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https://www.vincentmetals.com/materialslist/stainless/13-8-mo.html | 2023-09-23T14:31:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506481.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923130827-20230923160827-00449.warc.gz | 0.663619 | 434 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__165092315 | en | We sell 13-8 MO in a wide variety of forms: plate, rod, bar, sheet/strip, and wire.
Use the form on this page to send a request for quote. →
13-8MO VM is a precipitation hardened, vacuum melted stainless steel alloy with a toughness especially suited for the aerospace and nuclear energy industries. It's ability to be heat treated makes it extremely valuable when hardness and stress corrosion in severe conditions are the main concern.
This alloy features excellent strength and hardness, high resistance to both general and stress corrosion, and high ductility.
These properties make it especially useful for aircraft engine and landing gear parts, fittings, pins, fasteners, and valves. 13-8MO is also widely used in nuclear reactor components.
Chemical Data, Mechanical Properties and Specifications for 13-8 MO Stainless Steel
|Typical Mechanical Properties|
|Temper||Tensile Strength||Yield Strength||Elongation at Break|
|H950||225 ksi||210 ksi||12.0%|
|H1050||190 ksi||180 ksi||15.0%|
|H1150||145 ksi||105 ksi||20.0%| | physics |
https://alouisphotography.blogspot.com/2013/11/my-time-as-photographer-been-short-but.html | 2024-02-26T20:59:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474663.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226194006-20240226224006-00710.warc.gz | 0.974722 | 290 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__74060618 | en | My time as a photographer
has been short but pretty sweet at times. The evening I caught these images was definitely one of those sweet times!
I was on the shores
of Lake Michigan in South Haven hoping to catch a glimpse of a partial solar eclipse happening at sunset on the evening of May 20,2012. I was not sure what to expect but I managed to come away with a couple good images of the eclipse.
What happened next,
I was totally unprepared for, the perfect storm!! As the sun faded
into the horizon, a thunderstorm started to roll in. Everyone on the beach, after seeing the eclipse of the sun and the storm coming in, started to leave. Only myself and another photographer stayed to greet the approaching storm. I was eager to get
some experience catching a lightning bolt on camera. I caught couple images in the
past but nothing out of the ordinary.
The winds and rains stayed
away from the beach allowing us to photograph the amazing cloud to ground lightning. I made several feeble attempts at capturing the bolts. Luckily for me, the
other photographer, who had decades of experience, took pity on me and gave
me some advice on shooting lightning. Thanks to him I was able to
catch some great images that night. The lightning images taken on that fateful evening
pushed myself and my photography into a new direction. And for that,
I will always be grateful. | physics |
https://fire-risk-assessment-network.com/blog/fire-triangle-tetrahedron/ | 2023-09-27T18:30:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510319.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927171156-20230927201156-00348.warc.gz | 0.925038 | 756 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__7508987 | en | What Is the Fire Tetrahedron?
The Triangle of Combustion symbolised the concept of fire for a long time and represented heat, fuel, and oxygen. Further research into fire led to the conclusion that a fourth element was a necessary component of fire, which is a chemical chain reaction. The fire triangle was subsequently changed to a fire tetrahedron (also referred to as fire diamond, pyramid, or combustion triangle) to reflect the fourth element.
A tetrahedron is best described as a pyramid, which is a solid with four plane faces. All the four elements essentially must be present for the occurrence of fire i.e. oxygen, heat, fuel, and a chemical chain reaction. If you remove any of the essential elements, the fire will be extinguished.
The four elements are oxygen for sustaining combustion, enough heat for raising the material to the ignition temperature, combustible material or fuel, and a subsequent exothermic chain reaction in the material.
All the four sides of the fire tetrahedron symbolise the Heat, Oxygen, Fuel, and Chemical Chain Reaction. Fire extinguishers theoretically put fire out by taking away one or more elements that make up the fire tetrahedron.
The symbol might seem simplistic, but it is a great analogy, how you can theoretically put out fire through the creation of a barrier using foam for example and starving the fire of oxygen.
If you apply water, you lower the temperature below the ignition temperature or in a flammable liquid fire through the diversion or removal of the fuel. Interfering with the chemical chain reaction through the elimination of free radicals using BCF and other halon extinguishers also leads to the creation of an inert gas barrier.
What Is the Fire Triangle?
The combustion triangle or fire triangle is the three components required for igniting and sustaining a fire. Oxygen, fuel, and heat are the three ingredients of a fire triangle.
The combustion triangle or fire triangle might seem like a simple concept, but it is a scientific principle that all people need to know. Understanding how fire is able to sustain itself is important background information in situations where you need to use fire safety equipment.
If even one of the components is removed, the fire triangle collapses and the fire is extinguished.
Let us explore the components in detail:
A heat source is necessary for ignition to occur and different materials have different ‘flash points’ or the lowest temperatures at which they can ignite.
Combustion reactions, however, also produce heat as they burn, which further increases the fuels’ temperature. The heat may be cooled by applying water, but this is only possible for some types of fire.
Fire cannot start if there isn’t any material available to burn. Businesses and homes alike are full of flammable materials including fabrics, wood, oil, and paper. Any of these materials can serve as fuel for a fire.
Some of the materials burn more easily compared to others. Fuel is probably the hardest ‘side’ of the fire triangle you can remove, so it is advisable to ensure that they are appropriately stored so that they don’t become a fire hazard.
Oxygen is needed to sustain the combustion reaction since it reacts with the burning fuel to release carbon dioxide and heat. The atmosphere of the earth consists of 21 per cent oxygen, which means that there’s enough to trigger a fire as long as the other two components are present.
Some fire extinguishers and fire blankets remove the oxygen ‘side’ of the triangle by displacing or removing it thus causing suffocation and ceasing the combustion reaction. | physics |
https://rhodenroofing.com/using-thermal-imaging-to-detect-roof-leaks/ | 2024-04-21T09:08:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817729.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421071342-20240421101342-00018.warc.gz | 0.916082 | 269 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__198006546 | en | Numerous times I have been on a roof chasing down a leak and have no idea where to start. An honest roofing contractor will admit that some leaks have been extremely difficult to locate, requiring multiple trips to determine the source. In this blog post I will explain why we are using thermal imaging technology to locate these hard to find leaks.
How does thermal imaging work?
A thermal imaging camera is essentially a heat sensor that is capable of detecting tiny differences in temperature. The camera collects the infrared radiation from objects in the scene and creates an electronic image based on information about the temperature differences. The picture above is an example of moisture intrusion on a flat roof. The dark area (black area) detected is moisture underneath the roof membrane.
When water gets caught in a roofing system, we count on the sun to help us detect it. The sun heats up the roof, but the water heats more slowly that the dry roofing material. The water also cools off slower than the roof, so we can check it at night.
The thermal imaging camera is a great asset and tool for our business. We have been able to pin down hard to find leaks with the use of this camera. At Rhoden Roofing, we incorporate our thermal technology in our RoofCare maintenance program, to get the most information to our customers. | physics |
http://labtech.org/education/air-conditioning-refrigeration/advanced-air-con-studies/ | 2024-04-15T05:40:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816942.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415045222-20240415075222-00052.warc.gz | 0.896965 | 965 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__49558955 | en | Air Conditioning Laboratory Trainer
This unit provides control with variations and measurements for the main factors involved in environmental control such as air flow (handling), heating, cooling, humidification and dehumidification. It is mounted on a movable bench with all components clearly visible and controls easily accessible. Diagrams of the air flow circuit and the electrical circuit are silk screened on the trainer.
Model Number: RAD-ACL SERIES
Recirculating Air Conditioning Trainer
The Recirculation Air Conditioning Trainer is related to the Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit (RAD-ACL) and enables even more experimentation as it features recirculation of the air stream. This unit provides for the study of a self-contained air conditioning system, as you would find within a typical building. The student may simulate different types of environments and conditions within a circuit or a room type situation.
Model Number: RAD-RAC-1
Industrial Air Conditioning Trainer
The Industrial Air Conditioning Trainer is based upon our popular Air Conditioning lab training systems (See RAD1 and RAD2) and enables even more experimentation as it features recirculation of the air stream and a chamber for environmental control and utilizes an industrial type water chiller cooling circuit. This unit provides for the study of a self-contained air conditioning system, as you would find within a typical building.
Model Number: RAD-IAC-1
Bench Top Cooling Tower Trainer
This trainer will familiarize students with the operation of forced draft counter-flow cooling tower systems. It can operate independently or be connected to other Labtech Refrigeration and Air Conditioning trainers. Water to be cooled is recirculated through a tower which sprays the water through a baffle system with forced airflow to maximize the cooling effect. A transparent Plexiglas panel allows the water flow to be seen inside.
Model Number: RAD-CTS-3
Refrigeration Cycle Demonstration Unit
The Refrigeration Cycle Demonstration Unit is designed for studies of Vapor Compression refrigeration, the most common thermodynamic process of refrigeration systems. The system provides hands-on instruction and comprehensive understanding of the heat transfer processes in the refrigeration cycle. Thermodynamic analyses, calculations, and plotting diagrams of the refrigeration cycle, heat transfer, and performance are made by recording temperatures, pressures, and flow rates.
Model Number: RAD-RCD-1
Refrigeration Laboratory Unit
The vapor compression refrigeration cycle is used in many industrial, medical and domestic situations throughout the world. This unit has been designed to allow students to fully investigate the performance of a vapour compression cycle under various conditions of evaporator load and condenser pressure. All of the relevant parameters are instrumented and the unit is completely safe for operation by students.
Model Number: RAD-RLU-1
Refrigeration and A/C Simulation & Training System
These simulation systems have been developed for training technicians in the overall operation and performance of air conditioning and refrigeration systems. A variety of systems and applications are covered by our simulators which introduce students to simple and complex systems that might otherwise be too large for the classroom. Each simulator is designed to give real-time performance that functions the same as the actual units.
Model Number: RAD-SIM SERIES
Vortex Tube Refrigeration Trainer
Labtech’s Vortex Tube Refrigeration Trainer is designed to demonstrate the operation and the performance of Vortex Tube. The Vortex Tube is an interesting device in which a compressed gas (usually air) is divided into two streams at a lower pressure. One of these streams cam be about 25 to 50 degrees colder while the other is about 25 to 50 degrees hotter than the compressed gas supplied.
Model Number: RAD-VTR-1
Steam Jet Refrigeration System
This bench top unit has a steam jet thermo compressor instead of a mechanical compressor, with the advantage that any heat source can be used to produce the steam that drives the process. The unit has a refrigerant circuit and a vapor circuit that are connected via a condenser and steam ejector. Both the evaporator and steam generator are heated electrically. The evaporator and condenser are transparent so the processes can be clearly observed.
Model Number: RAD-STJ SERIES
Basic Air Conditioning Laboratory
The Basic Air Conditioning Laboratory is arranged on a vertical panel together with the basic condensing unit. The Unit demonstrates the principle of air cooling in a room as well as provide clear observation of the air conditioning components. A transparent air duct with air fan and evaporator (cooling heat exchanger) is provided to simulate a basic domestic indoor unit.
Model Number: RAD-BAC-B | physics |
https://wiki.precisioncode.works/index.php?title=Thermodynamic_principles | 2022-05-17T05:16:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662515501.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517031843-20220517061843-00192.warc.gz | 0.886186 | 274 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__248270840 | en | The four laws of thermodynamics define fundamental physical quantities (temperature, energy, and entropy) that characterize thermodynamic systems. The laws describe how these quantities behave under various circumstances, and forbid certain phenomena (such as perpetual motion).
The four laws of thermodynamics are:
Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium separately, with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature.
First law of thermodynamics: Because energy is conserved, the internal energy of a system changes as heat flows in or out of it. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
Second law of thermodynamics: The entropy of any isolated system never decreases. Such systems spontaneously evolve towards thermodynamic equilibrium — the state of maximum entropy of the system. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the second kind are impossible.
Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. With the exception of glasses the entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically close to zero, and is equal to the log of the multiplicity of the quantum ground state.
The laws of thermodynamics are important fundamental laws in physics and they are applicable in other natural sciences. | physics |
http://cnehealth.org/questions-you-should-ask-yourself-before-getting-a-telescope/ | 2018-10-21T13:00:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514005.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021115035-20181021140535-00390.warc.gz | 0.923072 | 583 | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__103907727 | en | If you’re tired of using the binoculars for stargazing and you want to upgrade and invest in a good telescope, you should know that you’ve taken the right decision. They provide more accuracy and clarity and the experience is far better compared to the one provided by a pair of binoculars. Nevertheless, there are so many models on the market that it might give you a hard time deciding on a certain type.
There’s no need to worry because once you learn the basics of how telescopes work and which suits your needs best, you’re good to go.
First things first, you should know that there are three types of telescopes, refractors, reflectors, and compound. The only difference is in terms of technology. While refractors use lenses, reflectors use mirrors for viewing the target.
Because light travels through lenses there are more surfaces shaped compared to mirrors that have only one curved surface where the light bounces off.
Compound units use a combination of both lenses and mirrors and are equipped with compact tubes. Also, these telescopes are lightweight and easy to carry.
Reflectors are a tad cheaper if you opt for a smaller size. If you want better quality, you should get a bigger reflector. On the other hand, this principle doesn’t apply to refracting telescopes. So, if you’re looking for something portable, you might want to skip out the reflectors.
Another factor you need to consider is whether you should buy a computerized telescope or a tool without a computer. Some telescope units are outfitted with a useful computer that allows you to locate several astronomical objects even if you’re a beginner. Plus, a device like this can be easier to use and comes in handy if the sky isn’t so clear. Although a tad pricer, a telescope with an incorporated computer might prove to be a good investment in the long run.
Don’t forget to choose the appropriate aperture because this feature is mandatory if you want to see the objects in full detail. The aperture is basically the diameter of the lens or mirror that captures the light, also known as the objective.
It’s best to search for the telescope’s technical specifications on the box or in the manual of instructions and see the numbers mentioned there. Usually, you’ll find them expressed in millimeters and sometimes in inches. Generally, you should go with at least 70 mm or 2.8 inches aperture or higher.
In addition, you should opt for instruments that come with a sturdy support. When in the market for a good telescope, you’ll find products that come with a convenient package, tripods, or even mounts. Moreover, smaller units provide a mounting block that can be affixed to a standard tripod used for cameras. | physics |
http://wildernesstraveller.com/shocking-advice-lightning-safety-in-the-wilderness/ | 2023-11-28T14:26:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099514.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128115347-20231128145347-00737.warc.gz | 0.941236 | 2,353 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__41664389 | en | Lightning is one of the most dangerous weather conditions that you can encounter while on a wilderness trip. A powerful, electrostatic charge that illuminates the sky, invoking feelings of fear and awe in equal measure.
Your chances of getting struck let alone killed by lightning are remote but that can provide little relief when caught in a dramatic storm. In this article I’ll aim to highlight the dangers surrounding lightning and how you can improve your odds of avoiding being struck.
Predicting if a thunderstorm is on the way
Observing general weather patterns while on a wilderness trip is always a good idea. You can predict the weather with a reasonable degree of accuracy by keeping an eye out for certain clues.
Changes in wind direction and cloud formations can provide an early warning of impending storms. This doesn’t mean you’ll be able to avoid all danger if a storm does hit, but it should give you time to head to lower ground or reach the nearest shoreline.
When trying to predict if a thunderstorm is on the way, one of the best clues is in the formation of the clouds. Most lightning strikes occur below cumulonimbus clouds. Easily distinguished by their towering anvil-shaped presence in the sky, growing vertically from a low level to over 7,000 metres.
If you see a cloud displaying these characteristics it’s wise to start moving towards a sheltered area.
The tell-tale signs of a cumulonimbus cloud: anvil-shaped, rising vertically into the sky.
Thunder is another key indicator and is the sound made by the lightning discharging. As sound travels more slowly than light there is often a delay between the two.
Once thunder is audible you know that lightning must be between 1 to 10 miles away. Bear in mind that the turbulence of the air plays a part in your ability to hear it. If you’re already in a serious storm then you might see lightning strike before hearing any thunder at all.
The simplest method for estimating your proximity to a thunderstorm is by dividing the number of seconds between the flash of light and the thunder clap by five. For example, if you counted 10 seconds between the lightning and thunder then the storm is 2 miles away.[bctt tweet=”Divide the no. of seconds between the flash and thunder clap by 5 to estimate its distance away.”]
Anywhere within 10 to 15 miles of a thunderstorm is the danger zone in terms of being struck by lightning. Bear in mind that while you are outdoors there is no way to be safe from lightning, you can only reduce the odds of getting struck.
What is lightning?
Lightning is a sudden electrostatic charge that is known as a flash if it stays within a cloud or a strike if it hits the ground.
Negatively charged lightning called ‘leaders’ emanate from the base of the cloud in random directions with some heading towards the ground. Leaders that get within 100m of the ground meet with positively charged ‘streamers’ that rise from the closest grounded objects such as tall trees.
Tall trees attract lightning strikes so you should avoid small stands and individual trees, especially if they are the tallest feature on the landscape.
When the leaders meet with the streamers a lightning strike is formed. This is why it’s vital to stay away from tall objects when you get caught in a storm.
What are the odds of getting struck?
Though lightning accounts for around 24,000 deaths a year and 240,000 injuries the actual odds of getting struck in your lifetime is around 1 in 300,000. This is an average figure and people who spend more time outdoors increase their odds of being struck.
These are very low odds and it’s unlikely you’ll ever get struck by lightning, let alone killed, but it is important to be aware of the risks and the ways that you can minimise them should you find yourself outside in a thunderstorm.
Options for shelter
Seeking refuge inside in a building or vehicle is the safest place to be. If you are near a cabin or bothy then these would be the top choice to wait out a storm and would dramatically reduce your chance of getting struck. Failing that, heading back to your vehicle if it’s close by is a good option.
Nearby shelters such as a wilderness cabin or bothy are some of the safest places to wait out a thunderstorm.
Tents offer no protection from lightning and may actually increase your chances of getting struck since the metal poles will conduct electricity. Also the increased height of the tent compared the surrounding area may make it more of a target. If you are going to stay in your tent then make sure it’s not the tallest thing around.
Reducing the risk
In the same way that a tent may not be the safest place if you’re using metal tent poles, so too are any other nearby metallic objects. Fences and pylons are obvious examples but you should also avoid smaller objects such as ice axes, backpack frames and crampons. Metal is a good conductor of electricity so taking off any jewellery or watches as well is a good precaution to avoid electrical burns should you get struck.
Try to reduce your height. This means walking down off high ridges and mountaintops, if possible to whichever side has the least (or no) cloud cover.
In you know that a thunderstorm is on it’s way try to make your way down from any high ridges.
Wide open areas are equally at risk though you may be able to reduce this by looking for any small ravines or depressions to shelter in. Anything you can do to lower yourself compared to the rest of your surroundings will decrease your chances of getting struck.
Lightning always targets the tallest features in the landscape so reducing your height compared to whatever is around you should be a priority. Stay away from any tall, lone features such as trees, cliffs or man-made objects as they will attract lightning strikes. Lightning can ‘jump’ wide distances so though you may not get hit directly, a side flash may bridge the gap between you and the original target.[bctt tweet=”Lightning targets the tallest features in the landscape so reduce your height as a priority”]
Some sources suggest that there is a 45-degree ‘cone of protection’ surrounding high terrain features such as the top of a tree or cliff to the ground that will keep you relatively safe. This theory has now been debunked.
Modern advice suggests that the safest distance from a high terrain feature such as a cliff is 50 metres. With trees, you should aim to get as far away as possible as there is a higher risk of being struck indirectly.
If travelling through a forest, avoiding trees is likely to be impossible. The large number of trees will decrease the odds of any individual tree getting struck. As a rule of thumb, you should still try to keep away from the tallest examples.
Being in a forest is far safer than standing near a lone or small group of trees in more exposed terrain.
What about water?
Avoid standing in water as it’s a good conductor of electricity. Don’t worry if the ground is damp or marshy as there is no evidence to prove that this is any more dangerous than dry ground.
If you are travelling on the water in a canoe for example then try to get to shore before the storm reaches you. As with being on land, open areas are the most dangerous. A river surrounded by higher terrain such as in a canyon will be safer than out in the middle of a lake. Also be aware of any trees lining the edge lakes or rivers as these may be the highest features around.
Rivers surrounded by steep canyon walls will be safer than in the middle of an exposed lake.
Direct strikes and side-flashes are not the only way that lightning can affect you. Ground currents are another threat. The distance that the current travels depends on the conductivity of the ground. The closer you are to the initial strike point though, the bigger the risk of transference.
Tree roots can conduct electricity if the tree is struck so avoid anywhere near the base of trees if possible. Try to insulate yourself from the ground by crouching on a sleeping mat or foam pad while keeping your feet close together.
Closing the gap between your feet will prevent currents passing through one foot and out the other. Also, don’t lie on the ground. The larger surface area of your body will increase the risk of a ground current passing through.[bctt tweet=”Tree roots can conduct electricity so avoid the base of trees in a thunderstorm”]
The lightning position
The lightning position doesn’t guarantee your safety in a thunderstorm but it can reduce the risks (though it’s hard to tell by how much). You should try to get as close to the ground as possible without lying prone.
Squat down into a ball with your feet touching and wrap your arms around your legs. If you are struck by lightning then this should allow the electrical current to pass through your limbs rather than your torso, avoiding the main organs.
Adopting the lightning position will increase your odds of avoiding or surviving a lightning strike. Source: Rob Maclean
When travelling as part of a group in exposed terrain, each person should adopt the lightning position at least 50 feet from each other to reduce the chance of multiple casualties in the event of a strike.
Effects of a lightning strike
The effects of being struck by lightning vary depending upon the severity or the strike and whether you are hit directly or not.
When lightning passes through the body it often leaves a scar described as a ‘lightning tree’ named after the 18th Century physicist, Georg Christoph Lichtenberg who studied the same pattern in static electricity. The tree-like scar is a result of the capillaries beneath the skin rupturing due to the electrical shock.
A typical lighting scar: This tree-shaped scar is a result of the capillaries beneath the skin rupturing. Source: BBC
The more immediate danger is the potential to stop the heart and severely damage the internal organs. You may need to perform CPR to resuscitate a victim of a lightning strike.
Fortunately, there is no danger of any electrical charge remaining after the victim has been struck so CPR should be performed immediately if required.
Burn injuries are common as a result of the high current passing through the body. Secondary burns can be caused by metallic objects worn next to the skin which is why it’s important to remove any jewellery. Trauma to the body can also occur in the form of fractures as well as explosive injuries to the feet.
All of these injuries would require immediate medical attention. If you are in a remote area then it’s always wise to ensure that you have some way of calling for outside assistance should you need to.
The possibility of thunderstorms should not prevent you from venturing into wild places. In reality, the risk of getting struck by lightning is very remote and there are far more likely dangers such as hypothermia that you should be aware of.
If you do find yourself in a situation where you are outside during a thunderstorm then bear in mind the strategies above to further limit the likelihood of getting struck.
Share this Post | physics |
https://www.uarctic.org/members/member-profiles/finland/11201/finnish-meteorological-institute | 2023-09-22T17:48:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922170343-20230922200343-00476.warc.gz | 0.87305 | 496 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__288004706 | en | The Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) is a research and service agency under the Ministry of Transport and Communications. The main objective of the FMI is to provide the Finnish nation with the best possible information about the atmosphere, sea, climate and space above and around Finland, for ensuring public safety relating to atmospheric, maritime and airborne hazards and for satisfying requirements for specialized meteorological and safety products.
FMI is a leading expert in meteorology, air quality, climate change, earth observation, space, marine and arctic research areas. FMI's researchers publish about 300 peer-reviewed articles annually. FMI carries out Arctic research and development work (a) to better understand the Arctic climate system, (b) to develop operational services for the Arctic, and (c) to obtain better scientific basis for the protection of the Arctic environment. The research activities address Arctic meteorology, oceanography, sea ice, terrestrial snow, greenhouse gases and aerosols, stratospheric physics, ozone, and UV radiation, air quality, upper atmospheric physics, and solar particle forcing. FMI has an Arctic Research Centre in Sodankylä, Finnish Lapland. Referring to the University of Arctic Thematic Networks, FMI expertise is in themes related to global (climate) change (research, observations, remote sensing) especially in relation to snow and natural hazards (safety and operations in the Arctic), polar ice and climate dynamics, Arctic coastal and marine issues, as well as communicating in the Arctic (in Science News we publish current information about FMI's studies on the weather, sea and climate).
FMI is active, among others, in the International Arctic Science Commission (IASC), the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP), Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON) and the Polar Prediction Project (PPP) under the WMO (World Meteorological Organization) WWRP (World Weather Research Programme). FMI is also a partner in four Nordic Centres of Excellence (Stability and Variations in Arctic Land Ice, Cryosphere-Atmosphere Interactions in a Changing Arctic Climate, Tundra, and DEFROST) and two national Centres of Excellence.
Facts and figures
|Total Number of Staff||693|
|Number of Academic Staff||291|
|Number of Students||50| | physics |
https://bmainvests.com/shakeib-arshad/ | 2024-04-25T08:50:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712297290384.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20240425063334-20240425093334-00212.warc.gz | 0.93909 | 195 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__34652123 | en | Shakeib has 25 years of experience in engineering, consulting and project management with a focus on clean energy. He started his career with the UK Atomic Energy Authority and later worked at CERN (the European center for nuclear research), McKinsey & Company and ITER (the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor). His early career concentrated on engineering studies in alternative energy. Subsequently, he moved into technical management, overseeing the development of components for large-scale (multi-billion dollar) energy infrastructure. At McKinsey he worked on technology strategy in the energy sector, advising on R&D priorities, strategic alliances, intellectual property, organisation design and change management. Subsequently he partnered in a private equity initiative to develop energy infrastructure in the Middle East and South Asia regions, with a focus on project finance. Shakeib holds a bachelor’s degree in Engineering, a master’s degree in fusion energy and a doctorate in control systems, from Oxford University. | physics |
https://areneducation.com/en/vividbooks-physique | 2022-11-30T20:56:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710771.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130192708-20221130222708-00627.warc.gz | 0.918272 | 117 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__8243747 | en | Vividbooks is a tool for studying STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) in a fun and interactive way for children ages 10-15. The Physics program uses augmented reality on smartphones and tablets in combination with worksheets that bring physics to life and encourage active learning. The lessons encourage students to think for themselves and find solutions. Lesson questions have been carefully designed to encourage critical thinking and classroom discussion. Complex topics are easily understood with Vividbooks' cleanly designed animations. Also available on interactive whiteboards and computers, including a teaching guide with each lesson. | physics |
http://www.villa-adriana.net/pages/eng/aa_07.html | 2018-11-14T04:55:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741628.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114041344-20181114063344-00460.warc.gz | 0.953157 | 1,483 | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__113667214 | en | After the first pictures shot by Marina De Franceschini in june 2006 in the Accademia, in the so called Temple of Apollo, where a wall panel in the lower floor was illuminated by the light of the Sun shining through a window of the upper floor, we started our studies from the orientation given by Vittorio Castellani1. Thanks also to the discoveries of the american architects Robert Mangurian and Mary-Ann Ray, who first saw the light phenomena occurring in Roccabruna during the Summer Solstice, we understood that the Accademia Esplanade and its buildings all had an astronomical orientation.
Therefore we organized several surveys and inspections on the spot, which confirmed that during the Solstices there were very significant light phenomena.
Our coordinated surveys focused on two main buildings: Roccabruna (in the State property) which is at the northern end of the Accademia Esplanade, and the Accademia with the Temple of Apollo (in the Bulgarini private estate).
The two buildings are located ad about 350 m. one from the other, and their geographical coordinates are the following (source: Google Earth):
|Roccabruna:||41° 56’ 16,63”||North latitude|
|12° 46’ 23,13”||East longitude|
|100 m.||Height above sea level of lower floor|
|110 m.||Height above sea level of upper floor|
|Tempio di Apollo:||41° 56’ 12,32”||North latitude|
|12° 46’ 39,56”||East longitude|
|114 m.||Height above sea level|
Then we estimated the ‘real’ rising and setting points of the Sun, as they are visible in these two buildings, during the most significant astronomical events of the year, the two Solstices.
We also estimated the present azimuth of the point where the Sun is rising and setting today, considering the latitude of the two buildings, and we obtained the following results.
During Winter Solstice, the upper part of the Sun is rising at an azimuth of 122° and is setting at an azimuth of 237°; during Summer Solstice, the Sun is rising at an azimuth of 58° and is setting at an azimuth of 302°.
According to the program Planetario 2.0 by Piero Massimino, of the Observatory of Catania (Italy), in year 125 A.D. - the average year of the construction of Villa Adriana - the astronomical Spring Equinox was on march 22nd, Fall Equinox was on september 24th, Summer Solstice on june 23rd and Winter Solstice on december 22nd.
he true inclination of the terrestrial axis on the ecliptic, as we saw before, is not consistent: within a period of about 41.000 years it spans from 22,1° to 24,5°, and this variation is causing a different Sun declination in the sky. Using the Laskar Formula, we estimated which was the Sun declination at that time, and the result is 23°40,5’.
Considering these new parameters we re-estimated the azimuths of the Sun; the out-coming values that we obtained are shown in the following scheme:
|Sun Event||Azimut in 2010||Azimut in 125 A.D.|
|Dawn on Winter Solstice||122° 19’ 28||122° 40’36|
|Sunset on Winter Solstice||237° 40,5’||237° 19,24’|
|Dawn on Summer Solstice||57° 40’ 31||58° 10’|
|Sunset on Summer Solstice||302° 19’ 28||301° 50’|
These values have been superimposed on an accurate plan of the Temple of Apollo (AC78) which was measured and astronomically oriented by professor Friedrich Rakob with the german architects Edmund Faller, Dirk Helfgen ed Axel Krück during their surveys between 1991 and 1993.
The azimuths of some structures of this building showed a surprising coincidence with the azimuths of the Sun. And - most of all - we noticed that during dawn of Winter Solstice the rays of the Sun are penetrating through a series of rooms aligned along a longitudinal main axis, which is passing through the geometric center of the temple of Apollo; then the light beam goes further on, passing through the north-western door of the Temple and the other rooms aligned on that side. The same phenomenon occurred during Summer Solstice, but the rays of the Sun followed a reversed opposite course, from north-west to south-east.
These two peculiar phenomena were followed (during Winter Solstice) or preceded (during Summer Solstice) by other striking ‘special light effects’, when the Sun, shining through the windows of the upper floor of the temple of Apollo illuminates the panels and the doors of the lower floor, generating a ‘magic’ that has a deep symbolic meaning. Seen from the geometric center of the Temple of Apollo, these wall panels (which were framed by small columns) have a width of about 18°: if we consider that they were reveted by a thick layer of plaster (which is still visible in situ in the lower panels) their angular width could be 15°, which corresponds to the angular distance covered by the Sun within an hour; therefore the rays of the Sun could move from one panel to the other on every hour.
Similar light phenomena were visible during the two Solstices in the building of Roccabruna. The lower floor was oriented towards the sunset of Summer Solstice and the upper floor - where just the level of the pavement is preserved - was oriented towards the dawn of Winter Solstice.
It is obvious that the present study in not final, since there is so much more to study and to understand. For example, using 3D models it will be possible to understand the light phenomena occurring the Temple of Apollo during Winter Solstice, since the part of the building which has collapsed is the one that was illuminated by the Sun in that period.
As far as Roccabruna is concerned, the present study pointed out that its lower floor is oriented towards the sunset of Summer Solstice. We have to study more thoroughly the orientation of the Temple that once was on the upper floor, oriented towards the dawn of Winter Solstice; there also were other light phenomena created by the central oculus of its dome.
This is just the beginning, because other buildings of Villa Adriana could have been astronomically oriented; to understand if this idea is true, is will be necessary a long research work, that could last for years - if not decades. This is why we decided to publish the results of this preliminary study - focused on these two buildings; we are certain that this will open a new path towards new discoveries with other studies, also for other scholars. | physics |
http://fishinghistory.blogspot.com/2012/08/shakespeares-carbo-meter-carburetor-1913.html | 2017-05-23T03:21:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607325.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523025728-20170523045728-00022.warc.gz | 0.968344 | 1,213 | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-22__0__186994147 | en | I've been brushing up on my Shakespeare history of late, and recently ran across some information I found amusing and interesting. Did you know that for a short time Shakespeare was in the automobile industry? The story of the Shakespeare Carbo-Meter is a fascinating one.
A lot of people forget what smart businessmen the Shakespeares were. Early on, they even took to selling items from other tackle manufacturers to supplement their growing reel, lure, and rod lines -- collectors are always surprised to discover in an early Shakespeare catalog tackle from Heddon, for example.
So it should come as no shock that Shakespeare since its earliest days always was interested in branching out from tackle. They would successfully do this during their history, including manufacturing bows and arrows and golf clubs, but one of their least talked about divisions dealt with auto parts. Here is an article from the May 3, 1913 Automobile Topics entitled "Vacuum Tendency Aids Vaporization." It details the new Shakespeare Carbo-Meter Carbureter. As a gear head (some of you know I run an car and engine history press called The Tachometer Press), I have to run this article in its entirety.
Vacuum Tendency Aids Vaporization: Shakespeare's Carbo-Meter Carbureter Has Throttle Below the Jet--Needle Interconnected with the Throttle-Temperature Dial.
Vaporization of gasoline, as of all liquids, is dependent both upon the atmospheric pressure at its surface and upon the temperature. Thus if a specimen of gasoline will boil at 150 degrees when subjected to atmospheric pressure, it will boil at less than 150 degrees if the pressure is reduced. The evaporation of the liquid at temperatures below the boiling point is influenced in exactly the same way.
One or two carbureters have been designed to take advantage of this "vacuum principle" as it is sometimes termed, while all carbureters naturally are more or less influenced by the vacuum or reduced pressure caused by the suction of the engine, although the main reliance of most of them for vaporization is upon the principle of exposing to the air as much surface of the gasoline as possible, by atomization and a thorough mingling of the currents of air and gasoline. Artificial heat also plays its part in some instruments.
In most carbureters the effect of lowering the pressure on the gasoline is small, being confined to the area immediately surrounding the jet or jets. The lowering of pressure is purposely concentrated here, in order to lift the gasoline into the large mixing chamber, where the breaking up process begun at the jet is continued at a pressure nearly approximating atmospheric. The difference in pressure between the jet area and the mixing chamber is especially great where auxiliary air valves are used, admitting air above the jet.
If the pressure in the mixing chamber could be kept equal to that at the jet, vaporization would be aided in proportion to the lessening of the pressure.
There are two ways of securing this effect, both having to do with the location of the throttle. This member may be placed either at the jet, or below it, instead of above, as in the usual construction. Auxiliary air valves admitting air into the mixing chamber are of course impossible if the effect of the jet or below-the-jet positions of the throttle is to be realized. One or two carbureters have been designed on this plan, and now comes another one. William Shakespeare, Jr., is marketing it. Shakespeare is located in Kalamazoo, Mich., and is well known to sportsmen as a maker of fishing tackle. He calls the carbureter the Carbo-Meter.
The cross section shows the construction of the instrument, which may be seen to have the throttle at the jet, and the mixing chamber above it. By this means the vacuum in the mixing chamber is kept practically the same as that at the jet, and full advantage of such vacuum as is created is thus utilized. It should be noted in the illustration that the throttle, besides regulating the amount of what might be called the main air, also regulates the amount of air passing immediately around the jet. This air enters at the bottom of a small cylinder surrounding the jet, and as the throttle is opened and closed the space for this air to pass through is increased or lessened by means of a shoulder on the cylinder varying its position with reference to the outside of the jet, which is cone shaped.
In addition to this, the needle of the jet itself is moved by the throttle so that just the right amount of fuel is admitted. It should be noted here that this needle, instead of being a plain cone, is curved according to a carefully plotted series of tests.
The mixing chamber, as may be seen, is water jacketed, thus assisting the vacuum in effecting vaporizing of the gasoline. Besides this, provision is made for taking warm air from around the exhaust manifold, there being two branches to the air intake, one for warm air and the other for air at the outside temperature. By means of a sleeve the amount of warm air admitted can be regulated, and a dash adjustment is provided for this. It takes the form of a dial graduated in degrees of temperature, with a pointer that is to be set at the approximate normal temperature of the day. The same dial is also graduated in like manner for a primer, the pointer on this operating the priming device, which consists of a by-pass from the float chamber to the mixing chamber. If necessary for starting or for power at slow speed, this primer may be opened until the desired effect is obtained. The carbureter takes advantage of all possible aids, including lowering of pressure in the mixing chamber, atomization, and application of heat.
I don't believe Shakespeare's foray into auto parts was a big success, but it is representative of the business acumen of William Shakespeare, Jr., and another reason to love Shakespeare history.
-- Dr. Todd | physics |
http://www.albahyperthermia.com/hyperthermia-HT434.html | 2020-03-31T22:40:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370504930.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331212647-20200401002647-00083.warc.gz | 0.709143 | 1,163 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__167403097 | en | ALBA HT 434 MHz amplifiers/generator
The RF Amplifier device is a last generation solid state amplification system for a frequency source signal of 433,92MHz used for clinical hyperthermia treatment.
The main performances of HPA-200 amplification system is to give at its output an adjustable RF power levels from 0 to 250 Watts (full scale) depending from the operator's setting.
The output power setting value is sent to the RF Amplifier device using a bidirectional proprietary RS422 serial communication protocol.
The RF Amplifier device includes:
- One main AC/DC switching power supply 28V/600Watt;
- One main air forced cooling system;
- One internal 433,92MHz RF sources;
- One 250Watt high power RF amplifier blocks;
- One high power unbalancing circulator block used for output insulation;
- One digital processing units used for fault detection and protection;
- One digital processing unit used for operator interface and serial remote control.
General Technical Data - Main features
- Power Supply Voltage: 90-264Vac @ 50/60Hz
- Total power consumption: < 700 W
- Working frequency: 433.92 MHz � 70 KHz
- Output Impedance: 50ohm (S22 max 1,2 : 1) - DC insulated
- Output Connector: N Type female
- Output power: from 0 Watt at 250 Watt
- Gain resolution: +/-1% of Full Scale
- Precision (Pout / Pset): +/- 10% of Full Scale
- Stability: +/- 0,1W / �C
- Working temperature: from +10 to +50 �C workplace
- Thermal gradient: < 0,2 �C / W
- Maximum temperature: + 75�C
- Harmonic emission: > - 40 dBc
- Spurious emission: > - 60 dBc @ � 100 KHz BW
- Output power control: via serial RS232 standard bus
- Automatic protections:
- out of range temperature (>75�C)
- out of range reflected power (prog. threshold up to 130% of Pset)
- power supply fault
- Protections logic: automatic internal TTL compatible
- Fault Signalling: via serial RS232 standard bus
- Mean Time Between Failure: > 2.000 hours continue operating
- Mechanical dimensions: 370*184*327 mm
- Weight: < 7,5 Kg
RF Amplifier mechanical layout - panels descriptions
Front panel description
1) Main Switch: Turns ON and OFF the unit.
2) Input Fuse: Power supply main over current protection.
3) Diagnostic control section: Fault state visualization with Failure Reset.
4) Output power readings section: Forward and Reflect power visualization led bar with TX and RX remote data presence.
5) Status section: Displays the actual status of the unit.
6) Mode key switch: Selects the Operating Mode Manual/Remote/Test of the unit.
7) Manual setting potentiometer: Sets the output power in Manual Mode.
8) RF input setting section: Selects between internal and external RF source and shown the current selected RF source.
Rear panel description
1) RF output connector (N Type): Connect the unit to the applicator or to a 50ohm RF load (500W load required).
2) RF input connector (SMA Type): Connect the unit to an external 433,92MHz RF source.
3) Fans: Air cooling.
4) RS-422 REMOTE CONTROL Connectors (DB9 FEMALE Type): Provide a remote control via RS-422 serial link.
5) PROGRAM Connector (DB9 MALE Type): Allow the programming of the internal on-board microcontrollers (service use only).
6) AC line connector: Provided with internal Mains Line filter for the switching mode noise reduction.
7) GND connector: Earth reference.
RF Amplifier input/output connection
Accept IEC320-C13 standard plug: Input Voltage 100-240Vac 50/60Hz.
Accept N standard RF coaxial plug:
- Output impedence = 50ohm;
- Output Power Level = +53dBm +/- 0,1dB;
- Output Frequency = 433,92MHz.
Accept DB9 standard male plug:
- Electrical standard = EIA-RS422 full duplex;
- Link impedence = 120ohm;
- Data rate = 9600bps;
- Protocol = asincronous N-8-1.
The main functions implemented on proprietary board integrated in the generator are the following:
- Internal service voltages generation;
- Forward output power real time setting and reading;
- Reflected output power real time reading;
- Faults protection and operative control;
- User selectable HW address for HPA remote serial connection;
- Dedicated RS-422 serial protocol for HPA complete functionality remote control.
Multiple Amplifiers Rack - multiple amplifiers, software control interface
The system can be supplied with multiple amplifier (4, 8, 12, etc...) housed on a special rack.
Software Control Interface
1) Serial connection status
2) Output Power control from 0 to 250 W with +/- 2 W resolution
3) Reflected power control to +/- 1 W resolution
4) Diagnostic and alarm control
5) On-line remote connection assistance
The ALBA HPA amplifier can be provided also at other frequency in the range 1MHz-1GHz and for a power output in the range 100 W- 1000 W. | physics |
http://abbeysbookshop.blogspot.com/2011/02/robin-williams-launches-force.html | 2023-09-26T21:34:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510225.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926211344-20230927001344-00576.warc.gz | 0.937282 | 216 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__299467109 | en | Friday, 25 February 2011
Robin Williams Launches "The Force"
Lyn McLean, Australia’s foremost consumer advocate on the issue of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), will be in conversation with acclaimed science journalist and broadcaster Robyn Williams (ABC Radio National Science Show) at Abbey's Bookshop.
The Force: Living Safely in a World of Electromagnetic Pollution shows us why electropollution is among the most important health issues of our time. Many scientists have long believed that there is a link between health problems and radiation from mobile phones, wireless connections, powerlines, and electronic devices. Radiation has been linked to issues such as childhood leukaemia, brain tumours and a whole host of other ailments, from fatigue to miscarriage.
The event is on Thursday 3rd March, 6:00pm for a 6:30pm start at Abbey's Bookshop 131 York St Sydney. RSVP to [email protected] or 02 9264 3111.
Posted by Abbey's Bookshop at 11:01 | physics |
http://www.dalton.manchester.ac.uk/discover/ourfacilities/ | 2017-02-22T01:45:35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170875.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00359-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.908851 | 206 | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-09__0__95476885 | en | Our research facilities
The Dalton Nuclear Institute has established a broad range of specialist laboratories and facilities for fundamental and industry-focused nuclear research across the full fuel cycle. We continue to invest collaboratively to expand the UK's academic research capability in nuclear science and engineering.
Our state-of-the-art Dalton Cumbrian Facility (DCF), the result of a £20 million joint investment by The University of Manchester and the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority, has a unique set of capabilities for research in radiation science and nuclear engineering decommissioning, with access also enabled for academic research at National Nuclear Laboratory’s flagship Central Laboratory. Click here for information on how to access facilities at DCF.
Find out more about our research laboratories and equipment by clicking through from the selection below.
Please contact the Dalton Nuclear Institute if you wish to access any of our facilities or equipment for publicly funded projects or to support proprietary industry-focused research. Access to our facilities may be available through collaborative agreements or purchased access arrangements. | physics |
https://agescaninternationalinc.tradeindia.com/tungsten-alloy-counter-balance-weight.html | 2024-04-17T15:53:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817158.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417142102-20240417172102-00003.warc.gz | 0.918176 | 147 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__166953602 | en | Tungsten Alloy Counter Balance Weight is manufactured with tungsten heavy alloy and may be used to correct for oscillations, weight transfers, imbalances, and vibrations, as well as to generate or move centers of gravity and assure optimum balance in general. Tungsten balancing weights play an important role in a variety of applications. Counterbalance weights made of tungsten aid to lower the stresses that parts are subjected to, extending their service life. Because tungsten balancing weights are delicate and hefty, they must be handled with care. The conventional tungsten balance weight packaging is a hardwood carton, which protects the tungsten balancing weights during handling and transit. | physics |
https://www.tarbertcomprehensive.ie/physics/ | 2023-12-07T06:33:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100650.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207054219-20231207084219-00170.warc.gz | 0.805059 | 354 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__7404750 | en | Physics is the study of matter, energy, and the interaction between them. Studying physics means you are asking fundamental science questions and trying to answer them by observation and experimentation. Leaving Certificate Physics provides a deeper, more quantitative treatment of physics. Students are expected to develop an understanding of the fundamental physics laws and principles and their application to everyday life.
There are 10 major topics within the Leaving Cert Physics course to be completed over 2 years
Concept of temperature
Quantity of heat
Properties of waves
Effects of electric current
Structure of the atom
Structure of the nucleus
Ionising radiation and health hazards
Laws of refraction
Total internal reflection
Wave Nature of Light
Vibrations and Sound
Wave nature of sound
Characteristics of notes
Vibrations in strings and pipes
Sound intensity level
OPTION 1: PARTICLE PHYSICS
Conservation of energy and momentum in nuclear reactions
Acceleration of protons
Converting mass into other forms of energy
Converting other forms of energy into mass
Fundamental forces of nature
Families of particles
OPTION 2: APPLIED ELECTRICITY
Current in a solenoid
Current in a magnetic field
Applications of diode
The syllabus will be assessed under the headings knowledge, understanding, skills, and competence. All material within the syllabus is examinable. There is currently no practical assessment component.
The exam paper is split into 2 sections, Section A and Section B.
Section A examines the mandatory experiments and is worth a total of 30%.
Section B examines all definitions, demonstrations, derivations and calculations from the course and is worth 70%
Department Members: Mr G. Nash | physics |
http://newsbreaking.org/2018/05/optics-illuminates-electricity-conducting-microbes/ | 2018-08-17T08:03:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211933.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817065045-20180817085045-00027.warc.gz | 0.890527 | 488 | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-34__0__30786632 | en | Less than a decade ago, scientists discovered cable bacteria—filament-shaped microbes that actually conduct electricity for centimeter-scale distances through layers of marine sediments. Using resonance Raman spectroscopy and other optical probes, researchers based in Denmark have measured the voltage loss along the filaments to learn how far these bacteria can carry current (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, doi:10.1073/pnas.1800367115).
What are cable bacteria?
Members of the family Desulfobulbaceae, cable bacteria live in the surface sediments at the bottom of both fresh and brackish bodies of water. Their multicellular structures extend up to 1.5 cm in length and are 0.4 to 1.7 μm in diameter. The microbes oxidize hydrogen sulfide in the oxygen-poor depths of the sediment and transport electrons toward the water–sediment boundary, where they reduce molecular oxygen.
Researchers from the Center for Electromicrobiology at Aarhus University, Denmark, put filaments of cable bacteria into a microscope chamber containing oxygen and sulfide sources at opposite ends, 5 mm apart. The strands aligned themselves by swarming toward the oxygen source, with their opposite ends remaining in the low-oxygen sediment. The team then recorded nearly 2,000 Raman spectra of the microbial filaments and mapped the redox states of the cytochromes—specialized proteins that play an important role in electron transport in living cells.
In a subsequent experiment, the scientists cut off electron transport within the cable bacteria by snipping the filaments with a laser microdissection microscope. The bacterial fragments buried in the low-oxygen sediments soon showed a loss of electrical potential, compared with control cable bacteria that remained intact. The same thing had happened when the researchers cut off the oxygen source to uncut cable bacteria.
From the spectroscopic measurements, the team calculated that an individual strand of cable bacteria was losing voltage at a rate of 12 to 14 mV per millimeter of length. Thus, the filaments can transport electrons along a maximum distance of about 3 cm before moving to reach either the oxygen-rich zone or the sulfide-rich zone in sediment layers. Other bacteria can conduct electricity only over micron-scale distances.
Scientists from universities in Belgium, Austria and the Netherlands also participated in the study. | physics |
https://www.superconductorweek.com/2019/06/26/festo-introduces-two-new-superconducting-industrial-automation-concepts/ | 2024-04-13T13:31:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816734.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413114018-20240413144018-00043.warc.gz | 0.909221 | 862 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__56860637 | en | The German industrial control and automation company Festo AG & Co. KG
has announced two new concepts for using superconductor technology in industrial automation. The SupraMultitool and the SupraDrive 2.0 are the latest of the company’s Future Concept SupraMotion applications that benefit from the magnetic levitation capabilities of superconductors, allowing objects to be held in position and be moved without contact.
Of these new concepts, the SupraMultitool operates as a handling system that places various work pieces one after the other on two different magnets with various bearings and movements. It is designed to carry out different automation tasks simultaneously and contactlessly as a single system.
The SupraDrive 2.0 is an updated version of Festo’s original SupraDrive. It has two continuous, 1.5-metre-long cryostats with superconductors, which allow for a uniform and dynamic method of transporting slide. The cryostats are tilted diagonally towards each other, thereby centering and stabilizing the transporting slide from both sides.
Superconducting Applications Most Suitable Where Contact is Best Avoided
Festo has been a pioneer in developing superconducting concepts in industrial automation. The company has cited numerous advantages of the technology: low power consumption, no requirement for control technology for the bearing, and the ability to operate without dust and wear, the latter making superconductors especially suitable for clean environments.
“Typically, the handling of chemicals, biological matter, and electronic or optical components during processing or production is not free of contact,” commented Uwe Pracht with Festo’s Supramotion Project. “You move it, you touch it. Whenever absolute cleanliness is of pivotal importance, one sooner or later identifies touching as the ultimate source of contamination due to abrasion, lubricants or hard-to-clean grippers or conveyors.
“Getting a handle on these sources of contamination requires substantial time and effort, and is always a compromise between benefit and performance. A complete removal of this contamination is only possible once the contact itself can be avoided. Levitation techniques offer this unique possibility and are a disruptive new approach to clean handling of delicate goods.”
New Superconducting Concepts Introduced Each Year
Festo introduced its first three SupraMotion applications at the Hannover Messe in 2013. Each year since, the company has presented a number of new concepts and now has a total of about twenty.
Festo has divided its concepts into four general applications: transporting in all spatial planes and directions; transferring hovering objects; handling with spatial separation through walls; and contactless turning, shaking and measuring. The SupreMultitool falls in the application category of transferring hovering objects, while the SupraDrive 2.0 is a hovering transport slide. These contactless control systems use YBCO bulk material with a Tc of approximately 93 K.
In addition, Festo has begun researching superconducting drives. In 2018, the company introduced the SupraMotor technology platform, a superconducting claw pole motor with solid-state cooling. It features a very compact design, a high holding torque and a long-life electrical direct cooling system.
Contactless Balance for an Isolator Currently Under Development
“Festo is open to working with any branch of industry, where specific needs call for contactless handling,” Pracht said. “This aspect of cleanliness is of special importance to the pharmaceutical, food, chemical, and biological industries. We try to conceptualize typical applications with our demonstrators at trade shows all over the world and seek to anticipate potential usage scenarios.
“For instance, for Hermann Waldner GmBH & Co. KG, a German supplier for process systems in the pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industries, Festo has developed and implemented a superconducting contactless balance to an isolator. Measuring the weight of goods can now be realized with the weighing pan inside and the balance outside of the well-controlled interior through the solid bottom plate of the isolator. This application prototype was first demonstrated in mid-2018 and is currently under joint development.” | physics |
https://www.ziffdavisb2b.co.uk/blog/data-storage-future/ | 2020-05-27T03:05:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347392057.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527013445-20200527043445-00444.warc.gz | 0.944128 | 1,375 | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__183273376 | en | Moore’s Law has held true for far longer than many expected. We’ve seen the number of components per integrated circuit doubling every 18 months as predicted and as a result memory capacity, sensors and even the number of pixels in digital cameras have steadily increased in line with our needs. But as the saying goes, all good things must come to an end.
It’s becoming increasingly difficult and expensive for manufacturers to squeeze more bits onto a disc using traditional techniques, and the rate at which improvements in areal density are increasing is slowing dramatically. Unfortunately, with 2.5 exabytes (or 2.5 million terabytes) of data being created every single day, data storage can’t afford to fall behind Moore’s Law.
Thankfully there are plenty of pioneers reimagining the way we store data and moving beyond the idea of simply cramming more bits onto a disc. From imaginative new approaches to the technologies we know, to using the very building-blocks of life to store information, there are plenty of changes coming to the world of data storage.
In this four part series we’ll delve into the future of data storage, looking at hard disks, solid state, optical storage and even some entirely new innovations that lie on the horizon.
Hard disk drives
Before we delve into the realms of speculative science and the shear cutting edge, let’s take a look at the technologies that are right around the corner. Whatever new developments appear in the next few years they’re unlikely to shake off the strangle-hold HDDs have on the market, with Samsung and Western Digital claiming they’ll still make up 90% of all data storage devices in 2020. This doesn’t mean that HDDs are going to stay the same though. New designs and technologies are leading to huge leaps forward in areal density, which is essentially the amount of data that can be stored in a given space on a disc, usually measured in terabytes per square inch (Tb in−2).
In recent years we’ve seen perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) and shingled magnetic recording (SMR) help lead to minor improvements in areal density for HDDs. PMR improves storage density by aligning each bit on a disk vertically rather than horizontally. It has a long history despite only becoming commercially available relatively recently. It was first invented in 1977 by Shun-ichi Iwasaki, then professor of the Tohoku University Japan, but other than a few failed attempts from the likes of Toshiba to implement the technology into 3.5″ floppy disks, it wasn’t until 2005, when the standard yearly doubling of areal densities that manufacturers had been experiencing with longitudinal magnetic recording started to evaporate, that PMR began to appear in HDDs. Delivering three times the storage density of traditional longitudinal recording, it quickly became an industry standard.
Jump forward eight years and shingled magnetic recording (SMR) entered the scene, allowing magnetic tracks to partially overlap. This subsequently allowed higher track density and increases in overall hard drive capacities of about 25%. Around the same time companies began releasing hermetically sealed, helium hard drives. HGST were the first to pioneer this new style of HDD that replaced the air within the drive with helium. Why bother you ask? Well, as helium is seven times less dense than air, far less turbulence is created when the disk spins. This means you can pack in more discs and make greater power savings.
Two-Dimensional Magnetic Recording (TDMR) is one of Seagate’s newest innovations that allows for narrower tracks and could improve areal density by around 5 to 10 per cent, which means more storage per square inch. Usually the problem with narrowing tracks is that it makes it increasingly difficult for heads to perform read operations, an effect otherwise known as magnetic inter-track interference. TDMR solves this issue by using two or more heads to read data from several nearby tracks all at the same time, improving the overall signal to noise ratio delivered. Currently these performance improvements are incredibly costly, so don’t expect the technology to become commonplace any time soon.
Stop, HAMR time
Next on Seagate’s agenda is Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR) and they’re citing it as a real game changer. As far as Seagate are concerned PMR and SMR were simply stop-gaps. The reason being, as you increase the areal density of a standard hard drive and pack more bits in, you eventually hit a point where it becomes impossible to achieve magnetic writing activity. This is because as bits get smaller they eventually lose the ability to withstand an external magnetic field, and begin to flip magnetic charge randomly, which leads to inaccurate data storage. This is otherwise known as the superparamagnetic effect. The good news is this can be overcome by building bits from materials with high coercivity (the ability to withstand a magnetic field). The bad news is this in turn leads to a catch 22 – current technology simply cannot write on such materials.
That’s where HAMR comes in. By using a small laser to spot-heat the area being written on, the magnetic medium temporarily loses much of its coercivity allowing writing to occur, and huge increases in capacity to be achieved, raising the storage density limit from around 1 Tb in-2 to 10 Tb in-2. Meanwhile, Western Digital is betting on HAMR’s sister technology MAMR (Microwave-Assisted Magnetic Recording) which achieves similar results with a microwave field.
Bit by bit
A little further off in the future of hard drive design is Bit Patterned Media Recording (BPMR). Unlike HAMR, which rethinks the write process to bypass the superparamagnetic effect and allow greater reductions in bit size, patterned media rethinks the way grains within a bit are distributed to achieve the same result. By arranging the grains within a bit in a patterned island, the grains have a stronger magnetic exchange which grants them greater resistance to magnetic fields. This allows bits to be made with fewer grains while still avoiding the superparamagnetic effect. If introduced using conventional write-head technology, BPM can enable areal densities of up to 5 Tb in−2 before writability becomes an issue. For a combined HAMR-BPM system, it’s estimated that areal density could reach a whopping 100 Tb in−2. Not too shabby for a technology that many predicted would be eclipsed by SSDs.
Join us for part two where we’ll look at what’s in store for solid state drives. | physics |
http://kusaidiamwalimu.org/solar-powered-kindles-with-e-volt-batteries-at-nyabondo-school-oyugis-kenya/ | 2024-02-29T06:20:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474784.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229035411-20240229065411-00222.warc.gz | 0.944973 | 294 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__182767012 | en | In October 2013 we were able to send more Kindles, Solar Panels, and USB Batteries provided by an innovative Danish company called Volt to the schools in Oyugis Kenya. In this post we have included photos of the headteacher demonstrating how to charge the battery using the solar panel and then the kindle using the battery. By using USB batteries we’ve been able to resolve a technical problem where the power provided by the panels wasn’t sufficient to charge kindles or other devices directly.
We really appreciate the support of Volt who have provided 6 batteries in October. These batteries have survived a wealth of concerts and are now helping the schools to recharge their kindles in Kenya, thousands of miles away.
I (Julian) first met one of the founders Trygve, at a large street concert in Copenhagen in May 2013. They provide an innovative service to concert goers in Europe who want to recharge their smartphones while at the concert or event. He provided one of their batteries so I could test it, and it’s one of the few I’ve found that works reliably. They’re surprisingly capable for such a small compact device. Their web site is getvolt.dk
On to the photos
We will monitor the effectiveness and reliability of the Volt batteries and Solar Panels (from another supplier). In parallel we’re testing larger capacity USB batteries so we can compare the results. | physics |
http://kkernerman.weebly.com/steam-lab.html | 2017-08-22T14:54:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110792.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822143101-20170822163101-00652.warc.gz | 0.987342 | 118 | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-34__0__68883553 | en | After creating gorgeous holiday cards in Ms. Caldwell's art class, students took them to the STEAM Lab to light up. We also experimented with the STEAM Lab's new circuit boards and became reaquainted with Dash.
Circuitry: November 28, 2016
Students were learning about circuits in the STEAM Lab. We talked about open VS closed circuits, as well as lining up positive and negative components to complete a circuit. Students worked with LED lights, as well as spooky ping pong balls to complete circuits. We also completed one giant circuit as a whole class. | physics |
http://metainitaly.eu/en/yarns-that-generate-electricity/ | 2022-12-07T22:59:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711221.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207221727-20221208011727-00475.warc.gz | 0.939858 | 178 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__22190386 | en | An international research team led by scientists at The University of Texas at Dallas and Hanyang University in South Korea has developed high-tech yarns that generate electricity when they are stretched or twisted.
It is a coiled carbon nanotube yarn that generate electrical energy when stretched or twisted. The yarns are constructed from carbon nanotubes, which are hollow cylinders of carbon 10,000 times smaller in diameter than a human hair. The researchers first twist-spun the nanotubes into high-strength, lightweight yarns. To make the yarns highly elastic, they introduced so much twist that the yarns coiled like an over-twisted rubber band. In order to generate electricity, the yarns must be either submerged in or coated with an ionically conducting material, or electrolyte, which can be as simple as a mixture of ordinary table salt and water. | physics |
http://buntingmagnetics.com/products/magnetic-separation/magnetic-test-kit/pull-test-procedures | 2014-03-08T04:04:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999652955/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060732-00072-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.882942 | 930 | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-10__0__124926511 | en | Magnetic Pull Test Kit
It is essential that the test kit user understand the function of the magnetic equipment in question so that appropriate testing procedures may be applied. Magnetic separators must accomplish two separate tasks to effectively remove ferrous tramp from the product stream. The first task, CAPTURE, requires the separator to retrieve ferrous particles from its maximum rated reach out distance and deposit it on the collection area of the magnetic face. The second task, RETENTION requires the separator to magnetically hold the ferrous object against the wiping effect of product flow over the magnet face.
Measurement of a separator’s ability to capture ferrous objects involves performing a pull test at a given distance away from the magnet face. The test kit provides a spacer with gaps of 1/8” and 1/4” to measure attractive force in the typical 1/2” or less separation zone around cylindrical magnetic cartridges. To represent a plate magnet’s capturing ability beyond 1/2” away from the magnetic face, the test kit spacer provides gaps of 1/2” and 1” above the magnet.
A pull test using a metal ball test piece in contact with the separator face represents the magnet’s ability to retain ferrous objects. The test ball size does not necessarily represent the expected tramp metal size because a minimum ball size is required to produce a measurable pull force value on the force gauge. For ceramic separators a 1/2” and 1” ball is provided while the 1/4” and 1/2” balls provided produce sufficient force for rare earth magnetic equipment.
GENERAL PULL TEST PROCEDURE
For the sake of personnel safety, test pieces have been selected which will produce pull forces within the range of the 0-12lb. force
The following illustrations show combinations of test pieces and spacer block orientations which produce repeatable values for ceramic and rare earth magnetic cartridges and plates. Actual values measured may differ between similar equipment due to a wide range of variables such as environment, testing technique and equipment options. The primary objective of an in-field testing program is to establish a base line for a given magnet and, through repeated tests, confirm its continued performance.
Consistency in testing is critical to achieve repeatable results-follow the prescribed guidelines and make note of any deviations.
Documenting your test results with the included Magnetic Inspection Log will provide a record of how the test was performed as well as
a comparison with future tests.
1. Clean and remove any steel objects or dirt from the face of the magnet.
2. Where possible, position the magnet facing up in a horizontal position. In cases where the magnet cannot be removed from the process line, attempt to position it such that the force gauge and test piece can be pulled away from the magnet in a perpendicular (right angle) direction.
3. Calibrate the force gauge. Holding the gauge vertically, pull the latch hook down to the 3# reading and allow it to snap back. Adjust the knurled knob so that the maximum reading pointer is set at zero. Use the 1# test weight to check the accuracy of the scale under load and readjust the force gauge if necessary.
4. Select the appropriate test piece and spacer block orientation for the test to be performed. Attach the test piece to the force gauge and position the spacer block firmly against the magnet face as shown in the following diagrams. Then, firmly holding the test piece, position the test piece on the spacer block (use caution as the magnetic attraction will tend to snap it down).
5. Pull the force gauge SLOWLY and SMOOTHLY in a perpendicular (right angle) direction until the test piece breaks away from the magnet.
6. Read the force measurement as indicated by the “maximum reading pointer”. Repeat the test twice and if the same value is achieved, record it in the Magnetic Inspection Log. If the values are different, an additional test should be performed to achieve two agreeing values, or an average can be developed from the two nearest values.
7. A polarity indicating wand has been included in this test kit which has “N” and “S” marked on opposite ends. It can be useful for identifying the north and south pole positions on a magnet and for locating the strongest zone of a particular pole. Since like poles repel and opposites attract, the polarity of a pole can be identified easily. | physics |
http://www.sportfishingbc.com/articles/index.html?Cortland-s-Vista-Turbine-Fly-Reel-113 | 2013-05-25T11:14:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705939136/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120539-00055-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.917011 | 306 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__171456812 | en | Cortland's Vista Turbine Fly Reel
What is one of the most common features that most anglers look for when choosing a fly reel? If you answered 'a smooth drag system', then you join the multitude of other anglers searching for the very ultimate in drag systems.
According to Cortland, "A turbine impeller is immersed in a special multi-viscosity fluid that produces zero inertial friction at start up. Drag is automatically increased as a fish increases speed. There is no drag adjustment necessary--drag pressure is immediately increased or decreased with every movement of the fish."
A review of traditional fly reel drag systems show that existing fly reels have inertial forces that cause the reel to "jerk" at start up of any run. The worst outcome of this is a broken tippet at start up. Also traditional drag systems cause friction causing parts to heat up and wear out. In contrast, the Turbine Drag produces no inertial forces at all. The result is an ultra smooth drag system that isn't hard on those fine tippets. The reel will allow you to "feel the fish" as the drag automatically responds to every movement of the fish.
Other great features are that the fly reels are fully ventilated and counter balanced. The Vista Turbine Reel also has a stainless steel center shaft, wood tone handle, and durable Gray finish.
To contact dealers carrying these products visit:<< Back to list page | Email this Page | physics |
http://friendlynet.eu/en/systems/renewable-energy-sources-support.html | 2022-07-01T00:59:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103917192.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701004112-20220701034112-00063.warc.gz | 0.951636 | 309 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__70631924 | en | Renewable energy sources support
Continuously growing eco-awareness and environmental care makes systems of supporting renewable energy resources more and more popular. In order to meet your expectations we offer full design and installation of renewable energy resources support systems.
We offer solar energy panels which absorb energy from the sun and transform it into heat energy. Such investments allow to reduce daily energy consumption, which is the result of water heating and central heating.
Our company provides heat pump services which transform natural heat energy. They allow us to gain energy from the ground, water or air and use it further for house heating, cooling or heating water used in the building. Heat pumps improve the comfort of living, are eco-friendly and safe to use. They may be installed both during house renovations or during construction.
We put much effort into the development in the field of photovoltaic systems which allow the transformation of solar light into electricity. Owing to photovoltaic elements and solar panels it is possible to produce electricity from solar light. Photovoltaic technology is commonly used as a power source for different stand-alone devices. Photovoltaic cells are also used in electronic devices and in households.
We can also create charging points for eco-friendly electric vehicles. It is necessary to create a proper charging infrastructure in order to propagate electric cars. To allow current and future electric cars users to charge their vehicles easily and efficiently it is necessary to create a proper charging infrastructure. At present charging terminals are available only in several large cities in Poland. | physics |
https://nyc-dsa.org/my-life-my-project-my-profession-just-how-10-simple-electrician-assisted-me-do-well/ | 2024-04-13T05:33:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816586.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413051941-20240413081941-00125.warc.gz | 0.955716 | 1,401 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__34090616 | en | Electricians install and fix power circuitry, tools, and installations. They need to be able to read blueprints as well as various other technical representations if you want to recognize how the device functions. They additionally use screening tools to pinpoint as well as repair complications. Industrial electrical contractors Kidderminster
The job could be actually asking for, and also it is crucial for domestic electricians to have excellent color perspective (to appropriately determine cords) as well as bodily strength.
An Ammeter is actually a guitar used to determine electricity existing (the circulation of energy). Typically, it is among the features in a multimeter that also measures current and protection.
The Ammeter is actually attached in series with the circuit to become assessed. Preferably, it possesses very low inner resistance to ensure that featuring it in a circuit does not interrupt the regular present. Having said that, all actual ammeters have some resistance therefore a portion of the circuit current travel through them too.
Since the ammeter possesses incredibly reduced protection, it can induce a short circuit if incorrectly wired in similarity along with a sizable voltage source. This will certainly waste the fuse and probably harm the gauge or even its circuitry. Consequently, it is essential to consistently make use of the correct ammeter selection setting and never link an ammeter around a live circuit. Also, beware with the polarity of the link factors. Some meters, such as the electronic one displayed in Figure 1, have different jacks for evaluating resistance as well as existing, while others discuss the very same ports for both.
A drug or body system that readily administers heat, electrical power, or even noise. Conductors include electric costs (generally electrons) that are actually free to move when subjected to a voltage, which creates the circulation of present with all of them. By comparison, insulators (electrical nonconductors) do certainly not perform existing and instead repel or even absorb it.
Steels are one of the most common power conductors because their external levels of atoms have tons of complimentary electrons that can freely discuss their drive with other electrons. This design produces all of them a really good choice for sending big amounts of power around lengthy distances.
Conductors are likewise made use of in automobile treatments, light, and clinical equipment. They are actually likewise critical in eco-friendly electricity systems, where they transfer energy coming from wind and sunlight doors to homes and also organizations. According to the IEC 60364-1, condition 312.1, various forms of current-carrying conductors are actually classified based upon their capability to hold a certain quantity of power for a prolonged period under typical disorders.
Insulators are actually products that carry out not conveniently make it possible for warmth or power to travel through them. They are actually used in electrical tools to stop electrical current coming from travelling through the devices and damaging the person using it. Insulators are actually commonly created from plastic, rubber, or hardwood. They are actually also discovered in power plugs and wires. Metal administers electric energy, which is why very most power gadgets make use of plastic cases to keep individuals coming from getting a shock when they contact the steel parts.
Electric protection is actually an essential part of electric devices as well as assists reduce electricity intake, in addition to air pollution coming from the production of electrical power. It is also necessary for shielding cables as well as cable televisions coming from damage dued to ecological factors, like water or dirt.
Protection products are actually on call in a range of types, featuring strips, slabs, layers, and also encapsulants. They may be personalized to fit certain criteria and are perfect for a stable of uses.
Power generators convert technical electricity coming from a source into electric power for use in an outside circuit. They can easily be powered by heavy steam, water, gasoline, gas, organic gas, wind or solar power. Depending on the form of power used, they can easily make varying existing or straight present (DC).
A generator services the concept of electro-magnetic induction, which was actually discovered through Michael Faraday in 1831. It entails moving a conductor near a magnet to produce power charges that can easily at that point be driven right into an existing.
Lots of generators are actually made use of as backup energy units for homes as well as companies. This can help in reducing downtime and also loss of productivity in the course of energy outages. Some electrical generators are actually likewise created to run on eco-friendly power sources, which can lessen dependancy on fossil fuels and decrease ecological effect.
Magnets have a selection of utilization. Coming from small fridge magnetics to commercial creatures that analyze loads, they seem in a large range of customer and also industrial products. They are discovered in computer systems, wind turbines, ink-jet printers and also MRI makers. They are actually likewise utilized in medical and also commercial applications to experience again discomfort, enhance blood stream circulation, and promote health via magnotherapy.
Magnetics make unnoticeable collections of magnetic flux around them. These collections entice or repulse ferromagnetic materials like iron, nickel, cobalt, as well as some rare earth metallics. Magnets possess north as well as south rods, as well as they can only be actually attracted to or even repulsed by various other magnetics with the same polarity.
Big, high-powered magnets are actually usually used in commercial processes to separate ferromagnetic elements like aged iron and also steel from refuse component and also in cranes and service centers to raise massive items. These big, powerful magnets are actually usually created on-site to avoid the prices and also hazards of shipping and also setup.
While drills as well as sanders get all the interest, a multimeter is just one of the most important devices in an electrician’s toolbox. It’s a handheld or bench-top unit that enables you to measure several properties of electrical circuits. Multimeters could be utilized to check for current, continuity as well as protection, though fancier designs could possess extra functionalities.
The multimeter possesses 2 probes, or leads, that hook up to the component you are actually evaluating. The dark probe– generally with a sharp metal tip and also a banana plug on one point– connects with the part, while the red probe links into the multimeter’s port that matches the building you’re measuring.
For instance, if you are actually attempting to determine whether a light bulb is actually negative, closed off the power, then contact the dark probing against the sunlight bulb’s stations. If the gauge goes through constancy, it means the bulb possesses a total electrical course in between its own terminals, which validates that the light bulb is actually great. | physics |
https://dtcprojects.com.au/products/windows-doors/ | 2020-05-29T17:56:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347405558.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529152159-20200529182159-00250.warc.gz | 0.821185 | 273 | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__157330309 | en | Windows | Doors
DTC WINDOWS ARE 100mm THERMALLY BROKEN LOW-E DOUBLE GLAZED SUPERIOR WINDOWS
What is Thermal Break?
A Thermal break is a continuous barrier between the inside and outside section of the frame.This barrier works to reduce the flow of energy between the interior/exterior aluminium extrusions.
WERS ( window energy rating system ) data shows that these windows can be in excess of 30% more efficient than a standard non-thermally broken window.
What is Low-E
Low-E is a microscopically thin transparent coating that reflects heat. It reflects internal temperature back inside and helps block infrared light from penetrating the glass from the outside.
BENEFITS & ADVANTAGE OF DTC WINDOWS
- Warmer in winter,Cooler in summer and can reduce outside noise by upto 80%.
- Conduct heat and noise upto 1000 times slower than normal aluminium.
- Provide an added layer of security to your home.
- Provide excellent thermal and acoustic insulation.
- Available in a large range of powder coated surfaces to suit your design.
- Improved NFRC U-Values over non thermally broken windows.
- Improved NFRC condensation resistance factors ( preventing swelling of architraves ) | physics |
http://zerofive.com.au/BlogRetrieve.aspx?BlogID=4599 | 2019-08-25T14:01:50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330233.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825130849-20190825152849-00385.warc.gz | 0.884895 | 109 | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__71193872 | en | Sun Reflector - UV Protector
In comparison to light colors, dark colors absorb more heat in direct sunlight. This effect can be reduced to a minimum with coldblack®, the UVA and UVB protection textile finish from Schoeller Technologies. coldblack® reduces the absorption of sunlight and therefore heat build-up. In Addition it provides reliable protection from damaging UV rays. Textiles with coldblack®guarantee a minimum UPF of 30 in any color. Consequently, the wear comfort of textiles can be tangibly improved. | physics |
https://athletic-mission.com/swing-sequence-and-timing/ | 2017-12-16T03:13:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948581053.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216030243-20171216052243-00799.warc.gz | 0.953288 | 432 | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-51__0__243091099 | en | In this blog, I want to talk about the bio-mechanical sequence of the hitters swing. This is the ideal sequence and timing of the motion of each body part during each phase of the swing.
I have spent a lot of years researching bio-mechanics. I have been able to spend the last 6-7 months trying out the latest 3D motion capture tools and techniques.
3D technology has advanced tremendously in the recent years in the baseball and golf industry. Golf is five years ahead of baseball in terms of using the technology for player development. This capability has changed our understanding of the hitters swing bio-mechanics, and it will soon change the way instructors look and teach the baseball swing. This technology has the ability to track the precise movement of every part of the hitter’s body during every millisecond of the hitter’s swing. The traces that comes along with the analysis give us a new understanding of bio-mechanics, and can instantly reveal the underlying cause of the hitter’s swing inefficiencies.
Elite hitters, basically have the same well-timed sequence of movements. They may not know how or know the details, but they learned from a young age how the correct pattern felt.
For optimum performance of the hitter’s swing, there is a precisely timed sequence of body movements. This sequence progresses from large inner parts of the body, to the smaller outer parts. When this sequence and timing are correct, power and speed are created, transferred, and amplified by each segment of the body, up the kinetic chain, to deliver the barrel to the baseball in the most effective way possible. This precisely timed sequence is also referred to in bio-mechanical literature as kinematic sequence.
The best way to understand the kinematic sequence of the baseball/softball swing, is by considering the movements of the major segments of your body; the hips, torso, arms, and the barrel of the baseball bat.
You can see the sequence clearly when looking at a graph of the rotational speed of each segment throughout the swing: | physics |
https://homivi.com/wiring-outlets-in-series-vs-parallel/ | 2024-02-26T05:10:03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474650.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226030734-20240226060734-00218.warc.gz | 0.898047 | 1,965 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__74058090 | en | Wiring Outlets in Series Vs Parallel: Which is the Better Option?
When it comes to electrical circuits, understanding the difference between wiring outlets in series and wiring outlets in parallel is crucial.
In this article, we will explore the pros and cons of each method and determine which option is the better choice.
Whether you’re a homeowner or an electrician, this information will help you make informed decisions when it comes to wiring outlets.
Basics of Electric Circuitry
Before we dive into the specifics of wiring outlets in series vs parallel, let’s first understand the basics of electric circuitry.
All electrical circuits operate by providing a closed-loop of wires through which electrical current can flow.
The movement of electrons through this circuit creates the electrical current, which powers devices connected to the circuit.
In a closed circuit, electrical current flows from the source (via hot wires) and returns to the source (via neutral wires).
When devices tap into the circuit, they become powered by the moving current.
However, if the circuit is interrupted, such as by opening a switch, the flow of electrical current stops, temporarily breaking the circuit.
What is a Series Circuit?
A series circuit is a closed circuit in which the electrical current follows one path.
Devices connected in a series circuit are connected in a continuous row, meaning that the failure or disconnection of one device will interrupt the entire circuit.
This also means that if one outlet in a series circuit fails, all other outlets in the circuit will stop working simultaneously.
Series circuits are rarely used in house wiring but are occasionally found in landscape luminaries and Christmas lights.
In a string of Christmas lights wired in a series circuit, if one bulb goes out, the whole string of lights will go dark.
This is because the failure of one bulb creates an open circuit in the wiring.
However, modern Christmas light strings often use parallel circuits, allowing the string to continue functioning even if one bulb goes dim.
What is a Parallel Circuit?
In contrast, a parallel circuit is much more common in household wiring.
In a parallel circuit, the electrical current is divided into two or more pathways before coming back together to complete the full circuit.
Each device connected to a parallel circuit is in constant contact with the main circuit pathway, similar to how vehicles can enter and exit a freeway without interrupting the main highway.
One advantage of parallel circuits is that if there is a failure in any individual loop, the entire circuit remains functional.
All outlets, appliances, and light fixtures connected to the parallel circuit will continue to work even if one outlet fails.
This makes parallel circuits the preferred choice for most household branch circuits.
Wiring Outlets in Series
Now that we understand the basics of series and parallel circuits, let’s focus on wiring outlets in series.
When outlets are wired in series, they are connected in a continuous row.
In a series circuit, the hot wire from the power source connects to the first outlet, and then a second wire connects that outlet to the next one, and so on.
The neutral wire also connects in the same manner.
To wire outlets in series, follow these steps:
1. Turn off Power:
Before working on any electrical project, always turn off the power to the area you’ll be working on.
Locate the circuit breaker that feeds the line or circuit you’re working on and switch it off. Use a multimeter to ensure there is no electric current present in the outlet.
2. Disconnect Wires from the First Outlet:
Disconnect the hot wire, the neutral wire, and the ground wire from the first outlet, but keep them in the box.
Run a length of wire from the second outlet to the first, drilling holes in the studs and passing the wire through them.
3. Cut the Taps to Wire Outlets:
Cut short lengths of wire, known as taps or pigtails, for the hot, neutral, and ground wires. Strip 1/2 inch of insulation from both ends of each wire.
4. Prepare to Wire the Second Outlet:
Cut off four inches of the sheath from the wire inside the junction box of the second outlet. Separate the three wires and strip 1/2 inch of insulation from each of them.
Connect the black wire to the brass terminal, the white wire to the silver terminal, and the ground wire to the metal screw inside the box.
5. Wire the Series:
In the first outlet box, strip 1/2 inch of insulation from the ends of the wire that runs between the outlets.
Connect the black wire going into the second outlet, the black wire going into the first outlet, and the black tap together.
Twist the bare ends of the three wires together and secure them with a wire connector. Repeat the same procedure with the neutral wires and the ground wires.
Finally, connect the loose ends of the tap wires to the appropriate screws on the outlets.
It’s important to note that wiring outlets in series consumes less energy but is less efficient in the long run.
Additionally, if one outlet shorts out, all other outlets in the series circuit will be affected.
Wiring outlets in series also goes against electrical code requirements, making it an undesirable choice for most applications.
Wiring Outlets in Parallel
In contrast to wiring outlets in series, wiring outlets in parallel is the preferred method for most household applications.
When outlets are wired in parallel, each outlet is connected independently to the main circuit pathway.
This allows each outlet to function independently, even if one outlet fails or is disconnected.
To wire outlets in parallel, follow these steps:
1. Turn Off the Power:
Always turn off the power to the circuit you’ll be working on before starting any electrical project.
2. Wire Outlets in the Middle of the Circuit:
Start by wiring the outlets in the middle of the circuit. Run the Romex, a type of electrical conductor with non-metallic sheathing, through the first outlet box, stripping off six inches of outer insulation.
Strip one inch of insulation from the black and white wires and connect them to the appropriate screws on the outlet. Connect the ground wire to the green screw.
3. Connect the Other Outlets:
Continue wiring each outlet in the middle of the circuit in the same manner.
Lead the Romex into each box from the bottom and exit through the top, connecting the ground wires with the green screws.
Make sure to pigtail the ground wires in each outlet box.
4. Complete the End of the Circuit:
Once you reach the last outlet, only the Romex enters the outlet box.
Strip the Romex and the individual hot and neutral wires, connecting them to the appropriate screws on the outlet.
Make a pigtail with the ground wire from the Romex and a length of ground wire connected to the green screw.
By wiring outlets in parallel, you ensure that if one outlet fails, the other outlets connected to the circuit will continue to function. This makes parallel circuits the safer and more efficient choice for most applications.
Wiring Outlets in Series Vs Parallel: A Comparison
When comparing wiring outlets in series vs parallel, there are several important factors to consider.
Let’s take a closer look at the key differences between the two methods:
- Failure of One Outlet: In a series circuit, if one outlet fails, all other outlets in the circuit will also stop working. On the other hand, in a parallel circuit, the failure of one outlet will not affect the functioning of other outlets.
- Energy Consumption: Series circuits consume less energy compared to parallel circuits. Appliances running on a series circuit have the same amount of current flowing through them, while appliances in a parallel circuit have the same voltage, consuming more power.
- Dimming of Lights: In a series circuit, the amount of energy diminishes as it passes through each outlet. This means that the more lights you add to a series circuit, the dimmer they will become. In a parallel circuit, each outlet receives the same voltage, ensuring consistent brightness.
- Electrical Code Requirements: Wiring outlets in series goes against electrical code requirements and is not recommended for most applications. Wiring outlets in parallel is the standard and preferred method for household branch circuits.
Based on these factors, it is clear that wiring outlets in parallel is the safer and more efficient choice for most applications.
It allows for the independent functioning of each outlet and ensures that a failure in one outlet does not affect the others.
When it comes to wiring outlets, understanding the difference between series and parallel circuits is essential.
While series circuits connect outlets in a continuous row, parallel circuits allow each outlet to function independently.
Wiring outlets in parallel is the preferred method for most household applications, as it ensures the continuous functioning of outlets even if one fails.
By following the proper steps and adhering to electrical code requirements, you can confidently wire outlets in parallel and create a safe and efficient electrical circuit.
Whether you’re a homeowner or an electrician, choosing the right wiring method will ensure the reliable operation of your electrical outlets.
Remember, always prioritize safety and consult a professional electrician if you have any doubts or concerns about wiring outlets in series or parallel.
- How to Wire a Light Fixture With Red, Black, and White Wires
- Wiring a Light Switch and Outlet on the Same Circuit | physics |
https://www.gsa.gov.gh/metrology/ | 2018-03-20T15:19:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647498.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320150533-20180320170533-00527.warc.gz | 0.890936 | 181 | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__149275894 | en | Metrology is the science of measurement. The Metrology Division of the Ghana Standards Authority is the custodian of the Weights and Measures Decree, NCRD 326, 1975 in Ghana. National primary Standards are traceable to the Dentscher Kalibrierdienst (DKD) Laboratories in Germany. It undertakes activities in Legal, Scientific and Industrial Metrology towards the development of a national measurement scheme to support Science, Industry and Commerce.
Scope of Work
- Mass measurements – weights, balances & weigh bridges
- Flow measurements – storage tanks / flow meters
- Dimensional / Linear measurements
- Pressure and force measurements
- Crane testing
- Temperature measurements
- Electrical parameters measurements
- Time and Frequency measurements
Apart from the above activities the Metrology Division also provide Technical Advisory/Consultancy services to government, public institutions and industrial establishments on all aspects of measurements. | physics |
http://www.airporthotelsnet.com/how-does-rifle-scope-work.html | 2024-03-01T08:17:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00728.warc.gz | 0.930787 | 691 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__12935825 | en | The sscope is an indispensable device for a hunter, professional or amateur who wants to hit the target accurately with each shot. The optical sight is a set of lenses mounted in a visual metal tube. Between the lenses of the eyepiece (the element facing the eye of the observer) and the lens installed at the far end of the tube, there is a wrapping system of lenses. These lenses are necessary in order for the output to form a correct, non-reversed image. In total, the scopes use more than 10 collecting and scattering lenses, grouped in a special way. It is important that all of them have reliable fixation and withstand the impact of shooting from different types of weapons.
A significant effect on the resulting image is provided by the quality of the glass for making lenses and the presence on the optical surfaces of an antireflection coating. In the serious rifle scopes on all surfaces of lenses the multilayered covering is put, that is designated by an abbreviation FMC (Fully Multi-Coated). The coating can be multilayer, but not on all surfaces (MC - Multi Coated), or simply coated (C - Coated). The amount of light transmitted depends on the type of lightening: the FMC sights give a much lighter and contrastier image in comparison with the slightly enlightened sights.
Main Features of Rifle Scopes You Should Learn More About
If you have never had rifle scopes before, it is recommended to discover how rifle scope works. One of the most important parameters affecting the lens's luminosity is the diameter of the input lens: the larger it is, the more light the lens will collect and the lighter the image will be. This should be taken into account if it is planned to shoot at dusk or under low light: for this work, it is necessary to select a sight with a large diameter of the lens. But it should be taken into account that with the increase in the size of the lens, the overall weight of the sight will also grow.
The eyepiece projects an enlarged image of objects in the field of view onto the observer's retina. In the optical sight all eyepiece lenses can be rigidly fixed in a frame: such devices are called sights with a fixed or constant multiplicity. But some models of optical sights contain a moving lens in the eyepiece, due to which the degree of magnification can be adjusted. Such sights are called pancreatic, or sights with variable multiplicity.
The name of any model of the sight is marked with numbers, separated by the "x" sign. For example, let's take "Optical sight KonuShot 4x32" as an example.
- 4x here is a fourfold increase;
- 32 - diameter of the input (frontal) objective lens in mm.
Universal sighting is a multiple of 3x-9x or 3x-12x: they are perfect for hunting. For firing at long distances or on paper targets, it is worth paying attention to the models with an increase in 6x-24x and 8x-32x. Sights with a multiplicity of more than 40x will reveal their potential only in the hands of experienced snipers. For shooting at short distances, you can use sights without magnification (so-called collimators) or with a small magnification up to 4 times. | physics |
https://support.arcteq.fi/portal/en/kb/articles/technical-difference-between-aq-200-ied-residual-current-channels-io1-and-io2 | 2021-12-04T03:56:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362930.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204033320-20211204063320-00547.warc.gz | 0.901286 | 271 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__177614824 | en | Technical difference between AQ-200 IED residual current channels Io1 and Io2
Every AQ-200 series IED equipped with current transformer module has two residual current channels Io1 and Io2. All protection and control functions that use residual current require the user to choose which of these two residual current channels is used. These two channels differ slightly in their performance. Main difference is the measurement range and inaccuracy of the measurement:
Io1 measurement range: 5 mA ... 150 A (RMS)
Io2 measurement range: 1 mA ... 75 A (RMS)
Io1 measurement inaccuracy:
0.002 ... 10.000 x In < ±0.5 % or < ±3 mA
10…150 × In < ±0.5 %
Io2 measurement inaccuracy:
0.002…25.000 × In < ±0.5 % or < ±0.6 mA
25…375 × In < ±1.0 %
In = Set nominal current of transformer.
As a rule of thumb you can consider Io1 as "coarse" residual current measurement which can measure really high currents and Io2 as "fine" residual current measurement which can measure very low currents with high accuracy. For other technical data please refer to IED manuals. | physics |
https://amendate.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/ApexGD212H/pages/2633302022 | 2022-01-23T02:33:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303956.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123015212-20220123045212-00341.warc.gz | 0.846298 | 674 | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__5564994 | en | For each scenario and iteration a failure criterion is calculated and based on this value the design is formed. Which failure criterion can be used depends on the material properties, manufacturing method and the optimisation intention.
Von Mises Stress*
The equivalent von Mises Stress is the default Failure Criterion. It can be used for all material properties (Isotropic, 3D Transversely Isotropic and 3D Orthotropic). The Stress Goal is calculated with the chosen Safety Factor and the tension strength in axis direction (build direction) of the entered material. For directional dependent stress limits, the von Mises Stress is not suitable and one of the following Failure Criteria should be used.
FFF Thumb Rule
With the FFF Thumb Rule, a simplified version of the directional dependent Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion can be used to take directional dependencies into account. The FFF Thumb Rule can be used in combination with Isotropic material behaviour. Thus, the Tension Strength in build direction can be modified by scaling only this one value. The Shear Strength is calculated automatically with a Thumb Rule [0.6 * Tension Strength]. This is especially useful for manufacturing methods like FFF where the material limit in building direction differs from the transversal in-plane directions.
Directional Dependency (Tsai-Hill)*
The directional dependent Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion allows to set-up different Tension Strength for the build direction (axis) and the In-plane directions as well as the Shear Strength. The FFF Thumb Rule is based on it, in contrast to it the Shear Strength isn’t calculated automatically based on the Thumb Rule.
Directional Dependency (Tsai-Wu)*
With the directional dependent Tsai-Wu Failure Criterion the difference between Tension and Compression Strength can be considered besides the directional dependency.
Comparison of the different Failure Criteria
One Tension Strength for all directions is considered.
FFF Thumb Rule
The Tension Strength in build direction can be scaled in contrast to the tension strength in in-plane directions.
Directional Dependency (Tsai-Hill)
The Tension Strength in build direction and in In-plane directions as well as the shear strength can be set up.
Directional Dependency (Tsai-Wu)
The Tension and Compression Strength in build direction and in In-plane directions and as well as the shear strength can be set up.
The Safety Factor calculates the goal for the optimisation in regard to the material properties. This works for all Failure Criteria (von Mises Stress, FFF Thumb Rule, directional dependent Tsai-Hill and Tsai-Wu). The Tension, Shear and Compression Strength dependent on the direction are scaled with the Safety Factor to define the optimisation goal.
The objective of the optimisation is to load all material with the calculated values from the material properties and the Safety Factor to reach a Failure Criterion value of 1.
In the following an example for the Tsai-Wu Failure Criterion with a Safety Factor of 3 is shown. | physics |
http://swedishelectrostatics.com/application_cyclone_static_electricity.html | 2017-04-27T18:47:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122619.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00262-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.921549 | 439 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__264094203 | en | Support / Links - PDF > Applications_list
In cyclones (dust collectors) particles shall be separated from an air flow. These particles may be constituted of dust, fibres, powder, granules, etc. It is very common that these particles get electrostatically charged during transport through pipes and hoses. When particles reach the cyclone the air speed decreases and if the particles are electrostatically charged they are prone to stick to the walls of the cyclone. This results in lower degree of separation since the dimension of the cyclone decreases due to the buildup of materia on its interior. In cases when the cyclone terminates a pneumatic transport of e.g. granules the result may be an uneven supply or discolourations when changing pigments.
With adequately installed antistatic equipment one can achieve both the discharging of the cyclone surfaces, particles, as well as loosen the particles. By use of ionization equipment one can easily discharge the surfaces in doing which the electrostatic attractive forces acting between cyclone surface and particle eliminated. Thereafter it becomes very easy to remove dust and particles. Depending on the size and function of the cyclone and the particle build up air ionizing nozzles are placed as to blow ionized air into the flow of materia and thereby discharging the particles.
By installations one often uses one or more air blow nozzles BHAC11 which are connected to the power unit PUAC114.
The air blow nozzles must be supplied with dry and clean air of about 0.5-1.5 bar pressure.
Mounting is commonly made from the outside of the cyclone. It is important to consider the size of the cyclone and how and where the particles are attracted. In small cyclones it may well be enough to use on air blow nozzle while larger cyclones may call for installations both at the inlet and on or more places along the surface of the cyclone. The equipment may in some cases be installed on the interior of the cyclone, but it is then absolutely vital to avoid disturbing the air flow pattern of the cyclone too much. | physics |
http://cosmosdocumentaries1.blogspot.com/2015/03/solarmax-imax-hd-documentary-film.html | 2017-04-24T11:19:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119356.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00274-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.896335 | 167 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__14476014 | en | Watch free Documentary films online in Cosmos Documentaries:
This documentary tells the story of humankind's struggle to understand the sun. The film will take audiences on an incredible voyage from pre-history to the leading edge of today's contemporary solar science.This program on the history of the sun was the premier show at the opening of the IMAX theater in London. The production chronicles the story of the star upon which Earth depends for its existence. The spectacular photography illustrates the glory of the sun, including a close-up look at the tremendous power of sun spots, and their ability to disrupt life on Earth, millions of miles away. Ancient beliefs concerning the sun are contrasted with the latest findings of cutting-edge solar physics research in this homage to the sun.
Duration: 37:17 min
Subtitles: Greek Built | physics |
https://stjosephstechnology.ac.in/web/ieee/aps.html | 2023-12-03T21:57:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203193127-20231203223127-00312.warc.gz | 0.918792 | 202 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__160464480 | en | St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology IEEE AP-S has around 100 members from ECE. The IEEE AP-S chapter’s activities were inaugurated on 11.09.2018 at 9.00 A.M.
Mrs.B. Jessi Priya, Managing Director of St.Joseph's Group of Institutions; and Dr.P.Ravichandran, Principal of of St.Joseph's Group of Institutions dignified the event.
The field of interest of the Society includes antennas, including analysis, design, development, measurement, standards and testing; radiation, propagation, and the interaction of electromagnetic waves with discrete and continuous media; and applications and systems pertinent to antennas, propagation, and sensing, such as applied optics, millimeter- and sub-millimeter-wave techniques, antenna signal processing and control, radio astronomy, and propagation and radiation aspects of terrestrial and space-based communication, including wireless, mobile, satellite, and telecommunications at all frequencies. | physics |
https://rdhotstuff.shop/elementor-365/ | 2024-02-25T19:01:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474641.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225171204-20240225201204-00347.warc.gz | 0.928407 | 2,162 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__94603359 | en | The future of transportation is electric, and it’s closer than you think! As an electric vehicle enthusiast, I’m thrilled by the latest advancements in battery technology that are driving us toward an all- electric future. The new lithium-ion cells hitting the market can store more energy for longer ranges and shorter charge times. Exciting new chemistries on the horizon promise safer, cheaper and higher- performance options within the next few years. While gas-powered cars still dominate the roads today, the latest battery breakthroughs prove that the era of the internal combustion engine is coming to an end. The electric vehicle revolution is here, and it’s time to plug in or get left behind! The future is bright, emissions-free and full of opportunity for those ready to embrace the electric ride of their lives. What an exciting time to go electric!
Solid-State Batteries: A Game Changer for EVs
The future of electric vehicles is solid-state batteries. Unlike the lithium-ion batteries in today’s EVs, solid-state batteries replace the liquid or gel electrolyte with a solid electrolyte. This results in batteries that are safer, longer lasting, faster charging, and with higher energy density.
Solid-state batteries are a total game changer for EVs. For starters, the solid electrolyte is nonflammable, so no more worries about your EV bursting into flames! The solid-state design also allows for the use of lithium metal anodes which can hold way more energy than the graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Some companies are claiming solid-state batteries could increase range by over 200 miles on a single charge.
Now for the really exciting part – fast charging. Solid-state batteries can handle much higher charging rates without overheating. Some are predicting sub-10 minute charging times, making charging as quick as filling up your gas tank! No more hours of waiting around for your EV to charge.
While solid-state batteries are still a few years away from mass production, many major companies and researchers are working hard
to make this promising technology a reality. The future is bright for EVs thanks to the coming revolution in solid-state battery technology. Soon range anxiety and long charging times will be a thing of the past. The road ahead looks solid!
Improvements in Lithium-Ion Batteries
The future of electric vehicles looks bright, and it’s all thanks to major improvements in lithium-ion battery technology. As an EV enthusiast, I couldn’t be more excited!
Lithium-ion batteries are getting cheaper, smaller, and packing more energy density than ever before. Companies are innovating new chemistries and components that can hold more charge in less space. Some are experimenting with solid-state electrolytes, which could boost energy density by over 50%!
Battery prices have plummeted nearly 90% in the last decade. EVs now have over 250 miles of range on a single charge, and charging is faster than filling up a gas tank. Major investments in charging infrastructure will make EVs even more convenient.
Recycling and reusing lithium-ion batteries will also help drive costs down and make the EV transition sustainable. Some companies are already recycling over 90% of battery components. As technology improves, used EV batteries could get a “second life” storing energy for homes and power grids.
Range anxiety and high costs used to be major barriers to EV adoption. But thanks to the enterprising engineers and scientists improving lithium-ion tech, EVs will soon dominate the roads. The future is electric, affordable, and exciting! I can’t wait to see how much further battery tech will go in the coming years. The road ahead looks bright.
Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries Make a Comeback
Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries were once thought to be a thing of the past, but recent advancements are bringing them back to the forefront of EV technology. NiMH batteries have been around since the 1990s, but they’ve come a long way, baby! Newer NiMH batteries can provide up to 50% higher energy density than older versions, which means more range for EVs.
These revamped NiMH batteries are also more affordable to produce compared to lithium-ion batteries. NiMH batteries don’t require rare
earth metals like lithium and cobalt, so material costs are lower. This could make EVs more budget-friendly for mainstream buyers.
Manufacturers are taking notice—Toyota, for example, uses NiMH batteries in several hybrid models.
Safety and stability
NiMH batteries are also inherently safer than li-ion batteries. They’re less prone to overheating and fire risk because they don’t contain flammable electrolytes. NiMH batteries can better withstand high temperatures without degrading, so they may not need as much cooling equipment. This simpler design reduces cost and frees up space in the vehicle.
NiMH batteries are more stable during charging and discharging, so they provide consistent performance over a long lifespan. Most NiMH batteries retain up to 70% of their capacity after 5-10 years of use.
They have a longer calendar life and cycle life than li-ion batteries, so you won’t have to replace them as often.
While li-ion batteries currently dominate the EV market, NiMH batteries are poised to make a comeback. With continued improvements in energy density, affordability, and safety, NiMH batteries could soon power more affordable and mainstream EVs. The future of EVs is bright, and it’s powered by batteries!
Sodium-Ion Batteries: An Affordable Alternative
The future of electric vehicles looks bright, and new battery technologies are leading the charge. One of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries are sodium-ion batteries. I’m excited about what they could mean for affordable, long-range EVs.
Sodium is abundant and cheap, unlike lithium, so sodium-ion batteries could significantly lower costs. Sodium-ion batteries also hold a charge well and recharge quickly, ideally in under 10 minutes. Several companies are working on sodium-ion batteries that could give EVs over 250 miles of range per charge.
How do sodium-ion batteries work?
Sodium-ion batteries are similar to lithium-ion batteries but use sodium instead of lithium ions to store and generate energy. During discharge, sodium ions move from the anode to the cathode, creating an electrical current that powers the vehicle. When recharging, the ions move back from the cathode to the anode, storing energy for the
next drive. The most common cathodes are made of carbon, sulfur, oxygen, or manganese. Anode materials include hard carbon, tin, and antimony.
Challenges to overcome
Like most new technologies, sodium-ion batteries face obstacles to mainstream use in EVs. Researchers are working to improve energy density so EVs can go farther on a single charge, as well as battery longevity and safety. Sodium-ion batteries also must become more temperature-resistant since the electrolytes and electrodes currently work best in a narrow temperature range.
I’m enthusiastic about the potential benefits of sodium-ion batteries. Cheaper, fast-charging batteries could make EVs much more affordable and practical for more people. If researchers and companies are able to fully develop safe, high-energy and long- lasting sodium-ion batteries, the future of electric vehicles will be very bright indeed. The road ahead is long but promising, and sodium-ion batteries could be a key that unlocks the mass adoption of electric cars.
Redox Flow Batteries: Large-Scale Energy Storage for EVs
EVs are the future, and the battery tech powering them is evolving fast! Redox flow batteries are one of the most exciting new technologies on the horizon. Unlike the lithium-ion batteries in today’s EVs, redox flow batteries are rechargeable fuel cells that store energy in liquid electrolytes.
How They Work
The electrolytes contain dissolved chemicals that can be oxidized or reduced to release or store electricity. Pumps and tanks move the electrolytes into a cell stack where the chemical reaction occurs, generating power. Flow batteries are highly scalable – you just need bigger tanks and pumps! They can provide megawatts of storage for hours at a time.
For EVs, this means fast recharging and longer range. Redox flow batteries recharge by replacing the depleted electrolyte with charged electrolyte, which only takes minutes. The range is limited only by how much charged electrolyte you can carry. Some companies are developing semi-solid flow batteries with electrolytes that have the consistency of ketchup. These could enable EVs to travel up to 500 miles on a single charge and recharge in under 10 minutes!
Cost and Durability
The materials in redox flow batteries are inexpensive, abundant and non-toxic. They can last for thousands of cycles with little degradation, so they’re ideal for vehicle and grid-level energy storage. Several companies are working on commercializing redox flow battery tech, and costs are dropping fast.
Redox flow batteries could be a game changer for EVs. With longer range, faster recharging and lower costs, they tick all the boxes for consumers and the environment. While still a few years away, I’m pumped for this new battery technology to hit the road and help accelerate the shift to sustainable transportation! The future is bright for EVs.
The future of electric vehicles looks bright. With major investments in research and development around the world, battery technology is advancing rapidly. We’ll soon have batteries that can provide greater range, faster charging, and lower costs. Instead of stopping every couple of hours on long drives to recharge, future EVs may only need one quick charge to complete a cross-country road trip. Battery prices have already dropped nearly 90% in the last decade, and continuing progress will make EVs more affordable and practical for more people.
Personally, I can’t wait to get behind the wheel of an EV with 500 miles of range that recharges in 10 minutes. The gasoline era is coming to an end, and an all-electric future is just down the road. The innovations in battery tech will transform transportation as we know it. So get ready, because the electric vehicle revolution is here – and it’s only going to accelerate from here! The road ahead looks thrilling. I hope you’ll join me for the ride into a greener future of transportation. | physics |
http://dgrnbrg.github.io/glowstick.html | 2020-07-09T01:43:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897844.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709002952-20200709032952-00411.warc.gz | 0.97152 | 241 | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__162161129 | en | Reactive Glowsticks was a project I did over the summer of 2009. I saw many glowsticks available had LEDs in them, and some even flashed colors and patterns to create interesting persistance of vision effects.
When I noticed that accelerometers had recently fallen from their previous price of $15 each to only $4 each, I searched for projects that took advantage of this to make glowsticks that changed color depending on their speed or other aspects of their motion, but found none.
Thus the Reactive Glowsticks project was born. I built 5 prototype glowsticks, each with 8 LEDs and a tiny microcontroller and accelerometer, along with highly efficient power supplies. Each glowstick is emits a pleasant glow ranging from green to yellow to orange to red depending on its speed. They're powered by a single AA battery that lasts around 6 hours.
After I finished building the hardware, I invited some friends who spun glow poi to a photoshoot to capture long exposure shots of them spinning with my Reactive Glowsticks. You can see the results on this page. The spinners quickly acclimated to the glowsticks and were soon able to control the colors and patterns they produced. | physics |
http://satyajit.buet.ac.bd/research.html | 2021-06-24T19:37:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488556482.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624171713-20210624201713-00135.warc.gz | 0.886348 | 300 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__14054231 | en | - Nanomechanics and Nanomaterials
- Integrated Computational Materials Science and Engineering
- First Principle Calculation
- Multiscale Materials Modeling and Mechanics
- Mechanics and Physics of 2D Materials
- Nanoscale Thermal Transports
- Thermofluid Modeling and Simulation
To get an idea about my research please have a look at this research presentation.
Recent Research Projects
Mechanical Properties of Stanene
Stanene, a graphene like two dimensional honeycomb structure of tin has attractive features in electronics application. In this study, we performed molecular dynamics simulations using modified embedded atom method potential to investigate mechanical properties of stanene. We studied the effect of temperature and strain rate on mechanical properties of a-stanene for both uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions. Our study suggests that with the increasing temperature, both the fracture strength and strain of the stanene decrease. Uniaxial loading in zigzag direction shows higher fracture strength and strain compared to the armchair direction, while no noticeable variation in the mechanical properties is observed for biaxial loading. We also found at a higher loading rate, material exhibits higher fracture strength and strain. These results will aid further investigation of stanene as a potential nano-electronics substitute.
Nanoindentation of Al and Its Alloys
Dislocation loops formation and propagation during the loading and unloading process of nanoindentation in Aluminum. | physics |
http://guitar-collecting.screenlife.org/Guitars-N-Q/Novax/Novax.php | 2018-05-24T17:31:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866733.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524170605-20180524190605-00581.warc.gz | 0.918754 | 442 | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__127225145 | en | From the company's website:
How does the Fanned-Fret system work? By combining scale lengths customized for string tension and harmonic response, instruments with greater “fidelity” are possible. Our technical page has in-depth information about scale length if you’re interested further, but a simplified explanation would be “Imagine six one-string guitars each with a scale length optimized for the pitch and tone of that string. If a chord was formed by striking all of the one string guitars at once, how might that sound compared to one six-string guitar?”
The Novax Proprietary Individual Bridge system contributes to the unique tone of Novax instruments by acoustically isolating each string. Here’s how: the continuous metal “base plate” that characterizes most modern guitar bridges allows the saddles to “crosstalk” between strings which makes the tone “muddy”. Strings lose their individual harmonic character, or “voice” in a chord. Our individual bridge system overcomes this by separating each saddle and “base plate”, taking advantage of the natural acoustical damping properties of wood vs. metal. The signature overtone series of each string in a chord remains intact, making the chord sound more “in-tune” and keeping the harmonic interest of the different “voices”.
Combining the harmonic complexity of the Fanned-Fret system with the Novax Proprietary Individual Bridge system is synergistic; the result is breathtaking and musically inspiring.
Novax research and design philosophy is all about enhanced musical performance. While aesthetics and “gimmicks” can sell guitars to the mass market, discerning musicians recognize the benefits of an instrument that goes beyond “quality materials and construction” as a standard and embraces advanced design concepts. Vintage designs are classic, but have limitations; our “enhanced performance” design concepts elevate the musical experience, removing some of the limitations and allowing greater freedom of musical expression.
Charlie Hunter, an acclaimed jazz guitarist, uses Novax guitars extensively. | physics |
https://www.pmenss.com/product-page/luminous-poly-165w-12v | 2023-09-22T02:52:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506320.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922002008-20230922032008-00042.warc.gz | 0.738327 | 361 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__236116439 | en | Luminous Polycrystalline SOLAR PANEL
Luminous Polycrystalline Solar Panel 160W/12V
₹13,900.00 Regular Price
- Poly crystalline Cells type Panel
- Capacity - 165 W, 12V
- Voltage: Voltage at Max Power (Vmax) - 18.65V, Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) - 22.84V
- Current: Current at Max Power (imax) - 8.85A, Short Circuit Current (isc) - 9.55A
- 25 years performance warranty.
- Compliance to IEC standards
- Best in Class conversion efficiency
- Anti-reflective coating and back surface (BSF) for more light absorption
- Advanced EVA (ethyl vinyl acetate) encapsulation to give better protection to modules
- High strength light-weight aluminum frame design for high torsion resistance against winds and snow loads
- PID resistance Technology (Potential-Induced Degradation) for safety against substantial power loss due to stray currents triggered by certain climate conditions
- Excellent Low light performance in low visibility in clouds, evening, and morning.
Wattage (Wp) 165 Wp Panel Type PolyCrystalline Warranty 60 months Solar Panel Dimension (L*B*T) cm 148.0*67.0*3.4 CM Net weight (kg.) 11.5 Short Circuit Currrent, Isc (A) 9.55 A Maximum Power Voltage Vmp (V) 18.65 V Open Circuit Voltage, Voc (V) 22.84 V Maximum Power Current , Imp (A) 8.85 A | physics |
https://sparqled.com/decoration/tesla-light-sphere/?v=796834e7a283 | 2021-01-22T09:41:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703529179.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122082356-20210122112356-00559.warc.gz | 0.856884 | 309 | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__84059244 | en | Tesla Light Sphere
€29.95 – €34.95
An original invention by Nikola Tesla that allows you to observe and feel the beauty of electrical energy in a harmless state. Doubles as a bedroom lamp and an incredible light show!
✔ Science in a sphere – experience electrical energy in a harmless state with an original invention by Nikola Tesla.
✔ Interactive learning – you can control the light, just touch the sphere to generate the light streams with your fingers!
✔ Hypnotic light show – features a microphone that reacts to sound so that your light can dance to the music!
✔ Easy to setup – just plug it and it’s ready to use.
✔ Great for a gift – fun and original item for any home or office. And all kids will love it!
“A thousand balls of lightning is a concert…for this concert I have created a ball lightning, which can be heard on the icy peaks of the Himalayas.” – Nikola Tesla
This light was originally invented by Nikola Tesla. The electrode at the center emits a high-frequency alternating electric current*. This current flows through the glass sphere to create colourful tendrils of light. When you touch the glass, you create a discharge path that draws a colourful strand of light to your fingers!
*It’s totally safe and harmless.
CCC, ce, ROHS
Keep the product at least 60cm away from other electronic equipment such as speakers or computers to avoid any interference | physics |
https://islamicagnostic.wordpress.com/2014/10/27/on-time/ | 2018-03-20T06:11:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647299.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320052712-20180320072712-00421.warc.gz | 0.953206 | 488 | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__160314144 | en | Before reading this post, please bear in mind that this post is not about physics. It is rather a philosophical reflection on the concept of time, as defined by physics.
With regards to time, my views are similar to those of Leibniz and Kant, who, according to Wikipedia, consider time as “part of a fundamental intellectual structure (together with space and number) within which humans sequence and compare events.”
My reasons for believing time to be more of an intellectual structure rather a part of the physical world much as chairs, tables and lamps stems, primarily, from my propensity for philosophical thinking as well as the definition of time provided by modern science.
For example, the SI definition of a second is as follows:
the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom.
According to this standard definition, a second is defined in terms of “duration of a fixed number of periods” making the whole definition of time extremely circular. What is a period? Nothing but time. The definition, therefore, according to my understanding, defines time in terms of time and fails to provide an independent physical referent for time.
Einstein said that “time is what a clock measures.” What does a clock measure?
A simple, analog clock measures time down to the smallest unit of a second. Each second is, in turn, measured in terms of the movement of the sweep hand between two second tick-marks on the face of the clock.
So, what becomes evident is that time is measured in terms of the observable movement of an object, be it the shadow on sundial, hands in analog clock or cesium atoms in an atomic clock.
It would seem erroneous, from the perspective of physics, to equate time with motion for motion is measured in terms of time. Time appears to have a physical correspondence with motion but is not the motion itself.
Time, itself, therefore, appears more of an intellectual construct having a physical correspondence with the movement of objects characterized by their change of position/state/spatial coordinates.
It is a useful intellectual construct insofar as it is used by humans to order and manage their lives. It definitely lacks a physical form similar to objects in the physical world such as trees, cars and buildings. | physics |
https://arrowinternational.co.nz/laboratory-set-up-for-earthquake-research/ | 2019-03-24T20:47:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203491.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324190033-20190324212033-00511.warc.gz | 0.932202 | 261 | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__105463114 | en | Laboratory set up for earthquake research
The remains of the PricewaterhouseCoopers building is helping Canterbury University become the world’s leading institution in seismic and structural design research. It was a huge job demolishing the PWC building, while keeping large chunks intact and then transferring them to Canterbury’s University to study them. It’s the first research project of its kind in the world – researchers can actually examine the stresses placed on the building, how this affected the building and then work out how this knowledge can then be used to improve structure and material design for the future.
According to Arrow Project Manager Jan Geesink, the research and data taken from the PWC building will help with the design and construction of new, more resilient and safer buildings in the future.
“We’re all navigating our way through this new seismic era. The investment in research we can do now will benefit the whole construction industry in New Zealand. We want to see the University continue to lead the world in seismic and structural design research. Arrow is committed to keeping up with the latest seismic technology. We have worked with the University in the past on LVL timber and seismic methodology and this was just another way we could help the University to develop this important research further.” | physics |
http://www.ggc.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=39 | 2013-05-26T00:20:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706472050/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121432-00036-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.958705 | 1,489 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__130118113 | en | Is gliding safe?
While any form of aviation carries an element of risk, gliding is relatively safe. Gliders are very strongly built, and there is no engine to fail. In the unlikely event of an accident occurring, there is no fuel to burn.
See our page about Flying Fees for the costs.To learn to fly a glider, the costs are largely dependent upon the aptitude of the student and how frequently you come flying - obviously if you are able to come to the airfield each weekend for a few consecutive weeks, you will learn faster than if you were to come flying only one day a month. An average student will be ready for their first solo flight after approximately 30 to 40 flights.
How long will my flight last?
Gliding is a weather dependent sport. In the absence of thermals, which gliders use to stay in the air, an average flight to 3000ft will last approximately 20 minutes. When learning to fly, you will be taught how to find & stay in thermals, and a thermalling flight is much longer.
What happens when the wind stops?
Nothing! Gliders are not dependent upon the wind to stay aloft. When circling in thermals, gliders are drifted along by the wind, but otherwise are unaffected by the wind.
How does the glider get into the air?
Our gliders are launched by a winch or by aerotow using a powered Cessna 206 or Samba tugs. The glider is attached to the tug by a rope, and the glider pilot follows the tug as he is pulled up to the release height, when the glider pilot releases the rope. In the case of a winch launch, the glider is attached to a long cable. The winch then pulls the glider to a release height of between 300 meters (900 ft) and 600 meters (1,800 ft).
How do gliders stay up?
Gliders can stay aloft by a number of means. By far the most common is called thermalling. When the ground is heated by the sun, periodically a parcel of heated air ascends, often to many thousands of feet, as the temperature of the air close to the ground becomes higher that its surroundings. If a glider is flown to stay in that column of rising air, by circling, the glider will also be swept aloft. After the pilot reaches the top of the thermal, he flies off, gradually losing height, until he reaches the next one.
How fast can a glider fly?
Gliders can fly as slowly as 35 knots (65km/h) to approx 135 knots (250km/h).
How high can a glider fly?
Thermals can go as high as 14,000 ft or more. The world height record is 14,102 meters (46,000 ft).
How far can a glider fly?
In the summer, flights of hundreds of kilometers are commonplace. The world record for a flight in a straight line is 2000 kilometers.
What happens when the lift stops?
When the thermals stop working, the glider will gradually descend. A glider can fly about 10 km for each 1000 feet of height, so there is a good chance that an airfield will be within reach. In the event of no airfield being within reach, the glider will land in a field. Field landings (out landings) are part of the training of every glider pilot once they are ready to fly cross country. The glider can be retrieved by a tug, or, of this is not possible, the glider is disassembled and returned to the airfield in its container.
How long can you stay up?
Gliders can remain flying as long as there is lift available. Using thermals, this is about 8 hours. By using prevailing winds blowing up a slope, a glider can be flown for as long as the wind is blowing. The world record stood at around 56 hours before it was recognised that these ever lengthening flights were dangerous, and recognition for duration flights abolished.
How old must I be to fly a glider?
The lower age limit to fly solo is sixteen, and there is no upper limit provided you are healthy, and suffer no medical conditions that may impede your ability to fly.
To be a passenger in a glider you can be almost any age at all. Several Club members regularly take their children for flights. For practical purposes, our Air Experience Flights are not recommended for children under the age of 12 years, because they often can't see outside the aircraft, and if they get upset for any reason it is difficult to calm them down again.
How long will it take to go solo?
This largely depends upon your aptitude and the frequency of your flying. You could typically expect to go solo after between 30 and 40 flights. People with some power flying experience will generally take less time to learn than someone with no flying experience at all.
Can I do aerobatics?
We would not normally perform aerobatics on the first Air Experience Flight, until we had time to assess your reaction to the flight. If one of our experienced instructors was satisfied there would be no problems, then aerobatics could be performed.
Some gliders in our Club Fleet are capable of various aerobatic manoeuvres, such as loops, spins, chandelles (like a wing-over) and stalls. Naturally, without an engine, and with such large wingspans (15m to 17m), there is a limit to what sort of aerobatics gliders are capable of.
Do I need a license?
A formal license is needed in South Africa and being issued to glider pilots. Instructor training for a Glider Pilot License (GPL) in our club is free, all you pay for is the usage of the winch, tug plane and glider. Each pilot keeps a log book which records their flying progress. When the instructor feels that they're ready to go solo, their log book is endorsed. As they gain additional experience and make conversions to the various single seater aircraft in the Club fleet, extra endorsements are recorded in the log book.
Refer to the Flying Fees page for these various costs.
What are the requirements for a Glider Pilots License (GPL)?
- Minimum age of 16 years
- Minimum of Class IV Medical Examination executed by a General Practitioner
- Restricted (or higher) Aeronautical Radiotelephone Operator's License
- Successful completion of all the practical and theoretical exercises, both pre-solo and advanced training, listed on the relevant SSSA Student Training Log
- Successful completion of theoretical test papers selected by the CFI from the Standard SSSA/RAASA test papers
- Test in flight with an instructor with a Full Category brevet, including oral and practical examination, recorded on SSSA/RAASA glider pilot test form
- Minimum total of 40 flights, including 20 solo flights and 10 launches per launch method
- Minimum of 6 hours of solo flight of which 1 flight must be of two hours minimum (engine off for touring motorglider rating) | physics |
https://sizesworld.com/top-10-must-have-accessories-for-your-rc-rocket-that-you-can-find-at-a-hobby-store/ | 2024-04-19T07:02:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817289.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20240419043820-20240419073820-00305.warc.gz | 0.893966 | 732 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__148056260 | en | Rocketry has always been a thrilling hobby, pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in the world of remote-controlled (RC) rockets. To enhance your RC rocket experience, several accessories available at your local hobby store can take your rocketry adventures to the next level. This article explores the top 10 must-have accessories for your rocket. Here are some accessories you can in a rocket accessory store from reputable brands like Estes rockets or any similar brands.
1. Launchpad and Launch Controller:
A sturdy launch pad is the foundation of any successful rocket launch. Look for one that offers stability and easy adjustability for different rocket sizes. A reliable launch controller is equally important, providing a safe and efficient way to ignite your rocket’s engines.
2. Engines and Igniters:
Of course, you can only launch a rocket with the right engine. Stock up on various engines with different thrust levels to suit your rocket’s needs. Remember to grab a supply of igniters to ensure a smooth takeoff every time.
3. Parachutes and Recovery Systems:
Invest in high-quality parachutes and recovery systems to ensure your rocket’s safe return to Earth. These essential accessories can help protect your rocket from damage during descent, allowing you to enjoy multiple launches without worry.
4. Altimeter and Flight Data Logger:
Take your rocketry to the next level by tracking flight data such as altitude, speed, and acceleration. An altimeter and flight data logger provide valuable insights that can help you refine your rocket designs and improve performance.
5. Payload Bay and Camera Mounts:
Payload bays and camera mounts are indispensable for those interested in capturing breathtaking aerial views or conducting scientific experiments. These accessories allow you to attach cameras, sensors, or other payloads to your rocket.
6. Streamers and Nose Cones:
Customize your rocket’s appearance and performance with different streamers and nose cones. Streamers can add a colorful flair to your rocket’s descent, while various nose cones can help optimize its aerodynamics.
7. Rocket Stands and Display Cases:
After a successful launch, proudly display your rockets on rocket stands or in display cases. These accessories protect your rockets and showcase your achievements as a rocket enthusiast.
8. Launch Safety Gear:
Safety should always be a top priority. Equip yourself with safety gear like goggles, gloves, and ear protection to ensure a secure and enjoyable rocket launching experience.
9. Toolkits and Building Supplies:
Toolkits and building supplies are necessary for DIY enthusiasts who enjoy building and customizing rockets. These include hobby knives, adhesives, sandpaper, and paint for crafting your dream rockets.
10. Books and Magazines:
Expand your knowledge and stay updated on the latest rocketry trends by picking up books and magazines dedicated to the hobby. These resources provide valuable insights, tips, and inspiration for future projects.
Summing it Up:
In conclusion, these top 10 must-have accessories for your RC rocket can enhance your rocketry experience in countless ways. If you have a passion for rocketry, you’ll find a wide variety of rocket accessories at hobby stores, including products from well-known brands like Estes rockets.
Whether you’re a seasoned rocketeer or just starting, investing in these accessories can open up new possibilities and ensure that every launch is memorable. So, head to your local hobby store, stock up on these essentials, and prepare for some exhilarating rocket adventures! | physics |
http://veryinterestingfacts.com/entire-old-testament-written-on-pin-head/ | 2017-12-15T15:44:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948575124.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215153355-20171215175355-00475.warc.gz | 0.931664 | 137 | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-51__0__74245648 | en | Nanotechnology, the ability to manipulate matter on a molecular and atomic scale, is becoming increasingly sophisticated. In 2007, the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology successfully printed the entire Old Testament onto a silicon chip the size of a pin head.
This achievement was made by firing Gallium ions onto a gold-plated silicon chip. The stream of ions etched away the gold just like a stream of water washes away dirt – but with unfathomable precision. Although the software that guided the process took three months to program, the actual “writing” took just an hour and a half.
MaterialsGate: The Entire Old Testament in Hebrew on a Pin Head | physics |
https://www.interieurcollectiedagen.nl/news/wooden-acoustic-panels-hexago-series/ | 2024-04-23T05:19:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818464.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423033153-20240423063153-00430.warc.gz | 0.92033 | 155 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__178848207 | en | Wooden acoustic panels signed by the FORM AT WOOD brand – are a unique combination of exceptional aesthetics and original design with sound absorption function. The series of innovative HEXAGO acoustic panels was created in close cooperation with specialists from the AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow. The result of this cooperation are high-quality soundproofing panels, available in our offer in the following models: HEXAGO CM-D, HEXAGO P-A and HEXAGO CM-A. At the moment, we offer acoustic panels with sound absorption class A and D, but we will soon expand our product range to include B and C standard models as well.
Wooden acoustic panels – HEXAGO series | physics |
https://www.kaleidescape.com/home-theater-guide/digital-audio-and-compression | 2023-03-24T08:40:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945279.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324082226-20230324112226-00337.warc.gz | 0.922193 | 1,520 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__46294909 | en | Digital Audio & Compression
An introduction to audio format technology and compression.
Sound in the real world is a wave of varying air pressure. It is a continuously changing signal. A microphone or similar transducer can convert this air pressure variation into an electrical signal with a voltage that varies proportional to the air pressure variation picked up by the microphone. This continuous signal is called an analog signal. The development of early microphones, amplifiers (to proportionally increase the power of the electrical signal), and speaker transducers (to convert this electrical signal back into sound) led to inventions such as the telephone and radio.
The earliest forms of recorded sound converted the electrical signal into a groove on a wax cylinder, using a sharp needle. Later, the design was improved to carve a groove into a flat disc (with a machine called a record lathe). These early devices were monophonic (or monaural), recording and playing back only a single channel of sound. In the late 1950s, two-channel stereophonic LP records were produced. Technical advances in recording, manufacturing, and playback were made over the next decade, leading to stereo LP records becoming the dominant format for music distribution.
As electronic and semiconductor technology advanced, it became possible to convert an analog sound signal into a digital representation. This analog to digital conversion was done by sampling the voltage level of the analog signal thousands of times per second, at very precise time intervals. This technique is known as Pulse Code Modulation, or PCM. The more bits used to quantify the voltage level of each sample, the greater the accuracy of the digital representation. For instance, if eight bits are used to quantify the voltage of the signal, there are only 28 = 256 possible values, but if 16 bits are used, there are 216 = 65,536 possible values. As an analog signal can vary in amplitude by any degree of precision, but a digital representation has only a fixed number of possible values, there is always some slight difference between the actual value of the analog signal and the digital representation. This is called the quantization error. Assuming the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) chip used to do the conversion can do this accurately, a 16-bit sample has far lower quantization error than an 8-bit sample.
In addition to using enough bits for each sample to minimize error (which will manifest itself as noise), an Analog to Digital Converter must use a sampling frequency that is high enough to represent all of the frequencies in the analog signal. The Nyquist Theorem states that the ADC must sample the analog signal at a sampling frequency that is more than twice the highest frequency contained in the analog signal. To cover the full range of human hearing (generally understood as 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz), the ADC must use a sampling frequency of at least 40,000 Hz. The Compact Disc Audio format was the first consumer digital audio format, and it used 16-bit PCM quantization, sampled at 44,100 Hz. This resulted in a fantastic bandwidth of 20 to 20,000 Hz, with a signal to noise (S/N) ratio of roughly 90 dB (roughly twice that of records or compact cassette or 8-track tape formats).
The biggest advantage of digital audio over analog audio is the ability to make perfect copies of a recording. Analog audio always suffered from “generation loss,” meaning that a copy of an audio recording was always somewhat lower in quality than the original. Digital audio is stored as digital data (ones and zeros), and with the appropriate techniques to preserve and verify the integrity of the digital data, a copy can be made that is absolutely identical to the original.
Digital Audio Compression
While Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) uncompressed digital audio was a big advancement for recorded sound, a full compact disc (about 75 minutes of stereo audio) contained roughly 650 Megabytes of audio data. To make it practical to store digital audio on hard drives or flash memory devices, or to transfer through networks, digital audio compression standards were developed.
Compression standards that do not decode back to the original source data are called lossy compression, because some information is lost when the audio is encoded into that format. The idea behind these encoding standards is to reduce the bit rate by encoding only the most important information. In general, digital audio compression works by evaluating a digital audio signal in the frequency domain (as a set of frequencies, like all of the different notes being played by an orchestra at any given moment). Only the most significant frequencies are encoded, while the frequencies that are lower in amplitude (volume) are discarded. This technique is known as perceptual coding, because the most perceptible sound frequencies are encoded, while frequencies that are less likely to be heard are discarded. The amount of information discarded can be increased in order to lower the bit rate of the compressed signal, or increased at a cost of a higher bit rate.
Lossless compression reduces the file size (and bit rate) of a digital audio signal, without affecting the quality. Lossless audio compression works similarly to the data compression used to create a zip file. After data is compressed, the size of the file is smaller. When the file is decoded, the result is an exact bit-for-bit copy of the original uncompressed data.
Popular Audio Compression Standards (Codecs)
MP3: A digital audio compression standard developed by the Fraunhofer Society in 1991.
AAC: Advanced Audio Coding—A more advanced digital audio compression standard developed in 1997 by the Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG).
Dolby Digital AC-3: A lossy digital audio compression standard developed by Dolby, based on the Modified Discrete-Cosine Transform compression algorithm. This is a mandatory codec for DVD players, and for ATSC HD broadcast television receivers.
Dolby Digital Plus: (EAC3)
Dolby TrueHD: A lossless digital audio compression standard, developed by Dolby, based on the Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP) lossless compression algorithm, which was developed by Meridian Audio.
DTS: Shorthand for the DTS Coherent Acoustics (DCA), developed by DTS, based on the Adaptive Differential Pulse-Code Modulation compression algorithm.
DTS-HD High Resolution Audio: Implemented as an extension to the DTS format, with a core DTS signal plus an extension allowing for enhanced detail up to 24 bit resolution and up to 96 kHz sampling frequency.
DTS-MA: DTS Master Audio. A compression standard developed by DTS that supports audio quality up to 24 bit, 192 kHz, lossless.
Don’t confuse spatial audio
formats like Dolby Atmos and DTS:X with audio codecs. These spatial audio formats define how audio is mixed, and for object audio channels, they define the 3D position, the size, and the diffusion of the sound object. But the audio is still encoded with one of the above audio compression standards. So although streaming services and streaming devices claim to support Dolby Atmos and DTS:X, they don’t support the lossless audio versions of these formats (which are only supported by Kaleidescape, or 4K Blu-ray Disc). | physics |
https://featherheart.wordpress.com/2009/11/14/leonid-meter-showers-are-coming/ | 2017-04-24T07:18:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119120.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00261-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.895619 | 251 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__284432193 | en | Look Up on November 17th and 18th… the Leonid Meter Showers peak during those nights.
NASA has predicted that the best time to view the Leonid meteor shower will be after 1:30 a.m. EST and before sunrise on November 17, 2009. Because the moon will not be visible from Earth (it will be darker) and will be in a new moon phase during the Leonid meteor showers peak, the meteors should be easier to see than ever before.
Most of the shooting stars in the annual Leonid meteor shower are the result of tiny bits of material, the size of sand grains or peas, blown off a comet and wafting through space for centuries. The Leonids are spawned by the comet Tempel-Tuttle. Every 33 years, it rounds the Sun and then goes back to the outer solar system. On each passage across Earth’s orbit, Tempel-Tuttle lays down another trail of debris, each in a slightly different location than previous trails. Over time, the debris trails spread out. Each year, Earth passes through different streams, and different parts of the streams, creating bursts of activity and slack periods in the nights surrounding the event’s peak. | physics |
http://thelcbridge.com/trebuchet-competition-swings-back-to-lc/ | 2023-05-29T19:59:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644907.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529173312-20230529203312-00189.warc.gz | 0.936034 | 578 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__4277596 | en | Swinging back around this March 27 to Lewis and Clark is the 8th annual trebuchet competition. Teams of high school students from the local area come together to show off their mastery of math and medieval weaponry.
“A trebuchet is a battle machine used in the middle ages to throw heavy payloads at enemies. The payload could be thrown a far distance and do considerable damage, either by smashing down walls or striking the enemy while inside their stronghold,” according to real-world-physics-problems.com.
The basic setup of this weapon is a frame connected to an arm, with a slinged pouch possessing weight on one end, and a counter weight on the other to achieve the swinging motion. Materials used for the competing trebuchets include wood, PVC pipe and metal.
Trebuchets created by the students are made under the supervision of a sponsor with the assistance of computer-aided design (CAD) programs and trebuchet simulations.
This year, 40 teams from 11 different surrounding high schools make up the pool of participants, which is a little less than last year, according to L&C mathematics professor Kevin Bodden.
Competitors check in at L&C’s River Bend Arena at 8 a.m. and the official competition kicks off an hour later.
The competition gives competing students the opportunity to display their critical thinking skills, while testing their second hand knowledge from various math and science courses they have taken.
“The annual trebuchet contest is a great opportunity for high school students to apply lessons learned in physics and math to a hands-on application. In addition, the event fosters team building, exploration, and problem solving. These are critical skills for those interested in pursuing jobs in an engineering field,” Bodden said.
A great deal of trigonometry, physics, and algebra is demonstrated when constructing the trebuchet and allowing for the best results.
The motion of the trebuchet is comparable to that of a golf swing, focusing on the force and angular trajectory of the load, according to real-world-physics-problems.com
While this event is built around education through mathematics, the teams experienced an enjoyable time.
“This is my first year with the trebuchet team. It’s been a lot of fun. Just the competitiveness and the ability to create something yourself makes it a great time,”Cameron Foust, East Alton-Wood River junior said.
For more information about the trebuchet competition or the mathematics behind it, contact Bodden at [email protected].
Contact Drew at [email protected] | physics |
https://www.vulcan-3d.com/quality/ | 2023-12-08T00:13:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100705.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207221604-20231208011604-00044.warc.gz | 0.789267 | 155 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__308308953 | en | “Best machines are made from best components”
As VULCANTECH GmbH we believe that “Best machines are made from best components”.
Therefore we use best quality components mainly Made in Germany in our machines, including IPG Photonics Lasers and Scanlab Scanners.
We are also a partner of the leading the AM Software provider Materialise.
Our machines are all CE certificated.
Applicable EC Directives
2006/42/EC Machinery Safety Directive
2014/35/EU Low Voltage Directive
2014/30/EU Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive
EN 294, EN 418, EN 954-1, EN ISO 1 2100-1 ve -2, EN 50081, EN 61000 | physics |
https://www.sensiusthermotherapy.com/professionals/ | 2022-08-10T18:04:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00674.warc.gz | 0.905877 | 123 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__57819801 | en | We developed a hyperthermia system to support solid cancer treatments. Localized heating is generated by an integrated system of microwave sources controlled by interactive software.
The interactive software allows the therapist to make adjustments during treatment based on feedback from sensors and the patient. This adaptive treatment enables the therapist to interact with patients to improve the quality of life achieved.
The basis for the high performance lies in the use of a high frequency (434 MHz), the high number of microwave sources (20), the water bolus, the segmentation software and the interactivity whereby the patient is involved in real time. | physics |
https://blog.coldjet.com/how-does-dry-ice-blasting-work | 2024-04-13T15:01:35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816820.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413144933-20240413174933-00848.warc.gz | 0.903022 | 954 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__196145115 | en | Many people ask us, "How does dry ice blasting work?" Our answer is, "There's more to it than meets the eye!"
Other media blasting methods rely primarily on the kinetic force to remove contaminants, which is generated by the media impacting the surface. Given the unique properties of dry ice, the dry ice blasting method relies on the kinetic force as well, but also incorporates two other factors that lead to a more efficient cleaning process.
Before we get into the specifics of how dry ice blasting works, let's simplify it and create a catchy acronym that makes it easier to remember the three factors. At Cold Jet, we like to use the acronym ICE:
Impact of pellets creates a Kinetic Energy Effect. The soft dry ice is accelerated by compressed air through specially designed nozzles at supersonic speeds.
Cold temperature of dry ice pellets creates a Thermal Effect. The temperature of dry ice (-109°F / -78.9°C) causes the contaminant to embrittle. This helps break the bond between the substrate and the contaminant.
Expansion of the dry ice pellets. Dry ice pellets sublimate upon impact, volumetrically expanding in size, removing the contaminant.
This is an easy way to remember how dry ice blasting works, but let's explore more in depth the three primary factors that contribute to the cleaning process. Dry ice blasting combines three primary factors to remove contaminants:
- Pellet Kinetic Energy
- Thermal Shock Effect
- Thermal-Kinetic Effect
1) Pellet Kinetic Energy
Dry ice is accelerated by compressed air through a nozzle at supersonic speeds. When the dry ice collides with the substrate being cleaned it creates a kinetic effect.
This effect has the largest contribution to the cleaning process when substrates are at ambient temperatures or below.
Even at high impact velocities and direct head-on impact angles, the kinetic effect of solid CO2 pellets is minimal when compared to other media (grit, sand, PMB). This is due to the relative softness of a solid CO2 particle (1.5 – 2 on the Mohs Scale of Hardness), which is not as dense and hard as other projectile media.
Also, the pellet changes phase from a solid to a gas almost instantaneously upon impact. Very little impact energy is transferred into the coating or substrate, so the dry ice cleaning process is considered to be non-abrasive.
2) Thermal Shock Effect
The temperature (-109°F / -78.9°C) of the dry ice causes thermodynamic shock, which causes the contaminant to embrittle and shrink. The resulting micro-cracking helps break the bond between the surface and the contaminant.
The instantaneous sublimation (phase change from solid to gas) of dry ice upon impact absorbs maximum heat from the very thin top layer of the surface contaminant. Maximum heat is absorbed due to latent heat of sublimation.
The very rapid transfer of heat into the dry ice from the coating top layer creates an extremely large temperature differential between successive micro-layers within the contaminant. This sharp thermal gradient produces localized high shear stresses between the micro-layers. The shear stresses produced are also dependent upon the contaminant’s thermal conductivity and thermal coefficient of expansion / contraction, as well as the thermal mass of the underlying substrate.
The high shear produced over a very brief period of time causes rapid micro-cracking between the layers leading to the failure of the bond between the contaminant and surface of the substrate.
3) Thermal-Kinetic Effect
Upon impact, the combined impact energy dissipation and extremely rapid heat transfer between the pellet and the surface causes the dry ice particles to sublimate or expand instantly and return to the natural gas state.
During this phase transition from solid to gas, the volume of dry ice expands up to 800 times in a few milliseconds and lifts the contaminant off of the substrate. This is effectively a “micro-explosion” at the point of contact.
The "micro-explosion," is enhanced for lifting thermally-fractured coating particles from the substrate. This is because of the dry ice particle’s lack of rebound energy, which tends to distribute its mass along the surface during the impact.
The CO2 gas expands outward along the surface and its resulting "explosion shock front" effectively provides an area of high pressure focused between the surface and the thermally fractured contaminant particles. This results in a very efficient lifting force to carry the particles away from the surface. | physics |
https://nonequilibrium.ph.biu.ac.il/?page_id=12 | 2023-03-21T17:57:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943704.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321162614-20230321192614-00563.warc.gz | 0.859714 | 489 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__135910851 | en | Modern technology often requires the precise measurement of times and frequencies. One possible way to realize very precise atomic clocks utilizes ensembles of atoms whose collective spin is “squeezed” beyond the standard limit. Unfortunately, spin-squeezed states require a high degree of quantum entanglement and are easily destroyed by the dissipative coupling to the surrounding environment. For example, the spontaneous emission of photons from the atoms reduces the amount of entanglement and, consequently, limits the precision of the clock.
We proposed a new method to create spin-squeezed states by collectively coupling two internal states of the atoms to a driven photonic resonator (“cavity”). When a photon escapes the cavity, the atomic states re-arrange themselves and, at long times, the system tends towards a strongly-correlated “dark state’’. For specific values of the atom-cavity coupling, the dark state holds a high degree of spin squeezing (see Figure). Counter-intuitively, the dissipative process of cavity decay becomes a resource for entanglement.
In practice, however, the cavity decay is not the only source of dissipation. The atoms can emit photons that are not aligned with the resonator as well. This process involves the flip of a single spin and reduces the atomic entanglement, leading to a reduction of the clock precision. The competition between cavity decay and spontaneous emission drives the atoms to a mixed state with reduced, but finite, amount of spin squeezing. For realistic situations, the proposed method should allow to improve the precision of the current state-of-the-art atomic clocks by one order of magnitude.
EGDT, J. Otterbach, E. Demler, V. Vulteic, M. D. Lukin, “Dissipative Preparation of Spin Squeezed Atomic Ensembles in a Steady State”,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 120402 (2013)
EGDT, S. Diehl, M.D. Lukin, S. Sachdev, P. Strack, “Keldysh approach for non-equilibrium phase transitions in quantum optics: Dicke model in optical cavities”, | physics |
https://portugaliastore.com/blogs/portugalia-sales/quick-step-voltage-converter-guide | 2022-05-26T11:18:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662604794.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526100301-20220526130301-00634.warc.gz | 0.876309 | 1,302 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__137691360 | en | Quick Step Voltage Converter Guide
Countries in in the North America, parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean and parts or Pacific operate on 110 Volt / 60 Hz, while the rest of the world operates on 220 Volt / 50 Hz. In general, 110V includes voltage range of 100-125V and 220V includes 220-250V. Many countries operate on both 110V and 220V.
As mentioned above, not only the voltage differ within countries but so does frequency (cycles per second). Countries use either 60 Hz (USA) or 50 Hz (UK). Most electrical products are not affected by the cycle change because they internally convert AC voltage to DC voltage. And many devices support both cycles. The difference in frequency may cause a motorized 60 Hz device to operate slower on 50 Hz. You'll need to double check the frequency for analog products such as clocks as this can cause it to keep incorrect time.
Voltage converters and transformers do not convert cycles. They can only be used to convert the voltage. Step down voltage converter/transformer will convert voltage from 220V to 110V thus, allowing you to use your US (110V) products abroad in 220V countries. On the other hand, Step up voltage converter/transformer will convert voltage from 110V to 220V thus, allowing you to use 220V products in the US (110V). Most voltage transformers are both step up and down, you can switch them to operate as step down or step up.
The third difference is the plug adapters. Not all countries have the standard US flat prong electrical outlet. In fact, most countries have a different plug adapter from the US plug. Many countries have multiple type of outlets. In this case, carry all types of plug adapters for the traveling country.
Step 1) Determine the Voltage Rating
Look for the AC voltage rating of your electric item. Voltage rating is often stated on the specification side of the item or on its power supply adapter and it is indicated with a "V" or "VAC".
Your item's voltage rating should fall within these three groups:
100-240V Also Known as Dual Voltage (Sample 120V Rating)
If your item is rated 100-240V then it is dual voltage and its designed to operate on any voltage without a voltage converter or a voltage transformer. You'll just need a correct adapter plug for the country you want to use it in.
120V or 110-125V (Sample 230V Rating)
Items rated at 110-125V require a step down voltage converter or voltage transformer for use in 220-240V countries.
230V or 220-240V
Items rated at 220-240V require a step up voltage converter or voltage transformer for use in 110-120V countries.
Step 2) Determine The Power Requirement Of Your Item (WATT)
Now that you know that your item requires a voltage converter or transformer, you'll need to find the WATT (W) or the AMP (A) rating to determine the correct size voltage converter. As shown in the step 1 above, look for this information on the specification sheet of your item.
Fairly simple, as 'W' is clearly stated in this case 23W.
220V - 500mA
Calculate W = V x A, and 1000 mA is 1A so in this case 220V x 0.50A = 110W.
240V - 1.8A
Calculate W = V x A, so in this case 240V x 1.8A = 432W.
Note: you may find a range of wattage rating, i.e 1200W - 2000W on an item so in that case select the MAX wattage rating.
Step 3) Purchase The Correct Size Voltage Transformer
Now that you know your items Voltage and Watt ratings we can determine the correct voltage converter or transformer for your item. All of our heavy duty transformers are designed for continuous use and function as step up and step down transformers. Electronics items often surge or spike when they are switched on causing the wattage ratings to exceed the specification sheets. Thus, it is always best to purchase a transformer larger than your items required wattage to handle any power surges that may occur.
Voltage Converter VS Voltage Transformer
Voltage converters are smaller travel size converters available in both Step Up and Step Down. These converters can be used for electric items with heating devices or motors such as hair dryer, curlers, irons, shaver, radio, electric calculators etc... Converters are used for shorter period of time. Voltage transformers are bigger and heavier in size. They also come in Step Up, Step Down or both Step Up/Down. Although transformers are designed for longer or continuous use, it’s always better to unplug a transformer when not in use for longer life. Always make sure to check the wattage of your appliances before using voltage converter/transformer.
Can I plug in multiple products to a single transformer?
Yes, you may plug in multiple products to a transformer using a power strip if and only if the combined wattage rating of all products is less than the capacity of the transformer. Do not plug in multiple products to a small travel converter.
What’s the difference between plug adapter and voltage converter/transformer?
Plug adapter do not convert voltage or electricity. If your appliance is dual voltage, you can plug it in foreign outlets simply by using a proper plug adapter. Converter/transformers convert voltage. They allow you to use your single voltage appliances in foreign or vice versa.
Can I use American 220-volt product such as a Dryer with a transformer or connect a transformer to American 220V outlet?
No, American 220V electricity consists of 2-phase 110V while, European electricity is single phase 220V. Transformer/converters are not designed for 2-phase American 220V.
What are Voltage regulators?
Voltage regulators also convert the voltage similar to voltage converter/transformer and they regulate the voltage by stabilizing it. These are useful in countries where the current is not stable. | physics |
http://halitron.com/ | 2017-03-30T00:37:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191444.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00434-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.913814 | 307 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__132591651 | en | Experience horizontal levitation for the first time with The Halitron™. This is a fascinating gadget for anyone interested in the laws of physics.
Spin a top within a carefully calculated magnetic field and watch it ‘float’ in mid-air. The Halitron™ is not only truly mesmerising, but it also lets you experiment and explain fundamental space and physics theories.
The Halitron™ uses magnetic technology which allows low frictional horizontal axis spinning. It consists of a small magnetic spinning top and a mathematically calculated permanent magnet array. The opposing magnetic polarity of the spinning top to the magnet array provides the basis ‘lift’ against gravity. The interaction of these magnetic fields creates a specific ‘trap’ and the principle of the conservation of angular momentum ‘holds’ the spinning top in position.
Magnetic levitation is a method of suspending an object with no support other than magnetic fields. Magnetic force is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational and any other accelerations. This is the first time that an object has been spun horizontally in a passive system without using an electro-magnetic drive.
With the support of the Kickstarter community, we are hoping to take the design to the next stage where it can be flatpacked and shipped out to customers for home assembly so that you too can enjoy hours of experimentation with the Halitron. We are planning to design a gadget that looks great on anyone’s desk and will really get people talking! | physics |
https://www.fitwelding.com/how-plasma-cutter-works/ | 2023-12-08T16:55:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100762.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208144732-20231208174732-00163.warc.gz | 0.912422 | 2,013 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__129922784 | en | Unleashing the power of precision, plasma cutting stands as a stalwart in the world of metal fabrication. Curious about how this incredible process functions, and keen to explore its advantages and disadvantages? Look no further. From its swift and precise cuts to its ability to handle various types of metal, plasma cutting is a vital asset in industrial and artistic sectors alike. Let’s dive into the captivating intricacies of plasma cutting, dissecting its strengths and weaknesses with an unbiased lens.
The Science Behind Plasma Cutters
Plasma cutting is a process that utilizes an accelerated jet of hot plasma to cut through electrically conductive materials such as steel, aluminum, brass, and copper. The basic principle behind plasma cutting involves creating an electrical channel of ionized gas, i.e., plasma, from the plasma cutter to the workpiece. This ionized gas conducts electricity from the torch of the plasma cutter to the workpiece, resulting in a high-velocity jet of plasma that melts and removes the material, thus creating the cut.
Plasma cutting machines use a combination of gases such as argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, or compressed air to generate the plasma. When the gas passes through a small channel in the cutting nozzle and reaches the electrode, an electrical arc forms, ionizing the gas and turning it into plasma. The temperature of the plasma can reach up to 30,000 degrees Fahrenheit, allowing it to swiftly cut through metals with precision.
Plasma cutting can be performed using handheld torches or mechanized CNC systems. Handheld torches are commonly used for smaller-scale cutting, while CNC systems are employed for intricate and large-scale metal fabrication projects.
Advantages of Plasma Cutting
Plasma cutting offers several advantages, making it a popular choice in metalworking and fabrication industries. One of the primary benefits of plasma cutting is its ability to cut through a wide range of electrically conductive materials, including stainless steel, aluminum, copper, and other alloys. The versatility of plasma cutting makes it a valuable tool for industries involved in manufacturing, construction, automotive, and aerospace.
Another significant advantage of plasma cutting is its speed and precision. Plasma cutters can swiftly slice through metal, delivering clean and accurate cuts with minimal dross or slag. This efficiency not only saves time but also reduces the need for extensive post-cutting cleanup, enhancing overall productivity.
Moreover, plasma cutting is highly portable and can be used in various settings, including workshops, construction sites, and even on-site repairs. Its portability and ease of setup make it a convenient choice for metalworkers who require flexibility in their cutting operations.
Disadvantages of Plasma Cutting
While plasma cutting offers numerous advantages, it also comes with certain limitations. One of the notable drawbacks of plasma cutting is its limited thickness capacity. Compared to other cutting methods such as laser cutting or waterjet cutting, plasma cutting may have restrictions when it comes to cutting thicker materials, particularly in achieving high-quality edge finishes.
Plasma cutting can produce substantial heat-affected zones, especially when working with materials sensitive to high temperatures. This can lead to warping or distortion of the metal, affecting the overall quality of the cut. As a result, careful consideration of material properties and appropriate cutting parameters is essential to mitigate these potential issues.
The initial investment and operational costs associated with plasma cutting equipment may pose a financial challenge for smaller businesses or independent metal fabricators. The need for periodic consumable replacement and maintenance adds to the overall cost of ownership, requiring careful budgeting and planning for long-term sustainability.
Applications of Plasma Cutting
The versatility of plasma cutting lends itself to a wide range of applications across various industries. In the manufacturing sector, plasma cutting is used for fabricating structural components, sheet metal parts, and intricate designs. Its ability to swiftly and precisely cut through metal makes it indispensable in the production of automotive parts, industrial machinery, and agricultural equipment.
In the construction industry, plasma cutting is employed for shaping and cutting metal components used in building structures, bridges, and architectural elements. The speed and accuracy of plasma cutting contribute to efficient construction processes and enable the creation of customized metal components tailored to specific project requirements.
Artistic endeavors also benefit from plasma cutting, as artists and sculptors utilize the technology to create intricate metal artworks, sculptures, and decorative elements. The precision and versatility of plasma cutting allow artists to bring their creative visions to life, adding a touch of metal craftsmanship to various public spaces and galleries.
Types of Plasma Cutters
Plasma cutting machines are available in various configurations to cater to different cutting needs and production scales. The two primary types of plasma cutters are conventional plasma cutters and CNC plasma cutting systems.
Conventional plasma cutters, also known as handheld or manual plasma cutters, are designed for portable and smaller-scale cutting applications. These units are typically lightweight, easy to handle, and suitable for on-the-go cutting requirements. With a handheld plasma cutter, operators have the flexibility to maneuver the torch for intricate cuts and precise detailing.
On the other hand, CNC plasma cutting systems are equipped with computer numerical control (CNC) technology, allowing for automated and programmable cutting operations. These systems are ideal for large-scale industrial applications, where precision, repeatability, and complex cutting patterns are essential. CNC plasma cutting machines are integrated with advanced software that enables operators to create and execute intricate cutting designs with accuracy and efficiency.
Plasma Cutting Safety Measures
Safety is paramount when working with plasma cutting equipment due to the high temperatures and electrical currents involved in the process. Operators and personnel must adhere to strict safety measures to prevent accidents and ensure a secure working environment.
Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential for individuals operating plasma cutting machines. This includes safety glasses, face shields, flame-resistant clothing, gloves, and appropriate footwear. Additionally, adequate ventilation or fume extraction systems should be in place to remove harmful fumes and gases generated during the cutting process.
It is crucial to inspect and maintain the plasma cutting equipment regularly to ensure that all components, including hoses, torches, and power sources, are in optimal condition. Any signs of wear, damage, or malfunction should be promptly addressed and rectified to prevent potential hazards during operation.
Furthermore, operators should receive comprehensive training on the safe use of plasma cutting machines, including proper handling of the equipment, understanding the specific cutting parameters, and emergency procedures in the event of a malfunction or accident.
Maintenance of Plasma Cutting Equipment
Maintaining plasma cutting equipment is vital to ensure consistent performance, longevity, and operational safety. Routine maintenance tasks for plasma cutting machines include cleaning and inspecting the torch consumables, checking the gas supply for proper pressure and purity, and monitoring the condition of the cutting table or work surface.
The torch consumables, such as electrodes, nozzles, and shields, should be inspected regularly and replaced as needed to maintain optimal cutting quality. Proper cleaning of the torch components and removal of any accumulated spatter or slag help prevent premature wear and maintain efficient plasma arc transfer.
The gas supply system, comprising of the primary cutting gas and secondary shield gas, should be monitored to ensure stable and consistent flow rates. Any fluctuations in gas pressure or impurities in the gas supply can affect the quality of the plasma arc and the overall cutting performance.
Additionally, the cutting table or work surface should be inspected for signs of damage, warping, or excessive wear. Maintaining a flat and clean cutting surface is essential for achieving accurate cuts and prolonging the lifespan of consumable parts.
Choosing the Right Plasma Cutting System
Selecting the appropriate plasma cutting system for specific applications requires careful consideration of various factors, including material types, thicknesses, cutting speeds, and production volumes. When choosing a plasma cutting system, it is essential to assess the following key aspects:
- Cutting Capacity: Evaluate the maximum thickness of materials the plasma cutter can effectively cut, as well as its ability to maintain cut quality across different material types.
- Speed and Precision: Consider the cutting speed, accuracy, and edge quality offered by the plasma cutting system to meet production requirements and quality standards.
- Automation and Integration: Determine the level of automation and integration capabilities required, especially for high-volume production or complex cutting geometries.
- Operating Costs: Assess the overall operational costs, including consumable expenses, maintenance requirements, and energy consumption, to ensure cost-effective long-term operation.
By carefully evaluating these factors and understanding the specific cutting needs of the application, businesses can make informed decisions when investing in a plasma cutting system that aligns with their production goals and quality expectations.
Plasma cutting stands as a versatile and efficient method for precision metal cutting, offering a wide array of advantages for industrial, commercial, and artistic applications. While it presents certain limitations and requires diligent safety measures and maintenance, the benefits of speed, versatility, and portability make plasma cutting a valuable asset in the metalworking industry.
Understanding the science behind how plasma cutter works, its advantages, disadvantages, applications, machine types, safety measures, maintenance practices, and the selection process is crucial for harnessing its full potential and ensuring safe and effective operation. With advancements in technology and ongoing innovations in plasma cutting systems, the capabilities and performance of this cutting method continue to evolve, further strengthening its position as a fundamental tool in metal fabrication and processing.
As industries continue to demand precise and efficient metal cutting solutions, plasma cutting remains a cornerstone of innovation and progress, driving the evolution of metalworking processes and contributing to the development of diverse metal-based products and structures. By delving into the captivating intricacies of plasma cutting, we gain a deeper appreciation for its role in shaping the modern landscape of metal fabrication, and the possibilities it unlocks for creativity, productivity, and precision in the world of metalworking. | physics |
https://marden.hmfa.org.uk/class-2s-rocket-to-the-moon/ | 2022-08-16T12:09:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00786.warc.gz | 0.98412 | 108 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__80037295 | en | Class 2 have really enjoyed their ‘Rocket to the Moon’ topic unit this term. In History, they looked at Neil Armstrong and his voyage to the moon. In English, they have been looking at Beegu and thinking about how her spaceship landed on the school playground! In Computing, they have been learning about programming and debugging computers. They even designed and wrote instructions for making recycled rockets and just like a computer, they followed the instructions and all successfully built a rocket. We even made rocket cards for Father’s Day! | physics |
https://www.thebrewoutlet.com/items/convoluted-copper-25-x-58-no-fittings | 2024-02-26T11:53:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00433.warc.gz | 0.935294 | 125 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__74868898 | en | This 5/8" copper convoluted tubing is perfect for making heat exchangers. We use 25' in our Digital SMART mashing systems to raise the mash temperature. Perfect for immersion chillers, the inner tube in a counterflow wort chiller, or as a heat exchanger in the hot liquor tank. The tubing is twisted to make a pattern that breaks up the laminar flow inside the tubing making this a very efficient material for heat exchangers. These are 9" in diameter. The two ends are 5/8" non-Convoluted tubing, and are approximately 3 to 9 inches long. | physics |
https://nationalparentingcenter.com/smithsonian-newtons-cradle/ | 2022-08-14T15:10:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00672.warc.gz | 0.979621 | 255 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__180547321 | en | Smithsonian Newtons Cradle
You’d be hard-pressed to find anyone younger than 70 who hasn’t at one point been entranced by this desktop “toy” and with good reason. Newton’s Cradle (most testers admitted to not ever hearing its name before) is a hands-on physics experiment that holds a fascination for kids as well as us “older” folks who still marvel at its simple, elegant movement. When one (or more) ball(s) at the end are lifted and released, they strike the stationary spheres, transmitting a force through the other balls that push the last ball, or an equal number of balls that were initially launched upward then back again and again. For kids in our testing center that had never seen this before it was really something to witness how they were transfixed and engaged. It was fascinating watching their minds working out just what is going on and why. NSI has produced a great version of the Cradle, and parent testers noted the unique zig-zag design on top as being a cool twist on previous versions they had played with. If you are looking for a different kind of gift for any age, this could be a fun place to start. | physics |
https://domsilo.com/current-fluctuations-and-domain-depinning-in-quasi-two-american-institute-of-physics/ | 2023-12-01T15:47:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100290.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201151933-20231201181933-00537.warc.gz | 0.880143 | 258 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__184137263 | en | Jonas O. Brownhttps://doi.org/10.1063/5.0165281
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We investigated the temperature dependence of the current fluctuations in thin films of the quasi-two-dimensional 1T-TaS2 van der Waals material. The current fluctuations, determined from the derivative current–voltage characteristics of two-terminal 1T-TaS2 devices, appear prominently at the electric fields that correspond to the transitions between various charge-density-wave macroscopic quantum condensate phases and at the onset of the depinning of the charge density wave domains. The depinning threshold field, ED, monotonically increases with decreasing temperature within the nearly commensurate charge-density-wave phase. The ED value increases with the decreasing 1T-TaS2 film thickness, revealing the surface pinning of the charge density waves. Our analysis suggests that the domain depinning is pronounced in the nearly commensurate phase. It is induced by the electric field but facilitated by local heating. The measured trends for ED of the domain depinning are important for understanding the physics of charge density waves in quasi-two-dimensional crystals and for developing electronic devices based on this type of quantum materials.
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https://kadenyfulomi.sciroccowinds.com/atlas-of-galactic-globular-clusters-with-colour-magnitude-diagrams-book-8323ad.php | 2022-07-01T01:15:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103917192.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701004112-20220701034112-00021.warc.gz | 0.87936 | 2,225 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__48235288 | en | Atlas of galactic globular clusters with colour magnitude diagrams by Gonzalo AlcaiМЃno Download PDF EPUB FB2
Atlas of Galactic Globular clusters with Colour Magnitude Diagrams [Gonzalo Alcaino] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Atlas of Galactic Globular clusters with Colour Magnitude DiagramsAuthor: Gonzalo Alcaino. Not Available adshelp[at] The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative Agreement NNX16AC86ACited by: 3.
Globular Star Clusters. Globular Star Clusters. Click icon to view globular clusters of Messier's catalog. >> Messier's Globular Clusters;Links.
The icon shows 47 Tucanae (NGC ). Globular clusters are gravitationally bound concentrations of approximatelyten thousand to one million stars, spread over a volume of several tens to about light years in diameter. Our current ideas about the origin, evolution and fate of stars originate in the study of colour-magnitude diagrams of stellar clusters.
Here we have groups of equi-distant stars. From the magnitudes Author: Albrecht Unsöld. The globular cluster 47 Tucanae, one of the brightest Milky Way globular star cluster, seen near the Small Magellanic Cloud in the sky, and at a distance of kpc ( light years) from us and kpc ( light years) from the Galactic Center, likely contains about 1 million stars.
Galaxy: globular clusters – Astronomical data bases: Catalogs 1. Introduction The Galactic Globular Clusters Database (briefly, Gclusters) 1 is focused on presenting, in an organized way, a comprehensive list of bibliography, parameters and data for each of the known globular cluster of the Milky Way (GGCs).
The need for a rational and organic. A way of analysing globular clusters is to use Colour-Magnitude diagrams. A colour-magnitude diagram is a plot of the apparent magnitudes of the stars in a cluster against their colour indices.
Globular clusters nearly all have very similar colour-magnitude diagrams. of an old globular cluster with a mass of a few ×M ⊙ at a distance of 4–8 kpc. Subjectheadings: globular clusters: general — galaxies: star clusters 1.
Introduction Harris () estimated that there were ∼ 20 unknown Galactic globular clusters hidden behind substantial foreground extinction in the disk or behind the bulge.
The Andromeda Galaxy, or M31, is an attractive galaxy for astronomers. It is close to us, it is of about the size of our galaxy, it provides some intriguing observational puzzles because the galaxy is nearly edge-on, and many objects can be studied in detail, because they are still sufficiently bright.
With the current developments in instrumentation with which increasingly detailed studies of 5/5(1). Page 1 of 3 - Resolving Globular Clusters - posted in Deep Sky Observing: In visual astronomy, what does it mean to resolve a globular cluster.
It seems that it cant mean seeing every single star in the cluster as a single point of light because there are likely stars that are too dim to see or too close to split. Even this beautiful image of M3 in a m telecope has some unresolved stars.
Globular cluster - Globular cluster - Colour-magnitude diagrams: The colour of a star has been found generally to correspond to its surface temperature, and in a somewhat similar way the type of spectrum shown by a star depends on the degree of excitation of the light-radiating atoms in it and therefore also on the temperature.
All stars in a given globular cluster are, within a very small. The distribution of the globular clusters in our Milky Way galaxy is concentrated around the galactic center in the Sagittarius -- Scorpius -- Ophiuchus region: Of the Milky Way globulars listed in the Sky Catalogthese constellations cont 18, and 24 globulars, respectively, so a total of 71 clusters, or percent (though.
Get this from a library. Atlas of galactic globular clusters with colour magnitude diagrams. [Gonzalo Alcaino; Universidad Católica de Chile.]. In some GCs (type-II clusters) the 1G and/or the 2G sequences appear to be split, hence displaying more complex chromosome maps.
These clusters exhibit multiple subgiant branches (SGBs) also in purely optical colour-magnitude diagrams, with the fainter SGB joining into a red RGB which is populated by stars with enhanced heavy-element by: tions (e.g., galactic open or globular clusters), and hence correcting their color-magnitude di-agrams for the effect of extinction (Fig.
In turn, once the non-extincted color-magnitude diagram has been obtained, the distance and the age of the stellar population can be estimated through main sequence and model fitting. TheFile Size: KB. The Messier 80 globular cluster in the constellation Scorpius is located ab light-years from the Sun and contains hundreds of thousands of stars.
A globular cluster is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core. In some GCs (Type II clusters) the 1G and/or the 2G sequences appear to be split, hence displaying more complex chromosome maps. These clusters exhibit multiple SGBs also in purely optical color-magnitude diagrams, with the fainter SGB joining into a red RGB which is populated by stars with enhanced heavy-element by: Globular clusters are extremely luminous objects.
Their mean luminosity is the equivalent of approximat most luminous are 50 times brighter. The brightest stars are the red giants, bright red stars with an absolute magnitude of −2, about times the Sun’s brightness, or luminosity. In relatively few globular clusters have stars as intrinsically faint as the Sun been.
We present an analysis of binary fraction on the color-magnitude diagram (CMD) of Galactic globular cluster (GC) NGC via a high-quality CMD that is obtained from the data of Zloczewski et al.
A new tool for CMD study is used in this work, in which binary stars can be taken into : Qiping Luo, Zhongmu Li. The 2MASS color-color and color-magnitude diagrams for both clusters show that the age, distance, and reddening are consistent for the stars around HD (green tracks on the diagrams), but the more embedded, probably very young objects are behind up to ~15.
In this paper we present the V and I luminosity functions and color-magnitude diagrams derived from wide-field (23' × 23') BVI photometry of the intermediate-metallicity ([Fe/H] ~ ) Galactic globular cluster M Using observed values (and ranges of values) for the cluster metallicity, reddening, distance modulus, and age, we compare these data with recent α-enhanced stellar evolution Cited by: Project: Cluster Colour-Magnitude Diagrams (Supplied Data) - Course: HETJune Supervisor: Dr.
Pamela Gay - Student: Eduardo Manuel Alvarez When the hydrogen supply in the core of the star is depleted, hydrogen burning is no longer possible. This ends the main sequence phase of the star’s life, and hence it moves out from its long during location on the H-R diagram towards the upper File Size: KB.
Three globular clusters. On the left is NGCit is a large but very distant globular cluster lying far beyond the edge of the galaxy. M13 in the middle is much closer, it is one of the brightest globular clusters in the sky.
On the right is a very pathetic globular cluster in Aquila. 12) Shapley found that globular clusters are only found in the Galactic bulge. False 13) The problem with visual observations of our Galaxy is the luminous gas haze.
Buonanno et al.: On the relative ages of galactic globular clusters et al.Fusi Pecci et al. These clusters ( RuprechtArp 2, Terzan 7, IC )1 are actually quite small and appear located on great circles in the sky suggest.
UBV color-magnitude diagrams of galactic globular clusters. Albany: Dudley Observatory, (OCoLC) Document Type: Book: All Authors / Contributors: A G Davis Philip; Mark F Cullen; Raymond E White.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. One of four globulars known to contain a planetary nebula. Messier 22 or M22, also known as NGCis an elliptical globular cluster of stars in the constellation Sagittarius, near the Galactic bulge region.
It is one of the brightest globulars that Constellation: Sagittarius. In more recent times, the color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of Galactic globular clusters (GCs) have become of critical importance in elucidating the early phases of galactic.
Messier 70 – the NGC Globular Cluster. 29, light years away from Earth and close to the Galactic Center. F25CN color-magnitude diagram shows a tight cluster. The atlas file names include the MWSC sequential number and a name of the cluster, e.g. "" for the 1st page with a map as a basic panel, and "" for the 2nd page with the color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs).
“Terzan 5 is not a globular cluster,” says Ferraro. “It’s a remnant of a large structure that was formed at the time in which the central part of our galaxy formed — 12 gigayears ago.Colour-Magnitude Diagrams.
The purpose in making photometric measurements of globular cluster stars is to create a 'colour-magnitude diagram'. This is merely the observational version of the well-known Herzsprung-Russell diagram.
In the original HR diagram, the luminosity of a star (or group of stars) is plotted against the temperature.It is projected in front of the galactic bulge and is therefore useful for its w:microlensing effect on the background stars in the bulge.
Despite its relative proximity to us, this w:metal-poor cluster's light is limited by w:dust extinction, giving it an apparent magnitude of making it the brightest globular cluster in the norther llation: Sagittarius. | physics |
https://indiragandhi.in/en/milestones/index/nuclear-program | 2024-02-25T11:28:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474595.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225103506-20240225133506-00856.warc.gz | 0.966775 | 132 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__167110632 | en | You're using an outdated version of Internet Explorer.DOWNLOAD NOW
Indira Gandhi built upon the foundations laid by Jawaharlal Nehru to convert India into a growing nuclear power. India conducted its first “peaceful nuclear experiment” as she described it on May 18, 1974, building up the country’s capability without anyone finding out. Without this the nuclear tests of May 1998 would not have been possible and India’s achievements in nuclear science, technology and energy would have been far from strong and self-reliant. Yet, like her father, she was a firm believer in the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. | physics |
http://www.axleinspect.eu/ | 2023-09-28T18:47:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510427.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928162907-20230928192907-00101.warc.gz | 0.848068 | 118 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__42635120 | en | The AxleInspect project aims to develop new inspection technology based on Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) and Electro-Magnetic (EM) techniques suitable for the inspection of both solid and hollow axles. more
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007-2013]
under grant agreement no 286573. Copyright © AxleInspect 2023. All Rights Reserved.
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https://www.weekendwarlords.co.uk/shop/Painting-and-Model-Making/Airbrushing | 2020-01-17T21:27:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00151.warc.gz | 0.919268 | 151 | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__232008303 | en | Your shopping cart is empty!
An airbrush works by passing a stream of fast moving (compressed) air through a venturi, which creates a local reduction in air pressure (suction) that allows paint to be pulled from an interconnected reservoir at normal atmospheric pressure. The high velocity of the air atomizes the paint into very tiny droplets as it blows past a very fine paint-metering component. The paint is carried onto paper or other surfaces. The operator controls the amount of paint using a variable trigger which opens more or less a very fine tapered needle that is the control element of the paint-metering component. An extremely fine degree of atomization is what allows an artist to create such smooth blending effects using the airbrush. | physics |
https://www.rbht.nhs.uk/specialists/professor-jennifer-keegan | 2022-09-29T20:20:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335365.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929194230-20220929224230-00173.warc.gz | 0.93743 | 245 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__270972971 | en | Professor Jennifer Keegan graduated in physics in 1981 and obtained her MSc in medical physics, with distinction, in 1983. She went on to gain a PhD in MR coronary artery imaging in 1999 at the University of London.
Areas of expertise
Professor Keegan works as a principal physicist at the cardiovascular resonance unit at Royal Brompton Hospital. She has worked on many projects, including:
- coronary artery imaging
- flow velocity mapping
- 3D late gadolinium enhancement
- respiratory motion correction techniques.
Professor Keegan regularly teaches on the six-monthly CMR course held at Royal Brompton Hospital. She also teaches at forums such as the Royal Society of Medicine training day in CMR.
Professor Keegan has received grants from many organisations for her research including the Wellcome Trust, the British Heart Foundation and Heart Research UK.
Professor Keegan has over 80 peer review academic publications, with more than 60 covering CMR. She also reviews for a number of international journals such as:
- the Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
- the Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Radiology. | physics |
https://www.goodwork.com.tw/en/product-list8_0.htm | 2024-04-13T07:19:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816586.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413051941-20240413081941-00704.warc.gz | 0.935733 | 388 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__173542608 | en | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. The transistor is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor material, usually with at least three terminals for connection to an electronic circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
Austro-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld proposed the concept of a field-effect transistor in 1926, but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time. The first working device to be built was a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen and Walter Brattain while working under William Shockley at Bell Labs. The three shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement. The most widely used type of transistor is the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), which was invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. Transistors revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things.
Most transistors are made from very pure silicon, and some from germanium, but certain other semiconductor materials are sometimes used. A transistor may have only one kind of charge carrier, in a field-effect transistor, or may have two kinds of charge carriers in bipolar junction transistor devices. Compared with the vacuum tube, transistors are generally smaller and require less power to operate. Certain vacuum tubes have advantages over transistors at very high operating frequencies or high operating voltages. Many types of transistors are made to standardized specifications by multiple manufacturers. | physics |
http://www.gold-rush.org/hydrogen-cooling-system-in-electric-generators.html | 2020-10-20T22:57:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874340.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020221156-20201021011156-00040.warc.gz | 0.938522 | 838 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__98546399 | en | It is undeniable that an electric generator must have an excellent cooling system to dissipate the heat created in it. If the heat inside the generator is not discharged immediately, it will directly Continue Reading
It is undeniable that an electric generator must have an excellent cooling system to dissipate the heat created in it. If the heat inside the generator is not discharged immediately, it will directly damage the generator itself. Excessive heat can extreme damage the rotor coil, the stator, and will even burn the components of the generator.
Air becomes a popular medium used to cool generators. The abundant and inexpensive amount is a strong reason to continue using it. However, the air conditioning system used in the generator turned out to save weaknesses. The air is unable to cool the generator with a capacity above 425 Megawatts. In addition to its insufficient heat conductivity, its density is too heavy to be another disadvantage. For this reason, other types of gas are needed which are better in terms of thermal conductivity and other characteristics.
Hydrogen gas is the best choice to replace air as a generator cooling medium, especially for large generators. Hydrogen was chosen because of its excellent characteristics when used as a cooler, call it a high thermal conductivity (0.168 W / m · K), very light density, and also high specific heat. With these characteristics, making hydrogen 7-10 times better than air if used as a cooler. This can be likened, to generate the same electric power, air-cooled generators will be 7-10 times larger than hydrogen-cooled generators. Therefore, for large generators, hydrogen cooling systems will be more economical when compared to using air coolers. Actually helium gas has good thermal conductivity (0.142 W / m · K ), but because the price is much more expensive than hydrogen, it is not used.
But isn’t hydrogen a very flammable gas? Yes, hydrogen is indeed a very flammable or explosive gas. But do you remember about the fire triangle? Even though the hydrogen in the generator works at high temperatures, if we can keep hydrogen away from oxygen, the fire triangle will be broken, and the hydrogen will be safe from the risk of burning. For this problem there are already several support systems that are used to prevent hydrogen always in its pure state (maintained at about 99%), and will not be in direct contact with atmospheric air. A hydrogen purity sensor ( purity meter ) is used to always monitor it in real-timethe level of purity of hydrogen. With this tool, the slightest hydrogen mixed with other gases will be easily known. If the hydrogen purity reading drops, a purging system is always ready to be used to increase the hydrogen purity rate. Purging systems usually also include a hydrogen pressure control system so that it is always maintained at a certain number. On the other hand, there is a system called a hydrogen dryer which also serves to maintain the purity of hydrogen from moisture which if left potentially triggers a spark inside the generator. Another support system is called the Oil Seal systemwhich we will introduce further later, serves to prevent the leakage of hydrogen into free air considering the hydrogen cooling media is used on the rotor side of the generator which of course there is a potential side of contact (in the bearing generator) between air and hydrogen. We will discuss these supporting systems for hydrogen-cooled generators in more detail next time.
For hydrogen and water cooled generators, they share the task so that hydrogen becomes the cooling medium of the rotor while the water is tasked to cool the stator coil. Like the previous system, hydrogen circulates with the help of a fan that rotates with the rotor so that it can reach all parts of the rotor. At the end of the circulation system, the hydrogen enters the heat exchanger cooler to dispose of its heat in the water media. While on the stator side, water becomes a cooler that is able to reach all parts of the coil that we did not get in the previous system. With a cooling system like this, it is recorded that the largest generator design is capable of producing 858 Megawatts of electricity. | physics |
https://reviews.trekbook.in/milton-vs-cello-best-thermosteel-hot-water-bottle-in-india/ | 2021-05-14T13:52:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989526.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514121902-20210514151902-00363.warc.gz | 0.893445 | 1,453 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__54660994 | en | Friends I am planning a trip to Uttarakhand and being from Pune, wanted to have Best Thermos Vacuum Flask in India For Hot & Cold Water, Hot Coffee & Tea. So I carried out actual tests for 6 hours, 12hours, 24 hours for retention of water temperature and the results are really shocking !!
So please watch my video on Milton vs Cello Thermos Flask 24 Hour Temp Test | Best Hot Water, tea, coffee Vacuum Flask India which demonstrates the complete experiment I carried out .. its simple 10 minutes video so it should not take much of your valuable time, so do watch it and comment if you feel 🙂
The experiment to find best thermos hot water bottle is explained step by step
Step 1 – Pour boiling water into each vacuum flask
Pouring of Boiling hot water in all flasks at the same time and measure temperature
Results – All flasks showed stable temperature of 84.4 Degrees after 5 minutes of pouring boiling water
Step 2 – refrigerate all bottles for 6 hours at 10 Degree centigrade
Put all vacuum flasks in fridge at temperature of around 10 degree centigrade for 6 hours.
This was done so as to simulate low temperature conditions in Uttarkhand which I will be facing actually (in fact the temperatures will be further lower there)
So I removed all the bottles from refrigerator after 6 hours and checked water temperature in each. Noted down each temperature and quickly sealed the bottled back.
Step 3 – refrigerate all bottles for Next 6 hours (total 12 hours) at 7.2 Degree centigrade
Now I transferred all the bottles back to refrigerator for next 6 hours .. the temperature further dropped to 7.2 degrees since I had set the refrigerator temperature to the lowest possible since morning.
I removed the bottles after 6 hours so total they clocked 12 hours in refrigerator below 10 degree centigrade.
after 12 hours again measured water temperature of each flask and noted it down.
Step 4 – keep aall bottles for Next 12 hours (total 24 hours) at night temperature around 20 deg C
Now I kept all bottles open to room temperature of around 20 deg C for remaining 12 hours
So again measured water temperature of all bottles after total 214 hours.
Step 5 – Preparation of test results and preparing tables and graphs for easy interpretation
Finally all the results were compiled to make simple table showing temperatures after 6, 12, 24 hours for each brand and also converted them to percentage and graphical representation for easy understanding and conclusion.
Please have a look at table below comparing 5 brands
Vacuum Flask Brands available in India selected by me were as follows
Quechua by Decathlon
D-Homes by DMart
Purpose of experiment
Purpose of this experiment was simple
To find out which of the hot water bottle performs best in similar usage conditions
Is copper coating in thermos vacuum flask helps?
Yes, my practical testing shows that this technology from Cello helps a lot retaining water / tea / coffee temperature for longer period of time even in lower temperatures.
Conclusion of my experiment to find Best thermosteel hot water bottle in India
My testing results showed that Cello vacuum flask performed best in terms of retention of temperature, so that is my pick for Uttarkhand trop, you can see price details for selected flask using below link
https://amzn.to/2JvOnBk Cello Cool Mate Thermos Vacuum Steel 750ml Bottle
The second runner up was D-homes bottle by Dmart, this I will say value for money since you get it as cheap as 299 Rs only (as on Dec 2020)
Please note that “DMart D-homes Vacuum Flask Double Stainless Steel” you need to goto local store, I could not find out link for online buying of this flask – this was the cheapest value for money flask in my view, I got it only for 300 Rs
https://amzn.to/3lk9CDq Prestige Stainless Steel Water Bottle, 750 ml, Silver
https://amzn.to/33upop2 Milton Thermosteel Flip Lid Flask, 500 milliliters, Silver
https://amzn.to/2HTex0m Quechua Insulated Stainless Steel Hiking Flask MH500 0.8L – Blue
Related Questions which are being answered by my experiment
- Which is the Best Thermos flask for tea?
- Which is the Best Thermos flask for coffee?
- Which is the best thermos flask?
- Which flask keeps maintains longest temperature?
- Which is the best stainless steel water bottle in India?
- Which water bottle is best in India?
- How long will a flask keep water hot?
- Are thermos flasks good?
- Do thermos flasks wear out?
- How long does coffee last in a flask?
- How long does Soup stay hot in a flask?
- Do thermos flasks keep things cold?
- How do you keep a flask warm?
- How long will yeti keep coffee hot?
- How do you keep drinks hot?
- How long will a thermos keep water hot?
- Who makes the best thermos?
- What keeps coffee hot the longest?
- Which is the best thermos flask in India?
- Which is the best vacuum flask in India?
- Which is the best thermos flask brand in India?
- Which is the best vacuum flask brand in India Name top 10 thermos flask in India?
- Name some good quality thermos flask in India?
- What are the top thermos flask brands in India?
- Which is the best thermosteel water bottle in India?
- Which is best hot water flask 24 hours India?
- Which is the best insulated water bottle 2019 India?
- What are the top 5 thermos flasks?
- Name some good Milton flask?
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http://microcamper.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-next-step-microwave-oven.html | 2019-01-22T22:46:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583875448.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122223011-20190123005011-00208.warc.gz | 0.970998 | 416 | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__34346671 | en | Slowly the equipment in the MicroCamper gets completed. What was missing up to now is a cooking facility. I had put the coffee maker onto the work board, but that had to be shifted due to space restrictions - it will be again mounted on a slightly different location. But there is another item which my brother Winfried gave me as a present: a microwave oven specifically for campervans! Its specific features are a low power, so that it can be operated in low current settings, for example on camp sites which only provide a few Amps. any regular microwave oven would blow the fuses at those sites, but this microwave oven does not.
I already had cooked a ready-made meal in it a few months ago, but now it is time to do a real-world test in the actual camper.
So far I only have placed it in its location, affixed with a bungee cord. Will have to do some actual cooking soon. I will first use only its main connection, which can be a standard 220-240V mains power. It also has two battery-powered modes, which sound a bit scary: the "low power" setting will draw 20A from the 12V battery, and it will produces 100W microwave power. The 20A will move my electric system close to its 30A limit - I will have to watch that I do not blow it. Also, the cooking / boiling will take a while in this low power setting; I will take some measurements on how long it takes to heat up a cup of water to the boiling point.
There is the other, "high power" setting for using the battery. And that one will draw a full 55A. Cannot run this through my electronics, but will have to connect it directly to the battery. With the car alternator connected and running. Am a bit afraid of that test....
In any case, for both tests the leisure battery will need to be fully charged, as after these tests it will most likely be fully drained. | physics |
https://www.norecipejuststory.com/9782/convert-196-lb-to-kg-with-ease.html | 2023-09-25T08:49:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00055.warc.gz | 0.912858 | 643 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__157706165 | en | When it comes to converting weight measurements, it can be quite confusing to know what formula to use or what units of measurements best suit your needs. For instance, if you are planning to travel abroad or want to ensure you are consuming the right amount of food and drink, it is essential to know the correct conversion rates of weight measurements. This article will help you convert 196 pounds (lb) to kilograms (kg) with ease.
What is a pound?
A pound (lb) is a unit of measurement that is widely used in the United States, United Kingdom, and other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations. One pound is equivalent to 0.453592 kilograms (kg). This means that to convert pounds to kilograms, you need to multiply the number of pounds by 0.453592.
What is a kilogram?
A kilogram (kg) is the standard unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as the mass of a particular cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy that is kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France. One kilogram is equivalent to 2.20462 pounds (lb). This means that to convert kilograms to pounds, you need to multiply the number of kilograms by 2.20462.
How to Convert 196 lb to kg
Now that you understand the basics of pounds and kilograms, let’s look at how to convert 196 pounds (lb) to kilograms (kg). To do this, you need to multiply the number of pounds by 0.453592. Therefore:
196 lb x 0.453592 = 88.9048 kg
Therefore, 196 lb is equivalent to 88.9048 kg.
Why Convert 196 lb to kg?
There are several reasons why you may need to convert 196 lb to kg. Some of these reasons include:
- Travel: If you are traveling to a country that uses the metric system, it is essential to know the conversion rate of weight measurements.
- Health: If you are monitoring your weight, you may need to convert pounds to kilograms to ensure you are consuming the right amount of food and drink.
- Sports: If you are an athlete, you may need to convert weight measurements to ensure you are within the required weight limits for a particular sport.
Other Common Weight Conversions
Here are some other common weight conversions:
- 1 lb = 0.453592 kg
- 1 kg = 2.20462 lb
- 1 stone = 14 lb (6.35029 kg)
- 1 tonne = 1000 kg (2204.62 lb)
Converting weight measurements from pounds to kilograms can be quite easy once you understand the basic formulas and units of measurement. By following the steps outlined in this article, you can convert 196 pounds (lb) to kilograms (kg) with ease. Remember, it is essential to know the conversion rates of weight measurements for various reasons, such as travel, health, and sports. By doing so, you can ensure you are consuming the right amount of food and drink and staying within the required weight limits for a particular activity. | physics |
https://rodionovlab.org/?page_id=160 | 2023-12-08T18:40:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100769.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208180539-20231208210539-00762.warc.gz | 0.891827 | 381 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__38163648 | en | The unique ability of carbon to bond with itself underlies the structural and functional complexity of organic matter. This complexity extends to elemental carbon. More than 500 carbon allotropes have been theoretically predicted to date. Graphitic carbons based on hexagonal lattices of sp2 hybridized atoms, including fullerenes, nanotubes, and graphene, are now accessible at scale. These materials proved revolutionary for basic physics and materials science and found practical applications in post-silicon electronics, high-capacity batteries, organic solar cells, and extreme-strength composites.
In contrast with graphitic carbons, the allotropes containing sp1 hybridized linear carbon arrangements remain synthetically elusive and, for the most part, theoretical. One such hypothetical material is ɣ-graphyne, a 2D carbon lattice formally constructed by uniform expansion of graphene with two-carbon acetylenic units. ɣ-Graphyne is predicted to be a stable semiconductor with a moderate band gap, ultrafast charge carrier mobility, high heat conductance, and exceptional strength. Because of these properties ɣ-graphyne has the potential to form the basis for the next generation of carbon-based electronics, photonics, and solar cells. Graphyne-based devices can be ultra-thin, flexible, and operate at speeds unattainable by silicon chips. We investigate synthetic routes to ɣ-graphyne through solution-phase two-dimensional polymerizations, and experimentally explore the properties of this new allotrope of carbon.
This research can revolutionize carbon nanotechnology, expanding its structural toolbox beyond primarily graphitic structures. Understanding the chemistry of sp1 carbon allotropes can lead to entirely new classes of structures with unique electronic and optical properties, including graphyne ribbons, nanotubes, quantum dots, and heterostructures with other 2D materials. | physics |
https://www.side.cr/powering-into-the-future-a-level-2-electricians-guide-to-solar-energy-integration/ | 2024-03-03T09:14:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476211.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303075134-20240303105134-00745.warc.gz | 0.900985 | 948 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__160007925 | en | Welcome, dear reader, to this comprehensive guide just for you, a dedicated Level 2 electrician. With the world shifting rapidly towards renewable energy sources, solar power sits at the forefront. In fact, according to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), solar PV capacity globally reached 651 GW in 2020. So let us embark on this journey together and explore how you can integrate solar energy seamlessly into your skill set.
Understanding Solar Power Basics
To effectively integrate solar power systems and promote sustainable energy, it is important that you fully grasp the basics of how this phenomenal technology operates. Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity via photovoltaic cells. These cells utilise the photovoltaic effect to generate a flow of electrons—electricity—that can power a range of domestic and commercial appliances.
The Role of A Solar Inverter
Central to any solar energy system is the solar inverter. This device takes the direct current (DC) electricity generated by your solar panels and transforms it into alternating current (AC), which is used by most household and workplace appliances. Having knowledge about different types of solar inverters and how to install them is crucial for every Level 2 electrician.
Grid-Tied Versus Off-Grid Solutions
There are two main types of solar power systems: grid-tied and off-grid. Grid-tied systems are connected to the local electrical grid while off-grid systems operate independently. Understanding the pros and cons of each system, as well as their unique installation processes, will empower you to offer tailored solutions to your clients.
Importance of Proper Panel Placement
The efficiency of a solar system largely depends on the correct placement of solar panels. They should be installed where they can capture maximum sunlight throughout the day. Factors to consider include geographical location, roof design, shading, and the tilt angle of panels.
Decoding Solar PV System Ratings
As a Level 2 electrician, understanding what the ratings on a solar PV system mean is vital. These ratings provide useful, standardised information about the panel’s power output, efficiency, temperature coefficient, and more, assisting you in choosing the right system for your customers.
Embracing Solar Battery Storage Systems
Battery storage systems are becoming increasingly important for both grid-tied and off-grid solar setups. These systems store excess power generated by the panels for use during periods of low sun exposure. Familiarising yourself with different battery technologies can enhance your expertise in solar energy integration.
Understanding Solar Power Monitoring
Solar power systems often feature monitoring capabilities that allow users to track their system’s power generation and consumption in real-time. Learning to interpret this data and communicate it effectively to clients will make you a more valuable service provider.
Supply and Installation Safety Regulations
The installation of solar PV systems requires strict adherence to numerous safety regulations. This ensures not only safe operation but also maximises system longevity. A thorough understanding of these rules will make sure you provide top quality service while keeping safety paramount.
Waste Management and Recycling Initiatives
Most components of a solar PV system have a lifespan of several decades, but what happens when these components reach their end-of-life? You should familiarize yourself with proper waste management practices and recycling initiatives related to the solar industry.
Navigating Government Incentives and Schemes
Various governments offer incentives to promote the use of renewable energy. Stay updated with current schemes and subsidies that can provide cost savings to your clients. This information can be the deciding factor for clients contemplating a switch to solar power.
Upgrading Your Certifications
Having advanced certifications in solar power systems will not only improve your knowledge but also solidify your credibility. It signals to potential customers that you are a trained professional capable of handling all their solar installation needs.
Staying Ahead of Technology
The solar industry is evolving at a fast pace, thanks to ongoing research and development. Make sure you stay informed about industry advancements, technological innovations and new products on the market to provide up-to-date advice and solutions.
The Power of Community Networking
Networking with other professionals in the industry can provide invaluable perspectives, share experiences, and learn from collective wisdom. Participating in training sessions, workshops, webinars, and conferences can expand your knowledge base and keep you plugged into industry trends.
A Bright Tomorrow
You stand at a pivotal point where traditional energy sources are making way for clean, renewable alternatives. Solar integration is not just a retooling of skills—it represents an embrace of the future. Equipping yourself with this knowledge ensures you navigate this transition smoothly, placing you in bright light ahead. | physics |
https://gommabooks.com/what-gauge-speaker-wire-do-i-need/ | 2022-10-03T09:24:50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337404.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003070342-20221003100342-00459.warc.gz | 0.939383 | 2,848 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__64661754 | en | Do you want to know what gauge of speaker wire I need for my home theater system or what the best length of speaker wire is for my surround sound speakers?
There are a few things to think about before you buy that. This article will tell you everything you need to know about speaker wires, including a guide to the different types and gauges of speaker wire and what they are best used for.
12, 14, 16, 18, 20, or 22 gauge are the most common sizes. How do you know what gauge of wire to use for your speakers? The thickness of the copper conductor in a cable is the Speaker wire gauge. The number tells you how thick it is.
What Gauge Speaker Wire Do I Need? – The Complete Guide 2021
Are all the wires for speakers the same?
No, speaker wires are not all the same size or made of the same material. There are also different kinds of speaker wires for a variety of uses.
The most common type of wire is copper speaker wire with a gauges core. Copper is the most common material used to make speaker wire, but other materials can be used as well.
Here are some common materials that are used to make speaker wire:
1.Copper: This is the material that most home speaker wires are made of. It has a high conductivity rating and is resistant to corrosion, which makes it a good choice for a home audio system that will be used for a long time.
2.Silver: Silver speaker wire is very similar to copper in many ways, but it conducts electricity better. So, it can carry more current than speaker wire made from other materials with lower conductivity ratings.
Silver is also much less likely to rust and oxidize, which makes it a good choice for direct burial in the ground outside. Since it doesn’t rust easily, you don’t have to worry about the wire breaking down over time. This means you can use it for years without worrying about damage.
3.Gold: Gold speaker wire has a very high conductivity rating, which makes it great for very long runs and outdoor applications where signal loss is a concern. It doesn’t rust or corrode easily either, so it can be used outside in the open air.
4.Aluminum: This speaker wire made from aluminum is a lot like speaker wire made from copper, but it doesn’t conduct electricity as well. It can be used for most tasks that don’t require a long length of wire or an installation outside. Because of this, it is cheaper than silver and gold.
Aluminum is easy to corrode, so it’s not a good choice for outdoor direct burial because the wire could wear down over time and cause your speakers to lose sound or break.
Types of speakers wire?
1.Solid core: This speaker wire has a solid copper conductor that runs through the whole thing. These wires are less flexible than stranded wires and are stiffer.
They are great for fixed wiring and installations that won’t change. Solid core speaker wire is a better choice than stranded speaker wire for high-power receivers because it can handle the load better.
Solid core speaker wire can also lower resistance and either send out or take in electromagnetic fields. You shouldn’t use this wire to connect speakers to your main stereo or home theater system because it isn’t flexible enough.
2.Stranded: Stranded speaker wire is made of many strands of copper. It has a layer of insulation around each conductor and another layer of insulation that holds all the conductors together.
Stranded speaker wire is much more flexible than solid-core speaker wire. It is often used in car stereos because it can handle the vibrations of a moving car well.
It is also resistant to electromagnetic interference, so when you turn on your air conditioner or fan, your speakers won’t buzz.
3.Flat: There are three different colors of this flat speaker wire: white, red, and black. The white wire goes to the left channel, the red wire to the right channel, and the black wire to the chassis of your speaker.
Flat speaker wires are usually made of stranded wires that have been woven together to make them more flexible. Because it is flat, it can run along walls without getting damaged as much. When you put several speakers next to each other, it also saves space.
4.Ribbon: These flat ribbons of wire are made from different combinations of ultra-pure copper strands that are braided into a circle and bonded together under high pressure and temperature to make a solid core center.
The individual conductors are then wrapped in one more layer of insulation before the last layer of insulation is put over the whole group to hold it in place.
Ribbon speaker wire is similar to flat speaker wire in that it is also very flexible and can handle vibrations well. However, ribbon wire has a much higher number of strands than flat wire, so it has a higher resistance and less noise. It is used a lot in high-end home theaters and professional sound systems.
How thick is the typical speaker wire?
For home use, 18-gauge speaker wire is the standard size. It can be used in receivers with both low and high power. But you should be careful not to run for too long, because the thickness of the wire means that only small amounts of electricity can pass through it at once.
At 4 ohms, 18-gauge speaker wire can handle up to 10 amps of power, which is more than enough for most indoor uses. If you are using a powerful receiver or amplifier, you may want to use 16-gauge instead of 18-gauge because it can handle up to 13 amps of power at 8 ohms.
What gauge of speaker wire should be used to hook up the speakers?
Use a speaker wire that is at least as thick as the cable between your amplifier and your speakers to connect your speakers. If you want to connect your speakers to your receiver or amplifier, 12 to 16 gauge wire is a good choice.
In short, 12-gauge speaker cables can handle up to 18 amps of power at 6 ohms, which is great if you want to run multiple speaker cables in the same room.
14-gauge wire can handle up to 15 amps of power at 6 ohms, which is great for most standard home theaters with 8-ohm speakers.
At 8 ohms, 16-gauge wire can handle up to 13 amps of power, which is great for receivers or amplifiers with a lot of power.
18-gauge wire is the most common speaker wire gauge and can handle up to 10 amps of power at 4 ohms.
When you have a lot of speakers close to each other, 14-gauge wire is a good choice. If you only have one speaker and want to save money, don’t worry about getting a thicker gauge because 18-gauge speaker wire works well both indoors and outdoors.
How thick of a speaker wire do you need to hook up a subwoofer?
For installing a subwoofer, you should use a cable with the same thickness as the cable from your amplifier to your speakers. If you use 16-gauge wire between your main system and subwoofer, you should use 16-gauge wire for the subwoofer as well.
What size speaker wire do I need for a home theater?
The best gauge of wire to use for a home theater is 16-gauge. This can be used for both high-powered and low-powered receivers, but you shouldn’t run it very far because its thickness means that less current can flow through the wire at once.
At 8 ohms, 16-gauge speaker wire can handle up to 13 amps of power, which is more than enough for most indoor uses.
How thick of speaker wire do I need to connect 5 speakers?
You can put five speakers all over your house with a 12-gauge speaker wire. This size is thick enough for the length of your connections and can handle enough wattage.
For car audio, what kind of wire is used?
A thinner conductor is used for car audio because it is more flexible and won’t make the car heavier. This makes it easy to put the speakers in the factory or aftermarket locations without damaging the other parts.
When adding an amplifier, you should usually use 16-gauge wire, and if your speakers are powered directly by the factory head unit, you should use 12-gauge wire.
Can I use speaker wire to connect a subwoofer?
Yes. You can use speaker wire to connect a subwoofer as long as it is at least as thick as the cable that goes from the amplifier to the speakers. If you use 16-gauge wire to connect your main system to your sub, you should also use 16-gauge wire for your sub.
What is the best wire to use to hook up speakers?
14-gauge wire is the best to use for speakers. At eight ohms, this can handle up to ten amps of power, which is great for most indoor uses.
How thick of a wire do I need to link two speakers?
If you want to connect two speakers in parallel, you should use 16-gauge wire. If you use 14-gauge wire, the sound might not be loud enough to hear well.
How thick of a wire do I need for a 1000-watt amplifier?
14-gauge wire should be used for a 1000-watt amplifier. This is thick enough for the length of your connections and can handle enough wattage.
With a 100-watt amplifier, what gauge of speaker wire should I use?
You should use a 12-gauge wire for a 100-watt amplifier. This is thick enough for the length of your connections and can handle the power from a smaller amplifier.
How thick of a wire do I need for a 15-watt amp?
Use 16-gauge speaker wire for an amplifier that puts out 15 watts. This will be strong enough to handle the power of your amplifier while still being thick enough that you can move it around without too much trouble.
If the speaker wire is too thin, what happens?
If your speaker wire is too thin, it might not be able to carry the power your system needs. This could damage your system’s parts. If the wiring is close to other cables or electrical sources, it can also make noises and hums.
Does it matter how long the speaker wire is?
Yes, it does matter how long your speaker wires are. The longer it is, the more resistance there will be. This means that less signal gets to where it needs to go because the power has to travel through more wire.
Can speaker wire change the bass?
Yes, the bass can be changed by the speaker wire. If your wires are too thin, they won’t be able to carry as much power to the speaker. This means that your bass response won’t be as good.
Does the thickness of the wire affect the sound?
Yes, a thicker wire can change the amount of power that gets to the speakers. The sound quality of your system will be better if the wire is thicker.
For a 5.1 surround sound system, what gauge wire do I need?
You should use a 16-gauge speaker cable for a 5.1 surround sound system. This can be used for both high-powered and low-powered receivers, but you shouldn’t run it very far because its thickness means that less current can flow through the wire at once.
Similar Questions Often Asked
For a 600-watt amp, what size wire do I need?
18-gauge is the best size for a 600-watt amplifier. This can handle the power of an amp and is thick enough that you can easily move it from place to place without making it harder to move.
How much power should speaker wire have per foot?
About two watts per foot should be enough for your speaker wire. If it has more than this, it might add too much resistance to your line, which could cause your signal to be lost or your parts to break.
For a 25-watt amp, what size wire do I need?
If your amplifier is 25 watts, you should use speaker wire with a gauge of 18. This can easily carry the power from your amp without being too thick to be used in most home audio situations.
For a 50-watt amp, what size wire do I need?
You should use 16-gauge wire for a 50-watt amplifier. This is thick enough to handle the length of your connections and can handle the power needed for most audio uses.
For a 250-watt amp, what size wire do I need?
16-gauge wire would work best for a 250-watt amplifier. This can easily carry all that power, and it’s still thick enough that it won’t slow down your connection too much.
As you can see, speaker wire gauge is very important, and you should choose the right one for your speaker. When we talk about length, it’s also important to remember that whether you install a subwoofer, 5 speakers, or a car audio system, it’s all up to you.
Lastly, please keep in mind that the gauge of speaker wire you choose will affect how far you can run the wires. | physics |
https://emdash.my/optical-system-in-measurement-of-water-turbidity-design-and-analytical-approach | 2023-06-09T00:24:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655244.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609000217-20230609030217-00032.warc.gz | 0.894393 | 200 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__116422285 | en | Optical System in Measurement of Water Turbidity: Design and Analytical Approach
|Size (L x W x H)||32 cm x 44 cm x 10 cm|
This monograph has been designed to promote an interesting and innovative application of optical fiber sensor for measuring water turbidity. Optical System in Measurement of Water Turbidity: Design and Analytical Approach presents the theoretical and practical aspects of optical physics particularly those related to the interaction between light and matter, an essential knowledge in the development of turbidity meter. The central focus of this monograph is the elaboration on the development of electronics sensory system for water turbidity measurement. This monograph serves to enhance the applicability of optical fiber sensor in metrological analysis by establishing its application in the field of environmental science. | physics |
https://www.blackbird-robotics.de/en/company/news-press/article/project-team-become-third-place-finalists-ialt-2022 | 2024-04-20T13:33:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817650.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420122043-20240420152043-00269.warc.gz | 0.947589 | 522 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__5109720 | en | Remote laser welding with scanners is widespread in the automotive industry, but due to the large scanning fields and highly dynamic directional changes of robots, it has for a long time not been possible to provide precise seam tracking and inspection for welded seams. This is why back in 2014 Blackbird introduced a coaxial, camera-based seam tracking system for on-the-fly laser welding. Since 2015, it has been working on implementing optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a universal tool for pre-, in- and post-process tasks in laser processing with galvanometer scanners. Now, finally, the joint development can prove its full potential.
Demanding laser processes in its sights
Through the unique combination of a main scan system with on-the-fly functionality, a separate OCT scanner with four axes and an OCT sensor, an intelligent tool with integrated process monitoring was created. The thirteen recorded axis positions are combined with the measured OCT distance values in order to spatially depict the OCT measured value. This means that the workpiece edge can be identified, the height profile of thelaser processed workpiece can be analyzed and control signals can be sent to the processing scanning head. Thanks to the development of an Open Interface Extension (OIE), all types of sensors can now also be synchronized with the scan system. The overall solution can be controlled via a joint user interface.
Martin Zeitler, Head of Technical Development at Blackbird, summarizes the results as follows: "The feedback from trial customers is amazing and stresses the need for a universal, high-performance process monitoring system for various laser processes. Typical application areas include remote laser welding such as safety-related joining applications in automotive production (doors and seat structures and other components of electric vehicles). Thanks to the Open Interface approach, in the future further scanner-based laser applications such as 3D printing can also benefit from the integration." Continuous monitoring is needed in the area of additive manufacturing, in which production times of up to several days or even weeks are experienced, in order to respond to possible errors in good time and to adapt process parameters accordingly.
After the unexpected break as a consequence of the coronavirus pandemic, on the evening of May 4th, the winners of the Innovation Award Laser Technology for 2020 and 2022 were revealed at the AKL Congress. The project team from Blackbird and SCANLAB achieved third place with their solution for 2022. The award was presented by AKL Arbeitskreis Lasertechnik e.V. and the ELI (European Laser Institute) after assessment by a jury of experts. | physics |
http://graphenelectronics.com/a-new-ink/ | 2019-06-20T04:50:56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999141.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620044948-20190620070948-00269.warc.gz | 0.933374 | 602 | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__5097086 | en | A new ink based on graphene has been used to print high-performance, transparent, thin-film transistors and interconnects. The ink was invented by researchers at the UK’s University of Cambridge, who say that the work could lead to better printed electronics, including flexible displays, solar cells and electronic paper.
Flexible electronics looks set to change the way we use technology in our everyday lives, with a wide range of devices already having been made. Inkjet printing is one of the best ways of making large amounts of plastic electronics, and a variety of components, such as transistors, photovoltaic devices, organic light-emitting diodes and displays, can be fabricated using this technique. Inkjet printing is also simple and only has a few processing steps.
The technique has been used to print thin-film transistors based on organic and semiconducting inks. However, these devices do not offer the same performance and reliability as standard silicon-based electronics.
Now, Andrea Ferrari and colleagues have taken an important step towards creating better devices. They have developed an ink based on graphene – sheets of carbon just one atom thick with unique electronic and mechanical properties. The ink is made by separating graphene flakes from pieces of graphite in a liquid. The process begins with treating graphite flakes in a sonic bath containing the solvent N-methylpyrrolidone for several hours. The flakes are then left to settle for a few minutes. Next, the team decants the dispersions and centrifuges the samples for an hour to filter out any flakes bigger than 1 µm across that might clog the printer nozzle.
The ink can then be used to print electronic devices such as thin-film transistors (TFTs) on a variety of substrates, including silicon dioxide and quartz. The first TFTs printed using this ink already seem to perform better than state-of-the-art inkjet-printed devices. The preliminary devices have electron mobilities of up to 95 cm2 V–1 s–1 for example. In comparison, inkjet-printed TFTs based on organic semiconducting polymers have mobilities ranging from just 0.01 to 0.5 cm2 V–1 s–1, but better on/off ratios of up to 105.
Compatible with existing technology
„Our technique is not new and the graphene ink produced should therefore be compatible with existing standard inkjet machines,“ says Ferrari. „This will hopefully allow the ink to be used in existing printed electronics.“
The researchers – who report their work on the arXiv preprint server – now plan to optimize the process parameters. „We shall also be making contact with the major players in the printed-electronics industry to try and implement the ink in useful devices,“ reveals Ferrari. http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/48087 | physics |
https://www.telesis.com/marking_systems/laser/UV_Laser_Marking_Systems/index.html | 2019-11-13T00:41:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665809.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112230002-20191113014002-00149.warc.gz | 0.946183 | 184 | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__67079506 | en | U Series UV Based Laser Markers
Our strong portfolio already boasts some of the most versatile and reliable systems in the industry, and with the addition of the ultra-compact UVC based laser marker, Telesis has gained flexibility and broadened the reach of applications that can be addressed. Telesis offers an industry leading 18 month warranty on the UVC along with a global support organization. The 355nm UV laser wavelength is versatile in marking a wide range of materials and perfect for "cold marking" applications where heat affected zones are not allowed - the UVC can mark plastics and silicone materials without the need of additives and can also mark glass with a reduced risk of microfracture. The excellent beam quality also affords this laser the ability to be utilized in micro marking applications such as electronics, circuit boards and microchips, in addition to solar panels and precise medical marking applications.
UVC Laser Marker | physics |
https://www.hydraquip.com/optimizing-equipment-with-torsion-control/ | 2024-04-24T19:13:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296819847.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424174709-20240424204709-00230.warc.gz | 0.89473 | 566 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__195794921 | en | With our expertise in power, motion and control, Hydraquip helps many clients to maximize efficiency and minimizing energy loss of equipment. One crucial aspect is the control of torsional vibrations, which can have a significant impact on the performance and lifespan of various hydraulic applications. Enter Torsion Control steel torsional couplings from our manufacturer partner, Torsion Control, a revolutionary solution designed to tackle these challenges head-on.
Understanding Torsional Vibrations:
Before delving into torsion control steel torsional couplings, it’s essential to grasp the concept of torsional vibrations. Torsion refers to the twisting or rotational motion that occurs when a torque is applied to an object. Uncontrolled torsional vibrations can lead to resonance, causing severe stress on components, increased wear and tear, and even failure of the system. Effective torsional control is vital to maintaining the stability, accuracy, and overall functionality of rotating machinery.
Torsion Control Steel Torsional Couplings:
Torsional couplings are mechanical devices that connect two shafts, allowing torque to be transmitted between them. Torsion Control steel torsional couplings are advanced coupling systems specifically designed to mitigate torsional vibrations, providing enhanced control, reliability, and performance. These couplings utilize the properties of high-strength steel to effectively dampen torsional vibrations and ensure smooth power transmission.
Torsional Damping: Torsion Control steel torsional couplings are engineered to provide excellent torsional damping characteristics. They effectively absorb and dissipate torsional vibrations, reducing stress on the system components and minimizing the risk of resonance and subsequent damage.
High Torque Capacity: These couplings have high torque capacity, enabling them to transmit substantial power while maintaining stability and control. They can accommodate large torque loads, making them suitable for a wide range of mobile and industrial applications.
Misalignment Compensation: Torsional couplings often operate in systems with shaft misalignments. Torsion Control steel torsional couplings can accommodate angular, parallel, and axial misalignments, ensuring efficient power transmission even in challenging conditions.
Robust Construction: The couplings are constructed using high-quality steel, known for durability and strength. This ensures that they can withstand harsh operating conditions, resist fatigue, and deliver long-lasting performance, reducing maintenance requirements and downtime.
Steel torsional couplings have emerged as an indispensable solution for managing torsional vibrations in rotating systems. By providing exceptional torsional damping, high torque capacity, and robust construction, these couplings enhance the reliability, efficiency, and performance of a large variety of applications. Hydraquip looks forward to partnering with you to improve your machinery. | physics |
http://www.ifaa-akustik.de/en/electroacoustics-rd/design/sirens/sirens.html | 2017-04-23T11:52:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118552.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00454-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.883632 | 182 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__123409306 | en | We develop sirens for a variety of applications, ranging from tiny piezo driven devices in smoke detectors to high performance alarm sirens for police cars, fire brigade, etc..
We support your development by inspecting samples of transducers and by helping you choose the optimal solution. The development of sound wave guiding geometries is supported by BEM simulation technique, in order to optimize the radiation pattern and the efficiency of the device. Furthermore while developing the design, efficiency measurements are carried out on prototype devices. If required, we also support the serial production with follow-up measurements and by analyzing occurring problems.
- Sampling of loudspeaker chassis, horn drivers, piezo transducers
- Development of optimized horns and waveguides
- Simulation of acoustical radiation
- ABS rapid prototyping
- Acoustical measurements on prototypes
- Serial measurements and analysis to support the large-volume production | physics |
https://en.foshannews.net/h/3652/20240301/693109.html | 2024-04-24T19:30:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296819847.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424174709-20240424204709-00207.warc.gz | 0.940476 | 535 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__90321536 | en | This aerial photo taken on April 22, 2023 shows LHAASO in Daocheng County, southwest China's Sichuan Province. (Xinhua/Jin Liwang)
Frontier fields such as life sciences, artificial intelligence, quantum science, astronomy and energy were celebrated Thursday when the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) released the country's top 10 science advances in 2023.
The use of AI models for enhanced precision in forecasting weather was highlighted by the annual list.
Huawei's Pangu model demonstrated high precision compared to traditional numerical prediction methods for forecasts, which could take anywhere from an hour to a week, and its prediction speed is 10,000 times faster.
Also among the advances was the precise energy spectrum for the highest-energy gamma-ray radiation from the brightest gamma-ray burst observed to date, captured by China's Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), a high-altitude cosmic ray observatory.
In life science, the list included how certain elements with viral origins in our genomes become awakened and contribute to the aging process; how DNA's unzipping machine works; how light suppresses blood sugar metabolism; the precise integration of large DNA sequences in plant genomes; as well as the discovery of a "tangible" biological clock in the brain and a key gene in a crop that might substantially improve yields from alkaline soil.
The advances also included the extension of the quantum information's storage time and the chemical reaction processes in lithium-sulfur batteries.
The NSFC is a major source of funding in China for basic research and frontier exploration. More than 2,100 experts, including over 430 Chinese academicians, voted on the results.
About 45 percent of researchers attached to the studies are aged less than 45, revealing that young scientists have become a driving force in China's basic research, according to the NSFC.
Some achievements were contributed by enterprises including Huawei and Qi-Biodesign Biotechnology, which reflected the increasingly important role that firms are playing in innovation.
In an interview with Xinhua, the NSFC announced new measures to extend funding for outstanding undergraduates to conduct pilot project basic research, and to offer long-term funding for excellent researchers with a maximum of nearly 30 million yuan (4.17 million U.S. dollars) over a 15-year period.
The foundation also vowed to establish a global fund for science projects between Chinese and overseas scientists, and support overseas scientists to work in China on a long-term basis, in a bid to build a platform for international cooperation in basic research. | physics |
http://ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/documents/022507050K15.01.htm | 2019-06-20T05:47:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999141.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620044948-20190620070948-00286.warc.gz | 0.849215 | 101 | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__126870439 | en | (225 ILCS 705/15.01)
(from Ch. 96 1/2, par. 1501)
Compressed air shall be conducted from surface compressors, except as provided in Section 15.11, to within a practical working distance
of the face by air lines. Said air lines when new and first installed,
shall be tested to withstand an approximate minimum pressure of 20,000
pounds per square inch.
(Source: Laws 1953, p. 701.) | physics |
https://yazdanilab.princeton.edu/highlights/evidence-universal-minimum-superfluid-response-field-tuned-disordered-superconducting | 2022-07-04T05:47:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104354651.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704050055-20220704080055-00108.warc.gz | 0.893663 | 256 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__126509145 | en | Our measurements of the ac conductivity of disordered thin films near the field-tuned superconductor-insulator transition show a sudden drop in the superfluid response with either increased temperature or with applied magnetic field. Surprisingly, this abrupt drop, seen in two different material systems, has the same universal value as that expected for a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (vortex-antivortex unbinding) transition in zero field, despite the presence of a net vorticity. What's more, we find that the characteristic temperature where the phase rigidity of superconducting order is suddenly lost can be tuned to zero at a critical magnetic field smaller than that measured using traditional electrical transport measurements, suggesting the possibility that there is an intermediate metallic phase which appears once phase coherence is suddenly lost in the field-tuned transition out of the superconducting state.
Published in Physical Review Letters, "Evidence for a universal minimum superfluid response in field-tuned disordered superconducting films," Shashank Misra, Lukas Urban, Minsoo Kim, Ganapathy Sambandamurthy and Ali Yazdani, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 037002 (2013). (Letter) | physics |
http://aiktclibrary.org/index.php/bds/item/312-book-display-richard-feynman.html | 2022-08-14T15:47:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00499.warc.gz | 0.941665 | 284 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__99848995 | en | About Richard Feynman:
Richard Feynman, in full Richard Phillips Feynman, (born May 11, 1918, New York, New York, U.S.—died February 15, 1988, Los Angeles, California), American theoretical physicist who was widely regarded as the most brilliant, influential, and iconoclastic figure in his field in the post-World War II era.
Feynman remade quantum electrodynamics—the theory of the interaction between light and matter—and thus altered the way science understands the nature of waves and particles. He was co-awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1965 for this work, which tied together in an experimentally perfect package all the varied phenomena at work in light, radio, electricity, and magnetism. The other co-winners of the Nobel Prize, Julian S. Schwinger of the United States and Tomonaga Shin’ichirō of Japan, had independently created equivalent theories, but it was Feynman’s that proved the most original and far-reaching. The problem-solving tools that he invented—including pictorial representations of particle interactions known as Feynman diagrams—permeated many areas of theoretical physics in the second half of the 20th century.
For more info visit: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Feynman | physics |
http://shivradiators.com/heating-calculator/ | 2021-08-01T23:32:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154277.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801221329-20210802011329-00140.warc.gz | 0.906054 | 106 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__59304076 | en | To help with choosing a radiator suitable for your room, the heating calculator below will predict the necessary heat output required to maintain a comfortable room temperature. This is calculated in BTU’s and Watts. These values can be used throughout the site to help short-list suitable products for you.
Please note: The calculations for heat loss, based on the information provided by you, are only for guidance and should not be considered 100% accurate. Shiv Radiators accepts no liability for any errors resulting from the estimates given. | physics |
https://thesuccessfulsociety.com/index.php/2023/10/26/massive-cosmic-explosion-creates-rare-elements-in-space/ | 2024-04-13T03:52:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816535.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413021024-20240413051024-00833.warc.gz | 0.939635 | 1,232 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__18514713 | en | The James Webb Space Telescope and other observatories witnessed a massive explosion in space that created rare chemical elements, some of which are necessary for life.
The explosion, which occurred on March 7, was the second brightest gamma-ray burst ever witnessed by telescopes in more than 50 years of observations, over one million times brighter than the entire Milky Way Galaxy combined. Gamma-ray bursts are short emissions of the most energetic form of light.
This particular burst, called GRB 230307A, was likely created when two neutron stars — the incredibly dense remnants of stars after a supernova — merged in a galaxy about one billion light-years away. In addition to releasing the gamma-ray burst, the merger created a kilonova, a rare explosion that occurs when a neutron star merges with another neutron star or a black hole, according to a study published Wednesday in the journal Nature.
“There are only a mere handful of known kilonovas, and this is the first time we have been able to look at the aftermath of a kilonova with the James Webb Space Telescope,” said lead study author Andrew Levan, astrophysics professor at Radboud University in the Netherlands. Levan was also part of the team that made the first detection of a kilonova in 2013.
In addition to Webb, NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite observed the burst and traced it back to the neutron star merger. Webb was also used to detect the chemical signature of tellurium within the aftermath of the explosion.
Tellurium, a rare metalloid, is used to tint glass and ceramics and has a role in the manufacturing process of rewritable CDs and DVDs, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. Astronomers expect that other elements close to tellurium on the periodic table, including iodine, which is necessary for much of life on Earth, is likely to be present in the material released by the kilonova.
“Just over 150 years since Dmitri Mendeleev wrote down the periodic table of elements, we are now finally in the position to start filling in those last blanks of understanding where everything was made, thanks to Webb,” Levan said.
Tracking stellar explosions
Astronomers have long believed that neutron star mergers are the celestial factories that create rare elements heavier than iron. But it’s been difficult to track down the evidence.
Kilonovae are rare events, which makes them difficult to observe. But astronomers look for short gamma-ray bursts, which only last about two seconds at the longest, as the telltale byproducts of the scarce events.
What was unusual about this burst is that it lasted for 200 seconds, making it a long gamma-ray burst. Such extended bursts are usually associated with supernovas created when massive stars explode.
“This burst is way into the long category. It’s not near the border. But it seems to be coming from a merging neutron star,” said study coauthor Eric Burns, assistant professor of physics and astronomy at Louisiana State University, in a statement.
Fermi initially detected the gamma-ray burst, and astronomers used ground- and space-based observatories to track the changes in brightness during the aftermath of the explosion in gamma-ray, X-ray, visible, infrared and radio waves of light. The quick changes in visible and infrared light suggested it was a kilonova.
“This type of explosion is very rapid, with the material in the explosion also expanding swiftly,” said study coauthor Om Sharan Salafia, a researcher at the National Institute for Astrophysics’ Brera Astronomical Observatory in Italy, in a statement. “As the whole cloud expands, the material cools off quickly and the peak of its light becomes visible in infrared, and becomes redder on timescales of days to weeks.”
The team also used Webb to trace the journey of the neutron stars before they exploded.
Once, they were two massive stars in a binary system that existed in a spiral galaxy. One of the pair exploded as a supernova, leaving behind a neutron star, and then the same thing happened to the other star. These explosive events launched the stars from their galaxy and they remained as a pair, traveling for 120,000 light-years before merging several hundred million years after being ejected from their home.
Finding cosmic elements
Astronomers have been trying to determine how chemical elements are created in the universe for decades.
Discovering more kilonovas in the future with sensitive telescopes like Webb and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, set to launch in 2027, could provide insights into which heavy elements are created and released by the rare explosions.
The researchers also want to find more mergers that create longer gamma-ray bursts to determine what drives them and whether there is any connection to the elements created in the process.
The violent life cycle of stars has distributed the elements found on the periodic table throughout the universe, including those necessary for life to form on Earth in the first place. The ability to study stellar explosions like kilonovas in recent years is enabling scientists to answer questions about the formation of chemical elements, allowing for a deeper understanding of how the universe has evolved over time.
“Webb provides a phenomenal boost and may find even heavier elements,” said study coauthor Ben Gompertz, assistant professor at the Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy and the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom, in a statement.
“As we get more frequent observations, the models will improve and the spectrum may evolve more in time,” Gompertz said. “Webb has certainly opened the door to do a lot more, and its abilities will be completely transformative for our understanding of the universe.” | physics |
https://ionbiotech.mx/ibal-components-hydrogen-cation/ | 2023-11-28T19:44:54 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099942.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128183116-20231128213116-00574.warc.gz | 0.921823 | 552 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__77491777 | en | The bare hydrogen ion (a proton) has an extremely high charge density (~2x1010 that of Na+), readily hydrates f and cannot exist freely in solution. Initial hydration forms the hydroxonium ion (H3O+) (commonly called the hydrogen ion and isolelectronic with ammonia, NH3).
It has been shown that H3O+ can donate three hydrogen bonds (but accepts almost none); the strength of these donated hydrogen bonds being over twice as strong as those between H2O molecules in bulk water. A recent study of lone pairs shows the hydronium ion as not possessing the expected lone pair as these electrons are spread out over the three protons and there is no minimum in the electrostatic potential in the expected place. This effectively means that the H3O+ cation can be considered as H9O4+ in solution.
Effects of hydrogen sulfide on mitochondria of lung in rats with ALI induced by lipopolysaccharide
It could be concluded that LPS induce mitochondrial structural damage and functional impairment in rats with ALI induced by LPS, and H2S have a beneficial effect against ALI induced by LPS with decreasing the mitochondrial lipid peroxidation level and protecting the cell structure and function, and the effect is correlated with the dosage.
H-Bond Acceptor Parameters for Anions
The results demonstrate the transferability of H-bond parameters for anions between different solvents and different HBD partners, allowing reliable prediction of anion recognition properties in other scenarios. Carboxylates are the strongest HBAs studied, with β parameters (≈ 15) that are significantly higher than those of neutral organic HBAs, and the non-coordinating anion hexafluorophosphate is the weakest acceptor, with a β parameter comparable to that of pyridine. The effects of ion pairing with the counter-cation were found to be negligible, provided small polar cations were avoided in the less polar solvent (chloroform).
Probing molecular interaction in ionic liquids by low frequency spectroscopy: Coulomb energy, hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces.
The total interaction between cations and anions is a result of a subtle balance between Coulomb forces, hydrogen bonds and dispersion forces. Low frequency spectroscopy can also be used for studying ion speciation. Low vibrational features can be assigned to contact ion pairs and solvent separated ion pairs.
Detailed knowledge of the low frequency spectra can be used to understand the change in interaction strength and structure by variation of temperature, solvent polarity and solvent concentration in ionic liquids and their mixtures with molecular solvents. | physics |
https://detcrc.com.au/2012/november-2012-press-release-underground-data-shuttle-will-cut-mineral-exploration-costs/ | 2021-12-04T07:40:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362952.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204063651-20211204093651-00117.warc.gz | 0.916031 | 737 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__22898335 | en | November 2012: Press Release: Underground Data Shuttle Will Cut Mineral Exploration Costs
A pioneering mineral exploration technology, which delivers real time information on rock formations while drilling a hole, is the latest world first for the South Australian-based Deep Exploration Technologies Cooperative Research Centre (DET CRC).
Known as the “autonomous shuttle”, the small sensor and data logger is pumped to the bottom of a drillhole where it protrudes beyond the diamond drill bit. The shuttle then measures the properties of the rocks surrounding the hole as the drill rods and bit are gradually retrieved.
The autonomous shuttle – designed, built and tested by researchers at Curtin University and Globaltech (a Perth-based company supplying and developing tools and technologies for efficient exploration drilling) – successfully recorded natural gamma radiation in a test hole, indicating that it could differentiate between rock types.
“This means we can cost effectively retrieve real-time data on the rock formations deep inside the earth,” DET CRC Chief Executive Professor Richard Hillis said.
“The natural gamma sensor used in the successful trial is the first of several sensors that will be deployed on the autonomous shuttle.
“With a suite of sensors, the shuttle could replace much drill core, saving time and analytical costs and permitting drilling techniques that are only half the cost of conventional diamond drilling, at a time when Australian mining is feeling the pinch of high costs and declining commodity prices.”
Professor Hillis said the technology was successfully tested at the DET CRC’s Brukunga Drilling Research and Training Facility, in the Adelaide Hills, where new technologies can be tested against a fully cored and logged reference hole. The facility opened last November and has already been the site of several successful field trials of new technologies.
Gordon Stewart of Globaltech, one of the key researchers on the project, said the conventional process of analysing core from drill holes was time-consuming and expensive.
“Mineral exploration holes are drilled to obtain information about the rocks at depth in the subsurface. Current methods require analysis of core or rock cuttings from the hole or they require the time and expense of mobilising a separate wireline crew to run sensors in the hole.
“Since it can be deployed by the drilling crew to obtain real-time information from a hole without the risk of the hole collapsing before it is analysed, the autonomous shuttle is a major international advance and offers significant cost savings.”
Professor Hillis said the shuttle’s full sensing capability would dramatically increase productivity by avoiding delays of weeks or sometimes months, when core is sent to laboratories for analysis.
“It will also enable cheaper existing drilling methods to replace diamond drilling and open the door for next generation drilling technologies such as downhole motors and coiled tubing drilling.”
Professor Hillis said the breakthrough was just one of several techniques being developed by DET CRC to obtain real-time information from drill holes and reduce the need to obtain drill core.
“The autonomous shuttle is one of many high tech products in DET CRC’s commercialisation pipeline and the manufacture of these products represents an opportunity for technologies developed for the mineral exploration sector to drive Australian manufacturing activity.
“It also reflects the value of collaboration between university and industry-based researchers driven and funded by the common goal of improving the productivity of mineral exploration.”
An animation demonstrating this technology can be viewed here.
08 8363 6811
0400 116 668 | physics |
https://www.vividvisionsoptometry.com/vtexercises/%F0%9F%9F%A0-brock-string---binocular-physiological-diplopia | 2024-03-04T15:17:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476452.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304133241-20240304163241-00365.warc.gz | 0.926004 | 213 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__64052099 | en | 1. Attach far end of string to wall or doorknob.
2. Position 3 beads about 40cm away from each other, with the closest one being 40cm away from your eyes.
3. Hold the string taut.
1. Look at the middle bead. You should see two strings as though one was coming from each eye.
2. Image formed by the left eye shows a string going through the bead at an angle to the right.
3. Image formed by the right eye shows a string going through the bead at an angle to the left.
4. When the brain puts both images together correctly, the two images seem to form an X on the string with the bead in the center.
5. Make sure you always see two strings when you focus on one of the beads.
6. If you see one string, blink your eyes, turn the room lights off and on or shake the string.
7. Train your brain to use both of your eyes and see both strings at all times. | physics |
https://zarase.com/product/fluke-62-max-infrared-thermometer-not-for-human-temp/ | 2022-10-04T04:11:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337473.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004023206-20221004053206-00540.warc.gz | 0.874037 | 367 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__232577603 | en | Fluke 62 MAX Infrared Thermometer – Small in size. Big on toughness: Everything you’d expect from the experts in measuring temperature in transformers, motors, pumps, panels, breakers, compressors, duct, steam lines, valves, and vents in hard-to-reach areas for repair and maintenance: IP54 rated for water and dust resistance, withstands a 9.8-foot drop Test, temperature range 62 Max 22 to 932 Max 22 to 1202, adjustable emissivity, high and low alarms.
- Note: This product is for industrial use only. It is not for human use
- Infrared thermometer for non-contact surface temperature measurement for use in monitoring electrical, mechanical, HVAC, and automotive systems
- Measures temperature from 30 to 500 degrees C (-22 to 932 degrees F) with an accuracy of or 1.5 degrees C or 1.5 percent of the reading from 0 to 500 degrees C
- 10:1 infrared distance to spot ratio with laser sighting for pinpointing the measurement area
- Displays the minimum, the maximum, the difference between the 2 temperatures, and the average temperatures
- Certified IP54 for protection against dust and splashing liquid
- Small and lightweight making it easy to clip to your tool belt or belt loop
- Precise laser technology makes for more accurate and repeatable measurements
- Large backlit display makes it easier to read data, even in dark areas
- Rugged built to last design that can withstand a 3-meter drop.
- Brand: Fluke
- Number Of Batteries: 1 AA battery required. (included)
- Style: 62 MAX
- Unit Count: 1.0 Count | physics |
http://www.bathroomgurureview.com/bathroom-remodeling/brrrrrrrrr-keeping-your-bathroom-warm-and-toasty.html | 2018-12-17T07:13:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828448.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217065106-20181217091106-00186.warc.gz | 0.940337 | 619 | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__257055427 | en | The Luxurious Feeling of Warm Floors
Keeping your bathroom well heated and ventilated should rank high on your list when creating good bathroom design. If you’re like the rest of us who live in moderately changing climate zones then read on my fellow Bathroom Gurus.
I live in Calgary, Alberta, Canada and we have some pretty cold winter days up here. There has been many times after taking a hot relaxing shower that I’m scared to get out of that luxurious steamy warmth and step out onto my cold bathroom floor.
I have temporarily solved this dilemma by turning up the house thermostat which makes the whole house a certifiable sauna to the chagrin of my other family members who don’t feel they should have to live in a sweat house.
This poses a problem because a comfortable living temperature for the average home is around seventy degrees Fahrenheit, whereas the ideal temperature for a bathroom is around eighty-six degrees Fahrenheit.
This is not only uncomfortable to the rest of your family but also financially uneconomical to maintain that high a temperature throughout your house. So what are the alternatives?
First of all let’s look at how heat works. Heat can be transferred through direct touch, through the air or through radiation which is the direct transfer of heat across a spatial area (an example being standing in the light of the sun).
And since heat moves from warm objects to cooler objects as long as you are surrounded by warmer objects than your body temperature then you will continue to feel warm.
Radiant Heating Systems are Best
The best solution is to install a radiant heating system in your bathroom because it heats the surfaces in your bathroom first and then the air indirectly as a by product.
So before you take a shower, run an electric wall heater or baseboard heater or even a radiant heat lamp at high temperature for a short period of time to create a radiant heat source that will warm all your bathroom surfaces.
The result being that when you step out of the shower all you will feel is the left over radiant warmth radiating from off all the surfaces throughout your bathroom to directly warm your body.
Some other alternatives for heating your bathroom would be to enlarge your heating duct opening to let more warm air into your bathroom. If that is not an option then you can bring in a portable heater as long as you can plug it into a safe electrical outlet and you may also want to consider where you are going to store it when it is not in use .
Underfloor heated floor tiles is another radiant heat alternative. Installing a water heater may also provide you with a heating solution. Some of these have tankless water heaters that can easily fit inside a small cabinet unit or vanity.
You can even install a towel heater rack, at least that way your towels will be toasty warm when you step out of the shower. Either way, it’s always best to consult with a professional to figure out what is the best type of heating system to meet all your bathroom needs. | physics |
https://www.an-wallis.co.uk/products/surge-protection-devices/equipotential-bonding/wsptec | 2022-08-11T08:41:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00369.warc.gz | 0.861212 | 162 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__198994773 | en | The WSPTEC is designed for the equipotential bonding of earthing systems that cannot be directly connected under normal conditions. During normal operation the device is effectively open circuit, maintaining isolation between the two earth systems. During fault conditions that generate a large enough potential between the two earth systems, the device switches to a short circuit condition, connecting the two for the duration of the fault before automatically re-setting to an open circuit state.
Features and Benefits:
|Rated DC Sparkover Voltage at 100V/s||Tolerance||Impulse Sparkover Voltage at 1000V/μs||Arc Voltage at 1A||Insulation Resistance at 250 Vdc||Capacitance at 1MHz||Impulse Discharge Current||Part Number|
Tested: BS EN 61643-21 | physics |
https://www.oflikeminds.com/sites/dating/hinge/are-hinges-a-type-of-wheel | 2024-02-22T20:50:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00769.warc.gz | 0.963407 | 979 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__93988719 | en | Hinges and wheels are both essential components in the mechanics of many objects we use every day. While they may seem vastly different, they share some similarities that may surprise you. In this article, we will explore whether hinges can be considered a type of wheel, and how this understanding can be useful in everyday life. So, if you’re curious to learn more about the connections between these two mechanisms, keep reading!
Are Hinges a Type of Wheel?
When it comes to mechanical objects, there are a lot of components that serve similar functions but have distinct differences. Two such components are hinges and wheels. Hinges are used to connect two objects and allow them to pivot, while wheels are used to provide movement and reduce friction. However, some people wonder if hinges can be considered a type of wheel. In this article, we will explore this topic in depth and provide a definitive answer.
What Are Hinges?
Hinges are mechanical components that are used to connect two objects and allow them to pivot. They are typically made up of two plates, one of which is attached to each object, and a pin that connects the plates. When the pin is inserted, the two objects are able to move relative to each other around the axis of the pin. Hinges are commonly used in doors, cabinets, and other objects that require movement around a fixed point.
What Are Wheels?
Wheels are mechanical components that are used to provide movement and reduce friction. They are typically circular in shape and rotate around an axis. Wheels are commonly used in vehicles, machinery, and other objects that require movement over a surface. The rotation of the wheel reduces friction and allows the object to move more easily.
What Are the Differences Between Hinges and Wheels?
While hinges and wheels may seem similar at first glance, there are several key differences between the two components. The most obvious difference is their function. Hinges are used to connect two objects and allow them to pivot, while wheels are used to provide movement and reduce friction.
Another difference between hinges and wheels is their shape. Hinges are typically made up of two plates that are connected by a pin. The plates are flat and do not have any curved surfaces. Wheels, on the other hand, are typically circular in shape and have a curved surface that is designed to reduce friction.
Hinges and wheels also differ in their size and weight. Hinges are typically small and lightweight, while wheels can be quite large and heavy. This is because wheels need to be able to support the weight of the object they are attached to, while hinges only need to support the weight of the two objects they are connecting.
Can Hinges Be Considered a Type of Wheel?
While hinges and wheels have distinct differences, some people wonder if hinges can be considered a type of wheel. The answer to this question is no. Hinges and wheels serve different functions and have different shapes, sizes, and weights. While both components provide movement, they do so in different ways.
It is important to note that hinges and wheels are both important components in mechanical objects. Without hinges, doors and cabinets would not be able to pivot, and without wheels, vehicles and machinery would not be able to move as easily. While they may not be interchangeable, they are both essential in their respective applications.
In conclusion, hinges and wheels are two distinct mechanical components that serve different functions. Hinges are used to connect two objects and allow them to pivot, while wheels are used to provide movement and reduce friction. While they may seem similar at first glance, their differences in shape, size, and weight make them unique components. While hinges cannot be considered a type of wheel, both components are essential in their respective applications.
Frequently Asked Questions
### Are hinges a type of wheel?
No, hinges are not a type of wheel. Hinges are a type of hardware used to connect two objects and allow them to pivot or rotate relative to each other. Wheels, on the other hand, are circular components that rotate on an axle and are used to facilitate movement or transportation.
### What are the different types of hinges?
There are many different types of hinges, including butt hinges, continuous hinges, piano hinges, strap hinges, T-hinges, and barrel hinges. Butt hinges are the most common type of hinge and are typically used on doors and cabinets. Continuous hinges are long, narrow hinges that run the entire length of a door or lid. Piano hinges are similar to continuous hinges but are usually shorter and wider. Strap hinges are decorative hinges that are commonly used on gates and barn doors. T-hinges are heavy-duty hinges that are often used on gates and shed doors. Barrel hinges are small, cylindrical hinges that are commonly used on jewelry boxes and small cabinets. | physics |
https://gun-videos.com/2017/04/07/how-to-zero-your-rifle-25-meter-vs-50-meter-ar-rifle-tactical-rifleman/ | 2023-06-05T17:34:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652149.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605153700-20230605183700-00046.warc.gz | 0.925208 | 1,014 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__49071184 | en | How to Zero your Rifle | 25 meter vs 50 meter | AR Rifle | Tactical Rifleman
Following military doctrine, the M-16/M-4 family of combat rifles are supposed to be zeroed on a 25 meter range. Most civilian AR rifles also come with directions in the owner’s manuals to zero their iron sights at 25 meters. Why do we do this? Well, because that is what our drill sergeants have been teaching us to do for the last 30+ years.
Without getting into a 20,000 word discussion that would lose half our viewers, I’ll try to keep this simple. Purpose of the “25 meter zero” is to match the “300 meter zero” on the weapon. Why 300? That distance was chosen as an optimal distance for combat shooting with an M-16. Max effective range for the Army is 460 meters. Marines train out past that.
So, to hit a 300 meter target, you have to elevate the front of the gun above the target to allow gravity to drag the bullet back down into the target at 300 meters. How high do we elevate the front? We elevate the front of the rifle enough so that the bullet actually crosses the line-of-sight at 25 meters. So, if you are hitting the bull’s eye at 300 meters, you will also be hitting the bull’s eye at 25 meters.
So, the military reverse engineered this, and if you zero at 25 meters, you should technically also be zeroed at 300 meters. Using this method saves the military a lot of time walking back and forth checking targets and only requires a 25 meter range as opposed to needing a 300 meter range. Did you know most Air Force bases only have a 25 meter range? Now think about a Forward Operating Base on a mountain in Afghanistan; do you think they have room inside the wire for a 300 meter range? Nope. So, it makes sense. There are dozens of other reasons for using this method of zeroing, but I don’t have time for them here.
With a 25/300m zero, you can just hold on target out to 300 meters, and then dial up the rear sight 4/5/6 to match the distance out to 600 meters. Works great, in theory, if you are shooting at the middle of a 40 inch tall plastic target. I say that because, at around 175 meters, the bullet is a foot over the point of aim. Again, fine for shooting at the center of a 40 inch tall target.
However, how about when you are shooting at a Skinny who is poking his head and AK-47 over a wall at 175 meters? Your target is now only 10 inches tall and your 300 meter zero has your bullet flying 12 inches high. You miss.
This is why many units are switching to a 50 meter zero, when they know they are going to be engaging targets within 250 meters. If you elevate the front of the gun to hit at 200 meters, you are not raising it as much as you did to hit at 300 meters. Therefore, it no longer crosses your line-of-sight at 25 meters, but further down at 50 meters. As a 25 meter zero matches the 300 meter; likewise, the 50 meter zero matches the 200 meter mark.
Since we are not elevating the front of the gun as much, we no longer shoot high 12 inches at 175 meters. As a matter of fact, the biggest reason to use a 50 meter zero is that your bullet will not rise more than 5 inches all the way out to 200 meters. It also won’t fall but 5 inches from 200 out to 220 meters. So, from 10 to 220 meters, you can just hold center of his head and you’ll hit the target. Many find this more useful than a 25 meter zero.
With Pros come Cons. The downside of a 50 meter zero, is that the rear elevation knob (calibrated for 3,4,5,6oo meters with a 25 meter zero) is no longer calibrated. It still works but understand that setting it on “400” will no longer hit a 400 meter target. You’ll have to use the “5” to hit a 400 meter target (roughly).
Still, as Phil explains in the video, there is still merit for choosing a 50 meter zero versus a 25 meter zero. So, educate yourself and then make the correct choice for your individual situation and mission. Remember, knowledge is still the best weapon. Strength & Honor, TR.
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For more go to http://www.tacticalrifleman.com/ and Follow me on Twitter-http://bit.ly/TACrman | physics |
https://eyesurgmi.com/artemis-i-is-nasas-moonshot-mission-to-kickstart-a-new-age-of-space-exploration-techcrunch.html | 2023-01-29T21:49:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499768.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129211612-20230130001612-00784.warc.gz | 0.945028 | 953 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__96946370 | en | Fifty-3 yrs soon after human beings first walked on the moon, NASA is kicking off its formidable Artemis application to return us there, starting up with an uncrewed launch of a massive new rocket on Monday.
The Artemis I mission scheduled Monday morning will see the to start with flight of the Room Launch Procedure (SLS) rocket and the 2nd flight of the Orion capsule. It’s been a prolonged highway to the launch pad.
SLS’s origin tale stretches all the way back again to 2010, when Congress directed NASA to establish a rocket as a follow-on to the room shuttle. If the rocket’s look appears familiar — especially the two solid boosters that flank the central liquid hydrogen tank — that is since it borrows substantially of its technologies from the shuttle. But even with the emergence of personal start businesses like SpaceX, which has perfected the artwork of rocket reusability, NASA, Congress and the defense contractors they employed persisted in creating SLS.
Throughout, the challenge has been mired in price tag overruns and complex delays. In total, SLS has price tag much more than $20 billion — and simply because no aspect of the rocket is reusable, the charges associated with the undertaking are far from in excess of.
Nonetheless, Monday’s launch continue to marks the starting of what could be the most intensive, expansive period of human area exploration still. If all goes to plan, humans could check out reaches of the moon that have never ever been touched in advance of. We could be moving into a time period where the moon is not just a gorgeous, glowing orb in the sky, but a sturdy exploration station like Antartica, or a way station to other areas of the solar technique, to Mars and further than.
The principal objective of the mission is to take a look at Orion and its critical parts, like the heat protect on reentry into Earth’s atmosphere and the communications programs, right before the capsule sooner or later carries humans later on this decade. To get a greater sense of how human beings may possibly fare in the capsule, NASA mounted a model within of it. The model, dubbed Moonikin Campos immediately after an Apollo 13-period electrical engineer Arturo Campus, will be outfitted with sensors to measure radiation, as effectively as “vibrations and accelerations” that individuals will working experience, NASA mentioned.
Orion will attain its initial orbit a lot less than 9 minutes immediately after choose-off. The capsule will independent from the main stage close to two several hours following start, whereupon the stage will sign up for the stable rocket boosters in splashing again down to the ocean (no portion of SLS is reusable). More than the training course of its four to 6 7 days mission, Orion will vacation 280,000 miles from Earth, creating a handful of close flyby’s of the moon just before splashing down in California coastal waters on Oct 10. It’s the farthest a spacecraft rated for human use has ever traveled, according to NASA. The Artemis I mission will also deposit 10 CubeSats to orbit, each individual with distinct scientific and technological targets.
What comes up coming
The two-hour launch window opens Monday at 8:33 AM ET. It’s the initial of a handful of possibilities to ship the 322-foot-tall rocket and capsule to area. If NASA does not start the rocket within Monday’s two-hour window, it will have a different opportunity on September 2, and a different on September 5. If a launch does not arise on any of these three days, the rocket will have to be rolled again to VAB and vital exams — which include the all-significant Flight Termination Procedure, the sequence of parts that guarantee the rocket can be safely and securely wrecked after launch if required — will have to have to be re-accomplished.
The upcoming launch window would start out September 20 till October 4, with yet yet another chance from Oct 17 to October 31.
Just after this mission, NASA is aiming to launch Artemis II in 2024. That mission would be crewed. It would be adopted by Artemis III in the center of the ten years, which would see a girl and a man or woman of colour wander on the moon. For this remaining mission, a SpaceX Starship car would carry astronauts the ultimate leg from lunar orbit down to the floor, portion of a $2.9 billion deal the business received in April of final calendar year.
NASA will be livestreaming the start from its YouTube channel. The movie will start at 6:30 AM EST Monday. | physics |
https://citizenside.com/technology/what-is-the-charge-in-units-of-the-electronic-charge-of-neutron/ | 2023-12-06T16:54:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100602.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206162528-20231206192528-00225.warc.gz | 0.923506 | 3,220 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__224298070 | en | What is a neutron?
A neutron is a subatomic particle that plays a crucial role in the structure and behavior of atoms. It is one of the three fundamental particles that make up an atom, along with protons and electrons. Discovered by James Chadwick in 1932, neutrons are electrically neutral, meaning they have no net charge. This is in contrast to protons, which have a positive charge, and electrons, which have a negative charge.
Neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom, tightly bound with protons. They have a mass similar to protons and are approximately 1.675×10^-27 kilograms. Since they have no charge, neutrons do not interact directly with electric fields. Instead, they primarily interact with other particles through the strong nuclear force, which is responsible for holding the nucleus together.
The presence of neutrons in an atomic nucleus determines the stability and properties of an atom. Elements with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. For example, hydrogen-1 has a single proton and no neutrons, while hydrogen-2 (deuterium) has a neutron in addition to the proton.
Neutrons also play a vital role in nuclear reactions. They are involved in processes such as nuclear fission and fusion, which release tremendous amounts of energy. The ability to control and harness this energy has significant implications in fields like power generation and weapons technology.
Understanding the behavior and characteristics of neutrons is crucial in various scientific and technological applications. Scientists use specialized instruments, such as particle accelerators and nuclear reactors, to study the properties of neutrons in detail.
The charge of a neutron
Unlike protons and electrons, which carry positive and negative charges respectively, neutrons have no electric charge. They are electrically neutral, meaning they do not possess a net charge. This characteristic makes them distinct from the other two fundamental particles found in an atom.
The absence of charge in neutrons can be attributed to their composition. Neutrons are formed by the combination of three quarks: two down quarks and one up quark. The up quark carries a charge of +2/3, while the down quark carries a charge of -1/3. When these three quarks come together, their charges cancel out, resulting in a neutron with no overall charge.
It is important to note that while neutrons do not possess an electric charge, they still interact with electrically charged particles due to their strong nuclear force. This force is responsible for binding protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus, overcoming the repulsive electric forces between protons.
The charge neutrality of neutrons has significant implications in various scientific fields. For example, in chemistry, the presence of neutrons in isotopes of an element affects its atomic mass and stability. Isotopes with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons have slightly varied chemical properties due to their different masses.
In particle physics, the understanding of neutron charge neutrality is crucial for explaining the behavior of subatomic particles. It is also essential in the context of the strong nuclear force, which binds quarks within protons and neutrons.
The lack of charge in neutrons makes them useful in certain applications. For instance, in neutron imaging, the neutral nature of neutrons allows them to penetrate materials without being influenced by electromagnetic forces. This makes them valuable for studying the internal structures of objects in fields such as materials science, archaeology, and medicine.
The electronic charge
The electronic charge, commonly denoted as “e,” is a fundamental physical constant that represents the charge carried by a single electron or proton. It is one of the most important quantities in electric and electromagnetic phenomena and has a value of approximately 1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs.
The concept of the electronic charge was first introduced by physicist Robert Millikan in his famous oil drop experiment in 1909, where he accurately measured the charge of an electron. This groundbreaking experiment played a crucial role in determining the value of the electronic charge and further solidified the understanding of the fundamental nature of charges in atoms.
The electronic charge is a fundamental property of electrons and protons, and it determines their behavior in electric and magnetic fields. Electrons, being negatively charged, are repelled by other electrons but attracted to positive charges, such as protons. This attraction and repulsion give rise to the forces that govern interactions between matter and create electric currents, allowing the flow of electricity.
The electronic charge has a significant impact on various aspects of our modern world. It is integral to the field of electronics, where the manipulation and control of electric charges drive the operation of devices such as computers, smartphones, and televisions. Understanding the behavior of the electronic charge has led to the development of semiconductor technology and the advancement of integrated circuits.
Furthermore, the electronic charge plays a crucial role in electromagnetism, which combines the study of electric and magnetic fields. The interaction between charged particles and magnetic fields is governed by the Lorentz force, which relates the motion of charged particles to the strength of the magnetic field and their velocity.
The electronic charge also has significant implications in fields such as atomic and nuclear physics. It contributes to the structure of atoms, the bonding between atoms in molecules, and the behavior of particles in particle accelerators and nuclear reactions.
Charge in units of the electronic charge
To quantify the charge of particles and understand their interactions, scientists often use a unit called the elementary charge or the charge of an electron. This unit, represented by “e,” is the magnitude of the charge carried by a single electron or proton. The value of the elementary charge is approximately 1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs.
Expressing charges in units of the electronic charge provides a standardized way to compare and measure the charges of different particles. For example, a proton has a charge of +e, while an electron has a charge of -e. This allows us to describe the charges of other particles relative to the electron or proton charge.
In some cases, charges are expressed as multiples or fractions of the elementary charge. For instance, the charge of a neutron is often described as zero, as it has no net charge. However, in terms of the elementary charge, the charge of a neutron is considered to be 0e, indicating its neutrality in terms of electric charge.
The concept of charge in units of the electronic charge is particularly useful in particle physics and quantum mechanics. It allows for precise measurements of the charges of subatomic particles and provides a foundation for understanding their behavior in various physical processes.
Understanding charge in units of the electronic charge also enables scientists to describe the conservation of charge in fundamental interactions. In nature, charge is always conserved, meaning that the total charge of an isolated system remains constant over time. This conservation law has been experimentally verified and is a fundamental principle in physics.
Additionally, expressing charge in units of the electronic charge simplifies mathematical calculations and facilitates the analysis of complex physical phenomena. By standardizing the way charges are quantified, scientists can establish relationships between different particles, determine the effects of electric and magnetic fields, and study the behavior of particles within atomic and subatomic systems.
Measuring the charge of a neutron
Measuring the charge of a neutron presents a unique challenge since neutrons are electrically neutral and do not possess a net charge. However, scientists have devised ingenious methods to indirectly determine the charge of a neutron and gain insights into its properties.
One approach to measuring the charge of a neutron is by studying its interaction with other charged particles. By observing how a neutron scatters off atomic nuclei or electrons, scientists can infer information about its charge distribution. These scattering experiments provide valuable data that can be analyzed to estimate the neutron charge radius.
Another method involves analyzing the behavior of neutrons in magnetic fields. Neutrons possess an intrinsic property called magnetic moment, which arises from their spin. When placed in a magnetic field, neutrons respond to the field in a specific manner, allowing scientists to extract information about their charge distribution.
Research conducted at facilities such as particle accelerators and nuclear reactors plays a significant role in furthering our understanding of the charge properties of neutrons. For example, at high-energy particle colliders, scientists can study neutron interactions in highly controlled environments and collect data necessary for charge measurements.
The most precise measurements of the charge of a neutron have been done through experiments involving neutron beta decay. In this process, a neutron transforms into a proton, an electron, and an electron antineutrino. By studying the properties of the emitted electron and the recoil of the proton, researchers can deduce information about the charge of the neutron.
It is worth noting that while these methods provide useful insights, the precise value of the neutron’s charge remains uncertain. The most recent experimental measurements suggest that the charge of a neutron is less than 10^(-21) times the magnitude of an electron charge, effectively indicating its neutrality at macroscopic scales.
Advancements in experimental techniques and theoretical models continue to refine our understanding of the charge properties of neutrons. Further research in this area can lead to new discoveries and applications in various fields, including particle physics, nuclear energy, and materials science.
The Bohr magneton
The Bohr magneton, symbolized by the Greek letter μB, is a fundamental constant in quantum mechanics that characterizes the magnetic moment of an electron due to its orbital motion around the nucleus. It was named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr, who made significant contributions to our understanding of atomic structure.
The Bohr magneton is defined as the ratio between the magnetic moment of an electron and its angular momentum. It has a value of approximately 9.274 x 10^-24 joule per tesla.
The concept of the Bohr magneton plays a crucial role in explaining the behavior of electrons in atoms and their interactions with external magnetic fields. In atoms with multiple electrons, the total magnetic moment of the system can be determined by summing the contributions of each individual electron’s magnetic moment.
One important application of the Bohr magneton is in the explanation of the Zeeman effect. When an atom is subjected to an external magnetic field, the energy levels of electrons within the atom split into several distinct levels. This splitting, known as the Zeeman splitting, is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field and can be quantitatively described using the Bohr magneton.
The Bohr magneton also has significance in the field of solid-state physics. In materials with unpaired electrons, such as paramagnetic substances, the behavior of the magnetic moments of individual electrons can be described by the Bohr magneton. This understanding has practical applications in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology and magnetic storage devices.
Additionally, the Bohr magneton has connections to the more comprehensive concept of the electron spin. When considering the combined effects of orbital motion and intrinsic spin, the total magnetic moment of an electron can be obtained using the gyromagnetic ratio, which incorporates the Bohr magneton.
Overall, the Bohr magneton provides a quantifiable measure of the magnetic properties of electrons in atoms and offers a basis for understanding the behavior of electrons in magnetic fields. Its use extends across various branches of physics, including atomic physics, solid-state physics, and quantum mechanics, contributing to a deeper understanding of the fundamental principles that govern the behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic level.
Applications of understanding the charge of a neutron
Understanding the charge properties of neutrons has significant implications in various scientific and technological applications. Here are a few examples where knowledge of the charge of a neutron plays a crucial role:
1. Nuclear power: Neutrons are essential in nuclear power generation. In a nuclear reactor, neutrons initiate a chain reaction by colliding with atomic nuclei, resulting in the release of energy. The understanding of neutron behavior and their interaction with other atomic particles is crucial for safe and efficient nuclear power production.
2. Radiography and imaging: Neutron radiography and imaging techniques provide a unique way to study the interior structure of objects without damaging them. Because neutrons have no electric charge, they can easily penetrate materials without significant deflection or absorption. This property makes them valuable for applications in fields such as materials science, archaeology, and medicine.
3. Neutron scattering: Neutron scattering techniques are widely used to study the structure and dynamics of materials at the atomic and molecular level. By bombarding samples with neutrons and analyzing the scattered patterns, scientists can obtain valuable information about the arrangement of atoms, magnetic properties, and other important characteristics of materials.
4. Particle physics research: The study of neutrons and their charge properties plays a significant role in particle physics research. Neutrons are used as probes to investigate the behavior of other subatomic particles and to test theories and models of fundamental physics. Precise understanding of neutron charge neutrality is vital for the proper interpretation of experimental results and the development of new theories.
5. Neutron activation analysis: Neutron activation analysis is a powerful technique used in forensic science, archaeology, and environmental studies. By bombarding samples with neutrons, certain elements can be made radioactive. The resulting emissions can then be analyzed to identify and quantify the presence of specific elements, providing valuable information for various applications.
6. Neutron therapy in cancer treatment: Neutrons are used in certain cancer treatment techniques, known as neutron therapy or neutron capture therapy. Some tumor cells are more sensitive to radiation with high linear energy transfer, which neutrons can provide. Understanding the charge properties and interactions of neutrons is essential for optimizing this treatment approach and minimizing damage to healthy tissues.
These are just a few examples of the diverse applications of understanding the charge properties of neutrons. The continuing research and development in this field hold the potential for further advancements and discoveries in various scientific and technological domains.
Neutrons, as electrically neutral subatomic particles, play a fundamental role in the structure and behavior of atoms. They are one of the three fundamental particles that make up an atom, along with protons and electrons. Neutrons have no net charge and primarily interact through the strong nuclear force.
Understanding the charge of a neutron is essential for various scientific and technological applications. The electronic charge, represented by the elementary charge, is a fundamental constant that quantifies the charge carried by electrons and protons. Expressing charges in units of the electronic charge provides a standardized way of comparing and measuring different particles’ charges.
The Bohr magneton is another important concept related to charge properties. It characterizes the magnetic moment of an electron due to its orbital motion around the nucleus. The Bohr magneton has applications in explaining the Zeeman effect, describing magnetic behavior in solid-state physics, and understanding electron spin.
Measuring the charge of a neutron is a challenging task but has been approached through scattering experiments, studying neutron behavior in magnetic fields, and analyzing neutron beta decay. These measurements contribute to our understanding of the charge properties of neutrons and their interactions with other particles.
The applications of understanding neutron charge properties are wide-ranging. They include nuclear power generation, neutron radiography and imaging, neutron scattering, particle physics research, neutron activation analysis, and neutron therapy in cancer treatment. These applications rely on a detailed understanding of the charge characteristics of neutrons to advance scientific understanding, improve technologies, and contribute to various fields of study.
Overall, the study of neutron charge properties and their applications continues to drive scientific progress and technological advancements in fields such as energy, materials science, medical imaging, and fundamental physics. | physics |
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