url
stringlengths 15
1.48k
| date
timestamp[s] | file_path
stringlengths 125
155
| language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 75
32.8k
| dump
stringclasses 96
values | global_id
stringlengths 41
46
| lang
stringclasses 1
value | text
stringlengths 295
153k
| domain
stringclasses 67
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://allassignmentexperts.com/mechanical-assignment-help | 2019-05-21T04:30:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256227.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521042221-20190521064221-00228.warc.gz | 0.9454 | 1,668 | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__83583747 | en | All Assignment Experts is the most trusted and reliable mechanical engineering assignment help services provider. Mechanical engineering is the discipline that applies the principles of engineering, physics, and materials science for the design, analysis, manufacturing and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is one of the oldest and broadest of the engineering disciplines. The mechanical engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, structural analysis, and electricity.
Mechanical engineers use these core principles along with tools like computer-aided design, and product lifecycle management to cater to all the mechanical related needs. The applications of mechanical engineering almost touch every discipline of our life. They include the design of manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, transport systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices, weapons, and others.
Regarded as the most elaborate discipline of engineering, mechanical engineering plays the pivotal role in any industry. From the complex design of the gigantic machines to the delicate mechanisms of biotechnology, it involves all. Our Mechanical Assignment Help and Engineering online experts state the fact that the earliest known application of mechanics was found in ancient Greece and China. In the medieval ages, significant contributions have been made by the European and Arabic scientists in the field of mechanical technology. The industrial revolution of Europe provided a great thrust to the study of mechanics when manufacturing industries developed. From then onwards, it has evolved as one the major disciplines which support the livelihood of millions. Our Mechanical Engineering experts being well versed with such history can provide you quality online guidance for any help with mechanical engineering.
Mechanical engineering is a vast topic and deals with a variety of sub-disciplines. We at All Assignment Experts, provide our online mechanical assignment help in every sub-discipline stated below:
Our mechanical assignment help experts explain mechanics as one of the most essential and primary segments of mechanical engineering. Mechanics studies the effect of forces on various objects and matter. Primarily required in the analytical and the design phase of engineering, our mechanical assignment help, and mechanical engineering homework help also covers various sub-disciplines of mechanics, such as
Our mechanical assignment help material includes an in-depth study of these fundamental principles of mechanics.
Sometimes referred to as Mechatronics, it is the study of the combination of mechanics and electronics. Our mechanical assignments help experts describe mechanical electronics as the study of the electrical systems and its application in the software technology. It is a hybrid system which has a profound influence on today’s world. The most common application which involves mechanical electronics is the functioning of a CD-ROM drive. The field of robotics and space exploration is based on this branch of mechanical engineering.
It is the branch of mechanical engineering that examines the performance of the different objects, designs, and machinery. It deals with the failure and the analysis of the respective parts in two different modes, namely, static failure and fatigue failure. To acquire detailed knowledge of the subject, you can contact our mechanical assignment help experts for mechanical engineering homework help.
According to our mechanical assignment help experts, thermodynamics refers to the study of the principles and the varied application of energy and its different forms of the machinery. The science of thermodynamics has its influence and application in almost every branch of engineering and mechanical engineering is no exception. Engineers use this concept to develop power plants, engines, and various machinery. A refrigerator or an air conditioning device operates on the principles of thermodynamics. If you find thermodynamics homework challenging then contact us for any mechanical engineering writing services. We assure you A+ grade in your thermodynamics assignments.
Our mechanical engineering tutors describe the design and drafting as one of the essential segments of mechanical engineering. The drafting refers to the precise technical illustration on the basis of which the engineers design the machineries or products. People who are skilled in a technical drawing are known as a draftsman. It has extensive use in all the fields of mechanical engineering and also in various other engineering disciplines. If you require more details about these disciplines, you can refer to our mechanical assignment help online complied by our Ph.D. experts.
Mechanical engineering is a major engineering discipline that applies the concept and principles of physics to design the material science involved. It also includes the understanding of manufacturing and maintenance of various equipment and systems. Using the core features, mechanical engineering also uses the tools product lifecycle management and computer engineering so as to analyze and design various industrial equipment, robotics, aircraft, medical equipment and others. Our experts are well versed with the mechanical engineering concepts such as thermodynamics, electricity, and material science and provide online help on all the core topics related to mechanical engineering. Our team of qualified experts provides homework help with plagiarism free assignment help with accuracy.
Our team of professionals is ever ready to will help you with all sort of queries related to mechanical engineering and provide right solutions to any difficult problems. They are also adept at all the software related to mechanical Engineering like Auto CAD, CAM, CAE, Autodesk, Pro-Engineer to name a few.
All Assignment Experts is the leading online writing services provider that offers top notch academic help to students. Our team consists of more than a hundred professional assignment writers from all over the English-speaking world. All of our experts are well qualified and hold either Masters or PhDs from best institutions across the world.
Our range of services includes but is not limited to:
Creating custom essays, research papers and coursework for any undergraduate or graduate class.
We know how to conduct in-depth research, find reliable and quality sources, analyze the data, format and style academic assignments as well as proofread and edit any sort of papers.
Though All Assignment Experts is a relatively new firm, our crew has years of experience in online homework assistance, which guarantees a top quality product.
Though Mechanical Engineering Projects may sometimes seem complex, we know how to make it easy as 1-2-3.
Hiring of our Professional Mechanical Engineering experts, study support has become quite common these days. But very few students are really aware that unlike other websites, All Assignment Experts offer. All engineering students including Mechanical Engineering can benefit by hiring the All Assignment Experts services.
Mechanical engineering assignment help is a great way to get complicated assignments done, at one go. These assignments are done by an expert and experienced tutors who are from a mechanical engineering background and have extensive knowledge in solving mechanical engineering assignments. Therefore by hiring this study service, you can enjoy quality assurance. To be precise, authenticity and accuracy are two prime benefits you can enjoy by hiring this service.
Mechanical engineering is a vast subject and a student of this stream has to remain extremely busy and alert to keep a pace with regular study. Managing extra projects and assignments, although they are part of the regular course, can be extremely hectic at the time. Professional study-help agencies understand the importance of submitting an assignment in time and therefore they never miss the deadline. If you hire a service, you can be sure that you will never miss your deadline, which is definitely an advantage.
Mechanical engineering project helpservices can be used for learning a project with an extra focus on the subject. If you need to understand the subject in detail, then opt for mechanical engineering online tutoring from our best experts.Our services also extend to providing mechanical engineering project help, mechanical dissertation, and mechanical engineering essays.
Not only for doing the regular assignment, this specialized service can be hired for doing specific assignment even at minutes. Specialized services can help in getting done the assignments in proper time.
Key topics on which mechanical engineering students come to us for help are:
|Mechanical engineering topics|
|Heat transfer||Control Theory|
|Strength of materials||CAD/CAM|
|Engineering design||Materials science|
|Materials engineering||Mechanical engineering drawing|
|Fluid mechanics||Hydraulic system|
|Internal combustion engine||Composites|
|Machine design||Steam Turbine|
|Kinematics and Dynamics||Hydrostatics|
|Mechanics of solids||Control systems|
|Automations and robotics||Plant Engineering| | physics |
https://www.bloomsbury.ac.th/houses/einstein-house | 2023-09-28T15:20:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510412.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928130936-20230928160936-00342.warc.gz | 0.971553 | 234 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__190488534 | en | |Although we don’t automatically expect members of Einstein house to become outstanding theoretical physicists or require all students across the school to have an in depth understanding of the theory of relativity (at least not in Pre-Primary); being a member of our house should instil a desire for scholarly achievement, a sense of academic pride and ambition that are inspired by the great Albert Einstein himself. None of Einstein’s many achievements could have been possible without the assistance of other scholars or his competition with other academics; two facts which we can learn from and apply to the house system at Bloomsbury. For members of Einstein house, teamwork, companionship and camaraderie are all keys to success in our competitions against our rival houses. As Head of Einstein House, I believe that all of our students are capable of discovering, progressing and achieving what they set out to do in their journey through school. If they can support fellow members of their house along the way, whilst taking the namesake of the house as inspiration that anything is possible, our students should be in for a very successful and enjoyable year! | physics |
https://world-tek-shielding-survival-solutions.mybigcommerce.com/high-frequency-meter-kit-hfe35c/ | 2022-08-08T06:28:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00444.warc.gz | 0.869022 | 555 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__175138248 | en | For a 5% discount on all of EMR Shielding Solutions products you can use this discount code at checkout -worldteksolutions
For addition information about this product and to purchase this product please click on the “Buy Now” button next to the price. This will take you to our affiliate’s website where you will be able to purchase the product. They will handle your check out and shipping and all of their stated conditions, such as returns, will apply to your sale. We will receive a commission for the sale which will greatly benefit our non-profit so THANK YOU for ordering through us!
If you have any problems finding the product on our affiliate's website please enter the title of the product in their search engine.
HFE35C is an easy to use, ultra broad frequency range RF/EMR advanced detector. Especially designed for non-experts, it allows an easy monitoring of the personal exposure to high frequency (HF) and radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation in frequency range from 27MHz to 3.3 GHz. Very precise and reliable analyzer to identify the intensity and the source of RF radiation, emitted from transmitters, cellular antennas, cellular phones and other sources. The device comes with a digital display which shows the total exposure within measured frequency range. Equipped with two antennas: 1) Especially compensated log.-per. antenna for the range above 800 MHz 2) Horizontal isotropic ultra broad bandwidth antenna UBB27_G3 from 27 MHz up to far beyond 2.5 GHz.
HFE35C High Frequency Meter Features:
- Frequency Range: 27 MHz - above 2.7 GHz
- Measurement Range: Power flux density: 0.1 - 1999 µW/m²
- Accuracy (CW): Basic accuracy including linearity tolerance : +/- 6dB
Zero offset and rollover +/- 9 digits
- Sensor: Logarithmic periodic antenna with frequeny compensation directly on the antenna
Quasiisotropic ultrabroadband antenna ("omni"-characteristic) aligned for vertically polarised fields
- Audio Analysis: Identification of pulsed radiation sources (mobile radio (GSM, UMTS/G3), cordless telephones (DECT), WLAN (Bluetooth), air-traffic control radar) by means of an acoustic signal proportional to the modulation frequency
- Electric power supply: 9 Volt alkaline manganese battery (included), average operation time 4 - 7 hours
Low-Batt. indication, auto-power-off
- Signal Rating: Display of peak value as well as average value (switchable)
- Two years warranty
- Weight: 1.06 kg
Made in Germany | physics |
https://santacruzeuropeanauto.com/pick-a-top-rated-experts-brain-about-replacing-your-volvos-motor-mount-in-santa-cruz/ | 2024-02-22T15:14:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473819.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222125841-20240222155841-00330.warc.gz | 0.958919 | 891 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__159063028 | en | The motor mount plays a pretty important role under that hood. Without it, your engine would not be tied down to the frame of your car. It would shake your vehicle and could damage all parts connected to it.
Most motor mounts are simple-looking structures that consist of a rubber spacer that is held firmly between two metal plates. With one metal plate attached to the engine and the other metal plate attached to your vehicle’s chassis, the rubber spacer is designed with holes that allow the rubber to compress and expand as needed.
If your Volvo is a front-wheel-drive model, the front mounts offer support to both the engine and the transmission. Front-wheel-drive vehicles are generally equipped with 3 mounts: two which support the engine and one that is usually located along the bottom-center of the transaxle. This keeps the entire unit from swaying back and forth.
Common Effects of a Bad Mount
The most common reason for a motor mount to go bad is that the rubber in the mount is breaking down and the space between the holes starts getting tears and cracks. The rubber itself could also end up drying out. This causes it to change from a springy, rubbery consistency to a very hard and brittle state, similar to a thin slice of wood.
If both of the conditions occur at the same time, the engine could end up rocking up to several inches from side to side as you apply pressure to the gas or brake pedals. Severe vibration will also be extended to the section between the engine and transmission and the chassis. In most cases, the majority of the effects caused by a bad engine mount will have something to do with the chassis itself, rather than the engine or transmission.
How Bad Motor Mounts Affect the Drivetrain
The worst thing that can arise from a bad motor mount is that the engine is able to build up some momentum before it slams to a halt on the motor mount. The first components that you will see suffer from this slamming will be your Volvo’s delicate U-joints (universal joints) and the CV joints (constant-velocity joints.) These components are designed to withstand only a specific amount of force while they bend and spin.
If your Volvo is front-wheel-drive, as most models are, its CV joints are even more susceptible to damage because the rocking or twisting of the transmission causes the CV joints to be put into odd angles. This threat from the twisting is even greater for the inner CV joints, which are not capable of handling the same degree of angles as the outer joints.
Three Signs That Your Motor Mounts Need to be Replaced
- Loud, Unusual Noises: If your motor mounts are going bad, one of the first things you will notice will be loud and unusual noises from your engine. Some common noises may include clunking, thumping, scraping, rumbling, or other unusual sounds. These come from the engine bumping against other parts nearby. Hearing any of the noises is a good indicator that you should have your vehicle inspected by a reputable automotive technician as soon as possible, maybe even have it towed there.
- New Vibrations: While it’s normal to feel a little bit of vibration while driving your Volvo, if the vibration becomes noticeably bigger, you may have an issue with your motor mount. Faulty motor mounts allow the engine to rock much more than it should. This rapid rocking could present as excessive vibrating while you’re going down the road.
- Shifted Engine: If your motor mounts are going bad, this can lead to your engine actually physically shifting to one side or the other. One of the most common ways to tell if your engine has moved is to check to see if the engine has rotated in either direction. If you inspect your engine and see that it is tilted, you need to stop driving it right away and tow it to our shop immediately. Driving in this condition could lead to serious and dangerous ramifications for your safety and your Volvo’s longevity.
Hayes European Will Repair Your Motor Mounts
If you live in the Santa Cruz, Aptos, Soquel, and Capitola, CA areas, contact Hayes European today for all your automotive needs. We will inspect and repair your motor mounts to get you safely back on the road where you can drive with confidence. | physics |
https://fitchburgma.gov/Calendar.aspx?EID=2688&month=11&year=2021&day=13&calType=0 | 2022-09-28T00:52:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335059.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927225413-20220928015413-00519.warc.gz | 0.897913 | 244 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__147777230 | en | November 13, 2021
Boys & Girls Club of Fitchburg and Leominster
365 Lindell Ave
Leominster, MA 01453
The event is free to the public.
NASA Webb Telescope Launch Event
Saturday, November 13, 2021
You are invited to the celebration of the James Webb Space Telescope launch at the Boys & Girls Club of Fitchburg and Leominster (BGCFL). There will be family friendly games and activities for all ages, a presentation by Dr. Rodolfo Montez Jr. an astrophysicist at the Harvard and Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, MA., and an art show featuring projects created by BGCFL members. Lunch, snacks, and refreshments will be provided throughout the event. Stay tuned for more information as the event date gets closer. We hope you join us for a fun-filled afternoon to celebrate the accomplishments of the NASA team!
Webb telescope event:
When- Saturday, November 13th
Time- 11 a.m. to 2 p.m.
Where- 365 Lindell Ave. Leominster, MA 01453 | physics |
http://tristatelightning.com/about.html | 2023-03-22T21:50:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322211955-20230323001955-00501.warc.gz | 0.959203 | 271 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__243760944 | en | An effective lightning protection system is more than "connecting part A to part B" and hoping that it works. Tri-State Lightning Protection can design an effective, efficient and aesthetically pleasing system to protect your structure.
After the system is designed, Tri-State Lightning Protection uses only UL approved parts and is fully insured for your peace of mind.
If you have an existing lightning protection system, Tri-State Lightning Protection can meet with you to answer any questions. We also offer an inspection service. If your system is in need of any repairs or updating, we can provide that too.
Tri-State Lightning Protection is superb! I was happy with the system design and the installation went smoothly. I no longer worry about lightning striking our house.
When we were building our new home, the contractor recommended that we contact Jim. I can't say enough good things about him!
Our barn suffered a lightning strike and subsquent fire. We contacted Tri-State Lightning Protection and were able to incorporate the protection system in our new barn.
My mother's house was struck by lighting and the damage to the structure and electrical system was devastating. We contracted Tri-State Lightning Protection and they were able to install a system that has us well protected now. | physics |
https://www.vapeoutlet.co.uk/accessories/coils | 2022-06-26T15:24:02 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103269583.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626131545-20220626161545-00340.warc.gz | 0.883433 | 218 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__283568558 | en | THIS PRODUCT CONTAINS NICOTINE, WHICH IS A HIGHLY ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCE.
Heating Coils. Replacement atomizers. Vape pods.
An atomizer consists of a small heating element that vaporizes e-liquid and a wicking material that draws liquid onto the coil. Along with a battery and e-liquid the atomizer is the main component of every personal vaporizer. A small length of resistance wire is coiled around the wicking material and connected to the integrated circuit, or in the case of mechanical devices, the atomizer is connected directly to the battery through either a 510, 808, or ego threaded connector. 510 being the most common. When activated, the resistance wire coil heats up and vaporizes the liquid, which is then inhaled by the user.
The electrical resistance of the coil, the voltage output of the device, the airflow of the atomizer and the efficiency of the wick all affect the vapor coming from the atomizer. They also affect the vapor quantity or volume yielded. | physics |
https://oceanbased.energy/the-benefits-of-producing-and-using-hydroelectric-power/ | 2024-02-20T22:25:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473347.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20240220211055-20240221001055-00216.warc.gz | 0.938914 | 486 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__31776980 | en | The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has compiled information about the benefits of hydroelectric production facilities as a practical source of renewable energy. Hydropower generated by dams, ocean currents and through other methods is a valuable resource that offers some real advantages for the economy and the environment.
The kinetic energy harvested from inland rivers, streams and other bodies of water and from the ocean is a sustainable source of power that is not consumed as it is harvested. This energy can then be used to supplement power generated by using other sustainable technologies or through the use of fossil fuels. Because hydroelectric power is powered by the natural water cycle, it will not run out or decrease in supply over time.
According to the U.S. Department of Energy, hydropower is derived from the clean fuel source of water. This reduces air pollution and lowers dependence on fossil fuels, which may require significant additional expenditures of energy for extraction. Hydropower derived from ocean currents is even more environmentally responsible because it does not require the building of dams to alter the natural flow of water.
Hydroelectric power produces energy at an affordable price. The cost of generating hydropower is consistent and can be predicted over time, which is important for maintaining an adequate supply of power for large-scale use. By including hydropower as part of an overall energy plan, utilities can manage the cost of producing and delivering electricity more effectively.
Hydropower is one of the most reliable and consistent ways to generate electricity. This is especially true for marine hydropower implementations, which rely on always-running currents to generate a steady supply of electricity that can supplement existing sources or can potentially serve as a reliable and sustainable source of power for large areas of the United States.
OceanBased Perpetual Energy is an innovator in the field of marine hydropower. We are putting years of scientific research to work in harvesting the energy produced by the Florida Gulf Coast current. Our approach uses energy converters suspended in the Gulf Stream to transform the kinetic energy of the current and to transfer it through ocean substations to an onshore substation. From there, it will be connected to the electrical grid to produce safe, efficient power to serve the needs of consumers and companies. Call us today at +1 (305) 2 ENERGY to learn more about the potential for clean, renewable marine hydropower from OceanBased technologies. | physics |
http://coffeecupdesignstudio.com/2014/12/11/do-you-want-to-go-green-with-your-new-roof-consider-installing-energy-friendly-solar-shingles/ | 2018-08-21T03:50:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217951.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821034002-20180821054002-00704.warc.gz | 0.948562 | 899 | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-34__0__182621597 | en | If you are in the market for a new roof and are looking for an eco-friendly alternative, why not consider solar shingles? They are much easier on the eye than conventional solar panels and can help you reduce your energy costs. Below is some information on how solar shingles work and their benefits, along with some tips on how to make them work best for you. Solar shingle roofs should be installed by a professional contractor.
What Are Solar Shingles?
Just like solar panels, solar shingles use photovoltaic cells to harness energy from the sun and convert it into electricity. Solar shingles have been around for nearly a decade but the earlier models were not all that efficient. That all changed when manufacturers started using CIGS (copper indium gallium diselenide) solar cells in the shingle design. Today, solar shingles produce electricity just as effectively as traditional solar panels. But, unlike the panels, solar shingles are thin and look like typical asphalt shingles.
How Solar Shingle Energy Collection Works
Here's how the photovoltaic system works. Inside the shingles the CIGS semiconductors take in the sunlight. The sun's energy boosts the semiconductors' electrons which makes them more active, generating electrical current. But, instead of one large solar panel doing the processing, several solar shingles are wired together so they act as one unit.
Once the electricity is generated, it goes into an inverter that converts it from DC (direct current) to AC (alternating current) so it can power your home through your electrical panel. The excess is stored in a switchboard and sent back into the city power grid. One way to know it you are making excess power is to look at your electricity meter. Electricity use is shown by either a dial or a needle, depending on the model. If the indicators are moving backwards, you are putting electricity into the power grid.
Benefits of Using Solar Shingles
- Solar shingles allow you to make your own electricity. Some power companies will allow you to sell your unused power back to them. The payment is usually a credit on your electricity bill. This is particularly useful during the winter months when you may not generate as much electricity as you need. Shorter days and frequent rain or snow storms mean less available sunlight.
- Solar shingles do not detract from your home's curb appeal. They come in various colours and can be matched to conventional asphalt shingles. Since they don't "stick up" like conventional solar panels, solar shingles don't interfere with the architectural lines of your home.
- Since solar panels have to be bolted to your roof, there is always the potential for leaks. You don't have to worry about this with shingles. Weather damage, such as pitting from hail stones, is also a consideration. It is less expensive to replace a few damaged solar shingles than one large solar panel.
- Solar shingles are multifunctional. They protect your home from the elements and generate electricity at the same time. Solar panels generate electricity, but you must first install the roof for them to sit upon.
Things to Consider Before Installing Your Roof
- In North America, you'll get more benefit from your solar shingles if they are installed on the south facing part of the roof. This gives you access to more direct sunlight. The area must not be blocked by trees or other structures. The amount of roof that needs the solar shingles is determined by your home's energy needs. The slope, or angle, of your roof must have a certain pitch for the shingles to work properly. Find a contractor that is familiar with solar shingles and that will send out a roof inspector to help you with these issues.
- Installing a roof with solar shingles is typically more expensive than a traditional roof. The extra cost can be offset by the energy savings you will experience. Check with your city and/or province to see if any incentives and/or tax credits are offered. Look at it this way, a conventional roof will keep your home dry, but it doesn't contribute to the family budget by lowering your energy bills.
For more information about solar shingles and other roofing options, contact a local roofing contractor. | physics |
https://www.dw-sc.de/en/unterwasserakustik/ | 2024-04-13T09:30:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816587.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413083102-20240413113102-00677.warc.gz | 0.858264 | 159 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__20544530 | en | How is underwater noise affecting marine life? Are windfarms too noisy for fish and marine mammals? What anthropogenic noise is annoying or dangerous for whales, dolphins or seals?
DW-ShipConsult provides the database for answering these kinds of questions by providing measurement data, analyses or sound propagation calculations.
Our activities include:
- Planning, execution and processing of underwater noise measurement campaigns at sea
- Analysis and interpretation of processed underwater sound data
- Assignment of acoustic signatures to the respective sound source (e.g. the ship or its particularities)
- Sound propagation predictions (e.g. for airguns, shipping noise, construction noise)
- Evaluation of different noise mitigation measures
- Source level measurements (e.g. ships, sonar, acoustic devices) | physics |
https://kibworthprimary.org.uk/pupil-zone/online-learning-support/7-latest-news/70-mastering-mass-and-measuring | 2020-10-21T07:58:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107876136.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021064154-20201021094154-00209.warc.gz | 0.975601 | 130 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__125609979 | en | This week the children in year one have been looking at how we can measure mass. We used balance scales to compare the mass of objects and weigh objects using non-standard measurements.
Today the children were introduced to grams and we talked about how heavy certain foods are. The children then made their own rainbow cous cous salad, weighing out the ingredients and comparing the weight on the packet to the actual weight of the foods.
The children also developed their cutting skills and mastered the ‘claw’ and ‘bridge’ cutting technique. The children really enjoyed making their cous cous salad, but I think they had even more fun eating it! | physics |
https://newcastle.nsw.gov.au/library/explore/our-collections/tech-for-loan/makerspace-kits | 2023-12-01T20:34:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100304.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201183432-20231201213432-00732.warc.gz | 0.92053 | 203 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__253751386 | en | Base Inventors Kit from LittleBits includes everything creative kids need to turn their ideas into inventions! With a range of Bits that move, light up, and make noise, kids gain STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Mathematics) skills by learning how technology is built.
Over 12 activities in the free Inventor App guides kids through building fun inventions, like a voice-activated robotic gripper arm, or a room protecting intruder alarm. Then kids are challenged to create their own inventions to improve their room, help their community, or save the world. Through hands-on play, kids gain lifelong skills to become change-makers through invention. Product features include in-app instructions for over 12 activities, tech sensors, paper templates, mounting boards, LED light, motor, stickers, free Inventor App, and battery.
Website with inspiring ideas
Please note: this kit is intended for borrowers ages 8+. The kit contains choking hazards.
Place a hold on this kit | physics |
https://mustang-tape.com/en/product_master_en/double-sided-foamed-tapes/ | 2021-10-18T09:45:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585201.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018093606-20211018123606-00444.warc.gz | 0.937763 | 157 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__272744710 | en | Double-sided foamed tapes
Is it possible to provide reliable bonding of complex surfaces with adhesive tape? Yes! The double-sided foamed tape can guarantee the excellent adhesion even to uneven and rough surfaces thanks to its unique structure.
This double-sided tape has a foam base, the elasticity of which allows it to take the shape of glued surfaces.
The following materials are applied as a basis:
– polyethylene foam with a closed structure;
– polyurethane foam with an open structure.
In addition to a perfect fit, such foamed materials are characterized by excellent noise-insulating characteristics, provide shock and vibration resistance. The excellent adhesion of this double-sided tape is provided by the use of a rubber-based adhesive. | physics |
https://zootah.org/product/1-day-camp-aviary-aeronautics-camp-soaring-with-zootah/ | 2024-04-13T13:23:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816734.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413114018-20240413144018-00254.warc.gz | 0.882726 | 456 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__4501751 | en | Calling All Young Rocketeers!
Are your little ones ready to spread their wings and reach for the skies? Look no further than our Aviary Aeronautics Camp, where budding aviators and feathered enthusiasts come together for a high-flying adventure!
What’s in Store?
- Rocket Building: Our kiddos will channel their inner engineers as they construct their very own rockets. From nose cone to tail fin, they’ll learn the art of aerodynamics and design.
- Bird-Inspired Decor: Forget plain old rockets! Our campers will jazz up their creations with colorful bird stickers. Who knew that a toucan could make a rocket look cooler?
- Launch Extravaganza: Picture this: Willow Park, a clear blue sky, and rockets soaring toward the heavens. Our young aviators will ignite their imaginations (and their rockets) as they launch them into orbit!
- Snack Time: Because even rocket scientists need fuel! We’ll provide snacks to keep those creative minds firing on all cylinders.
Meet Landon, Our Feathered Engineer!
Landon, a bird-loving engineer, will share fascinating insights about the connection between birds and rockets. Did you know that falcons inspired early rocket designs? Or that hummingbirds are the ultimate masters of lift? Landon’s got the scoop!
Morning Session (Ages 7-9):10:00am-12:00pm
-Rocket-Building Fun and Bird Chatter
Afternoon Session (Ages 10-12): 1:00pm-3:00pm
-Sticker Art, Rocket Launch Countdowns, and More!
Parents, You’re Invited!
Join us for the grand finale! During the last hour of each session, parents can lend a hand (or wing) as we send our rockets skyward. It’s a family affair!
Ready for Takeoff?
Reserve your spot now and let your little zootahs spread their wings at the Aviary Aeronautics Camp.
Disclaimer: No actual birds will be launched during this camp. Safety first! | physics |
http://lutpub.lut.fi/handle/10024/36010 | 2019-06-26T22:15:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000575.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626214837-20190627000837-00343.warc.gz | 0.942106 | 192 | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__100477639 | en | Optimizing nozzle flow in laser cutting
Hietanen, Tero (2001)
Aineistoon ei liity tiedostoja.
The purpose of this study was to investigate different laser cutting nozzles, nozzle flows and possibilities to improve nozzle flow. Another goal was to design new nozzle configuration in which laser cutting would succeed with better cutting speed and smaller gas consumption. Nozzles and nozzle flows were studied with various methods. Computational fluid dynamics was used to calculate old, convergent nozzles and new convergent-divergent nozzles. Measurement apparatus was used to measure both nozzle types. In cutting tests different materials were cut with new nozzles. With the use of design convergent-divergent nozzles 25 % better cutting speed and 33 % smaller gas consumption were achieved when cutting quality was good. Computational fluid dynamics was also discovered to be useful aid in nozzle design. | physics |
https://foundationhealth.com.au/glossary/tensegrity/ | 2024-04-17T13:14:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817153.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417110701-20240417140701-00377.warc.gz | 0.892197 | 249 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__198672240 | en | Tensegrity is, in its essence, a structural principle based on the use of isolated components in compression inside a net of continuous tension. The term itself is an amalgamation of ‘tensional integrity’ coined by inventor Buckminster Fuller. Tensegrity structures maintain their integrity due to the balance between tension exerted by cables and compression applied by rods or struts.
In architecture, these systems are lauded for their ability to create complex, flexible structures with a minimal amount of material. They possess inherent robustness and resilience, making them ideal for constructing bridges, towers, and sculpture art.
Beyond architectural realms, tensegrity offers valuable insights into biological structure and mechanics. It can be identified in the musculoskeletal system where bones represent the compressional struts within a network of tensile muscles and ligaments.
Exact Match Keyword: Tensegrity
N-gram Classification: N/A
Substring Matches: N/A
Category: Structural engineering
Search Intent: Informational
Semantic Relevance:Parent Category:Subcategories:Synonyms:Similar Searches:Related Searches:Geographic Relevance:Topically Relevant Entities: | physics |
https://www.kilfrost.com/faq?category=2&p=2 | 2021-01-24T05:27:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703547333.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124044618-20210124074618-00186.warc.gz | 0.899143 | 513 | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__258248250 | en | Frequently Asked Questions
Kilfrost’s technical team offers industry-leading expertise and can assist with in-depth advice and guidance across all areas. Get in touch to share details of your challenge and we can advise which of our industry-leading products may suit best. Our technical team can also provide access to our Kilfrost HTF Test Kit, which has been designed to assist in the installation and maintenance of glycol-based thermal fluids covering a number of applications, including a hand-held optical refractometer which provides an accurate reading of the refractive index of the glycol-based thermal fluid in the system, pH Test Strips to indicate potential corrosion or degradation, a Sample Bottle to send to us for further exploration if needed and all supporting documentation including instructions and logging sheets.
11 Is it possible to mix Kilfrost heat transfer fluids with other manufacturers' fluids?
All Kilfrost heat transfer fluids are mixable with other manufacturers' fluids of the same base chemistry. Incompatibility within certain mixtures of fluids may occur and could affect the resulting corrosion protection performance. In such cases, liability cannot be accepted by Kilfrost
12 Should Kilfrost heat transfer fluids be checked regularly once installed?
It is recommended that Kilfrost heat transfer fluids are checked every six months. Kilfrost provides a test kit and a fluid testing service, details of which can be provided upon request.
13 What is the ASTM standard and why do we use it as a reference?
The ASTM standard is a globally recognised leader in the development and delivery of international voluntary concensus standards. It is used to test the performance specification for corrosion inhibiting coolant concentrates for use in heating systems. Kilfrost heat transfer fluids have been specifically designed to minimise damage to systems compared to just water alone or when using uninhibited water/glycol mixtures and adheres to all ASTM standards specifications.
14 What is the minimum dilution for Kilfrost heat transfer fluids?
Kilfrost fluids should not be diluted at less than 20% v/v. Anything lower than this may reduce the efficiency of the corrosion inhibitors within the fluid.
15 Where can I get more information on my products?
Information on all Kilfrost products, including product and Technical Data Sheets are available on the relevant product sections of the website.
Alternatively you can search for the information/documents you are looking for in the library section. | physics |
https://www.traviway.com/event/perseid-meteor-shower-2023/ | 2024-04-22T19:06:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818337.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422175900-20240422205900-00694.warc.gz | 0.910664 | 226 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__54646750 | en | The Perseid Meteor Shower is one of the most spectacular astronomical events of the year, and the best place to witness it is in a location with clear, dark skies and an unobstructed view of the northeastern horizon. For those seeking the best viewing experience, some of the top destinations around the world include Northern Europe, North America, and Asia.
In Northern Europe, countries such as Scandinavia and Scotland offer some of the darkest skies in Europe, making them ideal for meteor showers.
In North America, the American West, the Great Lakes region, and rural areas of the Midwest offer excellent viewing opportunities.
In Asia, countries such as Mongolia and Kazakhstan offer dark skies for viewing meteor showers.
It’s important to note that the Perseid Meteor Shower is best viewed from rural areas away from city lights and light pollution, so the further you are from city lights, the better the view of the meteor shower will be. Use Traviway.com to find the best deals on flights and hotels to your chosen destination, and get ready to witness the beauty of the Perseid Meteor Shower. | physics |
https://how.to/navigating-the-cosmic-ocean-calculating-the-distance-to-a-star/ | 2024-02-26T18:30:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00214.warc.gz | 0.910919 | 800 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__196717338 | en | The quest to calculate the distance to a star is one of the most captivating challenges in astronomy, akin to charting unexplored territories on an ocean of stars. This endeavor is not only fundamental to our understanding of the universe but also pivotal in unraveling the mysteries of celestial bodies. The methodologies used to determine stellar distances are diverse, each suited to different types of stars and distances.
One of the most fundamental methods is parallax, a technique that relies on the apparent shift in the position of a star as observed from two different points in Earth’s orbit around the Sun. This shift is caused by the change in the observer’s viewpoint and is more pronounced for closer stars. The parallax angle, measured in arcseconds, is the angle subtended by the radius of Earth’s orbit at the distance of the star. By observing a star at two opposite points in Earth’s orbit, typically six months apart, astronomers can measure the angle of this shift. The distance to the star (d) in parsecs (a unit of distance used in astronomy, where 1 parsec equals approximately 3.26 light-years) can then be calculated using the formula d = 1/p, where p is the parallax angle in arcseconds. The smaller the parallax angle, the further away the star is.
For more distant stars where parallax measurements become less precise, astronomers employ the method of spectroscopic parallax. This technique does not involve actual parallax measurements but instead relies on the properties of the star’s spectrum. By analyzing a star’s spectrum, astronomers can determine its spectral class and luminosity class, which give clues about its absolute magnitude (intrinsic brightness). Comparing this absolute magnitude with the star’s apparent magnitude (how bright it appears from Earth) allows the calculation of its distance. This method, however, requires a good understanding of the star’s intrinsic properties and is based on the assumption that stars with similar spectra have similar luminosities.
Another approach is the use of standard candles, objects whose luminosities are known. The most famous example of a standard candle is a type of star known as a Cepheid variable. Cepheid variables have a well-established relationship between their luminosity and their pulsation period. By observing the period of a Cepheid’s light changes, its absolute luminosity can be determined. Comparing this with its apparent luminosity, as seen from Earth, allows the calculation of its distance using the inverse square law of light.
For extremely distant stars and galaxies, the redshift method becomes useful. This method is based on the principle that the universe is expanding, causing the light from distant galaxies to stretch and shift towards the red end of the spectrum. By measuring how much the light from a star or galaxy has been redshifted, astronomers can estimate its distance. This is because the degree of redshift is proportional to the distance from Earth, due to the expanding universe. The redshift method is integral to cosmology and is used to measure distances to the most remote galaxies in the universe.
Astronomers often use a combination of these methods to cross-verify distances. For instance, parallax measurements can calibrate the Cepheid variable distance scale, which in turn can be used to calibrate distances measured by redshift. This layered approach helps in refining the accuracy of distance measurements.
In conclusion, calculating the distance to a star involves a blend of geometric measurements, spectroscopic analysis, and an understanding of stellar behaviors. From the nearby stars measured through parallax to the distant galaxies mapped by redshift, each method contributes to our comprehensive understanding of the universe’s vast scale. These calculations are more than mere numbers; they are a testament to our desire to understand the cosmos and our place within it. | physics |
http://www.swisswatchtime.com/buy-a-watch-pre-owned-inventory/Milgauss/827 | 2018-09-22T21:43:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158691.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922201637-20180922222037-00252.warc.gz | 0.974211 | 104 | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__30437935 | en | The Rolex Milguass was introduced by Rolex in 1956 with the reference 6451. The Milguass was designed and produced by Rolex with one goal in mind, to make the most anti-magnetic watch in the world. It was geared for people working in medical facilities power plants and research labs where normal watch would go haywire with strong magnetic fields. The movement of the watch is encased in a Faraday cage. The current Milguass can withstand up to 1,000 gauss. | physics |
https://powerbackups.com.au/blog/how-to-measure-energy-usage-power-consumption-of-your-electronic-device | 2019-05-21T06:58:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256281.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521062300-20190521084300-00235.warc.gz | 0.940291 | 1,426 | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__146288568 | en | Your shopping cart is empty!
Are you looking for ways to measure how much electrical power your device (such as Computer, PC, Mac, Fridge, TV, Monitor, etc.) is using? If yes, than read on. There could be plenty of reason trying to figure out how much energy your household appliances and gadgets are drawing. Maybe you want to save on the electricity bill? Minimise carbon emissions? Or perhaps size a Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) to protect you electronic devices and provide some battery backup during a blackout?
So in this article we’re going to investigate different ways you can measure your energy usage. These methods vary based on simplicity, accuracy and accessibility to particular instruments and tools. Our aim is to give you multiple options and help build a clear understanding on how it works.
Electrical power is measured in units called Watts. Put it simply, Voltage and Current give you electrical power. The Voltage is a kind of electrical force that makes electricity move through a wire and we measure it in volts. The bigger the voltage, the more current will tend to flow. Voltage does not, itself, go anywhere: it's quite wrong to talk about voltage "flowing through" things. What moves through the wire in a circuit is electrical current: a steady flow of electrons, measured in amperes (or Amps)
The electric power is equal to the Voltage × Current (in other words: Watts = Volts × Amps). So if you have a 100-watt (100 W) light and you know your electricity supply is rated as 230 volts (typical household voltage in the Australia), the current flowing must be 100/230 = 0.4 Amps.
Power is a measurement of how much energy you're using each second. To find out the total amount of energy an electric appliance uses, you have to multiply the power it uses per second by the total number of seconds you use it for. The result you get is measured in units of power × time, often converted into a standard unit called the kilowatt hour (kWh). If you used an electric toaster rated at 1000 watts (1 kilowatt) for a whole hour, you'd use 1 kilowatt hour of energy; you'd use the same amount of energy burning a 2000 watt toaster for 0.5 hours or a 100-watt lamp for 10 hours. See how it works?
Household electricity meters show the total number of kilowatt hours of electricity you've used. 1 kilowatt hour is equal to 3.6 million joules (J) of energy (or 3.6 megajoules if you prefer).
Nowadays, most of the electrical equipment comes with a rating plate which identifies the amount of Electrical Power (Watts) it consumes. So the ‘name plate’ or a ‘rating plate’ should be your first point of reference when establishing power requirements. Note rating plates typically overestimate the amount of electrical power required as manufacturers tend to allow for some tolerance. Relying solely on nameplate ratings may lead you to overestimate the power consumption of a device.
Looking at the image above, we can see that the manufacturer has specified 275W as the maximum power consumption for this particular device. However, note that it says MAX POWER, which means that the actual power consumption will most likely be a lot less.
Nevertheless, this is a good method to get a rough estimate on how much power your appliance or device is expected to consumer.
If guessing off the manufacturer’s label (a.k.a rating plate) is wildly inaccurate then where does that leave us? What we need is a simple and cheap way to measure device consumption between the device and the power outlet. Enter the simple plug-in power usage meter or watt-hour meter!
A power usage meter or watt-hour meter is a simple device you plug in between an appliance and the wall that measures the energy consumption on the fly. Even better, it will perform the calculations for you. With a power meter, you can identify inefficient appliances that consume more power, than would otherwise be expected (this may be an older appliance that could be replaced by a more Modern, energy star rated equivalent product, or a product requiring maintenance, such as a refrigerator that requires the door seals to be replaced).
A clamp meter, also known as a clamp-on meter or clamp-on ammeter, is a device that tests electrical currents using a brace or jaws. It acts almost as a voltmeter with clamps, and these clamps can be used around a conductor to detect its magnetic field and measure electrical currents without having to interrupt a circuit or cut the wires of electrical appliances and devices. A Clamp Meter is not as easy to use as the plug-in power meter and requires more than just basic knowledge to interpret results properly. However, it can offer some great advantages over a plug-in. One of the biggest advantages is that you can measure power consumption on high current and hardwired equipment.
Most professional multimeters have a clamp on attachment such that you can clamp it on a conductor and measure the AC current passing through the conductor. The clamp meter will read the current going in to the device and also the current coming out of the device, therefore you have to separate the conductors in a power cord in order to clamp around just one conductor otherwise the current cancels itself out. An easy place to clamp on and measure the current is at the circuit breaker panel, if you remove the face of the panel you'll see a single wire going to each circuit breaker, clamping on that wire even though it's insulted will measure the current passing through that breaker and then it's just a matter of determining what you have plugged into that breaker circuit. The power is the voltage multiplied by the current and since you know the voltage is 230V, you simply multiply the current by 230 to get the power in Watts (divide by 1,000 to get kilowatts).
The most expensive multimeters will record the current over time but these are very expensive multimeters so look for ones that will hold the peak value. The cheapest ones have a data hold feature where you push a button to freeze the display on the current value, that's not what you want, you want one where if you switch on peak hold, it will simply display the peak value it's encountered so far until you switch off the peak hold. Old text books say to get an analog meter but that's because the human eye can pick out the peak values on an analog meter without any extra features and early digital meters didn't have such features.
Note from the author
We hope this article made it fairly clear how one can estimate power consumption of any device in their household or work environment. As always, we recommend that you buy a Battery Backup System (UPS) for your critical electronic equipment which will help you protect, monitor and provide backup time. | physics |
http://meade.shptron.com/k/search?q=%22wireless+remote%22&x=21&y=6 | 2013-12-12T02:48:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164359940/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133919-00025-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.808435 | 105 | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-48__0__120068592 | en | Wireless Remote Temperature Sensor #TS13C-M. For use with all Meade Weather Stations. Reads outdoor temperature and transmits up to 210 feet (64 meters) on one of three selectable transmission channels. LCD display.
Wireless remote temperature and humidity sensor #TS33F-M. Reads temperature and humidity at unit location, and transmits up to 100 feet (30 meters) on one of three selectable channels. Includes a submersible remote temperature probe on 10 foot cable. | physics |
http://www.newstrapng.com/2018/03/renowned-scientist-compared-to-einstein.html | 2021-10-22T00:51:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585449.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021230549-20211022020549-00651.warc.gz | 0.970066 | 408 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__15165379 | en | Hawking, whose 1988 book “A Brief History of Time” became an unlikely worldwide bestseller and cemented his superstar status, dedicated his life to unlocking the secrets of the Universe.
His genius and wit won over fans from far beyond the rarified world of astrophysics.
He died peacefully at his home in the British university city of Cambridge in the early hours of Wednesday morning.
The illness gradually robbed him of mobility, leaving him confined to a wheelchair, almost completely paralysed and unable to speak except through his trademark voice synthesiser.
“His courage and persistence with his brilliance and humour inspired people across the world,” the family said.
“He once said, ‘It would not be much of a universe if it wasn’t home to the people you love.’ We will miss him forever.”
– A titan of science –
Born on January 8, 1942, Stephen William Hawking became one of the world’s most well-regarded scientists, earning comparisons with Albert Einstein and Sir Isaac Newton.
His work focused on bringing together relativity — the nature of space and time — and quantum theory — how the smallest particles in the Universe behave — to explain the creation of the Universe and how it is governed.
In 1974, he became one of the youngest fellows of Britain’s most prestigious scientific body, the Royal Society, at the age of 32.
In 1979 he was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University, where he had moved from Oxford University to study theoretical astronomy and cosmology.
Newton was a previous holder of that prestigious post.
Inside the shell of his increasingly useless body was a razor-sharp mind, fascinated by the nature of the Universe, how it was formed and how it might end.
“My goal is simple,” he once said. “It is complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all.” | physics |
https://serene-llc.com/about/ | 2024-04-23T10:44:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818474.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423095619-20240423125619-00816.warc.gz | 0.930526 | 284 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__114263285 | en | Tin-117m is a radioisotope which produces conversion electrons, a form of radiation ideally suited to treatment of a wide range of both malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Conversion electrons penetrate a finite distance, about 0.3 mm, irradiating cells only in the immediate vicinity while sparing distant tissues. Tin-117m is a platform technology and the active component of several drugs and devices for treatment of cancer, rheumatologic, atherosclerotic and other diseases. It also emits gamma photons which can be readily imaged, making tin-117m a true theranostic product.
Serene, LLC, is a privately held company developing tin-117m by building on pioneering work initiated at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Serene has developed and, through its spinoff company Exubrion Therapeutics, commercialized Synovetin OA®, a colloid formulation of tin-117m for treatment of canine osteoarthritis. Serene has received authorization from Health Canada to conduct a pilot study of the same colloid formulation in humans for the treatment of refractory arthritis.
Serene has developed proprietary, improved methods of producing both the isotope and products based on tin-117m. These manufacturing techniques ensure that an ample supply of tin-117m can be produced not only for clinical trials but also for commercial purposes at a financially viable cost. | physics |
http://blogs.britannica.com/2010/12/nanotechnology-the-science-of-miniaturization-picture-essay-of-the-day | 2017-04-23T09:56:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118519.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00568-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.931248 | 728 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__230665092 | en | The ability to visualize and manipulate structures with dimensions that are on the order of nanometers, or billionths of a meter, forms the basis of the field of nanotechnology, a world of miniaturization that has long captured the scientific imagination. One of the foremost visionaries in nanotechnology was American physicist and Nobelist Richard P. Feynman, who in 1959 delivered a lecture titled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” in which he presented an extraordinary vision of what could be done with extreme miniaturization.
In that lecture, as Britannica’s entry on nanotechnology notes, Feynman famously asked:
“Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica on the head of a pin? Let’s see what would be involved. The head of a pin is a sixteenth of an inch across. If you magnify it by 25,000 diameters, the area of the head of the pin is then equal to the area of all the pages of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Therefore, all it is necessary to do is to reduce in size all the writing in the Encyclopædia by 25,000 times. Is that possible? The resolving power of the eye is about 1/120 of an inch—that is roughly the diameter of one of the little dots on the fine half-tone reproductions in the Encyclopædia. This, when you demagnify it by 25,000 times, is still 80 angstroms in diameter—32 atoms across, in an ordinary metal. In other words, one of those dots still would contain in its area 1,000 atoms. So, each dot can easily be adjusted in size as required by the photoengraving, and there is no question that there is enough room on the head of a pin to put all of the Encyclopædia Britannica.”
With the development of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, who received the 1986 Nobel Prize for Physics for their work, scientists finally had the power to image individual atoms on the surfaces of conducting or semiconducting materials (materials that are able to conduct electricity under certain conditions). Numerous observations of nano-scale phenomena followed, including the 1985 discovery by Robert F. Curl, Jr., Harold W. Kroto, and Richard E. Smalley of nanometer-sized carbon structures known as fullerenes. This discovery, which resulted in Curl, Kroto, and Smalley sharing the 1996 Nobel Prize for Physics, opened a new chapter in nanotechnology, particularly because of the potential applications for fullerenes in electronics, materials science, and even medicine.
Scale from micrometer to nanometer dimensions. (Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.)
Despite the continued advance of nanoscience, much remains to be understood about nanomaterials and their behavior. Of notable concern in the manufacture of nano-sized entities is the ability to control their atomic structure. But improvements in technologies and tools used in nanomaterial assembly have enabled the production of nano-scale products and product prototypes, such as electronic, magnetic, and mechanical nano-scale devices. Nanocoatings that render surfaces resistant to corrosion and nanoparticles with applications in medicine (e.g., drug delivery) and environmental remediation have also been developed or investigated.
Photo (top) courtesy of Dr. David J. Willock, Cardiff University | physics |
https://homeworksmarket.org/a-body-of-finite-mass-is-originally-at-temperature-t-1-which-is-higher-than-that-of-a-reservoir-at-temperature-t-2/ | 2023-03-30T13:50:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949331.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330132508-20230330162508-00366.warc.gz | 0.936669 | 209 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__242584125 | en | A body of finite mass is originally at temperature T 1 , which is higher than that of a reservoir at temperature T 2 .
A body of finite mass is originally at temperature T1, which is higher than that of a reservoir at temperature T2. Suppose an engine operates in a cycle between the body and the reservoir until it lowers the temperature of the body from T1 to T2, thus extracting heat Q from the body. If the engine does work W, then it will reject heat Q–W to the reservoir at T2. Applying the entropy principle, prove that the maximum work obtainable from the engine is
W (max) = Q – T2 (S1– S2)
Where S1– S2is the entropy decrease of the body.
If the body is maintained at constant volume having constant volume heat capacity Cv = 8.4 kJ/K which is independent of temperature, and if T1 = 373 K and T2 = 303 K, determine the maximum work obtainable. | physics |
https://www.serpe-surete.com/en/shock-detection-cables/ | 2024-04-16T18:20:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817103.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416155952-20240416185952-00747.warc.gz | 0.875658 | 220 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__85064059 | en | PIEZOELECTRIC CABLE DETECTOR
Mygale 4S + is an outdoor sensor which makes it possible to retrieve and analyse the vibrations from a fence when there is an intrusion. It consists of a local data acquisition unit, which can manage up to 4 segments of 150m of piezoelectric cable.
Vibrations caused by an individual attempting to cut, climb or lift the fence are detected and sent to the local data acquisition unit. This performs the necessary processing to analyse measurements and trigger the alarm.
Networking sensors enables linear deployment over a large distance of a detection system that combines efficiency, discretion and sector-based division of the alarm.
- Excellent detection quality
- Economical and reliable solution
- Easy to install and set (Bluetooth, RS)
- Simple and robust technology
- Sensitivity can be adjusted for each sector
- Switch to dry contact or RS485 bus system alarms
Download the technical data sheet
Fill in the following form to download the technical data sheet | physics |
https://growwithqasid.com/miles-to-kilometers/ | 2024-04-12T23:31:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816465.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20240412225756-20240413015756-00004.warc.gz | 0.927744 | 250 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__78389028 | en | The Miles to Kilometers tool is an online converter that changes distances measured in miles to their equivalent in kilometers. The mile is a unit of length commonly used in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom that use the Imperial system. Conversely, the kilometer is a unit of length in the metric system, which is used by most countries around the world.
To use the Miles to Kilometers tool, users simply input the distance in miles that they wish to convert. The tool then promptly calculates and displays the equivalent distance in kilometers. This conversion is based on the fact that one mile is approximately equal to 1.60934 kilometers. This tool can be highly beneficial for various purposes, ranging from everyday tasks, such as planning a road trip or converting running distances, to more specialized applications in industries like science, engineering, or international trade.
Although the operation of the Miles to Kilometers tool is straightforward, it is a powerful utility. It aids in eliminating potential confusion and errors that could arise from manual conversions, particularly for individuals who are not familiar with the relationship between these two units of distance. By providing accurate conversions instantly, this tool facilitates effective communication and understanding across different systems of measurement, making it an invaluable resource in numerous contexts. | physics |
https://holograma24.com/news/high-resolution-holograms | 2023-09-26T01:21:34 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510130.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926011608-20230926041608-00170.warc.gz | 0.878747 | 244 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__103147530 | en | Some manufacturers of holograms record the image on the master matrix using the “analog method”.
This is a classic and, to some extent, outdated image recording technology, which requires relatively inexpensive optical equipment (laser, optical table, supplies, etc.). The technology is readily available for the mid-range optical lab.
Our company uses only digital technology. Unlike analog, in digital holography, there is the possibility of a given change in the structure of a hologram to obtain additional qualitative and quantitative characteristics.
The image uses various degrees of protection against falsification (nano texts and micro texts from 5 microns, micro-optical elements, hidden images, etc.). Equipment and software are extremely expensive and complex.
This technology provides high resolution of hologram elements and special security elements.
Attention! Our company has introduced a unique technology for the production of holograms with the highest image resolution of 12K, 24K, and 120K DPI.
These holograms are distinguished by a variety of color, visual effects, the ability to apply visible and hidden texts, images and meet the highest world standards for protection against counterfeiting. | physics |
https://dolphincasting.com/x-ray/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=x-ray | 2020-07-06T02:31:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890092.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706011013-20200706041013-00189.warc.gz | 0.86412 | 375 | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__219188717 | en | Dolphin, Inc. has placed an order for a VJT X-Ray machine for late 2020 or early 2021 delivery.
Dolphin, Inc. offers an array of non-destructive testing services. Beginning in late 2020 or early 2021 we will be adding X-Ray testing to our in-house NDT capabilities with the acquisition of a VJT C160/225 X-Ray machine.
ADVANTAGES OF REAL TIME X-RAY TESTING
X-Ray testing is the best non-destructive inspection method for detecting internal defects of castings. In this method, a casting is exposed to radiation from an x-ray tube. The casting absorbs part of the radiation, and the remaining portion of the radiation exposes the radiographic detector.
Dense material withstands the radiation penetration, so the detector is exposed to a lesser degree in those areas, giving the image a lighter appearance. Less dense materials allow more penetration and correlates to darker areas on the detector. Any hole, crack or inclusion that is less dense than the casting alloy is revealed as a dark area.
VJT C160/225 X-RAY MACHINE
Ergonomically designed with capability to meet a variety of X-ray inspection needs, the VJT C160/225 boast the following key features:
- Award winning Vi3 X-ray inspection software
- Easy to use software interface
- Capable of imaging wide range of part sizes and dimensions up to 60 Kg and KV rating of 450
- MAI/CE/UL/CSA compliant system
- Computed Tomography (CT) capability
- Inspection Modes: DR, CT, Manual
- Detectors: Flat Panel Detector (8", 16"), Image Intensifier
- Applications: automotive, aerospace, military, munitions, electronics | physics |
https://www.kunalkumarphoto.com/blog/instasnap-august-05-2016-at-0945pm | 2023-03-21T05:37:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943625.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321033306-20230321063306-00372.warc.gz | 0.925132 | 195 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__204275379 | en | The evening crescent tonight ? below the moon was Mercury - very dimly lit, and further below close to the horizon, the next brightest object in the sky after the moon - Venus. Jupiter was sitting slightly higher, and also bright. It was a nice line up - before the clouds ☁ and rain ☔ moved in. The waxing crescent was about 7% illuminated tonight - you can see the part of the moon which is not lit by the sun - this is called the Earthshine - caused by the reflection of sunlight from the Earth. Anyways happy mooning weekend! ? - Auckland, NZ ? - Fujifilm X-T1, 50-230mm, f/6.7, 1.3s, ISO200 ? - Lightroom
via Instagram http://ift.tt/2b09E1s
Your comment will be posted after it is approved.
Leave a Reply. | physics |
http://aiflips.com/sean-carroll-quantum-mechanics-and-the-many-worlds-interpretation-artificial-intelligence-podcast/ | 2019-11-19T13:14:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670151.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119121339-20191119145339-00096.warc.gz | 0.758691 | 562 | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__79674909 | en | Sean Carroll is a theoretical physicist at Caltech and Santa Fe Institute specializing in quantum mechanics, arrow of time, cosmology, and gravitation. He is the author of several popular books including his latest on quantum mechanics (Something Deeply Hidden) and is a host of a great podcast called Mindscape. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast.
This is the second time Sean has been on the podcast. You can watch the first time here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-NJrvyRo0c
Full episodes playlist:
Something Deeply Hidden: https://amzn.to/2C5h40V
Sean’s twitter: https://twitter.com/seanmcarroll
Sean’s website: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/
Mindscape podcast: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/
0:00 – Introduction
1:23 – Capacity of human mind to understand physics
10:49 – Perception vs reality
12:29 – Conservation of momentum
17:20 – Difference between math and physics
20:10 – Why is our world so compressable
22:53 – What would Newton think of quantum mechanics
25:44 – What is quantum mechanics?
27:54 – What is an atom?
30:34 – What is the wave function?
32:30 – What is quantum entanglement?
35:19 – What is Hilbert space?
37:32 – What is entropy?
39:31 – Infinity
42:43 – Many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics
1:01:13 – Quantum gravity and the emergence of spacetime
1:08:34 – Our branch of reality in many-worlds interpretation
1:10:40 – Time travel
1:12:54 – Arrow of time
1:16:18 – What is fundamental in physics
1:16:58 – Quantum computers
1:17:42 – Experimental validation of many-worlds and emergent spacetime
1:19:53 – Quantum mechanics and the human mind
1:21:51 – Mindscape podcast
– Subscribe to this YouTube channel
– Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman
– LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman
– Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman
– Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman
– Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman
– Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman | physics |
https://www.nikateleco.es/doctora-en-nanoelectronica-con-mencion-cum-laude/ | 2024-04-16T10:30:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817081.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416093441-20240416123441-00537.warc.gz | 0.933435 | 367 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__38492376 | en | This work has been focused on a deep and systematic study of the point-contact PseudoMOSFET characterization technique.
Firstly, theoretical models for the Pseudo-MOSFET have been described and developed for ultrathin Si wafers, and for those with also ultrathin BOX. They have been validated with several simulations. Then, some Pseudo-MOSFET samples with different thickness and surface (passivated/non-passivated) have been analyzed and characterized.
Later, the combination of the Split-C(V) technique with the Pseudo-MOSFET configuration has allowed to obtain the carrier mobility in bare SOI wafers as a function of the inversion charge. Nevertheless, since the evaluation of this parameter depends strongly on the value of the effective area considered for calculations, this area has been examined as a function of the characteristics of the set up configuration.
Taking into account the variability of the area with experimental configuration parameters, a mathematical model has been proposed to calculate the effective surface in any characterization scenario. The model has been verified with the experimental results.
On the other hand, the carrier mobility have been also studied in Pseudo-MOSFET samples. In order to achieve the optimum enhancement for the mobility, the specific values for the backgate bias have been calculated using Poisson-Schrödinger numerical simulations combined with Split-C(V) experimental results.
To conclude, new applications associated to point-contact techniques have been analyzed such us the use of the Pseudo-MOSFET as a sensor platform. In addition, several studies have been carried out on Poly-silicon or Graphene-On-Insulator samples demonstrating the flexibility of the point-contact methods to evolve with emerging substrates. | physics |
https://souvenirs-tut.com/online-dating/radioactive-isotope-dating-definition.php | 2019-07-17T08:44:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525133.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717081450-20190717103450-00191.warc.gz | 0.820402 | 5,980 | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__125923630 | en | Radioactive isotope dating definition
All absolute isotopic ages are based on radioactive decay , a process whereby a specific atom or isotope is converted into another specific atom or isotope at a constant and known rate. Most elements exist in different atomic forms that are identical in their chemical properties but differ in the number of neutral particles—i. For a single element, these atoms are called isotopes. Because isotopes differ in mass , their relative abundance can be determined if the masses are separated in a mass spectrometer see below Use of mass spectrometers. Radioactive decay can be observed in the laboratory by either of two means:
Radiometric dating facts for kids
Radiometric dating , radioactive dating or radioisotope dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon , in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed. The method compares the abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope within the material to the abundance of its decay products, which form at a known constant rate of decay.
Together with stratigraphic principles , radiometric dating methods are used in geochronology to establish the geologic time scale. By allowing the establishment of geological timescales, it provides a significant source of information about the ages of fossils and the deduced rates of evolutionary change. Radiometric dating is also used to date archaeological materials, including ancient artifacts.
Different methods of radiometric dating vary in the timescale over which they are accurate and the materials to which they can be applied. All ordinary matter is made up of combinations of chemical elements , each with its own atomic number , indicating the number of protons in the atomic nucleus. Additionally, elements may exist in different isotopes , with each isotope of an element differing in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. A particular isotope of a particular element is called a nuclide.
Some nuclides are inherently unstable. That is, at some point in time, an atom of such a nuclide will undergo radioactive decay and spontaneously transform into a different nuclide. This transformation may be accomplished in a number of different ways, including alpha decay emission of alpha particles and beta decay electron emission, positron emission, or electron capture. Another possibility is spontaneous fission into two or more nuclides. While the moment in time at which a particular nucleus decays is unpredictable, a collection of atoms of a radioactive nuclide decays exponentially at a rate described by a parameter known as the half-life , usually given in units of years when discussing dating techniques.
After one half-life has elapsed, one half of the atoms of the nuclide in question will have decayed into a "daughter" nuclide or decay product. In many cases, the daughter nuclide itself is radioactive, resulting in a decay chain , eventually ending with the formation of a stable nonradioactive daughter nuclide; each step in such a chain is characterized by a distinct half-life.
In these cases, usually the half-life of interest in radiometric dating is the longest one in the chain, which is the rate-limiting factor in the ultimate transformation of the radioactive nuclide into its stable daughter. Isotopic systems that have been exploited for radiometric dating have half-lives ranging from only about 10 years e. For most radioactive nuclides, the half-life depends solely on nuclear properties and is essentially a constant. It is not affected by external factors such as temperature , pressure , chemical environment, or presence of a magnetic or electric field.
For all other nuclides, the proportion of the original nuclide to its decay products changes in a predictable way as the original nuclide decays over time. This predictability allows the relative abundances of related nuclides to be used as a clock to measure the time from the incorporation of the original nuclides into a material to the present.
The basic equation of radiometric dating requires that neither the parent nuclide nor the daughter product can enter or leave the material after its formation. The possible confounding effects of contamination of parent and daughter isotopes have to be considered, as do the effects of any loss or gain of such isotopes since the sample was created. It is therefore essential to have as much information as possible about the material being dated and to check for possible signs of alteration.
Alternatively, if several different minerals can be dated from the same sample and are assumed to be formed by the same event and were in equilibrium with the reservoir when they formed, they should form an isochron. This can reduce the problem of contamination. In uranium—lead dating , the concordia diagram is used which also decreases the problem of nuclide loss. Finally, correlation between different isotopic dating methods may be required to confirm the age of a sample.
For example, the age of the Amitsoq gneisses from western Greenland was determined to be 3. Accurate radiometric dating generally requires that the parent has a long enough half-life that it will be present in significant amounts at the time of measurement except as described below under "Dating with short-lived extinct radionuclides" , the half-life of the parent is accurately known, and enough of the daughter product is produced to be accurately measured and distinguished from the initial amount of the daughter present in the material.
The procedures used to isolate and analyze the parent and daughter nuclides must be precise and accurate. This normally involves isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. The precision of a dating method depends in part on the half-life of the radioactive isotope involved. For instance, carbon has a half-life of 5, years. After an organism has been dead for 60, years, so little carbon is left that accurate dating cannot be established.
On the other hand, the concentration of carbon falls off so steeply that the age of relatively young remains can be determined precisely to within a few decades. If a material that selectively rejects the daughter nuclide is heated, any daughter nuclides that have been accumulated over time will be lost through diffusion , setting the isotopic "clock" to zero. The temperature at which this happens is known as the closure temperature or blocking temperature and is specific to a particular material and isotopic system.
These temperatures are experimentally determined in the lab by artificially resetting sample minerals using a high-temperature furnace. As the mineral cools, the crystal structure begins to form and diffusion of isotopes is less easy. At a certain temperature, the crystal structure has formed sufficiently to prevent diffusion of isotopes. This temperature is what is known as closure temperature and represents the temperature below which the mineral is a closed system to isotopes.
Thus an igneous or metamorphic rock or melt, which is slowly cooling, does not begin to exhibit measurable radioactive decay until it cools below the closure temperature. The age that can be calculated by radiometric dating is thus the time at which the rock or mineral cooled to closure temperature. This field is known as thermochronology or thermochronometry. The mathematical expression that relates radioactive decay to geologic time is .
The equation is most conveniently expressed in terms of the measured quantity N t rather than the constant initial value N o. The above equation makes use of information on the composition of parent and daughter isotopes at the time the material being tested cooled below its closure temperature. This is well-established for most isotopic systems.
Plotting an isochron is used to solve the age equation graphically and calculate the age of the sample and the original composition. Radiometric dating has been carried out since when it was invented by Ernest Rutherford as a method by which one might determine the age of the Earth. In the century since then the techniques have been greatly improved and expanded.
The mass spectrometer was invented in the s and began to be used in radiometric dating in the s. It operates by generating a beam of ionized atoms from the sample under test. The ions then travel through a magnetic field, which diverts them into different sampling sensors, known as " Faraday cups ", depending on their mass and level of ionization.
On impact in the cups, the ions set up a very weak current that can be measured to determine the rate of impacts and the relative concentrations of different atoms in the beams. Uranium—lead radiometric dating involves using uranium or uranium to date a substance's absolute age. This scheme has been refined to the point that the error margin in dates of rocks can be as low as less than two million years in two-and-a-half billion years.
Uranium—lead dating is often performed on the mineral zircon ZrSiO 4 , though it can be used on other materials, such as baddeleyite , as well as monazite see: Zircon has a very high closure temperature, is resistant to mechanical weathering and is very chemically inert. Zircon also forms multiple crystal layers during metamorphic events, which each may record an isotopic age of the event. One of its great advantages is that any sample provides two clocks, one based on uranium's decay to lead with a half-life of about million years, and one based on uranium's decay to lead with a half-life of about 4.
This can be seen in the concordia diagram, where the samples plot along an errorchron straight line which intersects the concordia curve at the age of the sample. This involves the alpha decay of Sm to Nd with a half-life of 1. Accuracy levels of within twenty million years in ages of two-and-a-half billion years are achievable. This involves electron capture or positron decay of potassium to argon Potassium has a half-life of 1. This is based on the beta decay of rubidium to strontium , with a half-life of 50 billion years.
This scheme is used to date old igneous and metamorphic rocks , and has also been used to date lunar samples. Closure temperatures are so high that they are not a concern. Rubidium-strontium dating is not as precise as the uranium-lead method, with errors of 30 to 50 million years for a 3-billion-year-old sample. A relatively short-range dating technique is based on the decay of uranium into thorium, a substance with a half-life of about 80, years.
It is accompanied by a sister process, in which uranium decays into protactinium, which has a half-life of 32, years. While uranium is water-soluble, thorium and protactinium are not, and so they are selectively precipitated into ocean-floor sediments , from which their ratios are measured. The scheme has a range of several hundred thousand years. A related method is ionium—thorium dating , which measures the ratio of ionium thorium to thorium in ocean sediment.
Radiocarbon dating is also simply called Carbon dating. Carbon is a radioactive isotope of carbon, with a half-life of 5, years, which is very short compared with the above isotopes and decays into nitrogen. Carbon, though, is continuously created through collisions of neutrons generated by cosmic rays with nitrogen in the upper atmosphere and thus remains at a near-constant level on Earth. The carbon ends up as a trace component in atmospheric carbon dioxide CO 2.
A carbon-based life form acquires carbon during its lifetime. Plants acquire it through photosynthesis , and animals acquire it from consumption of plants and other animals. When an organism dies, it ceases to take in new carbon, and the existing isotope decays with a characteristic half-life years. The proportion of carbon left when the remains of the organism are examined provides an indication of the time elapsed since its death. This makes carbon an ideal dating method to date the age of bones or the remains of an organism.
The carbon dating limit lies around 58, to 62, years. The rate of creation of carbon appears to be roughly constant, as cross-checks of carbon dating with other dating methods show it gives consistent results. However, local eruptions of volcanoes or other events that give off large amounts of carbon dioxide can reduce local concentrations of carbon and give inaccurate dates. The releases of carbon dioxide into the biosphere as a consequence of industrialization have also depressed the proportion of carbon by a few percent; conversely, the amount of carbon was increased by above-ground nuclear bomb tests that were conducted into the early s.
Also, an increase in the solar wind or the Earth's magnetic field above the current value would depress the amount of carbon created in the atmosphere. This involves inspection of a polished slice of a material to determine the density of "track" markings left in it by the spontaneous fission of uranium impurities. The uranium content of the sample has to be known, but that can be determined by placing a plastic film over the polished slice of the material, and bombarding it with slow neutrons.
This causes induced fission of U, as opposed to the spontaneous fission of U. The fission tracks produced by this process are recorded in the plastic film. The uranium content of the material can then be calculated from the number of tracks and the neutron flux. This scheme has application over a wide range of geologic dates.
For dates up to a few million years micas , tektites glass fragments from volcanic eruptions , and meteorites are best used. Older materials can be dated using zircon , apatite , titanite , epidote and garnet which have a variable amount of uranium content.
Radioactive dating definition, any method of determining the age of earth materials or For inorganic materials, such as rocks containing the radioactive isotope. Radioactive Dating. The technique of comparing the abundance ratio of a radioactive isotope to a reference isotope to determine the age of a material is called.
Radiometric dating often called radioactive dating is a way to find out how old something is. The method compares the amount of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, in samples. The method uses known decay rates.
A process for determining the age of an object by measuring the amount of a given radioactive material it contains.
Radiometric dating , radioactive dating or radioisotope dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon , in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed. The method compares the abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope within the material to the abundance of its decay products, which form at a known constant rate of decay. Together with stratigraphic principles , radiometric dating methods are used in geochronology to establish the geologic time scale.
Means of determining the age of certain materials by reference to the relative abundances of the parent isotope which is radioactive and the daughter isotope which may or may not be radioactive. If the decay constant the half-life or disintegration rate of the parent isotope and the concentration of the daughter isotope are known, it is possible to calculate an age. See also dating methods; radioactive decay; radiocarbon dating; and radiometric dating. Science and technology — Earth Sciences and Geography. Search for: All Rights Reserved.
It's better than Tinder!
Radiocarbon dating is a method that provides objective age estimates for carbon-based materials that originated from living organisms. The impact of the radiocarbon dating technique on modern man has made it one of the most significant discoveries of the 20th century. Archaeology and other human sciences use radiocarbon dating to prove or disprove theories. Over the years, carbon 14 dating has also found applications in geology, hydrology, geophysics, atmospheric science, oceanography, paleoclimatology and even biomedicine. Radiocarbon, or carbon 14, is an isotope of the element carbon that is unstable and weakly radioactive. The stable isotopes are carbon 12 and carbon Carbon 14 is continually being formed in the upper atmosphere by the effect of cosmic ray neutrons on nitrogen 14 atoms. It is rapidly oxidized in air to form carbon dioxide and enters the global carbon cycle. Plants and animals assimilate carbon 14 from carbon dioxide throughout their lifetimes.
Radiometric dating or radioactive dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.
Petrology Tulane University Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Radiometric Dating Prior to the best and most accepted age of the Earth was that proposed by Lord Kelvin based on the amount of time necessary for the Earth to cool to its present temperature from a completely liquid state.
Он принял решение. Под визг покрышек, в снопе искр Беккер резко свернул вправо и съехал с дороги. Колеса мотоцикла подпрыгнули, ударившись о бетонное ограждение, так что он едва сумел сохранить равновесие. Из-под колес взметнулся гравий. Мотоцикл начал подниматься по склону. Колеса неистово вращались на рыхлой земле. Маломощный двигатель отчаянно выл, стараясь одолеть подъем. Беккер выжал из него все, что мог, и отчаянно боялся, что мотоцикл заглохнет в любую минуту.
Нельзя было даже оглянуться: такси остановится в любой момент и снова начнется стрельба. Однако выстрелов не последовало.
- Итак, даже в самых экстремальных условиях самый длинный шифр продержался в ТРАНСТЕКСТЕ около трех часов. - Да. Более или менее так, - кивнула Сьюзан. Стратмор замолчал, словно боясь сказать что-то, о чем ему придется пожалеть. Наконец он поднял голову: - ТРАНСТЕКСТ наткнулся на нечто непостижимое. - Он опять замолчал.
How Does Carbon Dating Work
Сьюзан побледнела: - Что. - Это рекламный ход. Не стоит волноваться. Копия, которую он разместил, зашифрована. Ее можно скачать, но нельзя открыть. Очень хитро придумано. Ключ к Цифровой крепости зашифрован и недоступен.
Успокойтесь, Джабба, - приказал директор, - и доложите ситуацию. Насколько опасен вирус. Джабба пристально посмотрел на директора и вдруг разразился смехом. - Вирус? - Его грубый хохот разнесся по подземелью. - Так вы считаете, что это вирус. Фонтейн оставался невозмутимым. Грубость Джаббы была недопустима, но директор понимал, что сейчас не время и не место углубляться в вопросы служебной этики.
Бринкерхофф пожал плечами и подошел к окну. - Электроснабжение уже наверняка восстановили. - Он открыл жалюзи. - Все еще темно? - спросила Мидж. Но Бринкерхофф не ответил, лишившись дара речи. То, что он увидел, невозможно было себе представить.
Хейл пожал плечами: - Зато он не имеет ничего против твоего присутствия. Тебе он всегда рад. Сьюзан заставила себя промолчать. Хейл хмыкнул себе под нос и убрал упаковку тофу. Затем взял бутылку оливкового масла и прямо из горлышка отпил несколько глотков. Он считал себя большим знатоком всего, что способствовало укреплению здоровья, и утверждал, что оливковое масло очищает кишечник.
Он вечно навязывал что-то коллегам, например морковный сок, и убеждал их, что нет ничего важнее безукоризненного состояния кишечника.Radiometric or Absolute Rock Dating | physics |
https://www.marlowfm.co.uk/news/2019/3/17/spring-forward | 2019-07-23T00:27:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528635.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723002417-20190723024417-00164.warc.gz | 0.947198 | 283 | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__17227669 | en | It's Officially Spring!!!
It’s official, today is the first day of Spring and it’s also the International Day of Happiness. For the Northern Hemisphere, the spring equinox is the moment when winter ends and spring begins.
In the Northern Hemisphere the spring equinox occurs every year between March 19 and March 21. This year it’s the 20th. However the clocks don’t spring forward until 31st March.
What causes the seasons?
While day and night are caused by the Earth spinning every 24 hours, the seasons are due to our year-long orbit around the Sun.
The Earth's axis of rotation (a line through the centre from pole to pole) is tilted by 23.5 degrees from the plane of orbit.
It means for half the year the northern hemisphere gets more daylight than the south, and it is the other way round for the rest of year.
In our summer months, the north of the planet is tilted towards the Sun, which appears high in the sky, and the days are long.
In winter we are angled away from the Sun. Days are short and the Sun appears low in the sky.
In spring and autumn, the tilt is sideways to the direction of sunlight.
The amount of sunlight reaching our part of the globe affects the weather we get at different times of year. | physics |
https://nursingawareness.com/message.php?id=37 | 2021-05-13T17:39:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991943.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513173321-20210513203321-00455.warc.gz | 0.905018 | 1,048 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__177228244 | en | Errors of Refraction
The eye with normal refractive power is called emmetropic eye and the condition is called emmetropia.
Ametropia is of two types: -
Myopia or Short Sightedness-
Myopia is the eye defect characterized by the inability to see the distant object. It is otherwise called short sightedness because the person can see near objects clearly but not the distant objects.
- In myopia, the refractive power of lens is usually normal. But, the anteroposterior diameter of the eyeball is abnormally long.
- Therefore, the image is brought to focus a little in front of retina. Light rays, after coming to a focus, disperse again so, a blurred image is formed upon retina.
The myopic eye is corrected by using a biconcave lens. Light rays are diverged by the concave lens before entering the eye.
Hypermetropia or Long Sightedness-
Hypermetropia is the eye defect characterized by the inability to see near object. It is otherwise known as long sightedness because the person can see the distant objects clearly but not the near objects. It is also called hyperopia.
- Hypermetropia is due to decreased anteroposterior diameter of the eyeball. So, even though the refractive power of lens is normal,
- the light rays are not converged enough to form a clear image on retina, i.e. the light rays are brought to a focus behind retina.
- It causes a blurred image of near objects. Hypermetropia occurs in childhood, if the eyeballs fail to develop the correct size. It is common in old age also.
Hypermetropia is corrected by using biconvex lens.
|Type of error||Cause||Correction|
|Myopia||Increase in anteroposterior diameter of the eyebal||Biconcave lens|
|Anisometropia||Difference in refractive power of both eyes
||Separate lens (biconcave or biconvex) for each eye as required
|Astigmatism||Refractory power of lens is different in different meridians||Cylindrical lens|
|A-Regular astigmatism||Refractory power of lens is unequal in different meridians but uniform in one single meridian||Cylindrical lens|
|B-Irregular astigmatism||Refractory power of lens is unequal in different meridians as well as in different points in same meridian||Cylindrical lens|
|Presbyopia||Loss of elasticity in lens and weakness of ocular muscles due to old age||Biconvex lens|
|Hypermetropia||Decrease in anteroposterior diameter of the eyebal||
Astigmatism is the condition in which light rays are not brought to a sharp point upon retina. It is the common optical defect. This defect is present in all eyes. When it is moderate, it is known as physiological astigmatism.
- Light rays pass through all meridians of a lens. In a normal eye, lens has approximately same curvature in all meridians. So, the light rays are refracted almost equally in all meridians and brought to a focus.
- If the curvature is different in different meridians, vertical, horizontal and oblique, the refractive power is also different in different meridians.
- The meridian with greater curvature refracts the light rays more strongly than the other meridians. So, these light rays are brought to a focus in front of the light rays, which pass through other meridians. Such irregularity of curvature of lens causes astigmatism.
Astigmatism is of two types:
1. Regular astigmatism
2. Irregular astigmatism.
1. Regular Astigmatism -In regular type of astigmatism, the refractive power is unequal in different meridians because of alteration of curvature in one meridian. But, it is uniform in all points throughout the affected meridian.
2. Irregular Astigmatism-In irregular type of astigmatism, the refractive power is unequal not only in different meridians, but it is also unequal in different points of same meridian.
Astigmatism is corrected by using cylindrical glass lens having the convexity in the meridians.
Presbyopia is the condition characterized by progressive diminished ability of eyes to focus on near objects with age. It is due to the gradual reduction in the amplitude of accommodation.
- Decreased elasticity of lens is because of the physical changes in lens and its capsule during old age. So, the anterior curvature is not increased during near vision.
- Decreased convergence of eyeballs due to the concomitant weakness of ocular muscles in old age.
Presbyopia is corrected by using biconvex lens. | physics |
https://www.heinzfamily.org/pages/mildred-dresselhaus | 2024-02-29T06:35:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474784.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229035411-20240229065411-00362.warc.gz | 0.960007 | 591 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__152813906 | en | Photo: Jim Harrison
Technology, the Economy & Employment
11th Heinz Awards - 2005
Mildred Dresselhaus received the 11th Heinz Award for Technology, the Economy and Employment for a body of scientific scholarship that has advanced the world’s understanding of the multi-faceted field of carbon science and blazed a trail of opportunity and inspiration for women in science.
A Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) professor and researcher for more than four decades, Dr. Dresselhaus’ work has kept the United States on the cutting edge of nanostructures and other technologies. Well-known for her scientific contributions, she is revered for her leadership in championing a more prominent role for women in the sciences - a position that has yielded significant strides during her career.
Following her doctoral work at the University of Chicago, she focused her initial research on solid state physics and superconductivity. In 1960 she and her husband, physicist Gene Dresselhaus, moved to the Lincoln Laboratory at MIT, where they remained for seven years, after which she joined the MIT faculty. Currently an Institute Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering, she has trained more than 60 graduate students.
Dr. Dresselhaus is one of the foremost experts in the study of carbon science worldwide. Her investigations into the electronic properties of graphite, the structure and properties of novel forms of carbon, thermo-electricity and the new physics at the nanometer scale have significantly advanced these fields. She has lectured around the world, written extensively about her research and served in prominent leadership roles, including director of the Office of Science at the U.S. Department of Energy in the Clinton administration, president of the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, among other high-profile posts.
The mother of four, Dr. Dresselhaus faced unique challenges in the workplace, which perhaps provided the inspiration to assist other women to pursue scientific careers. In 1970, she co-founded the Women’s Forum at MIT and received a Carnegie Foundation grant to encourage women’s study of traditionally male-dominated fields, such as physics and engineering. In 1973, she became the Abby Rockefeller Mauze chair, endowed in support of the scholarship of women in science and engineering. When Dr. Dresselhaus arrived at MIT in 1960, women comprised just 4% of the undergraduate student population; the percentage of women today tops 40%.
A researcher who unlocked scientific mysteries and opened the door of opportunity for countless women, Dr. Mildred Dresselhaus is as respected as she is beloved. She has served as a mentor and role model to many young scientists, and through this legacy, her contributions to science will endure for many generations to come.
Note: This profile was written at the time of the awards’ presentation.
Mildred Dresselhaus passed away on February 20, 2017. | physics |
https://www.elegant-horizon.eu/generalized-automated-tool-for-analysis-and-design-of-multiphase-coupled-inductor-buck-converters/ | 2023-12-08T02:46:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00154.warc.gz | 0.889868 | 269 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__258557982 | en | Generalized Automated Tool for Analysis and Design of Multiphase Coupled Inductor Buck Converters
Generalized Automated Tool for Analysis and Design of Multiphase Coupled Inductor Buck Converter, written by Rana Asad Ali, Mahmoud Shousha and Martin Haug, published on IEEE website, 17 October 2022, 2022 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications
This paper presents the implementation and validation of a tool for analyzing multi-phase coupled inductor buck converters. In this type of converter, the equivalent inductance seen by each phase changes significantly within one switching cycle and the number of equivalent inductances increases significantly as the number of phases increase. The manual analysis of these converters is prone to errors and using available simulation tools does not result in a symbolic closed-form solution for the equivalent inductance versus the number of phases. The proposed tool not only considers the coupled inductor design with symmetric inductances and coupling coefficients but also the asymmetric design parameters. Moreover, the possibility of specifying the winding directions of the coupled inductor makes it more suitable for practical applications. The tool is benchmarked against simulation and experimental setup by designing three winding symmetric and asymmetric coupled inductors for three phase buck converters. The tool has an error ranging from 0.0288% to 4.661%. | physics |
https://www.moodyheatingandair.com/blog/heating-service/choose-a-radiant-heating-system-this-winter/ | 2020-07-15T17:00:34 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657170639.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715164155-20200715194155-00314.warc.gz | 0.957315 | 603 | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__82382332 | en | We all know about the ever-famous forced-air system: heck, furnaces are by far the most popular home heating system in the country! But, did you know that there’s another type of heating system that is just as efficient and effective, and better yet, much more durable? Yes, that’s right: we’re talking about radiant heating systems!
See, there are plenty of reasons to consider installing a radiant heating system and below, we have outlined some of these reasons. Call our team for all things heating in Acworth, GA.
So, how do radiant heating systems work?
A radiant heating system distributes heat using a vast network of electrical coils. The central unit produces the electricity, which it then sends throughout the home using these coils. The coils are installed in the walls or subfloor of each room in the house. As electricity flows through these coils, much of the energy from the current is thrown off as heat. This heat radiates through the walls and floor to heat the room. The thermal energy is transferred directly from object to object, keeping the heat near the floor of the room.
But perhaps the most popular, and most effective, way to heat a home with a radiant heating system is with water. With this method, water is heated by a boiler and is then circulated around tubing installed beneath the floors of the home. The heat from the water warms the floor, and the heat then transfers upward.
Wondering why you should install a radiant heating system? Take a look at a few of the reasons:
- Efficiency – Forced-air heaters are not as efficient as radiant heating systems. Air does not retain heat as well as water does, and issues such as leaking ductwork further affect efficiency—and not for the better!
- Comfort – Hot air from a forced-air heating system will naturally rise, and that can be an issue. The heat can get trapped up at the ceiling, leaving the lower areas in the home cooler. This is especially problematic in homes with high ceilings. Radiant in-floor heating can keep you more comfortable.
- Longevity – Boilers and radiant heating distribution systems have fewer moving parts than furnaces. That means that there is less that can potentially go wrong. When you choose a radiant heating system, you are going to get a great return on your initial investment.
Want One? Call a Professional
If you are interested in having a radiant heating system installed in your home, do not hesitate to contact a certified HVAC professional for help. Trust us, only a professional has the tools, knowledge, and expertise to match you with the system that is going to best meet your unique comfort and budget needs–you do not want to trust a job like this to just any amateur.
To schedule your heating installation services, or to learn more about the benefits of using radiant heating, contact the team at Moody Heating and Air Conditioning. | physics |
https://www.dicardiology.com/product/nec-expands-lineup-displays-medical-imaging-two-new-213-inch-lcd-modules | 2019-07-16T04:10:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524502.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716035206-20190716061206-00004.warc.gz | 0.81616 | 367 | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__83318783 | en | NEC Electronics America Inc. introduced two new color, 21.3-inch diagonal amorphous-silicon thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid-crystal display (LCD) modules for medical imaging applications.
The new display modules represent the first application of NEC LCD Technologies' advanced, super-fine TFT (UA-SFT) display technology in a 21.3-inch LCD. Combined with NEC LCD Technologies' newly designed high-intensity direct-backlight system, the modules achieve very high luminance levels, high contrast ratios, high brightness uniformity and ultra-wide viewing angles.
The new LCD modules deliver high luminance levels for their respective resolutions. The NL160120AC27-20 module features ultra-extended graphics array (UXGA) resolution and a brightness level of 950 candelas while the NL204153AC21-09 module has higher-density quad-extended graphics array (QXGA) resolution and a brightness level of 800 candelas
With UA-SFT technology, the new modules achieve a 20 percent improvement in light transmittance compared to modules based on super-advanced, super-fine TFT (SA-SFT) technology. Both modules also support monochrome image interpretation as a result of their precise reproduction of grayscale images.
The company says enhanced panel design combined with UA-SFT technology help prevent light leakage and image and color distortion, thereby improving viewability of the display from almost any angle. As a result, the NL160120AC27-20 and NL204153AC21-09 modules achieve high contrast ratios of 800:1 and 750:1, respectively. The panel design also inhibits the "washed-out black" phenomenon that occurs when the viewing angle is enlarged. | physics |
https://jomocart.com/2023/03/20/low-cost-synthesis-of-silicon-carbide-and-silicon-nitride/ | 2024-02-21T15:11:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473518.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221134259-20240221164259-00059.warc.gz | 0.911187 | 1,009 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__92351302 | en | Among present day fired materials, silicon carbide (SiC) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) are effectively being utilized in a few cutting edge applications. SiC offers a helpful blend of mechanical properties. It is broadly utilized as abrasives and primary material. Its high hardness, synthetic inactivity, protection from scraped spot and oxidation at temperatures over the dissolving point of steel qualify it for use under seriously high temperature administration conditions, for example, seals and valves, rocket spouts and wire bites the dust and so on. Its applications as orientation and expulsion passes on use its great wear and disintegration obstruction. Warm and crawl opposition properties of SiC find its purposes in high temperature hardware and intensity exchanger tubes. Warming components are likewise made of SiC. They can create temperatures up to 1650 °C and offer calculable life under air or latent media. In any case, any contact with silicon carbide heating elements manufacturer or hydrocarbon gases can unfavorably influence their age.
Silicon nitride has similarly lower oxidation opposition and higher warm conductivity than SiC. Significant uses of silicon nitride are as car and gas turbine motor parts. It has high strength, break durability and hard-headedness which are required properties for metal balls, against contact rollers. It performs astoundingly when presented to liquid metal as well as slag.
A consolidated type of silicon carbide and nitride has been created as silicon carbide grains fortified in silicon nitride grid. This Si3N4-reinforced silicon carbide is utilized for a few basic applications where extremely high warm shock obstruction is required. For example, specifically instance of fire out motor turn over up, temperature comes to from encompassing to 1600 °C in couple of moments followed by a sudden decrement to 900 °C in under one moment. Si3N4-reinforced silicon carbide only perseveres through these circumstances.
Conventional techniques to create these clay materials are energy escalated and subsequently costly. For instance, the Acheson interaction, which is the most broadly adjusted technique to deliver business level SiC, basically takes 6 – 12 kWh to yield one kg of SiC. A modest technique, that utilizations minimal expense agro-modern side-effect, is the pyrolysis of rice husks, first did by Lee and Cutler in 1975. From that point forward numerous analysts have examined and utilized different cycle courses and changes to acquire silicon carbide as well as silicon nitride, either in particulate or in hair structure, from rice husks.
Morphological examinations on RH uncover that micron size silica particles are disseminated in cellulosic part of RH. At the point when these silica particles are made to respond with carbon in biomass part of RH under unambiguous trial conditions, silicon carbide can result. In addition, other than silicon carbide, alterations in process component lead to development of a few other economically helpful items, viz. silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride (Si2N2O), super fine silica, and sun based cell grade silicon.
Development of silicon carbide and a few different items can be summed up by following worked on conditions of synthetic responses occurring at higher temperatures:
For silicon carbide:
SiO2 + 2C → SiC + CO2
SiO2 + 3C → SiC + 2CO
2Si + 2CO → 2SiC + O2
For silicon nitride and oxynitride:
3Si + 2N2 → Si3N4
3SiO2 + 6C + 2N2 → Si3N4 + 6CO
3SiO2 + 2N2 → Si3N4 + 3O2
Si3N4 + O2 → Si2N2O + SiN2O
SiN2O + Si → Si2N2O
SiO2 + 2Mg → 2MgO + Si
This metallothermic decrease of unadulterated silica with magnesium (close to 100% unadulterated, as diminishing specialist) happens in a temperature range 500 – 950 °C in Ar air.
In the current work, pummeled RH was exposed to TG (from encompassing to 800 ºC) and crude RH to pyrolysis at higher temperatures (1350 – 1400 ºC) under nitrogen and argon environments. Principal targets incorporate cognizance of warm debasement of RH and union of SiC. Similar examinations on gravimetric thermogrammes and impact of warming rate on warm strength of RH were completed alongside characterisation of items through FT-IR, XRD and optical microscopy. The viable way to deal with get most extreme conceivable yield (for example enhanced creation) was empasised in a straightforward language, in any event, for the people not having logical foundation. | physics |
https://gentraso.blogspot.com/2007/05/survival-of-likeliest.html?showComment=1179737460000 | 2022-10-04T22:49:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337529.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004215917-20221005005917-00472.warc.gz | 0.976767 | 200 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__209918369 | en | There's a feature by me in the current PLoS Biology (and it's free!) on whether natural selection can be explained by the laws of physics, specifically thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. This looks at work of Roderick Dewar on Maximum Entropy Production (MEP), Adrian Bejan's constructal theory, work by Eric Smith at Santa Fe on self-organization and metabolism, and a few other things. The basic idea is that, by looking at the flows of energy and matter, we can predict and quantify the path and results of evolution.
This is something I've been thinking about for a couple of years — I put a bit about it in the first draft of ITBOAH, but took it out, 'cos it wasn't really working. And I wrote a piece for Nature looking at MEP from a more climate- and ecological viewpoint, which didn't go so much into the evolutionary implications. So I'm very glad that this is finally seeing the light of day. | physics |
https://turtlemountaindays.com/spent-fuel-characteristics/ | 2020-01-29T14:26:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00355.warc.gz | 0.938825 | 1,831 | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__6110506 | en | In this module we are going to learn about
spent nuclear fuel safeguards. So then the first question is “what is spent nuclear fuel?”
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) defines spent nuclear fuel as: “nuclear fuel
elements that have been used at nuclear reactors, but that are no longer capable of economically
sustaining a nuclear reaction.” However a more general or common definition is: “any
nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a nuclear reactor and subsequently removed.”
Alright so let’s start with some general physical characteristics of nuclear fuel assemblies.
We will start with a pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel assembly. On the bottom here we
see an illustration of PWR assembly with all the sub components that are in it. On the
very bottom in the right corner we start with a fuel pellet, and that is placed in a fuel
rod, then the fuel rods are arranged in a square lattice that goes into the fuel assembly.
You also see in the center there the control rods that are centrally located within the
fuel assembly that is actually a control rod assembly cluster. The manifold on the top
that slides down the center of the different positions of the fuel assembly. In the upper
corner there, you have an actual picture of a fuel assembly (PWR). Next we will take a look at a boiling water
reactor (BWR) fuel assembly. Here we have an illustration with some of the central rods
moved out so you can see within. You see several grid plates in the fuel rods moving down.
There are no control or guide rods within these BWR assemblies, control in a BWR is
done with an external control rod or control assembly that goes between the fuel assemblies.
The next image is a Russian fuel assembly, known as the VVER (water water energetic reaction)
that has to do with water moderation and water cooling of a nuclear reactor. Here you can
see the hexagonal fuel design, with the fuel pins with the guide tubes in the central area
there. So now let’s take a look at more of the specific
physical characteristics of nuclear fuel assemblies. In the table on the left we have, first column
is the physical characteristic of interest. The next columns is for a PWR, a BWR, and
a fast breeder reactor (not pictured in previous slides). The table lists properties of the
cladding, the initial enrichment, fuel type, as well as the lattice arrangement and how
many fuel rods are in each assembly. On the right we have illustrations of these lattice
arrays. On top is a PWR, you can see it is about 21.5 cm on each side. It also lists
the fuel rod positions and the guide tube locations. In the BWR below that illustration,
you can see that a BWR is about 13.5 cm on each side. Then for the fast breeder reactor,
with the hexagonal lattice array, and that is about 10.8 cm across. So next let us talk about spent nuclear fuel
operation characteristics. What we will go through is the irradiation history, spent
fuel burnup, initial enrichment, and cooling time. All of these factor into the operation
characteristics of a spent nuclear fuel assembly. So what happens to a fuel assembly during
reactor operation? What we have in front of us is a grid layout of a nuclear reactor core.
To begin reactor operation, fuel assemblies are loaded at each one of these square positions
within the core, and then the reactor is started. You’ll notice on this map, that as the reactor
is operated the different colors will change from blue to red (red indicates more power
and more neutrons). So during the course of reactor operation, the reactor is turned on
and the assembly produces power and neutrons. Then it is turned off after a cycle of irradiation.
The fuel assemblies are lifted out, rearranged to optimize performance, and put back in to
start irradiation again for another cycle. Then perhaps that cycle ends, the fuel assemblies
come out of the reactor again, rearranged one more time, and get another cycle of irradiation.
You’ll notice that during the operation, different fuel assembly positions experience greater
power then others. The power experienced by a fuel assembly, is not necessarily constant
between different cycles. It can go up, some assemblies get a much higher irradiation with
higher power (more neutrons), while others experience less power produced during the
course of operation. So the operational parameters that we are going to discuss, describe these
different irradiation histories that a fuel assembly experiences. So irradiation history is a record of the
specific power or energy released from the nuclear fuel as a function of time. So on
this slide we have two figures describing different irradiation histories. On the left
we have a single cycle with constant power, that has a specific power of 35 watts per
gram with irradiation for 1000 days. The second figure shows a three cycle constant power
(per cycle) irradiation history. The first and third cycles both have a specific power
of 70 watts per gram, while the second cycle has a specific power of 17.5 watts per gram.
We have also inserted two, 20 day shutdowns between cycles. Now these are just examples,
irradiation histories for actual nuclear fuel assemblies may be more complicated than this.
They may increase or not be constant during the individual cycle, so these are just examples
that illustrate the concept of irradiation history. Next concept that we will talk about is burnup.
Irradiation history and burnup are related. Burnup is the total energy extracted from
the nuclear fuel. So this is simply the integral of the irradiation history, which is the area
under the curve here. Of course, since that curve is just a simple rectangle, we know
that that is just the length of the rectangle (1000 days) times the height (30 watts per
gram), which equals 35000 MWD/MT uranium, which is the standard unit of measure for
burnup. If we take a look at a second irradiation history, we have 1200 days and 20 watts per
gram, so multiply those together and we get a burnup of 60000 MWD/MT uranium. So one thing
we should point out is that burnup is not necessarily unique to a specific irradiation
history. On the left we have two figures here containing different irradiation histories.
The first case in the blue is from before (35 watts per gram, 1000 day irradiation).
The green is twice that, at 70 watts per gram for 500 days. The pink there is half of case
one’s specific power, at 17.5 watts per gram for 2000 days. On the bottom figure we have
a forth case that operates at 35 watts per gram for total irradiation of 1000 days, but
we also inserted two 20 day shutdowns in-between there. What you see though when you look at
the burnup, is that the burnup for these different irradiation histories are all the same. We’ll
point out that the units on this burnup are different, they are now GWD/MT. You can see
burnup reported as both, MWD/MT and GWD/MT as shown in the previous figure. Again, burnup
is not necessarily unique for these four irradiation histories which are all different (same burnup). Another thing we want to consider for operational
characteristics is the initial enrichment. Now we also talked about initial enrichment
during the physical characteristics of fresh fuel assemblies, but it also impacts the operation.
Specifically it impacts the potential final burnup. The more fissile content, whether
that is 235U or 239Pu (MOX fuel assemble, meaning both uranium and plutonium are in
the fuel assembly to begin), the higher burnup you can operate to and the more energy you
can get out of the fuel. So initial enrichment is an important thing to consider for the
operational characteristics of a spent fuel assembly. Finally, we want to talk about the cooling
time. Cooling time is simply the amount of time after the final irradiation of the spent
fuel assembly. So here we have a figure of the irradiation history. We see that it what
operated at 35 watts per gram, with two shutdowns during operation, and then after the final
irradiation ends the cooling time (noted by the blue line). Typically, the spent fuel
sits in the spent fuel pool where it is allowed to cool, but this may also include time the
spent fuel assembly has been placed into dry storage. | physics |
https://kmtindustrial.com/high-flame-retardant-pvc-sheath-compound-for-power-cable-1/ | 2021-12-05T11:35:02 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363157.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205100135-20211205130135-00192.warc.gz | 0.833921 | 825 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__16323602 | en | This passage introduces the effect of different flame retardants to the properties of PVC sheath compound.
1.1 Raw material
PVC resin, DOTP, ESO, Calcium zinc stabilizer, lubricant, processing agent, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, zinc borate, antimony trioxide, ammonium octamolybdate, Zinc Stannate.
Open rubber mixing machine, plate vulcanizing machine, Universal tension machine, Electronic precision balance, oxygen indexer, cone calorimeter, Smoke density meter
1.3 Experiment procedures
Dosing–> mixing–> plasticizing–>Tablet sample preparation–>cutting and prepare the sample–>performance test
2. Result and discussion
2.1 the effect of different flame retardants to the properties of PVC sheath compound.
- Influence of different amount of magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide on material properties
As the most commonly used halogen-free flame retardant, magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide has advantages like: stable, nontoxic, low corrosive, smoke suppression, competitive price…, and the decomposition temperature of MDH is 340℃ which is about 100℃ higher than the ATH, and the smoke suppression performance of MDH is also better than ATH. Below chart shows the influence of different amount of magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide on material properties.
Chart 1 Influence of different magnesium hydroxide amount on material properties
|MDH||Tensile strength (MPa)||Elongation at break (%)||Oxygen Index (%)||Density (g/cm3)|
Chart 2 Influence of different aluminum hydroxide amount on material properties
|ATH||Tensile strength (MPa)||Elongation at break (%)||Oxygen Index (%)||Density (g/cm3)|
From above charts we can see that adding the amount if MDH/ATH, the density of PVC compound shall increase, tensile strength and elongation at break decrease. Also, when adding same amount of MDH/ATH, PVC compound with MDH has better mechanical performance than that with ATH.
We can also see that the oxygen index of PVC compound also increases slightly when adding MDH/ATH, but there is also study shows that by decrease the particle sizes of MDH/ATH, or do surface modification could decrease MDH/ATH influence on PVC compound properties, and also improve the flame retardant performance.
certain extent when the amount of zinc borate was increased. At the same time, it can be seen from the change of oxygen index of PVC material that zinc borate material can improve the oxygen index of PVC, but when the amount is greater than 12, the oxygen index of PVC material does not increase significantly. In addition, the effect of zinc stannate on mechanical properties of PVC material is consistent with that of zinc borate. What’s different is that the oxygen index is keeping increase with the adding of zinc stannate. | physics |
https://sunedisoninfra.com/blog/half-cut-solar-module-an-overview/ | 2022-05-23T19:50:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662561747.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523194013-20220523224013-00291.warc.gz | 0.909758 | 1,758 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__53798623 | en | The government aims to switch to the renewable sector, and solar energy proves to be the most efficient and reliable energy source.
With the increasing solar energy adoption, researchers are striving hard to develop a technology that offers enhanced efficiency at a moderate cost. The half-cut solar cell is an enhanced and efficient version of the traditional silicon-based full solar cell, which results in more power and energy generation from the same roof area.
In this article, we’ve defined the half-cut solar cell in detail. By the end of this article, we hope to give you a detailed understanding of the half-cut solar cell, its benefits and challenges.
According to the International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic (ITRPV) forecast, the market for half-cut solar technology will rapidly grow from 2% in 2016 to 40% by 2028.
What is a half-cut solar cell?
Half cut solar cell or twin solar cell is a conventional solar cell divided into two halves using laser technology to increase durability and efficiency compared to the traditional full-solar cell. For example, a conventional solar panel with 60/72 solar cells will come with 120/144 half-cut solar cells, thus improving the power output capacity and durability.
Half-cut solar cells are available as monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar cells.
Monocrystalline half-cut panels are preferred since the efficiency improvement due to monocrystalline technology and half-cut technology stacks up.
Benefits of switching to a half-cut solar cell:
- Reduced Losses– The resistive losses in a half-cut solar cell is reduced compared to the traditional solar cells(Resistive losses are generated during conversion of solar energy into electrical energy by solar cells).
In the half-cut solar technology, the cell is divided into halves which reduces the current generating capacity by each cell by half, thus reducing the power loss.
Where, P- Power
I – Current(Amp)
R – Resistance(Ohm)
The decrease in the current-carrying capacity results in the reduction of power losses.
The reduction in power loss increases the fill factor(The ratio of maximum obtainable power output to the product of open-circuit voltage and short circuit current), thus improving the output efficiency of the solar panel.
2. More tolerance for shading: The half-cut solar cells are more resistant to the effect of shade on the panels than the conventional full solar cell. In conventional full cell solar technology, solar cells are wired together in a series combination. In this scheme, even if one cell gets shaded or damaged, the entire row within that particular series wiring stops operating.
In full cell technology, to achieve 30V, 60 solar cells each operating at 0.5V are connected in series.
In the case of half-cut solar technology, the number of solar cells is doubled i.e. instead of 60, 120 solar cells are required.
If 120 solar cells with each operating at 0.5V are connected in series, then the solar panel will operate at 120* 0.5V= 60V, which is double the required voltage. To make half-cut solar cells operate as the standard solar cell they are wired differently.
In this technology, two sets of 60 series-connected solar cells each operating at 30V are connected in parallel(As in parallel the voltage remains constant). This scheme results in improved shading tolerance, as even if one cell gets shaded or damaged the other part will still operate at its optimum.
3. Space requirement: The power generation capacity is increased in half cut solar cells as compared to conventional solar cells. This enhanced power output results in a reduced number of solar cells, thus saving the space required for installation.
Half-cut solar cell technology proves to be a good alternative for residential, commercial and industrial locations with limited space.
How do half-cut solar cells prove to be more efficient?
The half-cut solar cell is a modified version of the conventional full solar cell; it comes with cutting edge technology to boost the efficiency and robustness of the solar panel.
The following technique is used to enhance the efficiency and durability of the half-cut solar cell:
- Increased number of busbars
- Split junction box design
- Cell passivation technology
- Increased number of busbars:
The solar cells are metallized with thin strips on the back and front of the solar panel called busbars. The main purpose of the busbar is to connect the solar cell and to facilitate the flow of DC current.
Traditionally, solar panel systems consisted of 2 busbars, but with the growing technology, the count is increased to 5 or 9 busbars to achieve higher energy efficiency.
The increase in the number of busbars offers advantages such as:
- The distance required by the electrons to reach the ribbons is reduced, thus facilitating the improved flow of current.
- The reduced distance offers reduced internal resistance, thus improving cell efficiency and durability.
2. Split junction box:
The other innovative factor in half-cut solar cells is the split/dual junction box. A junction box is a single unit consisting of a bypass diode for connecting the solar panel to the rest of the system.
The split cell technology is an innovative technology designed to enhance the voltage by reducing the size of the solar cell.
As the name suggests in the split cell technology, the junction box is divided into three different boxes, with each box consisting of a bypass diode and an internal string.
Split cell technology offers the following advantages compared to traditional technology:
- Less metallization(metal coating): This helps in reducing internal resistance, thus facilitating the flow of current and ultimately saving space. (The amount of module required to generate the energy is reduced, thus resulting in space-saving)
- Increased efficiency: The space saved while installing solar cells is utilised to increase the spatial distance between the cells. This design results in an increased internal reflection of light from the back sheet into the cell surface, thus facilitating more power generation.
- Reduced operating temperature: The cooler temperature results in increased cell efficiency and reliability.
3. Cell passivation technology:
The other factor aiding the improvement of efficiency of half-cut solar cells is the “passivation technology”. Passivation is the term used for coating a unique dielectric layer on the backside above the aluminium metallization layer of the cell.
A cell cannot capture and absorb all the solar radiation, the PERC(Passivated Emitter Rear Cell) layer helps in capturing the reflected solar radiation and producing the energy even under low light conditions
It also helps in keeping the cell temperature low by minimizing the recombination of atoms.
The main two challenges faced while moving from full cell to half-cell manufacturing are:
1. Laser Cutting: Half cut solar cells are mostly PERC (passivated emitter and rear cell), these cells are fragile and hence laser cutting these cells into two halves is a quite delicate process, it requires more well-versed precise equipment.
2. Stringing Process: Stringing is the process of placing the busbars on each half-cut cell. During the manufacturing of half-cut solar cells, the stringing process adds costs to the panel production process.
Half cut solar cell is undoubtedly an advanced version over the conventional solar cell concerning the shading tolerance and enhanced efficiency.
Monocrystalline half-cut solar panels are preferred at a location with the following condition due to the following advantages:
- Roofs with space constraints: The monocrystalline half-cut solar technology offers improved efficiency and panel capacity with a marginal increase in the number of solar panels.
For example, If 330Wp capacity solar panel (9 modules) were able to generate 3kWp power, then the monocrystalline PERC half-cut solar panel, with 445Wp (9 modules) can generate a 4kWp within the same space(i.e. Up to 30% extra generation capacity).
- Shadow risk: Rooftop surrounded by trees or tanks causing partial shadow for a few hours in the day.
If you are still not sure which solar technology suits your location and requirement, don’t worry contact us. We at SunEdison, will guide you through all your queries and provide you with the best possible design solution to maximize energy generation from your roof. | physics |
https://www.bemorail.com/portfolio-item/elastic-pad/ | 2021-09-20T16:59:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057083.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920161518-20210920191518-00397.warc.gz | 0.730186 | 470 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__176522240 | en | Elastic pad, manufactured from ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, is mounted between the rail foot and the steel sole plate.
The most important functions of elastic pad are:
- Distribution of the load over a larger surface.
- Elimination of point load and the fatigue ensuing from it.
- Absorption of contact inequalities between the rail and the supporting constructions.
- Reduction of noise and vibration.
- Reduction of wear of the rail and the sole plate.
Thanks to a better distribution of pressure using the elastic pad is economically advantageous when determining the sizes of the support for the crane track. Moreover one may expect a load reduction for the supporting construction of at least 25% (DIN 4132 and CTICM recommendations).
Because of the excellent quality and our favourable experience Bemo Rail uses the following types:
-14003: For standard applications.
-07002: For heavy rail constructions (for greater tensile strength: see rail table on pages 10 and 11).
Length: 12 metres on roll.
Width: Any desired width.
Thickness: 6 mm.
In any desired size. Two sides can be provided with rubber noses.
Standard thickness: 6 mm. Other thickness possible.
|MFI (@190gr C; 2,16 kg)||3||2||g/10min||ISO 1133|
|Density (@20 gr C)||0,934||0,925||g/cm3||DIN EN iso 183-1|
|Vicat-softening-temperature||65||72||gr C||ISO 306 Method A|
|Hardness Shore A||91||95||ISO 868|
|Hardness Shore D||35||42||ISO 868|
|Strength (@50% elongation)||4,3||6||Mpa||ISO 527|
|Tensile strength||19||17||Mpa||ISO 527|
|Elongation (@break)||>750||>700||%||ISO 527|
|Processing recommendation||100-150||100-150||gr C|
Bemo Rail also supplies elastic pad with steel inlay type MKVII and MK6 | physics |
https://www.astro.physik.uni-potsdam.de/~www/research/abstracts/kretschmar-iau329.html | 2023-06-09T15:51:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656737.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609132648-20230609162648-00184.warc.gz | 0.717846 | 272 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__247977736 | en | Stellar Winds in Massive X-ray Binaries
Peter Kretschmar, Silvia Martínez-Núñez, Enrico Bozzo, Lidia M. Oskinova, Joachim Puls, Lara Sidoli, Jon Olof Sundqvist, Pere Blay, Maurizio Falanga, Felix Fürst, Angel Gímenez-García, Ingo Kreykenbohm, Matthias Kühnel, Andreas Sander, José Miguel Torrejón, Jörn Wilms, Philipp Podsiadlowski, Antonios Manousakis
Strong winds from massive stars are a topic of interest to a wide range of astrophysical fields. In High-Mass X-ray Binaries the presence of an accreting compact object on the one side allows to infer wind parameters from studies of the varying properties of the emitted X-rays; but on the other side the accretor's gravity and ionizing radiation can strongly influence the wind flow. Based on a collaborative effort of astronomers both from the stellar wind and the X-ray community, this presentation attempts to review our current state of knowledge and indicate avenues for future progress.
Preprint (kretschmar-iau329.pdf, 300kB)
Back to publication list | physics |
https://researchportal.lih.lu/en/publications/scalable-synthesis-of-ultrasmall-metal-oxide-radio-enhancers-outp | 2023-12-07T09:37:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100651.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207090036-20231207120036-00123.warc.gz | 0.877001 | 383 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__123600522 | en | Nanoparticle-based radio-enhancement has the potential to improve cancer cell eradication by augmenting the photoelectric cross-section of targeted cancer cells relative to the healthy surroundings. Encouraging results have been reported for various nanomaterials, including gold and hafnia. However, the lack of scalable synthesis methods and comparative studies is prohibitive to rationalized material design and hampers translation of this promising cancer management strategy. Here, we present a scalable (>100 g day-1) and sterile alternative to conventional batch synthesis of group IV metal oxides (TiO2, ZrO2, and HfO2), which yields near-monodisperse ultrasmall metal oxide nanoparticles with radio-enhancement properties. Access to group IV oxide nanoparticles, which solely differ in atomic number but otherwise exhibit comparable morphologies, sizes, and surface chemistries, enables the direct comparison of their radio-enhancement properties to rationally guide material selection for optimal radio-enhancement performance. We show that the metal oxide nanoparticles exhibit atomic-number-dependent radio-enhancement in cancer cells (HT1080 and HeLa), which is attenuated to baseline levels in normal fibroblasts (normal human dermal fibroblasts). The observed radio-enhancement effects show excellent agreement with physical dose enhancement and nanoparticle dosimetry calculations. Direct benchmarking against gold nanoparticles, the current gold standard in the field, rationalizes the use of hafnia nanoparticles based on their radio-enhancement performance, which is superior to equi-sized gold nanoparticles. Taken together, the competitive radio-enhancement properties for near-monodisperse nanoparticles produced by scalable and sterile flame spray synthesis offer a route to overcoming key roadblocks in the translation of nanoparticle-based radio-enhancers. | physics |
http://www.harley-davidson.com/content/h-d/ko_KR/home/museum/articles-listings/hd-history/march131937.html | 2017-04-24T09:56:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119225.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00289-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.962359 | 145 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__309945686 | en | On March 13, 1937, Joe Petrali set a land speed record of 136.183 miles per hour at Daytona. He rode a blue 1936 EL equipped with a 61 cubic inch Knucklehead engine that was specially designed for the attempt. It featured low-slung handlebars, a fairing made from a cut and reshaped gas tank, and a rear tail fin assembly for aerodynamics. The tail fin had to be removed for the official attempt, though, because of the vibration it caused. This race marked the beginning of Harley-Davidson’s pursuit of land speed records. Since then, Harley-Davidson has built a variety of vehicles that have broken several different classes of land speed records. | physics |
https://www.heidenhain.gr/el_GR/news/news-single-view/news/ultra-precise-positioning-of-europes-largest-telescope-by-heidenhain/ | 2024-04-15T21:58:06 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817033.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415205332-20240415235332-00036.warc.gz | 0.906754 | 424 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__33261966 | en | After seven years of construction, the largest optical telescope in the northern hemisphere, the Gran Telescopio Canarias on La Palma (Grantecan) has begun trial operation. HEIDENHAIN model ERA 780C angle encoders are being used to position the telescope—a solution that has already proven itself in numerous telescope projects. The telescope is rotated about two axes—the elevation (vertical motion) and the azimuth (horizontal motion). In addition, the motion of the earth has to be compensated during the sometimes hour-long observations.
The angle of the azimuth axis is measured over a diameter of about 15 meters, which requires a scale tape with a length of 48.48 meters. 1,212,000 lines with the scale-tape grating period of 40 µm are available for the angular measurement. Thanks to the high quality of the measuring signals, each grating period can be interpolated by a factor of 4,096 to provide 10-nanometer measuring steps for positioning the azimuth axis. This results in an angular resolution of 0.0003 arc seconds. Calibration and compensation of systematic errors bring a system accuracy of 0.06 arc seconds over 13.2°. The scale is installed in a slot about the respective axis of motion and is provided with a suitable number of measuring heads.
The 105 million euro system is now in a test phase lasting one year. The hyperbolic telescope mirror consisting of 36 hexagonal segments will be expanded segment by segment until it reaches the total diameter of 10.4 meters. At the same time, all instruments will be adjusted. When ready for operation, the telescope will focus four million times more accurately than the human eye. It will enable astronomers to detect more details than ever before. The photograph shows the dome that protects the telescope as well as the scanning head and scale of the HEIDENHAIN ERA 780C angle encoder by day and night in any weather. (Copyright: Pictures with courtesy of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias) | physics |
https://rvsnappad.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360027741452-SnapPad-surface-area-calculations | 2022-12-02T20:37:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710916.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202183117-20221202213117-00824.warc.gz | 0.893433 | 593 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__124231407 | en | Curious as to how we calculated the increase in surface area? It’s a snap! Check out this article to see the calculations.
First, most landing feet have a 2” diameter bolt hole (or indent) that doesn’t contact the ground. This is the same diameter as the bolt access hole on all RV SnapPad pads.
The formula to calculate the area of a circle is A = π r² where A is the area of the circle and r is the radius of the circle. A 2” circle, with a 1” radius, therefore has a surface area of 3.14 in².
Calculating the surface area of an octagon is a little trickier. The formula is A = 2 * a² * (1 + √2) where a = e / (1 + √2) (e is the measurement we use for the diameter). (Hint: a much easier solution is to look up a surface area calculator online).
So, for example for our XTRA pad, e (the diameter) is 11”, so a = 11 / (1 + √2) or a = 4.556”
Solving for the surface area of the pad is then A = 2 * 4.556² * (1 + √2) or A = 100.224 in².
We then need to subtract the area that the 2” bolt access hole removes from the pad (3.14 in²) leaving us with 97.1 in² (if we round to one decimal).
Next, we need to calculate the surface area of the original jack foot. In our XTRA example the 11” SnapPad fits on 9” round jack feet, but remember the jack feet also have that 2” diameter bolt hole (or indent) that doesn’t contact the ground. With a radius of 4.5” the surface area would be 63.62 in², minus 3.14 in², for a total surface area of 60.5 in² (if we round to one decimal).
Finally, we need to calculate the percent increase in surface area that the SnapPad provides. To do this we first need to find out how much bigger the area of the SnapPad is compared to the area of the jack foot to find the increase. In this example it’s 97.1 - 60.5 = 36.6 in².
We then need to divide that number by the original landing foot size and multiply by 100 to get the percent increase. So in our XTRA example we take 36.6 / 60.5 = 0.605 * 100 = 60.5%. For the purpose of simplicity we rounded up to 61%.
So there you have it! If you have any questions for us feel free to contact us through our website. | physics |
https://www.cheatography.com/davidpol/cheat-sheets/touch-screen-technologies/ | 2019-02-18T01:06:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247483873.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217233327-20190218015327-00587.warc.gz | 0.947242 | 675 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__149259732 | en | Although touch screens may look much the same on the outside, their inner workings can be very different. There are currently five different types of touch screen in use at the moment. Here is a brief guide to them
A glass panel is covered with a resistive coating, which is topped by a layer of insulation, interspersed with spacer dots and then covered again by a sheet of polyester which is conductive on the inner side (the side touching the insulation). When the polyester outer is touched, it flexes slightly and thus sends an electrical charge to the corresponding location on the glass panel. While resistive touch screens had smartphone users grinding their teeth in frustration, they’re great for applications where robustness matters more than responsiveness and so, for example, is the standard choice for ATMs.
Same basic lines as resistive technology, but the key difference is that instead of a layer of insulation, there is a layer of transparent electrodes, which store an electrical charge. When touched by an electrical current, the electrodes discharge and this is converted into an instruction. Surface capacitive screens are a big step up in image quality as compared to resistive ones and they’re also less prone to scratches, but they are also more expensive to produce.
An integrated circuit chip is placed into the electrode layer and used to generate a 3D electrostatic field. When the screen is touched, the ratio of currents changes and this is measured and used to determine the relevant instruction. Projected capacitive screens offer several advantages over surface capacitive screens. Firstly they can be touched by a lightly-covered finger, which is useful for industries in which people are required to use plastic gloves as standard. Secondly they are much better for processing detailed instructions, they go way beyond pinch and zoom and thirdly, they offer even better image quality. They are, however, even more expensive to produce.
Surface Acoustic Wave
SAW technology uses a grid of ultrasonic waves produced by piezoelectric transducers and receivers located on a glass screen. When the screen is touched, by something soft, like a finger, even gloved, the touch is absorbed causing a change in wavelength which can be measured and translated into instructions. The sensitivity of SAW technology is both a benefit and a drawback in that it means it is capable of immense responsiveness, but that immense responsiveness means that it is very easy to trigger it inadvertently, for example through moisture or dust. SAW technology also offers superb image quality - but at a high price.
Infrared touch screens work similarly to SAW touch screens, except that instead of piezoelectric transducers and receivers, they use infrared rays to create the grid and sensors to detect when the infrared beam is interrupted. While the term infrared may conjure up images of remote controls for indoor use, in actual fact, the robustness of infrared makes it popular for outdoor applications.
Benefits of Infrared technology:
Can be scaled to any size without losing resolution
Calibration stability – no touch point drift
High clarity and light transmission
High chemical, scratch, breakage, and liquid resistance
High sealability from dust and liquids
Touch can be activated by anything including finger, gloved hand, or stylus
High durability since a touch is only interrupting light beams | physics |
https://www.protowels.com/2017-solar-eclipse-pro-towels/ | 2023-11-30T07:27:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100172.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130062948-20231130092948-00470.warc.gz | 0.964764 | 201 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__133787561 | en | Hundreds of thousands traveled near and far to see the Solar Eclipse of 2017 and Pro Towels was lucky enough to have our Abbeville location directly in the path of totality.
During the eclipse, our entire team came out for the once in a lifetime chance to see the action. We all grabbed our solar glasses, with our commemorative eclipse t-shirts on, and ran out the door; looking up with anticipation.
You could feel the high energy as the excitement of the crowd rose when those last few seconds were called out. We properly placed our glasses and started the few minutes of history that most of us will never experience again.
We captured our crew in a time lapse that I can’t stop watching. It’s fascinating how the day becomes night and back again. You can even see our facility lights come on and off from the sensors.
We hope that you had the chance to witness this solar eclipse, but if not, enjoy a short preview of ours. | physics |
http://rharp.blogspot.com/2012/08/iss.html | 2018-07-16T08:33:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589237.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716080356-20180716100356-00617.warc.gz | 0.988771 | 613 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__275796087 | en | I just saw the International Space Station fly right over our house!!
My neighbour (bless her) text me about an hour before it was scheduled to go over, saying she'd heard on the news that it would be visible at 10:24pm.
So at 10:10 I headed outside onto our decking with a glass of wine to sit and wait. It's gone off chilly at night here but still warm enough to be outside in shorts and t-shirt for half an hour.
It was so nice to sit outside in the dark and look at the stars whilst listening to the night life (my word that cicadas are noisy!), watching fireflies and enjoying a bit of quiet time with a glass of wine.
Jeremy is working away (in Australia) so the days have been a bit crazy and the evenings, getting the kids to bed, seem to last forever (Ok that is a slight exaggeration but I do seem to run out of patience around 8pm!) so it was nice to go outside for a few minutes and chill out.
At 10:25 I met my neighbours out in the court and we watched for it coming. Suddenly we spotted something moving slowly above the Church which is WNW from our house. It was moving in the right direction and as it got closer it got faster. It took about two minutes to cross over the house and disappear out of sight. It was there one second and then seemed to fly into a cloud. My neighbour Dan informed me that it was because it lost the sun's rays with the curvature of the earth. Thank goodness he was there because Jen and I were just giggling away all excited to have seen it!
It looked exactly like a child would draw a star - a bright white five pointed thing moving in the sky!
It was overhead at around 8:30 but it was too light to see it. Can you believe it only takes 2 hours to orbit the earth?! I wonder who was on it and what they were doing during those 2 minutes that we could see it.
It's supposed to be visible again tomorrow night so I am off to dig out our binoculars!
The binoculars didn't work - it made the image jump around in a weird way! But I have seen it 3 times now and took Charlotte out tonight. She was very pleased to see the space ship and waved to them. The website said we'd be able to see it at 8:40 but I was dubious as it was still light (though we could see the moon and bats were out eating the mosquitos) so when we spotted it heading east we were very excited! The only bright light in the sky! It has changed course from the 1st night and I believe we might only see it for another couple of nights. It has been fun to head out front with the neighbours and look up to see it. Living in Manchester, the sky was always too polluted or cloudy to see anything like this so I am a little bit chuffed! | physics |
https://productionsystems-usa.com/heating-sources-for-industrial-ovens/ | 2023-06-10T18:19:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657735.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610164417-20230610194417-00193.warc.gz | 0.933884 | 497 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__218595987 | en | When it comes to industrial ovens, the first two things to consider are the source of the heat and the airflow pattern. The fuel for the heat that’s introduced into the oven can come from a variety of sources including gas, steam, water, electricity, or ultraviolet light. The fuel an oven uses dictates how it works.
There are two types of gas ovens, direct and indirect. In a direct gas oven, a gas or propane burner heats the air that is circulated through the system using a fan. They generally operate at temperatures between 200° F and 500° F, but can reach up to 1000° F.
Indirect gas ovens use a gas or propane heat exchanger. A circulating fan pushes air through the heat exchanger to radiation tubes. With this format, the flame is enclosed within a sealed combustion chamber away from the work area. The flame never touches the circulating air.
With a steam oven, water is heated to the boiling point; the resulting steam is used to heat the oven. This is a slower process; therefore, they are used when time and speed are not critical. Steam ovens require less space and operate at a lower cost than other systems.
Hot Water Ovens
Hot water ovens also use water as fuel, like steam ovens, but do not require the water to be at its boiling point. They operate at lower temperatures, up to 160° F. Hot water runs through radiator coils heating the circulated air that is carried through the oven. This system, as with steam heated industrial ovens, is slow, but efficient.
An electric industrial oven uses heating elements powered by electricity. With an electric system, the heat radiates, which eliminates the need for fans or blowers. The temperature is adjusted by electrical controls. Electric ovens heat up quickly and last a long time.
Ultraviolet ovens, or UV ovens use ultraviolet light to dry substances. UV ovens use LED, mercury vapor, fluorescent lamps. They work quickly and are most often used to cure coatings.
Production Systems works with companies to discover the best type of industrial oven for their finishing requirements. Our design and engineering team will evaluate the application and make sure the right exhaust, circulation, and temperature needs are met. Contact us to learn more about how we can help you. | physics |
https://chs.vcu.edu/newsroom/chs-newsroom/local-news/joseph-reiner-appointed-chair-of-the-department-of-physics.html | 2024-04-20T10:53:34 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817576.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420091126-20240420121126-00766.warc.gz | 0.968702 | 434 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__44287892 | en | Joseph Reiner appointed chair of the Department of Physics
The College of Humanities and Sciences is pleased to announce the appointment of Joseph Reiner, Ph.D., to the position of chair of the Department of Physics. He will begin his new position on September 1.
Reiner is a professor of physics who specializes in experimental biophysics and nanoscience. Reiner’s research interests focus on the development and applications of single molecule measurements. His lab utilizes nanopores and laser tweezers to address a variety of problems in biology, chemistry and forensics. His recent efforts have focused on using metallic nanoclusters in nanopore sensors for detecting ovarian cancer biomarkers. He also works with the Department of Forensic Science to improve DNA identification by separating different cell types with laser tweezers in sexual assault samples.
Reiner has more than 50 peer-reviewed publications, three patents, and $1.3 million in total funding for his work. His funding sources include the NSF, NIST, Jeffress Memorial Trust, Virginia Blood Foundation, and the Virginia Center for Aging. In 2023, he was promoted to full professor and he was inducted into the National Academy of Inventors Chapter at VCU. He has served on the CHS Faculty Council and as the associate director of the Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Ph.D. Program.
Reiner received his Ph.D. and M.A. in physics from the State University of New York Stony Brook and his B.S. in physics from the Rochester Institute of Technology.
Reiner will succeed the outgoing chair Shiv Khanna, Ph.D. Khanna, a Commonwealth Professor and department chair since 2016, will be retiring after nearly 40 years at VCU. A world-class researcher, he has been funded continuously since 1985, receiving more than $ 10 Million. Additionally, Khanna has been a model citizen of the university, a leader in developing the nanoscience and nanotechnology doctoral program, and a tireless champion of the College of Humanities and Sciences. We deeply appreciate him and his work, and wish him well in retirement. | physics |
http://manufacturingandconstructionblog.weebly.com/blog/the-history-of-laser-cutting | 2021-05-15T16:25:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990551.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515161657-20210515191657-00583.warc.gz | 0.933661 | 535 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__61652309 | en | What is Laser Cutting?
Lasers are high powered beams used in cutting materials. These machines are controlled by computers. Laser beams burn, vaporize or melt anything in its path and are highly useful in ensuring best quality surface finishes. They are used in finishing works. The technology is broadly classified into galvanometer and gantry systems. Gantry systems are slow and used for prototype production. Galvanometer systems cut fast and used in production work.
The Process of Laser Cutting
Laser cutting involves the focusing of the laser beam through a lens. The spot size is small, in the range of 25 µm in diameter. The spot size can be increased for a thicker cutting. Coaxial gas surrounding the laser beam helps in improving the cutting process. Oxygen and air also promote cutting of cellulose materials, plastics, ferrous alloys, and fabrics. Fiber laser beams provide fine cutting of less than 20 µm thickness. The cutting speed is high in the range of 10m/min.
Amplification and simulation techniques are used by laser machines in converting electrical energy into a laser beam or light beam. Stimulation is often provided by an electrical arc or flash lamp which serves as the external source. It stimulates the electrons. The optical resonator amplifies the beam between the mirrors that are reflective and transmissive in nature. The lasing medium stimulates more emissions and causes more amplification of the beam. The photons are amplified here to create a coherent and focused beam.
Laser Cutting Set-Up
The set-up process is fast, efficient and simple. New laser cutting systems are designed to simulate a job, and this makes the work of the operator very easy with just storing configurations. There is minimal work for the operator and basic computer training alone is needed to operate the laser machines. The laser machines are mainly operated and controlled by computer interfaces. The operator needs to learn the computer interface to operate and set up the laser cutting systems. The computer interface manages the laser cutting process and most of the steps. The work of the operator is minimal here. The machines import the exchange format of DXF or .dwg files to achieve the results needed for configuration automation.
Benefits of Laser Cutting
The benefits of laser cutting are evident in increasing productivity, producing high-quality products and ensuring fine, smooth finishes. They also guarantee high speeds, reliability, flexibility, narrow widths, easy automation, programmability, thickness adjusting and tooling cost reduction. Other benefits include no breakage, set up time reduction, minimal material distortion, laser welding, 3D cutting, laser drilling, versatile nature and high capacity of beams. | physics |
http://freewills.se/ | 2021-04-12T00:45:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038065903.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411233715-20210412023715-00339.warc.gz | 0.906429 | 136 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__224064479 | en | The saturn V rocket which carried man to the Moon develops power equivalent to fifty 747 jumbo jets.
Pluto is the only planet in our solar system that has not been visited by a spacecraft.
There are mirrors on the moon. Astronauts left them so that laser beams could be bounced off of them from Earth. These beams help give us the distance to the moon give or take a few metres.
Yes, this domain is AVAILABLE for purchase!
Domain Brokers Sweden is an authorized sales agent for this premium domain.
Please click HERE to enquire about this domain
(or contact us directly at [email protected]) | physics |
https://www.mavrkusa.com/blogs/mavrk/euro-nymph-tips-the-two-p-s-when-fishing-in-the-wind | 2024-04-14T10:41:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816879.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414095752-20240414125752-00551.warc.gz | 0.925671 | 724 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__188589112 | en | Combat the Wind with the Two P's - POSITION and POWER
This time of year is the most unpredictable but you can bet that the wind will come into play at some point in the day. Whether it’s a light breeze or strong gusts, you need different tactics when the wind shows up.
To combat the wind, remember the 2 P’s - POSITION and POWER
First, “P” is POSITION.
Determine the wind direction and then fish sections of the river where you can position yourself strategically and use the wind to your advantage. Ideally, the wind is blowing upstream and can help carry your flies. If this is the case, position yourself in the river where a simple water load cast can sling shot your fly to your target. Once your flies are in the water and drifting toward you, strip the line to stay ahead of your flies. This prevents the wind from blowing the line upstream, which will create drag and bring your flies back up in the water column.
Despite thinner micro leaders' ability to cut through wind better than thicker leaders, I advise against them. Thinner leaders succumb to the slightest breeze so tangles are more frequent when they are not under tension.
Heavier leaders in the 12 to 15 lb range have more stiffness to stay straighter in the wind so you can stay tighter to your flies- And they tangle much less.
The Other “P,” POWER
If the wind is blowing downstream you’ll need to change up your tactics because now you’ll have to cast your flies against the wind to get them upstream of you. You’ll need the other “P,” power to overcome the force of the wind.
Here are a few things you can do increase your power:
On windy days use your fastest rod. The one that generates the most speed and will cut through the wind. This usually means going shorter on the rod length- a 9’ rod cuts through wind much better than an 11 ft rod.
To better load the rod use heavier flies. But keep in mind that one heavy fly at .8 grams will load the rod the same and two flies weighing .4 grams ea, yet one heavy fly will sink faster than the two lighter flies. So, water type and desired sink rate will help you decide which fly strategy is best.
Also remember that the flies that sink faster are the ones that cut through the wind better. Think perdigon for this because they are less bushy in profile.
Two other ways to load the rod for more power are the water load cast and adding a haul to the cast. You can water load your back cast when the flies are still upstream of you, or you can water load your forward cast if your flies are downstream of you. And adding a haul to both of these will increase power even more for casting through the wind.
With minor adjustments to gear and techniques euro nymphing is still the most effective way of fishing in the wind.
Click on links below for more info on gear and the casting techniques discussed above.
The Mavrk Dual ESN Rod can be fished in two lengths, 9’0 or 10’ 3.”
The Mavrk Tracer 62 line/leader in size Med used stiff Maxima Chameleon line
See videos for water loading and hauling tips to get more powerful casts.
By Jeff Sasaki | physics |
http://learn.goocreate.com/manual/scene/components/particle-system/ | 2017-11-22T16:36:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806615.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122160645-20171122180645-00090.warc.gz | 0.769087 | 563 | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-47__0__48409516 | en | The Particle System Component simulates fluid entities such as liquids, clouds and flames by generating and animating large numbers of small 2D images in the scene.
||If true, the animation will start when the scene starts.
||Whether to loop the emission animation.
||The duration of the emission animation in seconds. If looping is enabled, the system will loop after this duration time.
||Whether to prewarm the emission.
||Maximum number of visible particles at the same time.
||A constant force that affects all particles.
||Randomization seed. The animation will look the same for the same seed. Set to -1 if you want randomized each time.
|Local space simulation
||Whether to simulate the particle system in the space of the parent entity. If false, they will be simulated in world space.
||Shape of the particle emitter. Depending on the shape selected, new settings for the shape appear.
Over duration properties
||Emission rate over duration, specified in particles per second.
||Initial speed of particles, over duration.
||Initial size/scale of the particles, over duration.
||Initial color of the particles, over duration.
|Start life time
||Initial life time of particles, over duration.
||Initial angle of particles, over duration.
Over lifetime properties
||Particle color over lifetime. Will be multiplied with the initial color.
||Size (scale) of the particle over lifetime.
||Rotation speed (degrees per second) over lifetime.
||Local space velocity over lifetime, specified in meters per second.
||World space velocity over lifetime, specified in meters per second.
Here you can choose between a few (procedurally generated) texture presets, or choose an own texture asset.
||How many tiles there are in the sprite sheet, in X and Y directions.
||How many texture animation cycles to finish over a life time.
|Frame over lifetime
||A curve specifying when to show what frame in the animation. 0 is the first frame and 1 is the last. A linear curve starting at 0 and ending at 1 will traverse all frames in the animation.
||Billboard mode will make the particles always face the camera.
||Renderqueue of the particle mesh. Note that the offset will be added to the render queue.
||What kind of blending to use, for example Additive Blending.
||Whether to write to depth buffer or not.
||Whether to test against depth buffer or not.
||The sorting mode defines the draw order for the particles. If you have transparency blending, you should probably sort by camera distance.
||The lower alpha threshold at which fragments will be discarded. | physics |
https://record-producer.com/how-to-record-the-saxophone | 2021-09-17T13:46:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055645.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917120628-20210917150628-00488.warc.gz | 0.948042 | 553 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__55481009 | en | I've seen this so many times - a microphone so close to the bell of a saxophone that it is almost shoved down.
In live sound, there is a good enough reason for this - most of the sound from a saxophone comes from the bell. In live sound, if the sound source is louder or closer to the microphone, then less preamp gain is needed and there is less chance of feedback.
But next time you are in the same room as a saxophonist, and you have the chance to get up close and personal, listen with one ear from the side of the instrument.
By 'one ear' I mean turn your head so that one ear is closest to the instrument. Listen from a distance of half a metre or less.
Listen with your ear by the bell, by the mouthpiece, and at all positions in between as the saxophonist plays.
What you will hear will astonish you...
Firstly, the differences in sound texture are huge - the sound close to the mouthpiece is very different to the sound from the bell.
And if you listen from the centre of the instrument you will clearly hear that different notes seem to come from different points along its length.
Now turn your head so that you are facing the instrument from the side and your ears are parallel to its length.
At this point you will almost certainly be convinced that if you only ever point a microphone at the bell of the saxophone, then you are missing out on the wonderful variety of sound textures that can be achieved.
So what is the best microphone position to record the saxophone?
I'm reluctant to say that there is one best position. You might like the sound from the bell for one production, or the more breathy sound from close to the mouthpiece for another.
But as a general rule for any instrument, if you are close-miking the instrument then point the microphone towards the centre of the instrument at a distance of about 1.5 times its longest dimension.
That's always a good place to start, and then experiment with distance, position and angle.
Although in live sound there are good reasons to point the microphone down the bell of a saxophone, in recording you can place the microphone wherever you like. Experiment will clearly show that different microphone positions along the length of the instrument will capture a range of interesting sound textures.
Come on the Audio Masterclass Pro Home Studio MiniCourse - 60 great hints and tips to get your home recording studio MOVING
It's FREE!Get It Now >>
Great home recording starts with a great home recording studio. It doesn't need to be expensive if you know how to select the right equipment for your needs. | physics |
https://www.shelby.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/newsreleases?ID=2A07D3C3-802A-23AD-45D0-5BDAF0C15724 | 2021-10-19T17:58:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585280.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019171139-20211019201139-00719.warc.gz | 0.932102 | 170 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__212182906 | en | Sep 03 2008
U.S. Senator Richard Shelby (R-Ala.), a senior member of the Senate Appropriations Committee, today announced that the Department of Energy will release $419,952 to Auburn University to study materials used to improve the performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs).
“As our country works to end its dependence on foreign oil, research into alternative fuels becomes more critical,” said Shelby. “Auburn University is partnering with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to study materials that will improve the performance of SOFCs, which are crucial as we attempt to use a wide variety of fuels, including hydrogen, methane, diesel, gasified coal and renewable biofuels to supplement the use of oil. This energy research conducted at Auburn reinforces the University’s stellar research capabilities and reputation.” | physics |
https://www.cozingmedical.com/faq/LASER%20THERAPY.html | 2022-12-07T13:53:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711162.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207121241-20221207151241-00695.warc.gz | 0.921663 | 1,694 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__150851342 | en | The concept that light energy from a laser can reduce pain and inflammation, accelerate healing in damaged tissues, relax muscles, and stimulate nerve regeneration seems farfetched. Science, however, tells us these effects do occur. The question is, to what extent and is this based on wavelength and power?
“Wavelength and power determine the capacity of the laser to penetrate into the body. Once you are in the infrared spectrum and above 800 nanometers in wavelength, laser energy penetrates like x-rays, but to achieve depth you need significant power or energy,” Dr. Bruce Coren told SpineUniverse.
Laser therapy treatment on a male patient
"A 10-minute treatment with a 30-watt laser will produce 18,000 joules, which gives a significant pain relieving, anti-inflammatory and healing effect.”
Two Types or Classes Used in Physical Therapy
There are two classes of lasers being used in physical therapy; class 3 and 4. “Class 3 lasers are less than 500 milliwatts (mw) in power while class 4 lasers are greater than 500 mw,” Dr. Coren said. Class 3 lasers are sometimes referred to as cold lasers, and the therapy may be called LLLT for low-level laser therapy. In contrast, class 4 laser therapy is sometimes called HPLT for high-power laser therapy.
“The majority of neuro-musculoskeletal conditions respond better to a higher power and a higher dosage, which is a function of power output and time,” Dr. Coren commented. “The best results are going to be obtained with a laser that has 30 watts of power or more. A 10-minute treatment with a 30-watt laser will produce 18,000 joules, which gives a significant pain relieving, anti-inflammatory and healing effect.”
Patients usually begin to feel better after 1 or 2 treatments, although 5 or more may be needed to resolve the problem. “The more chronic and extensive the injury the more treatments are usually needed,” he added.
Properties of High-Power Laser Therapy
Dr. Coren talked to SpineUniverse about the beneficial properties of Laser Therapy:
Pain Relief: “Laser decreases nerve sensitivity by decreasing bradykinin; a pain eliciting chemical. It normalizes ion channels [cellular gatekeepers] and releases endorphins [body’s natural pain reliever] and enkephalins [related to endorphins] that produce an analgesic effect. It also has a pain-blocking effect on certain nerve fibers.”
Anti-inflammatory/Healing: “Laser increases ATP, which is stored energy [ATP is the acronym for adenosine triphosphate]. This increased energy accelerates the repair processes of the cell. Laser also causes a widening of the arteries and veins around the injury which helps to remove damaged cellular debris and increase nutrients and oxygen. White blood cell activity is enhanced leading to a more rapid repair process. Also, some molecules that increase inflammation are reduced, and beneficial antioxidants like superoxide dismutase are increased.
Accelerated Tissue Repair and Cell Growth: “Photons of light from lasers penetrate deeply into tissue and accelerate cellular reproduction and growth. As a result of exposure to laser light, the cells of tendons, ligaments, nerves and muscles are repaired faster.”
Improved Vascular Activity: “Laser light increases the formation of new capillaries in damaged tissue, which speeds up the healing process, and closes wounds quickly.”
Trigger and Acupuncture Points: “Laser is particularly effective in extinguishing painful trigger points. It is also an effective way of stimulating acupuncture points without the discomfort associated with needling.”
Reduced Fibrous Tissue Formation: “Laser therapy reduces the formation of scar tissue following tissue damage from repetitive motion injuries, cuts, scratches, burns or surgery.”
Faster Wound Healing: “Laser light stimulates the building blocks of collagen, which is important in the wound healing of damaged tissues. Collagen is the essential protein required to replace old tissue or to repair injuries. As a result, the laser is effective on open wounds and burns.”
Stem Cell Activation: “Laser increases the number of stem cells, which enhances healing.”
Where Laser Therapy Administered and Conditions Treated
High-power lasers are typically found in physical therapy clinics and chiropractic offices. Neck, back or joint pain usually responds quickly to laser therapy.
“Lasers are also very effective for inflammatory conditions, including peripheral neuropathy, tendonitis, bursitis, and capsulitis. Strains, sprains, and repetitive motion injuries all have an inflammatory component and can be successfully treated with laser,” he commented. “There is no particular condition that responds more quickly to laser. However, some patients will respond faster than others for the same condition as individual healing rates can vary.”
Laser therapy can be used as a stand-alone treatment, or with rehabilitative exercise therapy. “Rehabilitative exercises and laser therapy complement each other nicely,” explained Dr. Coren.
Lasers use light, and light is energy that can interact with tissue to induce biological effects, such as:
1. Anti-Inflammatory: Laser Therapy has an anti-edema effect as it causes vasodilation, but also because it activates the lymphatic drainage system which drains swollen areas. As a result, there is a reduction in swelling caused by bruising or inflammation.
2. Analgesic: Laser Therapy has a beneficial effect on nerve cells. It blocks pain transmitted by these cells to the brain which decreases nerve sensitivity. Also, due to the decreased inflammation, there is less edema and less pain. Another pain blocking mechanism involves the production of high levels of pain killing chemicals such as endorphins and enkephalin from the brain and adrenal gland.
3. Accelerated Tissue Repair and Cell Growth: Photons of light from lasers penetrate deeply into tissue and accelerate cellular reproduction and growth. The laser light increases the energy available to the cell so that the cell can take on nutrients faster and get rid of waste products. As a result of exposure to laser light, damaged cells are repaired faster.
4. Improved Vascular Activity: Laser light will significantly increase the formation of new capillaries in damaged tissue which speeds up the healing process, closes wounds quickly and reduces scar tissue. Additional benefits include acceleration of angiogenesis, which causes temporary vasodilation and increase in the diameter of blood vessels.
5. Increases Metabolic Activity: Laser Therapy creates higher outputs of specific enzymes, greater oxygen and food particle loads for blood cells.
6. Trigger Points and Acupuncture Points: Laser Therapy stimulates muscle trigger points and acupuncture points on a noninvasive basis providing musculoskeletal pain relief.
7. Reduced Fibrous (scar) Tissue Formation: Laser Therapy reduces the formation of scar tissue following tissue damage from cuts, scratches, burns or surgery.
8. Improved Nerve Function: Slow recovery of nerve functions in damaged tissue can result in numbness and impaired limbs. Laser light speeds the process of nerve cell reconnection and increase the amplitude of action potentials to optimize muscle healing.
9. Immunoregulation: Laser light has a direct effect on the immune system by stimulating immunoglobulins and lymphocytes. Laser emissions are absorbed by chromophores (molecule enzymes) that react to laser light. Upon exposure to the laser, the enzyme Flavin mononucleotide is activated and starts the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the major carrier of cell energy and the energy source for all chemical reactions in the cells.
10. Faster Wound Healing: Laser light stimulates fibroblast development in damaged tissue. Fibroblasts are the building blocks of collagen, which is the essential protein required to replace old tissue or to repair tissue injuries. As a result, Laser Therapy is effective post surgically and in the treatment of open wounds and burns. | physics |
http://cavity.caha.es/project/observations/ | 2023-12-06T17:37:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100602.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206162528-20231206192528-00029.warc.gz | 0.909595 | 393 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__123654676 | en | CAVITY observations officially started on January 2021. The observations are performed with the Postdam Multi Aperture Spectrograph (PMAS, Roth et al. 2005) in the PPaK mode (Verheijen et al. 2004). The PPAK fiber bundle consists of 382 fibers of 2.7 arcsec diameter each (see Fig. 5 in Kelz et al. 2006). The science fiber are comprised of 331 fibers in an hexagonal configuration covering a field-of-view of 7422×6422, with a filling factor of ~60%. Six independent fiber bundles of 6 fibers each conform the sky background sampling. These bundles are located along a circle ~72 arcsec from the center of the instrument field-of-view. We have opted for a three-position dithering pattern to have a 100% filling factor on the galaxy aperture, an observing strategy already successfully tested during the CALIFA survey (Sánchez et al. 2012).
All the galaxies will be observed using the V500 grating. This grating has a nominal resolution of λ/∆λ ≈ 850 at ≈ 5000 Å with a FWHM of about 6.0 Å. For the brightest and largest objects, around 50% of the sample, we will also observe the objects using the grating V1200. This grating has a nominal resolution of λ/∆λ ≈ 1650 at ≈ 4500 Å with a FWHM of about 2.7 Å. Exposure times vary between 1.5 and 3.0 hours of total integration.
Status of the project:
The observations of CAVITY galaxies officially started on January 2021. Up to June 2023 more that 70 night were awarded to the project translating into data cubes for more than 200 CAVITY galaxies. Data will be available to the public from 2023 in the first data-release. | physics |
https://robertsonsite.ca/project-profiles/heat-recovery-loop-expansion | 2023-09-23T09:51:56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923094750-20230923124750-00872.warc.gz | 0.972544 | 215 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__42159603 | en | The University of Guelph upgraded and expanded its heat-recovery system to improve energy efficiency. The system was reconfigured to use the heat released by the stack at Central Utilities to heat water that is delivered in pipes to the buildings on campus. The water is used in academic, research and residence spaces and accounts for an estimated 3,200 tonne reduction in greenhouse gases.
Roberts Onsite completed the mechanical scope of the project, supplying and installing approximately 1,000' of 12" diameter pipe and 2,200' of 8" diameter pipe, complete with insulation. The pipe was carbon steel, SCH 40 with welded connections.
We were responsible for the fabricated supports and pipe expansions that were accommodated through the application of anchors, guides and flexible connectors. To expedite the work, the valve stations were fabricated at our in-house fabrication shop and transported to site for installation.
Once the installation was complete, the piping system was pressure tested and chemically flushed. The project was completed while the facility remained fully operational with minimal impact on the occupants. | physics |
https://www.meganohill.com/ | 2019-09-15T23:58:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572439.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915235555-20190916021555-00353.warc.gz | 0.874304 | 1,300 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__204377892 | en | I am currently a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow and Ph.D. candidate at Northwestern University in the Materials Science and Engineering Department, working under Professor Lincoln J. Lauhon. My research focus is on the nanoscale characterization of III-V nanowire optoelectronic heterostructures, such as InGaAs quantum well lasers. This involves investigating composition in 3D via Atom Probe Tomography and characterizing strain using synchrotron-based coherent x-ray imaging methods. I am particularly interested in nanoprobe x-ray imaging for materials characterization. I expect to graduate in early-mid 2020, and am looking for post-doc positions in the US or Europe.
Northwestern University, Graduate Researcher
September 2015 - Present
My Ph.D. work has involved experimental and computational work, providing me experience in a wide variety of experimental techniques. This has included micromanipulation of nanowires in a focused ion beam system and composition mapping using atom probe tomography. I have worked extensively at Argonne and Brookhaven national labs to characterize strain in nanowires, and help expand x-ray imaging techniques. Both atom probe and coherent x-ray imaging require extensive manipulation of large data sets, which I primarily do in Matlab, but some Python. My work in Bragg ptychographic imaging has given me some experience in iterative optimization algorithms in order to solve the “phase problem” to reconstruct 3D strain maps of nanostructures. I also have experience with finite element modeling of materials heterostructures using COMSOL Multiphysics and simulating kinematic scattering of these modeled heterostructures.
My work at Northwestern has been extremely collaborative. I’ve gotten the opportunity to mentor a younger Ph.D. student on my project. I’ve worked with scientists from both Argonne and Brookhaven National Laboratories extensively. I have collaborated with students and professors from five universities in Germany, Switzerland, and Sweden. These collaborations has been a great opportunity to develop better management, communication, and organizational skills. During my Ph.D. I have also gained effective speaking skills by giving 10+ oral presentations throughout the US and Europe.
Lund University, Visiting Researcher
September 2018 - November 2018
I spent three months researching in Sweden/Germany in Fall 2018, funded through a grant I received from the National Science Foundation as a part of the Graduate Research Opportunities Worldwide (GROW) program. I worked at Lund University in the Synchrotron Radiation Research Division of the Physics Department under Assistant Professor Jesper Wallentin. During this time I worked to compare the benefits of different x-ray ptychography techniques, including performing ptychography experiments on nanowires at Diamond Light Source and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility.
Cornell UNIVERSITY, Undergraduate Researcher
January 2013 - July 2015
During my undergraduate at Cornell University, while pursuing my B.S. in Materials Science and Engineering, I performed extensive research in the group of Professor Michael O. Thompson. I focused on characterizing the Si-doped InGaAs films annealed using sub-millisecond laser annealing. Dopant activation was characterized using Raman spectroscopy and van der Pauw device measurements. In this time I gained 100+ hours of clean room experience, focusing on creating van der Pauw and thermister devices using contact lithography. During this time, I was awarded a Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) / Intel Foundation Scholarship to perform research. I was given the opportunity to present posters at the SRC TECHON conference in 2013 and 2014, winning 2nd and 1st place respectively.
University of California Santa Barbara, Intern - National NanoTechnology Infrastructure Network
May 2014 - August 2014
Through the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network, I performed research at UC Santa Barbara in the Department of Materials Science under Professor Susanne Stemmer. My research focused on characterizing the interface of ALD grown low-K dielectrics on InGaAs. This included growing ALD films, and fabricating/testing MOSCAPs to measure interface trapping and current leakage.
Lähnemann, J.*, Hill, M. O.*, Herranz, J., Marquardt, O., Gao, G., Al Hassan, A., ... & Calvo-Almazán, I. (2019). Correlated nanoscale analysis of the emission from wurtzite versus zincblende (In, Ga) As/GaAs nanowire core-shell quantum wells. Nano letters.
Hill, M. O., Calvo-Almazan, I., Allain, M., Holt, M. V., Ulvestad, A., Treu, J., ... & Nazaretski, E. (2018). Measuring Three-Dimensional Strain and Structural Defects in a Single InGaAs Nanowire Using Coherent X-ray Multiangle Bragg Projection Ptychography. Nano Letters, 18(2), 811-819.
Becker, J., Hill, M. O., Sonner, M., Treu, J., Döblinger, M., Hirler, A., ... & Koblmueller, G. (2018). Correlated Chemical and Electrically Active Dopant Analysis in Catalyst-Free Si-Doped InAs Nanowires. ACS Nano. 12 (2), 1603–161.
Stettner, T., Thurn, A., Döblinger, M., Hill, M. O., Bissinger, J., Schmiedeke, P., ... & Kaniber, M. (2018). Tuning Lasing Emission toward Long Wavelengths in GaAs-(In, Al) GaAs Core–Multishell Nanowires. Nano letters, 18(10), 6292-6300.
Northwestern UNIVERSITY, Evanston IL
Ph.D. Materials Science and Engineering
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
B.S. Materials Science and Engineering
Graduated May 2015
North Kansas City High School, North Kansas City, MO
International Baccalaureate (IB) Recipient
Graduated May 2011 | physics |
https://www.hagleyclockclinic.co.uk/Correcting-the-Tick.php | 2024-02-23T04:39:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00000.warc.gz | 0.945195 | 789 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__63165007 | en | Correcting the tick or as horologists say `setting the clock in-beat' is a difficult topic to address as there are a number of different types of pendulum clock; it's going to take many words to convey what would only take minutes to demonstrate, so bear with me. The key word here is `beat'. When a clock is going correctly, the sound of the ticks should be evenly spaced, i.e Tick....Tock....Tick....Tock, NOT Tick...............Tock...Tick...............Tock...Tick...............Tock.
Before we get ahead of ourselves and start meddling with the clock, I should give the usual disclaimer that I cannot be held responsible for any adjustments you attempt to make to your clock and that this advice is general and cannot be applied to every variant of pendulum clock.
Most clocks require a minimal amount of adjustment and nothing you do to your clock should ever require force, just firm pressure. If you have a mantel clock, it's possibly standing on a surface with a slight slope from left to right. For this reason you cannot turn your clock round to give easy access to the rear to adjust the pendulum; if you did so you would be setting the beat with the clock sloping in the opposite direction to the way it slopes when in everyday use.
The first thing to do is to establish that the clock is in fact out-of-beat and that it is not some other problem which is causing your clock to stop. By moving the pendulum manually to the left and right you should be able to hear a Tick in one direction and a Tock in the other. If you can hear this but the clock will not run for any length of time, try cutting some small pieces of card from a cereal box, or something similar, and slipping one or two thicknesses under one side of the clock.; 5p coins can be quite useful if you need something a bit thicker. Listen carefully to the tick to see if it sounds more even. If it sounds a little better but not perfect, add some more slips of cardboard, if it sounds worse, or there is no tick at all, take out the cardboard and put it under the other side of the clock and be prepared to experiment with the amount of packing to gain the best results. Always lift the clock very gently when the pendulum is attached and avoid sudden movements. If this sorts out the problem and the clock keeps going, you have the choice of either leaving the packing in place or getting your courage up and tweaking the pendulum!
If you cannot get easy access to the rear of the clock this is quite challenging. Let's imagine your clock stands on a broad surface and you can comfortably get to the rear. Remove your packing and open the back door. Gently stop the pendulum and slowly move it to the left and then the right a few times and you should be able to sense that you move the pendulum more to one side to get the clock to tick than you do to the other side. Note which side requires the furthest movement from the centre position to get the tick. Let's say you need to move the pendulum more to the right to get the clock to tick. In this case you need to move the pendulum gently to the LEFT until resistance is felt and then move the pendulum slightly further to the left applying a little pressure to do so and then see if this has changed how far the pendulum needs to be moved from the centre line to get the clock to tick. Some clocks need very little extra pressure to reset the beat, others need more and you may find that you move the penduum too far to the left then have to move it to the right and apply a little pressure in this direction to make the correction. Even experienced clock makers can spend considerable time trying to get the beat correct. | physics |
https://airliquide-expertisecenter.com/chemical-gases/ | 2024-02-26T14:16:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474660.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226130305-20240226160305-00043.warc.gz | 0.920557 | 262 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__163950415 | en | Air Liquide offers a range of packaged gaseous chemicals such as ammonia, carbon monoxide, ethylene, hydrogen chloride, sulphur dioxide, sulphur hexafluoride and many more, which are available in different purities.
Semiconductor, photovoltaic cell and flat panel research require reliable supplies of high-purity process gases and chemicals, also called electronics specialty materials.
Forming very thin layers of various materials (such as silicon or metals) requires acute control over the deposition and structuring of the material.
We offer a complete range of electronics advanced materials (also called precursor molecules).
Air Liquide is the industry leader in advanced thin-film materials, offering the ALOHA™ and Voltaix™ product lines as part of our material portfolio. Voltaix™, a 100% Air Liquide company and the recognized world leader in silicon, germanium and boron chemistries, has reinforced our positioning. We have extended our range of advanced precursors, strengthened our relations with key customers and partners, and created new synergies in the research and industrialization of electronics advanced materials.
Our materials offer covers a broad range of advanced deposition processes, ranging from low-k to high-k and from metals to barrier films. | physics |
https://felji.com/products/felji-20w-12v-solar-panel-pwm-10a-charge-controller-battery-charger-kit | 2019-10-21T00:52:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987750110.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020233245-20191021020745-00384.warc.gz | 0.882815 | 589 | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__131557946 | en | Felji 20W 12V Solar Panel + PWM 10A Charge Controller Battery Charger Kit
Felji's High efficiency 20W 12V Polycrystalline Solar Module with pre-attached 3ft wire PWM 10A 12V Smart Charging Controller (With USB Charging Port). 2.9 ft wire and clamp aluminum frames and high transparent low iron tempered glass providing exceptional panel rigidity.
The high performance cells are encapsulated in EVA (ethylene-vinyl-acetate) and placed between high transparent low iron tempered glass, and a durable TPT (tedlar-polyester-tedlar) back sheet.
The panels are framed using heavy-duty anodized aluminum frames providing exceptional panel rigidity.
- Maximum power (Pmax): 20W
- Voltage at Pmax (Vmp): 17.2V
- Current at Pmax (Imp): 1.16A
- Open-circuit voltage (Voc): 21.6V
- Short-circuit current (Isc): 1.31A
- Temperature coefficient of Voc: -(80±10)mV/°C
- Temperature coefficient of Isc: (0.065±0.015)%/ °C
- Temperature coefficient of power: -(0.5±0.05)%/ °C NOCT (Air 20°C; Sun 0.8kW/m² wind 1m/s): 47±2°C
- Operating temperature: -40°C to 85°C
- Maximum system voltage: 1000V DC
- Power tolerance: ± 3% Material
- Dimensions: 18.4 x 14.06 x 0.91 inches / 466 x 357 x 23 mm
- Weight: 1.92 kg / 4.23 lbs
Three years ago I used 10w solar panels from a different supplier to maintain the batteries I use on Shooting Ranges. These proved inadequate. I found these 20w units and they work excellent. I have them installed in OK through the winter and they have done their job admirably. They maintain the battery in peak condition and I don't have to charge the batteries using a normal battery charger as I did before with the 10w units. These units provide just the correct power to maintain the batteries, they don't bring a battery back from total discharge (I haven't found any that do), but for maintaining the batteries they work great. They do not require a clear blue sky with full sunshine, they work fine in overcast cloudy days as well. I purchased 66 units and I'm just placing an order for another batch. Excellent value for the cost. The Controller that comes with them works fine as well. When working on the range, my workers like the feature on being able to charge their cellphones from the USB port on the side of the controller | physics |
https://takaharuigarashi.com/portfolio/ufab-lunar-toilet/ | 2024-04-19T06:37:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817289.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20240419043820-20240419073820-00214.warc.gz | 0.903419 | 256 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__98706781 | en | - PRODUCT DESIGN | CONCEPTUAL
- AUG 2020
- HeroX NASA Lunar Loo Challenge
- Co-work w/ YUHAN ROH, DOMINIQUE BRELAND & ALEX KRIVITSKY
The Unisex Foldable Air-Breathing (UFAB) Lunar Toilet was developed in response to NASA’s Lunar Loo Challenge, a competition hosted by HeroX, which called for a design of a compact toilet system that can be used aboard both lunar landers and rovers throughout the course of a 14-day round trip to and from the lunar surface.
Similar to a foldable chair, the entire structure of the UFAB toilet can be collapsed when not in use to save space, and the folding mechanism is linked with the pincher that closes the mouth of the waste bag, allowing the folding of the toilet and closing of the waste bag to be done in a single motion. To ensure that body waste falls into the bag in microgravity and lunar gravity, a fan on the bottom generates suction force through the waste bag, which is made of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) that lets gas through but keeps liquid and solid inside. | physics |
https://golfeducate.com/what-do-golf-club-numbers-mean/ | 2023-01-27T17:43:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764495001.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127164242-20230127194242-00105.warc.gz | 0.95737 | 1,385 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__120896892 | en | When it comes to golf club numbers, whether it be an iron or a wood, many that don’t know much about golf or are new to it don’t exactly know what the numbers mean.
Some may even think they don’t have any particularly important meaning. The opposite is true, as the numbers on golf clubs have a significant meaning. So, what do golf club numbers mean, and are they important?
The different numbers on golf clubs alert golfers to how high and far the golf ball will go. This is because the numbers stamped on the golf club’s sole refer to the loft of that particular golf club. Simply put, it is the angle the club face makes with the surface when placed behind the ball.
It would take time and effort to practice with all the golf clubs to figure out how far or high a ball will be hit. The numbering system on certain golf clubs helps simplify this. Here is all there is to know about what the numbers on golf clubs mean and whether or not golf clubs always had numbers.
What Do Golf Club Numbers Mean?
Inspect the club head’s face if you have a golf club on hand. You’ll notice that it is not extending straight up and down but rather is at an angle. How far that particular club will drive the ball depends significantly on this angle, known as the loft.
There are various numbers stamped on the sole of golf clubs. The greater the number of a golf iron, the further the face is slanted away from the vertical. In this case, the golf ball will travel to greater heights when struck. The greater the elevation of the ball, the shorter the forward distance.
With woods, it’s the opposite!
For example, the 4-iron will strike balls further than the 7-iron, but a 1 Wood (more commonly known as a Driver) will hit the ball further than a 5-Wood. These different numbers may seem like they would be hard to understand. Still, after players golf for a while, they can eventually tell the yardage of each number.
What Are The Different Golf Clubs With Numbers?
Changes in loft essentially lead to changes in the distance the golf ball will travel when struck with a golfer’s full swing. So when you look at a golf club set, specifically looking at irons, if your lowest is 1, that iron golf club will have the least loft.
This means the ball will go the furthest at the lowest height upon impact. This is because the higher the number on the iron club, the more loft it has, the higher the golf ball will be struck up into the air, and the shorter the distance it will be that the ball will go.
When the club heads of a 1 vs. 9 are placed side by side, one can see the difference and why the ball will go low and long with a 1-iron and high and short with a 9-iron.
Drivers and Woods usually have their number and face angle on the sole.
Although to perform short, delicate shots close to the green or from hazards such as bunkers in general, Wedges are required. Wedges further add to the confusion of the new player! Using both numbers and letters, depending on the manufacturer!
See also: Can You Play Golf Without a Driver?
Do All Golf Clubs Have Numbers?
As golf is a quirky, unique sport, it isn’t surprising that there are some exceptions. Regarding irons, the numbers end with a 9-iron and start becoming letters OR numbers!
These are often referred to as specialty irons.
Letter-wise, you’ll find a Pitching Wedge, usually stamped P, an approach Wedge A, and a Sand Wedge, stamped S, by one manufacturer. Another will stamp the approach Wedge 50, which is its degree angle, and the Sand Wedge 54, which again is its degree angle.
Also offered are Lob Wedges. These are nearly always in degrees regardless of manufacturer and stamped 58, 60, or 62.
Did Golf Clubs Always Have Numbers?
Back in the day, golf clubs didn’t have any numbers. It was much worse compared to the numbering system these days. Each club had a name before the manufacturer Spalding began numbering them in the 1930s. The following were the different names for the various golf clubs:
- 1-iron was known as the Driving iron/Cleek
- 2-iron was known as the Cleek
- 3-iron was known as the Mid mashie
- 4-iron was known as the Iron mashie
- 5-iron was known as the Mashie
- 6-iron was known as the Spade mashie
- 7-iron was known as the Mashie niblick
- 8-iron was known as the Pitching niblick
- 9-iron was known as the Niblick
- 3-wood was known as the Brassie
- 5-wood was known as the Spoon
- 7-wood was known as the Baffing spoon
- The driver was known as the Play club
*Note, due to the development of woods and the invention of the modern hybrid/rescue club, 1 & 2 Irons have virtually become redundant in the Amateur game.*
The table below shows the loft degree for each club in today’s golf bag.
|Golf Club||Degree of Loft|
|1 Wood (Driver)||9-12.5°|
Let’s Wrap This Up!
As you can see, golf club numbers play a crucial role in helping golfers determine which type of golf club will lift the ball higher and which will drive the ball to travel further.
Thus whether you are a professional or amateur many hours are required on the driving range, defining these distances with each club. Therefore, when on the course, the golfer can select the necessary club to make the distance needed. | physics |
http://www.my-lake-como-holiday.com/109/volta-temple-in-como/ | 2018-10-19T13:55:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512400.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019124748-20181019150248-00121.warc.gz | 0.97857 | 450 | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__31800695 | en | The unit of electromotive force – the ‘volt’ – is named after Count Alessandro Volta, who was born and lived much of his life in Como. The fact that he was honoured in this way by his fellow scientists indicates the significance of his scientific achievements, which are too many and too complex to go into here.
But there is one of his inventions that can’t be ignored. It was created at a time when the physicist Galvani (as in ‘galvanised’) was conducting experiments claiming to demonstrate with a pair of frog’s legs that animal tissue generated electricity. Volta argued that the twitches that Galvani generated in the tissue were a reaction to (static) electricity rather than its source.
Volta put an end to further argument when he fixed pieces of cloth soaked in a saline solution between metal plates, to produce the first continuous electric current. He called the device his Voltaic Pile, which we now know as the battery.
That Volta was right is obvious now because we put rechargeable AAAs into the back of our remote controls rather than the rear limbs of small green amphibians. But there was quite a heated scientific debate at the time.
Volta’s achievements are celebrated in the ‘Temple of Volta’ on the lakefront at Como. It consists of instruments and machines invented and/ or used by Volta, arranged in glass cases around the sides of a classical interior.
It’s worth a visit, but could do with more information and explanations, either on the cases or in the slight booklet you pay to ‘borrow’ for the duration of your visit.
The star attractions of course are a couple of Voltaic Piles, one looking like a tea tray full of glasses, the other more like a concertina. In second place, for us, is the Legion D’ Honneur awarded to Volta by Napoleon, while third place goes to some sets of frog’s legs, presumably used by Volta to disprove Galvani’s theory and luckily not taken by Napoleon for his dinner. | physics |
http://www.megavision.com.au/mobile-air-wall/ | 2017-05-23T16:37:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607648.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523163634-20170523183634-00231.warc.gz | 0.909794 | 320 | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-22__0__17528982 | en | Mobile Acoustic Wall
The Mobile Air Wall provides a fast and easy solution for sound proofing and dramatically improves acoustics. These panels can be used for permanent or temporary sound isolation in almost any space – theatres, open air festivals, trade shows, studios, conferences, marquees, back stage, green rooms and more. For more information on specifications and applications, please see the brochures located in the ‘Downloads’ tab. These panels can be hired or purchased from us – please contact us to inquire.
These acoustic mobile ‘walls’ are made from sheep’s wool which is flame retardant by nature.
The Mobile Air Wall is tested and certified to the European standard EN ISO 6941 (2003) Textile fabrics - Burning behaviour - Measurement of flame spread properties of vertically oriented specimens.
1m wide x 2m drop 1m wide x 3m drop Panels can also be custom made to suit the exact application and working environment.
The panels can be hung like curtains, and have a soft, padded feel with a patented filling. Because of its simple setup, one layer does all the work.
Mounting of the Mobile Air Wall baffles is realized through mounting strips, these are situated at both the top and bottom end. These mounting strips enable the user to use third party mounting equipment, such as hook clamps, which can be provided by us.
The standard color is black; other colors can be made on request.
Contact us today on 9444 6556 to inquire about hire or purchase! | physics |
https://www.mpbsoundandlight.co.uk/sales/Fog-Machine.aspx | 2020-04-03T16:15:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370515113.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403154746-20200403184746-00338.warc.gz | 0.912955 | 181 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__174681714 | en | All the fog machines we supply use a water based smoke fluid to produce a smoke effect, it is a vapour produced as the fluid passes over a heat exchanger and not real smoke. There are portable machines for smaller venues to high output machines for large stages.
By using led's many pyrotechnic effects can be safely simulated using water based fog liquid and led lights.
Product listings for Fog Machine
The volume of fog output or smoke produced can be controlled using a wired remote control or on some machines using a wireless remote or DMX control.
These machines can be used to create fog effects in theatre performances, or, with reduced smoke output to enhance lighting effects.
By using non toxic water based fluids they are safe to use around performers. We recommend that the performance space where the machines are used has adequate ventilation. Please read the data sheets supplied by the manufacturers before use. | physics |
https://www.discoverlancaster.com/directory/lancaster-science-factory-team-building/ | 2024-04-20T22:00:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817688.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420214757-20240421004757-00492.warc.gz | 0.924825 | 187 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__192954473 | en | Lancaster Science Factory
Lots of FUN to Think About!
Experience the interactive, hands-on learning environment of the Lancaster Science Factory. Kids from Pre-K through 8th grade and their families will enjoy dancing on the Sustainable Energy Dancefloor, playing in the interactive Water Lab, building bridges in the Engineering Zone, exploring the new Outdoor Courtyard and so much more. Coming in the Spring of 2023 is the expansive SkyBridge offering views of the exhibit hall from 30 feet in the air! With over 75 interactive exhibits the Lancaster Science Factory is a great place to spend the day! Groups are also welcome.
In addition to the exhibit hall, the Science Factory also features a Maker Space, Classroom, and Science Café where workshops and activities like 3D printing, science themed art, and slime making are offered on a rotating basis.
Please visit our website or call for class schedules, current hours and admission prices. | physics |
http://linux1.softberry.com/berry.phtml?topic=baseline&group=help&subgroup=proteomic | 2021-02-26T16:14:54 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357929.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226145416-20210226175416-00088.warc.gz | 0.853786 | 432 | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__124860159 | en | Proteomics-MSBaseline - Softberry Mass Spectra (SMS) processing tools. Baseline detection and subtraction.
This step of data processing is applied for elimination of the systematic artifacts that occur due
to matrix and chemicals used in the experiments or as a result of detector overload. It results in
background noise that may occur to be significant for some m values. The initial step in background
noise removal is identification of peaks (local signal maxima that are located far enough from each other).
The distance between peaks is determined by the 'Baseline parameter' value (default= 0.005). This parameter
defines the minimal m distance, over which the two neighboring peaks 1 and 2 are to be located in the way, when:
After peaks identification, algorithm detects the points with signal minima located in intervals between peaks. These are the base points for calculation of background noise line. Over base points the baseline for all spectrum points is built by interpolation. In case when in some spectrum parts the value of base signal exceeds the original one, the new base points selection from neighboring ones occurs.
The values of base signal intensity are subtracted from the original one. At that, if value of original signal has occurred below zero, it is equated to zero. The result of background subtraction is shown in figure 1.
Input: m/z - Intensity data
#M/Z,Intensity -7.8602611e-005,4.1126194 2.1773576e-007,4.0764203 9.6021472e-005,4.0040221 0.00036601382,4.1186526 0.00081019477,4.0040221 0.0014285643,3.9617898 .... 19742.941,4.077895 19745.564,4.0772248 19748.187,4.0772248
Figure 2. Example file with mass spectra data in CSV format.
|© 2021 www.softberry.com| | physics |
https://unitrips.upol.cz/en/the-foucault-pendulum/ | 2023-10-01T07:43:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510810.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001073649-20231001103649-00543.warc.gz | 0.960278 | 157 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__68181085 | en | The Foucault Pendulum
“And yet it moves!” How can you prove that the Earth rotates on its axis without going into space? Just come to the entrance hall of the Faculty of Science where you will find a giant Foucault pendulum – the famous experimental device named after its French inventor, which demonstrates our planet’s rotation.
The Foucault pendulum at the natural sciences faculty passes through six floors and measures 25.5 metres in length, making it the longest Foucault pendulum in the Czech Republic. The pendulum is kept in motion by an electromagnet with the help of four lasers that track its position; it was placed in the building by one of the optics students as part of his thesis. | physics |
https://networkscientificsales.com/ | 2022-05-18T12:23:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522270.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518115411-20220518145411-00375.warc.gz | 0.926765 | 298 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__230161579 | en | Scientific Sales and Marketing Services
Network Scientific Sales and Marketing offers a range of bespoke business development services to
companies operating in the scientific and medical industries.
We offer an extensive range of design services to help shape your company’s communications and get you noticed within the industry you serve.
Ad-hoc campaigns, long-term strategies — we are here to help your business expand, increase profitability and achieve its full potential.
We are a scientific marketing agency that provides commercial and technical scientific sales and marketing services
to a wide range of industries throughout the UK and Europe.
Network Scientific Sales first opened it’s doors to the industry in 2011, offering scientific sales, business development and lead generation services to small businesses operating in the scientific and technical industries. Since then, we’ve become a full service scientific marketing agency and, due to our success and reputation, have grown to become a trusted business partner to a wealth of companies, ranging from start-ups, right through to global market leading businesses across the UK and Europe.
What Our Clients Say
Latest blog posts
Since your website is typically the goal landing point of many marketing campaigns, it is vital that you know the...
Get to know our new team members here at Network Scientific.
Watson and Crick first discovered the structure of DNA in 1952, using a technique called X-ray crystallography created by Rosalind... | physics |
http://serviceaks.ru/speed-dating-new-years-eve-9008.html | 2019-01-20T14:49:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583722261.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120143527-20190120165527-00100.warc.gz | 0.95182 | 289 | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__17763359 | en | You cannot predict exactly when any one particular grain will get to the bottom, but you can predict from one time to the next how long the whole pile of sand takes to fall.
Once all of the sand has fallen out of the top, the hourglass will no longer keep time unless it is turned over again.
When the glass is turned over, sand runs from the top to the bottom.
Radioactive atoms are like individual grains of sand--radioactive decays are like the falling of grains from the top to the bottom of the glass.
This paper describes in relatively simple terms how a number of the dating techniques work, how accurately the half-lives of the radioactive elements and the rock dates themselves are known, and how dates are checked with one another.
However, some elements are not completely stable in their natural state.
It has become increasingly clear that these radiometric dating techniques agree with each other and as a whole, present a coherent picture in which the Earth was created a very long time ago.
Further evidence comes from the complete agreement between radiometric dates and other dating methods such as counting tree rings or glacier ice core layers.
Some of the atoms eventually change from one element to another by a process called radioactive decay.
If there are a lot of atoms of the original element, called the parent element, the atoms decay to another element, called the daughter element, at a predictable rate. | physics |
https://pradipmalde.com/2016/01/21/scans-from-prints-43/ | 2022-05-24T14:59:33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662573053.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524142617-20220524172617-00006.warc.gz | 0.837128 | 168 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__321754556 | en | Plum Trees, Cumberland Springs, 1986. Platinum-palladium print on 100% cellulose (Van Gelder Simili Japon) from original 8×10 negative.
The image is the paper, with pure platinum and palladium particles deeply bonded to the very fibers that make up the paper. The fibers, transparent macaroni-like strands of cellulose, filter, scatter and reflect light arriving at the paper’s surface. Small cathedrals of noble metals and space. One of the great joys of holding a platinum-palladium print in your hands is just this–to bring it up close, and tilt it this way and that, to almost hear the flow of light around tiny clusters of metal. This detail shows the unexposed paper surface beside the left edge of the printed image. | physics |
http://steamguard.blogspot.com/2009/07/reaction-vs-impulse-turbines.html | 2017-04-30T03:06:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124297.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00181-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.947502 | 316 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__134668504 | en | An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which the rotor blades, shaped like buckets, convert into shaft rotation as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop occurs across only the stationary blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the stage.
As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from steam chest pressure to condenser pressure (or atmosphere pressure). Due to this relatively higher ratio of expansion of steam in the nozzle the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity. The steam leaving the moving blades is a large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam when leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity is commonly called the "carry over velocity" or "leaving loss".
In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor. | physics |
https://spidersfaq.com/how-can-a-spider-walk-on-water/ | 2023-12-08T01:37:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00288.warc.gz | 0.945628 | 1,934 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__252238876 | en | Have you ever wondered how a spider can walk on water? It’s an amazing sight to witness, but it also seems to defy the laws of physics. This phenomenon, known as water striding, has puzzled scientists for centuries, but recent research is beginning to unravel the mystery of how spiders can walk on water. In this article, we’ll explore the incredible strategies spiders use to move across the surface of water, and how these strategies can help us understand the remarkable properties of spider silk.
What are Spiders?
Spiders are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs, chelicerae with fangs that inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other orders of organisms. Most spiders are harmless and those that have venom use it primarily to kill and digest their prey, and not for self-defense.
|Body||Two main parts: cephalothorax and abdomen|
|Legs||Eight jointed legs, each with seven segments|
|Chelicerae||Paired appendages with fangs, used to inject venom|
|Spinnerets||Cone-shaped appendages used to produce silk|
Anatomy of a Spider
- Legs – Spiders have eight long and slender legs, each of which has its own jointed segments.
- Abdomen – The abdomen contains the spider’s digestive system and reproductive organs.
- Cephalothorax – This is the fused body part of the head and thorax, where the legs and mouthparts attach.
- Fangs – Spiders possess two sets of fangs, which are used to inject venom into their prey.
- Silk Glands – Spiders have silk glands located in their abdomens which produce silk they use to create webs.
- Book Lungs – These are a type of respiratory organ found in spiders, which take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
- Spiracles – These are openings in the side of the spider’s body through which air passes.
- Sensory Hairs – Spiders possess sensory hairs on their legs and bodies which allow them to sense their environment.
Spider Legs and Water
Spider legs have evolved to be able to walk on the surface of water. This is possible because of the combination of a spider’s physical characteristics and the properties of water. The surface tension of water is high, meaning that it can support relatively large objects, while spider legs are low in surface tension and are hydrophobic. This means that spider legs do not absorb the water, but instead slide over it. The low surface tension of the spider legs, combined with the high adhesion of the legs, allows them to stick to the water molecules, enabling them to walk on the surface. Spider legs are also low in wettability, meaning that they are not easily wetted by the water. This means that the legs do not absorb the water, allowing them to maintain a low friction with the water surface. This combination of characteristics and properties allows spiders to walk on water.
- Surface tension is the elastic property of a liquid surface which causes it to behave as an elastic sheet.
- The surface of a liquid is elastic, because the molecules of the liquid are attracted to each other and form a film on the surface.
- This film is like a thin skin, and the forces that hold it together are called surface tension.
- The surface tension of water is strong enough to support a small insect, such as a spider, which weighs very little.
- The surface tension of the water is strong enough to support the spider, and it is able to walk on water.
Spiders are able to walk on water due to a hydrophobic coating on their feet. This coating is a combination of wax and tiny hairs, which repel water, allowing spiders to stay afloat. The hairs also create a surface tension, allowing them to walk on the surface of the water. This also gives them extra traction when walking on the surface. The combination of these two factors make it possible for spiders to walk on water without sinking.
Spiders are able to walk on water due to their unique set of hairs, called hydrophilic hairs. These hairs are covered in tiny water-attracting molecules called hydrophilic molecules. As the spider moves across the water’s surface, the hydrophilic molecules attract the water molecules and form a tension between the water molecules and the spider’s legs. This tension is strong enough to support the spider’s weight, allowing it to walk on the surface of the water.
Spider Air Pressure
Spiders are able to walk on water due to the air pressure created between their body and the water surface. This is called surface tension. The hydrophobic (water-repellent) hairs on the spider’s legs trap air and reduce the surface tension, allowing the spider to walk on the surface of the water. The amount of air pressure produced depends on the size of the spider, with larger ones able to create more air pressure and therefore walk on water for longer.
- Spiders can move very quickly by using their four pairs of legs.
- Their legs are specially adapted for this purpose, as they are equipped with claws that help them to grip surfaces and propel themselves forward.
- The claws are also used to cling on to the surface of the water, allowing the spider to move across the surface without sinking.
- Spiders can move at speeds of up to 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) per second, which is impressive considering their small size.
- When they are walking on water, they can reach speeds of up to 6 centimeters (2.4 inches) per second.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the mystery behind spiders’ ability to walk on water?
Spiders have the amazing ability to walk on water due to their unique body structure and the surface tension of water molecules. The body of a spider is covered with tiny hairs that trap air bubbles, creating a waterproof surface that reduces the surface tension of the water. This allows them to use the surface tension of the water molecules to stay afloat while they walk. Additionally, spiders have the ability to secrete a type of liquid wax from their feet, which further increases the surface tension of the water and helps them to stay afloat.
How do spiders stay afloat on water?
Spiders have a special ability to stay afloat on the water’s surface. This is because of the hairs on their feet that trap air bubbles, creating a layer of air between their feet and the water. This layer of air acts like a life jacket, allowing the spider to float and even walk on the water’s surface. Additionally, the body of the spider is covered in a thin layer of wax that repels water and helps the spider stay dry.
What adaptations help spiders walk on water?
Spiders can walk on water due to their hydrophobic legs. These legs are coated in a layer of wax that repels water. This creates an air pocket between their feet and the water’s surface, allowing them to stand on top of the water. Additionally, some spiders have very fine hairs on their legs which trap air bubbles and help them to remain afloat. This adaptation is known as the “surface tension walk”. Spiders also have a combination of long and short hairs on their legs which helps them to move and steer on the water’s surface.
How is a Spider’s Body Structure Unique in Allowing it to Walk on Water?
A spider’s body structure is uniquely adapted to enable it to walk on water. Its legs are hydrophobic, meaning they repel water and create a surface tension that holds the spider up. The spider’s legs also have an array of tiny hairs which trap air bubbles, creating a layer of insulating air between the spider’s feet and the water’s surface. This combination of hydrophobic legs and air bubbles allow the spider to walk on water without breaking the surface tension.
What are some of the theories about how spiders can walk on water?
The ability of spiders to walk on water is a phenomenon known as surface tension. Scientists are still researching the exact mechanisms behind this remarkable feat, but there are several theories. One theory suggests that the spider’s exoskeleton is coated with tiny hydrophobic hairs which repel water, allowing them to stay afloat. Another theory suggests that electrostatic charges from the spider’s legs interact with the water molecules, creating an invisible, adhesive surface. Finally, some scientists propose that a thin layer of air is trapped by the spider’s legs, providing buoyancy and allowing them to walk on the surface of the water.
Spiders have an amazing ability to walk on water, thanks to the combination of their body shape, their leg hairs, surface tension, and their ability to create a web-like structure on the water’s surface. While the exact mechanisms involved in their amazing feat remain a mystery, scientists believe that their combination of features helps them to be able to stay afloat. Understanding how spiders can walk on water could lead to new technologies that could one day help engineers to create devices that can do the same. | physics |
http://community.oneclickmed.com/2013/07/18/quantum-computing-holds-huge-promise/ | 2019-01-17T01:22:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658662.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117000104-20190117022104-00171.warc.gz | 0.942829 | 591 | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__109176161 | en | Quantum computing holds huge promise
July 18, 2013 in Medical Technology
A Canadian computing company called D-Wave Systems has been in the news recently, since it was announced this spring that NASA, Google and the Universities Space Research Association (a nonprofit wing of National Academy of Sciences, comprising universities with graduate programs in space science) have contracted to use its technology.
D-Wave bills itself as the first commercial quantum computing firm. Its computer, the D-Wave Two, will be put to work at the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab – jointly launched by NASA, Google and the USRA – to advance machine learning and tackle some vexing computer science problems on earth and in the cosmos: everything from speech recognition to the search for exoplanets.
The deal represents a “fundamentally different approach to computing for both industry and government,” said Steve Conway, IDC research vice president for high performance computing, in a written statement. “Organizations that depend on leading-edge technology would do well to begin exploring the possibilities for quantum computing.”
So what could quantum computing do for healthcare? And, more to the point, what the heck is quantum computing?
As most people know, most computers are binary – they do their computing on the basis of bits that can be either of two things: a zero or one. That’s the same, effectively, as yes or no (or on or off).
Quantum computing, which is still a relatively new phenomenon, practically speaking, moves past that binary system. These computers operate via what are called quantum bits – or qubits – that can exist in what’s referred to as “superposition”: They can be ones or zeroes, or they can be in multiple states at once.
While a typical computer can tackle one challenge at a time, quantum machines are able to blaze through lots of different computations at once. The upshot – glossing over lots of complex physics – is that qubits make for speed and horsepower that far outpace even the most advanced of conventional supercomputers.
“When you string several qubits together, instead of operating on one bit at a time, you can operate on the superposition of exponentially many bits at the same time,” Colin Williams, director of business development at D-Wave Systems, tells Healthcare IT News. “There’s a fundamentally different mechanism available because you’re harnessing different physical principle.”
So far, D-Wave has been able to double the amount of quantum bits every year, and its current Vesuvius processor runs at a whopping 512 qubits.
“We’ve been able to have a fairly rapid design fabrication and test cycle,” says Williams. “That’s allowed us to knock down some of the tallest engineering problems pretty quickly.” | physics |
https://conferenceladies.com/site/page.php?af16fa=why-is-hydrogen-the-most-abundant-element-in-the-universe | 2021-04-12T16:11:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038067870.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412144351-20210412174351-00373.warc.gz | 0.884682 | 2,047 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__40671810 | en | Most of the most abundant elements are in the form of gases.
Oddly, the 1985 and 1987 versions by Ellison used “thing” and “things”: 11. Because Hydrogen 2.0 fuel can be safely stored, without pressure, at a wide range of temperatures (0°C to 90°C) and uses the world’s existing liquid fuel distribution channels, we do not have to wait decades and spend billions just to bring it to market. See the article about nucleosynthesis for an explanation of how certain nuclear fusion processes in stars (such as carbon burning, etc.)
The abundance of elements in specialized environments, such as atmospheres, or oceans, or the human body, are primarily a product of chemical interactions with the medium in which they reside. There was a time, not that long ago when... “Houston, Tranquility Base here. (It also happens to be the most abundant element in the universe.) Only 17 elements are known for certain to be necessary to human life, with one additional element (fluorine) thought to be helpful for tooth enamel strength. Hydrogen 2.0 harnesses powerful forces observed in nature, combined in a new way, to liberate hydrogen from its oxygen bond in water far more efficiently and sustainably than ever before, unlocking a nearly inexhaustible source of energy for our society. Hydrogen-filled balloons and airships provided the first reliable form of air travel. Lighter silicates of aluminum are found in the crust, with more magnesium silicate in the mantle, while metallic iron and nickel compose the core. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang, while the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars (they are, however, produced in small quantities by breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, as a result of impact by cosmic rays). The four most common elements that matter is composed of are hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and carbon. The semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF), also called Weizsäcker's formula or the Bethe-Weizsäcker mass formula, gives a theoretical explanation of the overall shape of the curve of nuclear binding energy..
The elements aluminium and silicon, although very common in the earth's crust, are conspicuously rare in the human body. Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with increasing atomic number. This can be captured and put to good use. For example, the abundance of oxygen in pure water can be measured in two ways: the mass fraction is about 89%, because that is the fraction of water's mass which is oxygen. 3.) Methanol is an important industrial chemical used as a solvent, a fuel and in making other chemicals such as formaldehyde for use in the plastics industry.
Hydrogen-powered cars using fuel cell technologies are becoming increasingly popular.
It actually came from there and can be extracted through less violent means to achieve the same incredible energy potential of the hydrogen atom. In 1783, Antoine Lavoisier gave it the name ‘hydrogen’ from the Greek ‘hydro’, meaning water, and ‘genes’ meaning creator. And guess what? Roughly speaking, the relative stability of various atomic nuclides has exerted a strong influence on the relative abundance of elements formed in the Big Bang, and during the development of the universe thereafter. Consequently, most of the world's supply of rare earth elements comes from only a handful of sources. The abundance of the lightest elements is well predicted by the standard cosmological model, since they were mostly produced shortly (i.e., within a few hundred seconds) after the Big Bang, in a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis. In the development of fuel cell technologies, these two features of the human mind play a very prominent role.
The Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun, but the planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the solar system. Abundance is the key word in the new Hydrogen 2.0 era we just entered. Right now, the most abundant element in the universe is hydrogen. Helium is the second most abundant element which is approximately 24 %.
Issue Date: 1999 URI: This page was last edited on 28 October 2020, at 12:55. Other uses include rocket fuel (Space Shuttle main engine), welding, hydrochloric acid production and reducing metallic ores like tungsten oxide into the pure metal. A fuel cell is designed such that a continuous supply of chemical reactants is available. Get smart about Hydrogen 2.0! The two least abundant rare earth elements (thulium and lutetium) are nearly 200 times more common than gold. , Below is a periodic table highlighting nutritional elements. No other substance on Earth is more abundant. However, the mole-fraction is about 33% because only 1 atom of 3 in water, H2O, is oxygen. 8.Silicon. The eight naturally occurring very rare, highly radioactive elements (polonium, astatine, francium, radium, actinium, protactinium, neptunium, and plutonium) are not included, since any of these elements that were present at the formation of the Earth have decayed away eons ago, and their quantity today is negligible and is only produced from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium. Our technology represents the first ‘no-compromise’ energy solution, economically and environmentally, to power all kinds of applications to fuel growth and innovation everywhere―in both developed and developing countries. Hydrogen. If we keep doing it, a sad mantle of gray fog will block more and more stars every year, constantly reminding us of our lack of ingenuity. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe – all of the hydrogen in the universe has its origin in the first few moments after the Big Bang. The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past, so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture.
Home / Blog / Hydrogen: The Most Abundant Source of Energy in the Universe We know that coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on Earth.
It is based on efficient extraction technology that produces hydrogen gas from water on-demand, where and when it is needed. Rigid airships called Zeppelins, filled with hydrogen to provide lift, started commercial flights in 1910. But the fact that Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe is mesmerizing and is the focus for many as the potential future of renewable energy.
Uncle Julio's Closing, Wild Goats Nz, Sputnik Weather Station Manual, Scarlett Pomers Jewelry, Hunting Club Sydney, Aryya Banik Wikipedia, How To Win Jackpot On Game Of Thrones Slots, Survivor Jigsaw Puzzle, 30 Car Trivia Questions, Bsa Rifle Models, Sloth Names That Start With S, Nlrb Form 4701 Instructions, Kzjo Live Stream, What Happened To Fraker On Nypd Blue, Desert Tarantula Utah, Fredericksburg Texas Beer Garden, Licio Gelli Nobel Prize, Buy Car With Tlc Plates, El Toro Marine Base Google Maps, Koldfront Ac Parts, Half The Man Jennifer Smestad Meaning, Spongebob Criminal Record, Summer 2020 Lyrics, Worst Shark Attacks, How To Get A Camera Account In Minecraft Multiplayer, Colorado Gmu Map, Sunchaser Pontoon Parts, Project Jojo Worthiness, Gimkit Hack Reddit, Father Rapper Wikipedia, Stranger Things Filming Locations, Adding And Subtracting Decimals Word Problems, Jim Turner Nfl, Polikarpov I 16 China, Port 135 Msrpc, Alberta Sunshine List Nurses, Adjectives For Pumpkin, Biblical Meaning Of Morgan, Futur Porte Avion Russe, Silkie Chicken Eggs For Sale, Les Causes Lointaines De La Seconde Guerre Mondiale, How To Get Banned On Tiktok, Supreme Bandana Box Logo Hoodie Legit Check, Scenic Drives From Brampton, Winchester Model 94 Rear Sight Adjustment, Belmont Hair And Body Wash, Pillowfort Tent Assembly Instructions, Porter Wagoner Estate, Sam Greco Net Worth, Is Sgol Safe, Parasaur Ark Saddle, Liveaboard Marinas Stuart Florida, Top 10 Strongest Dinosaurs In Dinosaur King, Shake The Room Meaning Pop Smoke, The Office Season 8 Episode 14, Songs That Describe Your Life Essay, Sonic Mania Unblocked, Joe Buster Sweet, Delta Burke 2020, Dj Loonyo Net Worth, Running Man Wins, Harvest Dawn Piano, Is Eva Longoria Related To Evan Longoria, Diggy's Adventure Jade, Bambi Eye Mascara Model, Bobby Wilson Singer, Mavni Program 2020 Open, Oliver Tree Alien Boy Ep Songs, Wireless Sim Racing Wheel, Tv Azteca Tv Shows, Uncle Julio's Closing, Wingstop Uk Halal, Hydra Vs Scylla, 2020 Honda Atv Rumors, Sci Nilgai Score Sheet, Len Kasper Wife, Ryzen 9 3900x Emulation, Minecraft Diamond Sword Color Code, Mississippi Dmv Form 78 002, Richard Sherman Net Worth, Tottenville High School Famous Alumni, Land Acknowledgement Wrdsb, Navy Talia Nash, Branden Williams Actor Wikipedia, Eddie And The Cruisers Full Movie 123movies, Borg Warner Transmission Parts, How To Attach Flex Duct To Plenum, Sister Pet Names, Amy Allen Songwriter Net Worth, Don Mcginnis Brynley Arnold Age, Morpeth Rail Crash, Shantae And The Pirate's Curse Walkthrough Gamefaqs, Reddit Mechanical Keyboard Wiki,
|More informations about her| | physics |
https://bytesboltsandleaves.co.uk/diy-armageddon-turntable-power-supply | 2021-08-04T09:31:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154798.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804080449-20210804110449-00176.warc.gz | 0.97609 | 903 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__169521700 | en | Someone called saying he had a Valhalla power supply in his Linn Sondek LP12 turntable which was starting to fail, and rather than repair it he would like try what’s known as a “DIY Armageddon” outboard power supply. While a bit doubtful at first, we agreed this would be an interesting project and that I would take it on. The manufacturers (Linn) do make an outboard ‘Armageddon’ power supply, but theirs is £1200 and this one is £250. This project involved many hours of research, much of it sifting through audio forums related to previous builds, separating the armchair theorists from those with actual experience and the ability to express their findings impartially.
Let’s make a start. There is much debate about the transformer but the Nuvotem Talema 500VA 55-0-55v (available from RS) is a common choice, and is similar to the one Naim use in their design. As the transformer is the largest item to put in the box, we’ll start with that.
Speaking of boxes, the customer sent a photo of his existing kit, so I looked for a case which was similar. The only disappointment is that I couldn’t find a round knob for the front panel which matched the existing Naim kit (well, not for sensible money anyway!), so I asked the customer to choose something
A few photos taken during the build.
This one shows the LED wiring going around the transformer [to the red LED on the rear panel, out of view here], but in the final design this was suspended away from the casing. The final design also contains a soft-start resistor as I found that the toroidal transformer was noisy and was blowing fuses when there was no start-up current limiting. Normally you would bypass the soft start component once the transformer is powered up, but the secondary load is so small that there’s no need to
For anyone thinking of building one, I should say that the blue resistors you can see range from 3.3k to 8.2k, and are wired to a 5-position rotary switch on the front panel, giving outputs of approximately 60, 67, 73, 78, or 88V(rms) as measured at the motor. The idea is that you choose the lowest setting at which the turntable will work reliably, as the motor vibrations decrease with lower voltage. There’s also some dropper resistors and a bridge rectifier powering the LEDs. The front panel switch is between the secondary windings, than there’s a switch in the IEC socket/fuse too.
The 4-core cable I found for running to the turntable was rated for high voltages but didn’t have very good mechanical properties so I sleeved it with an expanding nylon braid casing and heatshrink tubing
The final design, and some testing going on. The two output voltages which drive the motor are correctly phased (90 degrees difference, as per the red arrows on the oscilloscope display) but I was slightly concerned that they weren’t the same amplitude. The reason for the difference is that I’m using a resistive load to test the unit, whereas the motor has inductance too (i.e. the interaction between the output phase-shift capacitor is different). When it was time to do some testing with the actual turntable, I rigged up a temporary switch so that different capacitor values could be tried; it turns out that 0.2uF gives the same voltage on both motor windings. The other values I tried were 1.7 and 2.2uF but these gave imbalanced voltages.
It should be noted that although design and construction was to me my best abilities and with every safety feature in place, it is effectively a home made piece of equipment with no recognised approvals etc. The customer was very aware of this, was happy about it, and gave me a written disclaimer to that effect. I was pleased to hear that it has all been worth while, he said that “I have to tell you, it sounds stunning. I know there’s always the placebo effect with stuff like this, you only think you can hear the difference but there are a couple of records I know so well I can spot changes” | physics |
http://www.jaxequipment.com/author/adam/ | 2020-09-26T16:03:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400244231.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926134026-20200926164026-00291.warc.gz | 0.933501 | 926 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__3115069 | en | Radio astronomy has been experiencing a significant increase, with new technologies collecting data on items in our world quicker than astronomers could analyse.
But after that info is scrutinised it might cause some wonderful new discoveries, as I describe in my overview of the nation of radio astronomy, released today in Nature Astronomy.
During the upcoming few decades, we’ll observe the world in a really different light, and we’re very likely to create discoveries that are totally unexpected. This provides a very different perspective to the one we see if celebrating a very clear night skies with visible light, that chiefly sees light from celebrities.
Black holes were just found in science fiction ahead of radio astronomers found them in quasars.
From Ancient Discoveries
Radio waves in area were detected from the American Karl Jansky from the 1930s. Since that time, radio telescopes like the 64-metre dish in Parkes, at New South Wales raised the amount of known radio resources in the sky from one (from 1940) into a couple hundred million.
Subsequently, around the turn of this millennium, four jobs driven by new technologies abruptly increased the amount of known radio resources from a couple hundred million to approximately 2.5 million.
For nearly the next two years there was no substantial growth in this amount, since nobody can significantly improve about what those four jobs had done.
A set of new telescopes in Australia, The Netherlands, the USA, India and South Africa are going to unleash new technologies which will create another spike in our understanding of the radio sky.
Consequently, EMU alone will increase the amount of radio resources to approximately 70 million, compared to 2.5 million resources found up to now with radio telescopes on the planet over the whole history of radio astronomy.
An Alteration In Radio Astronomy
This massive surge in humanity’s knowledge of the radio sky has a lot of consequences.
We hope to answer a number of the largest concerns in astrophysics, like comprehending why super-massive black holes look so prevalent in the world, how that modulates the growth and development of galaxies and the way galaxies swarm with each other to form clusters.
Right now, if I wish to learn what a galaxy looks like at radio wavelengths, odds are I will need to acquire some time on a significant radio telescope to examine my galaxy.
But I will soon have the ability to visit the internet and watch my galaxy in data accumulated by EMU or among those additional mega-projects.
So most radio astronomy is going to be finished by means of a web search instead of by a new monitoring. The part of big radio telescopes will vary from discovering new things to analyzing known items in beautiful detail.
Third, it is going to alter how astronomers perform their research at other wavelengths. Right now, only a tiny minority of galaxies are studied at radio wavelengths.
From today on, most galaxies being analyzed by the ordinary astronomer will possess excellent wireless data. This provides a new tool which may routinely be employed to discover the physics of galaxies, starting wide the radio on the world.
Fourth, using such enormous volumes of information changes how we do mathematics.
By way of instance, if I would like to comprehend how the gravitational field of local galaxies stinks light from distant galaxies, I now find the very best single example I could, and also spend night after night to the telescope to examine the procedure in detail.
In future, I’ll have the ability to correlate the countless background galaxies using the countless foreground galaxies, using information downloaded from the internet to comprehend the procedure in much greater detail.
Fifth, and probably above all, history informs us that when we observe the world in a new manner, we are inclined to encounter new things or new phenomena which we did not even suspect were there.
So what do we expect these new radio jobs to find. We’ve got no idea, but history tells us that they’re nearly sure to deliver some significant surprises.
Creating these new discoveries might not be quite as straightforward. Gone are the times when astronomers could only notice something peculiar since they navigate their tables and charts.
Today, astronomers are more inclined to be distilling their responses from carefully-posed inquiries to databases comprising petabytes of information.
Human brains are simply not up to the task of Earning unexpected discoveries in such Conditions, and instead We’ll need to develop “learning machines” to help us find that the unexpected With the ideal tools and cautious penetration, that knows what we may find. | physics |
http://www.quantumtorah.com/when-was-the-world-created/?shared=email&msg=fail | 2018-08-20T00:47:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215487.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820003554-20180820023554-00417.warc.gz | 0.962567 | 885 | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-34__0__74884007 | en | Today was Rosh Chodesh Nissan (the New Moon – the beginning of the months of Nissan). There is a dispute in the Talmud as to when was the world created. According to Rabbi Eliezer, the world was created in the month of Tishrei. According to Rabbi Yehoshua, the world was created in the month of Nissan (Tr. Rosh Hashanah (10b)).
The Chasidic thought attempts to reconcile these opinions suggesting that both opinions are correct—the world was created in Nissan in thought and Tishrei in deed. The problem with this approach is that for halahic (Jewish ritual law) purposes of calculating Jewish calendar, the planets are deemed to have commenced their heavenly orbits in Nissan, not in Tishrei! How could planets that haven’t been actually created yet start their orbital movements in Nissan?!
This can be explained by using the approach I suggested in in my post Two Beginnings and, earlier, in my articles “Towards Reconciliation of Biblical and Cosmological Ages of the Universe” and “On the Age of the Universe in the Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics”. The gist of this approach is that when the world was first created during the Big Bang some 13.78 billion years ago, the world existed in a proto-physical state as a quantum wavefunction. The universal wavefunction continued to evolve for billions of years until first human observers, Adam and Eve (Havah), collapsed the wavefunction and brought the world into a tangible physical existence as we know it today.
However, the property of the quantum-mechanical wavefunction is such that when collapsed, it brings with it all of its past history. For example, if you put a Schrödinger cat in a box and leave it there for a few days, the cat will exist there in a state of suspended animation—half-dead and half-alive—a state of superposition of being dead and alive, to be precise. When you look inside the box thereby collapsing the wavefunction of the cat into being either dead or alive (but not both!), you will find a cat either very smelly or very hungry depending on its fate. Although the cat became dead or alive the moment the observer collapsed its wavefunction, it brings along its history of either being dead for some time or being alive and hungry for some time. This is precisely why cosmologists find the universe to be some 13.78 billion years old, notwithstanding the fact that the universal wavefunction was collapsed by the first human observers less than six thousand years ago (according to the Jewish calendar).
This explains the dispute (machloket) between Rabbi Yohoshua and Rabbi Eliezer. Rabbi Yehoshua is talking about the first creation, when the world was in a proto-physical state being described by a wavefunction. We call that moment of initial creation “Nissan”—the first month. In Hebrew, the word for month is “chodesh,” which means new. The first month, Nissan, is the very beginning of the new creation—the universe. However, at that point, prior to the collapse of the universal wavefunction, there is no physical world yet, only the wavefunction evolving in time. Let us recall that the wavefunction is a mathematical concept—the square amplitude of the wavefunction is the probability of finding the particle in a given area of space. Thus, it is a mental construct. This is why the Chasidic though tells us that in Nissan, the world was created in thought. In Tishrei, when Adam and Eve collapsed the wavefunction, they brought the world into physical reality—this is why we say that in Tishrei the world was created in action.
We can now also understand why we assume the motion of planets to commence in Nissan, before they actually were created. When in Tishrei, Adam and Eve collapsed the wavefunction, they brought all its past history into reality. This is why the planets, which became tangible only in Tishrei, are seen as to be moving since Nissan—for the same reason as we see this universe to be 13.78 billion years old. | physics |
https://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2021cornwall/211209-nssg.html | 2023-12-03T17:07:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203161435-20231203191435-00495.warc.gz | 0.921466 | 1,270 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__292828957 | en | Summits | Meetings | Publications | Research | Search | Home | About the G7 Research Group
G7 Nuclear Safety and Security Group: Statement
December 9, 2021
1. The G7 Nuclear Safety and Security Group (NSSG) which was established at the Kananaskis Summit in 2002 and responsible to Leaders, provides technically informed strategic policy advice on issues that could impact safety and security in the peaceful uses of nuclear technology, in close collaboration with multilateral organisations and avoiding duplication of tasks or efforts that are being addressed by existing organisations or entities.
2. The NSSG met 3 times under the United Kingdom's G7 Presidency and were joined in nuclear safety and security policy discussions and exchange of experience by representatives from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the OECD-Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), the World Institute for Nuclear Security (WINS), the European Commission (EC) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).
3. As like-minded partners guided by shared democratic values and respect for fundamental freedoms, human rights, and the rule of law, the NSSG reaffirms its commitment to promoting the highest standards of nuclear safety and security worldwide, with the view to ensuring the responsible use of nuclear technology.
4. The NSSG respects each country's sovereign right to decide upon its energy mix. The NSSG notes that the highest standards of nuclear safety and security are important to all countries and their respective publics. The Group underlines the responsibility of each country to ensure the safety and security of their nuclear material and their facilities.
5. The NSSG recognises the importance of diverse nuclear workforces. We remain actively engaged in the work of the IAEA, NEA, WINS, Women in Nuclear Global (WiN Global), Women in Nuclear Security Initiative (WINSI), young nuclear professional organisations, and others in increasing the representation of women and individuals from historically underrepresented groups at all levels of the nuclear sector. We also recognise the strong commitments made by NSSG members in support of this ambition, including support of the IAEA's Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellowship Programme which was launched to promote gender parity including in the field of nuclear security.
6. The NSSG recognises that there is far more that needs to be done in order to achieve gender parity in G7 nuclear sectors. The NSSG advocates for the development of national policies to improve diversity, equality and inclusivity of nuclear workforces and recruitment campaigns. The NSSG further recognises the need to develop approaches to broaden the talent pool, ensuring it is a truly welcoming, safe and inclusive environment for all staff which therefore translates to more diverse recruitment campaigns and subsequent appointments.
7. The NSSG recognises the importance of working to ensure that all people and communities are effectively informed and consulted regarding nuclear projects. This will help build trust in the peaceful uses of nuclear technologies among the public, including Indigenous peoples.
8. The NSSG notes the work that the IAEA and other international organisations are doing on external communication and the importance of an open dialogue to improve public confidence in nuclear and radiological safety and security.
9. The NSSG recognises that the development and deployment of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) within the next decade will likely contribute to more countries around the world adopting nuclear power as part of their energy mix. The NSSG recognises that this will bring opportunities and challenges and therefore further international collaboration, including between all relevant stakeholders on this matter is needed.
10. The NSSG supports the key role of the IAEA and the need for effective regulation and international guidance in ensuring that SMRs are used safely and securely. The NSSG recognises that, based on its Milestones Approach, the IAEA offers the Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review (INIR) service to both those countries embarking on the use of nuclear power, and those that are expanding their nuclear power programme. The NSSG recognises this will help ensure that the infrastructure required for the safe and secure use of nuclear power is developed and implemented in a responsible and orderly manner.
11. The NSSG welcomes the launch of the IAEA's Agency-wide platform on SMRs that ensures a cross departmental approach and integrated support to Member States on all aspects of their development, deployment and oversight, as a means to ensure the safe and secure operation of SMRs globally.
12. The NSSG also recognises the increased workload SMRs will likely create for the IAEA and supports the IAEA as it adapts to this new reality, in order to maintain the same high standards of safety and security for these new technologies.
13. The NSSG encourages collaboration amongst those undertaking advanced nuclear technology research and development. The NSSG also encourages efforts to scientifically address safety and security challenges, including the concepts of safety and security by design.
14. During the course of NSSG meetings, G7 donors and the European Commission received updates from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development regarding the decommissioning of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. The NSSG notes that the extension of the Nuclear Safety Account is confirmed until 31 December 2022.
15. While continuing to support the EBRD in the pursuit of safe, secure and efficient progression and finalisation of this important program, the NSSG notes with concern the delays in starting the deconstruction of the unstable structures of the Shelter Object and the risk that it could pose to the future decommissioning program. The NSSG expects Ukraine to ensure that all the necessary organisational and financial provisions have been taken for the operation, the maintenance of the facility and also the dismantling of the unstable structures of the original shelter, as a first step of the decommissioning program inside the NSC.
[back to top]
|This Information System is provided by the University of Toronto Libraries and the G7 Research Group at the University of Toronto.|
Please send comments to:
This page was last updated December 13, 2021.
All contents copyright © 2023. University of Toronto unless otherwise stated. All rights reserved. | physics |
http://www.eusens.com/ee-sx670/ | 2019-01-17T16:56:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659056.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117163938-20190117185938-00549.warc.gz | 0.721002 | 233 | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__49580970 | en | EE-SX670 Standard Photo Micro Switch
Dark-ON and light-ON operation is optional.
Response frequency up to 1 kHz.
Easy operation monitoring by bright light indicator.
A variety of variations in eight different shapes.
Flexible robot cable is supplied for a standard feature.
Product Name: Photo Micro Sensor Switch;
- Model: EE-SX670;Type: Standard Type;Source of light: GaAs Infrared LED (Pulse-Modulated) by using a Peak Wavelength of 940 nmControl Output: NPN Open Collector Output DC5-24V 100mA Below, Residual Voltage below 0.8V (When Load Current 100mA), Residual Voltage below 0.4V (When Load Current 40mA),Detection Distance: 5 mm;Sensor Type: Photoelectric;Temperature Operating: -10 to +55
Power source Voltage: DC5-24V
Consume Current: 35mA Below;
Material: Plastic, Electric Parts;
Size: 2.5 x 2.6 x 0.6cm
Package Content: 1 x Photo Micro Sensor Switch | physics |
http://ww.saving-old-seagulls.co.uk/phpbb3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=2809 | 2015-05-29T11:55:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930109.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00195-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.947653 | 443 | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-22__0__30627227 | en | I think, before the 'discussion' slips any further, that perhaps we ought to get people to clarify what is important to them and why?
While a bollard pull may be a factual and accurate method of measuring the available "thrust" from a particularl engine/prop combo, and providing all other factors (same boat, same tide, same weather, same fuel, same air temperature and density...) are identical, then one would have merely established which has the greater or lesser "measured bollard pull".
So if one required a vessel and motor capable of a higher bollard pull - say for towing a barge - then that might indicate which motor/prop combo to go for.
But if, as Charlesuk has pointed out, one is after "forward speed throough the water" then a bollard pull is not a real indicator of that.
It's all about the gearing and the pitch, but the lower gearing provides for less revolutions, ergo the larger prop with lower geared box is going to travel slower going forwards than the hydrofan on a similar cc motor with a higher ratio gearbox. Smaller thrusts, but more of them, more often.
It is for the same reson that trucks have lower diff ratios than sports cars, and why, in my long ago squandered youth we swapped out the 3.37:1 diff in the old Holdens for a 4.11:1, as it lowered the back axle ratio and allowed more power to be put on the ground, making the car accelarate harder and faster, but it was ultimately slower at top speed, revving much harder to attain the 100km/h than before.
Au contraire, if one wanted lower revs at highway speeds, say for improved fuel mileage, one swapped out the standard 3.37:1 for a 3.08:1, as this allowed the back axle to spin faster for the same engine revs.
Outboards operate on the same principle. Energy in = force out. Gearing determines where and at what point in the rev range the force comes out.
Hope that helps! | physics |
https://www.cece.ucf.edu/event/ucf-water-first-seminar-dr-isaac-moradi/ | 2023-03-23T21:31:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945183.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323194025-20230323224025-00273.warc.gz | 0.952397 | 629 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__4064595 | en | Water vapor is the most dominant greenhouse gas and plays a critical role in the climate by regulating the Earth’s radiation budget and hydrological cycle. A comprehensive dataset is required to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of water vapor, evaluate the performance of climate and weather prediction models in terms of simulating tropospheric humidity, and understand the role of water vapor and its feedback in the climate system. Satellite microwave and radiosonde measurements are the two main sources of tropospheric humidity. However, both datasets are subject to errors and uncertainties. This talk focuses on our knowledge of these errors and uncertainties as well as some applications of such observations, as follows:
The quality of operational radiosonde data was investigated for different sensor types. It was found that the use of a variety of sensors over the globe introduces temporal and spatial errors in the data. Furthermore, it was shown that the daytime radiation dry bias, which is one of the most important errors in radiosonde data, depends on both sensor type and radiosonde launch time.
Radiometric errors in satellite data were investigated using both intercomparisons of coincident observations as well as validation versus high-quality radiosonde and Global Positioning System Radio Occultation (GPS-RO) data. Overall, the absolute accuracy of the microwave satellite data cannot still be validated due to the lack of reference measurements.
In addition, a novel technique for correcting geolocation errors in microwave satellite data was developed based on the difference between ascending and descending observations along the coastlines. Using this method, several important errors including timing errors and sensor mounting errors were found in some of the microwave instruments.
Finally, since satellite data are indirect measurements, a method was developed to transform satellite radiances from different water vapor channels to layer averaged humidity. The technique is very fast because radiative transfer calculations are only required to determine the empirical coefficients. This technique was then used to evaluate the diurnal variation of tropospheric humidity in the tropical region.
This research was funded by NOAA Environmental Data Record and JPSS Programs.
Dr. Isaac Moradi received his MSc. in Meteorology from University of Tehran first Ph.D. is Climatology and Environmental Planning from Kwarizmi University of Tehran and his second Ph.D. in Radio and Space Science from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. Before joining the University of Maryland, he worked at the University of Tehran, Ministry of Energy, and Lulea University of Technology, Sweden. Since joining ESSIC, the University of Maryland in 2010, he has been working on satellite data calibration, radiative transfer modeling, product retrieval, data assimilation, and OSSEs. He has been working at NASA GMAO since 2015 where his work is focused on satellite data assimilation, OSSE, and radiative transfer modeling. Before joining GMAO, he worked at NOAA Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation, as well as NOAA STAR. Dr. Moradi is currently representing ESSIC in the UMD Senate, and also is an editor of Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. | physics |
https://www.le.imm.cnr.it/publications/flexible-organic-inorganic-nanofibers-uv-light-emission-and-lasing | 2023-12-04T09:45:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00318.warc.gz | 0.881314 | 182 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__207888940 | en | Miniaturized optical diagnostics might be greatly favored by the availability of effective, conformable UV light sources combining reduced size with mechanical flexibility. Here we report on our recent results on ZnO-incorporated nanofibers, exhibiting optical gain and polarized emission, used to obtain flexible UV lasers operating at room-temperature. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 682157, “xPRINT”), from the Italian Minister of University and Research (PRIN 2017PHRM8X) and from the University of Pisa (PRA “ANISE”).
International Society for Optics and Photonics
5 Mar 2021
Volume: 11683 Pages: 1168309
Organic Photonic Materials and Devices XXIII | physics |
https://marionmoorehill.com/book/the-science-of-philip-pullmans-his-dark-materials/ | 2024-02-26T23:53:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474669.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226225941-20240227015941-00479.warc.gz | 0.8781 | 202 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__209065661 | en | PDF The Science of Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials Download
- Author: John Gribbin
- Publisher: Hachette UK
- ISBN: 1444946684
- Category : Young Adult Nonfiction
- Languages : en
- Pages : 224
The amazing true science behind the fiction of His Dark Materials, ideal for fans of the original trilogy and The Book of Dust, with an introduction by Philip Pullman. Award-winning science writers Mary and John Gribbin reveal how the world of Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy (Northern Lights, The Subtle Knife and The Amber Spyglass) is rooted in astonishing scientific truth. Drawing on string theory and spacetime, quantum physics and chaos theory, they answer fascinating questions such as: could parallel worlds like Will's and Lyra's really exist? How does the subtle knife cut through anything? Could there be a bomb like the one made with Lyra's hair? And, of course, what are the Dark Materials? | physics |
https://www.victoryscientific.com/traditional-dry-baths | 2023-09-26T01:39:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510130.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926011608-20230926041608-00856.warc.gz | 0.792276 | 296 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__94608047 | en | The dry baths provide accurate “set and walk away” digital temperature selection, eliminating the need for external thermometers and repetitive “fine tuning” of a temperature control knob. Enter the desired temperature on the digital touchpad and the dry bath provides accurate temperature with real time monitoring that continuously maintains the selected temperature within ±0.2°C.
The cavities of the high grade aluminum blocks are precision machined to match the conical size and shape of 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, 15 and 50ml tube sizes, providing unsurpassed temperature transfer. Assorted blocks are available for compatibility with nearly all common laboratory tubes and plates. Custom blocks are also available upon request.
(Single):7.8 x 9 x 3.2 in./ 20 x 23 x 8 cm
(Four):8.7 x 14 x 3.2 in./ 22 x 35.5 x 8 cm
120V or 230V 50-60Hz
Range: Ambient +5 to 150°C
(Max. Temp of 4 position is 130°C)
(Dual):8.7 x 10.3 x 3.2 in./ 22 x 26 x 8 cm | physics |
https://www.packagingbagfactory.com/news/heat-sealing-packaging-film-has-certain-heat-sealing-requirements | 2020-08-11T00:20:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738723.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810235513-20200811025513-00287.warc.gz | 0.885581 | 1,242 | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__152929488 | en | 1. Heat sealing temperature
The selection of the heat sealing temperature of the composite film is closely related to the performance, thickness of the composite substrate, the model, speed, and hot air pressure of the bag making machine, which directly affects the level of the heat sealing strength.
A The starting temperature of the composite film is determined by the viscosity flow temperature or melting temperature of the heat seal material. The high temperature of the heat seal cannot exceed the decomposition temperature of the heat seal material.
A The temperature between the viscous temperature and the decomposition temperature is the heat-seal temperature range of the heat-seal material, which is a key factor affecting and controlling the quality of the heat-seal. A The wider the heat sealing temperature range, the better the heat sealing performance and the easier and more stable the quality control. A At the same time, the heat sealing temperature of the composite film cannot be higher than the heat setting temperature of the printed substrate. Otherwise, it will cause shrinkage and wrinkling of the heat-sealed part, reducing the heat-sealing strength and the impact resistance of the bag.
A The temperature resistance of the printed substrate is good, such as BOPET, BOPA, etc., increasing the heat sealing temperature can improve the production rate; the temperature resistance of the printing substrate is poor, such as BOPP, try to use a lower heat sealing temperature, and increase the pressure Production speed or select low temperature heat sealable material to ensure heat seal strength.
2. Heat sealing pressure of the packaging film
The hot air pressure is provided by the pressure spring on the bag making machine. A The size of the heat sealing pressure is related to the performance, thickness and heat sealing width of the composite film. Polar heat seal materials have higher activation performance, and the temperature increase has a greater influence on the decrease in viscosity, so the required heat seal pressure is smaller, which prevents the molten material at the heat seal position from being extruded and affects the heat seal effect. A PE and PP are non-polar materials with extremely low activation performance and high required pressure, which is beneficial to heat seal strength and interface tightness.
A The heat sealing pressure should increase as the thickness of the composite film increases. A If the heat sealing pressure is insufficient, the two films are difficult to heat seal, and it is difficult to exhaust the air bubbles sandwiched between the welds. If the heat sealing pressure is too high, the molten material will be squeezed away, the welding edge will be damaged, and the root will be broken. When calculating the heat sealing pressure, the width and actual surface area of the required heat sealing rod should be considered. A The wider the width of the heat seal rod, the greater the pressure required. The width of the heat sealing bar is too wide, which is easy to entrap air bubbles in the heat sealing part, and it is difficult to heat seal firmly. Generally, a hollow heat sealing bar can be used to strengthen the heat sealing fastness at the last one. A For the heat sealing rods of the same width, if the surface is engraved, the actual contact area is greatly reduced, and the pressure per unit area is increased accordingly. This is true for packaging bags with larger heat seal widths.
3. Heat sealing speed affect the result
The heat sealing speed reflects the production efficiency of the bag making machine and is also an important factor affecting the strength and appearance of the heat sealing.
A The faster the heat sealing speed, the heat sealing temperature should be increased accordingly to ensure that the heat sealing strength and heat sealing state reach the optimal value; under the same heat sealing temperature and pressure, the slower the heat sealing speed, the more fusion the heat sealing material Fully and more solid, but can not cause root-breaking phenomenon.
The length of heat-sealing time of the domestic bag-making machine is mainly determined by the speed of the bag-making machine. Increasing the heat-sealing time must reduce the bag-making speed and reduce the production efficiency.
4. Cooling situation
The cooling process is the process of setting the weld seam just melted under a certain pressure at a lower temperature, eliminating stress concentration, reducing the shrinkage of the weld seam, improving the appearance flatness of the bag, and improving the heat seal strength.
5. Heat sealing times
The longitudinal and transverse heat sealing of most bag-making machines adopts the hot plate welding method. The number of longitudinal heat sealing depends on the ratio of the effective length of the heat sealing rod and the length of the bag. .
A Good heat sealing generally requires more than 2 times of heat sealing. Most of the horizontal heat sealing devices are 3 groups. In order to meet the requirements of the wide-side heat seal, the transverse heat seal device is often added to increase the number of heat seals to reduce the heat seal temperature and reduce the necking phenomenon. For longer-sized packaging bags, multiple feeding techniques can be used to reduce the length of each feeding to one-half or one-third of the bag length, thereby increasing the number of heat seals and improving the heat sealing effect, but it will reduce production Efficiency, so some bag making machines increase the length of the longitudinal heat sealing rod to increase the number of heat sealing and ensure the quality of the heat sealing.
6. Heat sealing rod gap
The heat-seal rod gap refers to the pressure distance from which the predetermined hot-air pressure is transferred to the heat-seal surface when the upper heat-seal rod contacts the bottom plate. A At the same film thickness and the same heat sealing speed, the gap of the heat sealing rod is small, the heat sealing time is relatively small, and the heat sealing strength of the product will be reduced. A Generally, the gap of the heat sealing rod is set at 1.0~1.5mm, which is related to the film thickness, transfer performance, bag making speed, etc.
Post time: Apr-07-2020 | physics |
http://yamm.finance/wiki/Rose_Center_for_Earth_and_Space.html | 2022-08-07T21:51:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570730.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807211157-20220808001157-00181.warc.gz | 0.930097 | 2,790 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__202593211 | en | Rose Center for Earth and Space
The Rose Center for Earth and Space is a part of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. The Center's complete name is The Frederick Phineas and Sandra Priest Rose Center for Earth and Space. The main entrance is located on the northern side of the museum on 81st Street near Central Park West in Manhattan's Upper West Side. Completed in 2000, it includes the new Hayden Planetarium, the original of which was opened in 1935 and closed in 1997. Neil deGrasse Tyson is its first and, to date, only director.
The center is an extensive reworking of the former Hayden Planetarium, whose first projector, dedicated in 1935, had 2 successors previous to the current one.
The original Hayden Planetarium was founded in 1933 with a donation by philanthropist Charles Hayden. In 1935, the Hayden Planetarium, designed by architects Trowbridge & Livingston, opened, after its construction was funded by a $650,000 loan from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and a $150,000 donation from banker Charles Hayden of Hayden, Stone & Co. Its mission was to give the public "a more lively and sincere appreciation of the magnitude of the universe... and for the wonderful things which are daily occurring in the universe." Joseph M. Chamberlain, hired as an assistant curator in 1952, became Chairman of the Planetarium in 1956. In 1960, a Zeiss Mark IV projector was installed, followed by a Zeiss Mark VI projector and new seats in 1993.
In January 1997, the original Hayden Planetarium was closed and demolished. In August 1999, a new, customized Zeiss Mark IX projector was installed, accompanied by a digital dome projection system that provides a 3-D visualization of the universe based on images generated in real time by a Silicon Graphics supercomputer.
On February 19, 2000, the $210 million Frederick Phineas and Sandra Priest Rose Center for Earth and Space, containing the new Hayden Planetarium, opened to the public. The Rose Center is named after two members of the Rose family, and was designed by James Polshek and Todd H. Schliemann of Polshek Partnership Architects with the exhibition design by Ralph Appelbaum Associates. Tom Hanks provided the voice-over for the first planetarium show during the opening of the new Rose Center for Earth & Space in the Hayden Planetarium in 2000. Since then such celebrities as Whoopi Goldberg, Robert Redford, Harrison Ford, Liam Neeson and Maya Angelou have been featured.
Designed by Polshek and Todd Schliemann, the building consists of a six-story high glass cube enclosing the 87-foot (27 m) illuminated Hayden Sphere, which appears to float, although it is actually supported by truss work. Polshek has referred to this work as a "cosmic cathedral".
The Rose Center and its adjacent plaza are both located on the north face of the Museum; the Center encloses 333,500 square feet (30,980 m2; 3.098 ha) of research, education, and exhibition spaces, in addition to the Hayden Planetarium. Also located in the facility is the Department of Astrophysics, the newest academic research department in the Museum. Furthermore, Polshek designed the 1,800-square-foot (170 m2) Weston Pavilion, a 43-foot (13 m) high transparent structure of "water white" glass along the Museum's west facade. This structure, a small companion piece to the Rose Center, offers a new entry way to the Museum, as well as opening further exhibition space for astronomically-related objects. The planetarium's original magazine, The Sky, merged with another journal, The Telescope, to become the leading astronomy magazine Sky & Telescope.
The exhibits highlight human connection to the cosmos along with the scale and properties of the observable universe itself. When the new Rose Center opened with a model of only eight planets, excluding Pluto, which had been thought of as the ninth planet, it resulted in a headline-making controversy.
The Hayden Planetarium (often called "The Hayden Sphere" or "The Great Sphere") has, since 2000, been one of the two main attractions within the Rose Center. The top half of the Hayden Sphere houses the Star Theater, which uses high-resolution fulldome video to project “space shows” based on scientific visualization of current astrophysical data, in addition to a customized Zeiss Star Projector system replicating an accurate night sky as seen from Earth. The Star Theater is one of the world's pre-eminent planetariums, which incorporates high-resolution full-dome video to create "space shows", based in scientific visualization of current astrophysical data.
The Big Bang Theater, which occupies the bottom half of the Hayden Sphere, depicts the birth of the universe in a four-minute program. Utilizing a screen that measures 36 feet (11 m) in diameter over an 8-foot-deep (2.4 m) bowl, a four-minute program depicts the birth of the universe, with narration by Liam Neeson. The Big Bang Theater serves as an introduction to the Heilbrun Cosmic Pathway, a spiral which wraps around the sphere, connecting the second and first floors of the Rose Center. The cosmic pathway provides a timeline of the universe's history from the Big Bang to the present day. The Heilbrun Cosmic Pathway is one of the most popular exhibits in the Rose Center, which opened February 19, 2000.
The Hayden Planetarium offers a number of courses and public presentations including the Frontiers of Astrophysics and Distinguished Authors lecture series.
Heilbrunn Cosmic Pathway
As visitors leave the Planetarium theater, they exit to the Size Scales of the Universe exhibit which shows the vast array of sizes in the universe; the walkway itself is a timeline of the Universe from the Big Bang to the present. This exhibit leads to the Big Bang Theater and exits to the Heilbrun Cosmic Pathway, an interactive exhibit designed by the AMNH Exhibitions Lab at the Rose Center, which shows the history of the universe. From the bottom of the Cosmic Pathway, visitors can stop by the Hall of Planet Earth to explore geology, weather, plate tectonics, and more, or go down to the Hall of the Universe to explore the realms of planets, stars, galaxies and more. The 360-foot-long (110 m) ramp illustrates 13 billion years of cosmic history at a rate of about 36,111,111 years per foot (about 1,184,748 years per centimeter); a typical adult walking step length of approximately 28 inches (71 cm; 2.3 ft) covers about 84 million years.
Along the pathway are thirteen markers denoting the passage of each billion years. At eight landings, panels show visitors the relative size of the universe at that point in time, along with major developmental stages of the universe including the first generation of stars, globular clusters, quasars, elliptical galaxies, galactic bulges, radio galaxies, the Milky Way Galaxy, galactic disks, and later generations of stars. At each of the landings, computer interactives provide overviews of the entire pathway, and more in-depth information, as well as connections to exhibit topics in the Hall of the Universe.
Walking down the pathway, visitors also pass by a photographic record of cosmic history. Astronomical images appear at that time of the universe corresponding to that place on the pathway. The light from these objects has taken billions of years to reach the earth, and visitors see them not as they are now, but as they were when their light began its journey toward Earth. Among these are some of the most distant celestial objects known to scientists, along with their cosmic "red shift", the measurement that indicates what epoch of the expanding universe is being shown. Panels along the beginning of the Pathway are intentionally left blank in order allow space to document future discoveries of new "record holders" that are even more distant than the ones currently known.
Artifacts along the Heilbrunn Cosmic Pathway include presolar grains, a meteorite that dates from the birth of our solar system, a sample from the oldest rock formation on Earth, a stromatolite as an example of multicellular life formation, a trilobite, the first animal with eyes; and the fossilized serrated tooth of a giant carnivorous dinosaur. The Cosmic Pathway concludes with the Age of Dinosaurs, which became extinct 66 million years ago, less than 2 feet (61 cm) from the end of the Pathway. The duration of recorded human history is portrayed, by contrast, as comparable to the thickness of a human hair.
Arthur Ross Terrace
The Ross Terrace adjacent to the Rose Center for Earth and Space, and built over the new parking garage on 81st Street. This rooftop plaza is designed to be a stage set that celebrates both astronomy and Earth’s natural history, as well as an outdoor gathering place for museum visitors. Renowned garden designer Kathryn Gustafson formed the concept for the Terrace after seeing an illustration of shadows cast by a lunar eclipse. A terrace covering 47,114 square feet (4,377.0 m2; 0.43770 ha) was designed by Charles Morris Anderson as a Landscape Architect, and his design was awarded the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) Design award in 2003.
Current exhibits and shows
As of 2015, five shows have premiered in the theater. The first show, Passport to the Universe, opened with the new theater and features the voice of Tom Hanks as a guide along a voyage from Earth to the edge of the observable universe. The Search for Life: Are We Alone? debuted in 2002, with narration by Harrison Ford describing the possibilities of extraterrestrial life. Opened in 2006 and narrated by Robert Redford, Cosmic Collisions examines the role that impacts have played in shaping the universe—including visualizations of Earth's magnetosphere, the formation of the Moon, and the meteorite impact that contributed to the end of the age of dinosaurs. Journey to the Stars, narrated by Whoopi Goldberg, premiered on, July 4, 2009, featuring extraordinary images from telescopes on the ground and in space and stunning, never-before-seen visualizations of physics-based simulations. Dark Universe, narrated by Neil deGrasse Tyson, premiered on November 2, 2013.
Other exhibits can be found outside the sphere. The Gottesman Hall of the Planet Earth has displays that illustrate the Earth's geological history and weather patterns. The Cullman Hall of the Universe focuses on topics ranging from planets to stars, life on other worlds to current cosmology. The Scales of the Universe exhibit makes comparisons between the size of the Hayden Sphere and other objects in the universe presented at appropriate relative scale. There is also a photographic exhibit about the Apollo moon landings. The photographs are throughout the first floor level of the Rose Center.
In popular culture
- 1979 – The planetarium appears as a backdrop for scenes in the film Manhattan. Woody Allen and Diane Keaton play characters who walk around within the planetarium after escaping from a sudden downburst of rain.
- 2001 – The planetarium is briefly seen in the film K-PAX starring Kevin Spacey and Jeff Bridges.
- 2002 – The planetarium is briefly seen in the film Men in Black II starring Tommy Lee Jones and Will Smith.
- 2011 – The planetarium is used as part of an investigation in the White Collar episode 'Where There's a Will' (S02E03).
- 2014 – The planetarium is briefly seen in the film Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb starring Ben Stiller and Robin Williams.
- Gray, Christopher (1996-08-16). "A Remnant of the 1930s, and Its Sky, Will Fall". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
- Martin, Douglas (December 11, 2011). "Joseph Chamberlain, 88, Dies; Brought the Stars a Bit Closer". New York Times. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- Goldberger, Paul (2000-01-17). "Stairway to the Stars". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
- Glancey, Jonathan (2000-05-08). "A cosmic cathedral on 81st Street". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
- deGrasse Tyson, Neil (February 2, 2001). "Astronomer Responds to Pluto-Not-a-Planet Claim". Space.com. Retrieved 2013-07-17.
- "Timeline: The History of the American Museum of Natural History". Retrieved 2009-03-03.
- "Heilbrunn Cosmic Pathway". American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- Johnson, Jolie (May 12, 2011). "The Average Walking Stride Length". Retrieved 7 January 2013.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rose Center for Earth and Space.|
Rose Center exhibitions
- Official website
- Official website
- History of the Hayden Planetarium at the Wayback Machine (archived March 6, 2006)
- Summary of the Hayden Planetarium from the Zeiss website
Arthur Ross Terrace | physics |
http://www.emi.uwa.edu.au/news/dutch-company-takes-uwa-designed-anchor | 2018-06-22T18:35:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864776.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622182027-20180622202027-00036.warc.gz | 0.951217 | 799 | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__45829800 | en | An innovative offshore anchor designed by researchers at The University of Western Australia has already been snapped up by Dutch anchor specialists Vryhof Anchors.
The Dynamically Embedded Plate Anchor (DEPLA) was developed by Associate Professor Conleth O’Loughlin, from UWA’s Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems (COFS), and Dr Mark Richardson, a former PhD student at COFS.
The new anchor design, aimed at mobile drilling units and floating production systems in deep and ultra-deep water, would reduce installation time, costs and materials, Associate Professor O’Loughlin said.
Associate Professor O’Loughlin, who has been researching dynamically installed anchors for the past 10 years, said the anchor was a hybrid system able to sustain significant vertical load and required no external energy source or mechanical operation for installation.
“The anchor resembles a dart, and is installed using gravity, similar to other dynamically installed anchors such as the torpedo pile,” he said.
“However the main part of the ‘dart’, which we call the follower, is removed after the anchor is embedded in the seabed and re-used for the next installation. This leaves the anchor flukes in the seabed, which then become the plate anchor.”
Associate Professor O’Loughlin said global energy company Petrobras had been using a gravity-embedded design since the mid-1990s.
“But the rest of the world has been slow to follow,” he said. “However, one of the limitations of the Petrobras design is that it is not the most efficient – it doesn’t have a lot of capacity relative to its weight.
“The DEPLA boasts all the installation advantages of the torpedo pile, but is much more efficient at resisting load, meaning that much smaller and cheaper units can be used for mooring offshore facilities. Being able to re-use the follower is a significant bonus.”
Vryhof project director Senol Ozmutlu said results indicated the DEPLA exhibited similar behaviour to other dynamically installed anchors during installation, but with much higher capacities and predictability than other dynamically installed anchors that resisted load in friction.
The DEPLA has been tested at model scale in the geotechnical centrifuge facilities at COFS. In these experiments, soil samples are spun at up to 200 times Earth’s gravity, creating stress conditions in the centrifuge sample that are equivalent to tens of metres of the seabed.
The DEPLA was put through its paces in these tests, with the centrifuge data playing a pivotal role in informing the final design concept. This is now a well-accepted approach for obtaining performance data of geotechnical systems and COFS is a world leader, with both beam and drum centrifuge facilities that are heavily utilised by the offshore industry worldwide.
Vryhof’s Business Development Director Leo Bello said the company was extremely happy with the new anchor.
“It will give us a reliable product for ultra-deep water uses that will help our clients reduce their overall mooring cost,” Mr Bello said. “The DEPLA combines the advantages of dynamically installed anchors and vertically loaded anchors and is fully patented.”
The DEPLA has been extensively tested at a quarter scale and it will be now Vryhof ’s task to engineer and test a full-scale prototype.
“Vryhof was the ideal industry partner to continue development of the DEPLA and we look forward to assisting them in making it a real prospect for the offshore industry” Associate Professor O’Loughlin said.
tel (+61 8) 6488 7326
David Stacey (UWA Media Manager), tel (+61 8) 6488 3229 | physics |
https://equityatlas.org/how-much-is-venus-worth/ | 2023-12-02T14:58:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100427.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202140407-20231202170407-00504.warc.gz | 0.918799 | 1,217 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__61423870 | en | How Much Is Venus Worth: Unveiling the Mysteries of our Mysterious Neighbor
Venus, the second planet from the Sun and Earth’s closest planetary neighbor, has long fascinated astronomers and space enthusiasts alike. Known for its scorching temperatures, thick atmosphere, and stunning appearance in the night sky, Venus holds many secrets waiting to be unraveled. In this article, we will delve into the worth of Venus, exploring its value from various perspectives and uncovering some lesser-known facts about this enigmatic planet.
Venus has no intrinsic material worth in the conventional sense, as it lacks resources that could be exploited for economic gain. Unlike Earth, which is rich in minerals, water, and habitable environments, Venus is a harsh and inhospitable place, with a surface temperature hot enough to melt lead and an atmosphere composed mainly of carbon dioxide. Its dense atmosphere and extreme temperatures make it unsuitable for human colonization or resource extraction.
However, the scientific and research value of Venus is immeasurable. Studying Venus provides crucial insights into the formation and evolution of terrestrial planets, including our own. The planet’s extreme conditions offer a unique laboratory for understanding the greenhouse effect and the runaway climate change phenomena that could occur on Earth if not managed properly.
Now, let’s uncover some interesting and lesser-known facts about Venus:
1. Venus spins in the opposite direction: While most planets in our solar system rotate counterclockwise when viewed from above the Sun’s north pole, Venus rotates clockwise in a phenomenon known as retrograde rotation. The cause of this peculiar rotation remains a mystery.
2. Venus has longer days than years: Although it takes Venus only 225 Earth days to complete one orbit around the Sun, its slow rotation means that a Venusian day lasts longer than its year. A single day on Venus takes approximately 243 Earth days.
3. Venus has volcanoes: Venus is home to hundreds of volcanoes, some of which are larger than any found on Earth. The planet’s thick atmosphere traps the heat, resulting in a lack of plate tectonics that would typically recycle the crust, leading to enormous volcanic structures.
4. Venus experiences a phenomenon called a “Venusian dawn”: Due to Venus’s slow rotation, it experiences a unique optical illusion known as a Venusian dawn. Observers on the planet’s surface would witness the Sun rise in the west and set in the east.
5. Venus has mysterious dark patches: Venus’s surface is covered in dark patches known as “Tesserae.” These patches, composed of highland terrain, puzzle scientists due to their unknown formation process and distinct geological characteristics.
6. Venus might have active volcanism: Recent studies have suggested that Venus might still harbor active volcanoes. In 2023, a proposed mission called VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) aims to study the planet’s geology in detail and potentially unveil the existence of active volcanic activity.
Now, let’s address some common questions about Venus:
1. Can humans live on Venus?
No, Venus’s extreme temperatures, high pressure, and toxic atmosphere make it uninhabitable for humans.
2. Does Venus have water?
While Venus once had water, its high surface temperatures caused it to evaporate long ago. Today, Venus is arid and lacks liquid water on its surface.
3. Can we see Venus from Earth?
Yes, Venus is one of the brightest objects in the night sky and can often be seen shortly after sunset or before sunrise.
4. Is there life on Venus?
The possibility of life on Venus is currently unknown. Future missions and research aim to investigate this question further.
5. Does Venus have a magnetic field?
Venus has a weak magnetic field, but it is significantly weaker than Earth’s. The exact cause of this difference remains uncertain.
6. Can Venus support plants?
No, Venus’s harsh environment, including extreme temperatures and lack of water, prevents plant growth.
7. How far is Venus from Earth?
The distance between Earth and Venus varies depending on their positions in their respective orbits. On average, Venus is approximately 25 million miles away from Earth.
8. Has Venus been visited spacecraft?
Yes, several spacecraft have visited Venus, including the Soviet Venera and Vega missions and NASA’s Mariner and Magellan missions.
9. Can Venus be terraformed?
Terraforming Venus, or making it habitable for humans, is currently considered beyond our technological capabilities due to its extreme conditions.
10. What is Venus’s atmosphere made of?
Venus’s atmosphere is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (96.5%) with traces of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide.
11. Does Venus have seasons?
Venus experiences minimal seasonal variations due to its thick atmosphere, which distributes heat evenly across the planet.
12. What is the temperature on Venus?
Venus has an average surface temperature of around 900 degrees Fahrenheit (475 degrees Celsius), making it the hottest planet in our solar system.
13. How many moons does Venus have?
Venus has no moons.
14. What is the future of Venus exploration?
Future missions, such as NASA’s VERITAS and DAVINCI+, aim to explore Venus’s geology, atmosphere, and potential signs of past or present life.
In conclusion, while Venus may not possess material worth in the traditional sense, its scientific value and the knowledge it holds about our solar system and the universe are immeasurable. As we continue to explore and study this mysterious planet, we uncover unique insights that help us better understand our own world and the possibilities that lie beyond. | physics |
https://washmaster.net/new-automatic-gm-3523/ | 2019-02-21T19:58:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247508363.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221193026-20190221215026-00291.warc.gz | 0.900773 | 220 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__97149538 | en | To save manually lifting baskets in and out of the GM3523 we now have the new Auto version.
This allows parts to be placed on the platform or parts in baskets, close the interlocked door, press start and the parts lower into the ultrasonic bath, when the machine times out the surface skimming runs for a programmed period then the platform rises and lets the components drain.
There are two more programs in the unit. The first one which makes the platform agitate for 30 seconds after every minute of cleaning, this helps to move loose contaminates away from the surface of the components.
The second one makes the platform agitate in and out of the cleaning chemistry, this is an excellent program for components with small oil galleries or blind tapped holes (this helps to get particles released by the ultrasonic action to cascade out of the component).
If you would like to arrange a visit, to our test facility in Bradford and see one of the GM Range of machines working, or do some trials, please call 01274 668267 or mail [email protected] . | physics |
https://strivemax.com/blog/what-is-a-cycling-power-meter-2/ | 2020-02-19T17:39:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144165.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219153707-20200219183707-00327.warc.gz | 0.966061 | 809 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__60214838 | en | Admittedly, this topic might seem quite trivial. But let’s keep in mind that there are some people among us who don’t really know what a cycling power meter is - or have only a vague idea. The next few posts will comprise a mini-series, revolving around power meters. To make sure we don’t lose anyone early on, this post is committed to explaining what power is, how a cycling power meter measures it, and what it's all good for.
What exactly is "Power"?
In a physical sense power is the rate of doing work. “Work” usually has to do with a force, causing a displacement (Work = Force x Distance). Power is the rate (speed) at which this displacement occurs. Let’s say you are at the grocery store and you are picking up two six packs of beer, lifting them into your shopping card. This requires work (force applied over a distance). Now, let’s say you are lifting each pack at a different speed. Although. each time, you are lifting the exact same weight, the exact same distance, requiring the exact same work, doing it faster leads to a higher power rating.
Power = Work / Time
Here is another example: you are riding your bike for one kilometer, using the exact same gear, and going the exact same course, under identical conditions. The first time you do it in 1min, the other time you do it in 2min. Each time you are doing the same work, expending the same amount of energy, but your average power will be different. The 1min trial will end up with a power rating twice as big as the 2min trial.
In short, power is the rate at which (how fast) you are doing work.
How does a cycling power meter measure that?
Most power meters use so-called strain gauges to measure the force you apply to the drive train. For example, a crank-based power meter has strain gauge(s) in the crank arm, which measure how much “strain” you are causing to it, in other words, how much you are bending the crank arm (on a microscopic level) while pedaling. The distance required to turn the crank arm one full revolution is the distance over which you are applying the force. This (force x distance) is the work you are doing. Now, the time in which you are doing the work, hence in which you are completing the pedal stroke (measure as your cadence) allows computing the power. The unit your power is measured in is usually Watts.
Why is that good to know how much Watts I am expelling when exercising?
Using above example: as you can imagine, the effects the two different trials have on your body, would be different. If you understand that, you also see how power is a good way of measuring exercise intensity. Measuring and gauging exercise intensity, in turn, is a key component in any goal-oriented and event-specific training regimen.
Many other metrics are used to measure and gauge exercise intensity: heart rate, pace/speed, rate of perceived exertion, oxygen consumption, blood lactate levels, and more. The problem is many metrics are either difficult to access (at least in the field), represent only an indirect measure of the intensity you are exercising at, or can easily be influenced by outside factors. Power (Watts) is a much more objective measure of exercise intensity and also lets you quantify the work load of your training. This can be used as a measure of the total training stress and, therefore, as a measure of what kind of fitness gains you can expect from your training.
In the next posts we will explore in detail what you can do with a power meter, if you really need one, and which one of the many choices would make sense for you.
Keep Striving – with Strivemax | physics |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.