and again 100% recyclable in the future.” | materials_science |
https://www.fallingwallsfragments.com/2017/11/08/lighter-planes-and-climate-gains/ | 2020-01-18T10:15:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00484.warc.gz | 0.938891 | 384 | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__209311852 | en | Yukiko Ogawa, from Japan’s National Institute for Materials Science, is on a mission to create lightweight metals. Steel is the most commonly used structural material, but it has a lot of iron, which is heavy. Magnesium-based alloys could present new opportunities. The benefits are clear: lighter planes will save fuel, lighter electronics will increase computing power per unit volume, and lighter medical devices will decrease strain on elderly patients. The problem, however, is that magnesium has poor “formability” – it can’t be molded into shape very easily. Ogawa circumvented this issue by adding occasional atoms of scandium into the crystal structure, modifying its shape. The resulting alloy was twice as strong and could “snap back” to a previous conformation, potentially signifying “a new generation of lightweight metals.”
Mexico’s cultural connection with corn runs deep, but when Javier Larragoiti-Kuri visited a cornfield as a child, he witnessed a new layer of the industry. He didn’t like what he saw. Farmers were only using the corn kernels for food – a tiny percentage of the overall biomass – while “the rest of the plant became agricultural waste,” burned to ash. Larragoiti-Kuri, now a scientist at the Universidad Iberoamericana, hoped to kill two birds with one stone, addressing the corn waste issue while improving Mexico’s dire nutritional issues. He’s isolated a natively occurring yeast organism, which can ferment corn stover into xylitol, a low-calorie sugar substitute. By avoiding biomass burning, up to 40% of the country’s carbon dioxide emissions could be mitigated, and less glucose could help the 10 million Mexicans with diabetes. Not a bad outcome of a school field trip. | materials_science |
https://ace.polaris.com/en-us/shop/apparel/protective-gear/2868850/ | 2019-09-19T08:44:56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573465.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919081032-20190919103032-00115.warc.gz | 0.8471 | 166 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__31963671 | en | - Mesh construction for tough duty durability
- 2 replaceable Active Carbon filters
- 1-way discharge valves remove condensation
- Adjustable nose clip; prevent lens fogging
- Adjustable Strap for Universal Fit
- Protection from harmful airborne fine particles: organic chemicals, bacteria, smoke, allergens, odors, dust, and more.
F1 Active Carbon Filters
F1 is our standard filter consisting of two filter layers, the outer particulate filter and the internal active carbon element. The outer layer of the F1 filter is capable of trapping particulates fown to .1 microns in size. The inner layer, known as the Active Carbon element is effective towards fumes and odors. Combining the two technologies, this filter has been laboratory tested to be 99.9% effective. | materials_science |
https://devopsdays.org/events/2019-des-moines/speakers/christopher-hunt/ | 2024-04-14T02:29:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816863.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414002233-20240414032233-00404.warc.gz | 0.94069 | 127 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__47432065 | en | Christopher Hunt is the Quality Engineering Manager at Accumold, a world leader in high-volume precision micro molding specializing in microelectronics, medical technology, wearables, optics, and emerging technologies. He and his team are responsible for the conformance of all plastic components produced across their micro, small, and lead frame injection molding production systems. Christopher joined Accumold in 2016 after working for a medical device manufacturer in Production Engineering and Quality Engineering roles. Christopher earned his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Industrial Engineering at Iowa State University and is a certified Six Sigma Green Belt and Scrum Product Owner. | materials_science |
https://electroless.co.nz/what-is-borenide-h/ | 2023-12-07T14:18:02 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100674.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207121942-20231207151942-00288.warc.gz | 0.909117 | 470 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__209984077 | en | What is BorENide-H?
When your application requires a hard coating that is slippery and non-stick then BorENide-H is recommended. The surface of this coating has a very low coefficient of friction making it ideal for high slip and dry lubrication applications.
BorENide-H is a medium phosphorus Electroless Nickel(MPEN) coating with encapsulated particles of hexagonal Boron Nitride(hBN). The particles average 1 micron in size and are distributed uniformly through the deposit. The BorENide-H deposit is designed to have the characteristics of very low coefficient of friction(high slip) and low stiction(high non-stick properties).
The coating offers advantages over EN+PTFE(Teflon) in all areas excepting corrosion resistance. Because the BorENide-H solution is based on medium phosphorus EN, the corrosion resistance of the coating will be less than EN+PTFE because this coating is deposited from a high phosphorus EN(HPEN)solution. Generally, HPEN coatings are highly passive, inert and unreactive and therefore have very superior corrosion resistance compared to MPEN but this difference becomes blurred when particles are deliberately co-deposited within the coating. This is because the EN plating solutions used for this application also contains unique surfactants and dispersants. For the applications for which the BorENide-H coating isintended, corrosion resistance is not really an issue.
The advantages of BorENide-H coatings over EN+PTFE are as follows:
1/ Harder coating – approx 48 RockwellC vs approx 30 RC for EN+PTFE.
2/ Lower coefficient of friction and lower stiction compared to EN+PTFE. This has been demonstrated in practice.
3/ Melting point(mp) of the BorENide-H deposit is 880-890Celsius. The benefits of low coefficient of friction and low stiction are maintained up to the mp.
With EN+PTFE, the coating can only be subjected to a continuous temperature of 260Celsius and at 327Celsius, the PTFE begins to melt and decompose. Above 260Celsius, volatile and toxic PTFE monomers are given off. | materials_science |
https://www.quantumchemical.com/news | 2020-05-29T20:30:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347406365.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529183529-20200529213529-00025.warc.gz | 0.939098 | 505 | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__138830104 | en | Things are heating up at Quantum with testing of our improved protective fire resistant coatings becoming an almost daily event in our Fire Test Lab. Our in-house testing is moving us close to our goal of independent testing and listing of more robust structural steel protection. Our fire testing capabilities now include: ASTM E119; UL 1709; CANULC-S101; ASTM E1354
Brand New Brand
Quantum Technical Services Ltd. introduced our new image that more accurately reflects our active research and development in the global market and average annual growth of 15.5% since our inception ~21 years ago. This year we've added a completely new product brand - ILLUSTRIUM™.
Quantum is excited to announce the addition of new fire test equipment and dedicated fire test room, increasing our test offering to include the following tests: ASTM E119; UL 1709; CANULC-S101; ASTM E1354.
We look forward to assisting you in the near future with your test requirements according to the above standards. Please contact us for further information and pricing on these tests based on your specific requirements.
Quantum Study on the Performance and Durability of Polyurea Containment Liners versus Polyethylene Based Geomembranes. This study compared the durability and large scale puncture performance of our state-of-the-art polyurea geomembranes as tested and compared to various polyethylene materials.The truncated cone test (Large Scale Hydrostatic Puncture, ASTM D5514) was used to determine a critical cone height for a 60 mil polyurea liner and 60 mil HDPE liner.
Quantum was one of a select number of recipients to receive a financial contribution from Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by the Minister of Western Economic Diversification under the Western Innovation Initiative (WINN). This included development of fire retardant structural steel protection and evolved further into the development of an innovative fire retardant coating for secondary containment.
Quantum moved into its own in April, 2010 when the company made a Quantum Leap from a leased property in Edmonton to an expanded new property in St. Albert. Within two years space was already limited and by early 2014 construction was underway to significantly increase Quantum's floor space.Most notably will be the expansion to Quantum's core business of research and development. A new test lab with additional test equipment will allow for optimum product integrity as new products evolve. | materials_science |
https://corp.thinkedu.com/our_team/jennifer-schmidt/ | 2024-03-04T02:06:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476409.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304002142-20240304032142-00612.warc.gz | 0.903223 | 117 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__46867855 | en | Jennifer Schmidt is the Senior Simulation Instructor at the American Injection Molding (AIM) Institute, Moldflow® Certified Expert, and GM Certified Moldflow® Analyst. She is also a Senior Design Engineer for Beaumont and has nearly twenty years of plastics industry experience. In addition to her Autodesk® Moldflow® consulting and training, Jennifer manages and performs simulation consulting projects for a variety of plastics industry organizations. Jennifer previous work history includes Hot Runner Designer and Flow Simulation Specialist roles. She holds a Bachelor’s degree in Plastics Engineering Technology from Penn State Erie. | materials_science |
https://anadnet.com/blog/how-do-you-select-ms-materials-in-solidworks/ | 2023-11-29T19:05:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100135.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129173017-20231129203017-00404.warc.gz | 0.873751 | 547 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__144181359 | en | SolidWorks is a powerful software tool used by engineers and designers to create 3D models of various products. One of the key aspects of using SolidWorks is selecting the right materials for your designs. The choice of materials can greatly impact the final product’s strength, durability, and appearance.
Why is Material Selection Important?
Selecting the appropriate material for your design is crucial because it determines how your product will perform in real-world conditions. Different materials have different physical properties, such as strength, stiffness, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. These properties directly affect how a part will behave under stress or when exposed to different environmental factors.
Step 1: Understand Material Requirements
Before selecting a material in SolidWorks, it’s important to understand the requirements of your design. Consider factors such as load-bearing capacity, temperature resistance, chemical compatibility, and aesthetic appeal. This will help you narrow down your options and choose a material that meets all these criteria.
Step 2: Accessing Material Library
SolidWorks provides an extensive material library that includes a wide range of commonly used materials. To access this library, go to the “Material” tab on the right side of the screen and click on “Edit Material.”
Step 3: Browsing Materials
Once you are in the material library, you can browse through different categories of materials using the navigation panel on the left side. The categories include metals, plastics, composites, and more.
- Bold text: Use bold text to highlight important tips or key points.
- Underlined text: Use underlined text to draw attention to important information or links.
Use lists to organize information in a clear and concise manner.
Step 4: Previewing Materials
To get a better understanding of how a material will look on your model, you can preview it by selecting the material and clicking on the “Preview” button. This will display a visual representation of the material’s appearance, including its color, texture, and reflectivity.
Step 5: Applying Materials
Once you have chosen the appropriate material for your design, you can apply it to specific parts or features in SolidWorks. Select the desired part or feature and then choose the material from the library. You can also customize material properties such as density, thermal conductivity, and more.
Selecting materials in SolidWorks is an important step in the design process. By understanding the requirements of your design and accessing SolidWorks’ material library, you can make informed decisions about which materials to use.
Remember to consider factors such as strength, durability, thermal properties, and aesthetic appeal when selecting materials for your designs. | materials_science |
http://sandyquan.com/qspevdu/efubjm-13-34 | 2022-07-07T10:04:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104690785.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707093848-20220707123848-00150.warc.gz | 0.904942 | 253 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__159160875 | en | The AC series is put inside the stopper cylinder in order to block moving objects and to stop it. There are automatic compensation model and adjustable model.
Automatic compensation model: The design of the external pressure cylinder is composed of a one-piece structure; the structure is compact and safe, so as to avoid deformation of the piston rod caused by the oblique angle impact during machine operation. In order to reduce the friction between the end face of the piston rod, it is recommended that the interface surface to be designed for rolling friction.
Adjustable model: In order to avoid the adverse effects caused by the off-angle impact, the piston rod adopts a two-stage structure. In this structure, there is a unilateral eccentricity adjustment ranging from 0° to 270°, which can effectively increase the adjustment range.
Outer pipe: AISI1215 and STKM11A oxidized black, and the nickel plating treatment enhances rust resistance
Piston rod: hard chromium plating treatment and special seals for longer lifespan
Piston: We adopt materials with excellent wear resistance to ensure long-lasting and stable cushioning
※ For shell specifications, please contact us for further details. | materials_science |
https://www.fiskinc.net/product/winch-gasket-kit/ | 2024-04-19T07:57:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817382.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20240419074959-20240419104959-00085.warc.gz | 0.885339 | 385 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__147682338 | en | Seal any open housings on your winch or propane tank with the Winch Gasket Kit from Fisk Tank Carrier.
Winch Gasket Kit
The Winch Gasket Kit features nine non-metallic gaskets. These products are resistant to many chemicals and perfect to use for high-temperature and high-pressure sealing applications. Winch gaskets are suitable winches on a trailer. They will prevent fluids from leaking out and water from getting in, so sealing your winch with our durable gaskets will prolong its life.
Propane Tank Gasket
Inspecting your propane tank O-ring for cracks or deterioration every time before use is essential. When your propane seal is damaged, it can cause a gas leak. Our winch gaskets are a reliable, long-lasting sealant perfect for a propane tank gasket replacement. In the kit, you will find a gasket that is easy to install and matches the size of your propane tank.
The Winch Gasket Kit has gaskets made with compressed non-asbestos fiber (CNAF). These gaskets are created using a sheet material containing a combination of fibers and a rubber binder, usually made from EPDM, nitrile, SBR or neoprene. The material offers chemical resistance and durability without the toxicity of asbestos fibers. CNAF gaskets can be used with oils, gases, solvents, dilute acids and different water temperatures.
Add Propane Tank Gaskets to Your Cart
When it comes to propane tanks, it is critical to have a dependable and long-lasting gasket. The Winch Gasket Kit provides a wide variety of seals that work well with propane tanks. Buy this helpful kit now or contact us to learn more about it! | materials_science |
https://degzrobotics.com/product/hicom-4-ethernet-communication-tether-twisted-pair-polyurethane-floating-tether/ | 2024-04-25T08:45:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712297290384.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20240425063334-20240425093334-00312.warc.gz | 0.799222 | 392 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__155456862 | en | Hicom 4 – Ethernet Communication Tether – Twisted Pair Polyurethane Floating Cable
4 Twisted Pair Floating Tether is a communication cable with high strength and neutral buoyancy, which is especially preferred in underwater applications.
Thanks to the polyurethane outer insulation cover, it has high strength and flexibility. Polyurethane cover is much more resistant to breakage and tear than other types of materials.
The core of the cable contains Kevlar strands for strength and Dacron fibers for space filling. Dacron fibers are combined with a water-blocking compound to prevent leaks caused by nicks in the cable. High visibility yellow polyurethane foam cover resists abrasion and provides neutral buoyancy.
The flexibility of the cable is designed to be high enough to give ROV’s plenty of freedom.
4 Twisted Pair Floating Tether
|30 – 200 m
|100 – 650 ft
|Minimum Working Bend Diameter
|Buoyancy in Freshwater
|Buoyancy in Saltwater
|2 Twisted Pairs, 26 AWG
|DC Resistance @ 20°C
|Insulation Resistance @ 500 VDC
|> 1640 MΩ/km
For more tether options, click here. | materials_science |
http://images.bijouled.co.uk/apara-m53 | 2017-04-24T01:29:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118950.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00349-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.952945 | 135 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__250950408 | en | APARA is a French costume jewellery brand that was founded in 2015. Aiming to stand out by using innovative materials, APARA makes its jewellery from silica, a natural raw material, extracted from minerals such as flint, quartz or even opal. Silica is turned into and shaped by a distinctive know-how to obtain the final result, silicone.
APARA jewellery is light in weight, flexible, durable, hypoallergenic, waterproof, soft and very comfortable to wear, with a natural shape memory. Whether it be chic or casual, APARA jewellery can be worn for all occasions and gives your look a contemporary touch. | materials_science |
https://www.hybridjoist.com/fr/entreprise | 2019-12-14T02:44:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540579703.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214014220-20191214042220-00068.warc.gz | 0.792524 | 186 | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-51__0__79499928 | en | Nous sommes désolés mais la section en anglais est présentement en construction.
We're sorry but the English section is currently under construction.
HYBRID JOIST is the inventor and producer of a brand-new, innovative engineered wood product: the Open Web Wood HYBRID JOIST. This silent floor system, whose maximum floor span tables comply with the Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC) vibration criteria, is manufactured in Québec in a state-of-the-art facility. At HYBRID JOIST, we have also developed our own specialized computer software to make structural calculations for our open web wood floor hybrid joists.
In addition, HYBRID JOIST supplies several other components required in floor construction, such as blocking, columns, hangers, pony walls, rim boards, wood I-joists and LVL (header) beams. | materials_science |
http://spmgroup.unileoben.ac.at/de/2384/ | 2018-10-19T11:21:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512395.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019103957-20181019125457-00427.warc.gz | 0.94968 | 205 | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__167447616 | en | The SPM Group Leoben under supervision of Prof. Dr. Christian Teichert has a history of more than 10 years.
At the moment the group has 3 AFMs at its disposal. One of them is combined AFM/STM from Omicron for UHV operation. In addition we have in house access to a fourth shared AFM (together with the IPWK). The Omicron AFM is attached to our UHV organic molecular beam epitaxy, equipped with a ion source, QCMB and an electron beam heater.
In our second lab we have to drop shape analysis devices from Kruess, to measure wetting properties and surface free energy of solids and liquids. Most important in the context of our group is that one of them can make droplets as small as 100pl.
Research is of course focussing on surface properties. However, of particular interest is the self-organization of nano and micro scale structures. The investigated mesoscopic structures | materials_science |
http://www.tre-ag.com/commodities/what-are-rare-earths.aspx?sc_lang=en | 2017-03-29T15:09:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190753.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00148-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.81436 | 221 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__265433221 | en | What are Rare Earths?
Rare earths ("REE") actually comprise 17 chemical elements, all belonging to the third group in the periodic table of elements.
REE are conventionally sub-divided into two categories, these being:
- Light rare earth elements ("LREE"), comprising Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Samarium (Sm); and
- Heavy rare earth elements ("HREE"), comprising Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb), and Luttetium (Lu)and Yttrium (Y)
Rare earth elements do not occur naturally as metallic elements, they occur in a range of minerals that includes oxides, carbonates, phosphates and halides. A total of approximately 200 REE minerals have been identified. | materials_science |
http://www.advancecg.com/variance/ArenaProjects.html | 2021-12-09T14:14:03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964364169.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209122503-20211209152503-00600.warc.gz | 0.734965 | 215 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__78725965 | en | Arena™, Sand finish
Rough sand finish with an old world texture.
With Arena™ an aged, old world textured finish or a more subtle sand finish can be achieved. Arena™ adds an extra dimension of color and texture not seen in traditional stucco. A color wash technique increases mottling and richness.
Arena™ is a 100% Acrylic Polymer Based, Opaque, crack resistant, sanded, trowel applied plaster finish.
Arena™ may be used for interior or exterior applications over properly prepared substrates, including new or existing drywall. May also be applied over cement or gypsum base coats or existing plaster surfaces.
Packaging: 5.0 Gallon (65 Ib) pail 1.0 Gallon (13 Ib) pail
Colors: Arena™ is available in the 24 standard Variance colors or may be custom colored upon request.
Coverage: 150-300 square feet (20-24 m sq) per 5.0 Gal pail | materials_science |
http://www.wonderfulwaterloo.com/showthread.php?t=42&page=5&p=13662 | 2013-05-19T10:23:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697380733/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094300-00026-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.940379 | 326 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__151211250 | en | That's not the insulative properties of glass, that's the insulative properties of air. Air is a great insulator. That's why our best insulating materials (fibreglass, foam, cellulose, etc.) are designed to contain large air voids. Glass by itself is a relatively poor insulator. You could sandwich 10 feet of air between any substance and obtain similar performance, it's not very practical though and it's an incredible waste of space.
As far as multiple pain glass system go (typical residential windows), even the most efficient are only about R-5 or so. A typical 4" exterior wall is about R-15. Windows are where the vast majority of energy is lost in the winter time, followed by walls and then the roof (due to the roof having a large amount of insulation present (R-30 or more)).
As a Mechanical Engineer, I have performed many heating and cooling calculations.
The numbers if you would like:
Thermal conductivity of glass...1.1 W/(mK)
Thermal conductivity of air...0.025 W/(mK)
For reference, the thermal conductivity of wood ranges from about 0.04-0.4 W/(mK).
The higher the number, the more efficiently the substance can transfer thermal energy.
So glass conducts heat 44 times better than air.
Last edited by Urbanomicon; 08-06-2010 at 03:44 PM.
"Only the insane have the strength enough to prosper. Only those that prosper may truly judge what is sane." | materials_science |
https://dicksonsprayfoaminsulation.com/dickson-tn-attic-insulation.html | 2024-03-04T04:12:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476413.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304033910-20240304063910-00687.warc.gz | 0.936096 | 654 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__90924502 | en | Attic Insulation Dickson, TN
Attic insulation is without question the most important insulation in a structure. As a premier insulation contractor in Dickson, TN, Dickson Spray Foam Insulation uses the highest quality spray insulation available. Our closed-cell foam technology surpasses blown-in fiberglass and cellulose in retarding moisture, sealing drafts, and excellent R-value.
Why Should You Insulate Your Attic?
Attic insulation provides one of the best returns on investment a homeowner can make. Energy prices are rising, but the return on investment provided by insulation increases as well. As a rule of thumb, most building codes require a minimum of R-38 insulation in an attic, but some northern US states may require as much as R-60. Depending on the design of the home, adequate insulation can reduce energy costs exponentially, not to mention the environmentally friendly reduction of energy use.
There are other reasons for installing spray foam insulation. For example, some of our clients are not just looking for home insulation, but sound proof insulation as well. Our spray foam insulation process can dampen unwanted outdoor noise that can easily penetrate under-insulated exterior walls and garages.
How Does Attic Insulation Work?
Insulation does its job by resisting the transfer of heat. In other words, insulation keeps cool air separate from warm air. Interestingly, insulation does this by trapping air inside the material, as air is one of the best insulators available. Spray foam insulation traps these air pockets as the material cures, providing an even resistance to thermal transfer anywhere it is applied. Because the spray foam insulation is self-adhering, it also sticks to nearly any surface.
As a leading insulation contractor, Dickson Spray Foam Insulation technicians use spray foam to get into tiny spaces. Most attic insulation materials, like blown-in fiberglass and cellulose, simply lie on top of the drywall wherever they happen to fall. Allowing the insulation to fall into place can result in areas of the attic to remain uninsulated simply because the material cannot get into areas that are difficult to access. Spray foam insulation is technologically superior to these materials because it seeps into these areas and stops the drafts they cause.
Does Spray Foam Insulation Work in Vaulted or Cathedral Ceilings?
Yes. In fact, homes with vaulted or cathedral ceilings are one of the best applications for spray foam insulation. In the past, vaulted and cathedral style ceilings could really only be insulated with batts that were a hassle to install and tended to compact. The self-adhering nature of spray foam insulation allows the material to not only remain in place, but retain its shape, preventing any settling that might negatively affect the performance. Spray foam insulation can also be applied in various thicknesses, making it adaptable to nearly any situation.
Our commitment at Dickson Spray Foam Insulation is to provide our customers in Dickson, TN with world class attic insulation services, professionalism, and stellar customer service. We understand that our job is very important, and we take it seriously by using only the best materials and technicians available anywhere. Contact us today and let us show you how we can help. | materials_science |
https://www.superproductsllc.com/applications/industrial-vacuum-cleaning/ | 2020-04-08T14:19:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00231.warc.gz | 0.883885 | 563 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__138133979 | en | Industrial Vacuum Cleaning
What is an Industrial Vacuum Loader?
Industrial vacuum loaders are truck-mounted industrial-strength vacuum cleaning units designed to pneumatically convey dry, slurry (semi-liquid, semi-solid), or liquid material through a vacuum hose, into a container, often mounted on the truck-mounted equipment as part of the vacuum cleaning system.
Since they offer a safe and reliable solution to cleaning up industrial waste and debris, as well as recovering and recycling valuable raw materials, industrial vacuum systems are an asset to today’s environmental protection efforts.
Their collector bodies, baghouses, vacuum pumps, and control panels are engineered for reliable and safe performance in extreme conditions, as well as for efficient maintenance. These robust industrial vacuum loaders are extremely versatile, making them well-suited to meeting the demands associated with removing a variety of materials from a variety of locations.
A wide array of materials can be effectively vacuumed with industrial vacuum loaders. Solids, dry bulk powders, liquids, slurries, and thick sludge can all be vacuumed successfully.
Super Products’ Supersucker® Industrial Vacuuming Systems can handle abrasives, alumina, asbestos, brick, carbon, catalysts, cement, chemicals, clay, coke, coal, dolomite, dust, fertilizer, fly ash, fluorspar, foundry sand, grain, grit slag, oxides, lime, metal chips, mill scale, oil spills, ore, paint chips, pellets, rocks, sludges, and slurries.
Truck-mounted industrial vacuum loaders can remove materials from remote or inaccessible areas, easily, quickly, and cost-effectively. The versatility of Super Products’ Supersucker® Industrial Vacuuming Systems enables them to remove materials from barges, breechings, bridges, clarifiers, collectors, cooling towers, conveyors, cranes, elevators, exhaust tunnels, flues, furnaces, heat exchangers, heavy machinery, hoppers, holds, precipitators, reactors, screen settling tanks, sewers, silos, sludge beds, sumps, spills, tanks, thickeners and tube bundles.
A host of industries rely on industrial truck-mounted vacuum loaders for the removal of materials from numerous locations.
Super Products’ Supersucker® Industrial Vacuuming Systems offer the ideal removal solution for bulk material recovery, power plants, cement plants, lime and coal plants, pulp and paper plants, chemical and petro chemical applications, foundries, mining, minerals processing, copper and aluminum manufacturing, steel mills, dust collectors, bridge painting clean-up, railway ballast removal applications, and the glass industry. | materials_science |
http://frigotherm.co.za/shell_tube_heat_exchangers.htm | 2019-07-19T01:52:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525973.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719012046-20190719034046-00342.warc.gz | 0.892034 | 711 | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__51749510 | en | Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Download Enquiry form for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
- Fixed tube plate
- O-ring seal
- Floating tube plate
- Drain socket
View large image
The STH consists of a tube bundle inserted into a shell pipe. One media flows inside the tubes whilst the other flows outside the tubes (inside shell). Both media cross one another and exchange heat at a given temperature difference without mixing. The cooling media is usually water.
Typical applications for the STH are lubrication oil coolers for rock crushers, gearboxes and bearings, hydraulic power packs, air compressor/blower after & inter coolers, condensers & evaporators and gold elution.To ensure optimal flow conditions up to 4 passes on the tube side are standard. The number of baffles on the shell side is varying and dependant on volume flow. Cross-counter flow must be used in multi-pass and pure counter flow is always employed in single-pass applications.
All water headers are sandblasted and epoxy coated for additional corrosion protection.On request an additional zinc anode can be inserted into the headers.Floating and fixed tube bundle arrangements are all standard.To further improve heat transfer the thinnest possible tube walling is employed and “dead areas” avoided to the fullest extent possible.
The STH have merits that are often crucial, such as very low-pressure loss on the primary side and the ability to operate at high temperatures and pressures. Easy inspection and cleaning is possible during maintenance due to its construction.For high temperature applications up to 600°C a special design is offered whereby each tube is individually sealed with heat resistant seals.This allows for high temperature differences between any two media in the STH and small overall sizing resulting in compact design.
Frigotherm uses custom built design, selection and costing software also suitable for special media and materials to convert clients’ specifications into optimal quotations.
OCC100-300 Series STH
A series of standardised shell & tubes with effective surface areas between 1 and 35 m2 and shell sizes between 80 and 300NB are available.
View large image
Materials of tubes:
- commercial quality carbon steel
- stainless steel G316 and G304
- copper nickel alloy 90/10
- copper nickel alloy 70/30
Limiting condition of operation:
- max pressure 20 bar shell and tube
- max temperature 180°C
- max oil flow 35-1100L/min
- heat duty 3-500kW
- face gaskets: CAF, Nitril Cork
- O-Rings: PTFE, Viton, NBR
As an alternative to plain tubing we can offer finned tubing on the shell side. This is useful when low heat transfer takes place on the finned area and high heat transfers on the tube inside – i.e. high viscosity oils or gases on the fin outside and water on the inside.
Double seals with a leak indication hole are available - useful in applications where cross-contamination due to O-ring damage is unacceptable and must be avoided.
Port connections can be supplied to client requirements. Standard connections include threaded BSP sockets and flanged connections for higher pressure and volume flows.
The OCC series can be installed horizontally or vertically. It is secured with pre-mounted brackets bolted onto the shell flange and can be rotated at various angles. | materials_science |
http://www.ecosoundbarrier.com/Cost-Savings.html | 2016-02-07T12:45:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701149377.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193909-00285-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.909877 | 177 | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-07__0__30087358 | en | Cost Savings Calculator.
How much money will you save using Eco Sound Barrier instead of precast?
The Eco Sound Barrier cost savings calculator shows you a material cost comparison by using Eco Sound Barrier panels instead of traditional precast.
Traditional precast barriers have been used for many years, but today Eco Sound Barrier has been developed as a revolutionary product made of lightweight composite materials. These steel and composite materials reap high cost savings over traditional precast barriers because they're quick and easy to unload, resulting in lower fuel costs.
Another great benefit of using Eco Sound Barrier panels is the fuel savings gained by using far fewer trucks to transport materials than traditional precast barriers.
If you're interested in saving money by using Eco Sound Barrier panels for your next project or would like more information, call 1-800-759-7474 to speak with a representative or click here. | materials_science |
https://samalamswestcoastvinyl.com/products/silhouette-night-trees-4-sublimation-mug-wrap | 2024-03-05T11:30:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948234904.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305092259-20240305122259-00828.warc.gz | 0.890033 | 136 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__47222201 | en | Sublimation Mug Wraps are designed for straight sublimation mugs.
11oz 9 x 4"
15oz 9 x 4.3"
Sublimation transfers are printed using high quality sublimation paper and inks. Sublimation transfers require a heat press and properly coated sublimation products. Sublimation transfers are good for one time use only.
It is recommended to press onto white/light coloured substrates as sublimation inks are translucent. This means that if you are pressing onto a coloured surface, it will affect the colour of the transfer and anything shown as white on the transfer will be the colour of your substrate. | materials_science |
https://dmimetals.com/product/rheinzink/ | 2023-09-21T15:37:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00027.warc.gz | 0.894651 | 884 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__301236874 | en | RHEINZINK® is the world’s leading manufacturer of architectural-grade titanium zinc products for standing seam roofing, wall panels, wall tiles, and roof drainage systems. For over 50 years, RHEINZINK® has been producing this very popular, modern material that offers a wide scope for design and is a material that can be recycled infinitely without the loss of its chemical or physical properties. RHEINZINK® provides extreme longevity and an elegant appearance, making it an ideal cladding material.
Available in the following colors
DOWNLOAD OUR RHEINZINK ROOF AND WALL PANEL SHEETS
RHEINZINK is available in the following DMI Roof Panel Profiles:
- Double Lock – DL10
- Double Lock – DL15
- Double Lock – DL20
- Tapered-Seam Double Lock:
- DL10, DL15 & DL20
- Compound Curve Snap-On Seam:
- SS10 & SS15
- Curved- Radius Double-Lock
- DL15 & DL20
Also available in coils, flat sheets and several wall panel profiles (see “Wall Applications” tab above)
RHEINZINK is available in the following DMI Wall Panel Profiles:
- Horizontal Wall Panel Series
- Flush Panel Series
- Bermuda Panels
- Diamond Panels
- Flat-Lock Panels
- Custom Profiles
Also available in coils, flat sheets and several roof panel profiles (see “Roof Applications” tab above)
Material with a Future
In the context of the discussion on sustainable construction, the environmental compatibility of building products is given great significance and accordingly influences the making of decisions by building owners and planners when selecting materials. In this focus, in addition to a long life, an important consideration is the expenditure of energy during the manufacture of the material, the recycling rate, and the energy saving to be made as a result of the high recycling rate.
In the case of RHEINZINK the environmental compatibility traditionally has a high value. Ecological yardsticks are already set during the extraction and processing of the raw material: The consumption of energy is extremely low. The most modern of production facilities reduce
emissions to a minimum. RHEINZINK is a 100 % recyclable and sets a yardstick with a life of many decades in use. Its use as a roof covering, facade cladding and roof drainage alone is accorded a high value: Since the consumption of energy in the recycling amounts to only around 5 % of the primary energy content and today in the market for used metals a value of up to 60% of the raw material price for high-purity zinc is achieved, the decision to use RHEINZINK is also of great benefit to future generations. Thanks to the high recycling rate of over 95 % a further reduction of the energy requirement is achieved. In the RHEINZINK manufacturing process production scrap is passed to the melting
process without further pre-handling.
In addition to exemplary ecological characteristics, RHEINZINK is convincing in terms of its aesthetic appearance. It can be delivered in various product lines and versions.
RHEINZINK PATINA is the classic line. The bright rolled version (perPATINA bright rolled) first takes the form of a natural patina in the course of time – due to atmospheric influences. With the preweathered variants prePATINA blue-grey and graphite-grey, the natural material
has on the first day a classical, typical zinc blue-grey or graphite-grey appearance. On the other hand the preweathered variants of this product line change again during the course of the year, the blue-grey and graphite-grey appearance of the RHEINZINK-PROTECT LINE is protected from aging in the longer term by an invisible coating.
- Natural material
- Natural patina formation
- Tried and tested processing characteristics
- For roof, facade, roof drainage and architectural details
- Ductile and frost-resistant
- Long life and maintenance-free
- 100 % recyclable | materials_science |
https://www.murraylegge.com/news/2014/12/4/pickled-plywood | 2019-09-22T10:53:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575484.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922094320-20190922120320-00359.warc.gz | 0.92882 | 274 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__48849876 | en | Part of the design process that we really enjoy is transforming commonplace materials into something special. At the Hartstein Ramshaw house, we've been experimenting with structural elements and materials that would typically be covered over. In addition to the wall studs in the clerestory windows, we're also exposing the B-C grade plywood of the living room ceiling.
This construction grade utility plywood has two types of faces; the B-side is an appearance grade face suitable for high-quality staining and paint finishing, and the C-side is the rough non-appearance side with visible knots and defects. We've been working with the contractor, Gray Renovation, to explore different options to give the exposed B-side a bit more of a refined finish while still preserving the natural grain of the wood. After testing a variety of finishes and stains, we've chosen a combination of Minwax Pickling Stain with a clear polyurethane finish.
The pickling stain evens out the grain of the B-side with a subtle, nautical whitewash, while the clear polyurethane finish gives it a pearly luster. These test samples show the difference between a clear-coat of polyurethane and the pickling stain/polyurethane combination. More photos to come as the ceiling receives this treatment. | materials_science |
http://portal.asu.edu.om/ar/academic/college-of-applied-sciences/coas-publications/ | 2019-06-19T23:10:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999066.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619224436-20190620010436-00480.warc.gz | 0.652881 | 946 | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__212347252 | en | |Yahya A. Ismail, PhD
Chairperson, University Research Committee
Associate Professor of Chemistry & Head
Dept. of Basic Sciences
- Fabrion/Polyaniline microfibrous mat. Preparation and electrochemical characterization as reactive sensor, Yahya A. Ismail, Jose Martinez and Toribio.F.Otero, Electrochimica Acta, 123, 2014, 501–510 , ( IF = 4.504)
- Biomimetic Polyurethane Microfibrous Mat Templated Polypyrrole: Reactive Biomimetic Sensing Capabilities, Yahya A. Ismail, Jose Martinez and Toribio.F.Otero, J.ElectroAnal.Chem., 719, 2014 , 47 – 53 ( IF = 2.871)
- One Actuator with several sensors in one device with only two connecting wires: Mimicking muscle- brain feed back:, Toribio.F.Otero ,Jose Martinez , Laura Valero, and Kinji Asaka and Yahya A. Ismail , Advances in Science and Technology series, Trans Tech Publishing, Vol 79, 16 -25, 2013.
- Biomimetic polypyrrole based all three in one triple layer actuators exchanging cations, Fransisco G. Cordova, Yahya A.Ismail, Toribio F. Otero J. Materials Chemistry, 21, 17265- 17272, 2011. ( IF = 6.63)
- Sensing characteristics of a conducting polymer/hydrogel hybrid microfiber artificial muscle, Yahya A. Ismail, Jose G. Martínez, Ahmad S. Al Harrasi, Seon J. Kim, Toribio F.Otero, Sensors and Actuators B Chemical, 160, 1180-1190, 2011 (IF =4.09)
- A Linear actuation of polymeric nanofibrous bundle for artificial muscles, Bong Kang Gu, Yahya A. Ismail, Seon J.Kim, Chemistry of Materials, 21 (3), pp 511–515, 2009. ( IF =8.53)
|Major Conference Presentations
- ‘A novel electroactive hydrogel microfiber with improved actuation’, Yahya A.Ismail, Su Ryon Shin, Seon Jeong Kim, MRS fall meeting2007, Boston, Massachusetts, USA , Nov. 26-30, 2007.
- Flexible Super capacitor from Hydrogel/ conducting Polymer Microfiber, Yahya A. Ismail and Seon Jeong Kim, Oral Presentation at the Materials Research Society (MRS), Spring meeting, San Francisco, USA, April 5-9, 2010.
- Polypyrrol/Chitosan Hydrogel Hybrid Micro Fiber As Sensing Artificial Muscle, Yahya A. Ismail, Jose G. Martínez, Ahmad S.Al Harrasi, Seon.J.Kim, Toribio.F. Otero, SPIE Smart Structure + NDE meeting, San Diego, USA, March 6-10, 2011.
- Conducting Polymers are Simultaneous Sensing Actuators, Fransisco G. Córdova1, Yahya A. Ismail, Jose G.Martinez, Ahmad S. Al Harrasi, Toribio.F. Otero, SPIE Smart Structure + NDE meeting and 17th EAPAD conference, San Diego, USA, March 10-14, 2013.
- ‘Conducting polymers as biomimetic reactive materials for simultaneous sensing actuator application: Mimicking muscle – brain communication’ Jose Gabriel Martinez, Yahya A. Ismail, Toribio Fernandez Otero, 247th American Chemical Society (ACS) National meeting & Exposition, Dallas (TX), USA, March 16 -20, 2014
- Conducting polymers as biomimetic reactive sensors of the working conditions: Evidence from Polyaniline; Yahya A. Ismail, Jose Gabriel Martinez, Toribio Fernandez Otero, 2015 “International Conference on Advances in Functional Materials (AFM 2015),” Stony Brook University, NY, USA, June 29 – July 3, 2015.
American Chemical Society (ACS), USA
Society of Photo -Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), USA
Material Research Society (MRS), USA | materials_science |
https://sanimatic.com/how-to-meet-pharmaceutical-equipment-components-requirements/ | 2023-12-10T11:23:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101779.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210092457-20231210122457-00757.warc.gz | 0.919652 | 1,943 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__203831526 | en | Professionals in the bio-pharm industry understand meeting pharmaceutical equipment components requirements is a rigorous task. Close attention to the evolving FDA Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations and American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Bioprocessing Equipment (BPE) standards is needed to be in compliance and ensure a hygienic process.
“The BPE standards section for Process Components (SD-3) includes Connections, Fittings and Piping (SD-3.1) and Spray Devices (SD-3.9), which highlight design requirements, Surface Finishes (SD-22.214.171.124), and recommended flow rates for certain vessel sizes and orientations.” Pete Barrie, product manager for Sani-Matic and BPE committee member explained. “These standards guide our design and manufacturing efforts when making spray devices such as directionally drilled spray balls.”
Brian Schaal, lead components designer at Sani-Matic explained how the team creates hygienic components that do not have established standards, “When we receive a pharmaceutical component request that doesn’t have clear industry standards, the requirements are largely determined by the customer and are end-user specific. The rest we extrapolate from established standards based on different systems or equipment such as tanks or cabinet washers.”
Common Features Needed for Pharmaceutical Equipment Components
Many features must be considered in the design and manufacture of hygienic components for pharmaceutical applications:
- Orbital welds. A weld where the welding arc that is mechanically rotated 360⁰ around an object such as a pipe for repeatable results.
- Surface finish or surface roughness. A recommended finish for wetted and non-wetted surfaces.
- Documentation. Turnover packages with required certifications and materials to support cleaning validation efforts.
- BPE fittings. Fittings and tubing are the two categories within the BPE standards that can be BPE certified. All other components listed within the standard may be BPE compliant, but they are not certified.
- Drainability. A design and construction ensuring a slope to drain.
- Material construction. Materials such as 304 or 316L stainless steel.
- USP Class VI certification for elastomers. The USP is an independent, non-profit organization with intent to create high-quality standards for manufacturing and distributing safe and effective medicines, supplements and food. The USP publishes biocompatibility protocols for the plastics and polymers that may encounter human tissue.
- Tri-clamp or weld connections.
It’s all About the Repeatability: The Importance of Orbital Welds
Orbital welds play a critical role in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical equipment components. BPE standards require tubing to be welded using an automated welding process to minimize the possibility of human error and achieve repeatable results.
“It’s all about repeatability,” Scott Norton, certified weld inspector (CWI) and quality inspector for the company said. “An orbital welding system is a computer-controlled welding machine. We have programs set up for various tubing sizes, and the operator selects a program based on size requirements and runs that program. We use previously tested and modified programs for each weld setting so we know that each time a program is run, it is going to be exactly the same – every time.”
“Alignment is also a key factor in orbital welding,” he added. “The orbital needs to be set up so the joint is exactly in line with the tungsten. Once the weld is complete, you have a perfect connection point that doesn’t require additional grinding or polishing at the connection site.”
Norton further explained exactness is required to prevent orbital weld failures that can result in drainability issues, corrosion, and hard-to-clean areas that harbor bacteria. “Any number of reasons could lead to a failed weld,” he explained.
Top Weld Failures and Defect Prevention
- Misalignment. Misalignment of the tubes or other components being welded results in a ridge on the inside of the weld.
- Lack of Fusion. A lack-of-fusion means there isn’t fusion between the weld metal and fusion faces or adjoining weld beads, resulting in a notch effect.
- Incomplete Penetration. Incomplete Penetration is when the weld bead does not entirely penetrate the opposite side of what you are welding. For Sani-Matic, this means the full circumference of the inside diameter (I.D.) of the tubing.
- Discoloration. BPE’s discoloration acceptance criteria for welds states no weld bead shall be discolored.
- I.D. Concavity, also known as “suckback”. I.D. Concavity means that a cave or valley has been created on the inside diameter (I.D.) of the tubing. This can be caused by excessive purge pressure on the I.D. while welding the outer diameter. The purge gas pressure wants to “push” out on the material during the welding process, creating a cave or valley on the I.D. after the weld pool solidifies. Concavity is limited to 10% of the wall thickness by BPE standards.
- Excessive Convexity. Excessive Convexity means that the weld bead on the outside diameter (O.D.) is no longer flush with the base metal. The weld has “sunk” creating a valley on the O.D. Convexity is also limited to 10% of the wall thickness by BPE standards.
- Meandering weld bead. This defect occurs when the weld weaves from side to side in a serpentine pattern rather than continuing in a straight path around the weld joint, which can result in lack of fusion.
- Porosity is pit-type defect that is formed by gas bubbles or air entrapment during solidification.
“If we find any rejected welds, it’s included in the weld log, corrected and re-inspected,” Norton stated.
“The inspection process is incredibly meticulous,” Norton explained. “Each weld receives a sequential number that is detailed in the weld log. It includes information about who welded it, the date, time, joint and both sides’ heat numbers. The heat numbers allow us to trace the full composition of the material used all the way back to the mine. All of that is cross-referenced and documented in the heat map, weld map and weld log, which is further supported by the borescope video recording.”
“Each step in the process provides checks and balances to ensure 100% of the welds have been inspected, approved to meet BPE standards and thoroughly documented,” Barrie added.
Think Inside the Pipe: Borescope Inspections
Each weld is inspected by a Sani-Matic CWI using a borescope. A camera attached to a whip is inserted into the pipe or tube allowing the inspector to see the interior weld. Each weld inspection is video recorded and included within the documentation package.
“The interior weld is the product contact surface in most cases. We’re looking for any pits, cracks, ridges, crevices, scratches, discoloration or other defects outside of the welding acceptance criteria outlined within BPE’s Materials Jointing (MJ) section of the BPE standards,” Norton explained.
Ensuring Clean: Riboflavin Testing
To ensure spray devices are effective, Sani-Matic furthers the inspection process with Riboflavin Testing. This test includes a series of methodical steps performed by a service or engineering team member to document full spray coverage.
To Be Clean, Be Smooth: Surface Finish
The surface finish is an important final step in the fabrication process of pharmaceutical equipment components. Meeting surface finish requirements for a smooth surface decreases the likelihood of soil adhesion and bacterial contamination—and meets hygienic standards for cleanability outlined by BPE.
“At Sani-Matic, the Ra finish, or roughness average, is completed in-house by our grinders. We take the surface finish down to a specific finish reading, which is checked with a profilometer,” explained Schaal. “Typically, the wetted finish of our hygienic components is 15 µin Ra for spray devices and 25 µin Ra for all other components.”
Barrie added that although electropolishing (EP) is not required by BPE, customers may opt for the smooth, mirror-like surface achieved by EP, depending on their process requirements.
Documentation to Support Validation
Upon completion of any system or pharmaceutical equipment components, Sani-Matic’s dedicated documentation specialists compile the necessary turnover packages (Certified As-Built Drawings, Surface Finish Certification, Weld Logs, Slope Maps, Borescope Video Documentation, etc.) required by the customer to validate their cleaning process.
From engineers to certified weld inspectors and documentation specialists, each member of Sani-Matic’s team of experts plays an important role in helping its customers meet the pharmaceutical equipment components requirements. | materials_science |
https://www.oldworldstoneveneer.com/resources/faq | 2024-03-01T13:48:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475311.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301125520-20240301155520-00510.warc.gz | 0.941752 | 1,301 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__141778038 | en | Frequently Asked Questions
Old World Stone Veneer products are grouped into general styles such as Rustic Ashlar or Ledgestone for easy reference, but it is important to remember that products in the same style group may not have identical shape, size, and texture characteristics. Since products are naturally created, each individual stone type will have its own unique characteristics.
What are the benefits of natural thin stone versus manufactured stone?
Natural thin stone veneer offers many of the same benefits of manufactured stone veneer (lightweight, easy to install, no footer required) with the added benefit of being a natural product. Because natural stone products tend to be more durable than manufactured stone products, they will generally maintain their beauty much longer than manufactured stone. While all products exposed to sunlight will fade to varying degrees over time, natural stone tends to be more resistant to fading than manufactured stone. The depth and variation of color in natural stone is often much greater than its manufactured counterpart. Additionally, natural stone maintains its color throughout the piece, making it much more resilient against cutting, chipping, and breaking.
Where is Old World Stone Veneer quarried?
Old World Stone Veneer is quarried from select locations around the world. If you would like more information about where a specific stone is quarried, please contact your local dealer.
How should Old World Stone Veneer be installed?
Old World Stone Veneer is installed following the same basic procedures that are used for manufactured stone veneer. We recommend following the NCMA MSV guidelines for all preparatory steps; however, we strongly recommend the use of a modified thinset mortar to adhere natural stone thin veneer. These mortars adhere better to the smooth backs of sawn thin veneer than traditional Type S Mortar. Mortars should comply with the requirements of ANSI Standards A118.4 or A118.15. Contact your local dealer for additional installation information.
What is the difference between a dry-stacked style application and a mortar joint/grouted application?
For either type of application, the surface preparation is the same (follow NCMA MSV guidelines), and the same mortar is used to adhere the stone to the wall. The difference between the two application styles only relates to the fitting of the stones and whether a mortar joint is used between the stones.
For a dry-stacked style application, pieces should generally be fitted together as tightly as possible with minimal gaps, which gives the pieces the appearance of being dry-stacked. Additional cutting and fitting may be required to achieve a tight fit. Mortar is used to adhere the stones to the wall, but no mortar joint is added between the stones after they are installed.
For a mortar joint/grouted application, the stones should be installed with a small space between each piece. The typical space is 1/4" to 1/2", but a larger space can be used if a larger mortar joint is desired. After the stones are installed on the wall, mortar is added to the space between the stones (typically using a grout bag). The mortar joint is usually tooled and brushed to create a smooth, finished appearance.
How much cutting and fitting is required during installation?
While every effort has been made to choose quality products that install with ease, cutting and fitting will be required during installation. All samples and photos required cutting and fitting to create the finished product. Some stone types may require more cutting and fitting than others. It is recommended that cutting and fitting be done with a wet or dustless saw to reduce dust and potentially harmful airborne contaminates that may be present in natural stone.
Should natural stone veneer be sealed?
Many factors contribute to determining whether your job should be sealed. In most cases, it is not necessary to seal natural thin stone. Certain more porous stones do benefit from a coat of sealer in high exposure areas. If sealing is required or desired, the use of a breathable sealer is required. Before applying any sealer, the sealer manufacturer should be consulted to verify compatibility and applicability for your project.
Are color variations and/or mineral deposits present in the stone?
Because Old World Stone Veneer is a product of nature, color variations should be expected. While every effort has been made to create photos, brochures, and samples that accurately depict the color range, due to limitations on printing and photographic technology, as well as limited amount of space on sample boards, variations should be expected. Most stone types will have a larger color and size range than can be displayed in photos and samples. Additionally, changes within the quarries themselves can lead to variations over time as raw material changes in different areas in the quarries. Mineral deposits may be present in some stones and not others. These mineral deposits lend to the beauty of the stone, but they can also lead to greater color variations, rust, or other discolorations over time. Old World Stone Veneer and its dealers cannot be responsible for natural variations or mineral deposits within the stone.
How can natural stone be cleaned?
Old World Stone Veneer can be cleaned using a mild detergent and water with a stiff bristle brush. It can also be gently pressure washed; however, care must be taken to ensure that the surface of the stone is not damaged. Surrounding building fixtures should be protected when cleaning the stone surface. Acids, solvents, and harsh cleaners should not be used on natural stone products. Acids can react with the minerals in the stone and cause oxidation and discoloration. There are several cleaners that can be used to remove rust spots and oxidation. When cleaning, always test the cleaner on a small section before using it on your entire project.
Can natural stone be used around salt water pools or areas frequently exposed to de-icing agents?
We recommend against using natural stone near areas where it will be directly exposed to salt. While not every stone reacts badly to salt, it can cause many undesirable effects. Additionally, salt can corrode the mortar which is used to install the stone. When de-icing areas near Old World Stone Veneer, it is important to make sure that the salt does not contact the stone directly.
Does Old World Stone Veneer have a warranty?
Please see our statement of warranty for more information. | materials_science |
https://www.cisafety.co.nz/product/t380-esko-titan-380-bwf-coverall-type-5-6-sizes-s-to-4xl/ | 2021-03-03T04:33:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178365454.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303042832-20210303072832-00625.warc.gz | 0.815858 | 420 | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__167803069 | en | T380 Esko Titan 380 BWF Coverall, Type 5/6, Sizes S to 4XL
- BWF—Breathable Waterproof Fabric
- Approved for asbestos removal, meth lab decontamination and bio-hazards
- Penetration resistance for premium protection—Chemical (EN368) and Blood (ASTM F1670)
- 4-thread seam stitching, 3–3.5 stitches per cm, stronger seam strength compared to other brands
- Elastic is stitched outside the coverall to avoid any possible allergy reaction
- Auto-locking zippers, well folded-in for user comfort
- Double sided tape on zip
- Approved in accordance with EN1149-1 anti-static standard
- EN1073-2 approved for protection against radioactive contamination
- EN14126 approved for protection against biological hazards and infective agents (Types 5-B, 6-B)
- Two-way zipper for easy access to clothing underneath
- EN 14126 Certified to meet performance requirements for re-usable and limited use protective clothing against infective agents.
- EN 1073-2 Certified to meet performance requirements for protective clothing against particulate radioactive contamination.
- EN 1149 Certified workwear with anti-static properties. Electrostatic dissipative clothing with reduced risk of sparking, especially in environments where there is a risk of explosion.
- EN 13034 Type 6 Protective clothing against liquid chemicals (type 6), provides limited protection against small spatters and fumes from liquid chemicals. Intended to be used if a full liquid permeation barrier is not necessary.
- EN 13982-1 Type 5 Protective clothing for use against solid particulates – performance requirements for chemical protective clothing providing protection to the full body against airborne solid particulates.
Sizes: S, M, L, XL, 2XL, 3XL, 4XL
|ESKO COVERALL SIZE CHART|
|Intended to be used as a guide only, comfortable fit will vary for individual wearers.| | materials_science |
https://www.rwsengineering.co.uk/construction/ | 2022-05-17T21:16:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662520817.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517194243-20220517224243-00389.warc.gz | 0.924959 | 312 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__298789001 | en | Construction & Steelwork
RWS Engineering work with builders, architects, civil engineers, project managers, developers, development companies and home owners in the supply of steel and steel fabricated products for use within the construction industry.
Steel is used for construction as it is renowned for its load bearing strength and durability. Structural steel is often used to create the framework or skeleton of the building and depending upon the architectural design, may be hidden within the structure of the building or on show to display its beauty.
As well as steel beams, columns, lintels and joists, we are able to offer the bespoke design, manufacture and erection of a vast range steel products such as:
- New build steel frames and framework
- Structural steel
- Supporting steel
- Steel frames for extensions and loft conversions
- Steel framed terraces and balconies
- Steel staircases and fire escapes
- Steel balustrade
- Railings and hand rails
- Gates and fences
We are able to work from existing drawings and designs or can offer a design service.
Access to additional services, supplied by trusted partners, include galvanising, hot zinc spraying, shot blasting and powder coating.
Members of our staff are CITB accredited to SSSTS level so qualified to work on site in a safe manner, implementing the latest health, safety, welfare and environmental legislation, and work to new guidance and industry best practice.
If you are considering or require steel for your next construction project, please contact our professional and efficient team. | materials_science |
http://debtsr.com/exclusive/investing-in-precious-metals-helps-protect-an-investors-portfolio/ | 2023-10-03T13:37:34 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511106.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003124522-20231003154522-00250.warc.gz | 0.959166 | 582 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__8283568 | en | While a lot of investors lost everything when the economic downturn hit the United States, some smart investors came out just fine. This is most likely due to the fact that in addition to their other forms of investments, these smart investors chose purchasing precious metal investments. Precious metals are generally thought to be immune to devaluation of the US dollar and their value tends to go up during times of economic turmoil. Investing in precious metals can be a very smart way to protect an investment portfolio, if it is handled correctly. No one should rush into purchasing precious metals or any other forms of investment. It takes research and proper strategy to properly use precious metals as part of a portfolio.
Gold is the ideal precious metal to own when economic times get tough. Gold not only has intrinsic value, it is also in high demand these days. Gold is being used in a number of different manufacturing processes and in the production of many high tech consumer products, which makes it a high demand asset. Gold also retains its price value even when monetary currency falls. Over the last decade the price of gold has gone up nearly 300%. So, while the US dollar is falling, gold remains steady and in demand. Finding new sources of gold is not easy either, so while the demand is high the supply remains limited. This also helps to ensure that price of gold will continually rise.
Silver is a precious metal that can be bought for less than the price of gold. This makes it a favorite precious metal for investors with a limited amount of money to spend. The value of silver also increases during recessions and like gold, it has shown a continuous rise in value over the last decade.
Platinum is not as well known in the investing world, but it is still a very good form of investment. Platinum is used in a variety of commercial products these days, including in auto parts, jewelry, fuel cells and in computers and medical devices. Because it is so useful platinum is always in high demand and its value is reflected accordingly.
Although this precious metal is even less known than platinum is, experts in investing in precious metals recognize its worth and value as an investment tool. This is a relatively new form of precious metal, having just been discovered in 1803. Palladium is used in many of the same ways as platinum is, but it can also be used the refining of oil. This means that palladium is highly demanded and worth quite a bit in value.
Why Precious Metals?
Investing in precious metals makes sense. They hold value when other forms of investment lose value. They are in high demand but their supply is limited. The future value of precious metals is likely to skyrocket. Precious metals have intrinsic value and can be used as commodities. There are other reasons choose precious metals as well, but these are the main reasons. | materials_science |
http://chinappr.en.alibaba.com/company_profile.html | 2016-02-07T08:09:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701148758.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193908-00014-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.848031 | 600 | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-07__0__19675103 | en | Shanghai White Butterfly Pipe Technology Co., Ltd.
|Business Type:||Manufacturer, Trading Company|
|Location:||Shanghai, China (Mainland)|
|Total Employees:||201 - 300 People|
|Total Annual Revenue:||US$10 Million - US$50 Million|
|Average Lead Time:||5 Day(s)|
Shanghai White Butterfly Pipe Technology Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise founded in 1985 (grew out of Shanghai Building Material...
Shanghai White Butterfly Pipe Technology Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise founded in 1985 (grew out of Shanghai Building Materials Factory) and specializes in manufacturing plastic pipes and pipe fittings for potable water, hot and cold water supply, drainage, HVAC and so on.
Shanghai White Butterfly Pipe has been taking the lead in producing PVC piping products and PPR piping products since 1986 and 1997 in China.
With Krauss-Maffei production lines from Germany, Battenfeld injection molding equipment, automatic quality test equipment and top-quality virgin raw materials, Shanghai White Butterfly Pipe has the full ability to provide world class plastic pipes and pipe fittings with various outer diameter and pressure grade.
With an annual output of twenty thousand tons of production capacity, White Butterfly's products range from PPR piping products, PP soundproof drainage piping products, UPVC piping products, HDPE piping products, PERT piping products, BETA PPR piping products, PB piping products, PP-AL-PP composite piping products and matched tools. For industrial and civil use, the products have been widely applied to water supply system, drainage system, heating system, electrical system, etc.
Shanghai White Butterfly has passed ISO9001 International Quality System Certification, ISO14001 Environment Management System Certification, ISO14024 Environment Label Certification, CE Certificate, etc.
Shanghai White Butterfly Pipe is the Vice Chairman of PPIA (Plastics Piping Subcommittee Affiliated with China Plastics Industry Association) and the first company in China to pass the 8760h Test ( Heat Stability Test under hydrostatic pressure for 8760h carried by Sweden Bodycote Laboratory).
Shanghai White Butterfly has been awarded the honor of Top Ten Brand In Plastic Piping Industry, National Free-Inspection Products, Shanghai Famous Brand, etc.
Shanghai White Butterfly Pipe Technology Co., Ltd. distributes products nationwide in more than 30 provinces and can manufacture products according to customers' requirement and purchase orders in the form of OEM or ODM.
Welcome to our company and do not hesitate to contact us to get more information.
South Asia : 9.09%
Northern Europe : 9.09%
Factory Size : 50,000-100,000 square meters
No. of Production Lines : Above 10
No. of R&D Staff : 5 - 10 People
Email to this supplier | materials_science |
http://houstonpage.net/product/economy-metal-works-inc | 2024-04-24T15:07:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296819668.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424143432-20240424173432-00830.warc.gz | 0.884888 | 175 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__46626096 | en | CUSTOM METAL FABRICATION
Since 1931, Economy Metal Works has been a leading provider of custom sheet metal fabrication services in Houston, TX. We specialize in manufacturing precision sheet metal fabricated parts, industrial louvers, NEMA enclosures, dampers and industrial skids for a wide range of industries, including oil & gas, petrochemical and power generation. We work specifically with aluminum, stainless steel, carbon steel and galvanized steel to make quality fabricated products.
Applications include custom, structural, architectural and decorative metal fabrication projects. With our flexible and diverse approach, we have the ability to custom manufacture and fabricate metal products to your precise specifications at a competitive price, no matter how unique. In addition to metal fabrication, we offer supporting services for our customers including water jet cutting, plasma cutting, CNC services, and welding. | materials_science |
https://www.natrajmachinery.in/automatic-flat-bed-die-cutting-machine-7374950.html | 2023-12-08T05:52:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100724.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208045320-20231208075320-00183.warc.gz | 0.888669 | 1,766 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__253007724 | en | An Automatic Flat Bed Die Cutting Machine, also known as a flatbed die cutter, is a type of machine used for precision cutting and shaping various materials, including paper, cardboard, foam, plastic, leather, fabric, and more. It is commonly used in industries like printing, packaging, label production, and crafts to create custom shapes, designs, and products.
# Here are some key features and components of an Automatic Flat Bed Die Cutting Machine:
1. Flat Bed: The machine features a flat, sturdy cutting bed where materials are placed for cutting. This bed typically has a smooth and level surface to ensure accurate and consistent cuts.
2. Die: A die is a specialized tool made of sharp blades or steel rule that is used to cut, score, or perforate the material. Dies are custom-made to match the desired design or shape. Dies can be changed to accommodate different cutting patterns.
3. Feeding Mechanism: This is the part of the machine where the material is fed onto the flat bed. It can be manual or automated, depending on the machine's configuration.
4. Cutting Mechanism: The cutting mechanism is responsible for applying pressure to the die, which in turn cuts the material. It can be hydraulic, pneumatic, or servo-driven, depending on the machine model.
5. Waste Removal System: After cutting, the waste material (referred to as "chads" or "strips") needs to be removed. Some machines have an automatic waste removal system that eliminates the need for manual cleanup.
6. Control Panel: An integrated control panel or computer interface allows operators to set the cutting parameters, such as size, depth, and speed, and monitor the machine's performance.
7. Safety Features: Automatic Flat Bed Die Cutting Machines are equipped with safety mechanisms to protect operators during operation.
8. Material Compatibility: These machines can handle various materials, including paper, cardboard, foam, rubber, plastic, and thin metal sheets, depending on their design and specifications.
9. Precision and Speed: These machines are known for their precision and can produce consistent, high-quality results at a relatively high speed.
10. Versatility: Flatbed die cutting machines are versatile and can be used for a wide range of applications, from cutting out packaging boxes and labels to creating custom-shaped cards and intricate designs.
11. Cost-Efficiency: While the initial investment can be significant, these machines can significantly reduce labor costs and increase productivity in industries where precision cutting and shaping are essential.
# Applications of Automatic Flat Bed Die Cutting Machine:
1. Packaging Industry:
- Die-cutting custom-shaped packaging boxes and cartons.
- Creating intricate designs for product packaging.
- Producing window cutouts on packaging for product visibility.
2. Label and Sticker Production:
- Cutting labels and stickers into various shapes and sizes.
- Adding perforations or scoring lines for easy label or sticker removal.
- Creating specialty labels for branding and promotions.
3. Greeting Card and Invitation Manufacturing:
- Cutting and shaping greeting cards with intricate designs.
- Adding embossed or debossed elements to cards.
- Creating custom invitations for special events.
4. Automotive Industry:
- Manufacturing gaskets and seals with precision.
- Producing automotive interior components like foam inserts for seats and panels.
5. Textile and Apparel:
- Cutting fabric and leather pieces for clothing and accessories.
- Creating custom-shaped patches and appliques.
6. Footwear Industry:
- Cutting shoe components, such as insoles, outsoles, and uppers.
- Creating custom shoe designs with intricate patterns.
7. Electronics and IT:
- Cutting protective films, gaskets, and insulating materials for electronic components.
- Creating custom membrane switches and control panels.
8. Medical Devices:
- Manufacturing medical device components and gaskets.
- Cutting precise shapes for wound dressings and medical packaging.
9. Advertising and Signage:
- Cutting out letters and graphics for signs and displays.
- Creating three-dimensional displays and promotional materials.
10. Toys and Games:
- Die-cutting cardboard and plastic components for board games and puzzles.
- Producing custom-shaped pieces for toys and figurines.
11. Educational Materials:
- Cutting educational materials like flashcards, puzzles, and learning aids.
- Creating custom teaching resources with unique shapes and designs.
12. Aerospace and Defence:
- Cutting gaskets, seals, and insulating materials for aerospace applications.
- Manufacturing specialty components for defense equipment.
13. Food Industry:
- Cutting food packaging, such as custom-shaped wrappers and boxes.
- Creating decorative food displays for confectionery and bakery products.
14. Crafts and Hobbies:
- Enabling craft enthusiasts to create custom-shaped paper crafts, scrapbooking elements, and decorations.
15. Promotional Products:
- Producing promotional items like keychains, coasters, and magnets with unique shapes and designs.
- Creating custom promotional products for marketing campaigns.
# Frequently Asked Questions:
Q. What is an Automatic Flat Bed Die Cutting Machine?
Ans: An Automatic Flat Bed Die Cutting Machine is a piece of equipment used to precisely cut or shape materials, such as paper, cardboard, fabric, and plastic, using custom-made dies.
Q. How does a Flat Bed Die Cutting Machine work?
Ans: It works by placing a material on a flat bed and using a die, which is a specialized tool, to cut or shape the material. The machine applies pressure to the die, resulting in precise cuts.
Q. What types of materials can I cut with a Flat Bed Die Cutting Machine?
Ans: These machines can cut a wide range of materials, including paper, cardboard, fabric, foam, plastic, rubber, leather, and some thin metals.
Q. What are dies, and how are they made?
Ans: Dies are custom-made cutting tools with sharp blades or steel rules that match the desired shape or design. They can be made from various materials, such as wood, metal, or plastic.
Q. What are the advantages of using an Automatic Flat Bed Die Cutting Machine?
Ans: Advantages include precision cutting, the ability to create custom shapes and designs, increased production efficiency, and reduced labor costs.
Q. Are there different sizes of Flat Bed Die Cutting Machines available?
Ans: Yes, these machines come in various sizes to accommodate different material dimensions and production needs.
Q. Can these machines handle large production runs?
Ans: Yes, they are suitable for both small-scale and large-scale production runs, depending on the machine's size and capabilities.
Q. Is there a learning curve for operating a Flat Bed Die Cutting Machine?
Ans: Operating the machine may require some training, but it is generally user-friendly, and operators can quickly become proficient.
Q. Are there safety features in place for operators?
Ans: Yes, these machines are equipped with safety mechanisms to protect operators during operation.
Q. Can I create custom dies for unique designs or shapes?
Ans: Yes, you can create custom dies to match your specific design or shape requirements.
Q. What industries commonly use Flat Bed Die Cutting Machines?
Ans: Industries such as packaging, labeling, automotive, textiles, electronics, medical devices, and advertising frequently use these machines.
Q. What is the maintenance requirement for these machines?
Ans: Regular maintenance, including keeping the machine clean, lubricating moving parts, and inspecting the cutting tools, is essential to ensure the machine's longevity and performance.
Q. Can these machines perforate or score materials in addition to cutting?
Ans: Yes, these machines can be used to perforate and score materials, making them versatile for various applications.
Q. What is the cost range for Automatic Flat Bed Die Cutting Machines?
Ans: The cost varies significantly based on the machine's size, features, and capabilities. Smaller machines may cost a few thousand dollars, while larger, more advanced models can cost several hundred thousand dollars.
Q. Where can I purchase or inquire about Automatic Flat Bed Die Cutting Machines?
Ans: You can contact manufacturers and suppliers specializing in industrial machinery and equipment. They often provide information on available models and pricing. | materials_science |
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