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https://histologyguide.org/slideview/MHS-283-brain/06-slide-1.html?x=0&y=0&z=-1&page=1 | 2021-04-17T00:14:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038092961.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416221552-20210417011552-00515.warc.gz | 0.921959 | 122 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__191160855 | en | Sagittal view of the rat brain stained with cresyl violet. Cresyl violet is a basic dye that binds nucleic acids and preferentially stains RNA.
Nissl (i.e., chromophil) substance in the form of granules is found in some cell bodies and dendrites of neurons, but is absent from axons. These granules are of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) or rosettes of free ribosomes.
Cresyl violet also stains nuclei of both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. | chemistry |
https://www.moffittsfarm.com.au/2016/05/16/phosphorus-for-pastures/ | 2024-02-22T03:44:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473690.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222030017-20240222060017-00305.warc.gz | 0.933833 | 5,453 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__74394779 | en | A complex story gradually unfolding
Comment by Patrick Francis
The phosphorus (P) chemistry interactions with, soil type, soil food web, soil pH, plant species, soil carbon, soil nutrient budget, pasture growth, paddock livestock carrying capacity, variable rainfall and ecosystem functions, has become an investigative topic for me. I am continually challenged by how conventional agricultural science has simplified phosphorus fertiliser applications for maintaining or increasing plant production in an incredibly complex soil medium where interactions are only partly understood.
My wonder about the topic constantly returns to how natural grassland ecosystems have been able to regenerate themselves for millennium without phosphorus inputs. Even with the introduction of livestock farming most native grasslands across Australia’s pastoral zone continue to remain productive without fertiliser inputs. Even more fascinating is how grazing ecosystems abused by excessive stocking rate and declining soil phosphorus levels respond to rest and above average rainfall. Agricultural science theory about phosphorous capital and maintenance requirements seem to fly out the door in good rainfall years.
Roadsides colonized by introduced species and regularly mown for fire prevention are testimony to this.
Why is it so?
I don’t know but the more scientific papers I read on the subject highlights how little agricultural science knows about phosphorus, or maybe it has a propensity to simplify discussion by recommending rule of thumb applications. Similarly the ideologues who advocate natural farming are guessing about input effects and outcomes. With both groups trials and experience provide a level of comfort about outcomes across various phosphorus measures which in many circumstances have become standard practice. But that’s the problem, rather than allowing nature to express itself, standard practices become mandatory.
A recent article “Phosphorus best management practice” by the International Plant Nutrition Institute encapsulated what I mean. It stated:
What happens to P fertiliser?
• Most of Australia’s cropping soils have a long history of P application, but only a small proportion of this P is available to the current crop.
• When P is applied to soil up to 70% will be precipitated or adsorbed by the soil into forms that are unavailable to the current crop.
• The crop will access some P from the fertiliser as well as from slowly available pools built up over time.
• The problem is that it is very difficult for plants to access P that is locked up in the ‘soil bank’, this is particularly true on soils with a high phosphorus buffering index (PBI). For this reason, in most cases annual applications of P at sowing are needed to meet the crop requirements.
• Where P application has built up a large P bank, a stable response can be obtained with the use of maintenance P dressings – where P input as fertiliser balances P removal in grain.
The same thinking is used by agricultural scientists for pasture phosphorus recommendations particularly when sub clover is a significant proportion of paddock herbage.
The article included a figure to illustrate the problem farmers face with phosphorus fertiliser use, figure 1. The problem I have with this figure is that I makes general assumptions about what happen to P in soil and does not account for the what variation in soils and interactions that take place between plants and microorganisms in the rhizosphere (the area surround roots). Nor does it take any account of soil organic matter content. While the principle of nutrient budgeting is important to implement, in contrast to cropped paddocks, far less nutrient is being exported in pasture paddocks each year. So farmers who use the rule of thumb of applying maintenance P each year, are likely to developing a large soil P pool which is unnecessary for optimum pasture growth and may be contributing to P pollution in water ways.
Figure 1: A simplistic representation of what happens to phosphorus fertiliser.
So how accurate is this depiction particularly in grasslands where there are so many interactions taking place between all the factors outlined in the first paragraph? Of particular interest to me is the 75% of applied P which is considered to have “low availability” and “very low availability”. Is this a perceived concept which satisfies our lack of knowledge outside of crop monocultures or high simplified pastures, and our desire to provide farmers with a simple answer to a complex issue?
My reading of the scientific literature emerging over the last five years suggests the latter might be the case.
What follows are precis of research papers associated with phosphorus that suggest different approaches need to be taken with P fertiliser recommendations. The simple approach associated with capital and maintenance applications seems to be losing its relevance for profitable and environmentally responsible multi-plant species pasture based livestock production. The fact that some of the papers refer to crop nutrition does not negate their relevance to pasture farming systems. What happens across crop species is likely to be relevant across pasture species but with two important differences – moderate to high plant species diversity In pastures versus crop monocultures, and higher soil organic matter levels in pastures compared with crops, particularly those cropping soils with a long ploughing history.
A novel biologically-based approach to evaluating soil phosphorus availability across complex landscapes.
By Thomas H. DeLuca et al, Soil Biology & Biochemistry 88 (2015) 110e119.
Plants employ a range of strategies to increase phosphorus (P) availability in soil. Current soil P extraction methods (e.g. Olsen P), however, often fail to capture the potential importance of rhizosphere (the area surrounding plant roots which supports soil biota) processes in supplying P to the plant.
In response to this, the scientists tried a novel procedure using a suite of established extraction methods to explore the concept of a protocol that characterizes P pools available via plant and microbial P acquisition mechanisms.
The biologically based P (BBP) extraction was conducted by using four extractions in parallel. To test the protocol, they conducted the analyses on a total of 204 soil samples collected as part of a UK national ecosystem survey (Countryside Survey) in 1998 and repeated again in 2007. The samples were taken across a range of ecological sites including fertile pastures, infertile pastures, retired crop paddocks and woodlands.
In the survey, Olsen P showed a net decline in national soil P levels during this 10 year period. In agreement with these results, soluble P, citrate extractable P and mineral occluded P were all found to decrease over the 10 year study period. In contrast, enzyme extractable organic P increased over the same period likely due to the accumulation of organic P in the mineral soil. The method illustrates anoted shift in P pools over the 10 year period, but no net loss of P from the system.
This is an extraordinary statement as it is contradicts much of the agricultural science advice which suggests a steady decline in plant available P takes place each year.
The authors contend the observed decrease in inorganic P over a 10 year period does not specifically reflect a net loss of P from the system; but rather demonstrates a noted change between pools of P from inorganic to organic with the significant increase in enzyme extractable organic P. This is seen across soils in all soil organic matter categories and under most vegetation types to varying extents.
Further, the results suggest that the inorganic P is not simply precipitating out into increasingly insoluble forms.
The increasing enzyme extractable organic P across many categories of vegetation suggests that P is being taken out of the mineral soil by plants and soil biota and is accumulating P in an organic form in litter and O horizon organic matter. The organic P fraction can make up between 20 and 80% of total P in some soils. A proportion of this will be easily hydrolysed and made available for plant uptake, but the remainder is relatively stable and will remain occluded.
Given the limited solubility of P and its propensity to adsorb to organic and mineral surfaces, almost all plants have evolved to develop specialized mechanisms for enhancing P acquisition from soil. Therefore, measurement of P across landscapes using a single extraction technique (Olsen P) is likely to generate artefacts and will not adequately reflect P bioavailability.
The biologically based P (BBP) method illustrates a noted shift in P pools over the 10 year period, but no net loss of P from the system. It shows great promise for assessing biologically available P. This new method is simple and inexpensive and therefore has the potential to greatly improve our ability to characterise and understand changes in soil P status across complex landscapes.
Carbon availability triggers fungal nitrogen (and phosphorus) uptake and transport in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
By Carl R. Fellbaum et al; PNAS vol 109 no 7; 2011
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, formed between the majority of land plants and ubiquitous soil fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota, is responsible for massive nutrient transfer and global carbon sequestration. AM fungi take up nutrients from the soil and exchange them against photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) from the host. Recent studies have demonstrated that reciprocal reward strategies by plant and fungal partners guarantee a “fair trade” of phosphorus against C between partners.
Residual soil phosphorus as the missing piece in the global phosphorus crisis puzzle
By Sheida Z. Sattari et al; PNAS vol 109 no 16; 2012
Phosphorus (P) is a finite and dwindling resource. Debate focuses on current production and use of phosphate rock rather than on the amounts of P required in the future to feed the world. We applied a two-pool soil P model to reproduce historical continental crop P uptake as a function of P inputs from fertilizer and manure and to estimate P requirements for crop production in 2050.
The key feature is the consideration of the role of residual soil P in crop production. Model simulations closely fit historical P uptake for all continents. Cumulative inputs of P fertilizer and manure for the period 1965–2007 in Europe (1,115 kg⋅ha−1 of cropland) grossly exceeded the cumulative P uptake by crops (360 kg⋅ha−1).
Since the 1980s in much of Europe, P application rates have been reduced, and uptake continues to increase due to the supply of plant-available P from residual soil P pool. We estimate that between 2008 and 2050 a global cumulative P application of 700–790 kg⋅ha−1 of cropland (in total 1,070–1,200 teragrams P) is required to achieve crop production according to the various Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios.
We estimate that average global P fertilizer use must change from the current levels to 16.8–20.8 teragrams per year in 2050, which is up to 50% less than other estimates in the literature that ignore the role of residual soil P.
Readily available P in the soil solution provides most of the plant-available P. The two main factors that control the availability of P to plant roots are the concentration of phosphate ions in the soil solution and the P-buffer capacity, i.e., the ability of the soil to replenish these ions when plant roots remove them. Soils differ in their buffering capacity and in the extent to which they fix P in insoluble compounds that are unavailable for uptake. P fixation depends on the amount of iron and aluminum oxides (properties that are particularly relevant in strongly weathered tropical soils) or high calcium activity.
Following a traditional misconception that P fixation is dominant and irreversible, P has been used excessively in agricultural systems for decades in many industrialized countries, Figure 2.
Figure 2: In virtually all continents around the world (except Africa) annual phosphorus applications per hectare to cropping land has vastly exceeded phosphorus uptake by crops per hectare.
A critical concentration of readily available P must be maintained to obtain good crop yields. Crop uptake is generally only 10–20% of the P fertilizer applied in the first year, but a substantial part of applied P accumulates in the soil as residual P. The residual P is the difference between P inputs (mineral fertilizer, manure, weathering, and deposition) and P outputs (withdrawal of P in harvested products, and P loss by runoff or erosion).
The residual value of P refers to P that can be taken up by crops for many years, depending on soil P fixation capacity, soil pH, crop species, and P application time. In an ideal situation, when adequate P is present in the readily available pools, annual P inputs from fertilizer equal to the plant P uptake may be adequate to maintain good crop yields. Where the amount of readily available P is below a critical level, the rate of P release from residual P is insufficient to sustain optimal crop yields.
Here, an analysis is presented of the historical and future demand of P in global crop production systems. The key feature of this study is the contribution of residual P to the available P for crop uptake at the continental and global scale. A dynamic phosphorus pool simulator (DPPS)—a simple two-pool P model, including labile and stable pools and long-term P input and output data, is applied in this analysis to simulate the P transformations in soil, the build-up of residual soil P pool, and crop P uptake.
Experimental data at field, farm, and country scales support our findings that when soil-available P is adequate, crop yields can increase with decreasing or even halting P application. For example a farm-scale study showed that long-term (1989–2006) equilibrium P fertilization did not lead to reduced crop yields in Dutch sandy soils. A recent national-level study on P fertilizer in Japan indicated that crop yields remained constant or even increased, despite a decline in use of P fertilizer and manure between 1985 and 2005. Even in high P-fixing soils, a large initial application of P (∼600 kg⋅ha−1) can be adequate for cultivating maize for 7–9 y because of the effect of residual P.
Accounting for the relative contribution of P from animal manure in global croplands under the GO scenario (32%), global inorganic P fertilizer use must be 20.8 Tg in 2050. This is 10–40% less than estimated in other studies. However, a large part of the P in animal manure that is recycled in cropland originates in grasslands. This transfer of P from grasslands to cropland is particularly important in developing countries, and contributes to the build-up of residual soil P in cropland. Given the increasing future demand for grass, additional fertilizer P will be required to maintain soil fertility in the world’s soils under grassland.
The mobility of P in alkaline clays of the Northern Grains Region
By Karl Andersson et al; GRDC Update March 2016
The alkaline Vertosols of the northern grains region contain a pool of phosphorus (P) that is rapidly available to plants, and a diminishing reserve-P fraction that has been considered to slowly replenish the available pool. The process of replenishment is not well understood, and this may lead to inefficient use of fertiliser.
The reserve-P is acid-soluble, and may be native soil P or fertiliser reaction products.
Crop response both with and without P fertilisation in Vertosols have shown that plants access acid-soluble P not measured by the bicarbonate method (Colwell P test). It is possible that modification of soil in the rhizosphere, particularly acidification, enables plants to directly access the acid-soluble P fraction. Broader understanding of the pH buffering properties of the soils, and the nature of P reserves, may allow better selection of varieties and management of P fertiliser.
Varietal variation in grain responses to phosphorus
By Chris Guppy et al; GRDC Update March 2016
GRDC recently invested in quantifying the variation in root response of 10 northern wheat and 5 barley lines to P, K, S and N nutrition.
The data acquired was used to generate a table identifying which varieties may respond well in low soil P, high soil P, stratified P (high surface and low subsoil P) and where growers have placed subsoil banded P. These are conditions growers may face under a range of fertiliser application strategies. For example, low soil P may arise with a history of cropping with minimal P replacement. High soil P may occur where land is recently cleared, or fertiliser application has been maintained with both surface and subsoil placement.
There was considerable genetic variation in the capacity of plants to access P from this P responsive soil. Baxter had the highest acquisition efficiency and Sunguard the lowest. In a low P environment, longer root lengths may increase surface area and therefore the opportunity to acquire P from the larger surface area. Similarly, there was variation in both how much P was required by individual varieties to generate shoot biomass, and in how far in advance of biomass production varieties acquired the P from the soil. This suggests that some varieties will grow better, and yield higher in soils with low P status. And that some varieties, with the ability to accumulate P in advance of requirements will perform better in scenarios where there is a P rich topsoil that can be exploited and mined for P early in the season before drawing water from P depleted subsoil layers.
Consistent responses of soil microbial communities to elevated nutrient inputs in grasslands across the globe
By Jonathan Leffa et al; bDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
Human activities have resulted in large increases in the availability of nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Although plant community responses to elevated nutrients have been well studied, soil microbial community responses remain poorly understood, despite their critical importance to ecosystem functioning. Using DNA-sequencing approaches, we assessed the response of soil microbial communities to experimentally added nitrogen and phosphorus at 25 grassland sites across the globe. Our results demonstrate that the composition of these communities shifts in consistent ways with elevated nutrient inputs and that there are corresponding shifts in the ecological attributes of the community members. This study represents an important step forward for understanding the connection between elevated nutrient inputs, shifts in soil microbial communities, and altered ecosystem functioning.
CONSIDER PHOSPHORUS NEEDS FOLLOWING FLOODED SOIL CONDITIONS – Potash & Phosphate Institute Georgia USA.
Wet fall and winter conditions cause many fields to be water-logged. In rice-producing areas, crops that follow rice are often planted on soils that have either been flooded all summer and winter, or that have been water-logged with winter rains following the rice harvest. As the soils dry and planting time approaches, several reactions occur that influence phosphorus availability and need.
Phosphorus that is bound with iron and aluminum oxide compounds becomes more soluble under flooded conditions. When the soil dries, however, iron re-oxidizes and begins to form complex compounds with phosphate, resulting in less plant-available phosphorus.
Phosphorus is also present in soils in organic forms which are not utilized directly by crops. As organic matter decomposes with sufficient oxygen, moisture, and microbial activity, phosphate is released. Under flooded or water-logged conditions, organic matter mineralization and release of phosphates is limited. On soils that have been land leveled, subsurface layers that are high in iron and aluminum and also low in organic matter are often exposed, resulting in chemical reactions that reduce phosphorus availability.
On soils that are acidic and have high iron and aluminum contents, and which also have low organic matter contents, phosphate…that which is native in the soil or that added as fertilizer…is subject to ‘fixation’. In simple terms, this means that phosphorus is bound in forms unavailable or only very slowly available to plants. Mixing phosphorus fertilizer with the soil results in more fixation than when phosphorus is banded.
In soils that are alternately wetted and dried (flooded and drained) the phosphorus fixation is much more extensive and less reversible than under continuously flooded (wet) conditions. This helps explain why crops rotated with rice have an increased need for phosphorus and why banded phosphorus applications are often superior to broadcast applications.
DEALING WITH SEASONAL VARIABILITY IN SOIL TEST RESULTS – Potash & Phosphate Institute Georgia USA.
Sizeable fluctuations in soil test levels can occur seasonally (monthly) and are associated with changes in soil temperature and moisture, soil microbial activity, crop residue decomposition, clay mineralogy, and nutrient cycling. Shallow soil samples (0 to 10cm) may be more susceptible to seasonal fluctuations in test results than samples collected from deeper depths.
- Soil pH—can vary as much as 0.5 to 1 pH units on poorly buffered soils, especially on the coarser textured soils. Soil pH is usually lower in dry periods and higher in wet conditions.
- Extractable soil phosphorus—-may be more stable than soil pH and extractable potassium in the majority of soils. Under prolonged flooding, phosphorus associated with iron complexes can be released. When soils dry, phosphorus can be bound tightly in iron and aluminum complexes, which lowers availability to plants. Seasonal variation can be as much as 10 to 20 kgs per hectare or 5 to 10 parts per million (ppm).
- Tracking trends in soil test results over time is just as important as the soil test value in a given year.
Organic matter management (for plant nutrition)– University of Minnesota Extension
Up to 15% of soil organic matter is fresh organic material and living organisms. Another third to one half is partially and slowly decomposing material that may last decades. This decomposing material is the active fraction of soil organic matter.
The active organic matter, and the microbes that feed on it, are central to nutrient cycles. Many of the nutrients used by plants are held in organic matter until soil organisms decompose the material and release ammonium and other plant-available nutrients. Organic matter is especially important in providing nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and iron.
A soil with 3% organic matter contains about 3,000 kgs of nitrogen per hectare. Depending on the rate of decomposition, 25 to 100 kgs per hectare may become available to plants in a year, but it is difficult to predict the decomposition rate. In Minnesota, decomposition rates are typically about 2%. This means that one hectare of crop plants on a soil with 3% soil organic matter may get 60 kgs of their nitrogen and 6 kgs of their phosphorus from soil organic matter.
The importance of soil organic matter – FAO soil bulletin 80
Chapter 6. Key factors in sustained food production
High organic matter increases productivity and, in turn, high productivity increases organic matter.
The two major soil fertility constraints of the West African savannah and in the subhumid and semi-arid regions of SSA are low inherent nutrient reserve and rapid acidification under continuous cultivation as a consequence of low buffering or cation exchange capacity. Generally, these constraints are tackled by applying chemical fertilizers and lime. However, the application of inorganic fertilizers on depleted soils often fails to provide the expected benefits. This is basically because of low organic matter and low biological activity in the soil.
The chemical and nutritional benefits of organic matter are related to the cycling of plant nutrients and the ability of the soil to supply nutrients for plant growth. Organic matter retains plant nutrients and prevents them leaching to deeper soil layers. Microorganisms are responsible for the mineralization and immobilization of N, P and S through the decomposition of organic matter. Thus, they contribute to the gradual and continuous liberation of plant nutrients. Available nutrients that are not taken up by the plants are retained by soil organisms. In organic-matter depleted soils, these nutrients would be lost from the system through leaching and runoff.
Phosphate fixation and unavailability is a major soil fertility constraint in acid soils containing large amounts of free iron and aluminium oxides. In comparing the P-sorption capacity of surface and subsurface soil samples, Uehara and Gilman (1981) provided indirect evidence that soil organic matter can reduce the P-sorption capacity of such soils. This implies that for high P-fixing soils, i.e. oxide-rich soils derived from volcanic and ferro-magnesian rocks, management systems that are capable of accumulating and maintaining greater amounts of calcium-saturated soil organic matter in the surface horizon would increase P availability from both organic and fertilizer sources.
Mycorrhizae are particularly important for phosphate uptake because P does not move towards plant roots easily. These organisms do not harm the plant, and in return, the plant provides energy to the fungus in the form of sugars. The fungus is actually a network of filaments that grows in and around the plant root cells,forming a mass that extends considerably beyond the root system of the plant.
The rhizosphere is the region of soil immediately adjacent to and affected by plant roots. It is a very dynamic environment where plants, soil, micro-organisms, nutrients and water meet and interact. The rhizosphere differs from the bulk soil because of the activities of plant roots and their effect on soil organisms.
The root exudates can be used to increase the availability of nutrients and they provide a food source for micro-organisms. This causes the number of microorganisms to be greater in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. Their presence attracts larger soil organisms that feed on micro-organisms and the concentration of organisms in the rhizosphere can be up to 500 times higher than in the bulk soil.
An important feature of the rhizosphere is the uptake of water and nutrients by plants. Plants take up water and nutrients into their roots. This draws water from the surrounding soil towards the roots and rhizosphere.
The soil organisms near the rhizosphere influence plant roots because:
- They alter the movement of C compounds from roots to shoots (translocation).
- Earthworm galleries (burrows) provide an easy pathway for roots to take as they grow through the soil.
- Micorrhizal associations can increase nutrient uptake by plants.
Some of the nutrients in the soil are held in the organic matter, comprising almost all the N, a large amount of P and some S. When organic matter decomposes, the nutrients are released into the soil for plant use. Therefore, the amount and type of organic matter in the soil determines the quantity and availability of these nutrients in the soil. | chemistry |
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https://smjournals.com/radiology/fulltext/smrj-v2-1009.php | 2021-04-23T18:07:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039596883.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423161713-20210423191713-00134.warc.gz | 0.904095 | 1,318 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__20328081 | en | Isocitrate dehydrogenases IDH1 and IDH2 are closely-related metabolic enzymes which catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) by oxidative decarboxylation and simultaneously generate NADPH in cells. IDH1 and IDH2 are frequently mutated in WHO grade II and grade III gliomas and in secondary glioblastoma. In gliomas, IDH mutations are highly specific for the amino acid arginine in IDH1 enzyme’s substrate binding site, resulting in substitution of the arginine at 132 with histidine (R132H) in >80% of all IDH mutations . IDH mutations result in production and accumulation of the metabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) in IDH1 mutated cells, which greatly impacts the cellular metabolism and also contributes to tumor pathogenesis [2,3].
Several aspects of IDH mutations make them highly significant molecular markers for imaging and therapeutic targeting in IDH-mutated gliomas as well as other cancers that carry these mutations. IDH mutations are generally associated with longer survival in gliomas, and were confirmed as independent predictors of favorable outcome in multivariate analyses . As a genetic mutation occurring at the tumor precursor cell stage, IDH1 mutation or mutant IDH1 expression is expected to be stable and homogenous among all tumor cells within an IDH1-mutated glioma. Hence, the ability to noninvasively image mutant IDH1 expression in gliomas can serve as a valuable tool in the clinical setting to diagnose mutant IDH1 tumors, predict prognosis and to evaluate treatment response based on IDH1 mutation status.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a translational molecular imaging technique which uses specific probes that are labeled with positron-emitting radioisotopes for quantitative measurement of biological processes in vivo with high sensitivity (typically in picomoles with regard to probe detection in the target tissue). Development of radiotracers for mutant IDH1 as a novel imaging target is scientifically challenging and requires that various aspects of the mutant IDH1 are taken into account for the design and development of radiotracers. As an enzyme, mutant IDH1 is an intracellular target which excludes the possibility of developing imaging probes based on macromolecules as they cannot freely cross the cell membrane (e.g. monoclonal antibodies H09 or IMab-1 that recognize IDH1-R132H). For radiotracers based on small molecules, the compound should have sufficient lipophilicity, ideally a log P of >0.8, for efficient penetration through the cell membrane and to be able to reach the target in sufficient concentration. For imaging mutant IDH1 expression in brain tumors, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may play a significant role in the uptake and clearance of the labeled compounds in the tumor tissue. However, preclinical studies suggest that an IDH1-R132H mutation in the CNS may cause disruption of the BBB by D-2-HG-mediated impairment of basement membranes surrounding the endothelial cells .
In view of its gain-of-function and the putative role of D-2-HG as an oncometabolite, inhibition of mutant IDH enzyme with small molecule inhibitors has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for direct targeting of IDH mutations in cancers. To this end, several classes of mutant IDH1 inhibitors have been developed by high-throughput screening by pharmaceutical companies, and have shown high inhibitory potency and excellent selectivity for the mutant IDH1 vs. the WTIDH1 (e.g. AGI-5198; IC50: 70 nM) . Mechanism-of-inhibition and crystallography studies have revealed different modes of binding and/or mutant IDH1 inhibition by these inhibitors depending on the chemical scaffold, and includes competitive binding with respect to α-KG, a mixed mode of competitive/non-competitive binding, as well as binding to an allosteric binding site on the mutant IDH1 [5,6]. This available medicinal chemistry information on the mutant IDH1 inhibitors can help in designing and guiding the development of radiotracers for the mutant IDH1. In IDH1-mutated gliomas, the levels of α-KG, which is used as a substrate by the mutant IDH1 enzyme, are much lower compared to that for D-2-HG (< 0.1 μmol/g vs. 5-35 μmol/g tumor for D-2-HG) or some of the other TCA cycle intermediates . However, since the mass of the injected probe for PET imaging studies is usually in nmoles, ideally, the candidate radiotracers should not have to compete with α-KG for binding to the mutant IDH1. Some of the reported inhibitors such as AGI-5198 also contain fluorine in their chemical structure which can be substituted with the PET radioisotope 18F (t1/2: 109.8 min) in a manner that can fully preserve the inhibitory potency of the compound . In general, the selection of radioisotope for labeling can be guided by the binding affinity of the non-radioactive analog for the mutant IDH1, amenability of the compound for labeling with a particular PET radioisotope (e.g. 11C, 18F and 124I), and the anticipated pharmacokinetics of the compound in in vivo. The goal would be to achieve high tumor uptake and high tumor-to-background ratios for the labeled compounds in mutant-IDH1 tumors in vivo within 2-3 half-lives of the selected radioisotope. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of candidate radiotracers should include tumor cell lines that closely represent IDH1-mutated gliomas in patients, as well as appropriate control systems (e.g. isogenic WT-IDH1 cell lines) to identify promising lead compounds for clinical evaluation.
Citation: Chitneni SK. IDH1 Mutations in Glioma: Considerations for Radiotracer Development. SM Radiol J. 2016; 2(1): 1009. | chemistry |
http://www.me-kar.com/edetail200.html | 2024-02-22T02:02:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473598.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221234056-20240222024056-00328.warc.gz | 0.914474 | 531 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__43004074 | en | Plate cleaning and protection
Keeping the sheets clean is one of the important conditions for maintaining a high heat transfer coefficient. Between the plates, the medium moves along the narrow and meandering flow path. Even if a relatively thick scale layer is generated, it will cause changes in the flow path, affecting the movement of the fluid, increasing the pressure drop, and reducing the heat transfer coefficient. For example, a sugar mill uses a plate heat exchanger in heating. Because the secondary water is not well treated, the flow channel is blocked for only two months during use and cannot continue to operate.
1. chemical cleaning method
This method is to cyclically pass a chemical solution through the heat exchanger to dissolve and discharge the dirt on the surface of the sheet. This method does not require disassembling the heat exchanger, which simplifies the cleaning process and reduces the labor level of cleaning. Since the corrugation of the sheet can promote the turbulent flow of the cleaning liquid and facilitate the dissolution of the scale layer, the chemical cleaning method is a better method.
2. mechanical (physical) cleaning method This method is to manually clean the plate after the brush, in order to achieve the purpose of removing dirt on the surface of the plate. Although this method is relatively straightforward, it is not easy to clean the harder and thicker scale layer.
3. the comprehensive cleaning method for the dirt layer is relatively hard and thick, simply using the above method is difficult to clean. The comprehensive method is to first soften the scale layer by chemical cleaning, and then remove the scale layer by mechanical (physical) cleaning method to keep the sheet clean.
4. precautions when cleaning
1 The solution should maintain a certain flow rate during chemical cleaning, generally 0.8 ~ 1.2m / s. Its purpose is to increase the degree of turbulence in the solution.
2 Different chemical cleaning solutions should be used for different soils. In addition to the frequently used diluted soda ash solution, a 5% nitric acid solution can be used for the scale. For the scale generated in the production of soda ash, a 5% hydrochloric acid solution can be used. However, chemical lotions that corrode the plates should not be used.
3 Mechanical (physical) cleaning does not allow the use of carbon steel brush to scrub stainless steel, so as not to accelerate the corrosion of the plate. At the same time, the surface of the plate cannot be scratched or deformed.
4 After cleaning, the plate should be rinsed with water and dried, and the plate should be prevented from being deformed. | chemistry |
http://www.climatech-inc.ca/the-montreal-protocol-ozone-depleting-refrigerants-are-to-be-eliminated/ | 2020-06-06T04:34:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348509972.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606031557-20200606061557-00038.warc.gz | 0.919587 | 448 | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__109053075 | en | The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is considered one of the most successful environmental treaty in the world. Focused on the issue of environment protection, it sets out a mandatory timetable for the phase out of ozone depleting substances.
Introduction to The Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, also known as the Montreal Protocol is an international agreement made in 1987. It was designed or formulated to stop the production and use of ozone depleting substances along with reducing their concentration in the atmosphere to help protect the earth’s ozone layer.
The Montreal Protocol sits under the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (the Vienna Convention). After the international discussion of scientific discoveries in the 1980s highlighted the adverse effect of human activity on the ozone layer and the discovery of the Ozone Hole, The Vienna Convention was adopted in 1985. Its objectives are to promote cooperation on the adverse effects of human activities on the ozone layer.
The Vienna Convention & Amendments
Adopted in 1985, The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is the precursor to the Montreal Protocol. It is often called a framework convention as it acts as a framework for efforts to protect the globe’s ozone layer. In accordance with the provisions of the Convention, the countries of the world agreed with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer under the Convention, to advance that goal.
- The London Amendment (1990)
- The Copenhagen Amendment (1992)
- The Montreal Amendment (1997)
- The Beijing Amendment (1999)
- The Kigali Amendment (2016)
Efforts Behind The Montreal Protocol
Under the Protocol, nations phased out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – a class of compounds that were used in aerosol sprays, refrigerants, foams and solvents. These are the elements that are damaging the protective ozone layer which shields the planet from the harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Because ozone-depleting substances and some of their substitutes are also potent greenhouse gases, their phase-out under the Montreal Protocol is critical to the international efforts made to address climate change. | chemistry |
https://techlabbangladesh.com/product/etp-water-parameter-correction | 2023-12-06T11:06:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100593.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206095331-20231206125331-00354.warc.gz | 0.87998 | 1,275 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__250390415 | en | ETP WATER PARAMETER CORRECTIONTech Lab Bangladesh Limited offers ETP (Effluent Treatment Plant) Water Parameter Correction services to help industries optimize their effluent treatment processes and ensure compliance with environmental regulations. Our specialized expertise in water parameter correction allows us to identify and address issues related to water quality, effluent composition, and treatment efficiency. By leveraging our services, industries can achieve efficient and effective treatment of their wastewater, minimizing environmental impact and promoting sustainable practices. Our ETP Water Parameter Correction services encompass the following key areas: Water Quality Analysis: We conduct comprehensive water quality analysis to identify the parameters that need correction in the effluent. Our expert team collects samples and performs laboratory tests to determine the levels of various contaminants, including pH, suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nutrients, heavy metals, and other relevant parameters. Through detailed analysis, we identify the specific areas where water parameter correction is required. Process Optimization: Based on the water quality analysis results, we develop tailored strategies and solutions to optimize the treatment process. Our experienced engineers and technicians assess the existing ETP infrastructure, treatment methods, and operational procedures to identify potential bottlenecks or inefficiencies. We recommend process modifications, equipment upgrades, or changes in operational practices to optimize the treatment efficiency and address the specific water parameter correction needs. Chemical Dosing and Treatment: Tech Lab Bangladesh Limited provides expert guidance on the selection and dosing of appropriate chemicals to correct water parameters. We determine the optimal dosage of chemicals, such as coagulants, flocculants, pH adjusters, oxidizing agents, or specific reagents, based on the required parameter correction. Our team assists in implementing the correct dosing techniques, ensuring effective treatment and proper mixing of chemicals within the ETP. Technology Upgrades and Integration: We assess the feasibility of incorporating advanced treatment technologies or upgrading existing systems to address specific water parameter correction needs. Tech Lab Bangladesh Limited provides recommendations on the integration of additional treatment units, such as advanced filtration systems, membrane technologies, UV disinfection, or biological treatment methods, based on the identified requirements. Our expertise in system integration ensures seamless incorporation of new technologies into the existing ETP infrastructure. Monitoring and Compliance: We establish robust monitoring protocols and systems to track the effectiveness of water parameter correction measures. Our team assists in implementing real-time monitoring systems, including sensors, analyzers, and data acquisition systems, to continuously monitor key water parameters and treatment performance. We ensure compliance with regulatory standards by developing monitoring plans, reporting mechanisms, and documentation required for regulatory reporting. Training and Support: We provide comprehensive training to operators and maintenance personnel on the correct implementation of water parameter correction measures. Tech Lab Bangladesh Limited offers ongoing technical support, maintenance services, and periodic system audits to ensure sustained performance and continuous improvement. By availing our ETP Water Parameter Correction services, industries can achieve optimal treatment efficiency, meet environmental regulations, and mitigate the risks associated with improper effluent discharge. Our expertise in water parameter correction and commitment to environmental sustainability make us a reliable partner for industries seeking to optimize their effluent treatment processes.
Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) Water Parameter Correction is essential for industries for the following reasons: Compliance with Environmental Regulations: Environmental regulations govern the quality of wastewater discharged by industries. ETP Water Parameter Correction ensures that the effluent meets the required standards and regulatory limits for parameters such as pH, suspended solids, BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), nutrients, heavy metals, and other contaminants. Compliance with these regulations is crucial to avoid penalties, legal issues, and damage to the company's reputation. Environmental Protection: Proper ETP Water Parameter Correction helps minimize the environmental impact of industrial wastewater. By correcting and optimizing water parameters, industries reduce the release of harmful substances and contaminants into water bodies, protecting aquatic ecosystems, and preserving water resources. It contributes to the overall sustainability and conservation of the environment. Sustainable Water Management: ETP Water Parameter Correction promotes sustainable water management practices. By optimizing water parameters, industries can recycle and reuse treated water within their processes, reducing freshwater consumption and conserving valuable resources. It also reduces the burden on public water supply systems and promotes responsible water stewardship. Prevention of Pollution and Health Risks: Improperly treated or untreated industrial wastewater can pose significant risks to human health, as well as the health of animals and plants. Water Parameter Correction in ETPs ensures that contaminants and pollutants are effectively removed or reduced to safe levels, minimizing the potential for pollution and associated health risks. Efficient Effluent Treatment Processes: ETP Water Parameter Correction optimizes the treatment processes, enhancing their efficiency and effectiveness. By identifying and correcting specific water parameters, industries can improve the performance of their ETPs, ensuring consistent and reliable treatment results. This leads to better removal of contaminants, reduced treatment costs, and improved overall operational efficiency. Protection of Downstream Users and Ecosystems: Industries are often located in proximity to residential areas or downstream of water bodies. By implementing ETP Water Parameter Correction, industries safeguard the well-being of downstream users who rely on water sources for various purposes, such as drinking water, agriculture, and recreation. It also protects the integrity of ecosystems downstream, minimizing the impact on aquatic life and biodiversity. Reputation and Stakeholder Expectations: Companies that demonstrate a commitment to responsible wastewater management and environmental stewardship build a positive reputation. ETP Water Parameter Correction showcases a proactive approach to sustainability, meeting stakeholder expectations, and gaining the trust of customers, investors, regulatory authorities, and the community at large. Risk Mitigation and Future-Proofing: Correcting water parameters in ETPs helps identify and mitigate risks associated with inadequate treatment. By addressing parameter deficiencies and implementing proper correction measures, industries reduce the likelihood of operational disruptions, equipment failures, and incidents of non-compliance. It provides a robust foundation for future regulatory changes and evolving environmental standards. Overall, ETP Water Parameter Correction is crucial for industries to comply with regulations, protect the environment, optimize resource usage, ensure public health, and maintain sustainable business practices. It is an essential step towards responsible wastewater management and a demonstration of the industry's commitment to environmental stewardship. | chemistry |
https://hugloo.com/product/multicore-high-flexible-cable/ | 2023-12-10T12:49:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102469.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210123756-20231210153756-00580.warc.gz | 0.853242 | 206 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__292175960 | en | Brighten your smile with Crest 3D White Radiant Mint Whitening Toothpaste. It whitens your teeth by removing up to 80% of surface stains and protects against future stains. 3D White fluoride toothpaste also strengthens your tooth enamel and helps protect against cavities.
Active ingredient: Sodium fluoride 0.243% (0.15% w/v fluoride ion) Inactive ingredients: water, sorbitol, hydrated silica, disodium pyrophosphate, sodium lauryl sulfate, flavor, cellulose gum, sodium hydroxide, sodium saccharin, carbomer, mica, titanium dioxide, blue 1
Adults and children 2 yrs. & older: brush teeth thoroughly after meals or at least twice a day or use as directed by a dentist. Do not swallow. To minimize swallowing use a pea-sized amount in children under 6. Supervise children’s brushing until good habits are established. Children under 2 yrs.: ask a dentist. | chemistry |
https://www.drbasner.com/blog/the-sunless-tan-is-safe-%E2%80%93-right | 2019-09-18T09:08:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573264.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918085827-20190918111827-00009.warc.gz | 0.955906 | 564 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__150710328 | en | There have been warnings out for years, articles, blogs and studies about the dangers of excess sun exposure. All of these forms of information to the public have brought about sunless tanning products in a variety of forms the past few years. Now experts question, are these products safe, some that you apply yourself or the ones in tanning salons that are sprayed on? For the most part, while these products contain and active ingredient, DHA, it appears to be safe for external use.
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is the only FDA-approved skin-tinting additive. It is colorless sugar material that when applied to the skin, interacts with the dead skin cells on your outer skin. It simply stains the skin making it appear darker. Since dead cells The effect is temporary, because as the dead cells shed naturally, the color will fade and disappear, usually in a week's time. This is why reapplying the product is required if you want to maintain that darker look. To date, no studies have determined or shown that these tanning products lead to skin cancer.
So for now, tanning lotions are healthier than getting tanned on the beach, at the pool or in a tanning bed. Even though suntans fad in time, usually within a few days, the DNA of your skin cells has broken down and your skin has already been harmed permanently by the sun's UV rays.
There are a few concerns about the sunless tanning products too. Such as some users have experienced allergic reactions and you most definitely, want to make sure the product doesn’t get in your eyes, mouth or nose. It is always recommended to test a small area that is not visible, to see how it your skin reacts.
Choose a tanning product that contains a minimum SPF (sun protection factor) of at least 15, the higher the number the better. If the product you decide on doesn’t contain SPF, you need to apply an separate SPF product just as you would normally. At no time, should you not be using a SPF on a regular basis for the safest protection against the sun's UV rays.
So be sure to check the label, ask your tanning salon or give us a call at The Plastic Surgery Center of Maryland to verify your choice of self-tanning product contains DHA and if the amount of SPF is sufficient for you.
As always, the safest thing to do is stay out of the sun. However, if you're looking bronzed, that's probably not what you have in mind. So an important factor to remember is that just because your skin looks tan, that doesn’t provide you with any protection from actual sun exposure. | chemistry |
http://www.giema.com/en/products/mixing-pumps/mixing-pump-g30f.html | 2019-05-23T14:14:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257244.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523123835-20190523145835-00304.warc.gz | 0.865644 | 194 | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__123725840 | en | G30F is a multifunctional mixing pump which is fit for all conventional dry material i.e.: masonry mortar, plaster, screed, filler, finishing coat, adhesives and filling material.
The mixing pump is fitted with a swing down mixing tube for the use as sole conveying pump as standard. The separate mix- and pump-unit guarantee an ideal and constant mixing of material. Water reflux into the dry mortar zone is excluded.
The pump motor is very powerful and the output speed is variable. This offers optimal modulation for any working range.
|Output:||up to 50 l|
|Delivery pressure:||up to 40 bar|
|Delivery:||up to 40 m|
|Power supply:||400 V / 50 Hz|
|Drive mixing unit:||3.0 kW|
|Drive pump unit:||4.0 kW|
|Weight:||ca. 280 kg| | chemistry |
https://www.jandjsports.ca/services/39529/battery-inspection | 2019-07-17T06:40:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525094.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717061451-20190717083451-00534.warc.gz | 0.925634 | 567 | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__15893540 | en | Is your battery dead? Let us double check it for you; maybe we can revive it.
But to save yourself trouble in the future, please be aware that batteries require monthly maintenance and will not be warranted for lack of maintenance.
Proper battery care is important to the performance and overall life expectancy of your battery. Knowing how to properly maintain, charge and store your battery will keep your battery ready to perform when you need it to.
Create a battery maintenance routine and stay
consistent in checking the following to help extend the life of your battery.
All batteries have a natural tendency to discharge, including power sport batteries. There are a number of reasons why discharge takes place. Some common examples are temperature, parasitic draw, non use and trips that are not long enough to recharge the battery.
A fully automatic, low amp, charger is highly recommended for many reasons such as price, ease of operation and results.
Before beginning the charging operation, read the instructions that come with the charger. Never attempt to charge a battery without first reviewing the instructions for the charger being used. In addition to the charger manufacturer’s instructions, the following general precautions should be followed.
Always charge batteries in a well ventilated area and wear proper eye protection.
Make sure the charger is turned off and/or unplugged before connecting the leads to your battery to avoid dangerous sparks.
Never try to charge a visibly damaged or frozen battery
Make sure the charger leads are securely attached to battery terminals
Keep all sparks, flames, and cigarettes away from charging area.
Many power sport enthusiasts are forced to store their ride during part of the year due to different seasons. What ever your storage situation, proper battery storage can be the difference between a quick start next season or replacing your battery.
The ultimate goal when storing your battery, weather you leave it in your ride or you remove it, is to keep the battery fully charged. When your battery becomes discharged it could fall victim to one of two things, sulfating or freezing. Either will likely result in battery replacement.
All power sport batteries experience some level of sulfating.
Starts when batteries begin to discharge
Occurs when sulfur in the electrolyte forms crystals that attach to the lead plates and then act as “insulation” keeping the battery from accepting a charge.
The more your battery becomes discharged, the more the battery’s electrolyte becomes water – The acid absorbs into the lead plates
Discharged batteries will begin freezing at temperatures of 0°C
Can result in a cracked case or buckled plates
If sides of the battery are bulging the battery froze and permanent damage has occurred.
If possible, remove the battery, keep it stored above 0°C and connect a low amp automatic charger. | chemistry |
https://shop.wilcon.com.ph/single-bowl-left-drainboard-ki-0033.html | 2022-07-01T19:35:50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103945490.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701185955-20220701215955-00053.warc.gz | 0.883031 | 200 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__201789232 | en | FRANKE SET BELL BCX 611-86 SBLHD 860X480X200X0.8MM SS 304
Franke stainless steel is unique
There’s stainless steel and then there’s Franke stainless steel. The alloy used by Franke is the result of an evolution that began in 1930.
Franke stainless steel sinks are made from premium quality chrome nickel steel giving them stunning beauty while making them highly resistant to staining, rust and corrosion and providing maximum durability.
The steel is composed of 17-18% chromium for shine and rust resistance and adds extra corrosion protection.
Corrosion-resistant Premium quality chrome nickel steel makes sinks highly resistant to staining, rust and corrosion
Non-porous Naturally hygienic, it doesn’t harbor bacteria
Self-regenerating Stainless steel surfaces develop a passive protective layer that continuously renews, so your sink is easy to clean and care for | chemistry |
http://www.htrc.com.au/blog/ | 2018-03-17T14:03:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645177.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317135816-20180317155816-00040.warc.gz | 0.924197 | 557 | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__169237981 | en | Tattoo inks are unregulated in Australia because you can buy ink from anywhere in the world on the internet, China and Eastern Europe (the former Soviet Union) are popular sources of tattoo ink.
The extract below from Wikipedia explains what might actually be in tattoo ink.
Manufacturers are not required to reveal their ingredients or conduct trials, and recipes may be proprietary. Professional inks may be made from iron oxides (rust), metal salts, plastics. Homemade or traditional tattoo inks may be made from pen ink, soot, dirt, blood, or other ingredients.
Heavy metals used for colors include mercury (red); lead (yellow, green, white); cadmium (red, orange, yellow); nickel (black); zinc (yellow, white); chromium (green); cobalt (blue); aluminium (green, violet); titanium (white); copper (blue, green); iron (brown, red, black); and barium (white). Metal oxides used include ferrocyanide and ferricyanide (yellow, red, green, blue). Organic chemicals used include azo-chemicals (orange, brown, yellow, green, violet) and naptha-derived chemicals (red). Carbon (soot or ash) is also used for black. Other elements used as pigments include antimony, arsenic, beryllium, calcium, lithium, selenium, and sulphur.
Tattoo ink manufacturers typically blend the heavy metal pigments and/or use lightening agents (such as lead or titanium) to reduce production costs.
A carrier acts as a solvent for the pigment, to “carry” the pigment from the point of needle trauma to the surrounding dermis. Carriers keep the ink evenly mixed and free from pathogens, and aid application. The most typical solvent is ethyl alcohol or water, but denatured alcohols, methanol, rubbing alcohol, propylene glycol, and glycerine are also used. When an alcohol is used as part of the carrier base in tattoo ink or to disinfect the skin before application of the tattoo, it increases the skin’s permeability, helping to transport more chemicals into the bloodstream.
As is obvious from the Wikipedia extract above it is almost impossible to be sure what is in the coloured inks that your tattoo contains.
So if your tattoo is black, grey or red or a combination of these 3 colours it is easily removed, the more exotic the colour the greater the degree of difficulty.
It is common for a multi coloured tattoo to take between 12 and 20 treatments to be removed effectively. This equates to treatments every 6 weeks taking in total anywhere between 1½ to 2½ years. | chemistry |
http://www.bloodservices.ca/centreapps/internet/uw_v502_mainengine.nsf/page/E_Hemoglobin | 2015-01-25T12:14:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115899686.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161139-00049-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.927906 | 2,148 | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-06__0__177143180 | en | What is hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is an iron containing protein that makes red blood cells red. Hemoglobin carries oxygen from our lungs to the cells in our body.
What are normal hemoglobin levels?
In women, normal hemoglobin ranges from 120 g/L to 160 g/L (12 g/dL to 16 g/dL). In men, normal hemoglobin levels range from 140 g/L to 180 g/L (14 g/dL to 18 g/dL).
Why is hemoglobin measured before each donation?
The hemoglobin screening test is done to make sure that it is safe for you to donate and that there are sufficient red cells for the person receiving your blood. Hemoglobin is checked before each donation using a drop of blood from your finger. For donors donating platelets by apheresis, a sample is taken from the first few drops of blood collected to measure hemoglobin.
What hemoglobin level do I need to donate?
Hemoglobin must be at least 125 g/L (12.5 g/dL) to donate blood at Canadian Blood Services.
I did not pass the fingerstick hemoglobin test – what does this mean?
There are a few possible reasons including:
- Low iron stores. Iron is needed to make hemoglobin.
Causes of low iron include:
- Frequent blood donation
- Low iron in your diet
- For women, menstrual blood loss
- More rarely, gradual bleeding in the digestive tract, such as stomach or colon
- Normal variation; for some people, especially women, a slightly lower hemoglobin level is normal and not the result of any health problem
- Sometimes the test may give a low estimate of the true amount of hemoglobin
What should I do if I failed my hemoglobin screen?
We recommend that you see your doctor to check your hemoglobin and iron levels (ferritin). Your doctor will look into reasons why your hemoglobin is low and may suggest taking iron supplements.
All blood donors should eat an iron rich diet and consider taking a multivitamin with iron.
Can I come back to donate if I failed my fingerstick hemoglobin?
Most people who have a low hemoglobin are able to improve their iron level and hemoglobin count and successfully donate.
It can take 4 to 6 months to rebuild your iron stores. Your doctor can help you decide when it is safe for you to donate again.
If your doctor has started you on iron pills, you may return to donate 6 months after starting them, when your hemoglobin and iron levels are back to normal.
What is iron and where do I get it from?
Iron is a mineral that is an important part of hemoglobin and other proteins in your body.
Your body gets iron from your diet. You can also get iron by taking multivitamins that contain some iron supplementation. Finally, the most iron is found in iron supplements.
Iron is essential to make new red blood cells after blood donation. Extra iron is stored as ferritin.
Is it possible to have normal hemoglobin but low iron?
Yes. You can have low amounts of iron with just enough to keep your hemoglobin level normal.
What are the effects of low iron levels?
Iron deficiency does not always cause symptoms. Low iron stores can lead to fatigue and less exercise capacity. Some people have a craving for ice. As iron levels drop more, your hemoglobin level could drop and this can have a big impact on your energy level.
Does Canadian Blood Services measure my iron levels?
Canadian Blood Services does not measure iron (ferritin) on every donation. However, starting in July 2014, Canadian Blood Services will be measuring ferritin in some selected donor clinics. Donors with low ferritin levels will be sent a letter with their results.
I got a result from Canadian Blood Services telling me that my ferritin levels are low. What should I do now?
We recommend that you see your doctor. He or she can check if you need any other tests done, and advise you about iron supplements. A diet rich in iron is recommended for all blood donors. However, since your ferritin level is low, iron supplements would be helpful to build up your iron stores.
You don’t need a prescription to get iron supplements. You can talk to your pharmacist about starting over the counter iron supplements if you cannot make an appointment to see your doctor right away. We recommend that you speak to your doctor first, before starting iron supplements, if:
- You have any gastrointestinal illness or symptoms, such as stomach ulcers, chronic constipation or diarrhea, or intestinal polyps.
- You are taking aspirin or anti-inflammatory pills (such as Advil or ibuprofen) regularly.
- You have family members with a history of colon cancer or polyps.
You should not take iron supplements if you have been diagnosed with hemochromatosis (iron overload) in the past.
Who is at risk of iron deficiency?
The chance of developing iron deficiency is higher in donors who:
- Had low iron levels before donation – iron levels are generally lower in women of child-bearing age.
- Make frequent donations – women donating 2 or more times a year, men donating 3 or more times a year.
- Have non-donation related blood loss, such as for women, heavy menstrual periods.
- Have a diet low in iron.
- Have medical conditions or surgery, which reduce the amount of iron the body can absorb.
Iron deficiency may be the result of more than one cause.
How can I improve my iron absorption?
Although iron is found in many foods, some sources of iron are better absorbed by the body. Iron comes in 2 forms:
- Heme iron, which is found in animal foods such as red meat, liver, veal, chicken, turkey, fish and seafood
- Non-heme iron, which is less easily absorbed and is found in breakfast cereals fortified with iron, fortified breads and pasta, lentils, dried peas and beans, tofu, seeds and nuts, dried fruit, dark green leafy vegetables and eggs.
I am taking iron, can I donate blood?
It depends why you are taking the supplements. If you have been told by your doctor that your iron reserves (ferritin) are low, or received a letter from Canadian Blood Services that your ferritin level is low, you can return to donate blood after you have taken iron supplements for at least 3 months, and your ferritin level has returned to normal, when remeasured by your doctor.
If you are taking iron supplements because your iron and your hemoglobin levels were low (iron deficiency anemia) you can return to donate after at least 6 months of taking iron supplements if your doctor has found that your hemoglobin and iron levels have returned to normal. If you are taking iron to prevent low iron stores, you can donate blood.
I have been diagnosed with hemochromatosis – should I donate?
People with hereditary hemochromatosis absorb too much iron from their diet. As long as there is no other reason why you cannot donate blood, regular blood donation can be both part of your treatment and help save lives. You can donate blood at Canadian Blood Services every 56 days. If you require phlebotomies more often than every 56 days, you can donate blood at least one week after a phlebotomy in your doctor’s office or outpatient clinic. More information can be found on the website of the Canadian Hemochromatosis Society (see related links).
Additional information for physicians – please see transfusionmedicine.ca, Iron status in Canadian Blood Services donors, for more information
All donors undergo hemoglobin screening prior to each donation, and will be deferred for 56 days if they do not meet the regulatory requirement for blood donation. Hemoglobin testing of whole blood donors is performed on a finger stick capillary blood sample using a portable hemoglobinometer. This method is less precise than a hemoglobin determination performed on a venepuncture sample and analysed in a laboratory. Low values may be obtained due to technical difficulties in obtaining a capillary sample, or measurement imprecision, rather than actual anemia. The regulatory requirement for whole blood donation in Canada is a minimum hemoglobin level of 125 g/L (12.5 g/dL).
Donor iron stores
Approximately 225 mg are lost with each whole blood donation of 525 ml. Female donors who donate 2 or more times a year, and male donors who donate 3 or more times a year are at higher risk of developing iron deficiency. We recommend measurement of ferritin in frequent blood donors, even if hemoglobin levels are normal. Iron supplementation and reduced frequency of donation may be indicated if iron stores are depleted. Additional investigations for underlying pathology may also be indicated, depending on a variety of factors, such as patient age and gender, symptoms or signs, and results of initial laboratory testing.
Deferred female donors
Approximately 10% of female donors do not meet hemoglobin criteria on a given donation attempt. Most of these individuals are iron deficient. These donors are advised to see their physicians in order to measure their ferritin levels and confirm the diagnosis of anemia on a venepuncture sample. If anemia is truly present, additional history and investigation may be indicated, and these individuals should be advised not to return to donate blood, unless the anemia is completely resolved and iron stores are adequate. Most of these individuals require a period of iron supplementation before resuming blood donation.
Deferred male donors
Less than 0.5% of male donors are deferred due to hemoglobin levels below the acceptability level of 125 g/L. As this is well below the normal hemoglobin level for males, these donors are advised to see their physicians in order to confirm the presence of anemia on a venepuncture sample. If anemia is confirmed, additional history and investigation may be indicated. In some cases, iron deficiency anemia may be related to extremely frequent blood donations. However, in other cases, underlying conditions leading to decreased iron absorption or gastrointestinal blood loss may be present. These individuals should be advised not to return to donate blood, unless investigations have been completed, anemia is resolved, and iron stores are adequate. Most of these individuals require iron supplementation before resuming blood donation. | chemistry |
https://bloombottles.com/efficiency-meets-quality-the-journey-of-pet-bottle-production/ | 2024-04-21T17:14:33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817790.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421163736-20240421193736-00309.warc.gz | 0.896223 | 732 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__137044677 | en | In the world of packaging, PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles stand out for their versatility, durability, and sustainability. At BLOOM BOTTLES, we take pride in our state-of-the-art manufacturing process that not only champions efficiency but also sets the gold standard for quality. Let’s dive into the fascinating journey of PET bottle production and the meticulous quality controls that ensure every bottle we produce is nothing short of perfect.
The Two-Step Method to Manufacturing Excellence
The production of PET bottles is an intricate dance between technology and precision, generally divided into a two-step method for its ability to scale production without compromising quality.
Step 1: The Preform Stage – Injection Molding
The first step in our journey is the creation of the preform. Using high-quality PET pellets, we heat the material to a molten state, then inject it into molds that shape the preform – a test tube-like structure with a narrow neck. This stage sets the foundation for what will become a PET bottle.
Step 2: Blow Molding – Giving Shape to Ideas
Once cooled, the preforms enter the blow molding stage where they’re heated to a soft, but shape-retaining state. High-pressure air then inflates the preform against the mold, stretching it into the final bottle shape, including the formation of the bottle mouth. The bottles are then cooled, becoming the robust containers ready for their mission.
This two-step process is a testament to our commitment to efficiency, enabling us to produce PET bottles in large volumes while maintaining the highest standards of quality.
A Commitment to Quality at Every Step
At BLOOM BOTTLES, quality is more than a buzzword; it’s the essence of our production ethos. Here are the pillars of our quality control measures that ensure each PET bottle is a benchmark in packaging excellence:
Uncompromising Raw Material and Feeding Control
Our journey begins with the strict inspection of PET pellets, ensuring they meet our high standards. We maintain a pristine feeding process to prevent any contamination, setting the stage for flawless production.
Precision in Production Process Control
During both the injection molding and blow molding stages, we meticulously manage parameters like temperature, pressure, and timing. This ensures the consistency of preforms and bottles, ensuring uniformity in our production line.
Upholding Preform and Bottle Standards
Our standards for handling preforms and bottles are stringent. We ensure each preform and bottle is free from defects, contamination, and damage, maintaining the integrity of our products.
Equipment Maintenance and Rigorous Quality Inspection
Through regular maintenance and calibration of our equipment, alongside both visual and automated bottle inspections, we guarantee the seamless operation of our production lines and the quality of our bottles.
Ensuring Process Stability and Standardization
Real-time monitoring and detailed operating procedures ensure the stability of our production process. This coupled with our adherence to international quality management systems like ISO 9001:2015, reaffirms our commitment to global quality standards.
In blending efficient production methods with rigorous quality control measures, BLOOM BOTTLES not only enhances the competitiveness of our PET bottles but also reinforces our dedication to meeting and exceeding market expectations. Our commitment to sustainability, reflected in the recyclability of PET, underscores our vision for a greener planet.
As we continue to innovate and refine our processes, our journey in the PET bottle production is one of continuous improvement, driven by our core values of efficiency, quality, and sustainability. | chemistry |
https://www.wpca.sydney/delivery/netm/learners-take-a-micro-credential/practical-foundations-of-organic-chemistry/ | 2023-06-09T21:58:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656833.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609201549-20230609231549-00693.warc.gz | 0.913602 | 556 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__116376686 | en | Practical Foundations of Organic Chemistry
[Beginning of recorded material]
Dr Aniss Chami:
The micro-credential titled Practical Foundations of Organic Chemistry, is focused on understanding the therapeutic claims of most ingredients used in Listed Medicines.
This allows us to work closely with marketeers and what the market really demands to understand what ailments need to be rectified with these unique ingredients.
Dr Gabrielle De Ruis:
Starting from the basics, so we will talk about the most important and most common organic chemical functional groups that can be found for example, in products of botanic origin.
We will expand by introducing the importance of enzyme catalysed reactions.
Another topic we will cover is the importance of vitamins and the role they have.
I think it's important to understand that the world is constantly changing, it's evolving and sometimes the simple understanding of only one aspect of the world might not be enough.
That's why I think that the interconnection between different disciplines and different subjects is fundamental to understand and to improve the world we are living in.
Dr Aniss Chami:
For me, I believe micro-credentials are going to become the link between someone graduating and entering the workforce.
Through NETM and the myriad of micro-credentials available to candidates, we are building a golden benchmark for the entire workforce.
I would be motivating all my staff to be doing these micro-credentials because at the end of the day
anyone working in a building that produces pharmaceutical products is expected to have some underlying understanding of what is required in terms of quality, production and operations to
continually being effective and delivering the high quality premium product we produce.
[End of recorded material]
University of Technology Sydney
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds. It is an important area in pharmaceutical production, as it enhances staff capability and capacity for businesses delving into new food production technologies and manufacturing approaches. This micro-credential prepares learners to engage in pharmaceutical manufacturing by delivering on the learning outcomes specified below.
- Identify and describe the functional groups in botanical ingredients
- Understand the different vitamins and their biological interaction with the body
- Identify and explain the role of enzymes, catalysis and other lab procedures to isolate organic compounds for safe use in pharmaceutical manufacturing
Click here for further information and to enrol in the Practical Foundations of Organic Chemistry micro-credential | chemistry |
https://hairandhairalone.com/haircare/the-water-from-your-shower-may-be-messing-up-your-hair | 2023-12-11T14:59:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679515260.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211143258-20231211173258-00069.warc.gz | 0.928543 | 473 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__30197742 | en | When you attempt to evaluate what products work best for your hair, the one factor you may be leaving out is the water coming right out of your showerhead!
That’s right. Not all water has the same effect on the hair. If your hair is dull, dry or lacks volume no matter what products you use, then the water from your tap could be hard water. Hard Water Hair Issues
Hard water contains mineral deposits that can leave hair looking dull, dry and limp. In addition, the minerals in hard water can also make color-treated hair look brassy and fade more quickly. To find out if you do indeed have hard water, you can purchase test strips from your local hardware store or an online retailer, such as Amazon
If you do indeed have hard water, then the best way to protect your hair is to purchase a showerhead filter, such as this one
. It may cost a bit, but it will probably save you money in the long run by preventing you from wasting money on seemingly ineffectual hair products! As a bonus, a showerhead filter will also remove chlorine from your water, also widely known to dull hair color and dry out hair. Another Option
Don’t want to bother with a showerhead filter??
There is another option to help lessen the effects of hard water buildup–add a clarifying shampoo to your hair care routine every couple of weeks. Unlike other shampoos, a clarifying shampoo is designed to specifically remove any type of buildup from the hair. Regularly using a clarifying shampoo won’t completely solve the hard water issue, but it will lesson buildup.
We like to use an all-natural clarifying solution made with apple cider vinegar. Just pour one-part vinegar and one-part water into a spray bottle and shake a bit to mix. After shampooing your hair, spritz hair well with the vinegar mixture and let it sit for a few minutes before rinsing well. Not only will the mix remove buildup and add shine, but the vinegar also helps to balance natural pH levels, add softness, smooth tangles and closes the hair cuticle to reduce frizz. Your hair will be so smooth you may even want to skip your conditioner! Also, don’t worry–the vinegar smell does not linger! | chemistry |
https://trackchairclips.com/organic-fertilizer-pellet-making-machine/ | 2023-03-31T18:14:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949678.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331175950-20230331205950-00295.warc.gz | 0.907381 | 1,330 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__57852292 | en | Efficient organic fertilizer pellet making machine line
The organic fertilizer pellet making machine production line is suitable for dry mixing of multiple basic fertilizers and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers by physical methods to make blended fertilizers in which multiple fertilizers and unit fertilizers coexist. Preparation of 3-6 kinds of materials; according to different crops and soil conditions in different regions, modify the formula to produce different BB fertilizer products.
1. Main features of organic fertilizer pellet machine line:
(1) Accurate batching: The batching system is computer-controlled and electronically weighed. According to the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and additives in a 50kg bag of BB fertilizer, each meter is independently measured according to the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and additives. Different organic fertilizer pellet making machine line designs are more scientific and reasonable, and the ratio is strictly controlled, and the batching accuracy can reach ±0.2%.
(2)Uniform mixing: Due to the single-bag mixing, the special internal screw mechanism and three-dimensional structure are used for material mixing and output, which not only prevents the shunting phenomenon of the finished product after mixing due to the different specific gravity and particle size of the fertilizer raw materials, but also does not damage the material.
The original particle shape, high mixing uniformity. The material is fed and discharged quickly, which effectively improves product quality and market competitiveness.
(3) Accurate packaging: the mixed fertilizer fills the material into the packaging bag according to the set weight, and sends it to the sewing machine station through the conveyor, and automatically folds and sews the bag to complete the quantitative packaging process, and the packaging accuracy can reach ±0.2 %.
(4) Special process: The special anti-vibration device ensures accurate measurement and can work stably under more complex working conditions. The re-inspection conveying sewing machine is used to carry out secondary measurement and detection of the weight of each bag of products.
(5) Advanced technology: Combined with advanced organic fertilizer pellet making machine technology at home and abroad, the mixing speed of ingredients is fast, the contact time with air is short, and the phenomenon of fertilizer absorbing water and returning moisture is not easy to occur.
(6) Simple and practical: The organic fertilizer pellet making machine instrument is easy to operate and easy to use. It can store multiple recipes, set it at any time as needed, and is automatically controlled by an electronic control device.
2. Introduction of organic fertilizer pellet making machine
The extrusion organic fertilizer pellet making machine is a new type of equipment developed and produced by our company on the basis of the original twin-roll extrusion granulation based on years of production experience. The roller extrusion organic fertilizer pellet making machine can be widely used in the fertilizer processing industry, feed production units and chemical industry to granulate and process powder materials.
(1) Features of organic fertilizer pellet machine:
- This organic fertilizer pellet making machine is produced by no drying process, granulating at room temperature, and forming at one time.
- It has the characteristics of less investment and good economic benefits.
- The structure of this organic fertilizer pellet making machine adopts granulation, forming and screening as a whole, which makes it have the characteristics of beautiful appearance, simple operation and low energy consumption.
- The main parts such as the roller body are made of a new type of metal with anti-corrosion, wear-resistant and impact-resistant characteristics.
Among them, the MZLH model organic fertilizer pellet making machine not only has the above characteristics, but our company has also upgraded the frame part. The bearing frame body is made of anti-corrosion casting as an integral part, so that it has the characteristics of stability, which can greatly improve the stability of rolling bearings and large shafts. service life.
- The transmission part of the organic fertilizer pellet making machine adopts the double input transmission mode, which not only improves the input power ratio, but also ensures the lubrication and sealing performance of the transmission gear.
- The roller extrusion organic fertilizer pellet making machine has the advantages of compact structure, good stability, good sealing, low noise, convenient operation and maintenance, etc.!
- Wide adaptability of raw materials, the machine can not only be used for granulation in fertilizer, feed and chemical industries, but also has good applicability especially for rare earth, metallurgy, coal, biological preparations, and environmental protection projects.
- To some extent, it fills the domestic blank, ranks at the forefront of the country, and is also a promotion project of environmental protection projects!
(2) Working principle of fertilizer pelletizer
The working principle of this series of roller extrusion organic fertilizer pellet mill is that the pulley is driven by the motor, and the transmission belt is transmitted to a pair of two high-pressure roller bodies with sliding mold shells through the reducer for relative work.
The two rollers of the MZLH organic fertilizer pellet making machine interact with each other by a set of split gears. The two rollers of the organic fertilizer pellet making machine are directly driven by the two output shafts on a special reducer to work. purpose of extrusion.
During organic fertilizer pellet making machine production, the raw materials enter the feed hopper, are relatively extruded by the high-pressure roller body, and flow to the crushing and forming studio at the lower part of the roller body after demoulding.
The power for crushing and forming is driven by the sprocket of the active pressing roller through the chain to a pair of crushing rollers for relative movement. After crushing and screening in the working room, the finished particles pass through the screen to the discharge chute and flow out of the organic fertilizer pellet making machine.
(3) Structure of fertilizer maker machine
- Frame part: All workpieces of the organic fertilizer pellet making machine are installed on the frame!
- Transmission connection parts include: motor, pulley, V-belt, reducer, chain, sprocket, coupling.
- Machine head part: including bearing frame, a pair of high-pressure die roll skins, two shafts, etc.
- Crushing studio: The organic fertilizer pellet making machine is composed of crushing roller bearing frame, crushing roller, screen and so on. | chemistry |
https://rishika.livepositively.com/water-softener-package-in-ireland/ | 2024-04-16T10:13:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817081.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416093441-20240416123441-00029.warc.gz | 0.937863 | 729 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__115675797 | en | In the pursuit of a healthier and more comfortable lifestyle, the importance of water quality cannot be underestimated. Water is not just a basic need; It is the essence of life itself. However, the water flowing into our homes often contains minerals such as calcium and magnesium, which can cause water hardness problems. Fortunately, Euro Water Solution in Ireland is introducing an innovative water softener package in Ireland designed to address these concerns and provide homes with high quality softened water.
Hard Water Softener
Hard water, characterized by its high mineral content, can have harmful effects on equipment and skin.From limescale buildup in pipes and appliances to dry, irritated skin, the effects of hard water are widespread. Euro Water Solution understands these challenges and offers a comprehensive solution tailored to the needs of Irish households.
At the heart of Euro Water Solution's water softener package is state-of-the-art technology that effectively removes minerals that cause water hardness. Using advanced ion exchange processes, the system efficiently replaces calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions, resulting in softened water that is gentle on both equipment and skin.
Features of the Euro Water Solution Package
One of the most notable features of the Euro Water Solution package is its user-friendly design.The installation is seamless and experienced technicians ensure hassle-free setup and integration into your home's existing water supply system. Additionally, the system operates quietly and requires minimal maintenance, providing homeowners with convenience and peace of mind.
Water Softener Filter
Beyond the immediate benefits of softened water, the Euro Water Solution package also contributes to long-term savings. By preventing limescale buildup on appliances such as water heaters, washing machines and dishwashers, the system extends their lifespan and reduces the need for costly repairs or replacements. In addition, softened water improves the efficiency of soaps and detergents, resulting in lower consumption and lower household costs over time.Environmental sustainability is another important aspect of Euro Water Solution's approach. By investing in a water softener package, households can significantly reduce their environmental footprint. The efficient operation of the system minimizes water waste and energy consumption and is consistent with Ireland's commitment to conservation and green living.
Euro Water Solution's commitment to customer satisfaction extends beyond the initial installation. With responsive customer support and reliable after-sales service, homeowners can rest assured that their water softener package will continue to perform exceptionally for years to come.Regular maintenance checks and periodic maintenance also ensure the longevity and optimal functionality of the system.
Water Softener Package
In addition to its practical benefits, the Euro Water Solution water softener package contributes to the overall well-being of homes. Softened water not only feels softer on the skin, but also makes the hair softer and easier to comb after showering. In addition, the absence of limescale residue on kitchen and bathroom utensils simplifies the cleaning routine, freeing up time for more pleasant activities.
As Ireland continues to emphasize sustainable living and environmental protection, Euro Water Solution's water softener package proves to be a contemporary solution for modern homes. By investing in water quality improvement efforts, homeowners not only improve their daily lives, but also contribute to broader efforts to conserve natural resources for future generations.
In summary, Euro Water Solution's water softener package in Ireland offers a comprehensive solution to Ireland's hard water problems. From the innovative technology and user-friendly design to the long-term savings and environmental benefits, the package represents a smart investment for households looking to improve water quality and overall well-being. With Euro Water Solution every home in Ireland has access to softer, healthier water. | chemistry |
https://ghcl.co.in/chemicals | 2024-04-23T23:55:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818835.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423223805-20240424013805-00625.warc.gz | 0.932157 | 202 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__147226749 | en | GHCL’s Soda ash manufacturing facility located at Sutrapada, Gujarat, is one of India’s leading producers of Soda Ash (Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate) and has an annual production capacity of 1.2 Million Tonnes per annum. It contributes to almost 25% of the country’s annual domestic demand. It has a clear competitive advantage due to its captive raw material sources. Its lignite mines located at Khadsaliya in the Bhavnagar district of Gujarat supply the raw material needed for the production of Soda ash.
Limestone mines at Sutrapada,Veraval and Talala Taluka of Gir-Somnath district have an average production 45 MT to 500 MT per day of chemical grade limestone.
GHCL Soda Ash is available in 2 categories-Light Soda Ash, Dense Soda Ash. It also produces Sodium Bicarbonate and these products are marketed in India under the brand name ‘LION’. | chemistry |
https://globalcarehospital.com/departments-global-care-hospital/laboratory/ | 2023-11-29T08:42:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100057.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129073519-20231129103519-00291.warc.gz | 0.886775 | 364 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__213089 | en | Our laboratories are a vivid picture of the most accurate sense of technological development: The service is provided via barcode system so as to avoid human errors, from defining references, through stages of laboratory work, till obtaining the final results. Our laboratory applies the latest automatic laboratory systems, including separation, preparation and storage system called Roche Modular Pre-Analytics System so as to ensure higher accuracy in the results of laboratory tests in a complete automated process. In addition, the laboratory provides the possibility of analyzing 300 samples at the same time and entering new samples during examination, up to 400 samples per hour. The system works on reducing the required number of samples withdrawn from the patient by 75% and preparing, separating, and sending samples with a higher speed within 10 minutes only.
Moreover, our laboratory has a Point of Care System which provides all emergent tests to critical cases in Emergency, Operations, and General and Cardiac ICU Sections to help the medical staff making the quick and right therapeutic decision along with automatic documentation of test results.
Laboratory examinations include:
- All types of accurate laboratory tests such as:
- Routine tests (liver functions – kidney functions – Lipid profile – Diabetes)
- Tests for monitoring levels of hormones, vitamins, viruses and cancer indicators .
- Tests of sexually transmitted diseases
- Tests of autoimmune diseases
- Anemia tests, genetic anemia tests, complete blood screening, reticulocytes test, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and coagulation disorders.
- Diagnostic microbiology tests such as bacteria, fungi and parasites
- Vital partial diagnostic tests for PCR assay, hepatitis viruses (B-C), AIDS and others
- Detection of bacterial and viral antibodies
- TB tests
- Nucleic Acid Tests (NAT) of blood units | chemistry |
http://dizsad.ru/ce-emc-lvd-fcc-ozoniser-for-wastewater-treatment/ | 2018-09-21T16:26:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157216.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921151328-20180921171728-00174.warc.gz | 0.894859 | 2,089 | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__163403577 | en | The global chemical and petroleum industries have always had the challenge of disposing of chemical wastes, by-products, and residuals, but with traditional techniques such as deep well injection and incineration proving flawed, the need for disposal by legal, safe and economically effective means has never been greater. Increasingly, the need to produce without pollution is the preferred model for industry, and the strategy of waste minimization is seen as the best way forward. This is particularly relevant in the petrochemical and chemical industries, where large quantities of hazardous and toxic wastes are produced which can pose formidable disposal problems. Covering the essentials of treatment, recovery and disposal of waste, as well as the requirements for process design and engineering of equipment and facilities in the chemical and petroleum industries, this book includes chapters on: Wastewater Treatment Physical Unit Operations Chemical Treatment Biological Treatment Wastewater Treatment in Unconventional Oil and Gas Industries Wastewater Sewer Systems Sewage Treatment Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal Primarily aimed at researchers and advanced students in chemical, petroleum, and environmental fields as well as those in civil engineering, this book should also provide a unique reference for industry practitioners and anyone interested in chemical and petroleum waste treatment and disposal.
Explains the fundamental theory and mathematics of water and wastewater treatment processes By carefully explaining both the underlying theory and the underlying mathematics, this text enables readers to fully grasp the fundamentals of physical and chemical treatment processes for water and wastewater. Throughout the book, the authors use detailed examples to illustrate real-world challenges and their solutions, including step-by-step mathematical calculations. Each chapter ends with a set of problems that enable readers to put their knowledge into practice by developing and analyzing complex processes for the removal of soluble and particulate materials in order to ensure the safety of our water supplies. Designed to give readers a deep understanding of how water treatment processes actually work, Water Quality Engineering explores: Application of mass balances in continuous flow systems, enabling readers to understand and predict changes in water quality Processes for removing soluble contaminants from water, including treatment of municipal and industrial wastes Processes for removing particulate materials from water Membrane processes to remove both soluble and particulate materials Following the discussion of mass balances in continuous flow systems in the first part of the book, the authors explain and analyze water treatment processes in subsequent chapters by setting forth the relevant mass balance for the process, reactor geometry, and flow pattern under consideration. With its many examples and problem sets, Water Quality Engineering is recommended as a textbook for graduate courses in physical and chemical treatment processes for water and wastewater. By drawing together the most recent research findings and industry practices, this text is also recommended for professional environmental engineers in search of a contemporary perspective on water and wastewater treatment processes.
This monograph provides comprehensive coverage of technologies which integrate adsorption and biological processes in water and wastewater treatment. The authors provide both an introduction to the topic as well as a detailed discussion of theoretical and practical considerations. After a review of the basics involved in the chemistry, biology and technology of integrated adsorption and biological removal, they discuss the setup of pilot- and full-scale treatment facilities, covering powdered as well as granular activated carbon. They elucidate the factors that influence the successful operation of integrated systems. Their discussion on integrated systems expands from the effects of environmental to the removal of various pollutants, to regeneration of activated carbon, and to the analysis of such systems in mathematical terms. The authors conclude with a look at future needs for research and develoment. A truly valuable resource for environmental engineers, environmental and water chemists, as well as professionals working in water and wastewater treatment.
New edition covers the latest practices, regulations, and alternative disinfectants Since the publication of the Fourth Edition of White's Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants more than ten years ago, the water industry has made substantial advances in their understanding and application of chlorine, hypochlorite, and alternative disinfectants for water and wastewater treatment. This Fifth Edition, with its extensive updates and revisions, reflects the current state of the science as well as the latest practices. Balancing theory with practice, the Fifth Edition covers such important topics as: Advances in the use of UV and ozone as disinfectants Alternative disinfectants such as chlorine dioxide, iodine, and bromine-related products Advanced oxidation processes for drinking water and wastewater treatment New developments and information for the production and handling of chlorine Latest regulations governing the use of different disinfectants For each disinfectant, the book explains its chemistry, effectiveness, dosing, equipment, and system design requirements. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of each disinfectant are clearly set forth. References at the end of each chapter guide readers to the primary literature for further investigation. Authored and reviewed by leading experts in the field of water and wastewater treatment, this Fifth Edition remains an ideal reference for utilities, regulators, engineers, and plant operators who need current information on the disinfection of potable water, wastewater, industrial water, and swimming pools.
A comprehensive guide to sludge management, reuse, and disposal When wastewater is treated, reducing organic material to carbon dioxide, water, and bacterial cells—the cells are disposed of, producing a semisolid and nutrient-rich byproduct called sludge. The expansion in global population and industrial activity has turned the production of excess sludge into an international environmental challenge, with the ultimate disposal of excess sludge now one of the most expensive problems faced by wastewater facilities. Written by two leading environmental engineers, Biological Sludge Minimization and Biomaterials/Bioenergy Recovery Technologies offers a comprehensive look at cutting-edge techniques for reducing sludge production, converting sludge into a value-added material, recovering useful resources from sludge, and sludge incineration. Reflecting the impact of new stringent environmental legislation, this book offers a frank appraisal of how sludge can be realistically managed, covering key concerns and the latest tools: Fundamentals of biological processes for wastewater treatment, wastewater microbiology, and microbial metabolism, essential to understanding how sludge is produced Prediction of primary sludge and waste-activated sludge production, among the chief design and operational challenges of a wastewater treatment plant Technologies for sludge reduction, with a focus on reducing microbial growth yield as well as enhancing sludge disintegration The use of anerobic digestion of sewage sludge for biogas recovery, in terms of process fundamentals, design, and operation The use of the microbial fuel cell (MFC) system for the sustainable treatment of organic wastes and electrical energy recovery
Ensuring safe and plentiful supplies of potable water (both now and for future generations) and developing sustainable treatment processes for wastewater are among the world’s greatest engineering challenges. However, sustainability requires investment of money, time and knowledge. Some parts of the world are already working towards this goal but many nations have neither the political will nor the resources to tackle even basic provision and sanitation. Combining theory and practice from the developing and developed worlds with high- and low-tech, high- and low-cost solutions, this book discusses fundamental and advanced aspects of water engineering and includes: water resource issues including climate change, water scarcity, economic and financial aspects requirements for sustainable water systems fundamentals of treatment and process design industrial water use and wastewater treatment sustainable effluent disposal sustainable construction principles With integrated theory, design and operation specifications for each treatment process, this book addresses the extent to which various treatment methods work in theory as well as how cost effective they are in practice. It provides a nontechnical guide on how to recover and reuse water from effluent, which is suitable for those in water resource management, environmental planning, civil and chemical engineering.
Переходник Vention H380HDFA предназначен для преобразования разъема HDMI 19M в разъем HDMI 19F. Он имеет пропускную способность до 10,2 Гб/сек. Продукция компании Vention соответствует следующим сертификатам: RoHS, CE, FCC, TIA, ISO.Поддержка: HDMI v1.4Тип оболочки: ПВХМатериал проводника: чистая бескислородная медь
Применение: Внешний интерфейсный кабель для синхронизации, передачи данных, а также зарядке периферийных(мобильных) устройств и их компонентов с разъемом USB и USB micro B. Продукция соответствует следующим сертификатам: RoHS, CE, FCC, TIA, ISO | chemistry |
http://www.codiagro.com/en/agropotasion-3/hidrostress-40/ | 2019-06-20T15:43:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999261.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620145650-20190620171650-00491.warc.gz | 0.799954 | 214 | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__211719136 | en | Natural product against plant stress.
HIDROSTRESS-40® is a neutral potassium carboxylate based product, very rich in natural betaine from “beta vulgaris”. This gives the product an osmoprotective synergic effect that prevents certain physiopathies related to osmotic imbalance and plant stress.
-Improving nutrient absorption from the roots.
-Increasing resistance to high or low temperatures and salinity. Browning of bananas in the cold.
-Reducing the splitting or cracking of fruit when these types of imbalances occur.
-Avoiding flower abortion at times of high abiotic stress.
-Improving and producing a more homogenous colouring of fruits.
DOSAGE AND DIRECTIONS
Primarily intended for foliar application on all crops.
Horticultural foliar dose: 3-5 litres/ha
Fruit and vine foliar dose: 4-8 litres/ha
Through irrigation: we recommend using CODIORGAN-GLB® | chemistry |
https://www.thatlittleshophk.com/products/ceradan-sanitizer | 2024-02-23T17:20:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00792.warc.gz | 0.8353 | 289 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__84586358 | en | 💡Ceradan® Hand Lotion Sanitiser is a high-performance hand lotion sanitiser that protects your hands against harmful germs and moisturises with ceramide-dominant essential skin lipids to maintain a healthy skin protective barrier. pH 5.5, hypoallergenic and free from colourant and fragrance. Suitable for all skin types, including eczema-prone, dry and sensitive skin.
Ceramide-dominant 3:1:1 essential skin lipids ratio to maintain the skin’s protective barrier.
Alcohol-based to eliminate up to 99.9% of germs (e.g. bacteria, viruses and fungi)
pH 5.5 helps to prevent pH spike and protects the skin’s natural lipids
All skin types
All age groups
How to Use:
Apply on palms, rub hands thoroughly till dry.
Net Weight: 50ml
Country of Origin: Singapore
Storage: For external use only, please store in a cool place at room temperature
Disclaimer: The content of this website is provided for general informational purposes only and is not intended as, nor should it be considered a substitute for, professional medical advice. Do not use the information on this website for diagnosing or treating any medical or health condition. If you have or suspect you have a medical problem, promptly contact your professional healthcare provider. | chemistry |
http://www.alkavitae.es/Measuring-your-ph-value | 2022-08-14T07:09:34 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571996.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814052950-20220814082950-00565.warc.gz | 0.932231 | 427 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__113192641 | en | Measuring your pH value
To stay healthy, the body uses a wide range of regulating systems. One of these is the acid-alkaline system, which is essential to good health. An acid-alkaline imbalance (acidification) can be measured (approximately) relatively easily in urine using pH test strips.
The first measurement is used as the zero measurement. You can then monitor the progress of your acidity level by taking a new measurement every two weeks.
Decide on a test day and drink only water after 8 pm the evening before the test. Measure the acidity of your urine three times on the test day. Use your morning urine, which is the first urine after 6 in the morning.
Immerse the pH test strip in your morning urine for one second. It is important to do the measurement as quickly as possible because the acidity level of the urine can be influenced by the reaction with carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air. Now compare the colours on the test strip with the colour chart on the box to determine your pH value.
To obtain a realistic idea of your acidity level, a minimum of three test days in a row is necessary. We recommend starting the test day by measuring your morning urine and then measuring again in the afternoon and early evening.
By recording the pH values measured, you can calculate your average daily values by adding up the three measurements and dividing this by three. After the three test days, you add up the three average daily values and divide this total by three. The result is the average pH value for the three consecutive test days.
Note that the pH value of morning urine is often the most acidic because the body processes more acid waste at night.
The result of the average pH value for the three consecutive test days can be interpreted as follows:
- Average pH value between 6.5 and 7.0 = No significant acidification
- Average pH value between 5.5 and 6.5 = Moderate acidification
- Average pH value between 4.5 and 5.5 = High degree of acidification | chemistry |
http://www.nkdtan.com/faq/ | 2019-02-18T10:53:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247484928.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218094308-20190218120308-00051.warc.gz | 0.92647 | 5,723 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__67356587 | en | What is mobile Airbrush Tanning?
Airbrush Tanning is one of the most beautiful and natural ways of tanning your body with out the harm of the sun. Your NKDTAN Technician will come to your house, work or even on location for special events. NKDTAN uses Norvell®, a state of the art Airbrush tanning system to apply your customized spray tan (three different levels of colour are available). You will be given the most natural looking UV free tan available. NKDTAN’s products are top of the line, the best quality tanning solutions on the market containing DHA that are safe and approved by the FDA.
NKDTAN’s tanning machine provides a fine mist, and an even flow to create an even tan every time, leaving your skin streak free!! Airbrush tan is a weightless body mist and is NOT as heavy as a spray tan!
How does an Airbrush tan work?
The ingredient that tans your skin is dihydroxyacetone (DHA). DHA is an ingredient derived from sugar cane and beets, which reacts with the amino acids in the skin.The action of DHA is limited to the upper layer of the skin and involves a reaction between DHA and skin proteins and oxygen that produces brown compounds. This process is similar to what occurs when you slice open an apple and the surface of the apple browns when it is exposed to the oxygen in the air. This reaction will continues to darken for up to 16-18 hours (depending on the individual).
The development of colour takes anywhere from 2 to 4 hours and the intensity of colour is dependent upon the DHA concentration in the product as well as each tanner’s individual skin characteristics. The colour developed by the DHA usually lasts 5 to 10 days and begins to fade as the top layer of the skin naturally exfoliates.
The Airbrush tan does not make your skin or your skin cells darker in pigmentation; the immediate colour you see when your tan is applied is a colour guide or cosmetic bronzer that helps me not miss any sections and allows you to instantly see your tan. When DHA is applied to the skin; a brown “tan” forms in about 4-6 hours and continues to darken for approximately 16-18 hours. The colour of your sunless tan is completely individual. Nothing is absolute when it comes to the variations of skin types, colouration, how long it will last or how dark you can get. Every skin type is different and this is the reason I use averages. The colour you achieve is a perfect blend of your natural skin tone along with the reaction of the DHA. The tan becomes water-resistant, however exposure to high levels of abrasive soaps, detergent filled body washes and the chlorine in swimming pools is discouraged. Exposure to such factors will expedite the natural process of exfoliation which takes on average 4-6 days.
How did sunless tanning start?
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) was first used as an active ingredient during research on the treatment of diabetics, some of whom tolerated DHA better than glucose. However, in 1957 the tanning properties of DHA were discovered in a children’s hospital. DHA was administered orally as a treatment for a childhood glycogen storage disease. However, some children were drooling and spitting up the mixture when the doctor noticed brown spots developing on the skin. The doctor experimented by rubbing the mixture on her own skin and she tanned as well. The first scientific papers on DHA were published in 1960. Since these studies, DHA’s physicochemical properties, tanning mechanics and skin tolerance have been further explored, resulting in an improved method of application, and a more uniform and natural-looking tan. DHA is not absorbed through the skin into the body and it has no known toxicity.
Is Airbrush Tanning safe?
Yes! DHA has been approved for cosmetic use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Canadian Health Ministry and most of the EU member nations. It is considered nontoxic and non-carcinogenic. DHA based Sunless tanning has been recommended by the Skin Cancer Organization, American Academy of Dermatology, Canadian Dermatology Association, The American Cancer Society and the American Medical Association.
DHA is restricted to external application only. DHA is not recommended for contact to areas of the body surface covered by mucous membrane such as lips, eyes and nostrils. If desired, proper eye, nose & mouth protection are available. Chap stick on the lips during your spray tan sessions is advised.
The Norvell® tanning solution has been extensively tested and is very safe and all skin types.
Should I wear a filtering mask when spraying?
Norvell® sunless solutions contain no known toxins or allergens. It is a food grade product that has no known detrimental effects on the body. However, as with ANY substance, repeated exposure to, or inhalation of, airborne matter may cause irritation or discomfort. It is recommended that people who will be using the product on a daily basis should wear some sort of air filtering mask to reduce contact.
How long does an Airbrush Tanning session take?
It takes approximately 10 minutes per person; 20 minutes for a “Double Dip”. Your Privé Tanning Technician Hollie, will take the time that we need to make sure your spray tan is perfect. So for Tanning Parties, please plan accordingly to accommodate all of your guests.
What are the benefits of getting an Airbrush tan applied professionally as opposed to DIY?
When you DIY it is not only hard to reach your back and the back of your legs, it is also hard to tell whether you have applied the lotion, cream or spray consistently. DIY options can be ok after many trials of turning orange from using products that react badly with your skin, getting streaky results and missing patches.
With a professional Airbrush tan, your NKDTAN Technician, Hollie will be able to evenly and quickly apply a solution that will work well with your skin.
What is the difference between a custom Airbrush tan & a Booth spray tan?
Booth spray tans and custom spray tans are the most popular ways to get a full body spray tan. Spray tan booths usually spray your entire body in about 3 minutes. This is a quick way to obtain a tan, but the results are usually far from flawless. Booth sprays tans distribute the same amount of solution to each area of the body so there is no customization. Typically faces end up too dark and legs are not dark enough. Tiny, freckled looking spots are usually visible after a booth spray as well. It is highly recommended that spending a little extra money on a custom spray tan because the results will be drastic. A custom Airbrush tan is the closest thing you can get to a flawless, natural-looking glow. Your Prive Tanning Technician, Hollie will customize each spray to your desire. Whether you are looking for a light, even looking, sun-kissed tone or want certain areas of your body darker than others to hide imperfections, Hollie will customize each area of your body to your liking. Every appointment will start with a full-body consultation.
Why not just use a regular tanning bed?
According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, tanning with UV light can lead to premature skin aging (wrinkles, lax skin, brown spots, and more), as well as skin cancer. Unlike Tanning beds, Airbrush tans are not in any way, harmful for your skin. Plus an Airbrush tan provides instant colour in the comfort of your own home! When applied correctly, your tan will not leave you red or peeling. Even stretch marks, cellulite, and bruises look much better after a spray tan!
Is Airbrush tanning messy?
No. A 7” x 4” x 4” spray tan tent and extraction fan will be set up in your home. The HVLP sprayer produces a very precise spray and any over spray is caught in the tent and extraction fan. There is a faint smell of almond and raspberries, and that is all.
Is it OK for people of any age to spray tan?
Yes it is. However, a signature is require and presence of the parent or guardian for those under 18. Also, it is required they are clothed in either swim trunks for males or bikini for females (or equivalent clothing).
How do I prepare for an Airbrush session?
For the maximum result, before your session, SHOWER and EXFOLIATE the skin. Your skin MUST be clean from all lotions, oils, perfumes, deodorants or any product on the skin that would create a barrier or cause the tan to develop unevenly and remove all jewellery. These items act as barriers and can even turn your tan green. For more details, please see my Pre and Post Tan section.
Can I wear deodorant, moisturizer or makeup before my Airbrush tan?
No. Many deodorants will stop spray tanning solution going through. Some others will turn the armpits green. Few moisturizers and makeup products can act as a barrier, not letting the full amount of the solution to attach itself to the skin.
When should I exfoliate?
You should exfoliate before every sunless session. Using a mild shower gel/exfoliant can be done one day prior to the session. You should allow at least 8 hours between body scrub use and the Airbrush tanning session. If you have extremely dry skin, or problem areas it is recommended using a salt scrub. If using salt scrub, this must be done 24-48 hours prior to the session, otherwise the oils within the salt scrub will effect the sunless results.
Should I wax or shave before or after I get an Airbrush tan?
Whether you shave or wax is completely up to you, both should be done before the application of the tan. Ideally shaving should be done at least 8 hours before and waxing at least the day before. When waxing ensure that all wax is removed otherwise the tan will stick to the wax and will appear very dark where the wax has not been removed.
You will be sprayed with the solution containing cosmetic bronzer so it is best to shave or wax one or two days before, as the bronzer gets into the newly created pores and can give you “spotty” look. Shaving after the application will take off some of your tan with the hair, so shave when you really need to and ensure that your blade is sharp.
Do I have to be naked?
You may wear whatever you feel comfortable in whether you wear nothing, underwear, a g-string or your swimming suit is completely up to you. Disposable thongs are available in which you can use if you would feel more comfortable. You may also want to take into account clothing that you will be wearing over the next few days. For example, if you are getting a tan for a special occasion and want to wear a bra during your tan session, then think about the style of dress you will be wearing. If you want to wear a strapless dress, you want to wear a strapless bra to avoid tan lines. Ensure any clothing that is worn immediately after the application of the tan is dark in colour to prevent the risk of staining it. After your tan wear loose preferably cotton clothing.
Will I see instant results?
Yes! You will receive an immediate, all natural looking tan that will continue to develop and become darker over the next 6 to 12 hours. The immediate colour you see when your tan is applied is a cosmetic bronzer. The cosmetic bronzer is a water-soluble colour that is immediately visible during the session and it will wash off during the first shower. The DHA bronze tan beneath. Ingredients used in sunless cosmetic bronzers are similar to those used in cosmetic foundations or bronzing powders. Some of the bronze colour may rub off on clothing or bed sheets but will come out in the wash. If you prefers darker initial results, a darker cosmetic effect can be made by adding Wonder Drops™ to the solution prior to the session.
How long does a spray tan take to dry?
Norvell® Solution should dry enough to re-dress in 8-12 minutes. This time can be reduced by “blow drying” the skin. Keep in mind the the tan needs to “set”, and the process will take about an hour. It is best to wear loose fitting clothes and flip flops after your session, to make sure nothing rubs off.
Will I be sticky after being sprayed?
It is normal for there to be a slight sticky feel immediately following the session. Norvell® solutions are formulated to be the fastest drying formula available. You should feel completely dry and non-tacky within 8-12 minutes following the application.
How many days will an Airbrush Tan last?
Skin naturally wants to shed its top layer on average every 7 days depending on the shape it’s in. The more hydrated and moisturized it is, the longer a tan will last. Typically a spray tan will last anywhere from 5-10 days. Exfoliating prior to a sunless tanning application and keeping skin moisturized afterwards are essential. Sunless tan-extending products with a light self-tanning bronzer, like Jergen’s Natural Glow, help hydrate skin and maintain even, natural-looking colour longer.
Will an Airbrush Tan come off on my clothes?
To minimize the chance of the cosmetic bronzer transferring to clothing, it is recommended that you wear loose-fitting, darker clothes after your spray session, ensure that you have the tan applied the day before you wear any light clothing and remember to shower twice to ensure the cosmetic bronzer has washed off. Try to refrain from physical exertion that could result in you sweating until you shower and wash off the cosmetic bronzer.
Will the Airbrush solution stain my hair?
Most people will not see any affect on the colour of their hair. If you have light blonde, gray or platinum hair you may see some discolouration from the cosmetic bronzers initially, however, this colour will wash out with the first shower after the session. If you prefer you can wear a hair cap, but it is not necessary.
How long should I wait after the Airbrush Tan before I shower?
Airbrush tanning solutions take about 16 hours to fully develop. You will receive the best results if you can avoid bathing until the day after their sunless session. If you must bathe, you should wait a minimum of 8 hours after the application. Showering any sooner will diminish the intensity of the tan.
If showering prior to the 16 hour post application recommendation, a simple rinse with water only, is best. Soap destroys DHA. Delayed bathing allows the DHA bronzer sufficient time to complete its reaction with the amino acids (proteins) within the skin.
Why is keeping skin moisturized essential to maintain great sunless results?
It is important to keep skin moisturized after sunless tanning as dry, flaky skin will slough off faster and colour will fade sooner. You basically want to slow down your body’s natural exfoliation process.
What about the after-odour often associated with sunless tanning?
Norvell® uses the newest technology in odour inhibitors to encapsulate the odour causing agents commonly associated with DHA products. They then blend the fragrance with DHA in a manor which allows the pleasant fragrance of raspberry and almonds to come through, eliminating the dreaded “sunless smell”.
How can I prevent patchy or uneven wear-off?
A daily application of a colour extending moisturizer will extend the look of the tan. This bronzing booster will also reduce the appearance of uneven wear and patchiness.
Gradual self tanning moisturizers like Jergens Natural Glow™ contain low levels of DHA bronzer to extend the look of any sunless tan.
Will I turn orange or have streaks?
Definitely NOT! All Norvell® Products have perfectly blended their solutions to give you that “just off the beach” look and will transition smoothly into the DHA colour that will later develop.
The “orange” colour, as it is sometime called, is the result of high pH levels within the skin. A professional spray tan with modern tanning agents avoids this, and streakiness is caused by improper application of home tanning creams and sprays – which is why you should always let a professional (like Hollie) apply your tan. Prior to your application, Hollie will spray you with Norvell® xLaTan™ pH Balancing prep spray to balance your skin’s pH levels. Privé guarantee a streak free and natural looking tan that you will never have to rub in or be bothered with. Make sure to exfoliate before your service and follow the instructions!
How long after Airbrush tanning should I wait to enjoy a pool/spa/ocean?
It is recommended to avoid these situations for the first 48 hours following your spray tan. Chlorinated pools & spas can increase the rate in which the skin exfoliates causing the tan to wear and fade.
Is it okay to get an Airbrush tan if pregnant or nursing?
Typically, it is safe to use tanning lotion while you are pregnant however do consult with your physician before your visit. The active ingredient Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a three-carbon sugar that is non-toxic and therefore is not harmful to you or your baby. DHA works by interacting with your dead skin cells to produce brown pigment called melanoidin. DHA does not go beyond this layer of cells and is not absorbed into the body. Skin is constantly shedding dead skin cells and renewing itself, and so the tan fades as this happens. But DHA is not approved for “atomized inhalation”. NKDTAN offers disposable masks and recommend you wear them.
Will an Airbrush tan cause freckles in people who usually freckle when tanning?
No. There is nothing in the tanning solution that will cause more freckles to break out. In fact, in most cases, freckles and blemishes will become less pronounced because the lighter skin areas will darken and reduce the colour differentiation between the blemishes and the rest of the skin.
Is an Airbrush tan safe for a diabetic person?
DHA is a chemical derived from glycerin and was first used in the treatment of diabetes, as some diabetics are better able to tolerate DHA than glucose in their treatment! So basically, yes you can have a sunless spray tan. I have received no feedback from any medical authority that would indicate a risk to a diabetic person, however, as you would before using any product on a diabetic person, I recommend each customer consult their physician before receiving an application.
Does the solution cause a change in the affected areas of someone with Vitiligo?
Yes. Norvell® sunless solution do work on the affected areas, however, it is important to remember the skin that is lighter “tans” and the unaffected skin areas also tan, therefore they will remain different colours. While both areas do achieve a sunless tan, they will appear “two toned” when finished. Norvell® colour is a blend of the natural skin colour and the sunless colour. Clients looking to darken only the lighter skin will need to take care and apply solution to these areas only, and may be best served with any of the retail self-tanning applications available from Norvell.
Will an Airbrush Tan protect me from UV sun rays?
No. Although your skin looks like it is well protected, Norvell® solutions do NOT contain any SPF. It is very important to remember to use a sunscreen with SPF to prevent sun damage.
Should I allow the skin to rest between Airbrush spray sessions?
It is recommended that after every 5 weeks of spray tanning, you allow your skin to rest for 10 days. This allows you to completely loose your tan periodically which eliminates patchiness or uneven areas of wear. These areas are caused by normal contact with clothing and other surfaces which cause additional exfoliation.
What are the ingredients?
Aloe Vera in Purified De-Mineralized Water, Dihyroxyacetone (Eco-Cert DHA), Ethanol, Erythrulose, Caffeine, Copper, Glycerine, Acacia Senegal Gum & Hydrolyzed Rhizobiam Gum (Skin Firming), Vitamin Complex (A, C & E), Propylene Glycol, Polysorbate 20, AstraCranTM(Cranberry Seed Extract), AquaxylITM, Panthenol (Vitamin B5), Sorbitol, Fragrance/Odor Control, Phenethyl Alcohol, Caprylyl Glycol, Citric Acid, FD&C Red #40, Red #33, Green #5 and Yellow #5
Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis): This ingredient is an extract from the Aloe Vera plant. Aloe Vera has exceptional oxygenation (the ability to draw and hold oxygen to the skin) properties, making it very effective for cellular renewal. Having the same pH as human skin, it is also extremely soothing and protective.
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA): This skin browning effect is non-toxic, and similar to the Maillard reaction. It is more commonly seen in the food preparation industry, and was described in 1912 by Louis Camille Maillard. DHA reacts chemically with the amino acid groups, which are part of the protein containing keratin layer on the skin surface.
Various amino acids react differently to DHA, producing different tones of coloration from yellow to brown. The resulting pigments are called melanoidins. These are similar in coloration to melanin, the natural substance in the deeper skin layers which brown or “tan”, from exposure to UV rays.
Ethanol: Ethanol has widespread use as a solvent of substances intended for human contact or consumption, including scents, flavourings, colourings, and medicines. In chemistry, it is both an essential solvent and a feedstock for the synthesis of other products.
Erythrulose: It is a natural ketose obtained by bio-fermentation. When used in combination with Dihydroxyacetone (DHA), it leads to uniform tanning of the skin and provides longer lasting colour.
Caffeine: Caffeine is a heterocyclic organic compound that energizes the skin. Caffeine may help protect against skin cancer.
Copper: It is a necessity for tyrosinase activity. Facilitates melanin production. Copper has additional benefits to skin and hair, showing an enhanced ability to bind moisture to maintain a healthy appearance.
Glycerin: This humectant protects and seals moisture on the skin surface. It is widely used in products as a moisturizing agent.
Acacia Senegal Gum & Hydrolyzed Rhizobian Gum: Two natural, sustainable ingredients of vegetable origin and visible efficacy help impart a tactile tightening effect and lifted appearance.
Vitamin A (Retinyl Palmitate): A potent antioxidant and very effective free-radical scavenger, is especially beneficial for dry or damaged skin. Vitamin A helps prevent skin dryness and scaliness by hydrating and softening the skin, keeping it healthy, clear, and infection resistant. Known as “the skin vitamin”, it acts as a keratinization regulator, helping to improve the skin’s texture, firmness, and smoothness. It is used for anti-aging products due to is ability to stimulate new cell production, which is enhanced when combined with vitamin E. When Vitamin A is incorporated into skin care products at adequate levels, it will increase cell proliferation in the epidermis, stimulate fibroblasts to produce elastin and collagen, and induce new blood vessels to grow, all of which result in healthier and younger looking skin.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): An antioxidant vitamin that helps neutralize free radicals. It has been clinically shown to reverse photo-aging (wrinkles and age spots) and boost the skin’s collagen productions for smoother and firmer skin. In addition, Vitamin C inhibits UVA and UVB radiation-induced damage, also resulting in younger looking skin.
Vitamin E (Tocopheryl Acetate): An antioxidant that helps lipid per-oxidation in cells and tissues. It helps neutralize free radicals to prevent and diminish fine lines and wrinkles while it also softens skin and moisturizes from within. Some research shows that Vitamin E can help maintain the skin’s connective tissue, helping it stay smooth and elastic.
Propylene Glycol: It is an aliphatic alcohol that is used as a skin conditioning agent and humectant and is a solvent for preservatives (Parabens), essential oils, flavours, and fragrances.
Polysorbate 20: A versatile oil-in-water emulsifier, very water-soluble. It is excellent solubilizer for essential oils. It is also a viscosity modifier in shampoos, liquid soaps and conditioners.
AstraCranTm (Cranberry Seed Extract): Extract of the cranberry fruit. Natural components known as proanthocyanidins are responsible for this extract’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
AquaxylTm: Aquaxyl is an active ingredient responsible for moisturizing and restructuring your delicate skin. It improvement the skin’s overall moisture balance, with increased water content and reserve. Aquaxyl™ also builds a barrier to limit water loss. It will make your skin will look and feel smoother and more supple.
Panthenol (Vitamin B Complex): Panthenol is Pro-Vitamin B5, which is part of the B-complex group. It is essential in the synthesis of lipids and proteins. Panthenol is used as a deep-penetrating skin moisturizer.
Sorbitol: A sugar found in many berries. It is a humectant that leaves a silky velvety feeling to skin.
Fragrance (odor control): An aromatic blend employing essential oils of natural origin, of synthetic origin, or both.
Phenethyl alcohol: Phenethyl alcohol is an alcohol with a pleasant floral odour. It is therefore a common ingredient in flavours and perfumery.
Caprylyl Glycol: Skin-conditioning agent that may be plant-derived or synthetic.
Citric Acid (Vitamin C): Derived from citrus fruits. Natural astringent and antioxidant properties. Also used as a natural preservative and pH regulator.
FD&C Red #40: A certified Monoazo colorant, soluble in water and permitted for use in food, drug, and cosmetic products.
FD&C Red #33: A certified Monoazo colorant permitted for the use in drugs and cosmetics but not in foods. This ingredient is a colorant used to color finished formulas.
FD&C Yellow #5: This ingredient is a colorant used to colour finished formulas. | chemistry |
http://www.papermartinc.com/shop/product_info.php?cPath=1043&products_id=6778 | 2013-05-23T04:33:06 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702810651/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111330-00046-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.897782 | 547 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__175121099 | en | Teslin synthetic printing sheet is truly a unique material that looks, prints and fabricates like paper, but is durable like plastic film. A microporous structure makes Teslin sheet absorptive yet water-resistant, soft but strong, and highly printable and durable.
Teslin sheet is a dimensionally stable, highly filled, single layer, microporous film. It is polyolefin-based with 60% of its weight comprised of non-abrasive filler and 65% of its volume comprised of air. The porous, uncoated nature of Teslin sheet allows inks, adhesives, coatings and laminating films to penetrate into its structure to form strong anchor points with the substrate. Although fluid may penetrate, there is excellent holdout of pigment particles on the surface.
A wide range of printing and fabricating techniques are compatible with Teslin sheet. It can be printed or imaged with offset, monochrome laser, color laser, flexography, gravure, letterpress, intaglio, thermal transfer, ink jet, and screen-printing processes. A number of finishing techniques and fabricating methods can also be used with Teslin sheet, including perforating, punching, folding, sewing and grommeting, and foil stamping and embossing.
Teslin sheet is bright white-the same attractive appearance as other high quality, matte finish papers. Opacity is excellent, even at low weights and thicknesses.
What is Teslin synthetic printing sheet?
Teslin sheet is a white, porous, highly filled film that features unique characteristics printable, durable, waterproof, secure, breathable, and adaptable. Its microporous composition ensures high print definition and excellent holdout of pigment particles. If you have ever been apprehensive of printing on synthetic sheet, Teslin sheet is for you!
Why use Teslin sheet?
Teslin sheet offers users durability, printability and versatility. Teslin sheet forms tough, durable bonds with laminating films that are 600 percent stronger than coated papers or other synthetic stocks. Teslin sheet is water, chemical, abrasion, and tear-resistant, requiring no edge seal to be durable. And, bonds that were meant to last, create images that endure over time. Teslin sheet is extremely printable-producing rich, vivid, high quality graphics through both conventional printing methods and digital imaging.
How is Teslin sheet used?
Teslin sheet adaptability gives designers freedom never before possible with synthetics. It is ideal for:
Specialty and commercial printing
Wide format graphics
Menus and maps
Laminated security documents
Tags and Labels | chemistry |
https://todaypost.us/advancements-in-materials-science-and-reactor-technology-for-ammonia-based-energy-storage/ | 2024-02-29T08:19:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474795.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229071243-20240229101243-00146.warc.gz | 0.959741 | 537 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__82496051 | en | Ammonia has been widely used as a fertilizer and refrigerant, but its potential as a means of energy storage is only now beginning to be fully explored. The low cost of ammonia and the ease with which it can be produced make it an attractive option for large-scale energy storage.
One of the main challenges in using ammonia as an energy storage medium is finding suitable materials for its production and storage. However, recent advancements in materials science have opened up new possibilities in this field.
Advanced materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown great promise in the production of ammonia. MOFs are highly porous materials that can be tailored to selectively capture and release gas molecules. This makes them ideal for the production of ammonia, as they can capture nitrogen and hydrogen gases and then catalyze their reaction to produce ammonia.
Another potential use of MOFs is in the storage of ammonia. The porous structure of MOFs allows for the easy adsorption of ammonia molecules, and their high surface area provides a large storage capacity. This makes MOFs an attractive option for the storage of ammonia for energy applications.
In addition to advanced materials, advanced reactors are also being developed for the production and storage of ammonia. One example is the use of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) for the production of hydrogen, which can then be combined with nitrogen to produce ammonia. SOECs are highly efficient and can operate at high temperatures, making them well-suited for the production of hydrogen.
Another type of reactor that is being developed for ammonia storage is the adsorption reactor. This type of reactor uses a solid adsorbent material to adsorb ammonia, which can then be released when needed for energy applications. Adsorption reactors offer several advantages over traditional liquid storage methods, including a higher energy density and reduced safety risks.
In addition to these advancements in materials and reactors, research is also being conducted on the use of ammonia as a fuel for power generation. Ammonia has a higher energy density than other renewable energy sources such as hydrogen and is easier to transport and store. Ammonia can be burned in conventional power plants, making it a promising option for the transition to a low-carbon energy system.
In conclusion, ammonia has great potential as an energy storage medium, and recent advancements in materials and reactors are paving the way for its widespread use. Advanced materials such as MOFs and advanced reactors such as SOECs and adsorption reactors offer new possibilities for the production and storage of ammonia. With further research and development, ammonia could play a major role in the transition to a sustainable and low-carbon energy system. | chemistry |
https://icwdm.org/management/toxicants/ | 2023-01-28T14:25:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499634.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128121809-20230128151809-00533.warc.gz | 0.74974 | 535 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__217857969 | en | Toxicants & Fumigants
Toxicant–substance used to poison a problem animal, typically through ingestion.
Fumigant–gas used to poison a nuisance animal as it breathes.
General Use Pesticides (GUP) may be purchased over-the-counter.
Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP) require a pesticide applicator’s license to purchase and use.
Secondary poisoning-Injury to an organism that ate the animal that was poisoned originally.
Facts about Pesticides
- No one can guarantee where a poisoned animal will die.
- No pesticide can be called “SAFE”. You can only use pesticides more safely or less safely.
- Most negative incidents with toxicants and fumigants occur because the applicator failed to follow the instructions on the label.
1. Phosphine Gas
- Phostoxin– Degesch America
- Fumigation Management Plan (FMP) is required when using this product.
2. Charcoal-Potassium Nitrate
Used as a rodent fumigant in burrows, carbon (charcoal) formulated with several other pesticide active ingredients (sodium and potassium nitrates and sulfur), is used in pyrotechnic fumigant gas cartridge products. When a cartridge is ignited and placed in a pest burrow, it produces carbon monoxide and other gases that kill target pests.
Toxicants in Rodenticides
|First Generation||Active Ingredient||Feeding|
|Active Ingredient||Feeding||Mode of Action|
|Bromethalin||Single Feed||Interferes with the animal’s nervous system|
|Cholecalciferol||Single Feed||Causes internal bleeding and kidney injury by increasing calcium levels to a lethal level|
|Zinc Phosphide||Single Feed||Blocks cells from making energy, and the cells die|
Bait Station Use— Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln | chemistry |
https://www.lftgroup.eco/products/view/182 | 2022-07-02T23:16:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104205534.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702222819-20220703012819-00716.warc.gz | 0.769878 | 300 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__279434599 | en | "Dish the Dirt"
Live for Tomorrow (LFT) dish liquid “Dish the Dirt” tackles grease-laden dishes. 2x concentrated, this is a plant and mineral based, natural & non-toxic dish liquid. We’re all about the pump. No drippy squeeze bottle mess. Directly into the sink or onto a sponge – 1 little pump goes a long way. Our Unscented formula is perfect for baby bottles and accessories too!
- Phosphate Free
- Safe for septic systems
To Use: Pump until you get a steady stream.
To Wash: Squirt detergent onto cleaning applicator and use. For best results, use with warm water.
These suds are for your sink. Not for use in Auto Dishwasher machines.
Ingredients: Purified Water; Sodium Methyl 2-Sulfolaurate/Disodium 2-Sulfolaurate, Lauramine Oxide, Caprylyl/Myristyl Glucoside (Plant based cleaning agent); Glycerine (Foam stabilizer); Sodium Chloride (Thickener); Sodium Carbonate (Water conditioner); Potassium Sorbate (Food grade preservative); Citric Acid (Natural pH modifier); Sodium Hydroxide/Sodium Chloride/Sodium Carbonate (Mineral based cleaning agent) | chemistry |
https://jacksonlab.ku.edu/ | 2024-02-27T20:08:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474686.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227184934-20240227214934-00049.warc.gz | 0.874393 | 837 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__11032281 | en | Jackson Research Group
Bioinorganic & Bio-inspired Chemistry
Roughly a third of all enzymes require metals to perform their biological functions. Plants use a manganese enzyme to transform water into oxygen. Our bodies use iron enzymes to transport oxygen, break down toxic molecules, and perform a host of other functions.
The Jackson Lab’s research helps to understand the details of these bioinorganic reactions. Our lab also uses these biological processes to develop environmentally-friendly, bio-inspired reactions that could be useful to the chemical industry.
Nature uses metalloenzymes containing Mn, Fe, or Cu and oxidants such as molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide to carry out remarkable oxidative transformations that are both vital for life and fascinating from a fundamental perspective. Such reactions also serve as inspiration for synthetic chemists, as catalytic processes that utilize earth-abundant metals are less expensive and more environmentally benign than conventional process that employ precious-metals. Our research focuses on using synthetic model complexes to understand the chemical reactions that are critical to the function of both metalloenzymes and earth-abundant metal catalysts. These reactions include activation of dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide and the cleavage of C-H and O-H bonds by high- and mid-valent metal-oxygen species. To achieve these goals, the Jackson lab uses a combination of i) synthetic and kinetic methods to generate and characterize the reactivity patterns of metal ion complexes, ii) detailed spectroscopic characterization of transition-metal species, and iii) computational chemistry. These combined efforts allow us to identify geometric and electronic properties of transition-metal complexes that influence chemical reactivity.
Spectroscopic methods used in our research include electronic absorption (UV-vis), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and X-ray absorption (XAS) spectroscopies. We also employ NMR methods to probe the solution structures of paramagnetic complexes. These tools are particularly powerful when used in conjunction with computational methods, as they permit the characterization of the geometric and electronic structures of fleeting intermediates too unstable to be characterized using standard crystallographic methods. Our lab also used kinetic studies to probe the reaction mechanisms of our complexes. By applying this three-pronged approach to bio-inspired transition-metal complexes, we gain detailed insight into how nature uses molecular oxygen and earth-abundant metals to oxidize substrates and apply this knowledge to develop transition metal complexes that can perform green oxidation reactions.
The Jackson lab has on-going collaborations with a variety of labs, where we bring our expertise in spectroscopic and computational methods to learn about the electronic structure and chemical reactivity of transition-metal complexes.
Josh Telser (Roosevelt University, Chicago): A variety of projects with Prof. Telser have focused on using unique spectroscopic methods and electronic structure computations to understand optical and magnetic properties of coordination complexes. Representative Publication
Dong Wang (University of Montana): Our collaboration with Prof. Wang’s lab is focused on the electronic structure and reactivity of Co complexes in unusually high oxidation states. While rare, high-valent Co complexes are presumed intermediates in a variety of Co catalysts. Representative Publication
Elodie Anxolabéhère-Mallart (Université Paris, Diderot): Our long-standing collaboration with Prof. Anxolabéhère-Mallart has entailed using electrochemical methods in the Anxolabéhère-Mallart to investigate the reactions of Mn(II) complexes with electrochemically-generated superoxide. These methods have permitted new understanding of the oxidation-reduction reactions of peroxomanganese(III) complexes. Such complexes are important intermediates in manganese enzymes and synthetic oxidation catalysts. Representative Publication
Carole Duboc (Univ. Grenoble Alpes): Our recent collaboration with Prof. Duboc’s lab is aimed at developing new transition-metal complexes that react with molecular oxygen. | chemistry |
https://organicstore.nz/products/koa-organics-magnesium-oil-with-lavender-100ml | 2020-11-30T08:12:35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141211510.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130065516-20201130095516-00060.warc.gz | 0.800261 | 168 | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-50__0__4055293 | en | Koa Organics Magnesium Oil with Lavender (100ml)
For Relaxation, Calm and Muscle Recovery
How to use it
Use Koa Organics Magnesium Oil with Lavender as a soothing spray balm for stiff and tight muscles, and abdominal discomfort.
Spray directly onto the skin (avoiding creases in joints) and rub in.
- up to 20 - 30 times per day for an adult
- up to 5 - 6 times per day for children
- water down for infants.
For external use only. Read label, use as directed.
Why buy it
- 100% natural, no added chemicals
- Contains magnesium chloride
- Contains lavender essential oil
- Uses organic ingredients
What's in it
Ingredients: Magnesium chloride, water, lavender essential oil | chemistry |
https://newmexicodigitalnews.com/the-long-leguminous-quest-to-give-crops-nitrogen-superpowers/ | 2023-12-10T06:57:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101282.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210060949-20231210090949-00750.warc.gz | 0.928811 | 715 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__121122403 | en | If crops could feel envy, it’d be for legumes. Bean plants have a superpower. Or more accurately, they share one. They’ve developed symbiotic relationships with bacteria that process atmospheric nitrogen into a form that’s usable for those plants—an essential element for building their tissues, photosynthesizing, and generally staying healthy. This is known as nitrogen fixation. If you look at a legume’s roots, you’ll see nodules that provide these nitrogen-fixing microbes with a home and food.
Other crops—cereals like wheat, rice, and corn—don’t have such a deep symbiotic relationship, so farmers have to use large amounts of fertilizer to get the plants the nitrogen they need. This is very expensive. And fertilizer production is not great for the environment. It’s not easy to turn atmospheric nitrogen into a form of nitrogen that plants can absorb on their own. “It takes a lot of energy and really high pressures and high temperatures,” says University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign plant biologist Angela Kent. “Bacteria do this at ambient temperatures and pressures, so they’re pretty special. While energy has been cheap, it’s been easy for us to overuse nitrogen fertilizers.”
Even worse, once it’s on fields, fertilizer spews nitrous oxide, which is 300 times as potent a greenhouse gas as carbon dioxide. Runoff from fields also pollutes water bodies, leading to toxic algal blooms. This is a particularly bad problem in the Midwest, where fertilizer empties into the Mississippi River and flows into the Gulf of Mexico, fueling massive blooms every summer. When those algae die, they suck the oxygen out of the water, killing any sea creatures unfortunate enough to be in the area and creating a notorious aquatic dead zone that can grow to be the size of New Jersey. Climate change is only exacerbating the problem, since warmer waters hold less oxygen to begin with.
Given all that nastiness, scientists have long been on a quest to reduce agriculture’s dependence on fertilizers by giving cereal crops their own nitrogen-fixing powers. And with the rise of gene-editing technology over the past few decades, that quest has been making progress. Last month, in the Plant Biotechnology Journal, researchers described a breakthrough with rice, engineering the plant to produce more compounds that encourage the growth of biofilms, which provide a cozy home for nitrogen-fixing bacteria, much like legumes provide nodules for their partner microbes.
“People for the last 30, 40 years have been trying to make cereals behave like legumes,” says Eduardo Blumwald, a plant biologist at the University of California, Davis who coauthored the new paper. “Evolution in that sense is very cruel. You cannot do in the lab what took millions and millions of years.”
So what’s with the evolutionary cruelty? Why can some plants—like, say aquatic ferns—fix nitrogen while others can’t?
It’s not that other species don’t get nitrogen at all. Cereal grasses use nitrogen that’s already in the soil—it comes from animal manure, as well as all the life churning in the dirt. (Lots of different bacterial groups process atmospheric nitrogen, not just the legumes’ symbionts.) | chemistry |
https://nuytco.com/products/newtrox/ | 2023-06-09T12:14:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656675.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609100535-20230609130535-00277.warc.gz | 0.728763 | 293 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__280276669 | en | Nuytco’s second generation oxygen analyzer is microprocessor-based to ensure consistent calibration. Developed specifically for use in Nuytco submersibles and the Exosuit, the NEWTROX O2 Analyzer features: push and hold digital calibration (5 seconds); long operation on 9V alkaline battery (<600 hours); audible ‘beep’ for on, off and calibration complete; low battery indicator; large backlit display; cell check on power up (‘CELL BAD’ displayed when cell is nearing end of life); field-replaceable O2 cell (City Technology Divecel 3); rugged, water-resistant case, milled from aluminum and hard-anodized.
- 2.57" x 3.94" x 1.59"
- 9V Alkaline (<600hrs)
- Low battery indicator
- City Technology Divecel 3
- Cell-check on power-up
- 'CELL BAD' displayed when cell is nearing end of life
- Audible 'beep' for on, off and calibration complete
- Push and hold digital calibration (5 seconds)
- water-resistant, milled from aluminum and hard-anodized | chemistry |
https://www.newsrael.com/posts/wl0f9mo1x1c | 2023-12-02T12:30:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100399.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202105028-20231202135028-00061.warc.gz | 0.88849 | 222 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__313049434 | en | A new drug company called BNS Ophthalmics (BNSO) – formed through a partnership of Israeli nanotechnology drug discovery and development company BioNanoSim and Greek pharmaceutical company Rafarm — will leverage nanotechnology to develop novel treatments for serious eye conditions.
Cofounded by Prof. Simon Benita and Yissum, the tech-transfer company of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, BNS’s first product under development is BNSO-1.
This nano formulation will allow the potent anti-inflammatory drug Tacrolimus – an unstable, water-insoluble drug that cannot permeate the cornea – to be applied in the eyes for treating a wide range of eye conditions.
BNSO is to initiate a phase I/IIA clinical study of BNSO-1 later this year in chronic anterior uveitis patients. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted orphan drug designation for this indication. If clinical results are positive, the company could be approved for an accelerated regulatory approval track.
Image - Courtesy of BNSO | chemistry |
https://casenewsdev.fiu.edu/2019/07/09/water-quality-monitoring-network-receives-funding-for-twenty-fifth-year/ | 2023-12-01T17:03:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100290.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201151933-20231201181933-00627.warc.gz | 0.91826 | 358 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__137251211 | en | Ensuring broad access to clean water is key to a healthy, thriving community. The Institute of Water and Environment’s Southeast Environmental Research Center (SERC) has been monitoring and improving water quality in the Florida Keys and across South Florida since 1995 through the Center’s Water Quality Monitoring Network (WQMN).
Most recently, Dr. Henry Briceño was awarded a grant of $425,000 to continue this effort into 2020. Over the last 25 years the Network has included sampling from Biscayne Bay, Florida Bay, Ten Thousand Islands, the Florida Keys and even Bermuda.
“This monitoring requires quite the team-work,” says Briceño when asked about the process of sampling.
All materials must be meticulously organized and labeled by senior laboratory technician, Sandro Stumpf and Marine Operations Technician, Breege Boyer before any of the 112 stations are sampled in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The water samples are then handed off to Pete Lorenzo – lab manager – and his technicians at the CAChE Nutrient Analysis Core Facility for examination. Finally, the data is ready for Boyer and Briceño to examine and evaluate.
In the newest installment of the project, Alejandro Torres, a CREST CAChE Computer Science student, and Dr. Leonardo Bobadilla are working to develop a water quality forecasting model for the Florida Keys using the existing Water Quality database.
This $425,000 grant is part of a now more than $1.7 million project funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for the last three years, and allows the team of scientists to continue the decades-long project to help keep our Florida waters healthy for years to come.
Written By: Emma Odenweller | chemistry |
http://m.aquachemindustries.in/upvc-reducer-brass-tee-1379899.html | 2018-07-18T23:52:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590362.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718232717-20180719012717-00461.warc.gz | 0.935664 | 159 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__270047708 | en | Our offered UPVC Reducer Brass Tee is extensively demanded in chemical, residential water supply, petrochemical, oil, gas and various other industries for pipe fitting applications to connect pipes by reducing their diameters. Our company is renowned as a reliable manufacturer and supplier of brass tee. We make use of superior UPVC and brass in manufacturing this product range as per the ASTM D-2467 (SCH-80) quality standards. UPVC Reducer Brass Tee can be availed to our prominent clients in various sizes, thicknesses and diameters (1/2" to 2") as per their industrial requirements.
Standard: as per ASTM D-2467(SCH-80)
Product: Reducer Brass Tee
Range: 1/2" to 2" | chemistry |
https://premiumcaravans.com.au/product/powertech-lithium-deep-cycle-batteries/ | 2024-02-21T22:30:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00257.warc.gz | 0.950025 | 156 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__23324545 | en | These LiFePO4 batteries weigh less than half of their Lead Acid counterparts. They may look fairly similar to lead acid batteries, but internally they’re a totally different, next generation concept. They’re actually made up of regular 18650 LiFePO4 cells, which are in mass production for many portable devices. An internal battery management system (BMS) ensures all cells are uniformly charged and discharged, as well as providing short circuit, over current, and reverse polarity protection. This provides you with a higher degree of protection than a traditional lead acid battery which is unprotected, and can discharge rapidly under short circuit conditions, causing fire and damage. The internal BMS will also limit discharge and manage cut-off voltage, to further protect the internal cells. | chemistry |
https://www.baghouseamerica.com/what-is-a-filter-bag/ | 2023-03-26T15:19:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945473.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326142035-20230326172035-00521.warc.gz | 0.930184 | 1,033 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__65207236 | en | The definition of a filter bag is very straightforward. A filter bag is a fabric “bag” that filters the air passing through your dust collection system, preventing particulate matter and emissions from entering the environment. These products are essential in reducing your plant’s environmental impact and keeping you compliant with environmental regulations. This piece will outline how a baghouse works and what some of the most common materials used for filter bags are.
How Does a Filter Bag Work?
Inside pulse-jet baghouses, individual bags cover metal cages that maintain their shape and structure. Dirty air enters the chamber from the side of the baghouse and passes through the filter bags. The bags prevent any solid debris and detritus from moving through while allowing the clean air to move up through the bag and exit the baghouse at the top. Debris falls off the bags to the bottom of the baghouse, where it is collected and disposed of.
During operation, dirt cakes up on the outside of the filter bags and is cleaned off using compressed air. Short bursts of compressed air blow through the bags, freeing accumulated dirt where it falls into the collection area at the bottom. Over time, the particulate buildup is too much for the pulse jets to shake free and the bag becomes blinded, meaning it no longer operates optimally and should be replaced.
Types of Filter Bags
The different types of filter bag materials affect the performance and characteristics of the bags, from maximum operating temperature to abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, reaction to moisture, and more. Here are some commonly used filter bag materials and their related properties.
Polypropylene is a standard filter bag material because of its excellent abrasion resistance. Additionally, polypropylene filters are well-suited to moist air filtering and have excellent resistance to alkalis and acids. However, the biggest shortcoming of polypropylene bags is that they have a low maximum operating temperature of around 170 degrees Fahrenheit (77 degrees Celsius), limiting the range of applications they are well-suited for.
Acrylic filter bags have some pros and cons related to the first material on our list. First, acrylic bags have a maximum operating temperature of around 265°F (130°C), making them better suited for high-temperature applications. However, that increase in temperature is a trade-off for a slight decrease in abrasion resistance and chemical compatibility.
Aramid, short for aromatic polyamide, is a class of strong, heat-resistant synthetic fibers. Most people would recognize Aramid by the brand name Kevlar®. Filter bags made from this material are very abrasion resistant and can operate at consistent temperatures around 400°F (204°C).
Fiberglass is a material that can withstand high temperatures, operating around 500°F (260°C), almost triple the operating temperature of polypropylene filter bags. This heat resistance widely expands the applications for fiberglass bags. Unfortunately, fiberglass is not very durable and has a lower resistance to abrasion than other entries on this list. Additionally, fiberglass does not work particularly well with alkalis or acids. Chemical-resistant finishes can increase fiberglass filter bag performance but also increase the cost.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), better known by the brand name TeflonTM, is a synthetic polymer that can increase the performance of filter bags. A PTFE membrane on the exterior of felt or needled polyester bags offers additional performance benefits. The surface of the PTFE membrane has microscopic holes that allow air to pass through. Some PTFE filter bags can reach a high of 99.999% efficiency.
PTFE has a very low coefficient of friction, meaning it can decrease the amount of caking on the bag’s exterior, reducing the frequency of cleaning required. In addition, the compressed air used during cleaning causes wear and tear on the bags, so reducing the cleaning frequency increases the lifetime of the filter bag. This property makes this type of bag great for applications that have sticky or tacky dust.
It’s no shock that a premium price tag goes hand-in-hand with the premium performance of PTFE filter bags. At Baghouse America, we believe in improving the quality of the air we breathe and forging lasting, authentic relationships with our customers. To that end, we include PTFE filter bags with the setup of any new baghouse system at no additional cost.
We love to talk shop – let’s set up a time to chat about filter bags and baghouses and how our team can help you get the most from your system. We understand that each client is unique and needs unique solutions to their filtration challenges.
We are leading the way to zero emissions, and we would love to help your company reach its emission targets and help everyone breathe easier. | chemistry |
http://kb-silvolite.com/article.php?action=read&A_id=2 | 2013-05-25T06:54:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705618968/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120018-00046-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.883368 | 350 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__10541780 | en | Trying to make heads or tails of the word and the subject of "hypereutectic" is no easy matter. Our article on piston alloys covers the subject of how Primary Silicon is Formed, and our article on Heat Treat,relates how the alloy strength is increased with the T6 Heat Treatment. This page is intended to give you a visual idea of what the 390 alloy looks like under a microscope.
The dark particles distributed throughout this photo (fig. 1), are primary silicon. These particles form when the silicon in the metal exceeds 12%. Primary silicon particles represent 4 - 6% of the total piston.The key to the successful use of the 390 alloy is to keep the particles small and well distributed. This is accomplished with modern foundry practice and mold design. The largest particles in the photographs, (fig. 1 and fig. 3), are about four ten thousandths of an inch in length and are so hard diamond tooling is required to machine the alloy.
The gray mottled area in the photo, (fig. 1), is base metal alloy that makes up the balance of the piston. The silicon in the base metal is dissolved with aluminum to form a 12% silicon/aluminum solution. This base metal is eutectic, (u-tec-tic), aluminum, (fig. 2)..
The bottom line is that the structure of 390 alloy gives superior wear resistance, 15% less thermal expansion and increased thermal barrier properties. KB Performance Pistons are designed around our hypereutectic alloy. The characteristics of the 390 alloy, combined with modern permanent mold process, gives design freedom for a superior product, the KB Performance Pistons from United Engine & Machine Company. | chemistry |
http://www.buffaloscoop.com/free-health-seminar-to-include-free-giveaway-for-participants/ | 2019-06-19T22:05:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999041.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619204313-20190619230313-00424.warc.gz | 0.92003 | 461 | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__177952306 | en | Green Armour Technologies of WNY, a Snyder-based company specializing in air and water purification systems for residential and commercial use, green laundry products and nutraceuticals for a healthier lifestyle, will offer a free 360 Degree Health & Wellness Seminar on Thursday, June 14. All attendees will receive a free FreshAir Focus (while supplies last), a unique plug-in product that naturally removes airborne contaminants and allergens while also freshening the air.
The seminar will take place from 6:30 to 8:15 p.m. June 14 in the Hampton Inn and Suites Buffalo Airport, 133 Buell Ave. (off Genesee Street), Cheektowaga. Attendees will learn about FreshAir, LivingWater, LaundryPure and Essentials for Life products.
“When we think about being exposed to toxic chemicals, we often think of huge smokestacks spewing black smoke and garbage-laden beaches. We don’t usually think of our homes and offices,” said Brian Ellsworth, owner of Green Armour Technologies. “The truth is that the average American spends nearly 90 percent of their time indoors these days. The air in the average home contains over 63 synthetic toxins, mold, bacteria, viruses and fumes from off-gassing paint, furniture and building materials. The water coming from our taps contains many dangerous chemicals, compounds and metals as well. The products that we use to clean our homes and offices and the personal care products that we put on our skin contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Come and learn how you can easily protect yourself and your family from these health-damaging environmental toxins!”
Space at the health seminar is limited! To reserve your place, please contact Ellsworth at (716) 881-2345 or [email protected].
To learn more about Green Armour Technologies of WNY, please visit greentechwny.com or follow the company on Facebook at www.facebook.com/Green-Armour-Technologies-of-WNY-441391392720079/. To view a brief video about the ActivePure technology used in FreshAir products, please visit www.activepurepro.com. | chemistry |
http://www.clarecd.org/foray-48b-bacterial-insecticide.html | 2024-02-28T19:48:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00763.warc.gz | 0.917244 | 526 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__51666588 | en | Btk – Bacterial Insecticide Fact Sheet Actual name -
- Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki or Btk
- Biological pesticide, a type of pesticide derived from natural materials such as plants or bacteria. Bt is a naturally occurring soil bacteria.
- Gypsy moth caterpillars must eat Btk for it to be effictive because it interferes with the digestion system. The active ingredient is a crystal protein toxin formed by the bacteria. The alkaline gut and enzimes that only caterpillars have activate the toxin that kills the cells lining, stopping the caterpillar from feeding and dies withing 2 to 5 days. This alkaline condition is not present in the stomachs of humans,birds, or fish and other animals.
- Btk is cultured using water and nutrients such as sugars and starches, in a fermenting process similar to brewing beer. The final product contains almost all water, the leftover growth medium, carbohydrates, inert ingredients that are approved as food additives, and the active ingredient.
- Different strains of Bt affect different insects. Btk has no effect on humans, pets birds, fish, livestock, honey bees or other wildlife. Btk is so specific to only certain moth and butterflies that is is an approved control product for use by certified organic garners.
- As with the application of any control product, people, pets or domestic animals with known respiratory ailments or other health concerns my wish to avoid exposure by staying indoors during the spray operation and until the Btk product is dry (usually a few hours).
- The Btk applied in a spray does not multiply or accumulate in the environment.
- 1/2 Gallon per Acre
- After all caterpillars have hatched.
- Most effective when caterpillars are young and have a gut lining thin enough for the Btk toxin to punch holes in it. Once the larvae have gotten larger than 5/8-inch long, they are rather difficult to kill.
- Mid—to late –May or early June
- Breaks down in sunlight within seven days
- Highly effective: nearly 80% mortality of gypsy moth caterpillars in treated areas
- Highly effective with high gypsy moth caterpillar populations
- Readily available
- Known to be toxic to feeding caterpillars of moths and butterflies and is safe to humans, birds, fish, pets, beneficial insects and other non-target organisms
Foray 48B Product Label
Foray 48B is OMRI Listed
Foray 48B Safety Data Sheet | chemistry |
https://www.blp-international.com/product/huskey-350-silicone-grease/ | 2021-12-02T10:00:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361253.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202084644-20211202114644-00022.warc.gz | 0.82265 | 158 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__160674475 | en | HUSKEY 350 SILICONE GREASE is a non-hardening and non-carbonizing silicone lubricant with excellent dielectric properties, plus both physical and thermal stability. It is insoluble in water, methanol, ethanol, dilute acids and caustics, vegetable and mineral oils, glycol, and glycerine. It is excellent for applications that require temperature and mechanical stability which include fire extinguishers, water faucet valves, water softener valves, lock mechanisms, flow meter bearings, electrical assemblies, and terminals, etc.
HUSKEY 350 SILICONE GREASE
Crescent M Halal | chemistry |
https://ottieandthebea.com/collections/accessories/products/piglou-lilac-glitter-kids-nail-polish | 2020-10-27T09:51:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107893845.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027082056-20201027112056-00618.warc.gz | 0.670466 | 381 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__158588460 | en | Piglou lilac glitter is a water-based nail polish from Nailmatic that has been especially formulated for children! The paint works like magic- It’s easy to apply and disappears with warm soapy water or in the bath. It’s phthalate-free, formaldehyde-free, toluene-free and fragrance-free.
- Does not stain
- Dermatologically tested
- Design co-created with OMY
- Made in France
- Ingredients: AQUA (WATER), SODIUM STYRENE/ACRYLATES COPOLYMER, PPG-3 METHYL ETHER, SYNTHETIC FLUORPHLOGOPITE, PHENOXYETHANOL, DISILOXANE, SODIUM BICARBONATE, HECTORITE, SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE, PEG-12 DIMETHICONE, PROPYLENE GLYCOL, PPG-2 METHYL ETHER, PEG-150/DECYL ALCOHOL/SMDI COPOLYMER, POTASSIUM SULFATE, ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN, SODIUM HYDROXIDE, PEG-40 CASTOR OIL, T-BUTYL ALCOHOL, STYRENE/ACRYLATES COPOLYMER, ISOOCTANOL, BENTONITE, PPG-30 BUTYL ETHER, AMINOMETHYL PROPANOL, SILICA DIMETHYL SILYLATE, TOCOPHEROL, CI 77891 (TITANIUM DIOXIDE), CI 77007 (ULTRAMARINE), CI 73360 (RED 30 LAKE), TIN OXIDE. | chemistry |
https://measurands.com.sg/product/2100an-laboratory-turbidimeter-epa-230-vac/ | 2024-02-21T08:30:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473401.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221070402-20240221100402-00097.warc.gz | 0.875631 | 438 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__41563276 | en | Hach 2100 Series Laboratory Turbidimeters are engineered to provide superior accuracy and sensitivity in any application. The 2100AN is equipped with a stable halogen-filled tungsten filament lamp to meet the reporting requirements of EPA Method 180.1. This model is ideal for testing higher ranges of turbidity up to 10,000 NTU. Additional absorbance, transmittance, and color measurement modes make the 2100AN the most flexible of any Hach benchtop turbidimeter.
Ratio technology provides highly accurate results
One keystroke initiates ratio measurement and activates an array of detectors in addition to the 90-degree nephelometric detector. Ratio measurement corrects for color interference, enhances calibration stability, and allows the measurement of turbidity at levels greater than 1000 NTU.
Interchangeable color filters provide ultimate flexibility
A variety of filter module assemblies are available to select the wavelength of light used for measuring samples. The instrument is supplied with an EPA filter assembly for turbidity measurement and a 455 nm filter assembly for use in APHA Pt-Co color measurement. Additional filter assemblies, including an 860 nm option for ISO 7027 compliance, are available as optional accessories for custom applications.
Optional cell adapters of the 2100AN Turbidimeter allow measurement of smaller sample volumes
Measure samples as small as 2.5 mL with Hach bencthop turbidimeters. Use the Application Specific Calibration ability of the instrument to provide direct reading of results with 12, 13, 16, or 19 mm sample vials. Small diameter sample cells are useful when only a small quantity of sample is available, the sample to be measured is ampuled and cannot be opened, or the sample is too turbid to be measured with the standard sample cell without dilution.
Built-in printer provides a record of calibration and measurement data
On-board printer saves bench space. Print interval feature automatically prints a displayed reading at selected print intervals.
Air purge prevents condensation in the sample chamber of the 2100AN
Measure cold and hot samples. A built-in connection is provided to purge the sample compartment with dry air to prevent light scattering caused by condensation. | chemistry |
https://borisdentalcare.com/ed/?sildenafil-100mg | 2023-09-23T12:14:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923094750-20230923124750-00862.warc.gz | 0.918614 | 2,258 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__118019529 | en | Pharmacological properties pharmacodynamics. Mechanism of action. Sildenafil is an oral medication that is intended for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. During sexual arousal, the drug renews reduced erectile function by increasing blood flow to the penis. The physiological mechanism of penile erection consists in the release of nitric oxide (NO) in the cavernous body during sexual stimulation.
The released nitric oxide activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase, which stimulates an increase in the level of cGMP, which, in turn, causes relaxation of the smooth muscles of the cavernous body, contributing to increased blood flow. Sildenafil is a potent and selective inhibitor of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) in the cavernous body, where PDE-5 is responsible for the breakdown of cGMP. The effects of sildenafil on erection are peripheral in nature. Sildenafil does not have a direct relaxing effect on the isolated human cavernous body, but it powerfully enhances the relaxing effect of NO on this tissue. When the NO/cGMP metabolic pathway is activated, which occurs during sexual stimulation, sildenafil inhibition of PDE-5 leads to an increase in cGMP levels in the cavernous body. Thus, in order for sildenafil to cause the necessary pharmacological effect, sexual arousal is necessary. Influence on pharmacodynamics. In vitro studies have demonstrated the selectivity of the effect of sildenafil on PDE-5, which takes an active part in the erection process. The effect of sildenafil on PDE-5 is more powerful than on other known PDEs.
This effect is 10 times more powerful than the effect on PDE-6, which takes part in the processes of phototransformation in the retina. When using the maximum recommended doses, the selectivity of sildenafil to PDE-5 is 80 times higher than its selectivity to PDE-1, 700 times higher than to PDE-2, PDE-3, PDE-4, PDE-7, PDE-8, PDE-9, PDE-10 and PDE-11. In particular, the selectivity of sildenafil to PDE-5 is 4000 times higher than its selectivity to PDE-3 — cGMP-specific isoform of PDE, which participates in the regulation of heart contractions. Pharmacokinetics Absorption. Sildenafil is rapidly absorbed.
Cmax of the drug in blood plasma is reached for 30-120 minutes (with a median of 60 minutes) after its oral administration on an empty stomach. The average absolute bioavailability after oral administration is 41% (with a range of values of 25-63%). In the recommended dose range (25-100 mg), the AUC and Cmax values of sildenafil after oral administration increase proportionally to the dose. When using sildenafil during meals, the degree of absorption decreases with an average lengthening of Tmax to 60 minutes and an average decrease in Cmax by 29%. Distribution. The average equilibrium volume of distribution (Vd) is 105 liters, which indicates the distribution of the drug in the tissues of the body. After a single oral administration of sildenafil at a dose of 100 mg, the average Cmax of sildenafil is about 440 ng / ml (the coefficient of variation is 40%). Since the binding of sildenafil and its main N-desmethyl metabolite to plasma proteins reaches 96%, the average Cmax of free sildenafil reaches 18 ng/ml (38 nmol). The degree of binding to plasma proteins does not depend on the total concentrations of sildenafil. In healthy volunteers who used sildenafil once at a dose of 100 mg, after 90 minutes, < 0.0002% (on average — 188 ng) of the applied dose was determined in the ejaculate. Biotransformation.
Sildenafil metabolism is carried out mainly with the participation of microsomal liver isoenzymes CYP 3A4 (main pathway) and CYP 2C9 (secondary pathway). The main circulating metabolite is formed by N-demethylation of sildenafil. The selectivity of the metabolite with respect to PDE-5 is comparable to the selectivity of sildenafil, and the activity of the metabolite with respect to PDE-5 is approximately 50% of the activity of the starting substance. The concentrations of this metabolite in blood plasma are approximately 40% of the concentrations of sildenafil in blood plasma. The N-demethylated metabolite undergoes further metabolism, and the T-half is approximately 4 hours. Elimination.
The total clearance of sildenafil is 41 l/h, predestining a Half-life of 3-5 hours. Both after oral and after intravenous administration, the excretion of sildenafil in the form of metabolites is carried out mainly with feces (about 80% of the administered oral dose) and to a lesser extent with urine (about 13% of the administered oral dose). Pharmacokinetics in special groups of patients Elderly patients. In healthy elderly volunteers (aged ≥65 years) there was a decrease in the clearance of sildenafil, which predetermined an increase in plasma concentrations of sildenafil and its active N-demethylated metabolite by approximately 90% compared with the corresponding concentrations in healthy young volunteers (18-45 years). Due to age differences in binding to plasma proteins, the corresponding increase in the plasma concentration of free sildenafil was about 40%.
Kidney failure. In volunteers with mild to moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance — 30-80 ml / min), the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil remained unchanged after its single oral administration at a dose of 50 mg. The average AUC and Cmax of the N-demethylated metabolite increased by 126 and 73%, respectively, compared with such indicators in volunteers of the same age without impaired renal function. However, due to the high interindividual variability, these differences were not statistically significant. In volunteers with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 ml/min), sildenafil clearance decreased, which led to average increases in AUC and Cmax by 100 and 88%, respectively, compared with volunteers of the same age without renal impairment. In addition, the AUC and Cmax values of the N-demethylated metabolite were significantly increased by 200 and 79%, respectively. Liver failure. In volunteers with mild and moderate cirrhosis of the liver (classes A and B according to the Child-Pugh classification), the clearance of sildenafil decreased, which led to an increase in AUC (84%) and Cmax (47%) compared with volunteers of the same age without liver dysfunction.
The pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in patients with severe hepatic impairment has not been studied. Indications Viagra The drug Viagra is recommended for men with erectile dysfunction, which is defined as the inability to achieve or maintain an erection of the penis necessary for successful sexual intercourse. Sexual arousal is necessary for the effective action of the drug Viagra. The use of Viagra Viagra. The drug is intended for oral administration. Viagra ODT. The drug is administered orally. The drug should be used immediately after the tablet has been removed from the blister. The tablet should be put on the tongue, wait for its disintegration, and then swallow. The drug can be taken with or without water. If it is necessary to apply a dose of 100 mg, the second tablet should be taken only after the complete disintegration of the first tablet. It is recommended to use the drug on an empty stomach, since when using the drug simultaneously with fatty foods, there is a significant delay in absorption compared to using tablets on an empty stomach. Viagra and Viagra ODT. Adults. The recommended dose for adults is 50 mg, which is taken as needed approximately 1 hour before sexual intercourse.
Considering the efficacy and tolerability, the dose can be increased to 100 mg or reduced to 25 mg. The maximum recommended dose is 100 mg. The frequency of use of the maximum recommended dose of the drug is 1 time per day. When using the drug Viagra during a meal, the effect of the drug may occur later than when it is used on an empty stomach. If it is necessary to apply a dose of 25 mg, it is recommended to use sildenafil, film-coated tablets of 25 mg. Elderly patients. The need for dose adjustment in elderly patients (≥65 years) absent. Patients with renal insufficiency. In patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance 30-80 ml/min), the recommended dose is the same as indicated above in the "Adults" section. Since sildenafil clearance is reduced in patients with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance <30 ml / min), the use of the drug should begin with a dose of 25 mg. Depending on the efficacy and tolerability of the drug, the dose can be increased to 50 and 100 mg.
Patients with hepatic insufficiency. Since sildenafil clearance is reduced in patients with hepatic insufficiency, for example, with cirrhosis, the use of the drug should begin with a dose of 25 mg. Depending on the efficacy and tolerability of the drug, the dose can be increased to 50 and 100 mg. Patients using other types of treatment. If patients simultaneously use CYP 3A4 inhibitors (see INTERACTIONS), the possibility of using an initial dose of 25 mg should be considered . In order to minimize the risk of orthostatic hypotension, the condition of patients using alpha-adrenergic blockers should be stabilized before the use of sildenafil. The possibility of using an initial dose of sildenafil 25 mg should also be considered .
Contraindications hypersensitivity to the active substance or any other component of the drug. Simultaneous use with NO donors (such as amyl nitrite) or nitrates in any form is contraindicated, since it is known that sildenafil affects the pathways of NO/cGMP metabolism and potentiates the hypotensive effect of nitrates. Simultaneous use of PDE-5 inhibitors (including sildenafil) it is contraindicated with guanylate cyclase stimulants, such as riociguate, since it can cause symptomatic hypotension (see INTERACTIONS). | chemistry |
https://www.fightthebite.com.au/insect-repellents/ | 2024-04-16T14:26:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817095.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416124708-20240416154708-00010.warc.gz | 0.947362 | 903 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__52334523 | en | Insect repellents work by either blocking the cues that identify the wearer as a potential blood meal or providing an odour that overrides that of the your natural scent. There are a wide range
of repellents available, broadly categorized as either synthetic or botanical in nature.
The most effective and widely used repellent internationally is DEET (diethyltoluamide). Developed by the United States Army in the 1950s, DEET is now used by many millions
of people around the world and is available in a wide range of application formulations (e.g. roll-ons, lotions, aerosols, pump-sprays and wipes) and concentrations.
Generally, repellents containing less than 10% DEET will offer up to two hours’ protection from mosquitoes. Repellents that contain up to 80% DEET are more suitable for long periods of exposure to mosquitoes in areas of endemic vector-borne disease.
Picaridin is another widely available active ingredient found in commercial insect repellents in Australia. This product was developed more recently, is generally thought to have a more pleasant scent than DEET and has lower toxicity to humans (making it more appropriate for use on children). Scientific studies have shown that this product is equally effective at
preventing insect bites as DEET.
There are a large number of plants whose essential oils or extracts may provide protection against biting insects. The most common products come from strongly aromatic plants, such as eucalyptus or teatree, and commercial products often contain a blend of extracts. Many scientific studies have compared botanical and synthetic repellents and, although botanical products may provide some protection, products such as DEET and picaridin provide substantially greater and longer term protection, even at low concentrations. Some natural products offer protection for only a few minutes, leaving users unprotected and exposed to disease-carrying vectors.
However, research on repellents with botanical-based active ingredients is continuing and these products may be useful under some circumstances.
Coils, sticks and other gadgets
Burning plant material to repel biting insects has been used by many cultures for thousands of years. Today, the tradition continues in the form of mosquito coils and sticks. The mosquito coil is the most popular form of personal protection from biting insects over the past 100 years. These devices are made of materials impregnated with insecticide (e.g. synthetic pyrethroids, such as allethrin) that burn slowly (some coils burn for up to eight hours) and may provide up to 80% protection. Some formulations are also available with botanical active ingredients, but these
are generally less effective. Coils are cheap to produce and easy to operate, although the smoke produced may present a health risk when used indoors. There is also a number of electronic units available (for both indoor and outdoor use) that release insecticides from slow-release mats or liquids. These units can be very effective, as the pyrethroids kill mosquitoes rather than
simply repelling them.
A wide range of products claim to repel biting insects in formulations other than topical repellents. Products containing synthetic or botanical active ingredients can include patches and wrist bands that claim to provide a degree of protection. However, scientific studies have shown that these products offer substantially less protection than topical repellents.
All repellents used in Australia, whether synthetic or botanical, must by law be registered with the APVMA and the approval number must be listed on the label. There is often a perception that synthetic repellents, such as DEET, are unsafe. However, despite the widespread use of DEET-based products internationally, there are very few cases of adverse reactions. Most of these cases involve serious misuse, most commonly applying too much of the product (especially on young children), eating it or exposing the eyes to the product. Botanical-based products can
also cause irritation. The risk of an adverse reaction from using a repellent is very low and failing to use repellents in some locations will almost certainly result in insect bites and the real possibility of acquiring an infectious disease. Regardless of the active ingredient, all repellents should be applied according to the instructions on the label. | chemistry |
https://daiichisankyo.us/en/oncology | 2021-09-23T07:59:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057417.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923074537-20210923104537-00507.warc.gz | 0.864668 | 322 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__251360889 | en | Oncology Main Article
Daiichi Sankyo Cancer Enterprise
The mission of Daiichi Sankyo Cancer Enterprise is to leverage our world-class, innovative science and push beyond traditional thinking in order to create meaningful treatments for patients with cancer. We are dedicated to transforming science into value for patients, and this sense of obligation informs everything we do.
World-Class Science Organization
The Daiichi Sankyo Cancer Enterprise is committed to becoming a world-class science organization. Our team’s exceptional scientific attitude results in outstanding medicinal chemistry, antibody engineering and discovery biology.
Dynamic and Sustainable R&D Engine
The oncology portfolio of Daiichi Sankyo is powered by our research engines:
- Biologics, medicinal chemistry, modality, and other research laboratories in Japan
- Plexxikon Inc. – our small molecule structure-guided R&D center in Berkeley, California
“3 and Alpha” R&D Strategy
Anchored by our DXd antibody drug conjugate (ADC) technology, our obligation is to harness the power of true innovation to discover and develop innovative first-in-class and best-in-class treatments that transform the standard of care for patients with cancer.
Enhanced Capabilities Through Collaboration
To complement and expand our premier cadre of internal scientists, we are collaborating with leading academic and business partners to leverage cutting-edge science in new treatment modalities, disease biology, diagnostics and pipeline prioritization.
To learn more about Daiichi Sankyo Cancer Enterprise, click here. | chemistry |
https://sterlingfink.com/2012/02/27/making-soap-from-used-cooking-oil/ | 2018-03-19T12:25:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646914.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319120712-20180319140712-00418.warc.gz | 0.949566 | 1,166 | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__237336270 | en | I wrote the bulk of this post on January 5th, when I actually made the soap, but I wanted to wait until I knew whether or not the stuff was worth a toss before I went and gave out the recipe. I finally used a bar of it a few nights ago and it works just fine and dandy. No weird smell, no slime. Doesn’t lather as much as I’d hoped, but it got my hands nice and clean. Next time I should use more lye. (For the record, those are Matt’s meaty mitts in the pictures, not mine!)
I have always wanted to make soap – but I have always been terrified of lye. A lifetime of reading books and articles on home soap making, with their dire warnings, and about a hundred viewings of Fight Club put a terror of chemical burns in my brain.
Well, consider that fear conquered. With enough vinegar you can kill anything, and apparently having two and a half gallons on hand will kill one’s fear of sodium hydroxide. As Matt has said many a time: “People have been making soap for millennia. It can’t be that hard.”
I found some very simple, straightforward, and well-researched instructions on a website called Preparedness1.com and followed the instructions, using my thrice-filtered used canola cooking oil, filtered tap water, and lye. There were no poison gas clouds, no burning flesh, no scorch marks on my kitchen, and I didn’t cry. (I will admit to doing the panic dance once or twice, very briefly.)
I recommend reading the “Homemade Soap” page on Preparedness1.com, but here’s the rundown of what I did:
- Weigh the fat you want to use. I found 2 pounds to be about the amount I felt comfortable sloshing around.
- Consult the handy Lye to Fat Ratio Table on Preparedness1.com to determine how much water and lye you will need to saponify (essentially, to “soapify”) your fat.
- Pour your lye slowly into your water in non-metallic and sturdy container. Not the other way around! I’ve heard some scary stories about what happens if you put water into lye instead of the other way around. It will rapidly heat up and give off stinky steam you don’t want to breathe. Stir (with a wooden or plastic spoon) until it’s clear and let it cool to about 85ºF.
- Heat your oil to about the same temperature, in a non-reactive container. The only metal you can use is stainless steel.
- Slowly drizzle the water/lye mixture into the oil, while stirring.
- Stir, stir, stir. Everyone recommends a stick blender for this part because it can shorten your stirring time from an hour to a few minutes depending on your ingredients. I used a stick blender and it took about half an hour for my ingredients to reach the mystical “trace” stage. (Fats and oils that are liquid at room temperature take longer to saponify than those that are hard at room temperature.) At this point your mixture is the consistency of soft-set pudding and when you pull the spoon out the liquid that sheets off of it leaves a trace on the surface before it is reabsorbed. Add whatever smelly stuff you want now.
- Pour into non-reactive molds and put them out of the way for a few days.
- No one ever explains how to clean up the large and hazardous mess you’re left with at this point! No one! No one, that is, but me. Common sense told me to wipe everything down with vinegar, which neutralizes the lye – and I do mean everything, even stuff you’re putting it he garbage can, so that it doesn’t go nuclear and eat through the bottom of the can. That done, cleanup was no more thrilling than any other sinkful of dishes or splattered cooktop.
- It takes anywhere from one to five days for saponification to be truly complete. When your soap feels nice and hard it is fully saponified and you can unmold it and, if necessary, cut it into bars. Leave the soap alone for another two weeks minimum, to cure (that is, for all the water to evaporate so that the soap doesn’t turn back to mush when you try to use it). Many soapmakers recommend curing for 4-6 weeks before using your soap on your body.
Before adding the lye my oil smelled like oil. Nothing exciting, nothing rancid, no food odors. After saponification there was the faintest whiff of hashbrowns, so I added just a few drops of essential oil to take the edge off. After curing I couldn’t smell either hashbrowns or essential oil.
This solves a rag and bone dilemma for us: what to do with all that used cooking oil? It’s nowhere near enough to bother with making biodiesel but I can’t fathom tossing it. Now we can reuse it!
The pigs were slaughtered on Saturday so we should be getting the fresh (non-smoked) cuts back in a few days. Like last year, I asked to keep the lard. We didn’t much of a kick out of cooking with lard, but I have heard it makes some spanky soap! | chemistry |
https://sarkarinaukrisite.in/concise-inorganic-chemistry-fifth-edition-by-j-d-lee/ | 2023-02-08T13:03:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500813.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208123621-20230208153621-00857.warc.gz | 0.969404 | 435 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__76206051 | en | Price: ₹ 832.00
(as of Feb 08,2023 13:03:40 UTC – Details)
Chemistry is often considered to be a tough subject for students all over the world. Many get lost in the intricacies of balancing an equation and finding an element on the periodic table. Inorganic chemistry is particularly difficult for students as it involves a lot of elements and the theoretical information can be overwhelming for many students. To overcome all these problems, one should consider Concise Inorganic Chemistry by J.D. Lee
Concise Inorganic Chemistry
Concise Inorganic Chemistry is ideal for all those students who are looking to study Inorganic chemistry in much more detail and understand the basics of each and every concept thoroughly. It is not just a collection of theoretical text; rather information given in the book is backed by proper reasoning or experiments. Full effort has been made to keep the language as simple as possible, so that it can be of use to all. This book is designed in such a way that it caters to all the questions that a student may have from inorganic chemistry. The book is divided into six parts so that the readers find it easy to locate their answers. Special attention has been given to the different blocks of the periodic table, so there are parts such as s-block, p-block and other bocks as well, hydrogen and other topics. It is continuously updated keeping in mind the latest changes in syllabus and any addition that has been made recently in the syllabus is reflected in this 5th edition. It is an ideal book for students preparing for competitive examinations.
About the Author
the book has been compiled and written by J.D. Lee and has been published by Oxford Publications. J.D. Lee is one of the most famous academicians for inorganic chemistry in the world and has been in this field for decades now. His thorough understanding of the subject makes this book a one stop solution for all the questions related to Inorganic Chemistry.
The book is available online for convenient shopping. You can bag this book from Amazon.in today by following a few easy steps. | chemistry |
https://www.abinmetall.ru/en/news/aesw-tested-an-innovative-acid-waste-treatment-technology/ | 2022-12-02T09:20:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710900.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202082526-20221202112526-00272.warc.gz | 0.965393 | 160 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__305216829 | en | Hardware Shop of Abinsk Electric Steel Works tested a membrane complex for acid recovering. The innovation was developed jointly with chemists from the Kuban State University.
The complex is based on a hybrid membrane technology for processing acid-containing waste. After being put into operation, it will solve the problem of acid waste treatment, reduce the cost of purchasing materials for the production of hardware products. In addition, the innovation will significantly reduce the environmental burden on the environment.
The second testing stage is to be performed this year. It includes pilot testing of a modernized sulfuric and hydrochloric acid recovery unit, as well as the manufacture and commissioning of the plant to filter acids from stearate lubricant. The said innovative technology will be replicated throughout Russia as soon as the testing is completed. | chemistry |
https://www.eebria.com/otley | 2017-04-24T20:55:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119838.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00519-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.963291 | 594 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__91891992 | en | As a micro-brewery, we are dedicated to the craft of producing Welsh ale with a difference. We believe in using the highest quality ingredients with every effort made to source our produce from the local area, including fresh Breconshire water and the finest malts and hops available. Once we have all our essential ingredients, we can begin the science, the art that is brewing.More
Hot water (liquor) is added to the “Mash tun”. This is a vessel where malt and wheat are mixed with the hot liquor to produce a sugar extract known as “wort”. This is formed by the breakdown of the malt starch into sugars which in turn dissolve into the liquor. This process usually takes around 90 minutes to complete. When all the wort has been extracted from the mash, we can begin to transfer it into the next vessel, known as the “Copper”, by a process known to us as “wort run-off”
As the wort is being run off, the surface of the mash is “sparged” which involves spaying the mash with hot liquor. The liquor passes down through the mash, washing out the wort into the copper. This run off process is carried out over a 60-90 minute period, depending on the size of the brew.
Once the run-off is complete, the Copper is heated up to boiling point and boiled vigorously. This boiling of the wort ensures it is sterile and prevents a lot of infections. Hops are added during the boil, and these contribute to bitterness, flavour, and aroma of the beer. Here at the Otley Brewing Company we use a variety of different hops in each of our brews, a number of which are mentioned in the tasting notes of our beers. This step usually takes between 60 and 120 minutes.
At the end of the boil, the wort must be brought down to fermentation temperatures (20-26oC) before the yeast can be added. The cooling medium used is usually water and this functions via a heat exchanger. After cooling, Oxygen can be dissolved into the wort to revitalise the yeast and aid its reproduction.
After the wort is cooled and transferred into the fermentation vessels (FV’s), yeast is added and it begins to ferment. During this process the sugars produced by the malt are metabolised into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
When the sugars in the fermenting beer have been almost completely digested, the fermentation slows down and the yeast starts to settle to the bottom of the tank. At this stage, the beer is cooled, which encourages settling of the yeast, and causes proteins to coagulate and settle out with the yeast. The beer is then ready to be racked into casks, which are then in turn taking to the cold store in order for secondary fermentation to take place. | chemistry |
https://kidengage.com/blog/2019/05/fun-science-make-oobleck/ | 2020-07-07T22:32:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655895944.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707204918-20200707234918-00579.warc.gz | 0.935172 | 686 | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__252796053 | en | Are you looking for some fun-filled and engaging activity for your child? What if we give a list of super-cool activities that also tell a thing or two about science to them? Are you ready? Since the kids love messy activities, so let’s start with one!
Fun with Oobleck
Interestingly, the name ‘Oobleck’ comes from the famous children’s story writer Dr. Seuss book, “Bartholomew and the Oobleck.” In the story, oobleck, a gooey green substance, fell from the sky and wreaked havoc in the kingdom.
Oobleck is a non-Newtonian fluid, which becomes solid under pressure and flows like a liquid in absence of pressure! Very interesting to play with!!
To make your own, you will need:
- 1 cup water
- 3 cups cornstarch
- Food color (optional)
- A large mixing bowl
- Start by adding some water to the bowl and add cornstarch bit by bit while mixing
- You can add some food color in a little amount of water and add the colored water to the mixture at this stage
- Keep adding in cornstarch and stirring until it reaches a gooey consistency.
- If the mixture is still looking a bit watery, add a little more cornstarch.
- Play with it!
Here are some ideas for playing with your magic goo:
- Have a win-win game with a friend. Show the Oobleck to him and ask if it is solid or liquid. Now, ask him to punch the oobleck while it is in the bowl. Is it liquid or solid?
- Make some red color Oobleck. Grab a handful and squeeze it. Let it ooze through your fingers for your imitation of dripping blood like the horror movies!
- Make an Oobleck puddle and quickly drag your fingers through it.
- Put it into a plastic container and shake it or quickly bump it against a table. Turn it into a magic trick to scare your mom!
- Jab at the mixture and then slowly let your finger sink in.
- Roll some Oobleck into a ball. It becomes solid, but when you stop moving it, it will melt back into your hand.
The Science of Oobleck
To solidify a normal liquid like water, what would you do? You will decrease the temperature. In case of this Oobleck, the scenario is somewhat different, because the surface of the Oobleck becomes hard when pressure is applied over the surface of the liquid. As soon as you release the pressure applied over its surface, it becomes liquid. The reason behind this behavior is interesting: the reason behind the solidification of the surface of the Oobleck lies in the fact that the cornstarch molecules are large in size. They are forced to come together and form a solid surface! So, the pressure applied by you is the main cause of solidification. Such kind of pressure dependent liquids are termed as non—Newtonian liquid as they don’t follow the laws given by Newton for the behavior of viscosity.
Does science sound fun to you? Why don’t you try our Science O’ Fun boxes? | chemistry |
https://yourtechspace.com/dyson-pure-humidify-cool-3-in-1-air-purifier | 2023-11-29T03:09:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100047.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129010302-20231129040302-00279.warc.gz | 0.936837 | 166 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__293550125 | en | With the Dyson Pure Humidify + Cool 3-in-1 Air Purifier, you’ll have the versatility 3 different gadget in one. This multifunctional appliance acts as a fan, air purifier, and humidifier all in one. It’s able to recognize what the air in your room needs and takes care of it for you.
The fan captures gases and particles while also emitting air that’s both purified and humidified back into your atmosphere. So, you’re sure to be breathing fresh and clean oxygen.
Additionally, it will remove 99.9% of the bacteria in your air and the humidifier uses HEPA and activated carbon filters to capture up to 99.97% of the gases as well as particles as small as 0.3 microns. | chemistry |
http://www.tribestan.org/ | 2018-04-22T10:11:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945584.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422100104-20180422120104-00485.warc.gz | 0.931667 | 1,946 | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__27587889 | en | - Tribulus Terrestris!
Natural, Safe, Has No Toxicity, No Contradictions, And No Side Effects.
- Higher levels of testosterone
- Reduced catabolism
- Speeds recuperation
- Favorable influence on sleep, irritability or apathy.
Tribestan, a patented extract of the Tribulus Terrestris L. Plant from Bulgaria, is also called Puncture Vine. It is without a doubt, the strongest and closest herbal alternative to anabolic prohormones.
Along with increasing natural testosterone levels, toxicity levels have not been reported or found in clinical studies. Protein synthesis, the use of proteins by the body to increase muscle density and lean mass, and a positive nitrogen balance have been attributed to the effects of testosterone. A "positive nitrogen balance" refers to the rate of protein synthesis in the body. The body is in positive nitrogen balance when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown.
Tribestan works to enhance mood, self-esteem, workout intensity, performance, strength, and the immune system. Tribestan is used by top athletes and bodybuilders. Tribulus Terrestris won't show up on any drug-test. It is natural, safe, has no toxicity, no contradictions, and no side effects (other than increased muscle growth, lean mass, and strength).
Tribestan contains flavonoid glycosides and furostanol saponins (protodioscin) as active components. It also contains some of the highest levels of saponins among Tribulus extracts.
The Eastern Bloc... countries like Romania, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia, for years have dominated Olympic weightlifting because unlike the U.S., it's a "big deal". In fact Olympic weightlifters in Eastern Bloc countries have the same celebrity status as pro football and baseball players here! And when money and fame are involved, athletes will use every trick in the book to gain an advantage in size and strength. And in each issue of PUMP, Emeric Delczeg, the world's leading authority on Eastern Bloc methods will reveal a few of these tricks!
Tribestan (pronounced "trib eh stan", not "try beh stan") is the most potent testosterone-enhancing supplement in the world, Within days of using it, your strength levels will increase. And that will result in gains in muscularity and mass because you'll be able to train more intensely and heavier. Plus you'll be able to assimilate protein at a more rapid rate. And since muscle is comprised of and built with protein -- the more you can utilize the greater the possibility for growth. So you should eat more protein for faster gains in lean mass.
Since Tribestan is so potent and effective for raising testosterone levels, how come you've never used it? Why are you still sitting on the fence? It's legal and readily available ... and really works by stimulating your pituitary to release luteinizing hormone-which causes your testes to produce more testosterone.
The main reason you've never used Tribestan is because you simply don't know what it is or what it will do for you. No one's ever really taken the time to tell you much about it. Plus, you may have assumed that Tribulus terrestris (a more popular and well known supplement), would provide you with all the benefits associated with Tribestan. That's a major problem because Tribulus terrestris has been confused with Tribestan for the past several years. But they are not the same thing ... not even close.
Tribulus terrestris is a non-hormone plant that grows on beaches all over the world. Tribestan is made from the Tribulus terrestris plant, but that's where the connection ends. If they're made from the same plant, how can they not be the same thing? Stay with me, because I'm sure you're a little confused. But, I'll explain everything so you'll easily understand it.
Imagine if you wanted to make fresh squeezed orange juice at home. Of course you need oranges -- but the oranges are not orange juice. With the oranges, you've got the peel, the rind, the pulp, the seeds, and the flesh of the fruit. And if you squeeze the oranges, you can get juice from them. So if you effectively "extract" the juice, from the orange, you'll have what you want -- the orange juice. And you'll also have what you made that juice from -- several bruised and squashed orange remnants ... the stuff you don't want. And if you've ever squeezed oranges to make juice, you know how many it takes to make even a small glass of orange juice. It seems like a whole bag makes only about 6 ounces and takes forever-plus you make a big mess doing it.
So think of Tribulus terrestris as the oranges and Tribestan as being the orange juice. Just as the juice is extracted from the orange, Tribestan is extracted from Tribulus terrestris. The juice comes from the orange and Tribestan comes from Tribulus terrestris, but Tribestan is not Tribulus terrestris any more than orange juice is orange peel or seeds.
It takes 2000 lbs of Tribulus Terrestris to make just 40 lbs of Tribestan. So you can see that by taking Tribulus terrestris in the attempt to get enough of the active ingredients in Tribestan, you would have to take 50 times as much. And even then, you wouldn't be getting enough. Plus it would actually be dangerous to take that much Tribulus terrestris. I'll get to that later.
Though Tribulus terrestris is abundant all over the world, in Bulgaria they add a specific fertilizer to the soil so that when the plant is harvested it yields 4 times more active ingredients than any other Tribulus terrestris. Protodioscin and protogracillin are the active ingredients that are extracted from Tribulus terrestris to make Tribestan. And they are responsible for increasing testosterone levels.
It's a slightly more complicated process than that, though. When you take Tribestan, your pituitary releases luteinizing hormone, which is responsible for stimulating the testes to produce testosterone. It's common for levels of both luteinizing hormone and testosterone to decrease when you are taking steroids or even when you use the testosterone boosters. This is because when the body senses an external source of testosterone, it will decrease the amount of testosterone it produces to maintain homeostasis. That means your body will always attempt to balance itself.
That's why many people who have taken steroids for long periods of time experience a dramatic reduction in the amount of testosterone they produce and some even suffer a complete shutdown. That's how some bodybuilders become sterile or impotent. They rely on outside sources of testosterone so much that their own system for testosterone production becomes inactive (dormant).
The reason why Tribestan works so well is because it is not an external source of testosterone or a precursor to testosterone. It doesn't supply testosterone. It stimulates your body to produce more of its own testosterone. And even in situations where people are taking steroids and their natural testosterone production has diminished, it can raise testosterone production back up to normal levels.
Sopharma (the pharmaceutical company that manufactures Tribestan) developed the technology to extract the protodioscin and protogracillin (the active ingredients in Tribestan) from the Tribulus terrestris plant. In 1956, they began researching Tribulus terrestris in order to isolate the active ingredients. Once they discovered protodioscin and protogracillin, they experimented with animals and followed 9 generations of each species and didn't observe any negative side-effects from the use of Tribestan.
In 1976, the product was finally made available, but only in Eastern Europe. That's when I first started using it. I was on the Romanian National Weightlifting team and that's the only reason I had access to it. You couldn't just buy it in the pharmacy. It was only available to athletes through the sports association. All the weightlifters used it in conjunction with steroids and especially when they stopped their steroid cycles.
Tribestan is one of the most Powerful supplements legally available on the market today. However, you're just now recognizing that fact. Since there are still many questions on Tribestan, here are many answers that will provide all the information you need.
Serving Size:1 Tablet
Servings Per Container:60
||Amount Per Serving
||% Daily Value*
|Polyplasdone XL (Crospovidon)
Microchristaline Cellulose, Cabosil, Polyplasdone, Polyvinilpirolidone, Film Coating And Magnesium Stearate.
Men And Women- Most Commonly, The Dose Is 1 To 2 Filmtabs 3 Times Daily, During Meals.
This Product Is Not Intended For Use By Those With A Serious Medical Condition Or Pregnant Or Lactating Women. Consult Your Physician Before Use. Do not exceed recommended serving size.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. | chemistry |
https://www.abcpoolsafety.org/mechanism-for-water-purification/ | 2024-04-22T18:17:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818337.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422175900-20240422205900-00004.warc.gz | 0.945712 | 305 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__40204274 | en | Your dwelling’s water is almost surely polluted. That’s because cities augment chemicals to all water in their systems to kill germs and eradicate other toxins. But the same things that kill germs can make you sick as well. For this reason, it’s an upright idea to investigate purchasing a home water purifier.
The humblest water filtration system is the activated carbon or ceramic water filter. Both of these systems use a granulated chemical – activated charcoal in the first case, organic diatomaceous earth (which is silicon-heavy) in the next case. There are also deluge filters based on the same thought that use metallic filters because they function much better at high temperatures. In each case, water is forced through the filter by your water system’s normal pressure.
As it goes through the water purifier, the chemicals inside the channel take hold of pollution in the water, however permit filtered water to go ahead through the framework. Residue, germs, and certain chemicals are all left in the channel, which is changed for another one occasionally. These water cleansing frameworks are the least expensive home water purifiers.
In more perplexing water filtration frameworks, various water purifiers are utilized to exploit their diverse qualities. The most well-known framework is based around an opposite osmosis water purifier, however the water coming in is initially constrained through an enacted carbon channel, then permitted into the converse osmosis channel framework. | chemistry |
https://www.aqualifefiltration.com/ | 2024-04-12T18:37:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816045.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20240412163227-20240412193227-00359.warc.gz | 0.897004 | 395 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__62176403 | en | Welcome to the
Pure Water Store
by Aqualife Filtration Systems
Do you make sure you’re drinking water enough to stay healthy? Are you worried about what might be lurking in your tap or bottled water? The team at Aqualife Filtration Systems is dedicated to helping the Contra Costa County get healthier by providing fresh drinking water to each of our customers. Purified fresh for you in-store, we will make sure you and your family have the fresh drinking water you need to stay healthy and hydrated.
In addition to our Ultra Pure Water, we now also offer:
Alkaline Mineral Water pH9+
Upgrade Your Hydration with Our Premium Alkaline Water
Looking for water that goes beyond basic hydration? Our alkaline water is packed with natural minerals and antioxidants to support your overall health and well-being.
What makes our water different?
Purified and Enhanced: We start with purified water and add essential ionic minerals like calcium, potassium, and magnesium using an FDA-approved and NSF-certified filtration process. This ensures a clean, balanced taste and optimal mineral absorption.
Powerful pH 9+: Our water boasts a pH level of 9+, which may help neutralize acidity in your body and promote overall well-being.
Long-Lasting Antioxidants: Enjoy sustained antioxidant benefits thanks to our unique process that preserves their potency.
Cellular-Level Absorption: Ionic minerals are absorbed more readily by your cells compared to minerals found in other water sources.
Experience the Difference
Visit us at 3162 Contra Loma Blvd. in Antioch, CA, and discover the difference our premium alkaline water can make. We're open Monday-Saturday from 9 am to 6 pm.
Start your journey to healthier hydration today! | chemistry |
https://agma.glass/news/oshas-revised-hazard-communication-requirements-are-now-in-effect/ | 2024-02-29T05:14:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474784.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229035411-20240229065411-00490.warc.gz | 0.906377 | 199 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__60766918 | en | On June 1, 2015 chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers were required to start providing a common approach to classifying chemicals and communicating hazard information on labels and safety data sheets. Chemical manufacturers and importers must provide a label that includes a signal word, pictogram, hazard statement, and precautionary statement for each hazard class and category.
The June 1 deadline was established when OSHA aligned its Hazard Communication Standard in 2012 with the global standard for chemical product labeling. The provisions for labeling offer workers better protection from chemical hazards, while also reducing trade barriers and improving productivity for American businesses that regularly handle, store, and use hazardous chemicals. The updated standard also provides cost savings for American businesses that periodically update safety data sheets and labels for chemicals covered under the standard, saving businesses millions of dollars each year.
The new format for Safety Data Sheets requires 16 specific sections to ensure consistency in presentation of important protection information. For more information, see OSHA’s Hazard Communication webpage. | chemistry |
https://blessedbeboutique.com/pages/will-my-jewelry-tarnish | 2024-03-02T03:42:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475727.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302020802-20240302050802-00494.warc.gz | 0.944641 | 1,438 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__162022395 | en | We carry Sterling Silver, Silver Plated, Gold Plated, Rose Gold Plated, Stainless Steel and Rhodium Plated Jewelry.
What's the difference? See our descriptions below!
What is 925 sterling silver and can it change color and tarnish??
Sterling silver, even real .925 sterling silver, will always tarnish. While pure 99.9% silver is less likely to tarnish, any sterling silver will tarnish as a result of the metal mixed in. Pure silver is too soft to be used in jewelry crafting. Therefore, jewelers will often add a small quantity of copper to strengthen the silver. The resulting product is .925 sterling silver, which contains 92.5% pure silver and 7.5% copper. It is the primary material used for silver jewelry. Unfortunately, because of the metals added, sterling silver, even real .925 sterling silver, will always tarnish.
Tarnishing does not mean that the silver is low purity. That is why Blessed Be includes a cleaning cloth with every order. Using a cleaning cloth is one of the best and easiest ways to clean your tarnished or oxidized silver.
However, fortunately there are many ways to keep sterling silver from tarnishing.
- If you throw a few pieces of chalk in with your sterling silver jewelry, the chalk will absorb any moisture and help prevent tarnishing.
- Use silica packs: When you buy new clothing or shows, sometimes you'll find silica packs in with them. Hold onto them and toss them in your jewelry box.
- Corrosion in sterling silver takes place when silver gets into contact with salty solution or chemicals. Therefore it is very important to keep jewelry away from salt water or any house products or toiletries solution.
- Can you shower with sterling silver? It’s basically fine. But we do not encourage our customers to wear your sterling silver when showering. Water generally doesn’t harm sterling silver, but there is a good chance that it could lead to tarnishing. In short, do not wear silver in the shower or when doing dishes.
- Avoid wearing jewelry in activities that make you sweat, such as outdoor chores or sports.
- Last to put on, first to take off. Another important rule to prevent silver from tarnishing is that your jewelry should be the last thing you put on, after applying make-up and perfume and the first to be taken off, before your shower or activities. This is to preventing contact between any possible chemicals or salty sweat and your silver.
- Consider your home and work environment. Examine your job or environment to see if you deal with chemicals or other solutions on a regular basis. If that’s the case, remove your silver before working with chemicals. For example, people working at cosmetics or perfume sales job might find themselves having to clean their silver jewelry more regularly.
- If you are living in a rather polluted environment, your jewelry might tarnish faster due to high level of sulphur in the air. As a result, it will need more regular polishing as well.
- It might just be your body chemicals. In some rare cases, certain people’s sweat could react more with silver, resulting in faster tarnishing. This can become even more pronounced if the person is eating certain foods or using certain medication.
- Wear it regularly. After reading all these tips, you may want to store your sterling silver and never wear it. But that’s the last thing you should do. One of the best ways to keep sterling silver beautiful is to wear it. As soon as you wipe it off and take care of it, it should look new and last a long time.
- In short, wear your jewelry regularly but do take them off at night, and keep them away from light and moisture and preferably in a Ziploc bag. Otherwise, prepare to polish and clean them more regularly in order to maintain their perfect shine.
After reading all these tips, you might be inclined to throw your sterling silver jewelry into storage for life and never wear it. But that's the last thing you should do.
If you want to keep your sterling silver jewelry looking its best, the most effective way to do it is to take it out and wear it all the time. As long as you wipe it down when you're done wearing it, it should look like new at all times and last forever.
Here is a great home remedy that is used to clean sterling silver jewelry:
- Line a bowl with aluminum foil and top with salt, baking soda, and dish detergent.
- Add hot water and drop in your jewelry, letting it sit for 10 minutes.
- Gently scrub with an old toothbrush.
- Rinse and pat dry with paper towel.
What about silver, gold and rose gold plated items?
Plated items, which have an industry standard of 0.15 to 0.25 mils thickness of gold, silver or nickel plated to the surface of the base metal, look very similar to precious metal findings. They are somewhat more brittle and tarnish easier, although are quite a bit less expensive than the precious-metal type. Blessed Be does not carry gold karat jewelry. We clearly mark our jewelry as Gold-Plated, Silver-Plated and Rose Gold-Plated. The majority of our pieces are fashion jewelry and semi-fine jewelry, not fine jewelry.
What about stainless steel?
We carry quite a few pieces that are stainless steel. Though it is not the same color as fine silver, it has an attractive muted grey color and can have a shiny (highly polished) or matte (brushed) finish. Stainless steel is much more tarnish resistant. An added bonus is that stainless steel jewelry is an excellent alternative for wearers with allergies and sensitivity to base metals such as copper or brass. It is quickly becoming one of the most popular types of metal used in jewelry making due to the fact of its long-lasting durability.
What is Rhodium Plating and why is it more expensive?
Rhodium belongs to the Platinum group of metals. It is a precious metal, like gold, silver or platinum, only more expensive, because it is very rare in nature. Rhodium makes an excellent plating material to help give a higher sheen to silver or white gold pieces. It is also harder than both silver and gold so it makes an excellent protective coat that shields jewelry from scratches. It does NOT tarnish and is a great recommendation for those who are allergic to silver. However only a thin layer of rhodium is used when plating. This layer can eventually starts to wear due to excessive friction or wear but should retain its look indefinitely.
The best way to ensure rhodium plated jewelry lasts as long as possible, keep it clean with a mixture of mild liquid shampoo and water. Do not use chemical cleaners on rhodium plated jewelry.
We truly hope you enjoy your Blessed Be jewelry and gifts! | chemistry |
https://hdcproductsinc.com/the-truth-about-salt-sanitizing-pools-spas/ | 2023-09-23T02:15:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506429.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922234442-20230923024442-00219.warc.gz | 0.929556 | 211 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__180663254 | en | “California Polytechnic State University’s National Pool Industry Research Center conducted a study examining the rise of pH levels in swimming pools sanitized with salt.
Researchers tested pH levels every Monday, Wednesday and Friday over the course of several weeks. pH was adjusted to 7.4 after every Friday reading. Over the weekend, pH spiked from 7.4 to 8.0.
The pH in a pool or spa impacts the sanitizer efficacy of chlorine tremendously. For example, at a pH of 7.2, chlorine is 65 percent effective; at 7.8, 32 percent effective; and at 8.0, 20 percent. As you can see, chlorine effectiveness decreases dramatically as the pH in water increases.
This study tells us two things: The first is that salt generators will cause the pH in a pool to rise quickly. The second is that once-a-week testing and adjustment is not enough to maintain proper pH levels.”
-Robert Flynn (www.poolspanews.com) | chemistry |
https://www.ecowood.ro/sawdust-briquettes/eco-briquettes-ruf-made-of-beechwood-10-kg-stretch-foil-110f/?lang=en | 2023-09-25T06:42:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00244.warc.gz | 0.852512 | 158 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__119625637 | en | ECO-Briquettes RUF made of beechwood, 10 kg, stretch foil
They are compressed at a very high pressure and are an additive and binder-free 100% ecological product. We only process untreated, dried sawdust on an average humidity of 8%. The combustion-generated CO2 will further be assimilated by the plants during the growth process while the resulting minimum ash quantity may be used as minerals-reach fertilizer. The high heat content of the briquettes will provide comfortable and cost-effective heating.
- Original beechwood RUF
- Packaging: 10 kg stretch foil
- Heat output: approx. 5 kWh
- Ash content: approx. 0,9%
- Humidity: under 10% | chemistry |
https://www.yancycamp.com/alcohol/effects-of-alcohol/ | 2021-05-15T16:41:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990551.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515161657-20210515191657-00197.warc.gz | 0.942168 | 901 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__80485626 | en | When it comes to health and athletic performance, both acute and chronic alcohol use can have deleterious effects. The large variance in the effects of alcohol within and across individuals can be attributed to several factors such as genetics, gender, amount of alcohol ingested, body mass and nutrition status (Barnes, 2014) . Acute alcohol consumption can influence motor skills, hydration status, aerobic performance and certain aspects of the recovery process. Chronic alcohol use can have more serious repercussions including nutritional deficiencies and depressed immune function, resulting in increased risk of injury and prolonged healing (Barnes, 2014) .
Upon ingestion, ethanol (the chemical name for alcohol) is readily absorbed all throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with 25% absorbing straight from the stomach into the bloodstream (Cederbaum, 2012). The rate of absorption into the bloodstream depends on a few factors, namely the amount of food in the stomach (more food present slows the absorption rate) and the alcohol content of the drink (a higher alcohol content increases the rate). The remaining 75% is metabolized primarily in the liver. Ethanol metabolism produces the toxic byproducts acetaldehyde and acetate (Cederbaum, 2012). Although generally short-lived, acetaldehyde is a highly toxic substance and known carcinogen which has the potential to cause significant damage, not only to the liver but also the pancreas, brain and along the GI tract where some alcohol metabolism also occurs. The tissue damage and inflammation caused by alcohol and its toxic byproducts can compromise nutrient digestion and metabolism, and over time lead to more serious health problems (Cederbaum, 2012).
Although alcohol is certainly not needed by the body in large (or any) amounts, it is considered its own class of macronutrient. Alcohol is metabolized differently than the other macronutrients and is energy-dense, containing 7 calories per gram (almost double that of carbs and protein, and second to fat in terms of energy density). In addition to its high calorie content, alcohol provides little in the way of nutrients and is therefore often considered “empty calories”.
Even though alcohol is not stored in the body, it affects the metabolism of other nutrients which can result in additional fat storage and body composition changes. Because it is so toxic, the body prioritizes the metabolism of alcohol over everything else until it’s completely burned off, which means the processing of carbs, fat and protein is put “on hold”. Only, “on hold” in the body signifies fat storage (Cederbaum, 2012). Since alcohol is frequently paired with the consumption of food and other drinks, these fat-storing effects are often further amplified. Drinking on an empty stomach, however, is not an effective alternative, as doing so leads to rapid gastric emptying and consequent increased state of inebriation, not to mention a whole host of unpleasant symptoms to look forward to including electrolyte imbalances, gastric irritation, hypoglycemia and sleep disturbances (Barnes, 2014).
It doesn’t help that alcohol has been shown to affect hormone production and secretion, particularly those involved in muscle growth. Researchers Haugvad et al. found an increase in cortisol production (which stimulates protein breakdown) and decrease in testosterone secretion (which stimulates protein synthesis) with high doses of alcohol. With frequent occurrence, these effects can negatively impact body composition and muscular adaptations to training stimuli.
All this being said, will a drink or two every now and then really throw off your training and performance goals? We wouldn’t say so. However, we also wouldn’t go around touting the health benefits of moderate alcohol consumption from epidemiological studies. These studies can’t draw “cause and effect” relationships, but rather associations, which means there’s a lot of potential confounding variables that can affect study outcomes. If you are going to drink, we recommend keeping consumption low and preferably post-training (rather than before). If you do choose to drink afterwards, it’s important to prioritize an alternative hydration option and some form of post-workout nutrition (carb and protein combo) first. We also highly recommend nonalcoholic beer, which is becoming increasingly popular within the athletic community, from companies like Athletic Brewing. Without the alcohol, beer contains some of the essentials for post-workout nutrition, including carbs and electrolytes. | chemistry |
https://www.dgm-australia.com.au/dangerous-goods-consultancy/ | 2021-01-21T01:23:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703522150.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121004224-20210121034224-00176.warc.gz | 0.846163 | 328 | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__163992748 | en | Project specific dangerous goods & hazardous chemical compliance assessment, advice, solutions and implementation.
Create value for your business with dangerous goods compliant processes and systems. Explore new insights, experience tangible outcomes. Let DGM Australia navigate the maze on your behalf. Contact us to make use of our high-end dangerous goods consulting services.
DGM Australia provides a wide range of dangerous goods consultancy services to support and monitor customer needs & compliance where dangerous goods and hazardous chemicals are involved.
We have many years of experience with setting up, maintaining and assessing hazardous chemical storage systems, GHS systems & dangerous goods transport systems. Risk assessments and hazard analysis according to health, safety and hazardous chemical regulations & and customers’ requirements are considered when drafting dangerous goods & hazardous chemical consultancy projects and processes.
If you are new to hazardous chemicals, or more experienced and in need of advice regarding dangerous goods regulations for transport, storage and safe handling, our experienced team will assist. Our dangerous goods consulting service answers your questions to puts you on the right track.
Request more information
Robert Hoogervorst, Managing Director, DGM Australia
Areas of consultancy services:
- Storage and handling of Hazardous Chemicals
- Global Harmonized System – GHS
- Air (IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations – DGR)
- Sea (International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code – IMDG)
- Road (Australian Dangerous Goods Code & Australian Explosives Code)
- Hazardous Chemical Consultancy – Audits
- Dangerous Goods Management Systems Implementation
- Hazard Risk Assessment
- (M)SDS: (Material) Safety Data Sheet review | chemistry |
https://neofloor.com.vn/what-is-so-special-about-the-core-layer-of-neo-floor-spc-flooring/ | 2023-12-03T11:22:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100499.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203094028-20231203124028-00129.warc.gz | 0.896856 | 789 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__304219749 | en | What is so special about the core layer of NEOFLOOR SPC Flooring?
NEOFLOOR SPC Flooring has recently been the focus of the market by overcoming the disadvantages of traditional flooring types and possessing many other preeminent features. So which secret has great merit making the outstanding advantages of the floor? The answer lies within the SPC core layer. In the article below, let’s learn more about the NEOFLOOR SPC Flooring’s core.
1. Composition of NEOFLOOR SPC Flooring
- NEOFLOOR SPC Flooring has five innovative layers:
- UV coating: function to prevent harmful effects of UV rays, avoid color fading, antibacterial, make floor cleaning easy.
- Anti-scratch layer: this is a transparent PVC plastic layer with anti-scratch, anti-wear, anti-slip effects, increasing the durability of the floor.
- Pattern film layer: increase the floor’s aesthetics thanks to the most beautiful and realistic wood, stone, and carpet textures.
- SPC core layer: a mixture of CaCO3 white limestone powder and PVC primary plastic. This crucial layer creates quality for the floor, which is water-resistant, moisture resistant, fire retardant, does not warp, shrinks and says “no” to termites.
- EVA or IXPE insoles have smooth surface treatment, sound absorption, and noise resistance.
2. What’s so special about NEOFLOOR SPC Flooring’s core layer
2.1 Structure of NEOFLOOR SPC Flooring’s core layer
The core layer of NEOFLOOR SPC Flooring has a composition of over 70% stone powder, and the rest is PVC primary resin and plasticizer additives. After melting PVC plastic, it will be mixed with stone powder to bind and create a plastic film covering the stone powder particles. The above mixture will be extruded into sheets, cooled and stabilized, and will create a solid structure that is hard, durable, but still highly flexible.
With the inert properties of the material, this layer also creates other outstanding features of NEOFLOOR SPC Flooring: absolute water resistance, no warping, shrinking, non-combustible, non-combustible, and non-smoke when direct contact with fire.
2.2 The best marble raw material source in the world
CaCO3 white limestone is the primary material to create the core layer of NEOFLOOR SPC Flooring products. This raw material is mined at a quarry in Thung Hung mountain, Quy Hop, Nghe An. This quarry is rated as one of the best marble sources globally in terms of whiteness and brightness. With an area of up to 10 hectares, with a reserve of 5,000,000m3, this quarry meets raw materials for NEOFLOOR two SPC flooring factories in Dong Nai and Hai Phong, with a total capacity of 26 million m2 of floor/year.
2.3 Modern machinery and technology lines
Both NEOFLOOR SPC flooring factories use the most modern and advanced technology. As a result, production efficiency increases, costs are reduced, toxic substances are not released into the environment, and the products produced are of the best quality.
In addition, NEOFLOOR SPC flooring factories all use clean solar energy to operate. So, besides bringing highests quality products, NEOFLOOR also contributes to protecting the green – clean – beautiful environment.
We hope the above data has helped you have more information about quality products NEO SPC Flooring. With outstanding qualities and features, NEOFLOOR SPC Flooring confidently brings customers satisfaction and experiences that exceed expectations. | chemistry |
http://woodcraftsbydesign.com/main-pages/wood-care-main-page.html | 2017-07-25T16:29:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425339.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725162520-20170725182520-00267.warc.gz | 0.952732 | 129 | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-30__0__205900273 | en | |Stop damaging your precious wood finishes with bad cleaning products containing Silicone and/or Linseed Oil!
Products containing Silicone and/or Linseed Oil damage your fine woods and finishes! Both are known to cause irreparable damage to wood furnishings. Silicones seal the wood so it can't breathe, causing the finish to crack over time. They also make it almost impossible to apply new finish during restoration, causing craters and fisheyes. Linseed Oil is a drying agent, which dries up the essential oils within the wood, which may lead to wood warping, cracking, splitting and other harmful effects. | chemistry |
https://vapefuse.com/how-vaporizers-work/ | 2020-04-07T16:34:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371803248.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407152449-20200407182949-00518.warc.gz | 0.941756 | 942 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__172172385 | en | So have you ever wondered how your vaporizer actually works? Or are you about to embark on the journey of vaping but want to know how it ‘ticks’ before investing in this new activity?
Well it’s actually fascinating to look at the science of vaping and how the process actually works. In this article you are going to be taken behind the scenes of how vaping works… enjoy!
The Science Behind the Heating: Conduction vs. Convection
Firstly, there are two main ways a vaporizer will heat your oils or dry herbs, through…
Conduction or Convection
You would have been taught about this in high school but for some of us that were a long time ago, so lets recap!
So what is the difference between the two?
Conduction heat transfer the heat of energy through direct contact like a kettle to stove.
Convection heating is the moment of hot air in and around the desired material, much like how your blow dryer works.
Different vaporizers use different methods so it’s worth knowing which does what and what you would prefer.
Convection and Conduction the Pros & Cons of both
While there are pros and cons to both the vast consciences is conduction vaporizers are less efficient. This because any material heated through conduction will be unevenly vaped, so requires stirring or shaking between draws and are at higher risk of combustion. Since conduction was the first type originally offered the plus side to them is they’re inexpensive and usually have faster heating abilities.
However, most vape enthusiasts will agree the only con to convection heating is the initial expense and the slightly slower warm up times, but it more than pays for itself after the first use with amazing pros like more accurate temperature control, even heating of the materials (dry herbs or oils), and much lower risk of combustion.
What signs to look for when looking for a conduction vaporizer?
The three main signs it’s most likely a conduction vaporizer are:
Battery powered heating chamber
Open flame heating plates
Butane powered heating chambers.
What signs to look for when looking for a convection vaporizer?
Convection vaporizers will usually have an,
Internal fan also known as forced air
Fan assist function
What happens when I draw, is the inhale different?
Vaporizing is different to smoking say a cigarette. When vaping it’s important to take longer, slower draws or inhales. While some users inhale to the lungs others find the effects work simply by holding the vapors in their mouth for a few minutes, similar to the way one smokes a cigar.
The draw or inhale is all about your personal preference while some devices may offer suggestions or guides on the best way to vape with their device.
How does your body consume the vapor so you feel its effects?
Vapor is a form of gas, thus cause a reaction instantly. The body’s ability to use this vapor medicinally/therapeutically works fast because the lungs inhale it and then it’s in your bloodstream right away. It’s the vapor of the essential oil or herb, so there is no digestive work that goes into using the medicinal effects, the vapor stores those compounds and the results are fast acting.
Vapor Therapy is essentially the vapor (steam or gas) that you inhale in order to receive the plant or oil benefits. A neti pot, steam shower or inhaling steam by any form is technically vapor therapy.
Does vaporizing smell?
Vaporizing is barely noticeable compared to other methods such as traditional smoking. Usually a window open will completely rid your area of the smell within a few mins. However, with a good quality device and if you are using it properly you should barely notice any smell.
There are products you can buy to help combat smells or second vapors such as smoke buddy.
Does vaporizing cause smoke?
The actual burning of the material, whether it’s oils or dry herbs, is usually contained in some sort of glass bubble. All the vapors that accumulate will be either in the whip tubing or balloon bag of your device. Once you have inhaled or taken your draw the amount of vapors expelled from your mouth is very minimal and dissipates within a few second to minutes.
And that’s it for your Science lesson today!
We hope that you are now more informed on the mechanics and science of vaporizing and that it will make your experience more enjoyable. | chemistry |
https://www.cancerforums.net/threads/5164-C-3-R-extracted-from-black-raspberries-kills-leukemia-cells | 2017-04-30T10:59:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125074.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00596-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.957873 | 422 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__11293925 | en | C-3-R extracted from black raspberries kills leukemia cells
Antioxidant Found in Many Foods and Red Wine is Potent and Selective Killer of Leukemia Cells
A naturally occurring compound found in many fruits and vegetables as well as red wine, selectively kills leukemia cells in culture while showing no discernible toxicity against healthy cells, according to a study by researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. These findings, which were published online March 20 in the Journal of Biological Chemistry and will be in press on May 4, offer hope for a more selective, less toxic therapy for leukemia. "Current treatments for leukemia, such as chemotherapy and radiation, often damage healthy cells and tissues and can produce unwanted side effects for many years afterward. So, there is an intensive search for more targeted therapies for leukemia worldwide," said corresponding author Xiao-Ming Yin, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Dr. Yin and his collaborators studied the effects and the mechanisms of the most common type of a naturally modified anthocyanidin, known as cyanidin-3-rutinoside, or C-3-R, which was extracted and purified from black raspberries, in several leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. They found that C-3-R caused about 50 percent of a human leukemia cell line known as HL-60 to undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis, within about 18 hours of treatment at low doses. When they more than doubled the concentration of C-3-R, virtually all of the leukemia cells became apoptotic and died. C-3-R also induced apoptosis in other human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines.
Medical News Today
There is one thing to keep in mind when reading information of this kind and that is this: It is very difficult to reproduce the outcomes in humans as derived from a test tube, simply because lympocytes in the human body are kept alive by the human body. So what occurs in the test tube may not work once introduced to humans. | chemistry |
https://clevelandpap.com/ceramic-coating-explained/ | 2024-02-29T22:10:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474853.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229202522-20240229232522-00429.warc.gz | 0.935011 | 623 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__1574207 | en | Cleveland Power and Performance is proud to offer ceramic coating services. Ceramic coating is a great way to protect the paint on your pride and joy. Lets take a look at what ceramic coating really means.
Ceramic coating is a liquid polymer applied to the exterior surfaces of a vehicle, forming a chemically bonded protective layer. This layer acts as a shield against a range of environmental contaminants, including bird droppings, tree sap, bugs, road salts, and UV rays. By creating a hydrophobic surface, water and other liquids bead up and roll off, preventing the formation of stubborn stains and minimizing the risk of paint damage.
Prolonged Aesthetic Appeal:
One of the most significant advantages of ceramic coating is its ability to preserve the vehicle’s original appearance. The coating enhances the paint’s depth and gloss, providing a showroom-quality finish that lasts for an extended period. Unlike traditional wax or sealant, ceramic coatings do not wear off easily, ensuring that your vehicle maintains its sleek and glossy finish through various weather conditions and daily wear and tear.
Ceramic coatings make cleaning and maintaining your vehicle a breeze. The hydrophobic nature of the coating repels dirt and contaminants, reducing the adhesion of particles to the surface. This means less time spent scrubbing and polishing your car, as well as a decreased reliance on harsh cleaning chemicals that can potentially damage the paint. With a simple wash, your vehicle can regain its pristine appearance.
Resistance to Chemical Damage:
Road salts, bug splatter, bird droppings, and tree sap are not just unsightly; they can also cause irreversible damage to your vehicle’s paint over time. Ceramic coatings provide a protective barrier that resists the corrosive effects of these contaminants, preventing them from etching into the paintwork. This chemical resistance is a key factor in preserving the integrity of your vehicle’s appearance and ensuring its long-term value.
Prolonged exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays can lead to paint fading and oxidation. Ceramic coatings act as a shield against UV rays, preventing them from penetrating and damaging the paint. By adding this extra layer of protection, you not only maintain the vibrant color of your vehicle but also contribute to the longevity of its overall exterior condition.
In the world of automotive care, ceramic coating has emerged as a transformative solution that goes beyond traditional methods of preserving a vehicle’s appearance. The unparalleled protection, prolonged aesthetic appeal, simplified maintenance, resistance to chemical damage, and UV protection make ceramic coating a worthy investment for those looking to safeguard and enhance the beauty of their cherished automobiles. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, ceramic coating stands out as a beacon of innovation, offering a superior level of care for vehicles that deserve nothing but the best.
If you are in need of ceramic coating service, please reach out to us to set up an appointment. Call us at 440-236-9003 or email [email protected] today! | chemistry |
https://mvnoblog.com/telekom-joins-energy-web-liquid-electrolyte-batteries/ | 2023-09-22T18:27:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922170343-20230922200343-00328.warc.gz | 0.903019 | 1,305 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__95805419 | en | Telekom Joins Energy Web, Liquid Electrolyte Batteries
In today’s rapidly evolving technological landscape, staying up to date with the latest trends is crucial. This article dives into three exciting developments making waves: Deutsche Telekom’s partnership with Energy Web, the emergence of liquid electrolyte batteries, and the prospects of 6G wireless technology. These advancements have the potential to revolutionize industries, reshape connectivity, and drive us toward a more sustainable future. Read on to explore these trending technologies and their implications.
Deutsche Telekom Partners with Energy Web
1.1 Overview of Deutsche Telekom: Deutsche Telekom is one of the world’s leading telecommunications companies, providing a wide range of services to customers globally. As the industry increasingly embraces renewable energy and sustainability, Deutsche Telekom has joined forces with Energy Web to pave the way for a greener future.
1.2 Energy Web: A Decentralized Energy Platform: Energy Web is a global non-profit organization focused on accelerating the adoption of clean energy. Their decentralized energy platform utilizes blockchain technology to create a transparent and efficient energy marketplace. Deutsche Telekom’s partnership with Energy Web signifies a commitment to leveraging blockchain and other emerging technologies to drive the transition toward sustainable energy systems.
1.3 The Implications: The collaboration between Deutsche Telekom and Energy Web holds several implications. By integrating blockchain technology, the partners aim to create a transparent, decentralized marketplace for energy exchange. This can enable the seamless integration of renewable energy sources, improve grid efficiency, and empower consumers to participate actively in the energy market.
Liquid Electrolyte Batteries:
A Promising Energy Storage Solution
2.1 The Need for Energy Storage: As renewable energy sources like solar and wind become more prevalent, the need for efficient energy storage solutions grows. Liquid electrolyte batteries have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional solid-state batteries, offering several advantages.
2.2 Liquid Electrolyte Battery Technology: Liquid electrolyte batteries employ a liquid electrolyte solution to facilitate the movement of ions between the battery’s electrodes. This design enables higher energy density, faster charging rates, and improved safety compared to conventional batteries.
2.3 Potential Applications: Liquid electrolyte batteries can revolutionize various industries, including electric vehicles (EVs), portable electronics, and grid-scale energy storage. Their higher energy density and faster charging capabilities address some of the key limitations of current battery technologies, promoting widespread adoption of renewable energy and accelerating the transition to a carbon-neutral society.
Exploring the Prospects of 6G
3.1 The Evolution of Wireless Technology: With the advent of 5G, the world witnessed a significant leap in wireless connectivity, enabling faster data transfer rates, low latency, and massive device connectivity. However, the tech industry is already looking ahead to the next generation: 6G.
3.2 What Is 6G? 6G, the sixth generation of wireless technology, is still in its early conceptual stages. However, experts envision it to be exponentially faster, more reliable, and capable of supporting futuristic applications like holographic communication, advanced artificial intelligence (AI), and pervasive virtual reality (VR).
3.3 Potential Features and Implications: While the exact specifications of 6G are yet to be defined, potential features include terahertz frequency bands, advanced antenna technologies, and enhanced integration of AI. 6G’s capabilities may revolutionize various sectors, including healthcare, transportation, entertainment, and smart cities, unlocking new possibilities and shaping the future of connectivity.
I-state battery technology
The I-state battery technology represents a significant advancement in the field of energy storage. Unlike traditional lithium-ion cells, this technology utilizes a high voltage, high conductivity liquid inorganic electrolyte. The higher voltage provided by I-state batteries enables a more efficient utilization of cathode capacity, allowing for the usage of nearly 100% of the available lithium, as opposed to the 80% utilized by lithium-ion batteries.
This increased efficiency has several advantages. Firstly, it enables a substantial reduction in the amount of cathode metals required in the battery, leading to cost reductions and a reduction in the overall weight of electric vehicle (EV) battery packs. In fact, the weight of EV battery packs can be reduced by approximately 8% when compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries.
Moreover, the I-state technology facilitates stable cycling of manganese-containing cathodes, which reduces the need for expensive nickel content. This paves the way for the development of manganese-rich chemistries, further enhancing cost-effectiveness and sustainability.
Innolith, the company behind the I-state battery technology, intends to make the technology available through licensing partnerships with automotive, industrial, and battery companies. They have already signed Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) with five customers, with a combined production requirement of 100MWh per year. These partnerships span various sectors such as off-road, aviation, and mining. Notably, Innolith has partnered with Xerotech, a leading provider of battery pack technology for heavy-duty non-road mobile machinery.
Furthermore, Innolith has been actively engaged with three of the world’s top ten car companies, working closely to incorporate the I-state battery technology into their EVs. Recently, they signed an MOU with one of the leading EV manufacturers, showcasing the growing interest and potential of this groundbreaking technology in the automotive industry.
In summary, the I-state battery technology developed by Innolith offers significant advantages over traditional lithium-ion batteries. Its high voltage and efficient utilization of cathode capacity result in reduced costs, weight, and reliance on expensive metals. With promising partnerships and collaborations already in place, the future looks bright for the widespread adoption of this innovative battery technology.
As technology continues to advance at an unprecedented pace, staying informed about the latest trends is vital. Deutsche Telekom’s partnership with Energy Web, the emergence of liquid electrolyte batteries, and the advent of 6G wireless technology represent significant developments with wide-ranging implications. These innovations have the potential to redefine industries, accelerate sustainability efforts, and usher in a new era of connectivity. By embracing these trends, we can collectively shape a future that is greener, more efficient, and technologically transformative.
By A W Moghul | chemistry |
https://www.cannonhillbrewing.com.au/product/1000ml-erlenmeyer-conical-flask/ | 2021-10-21T18:16:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585439.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021164535-20211021194535-00437.warc.gz | 0.918902 | 114 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__289445674 | en | 1000ml Erlenmeyer Conical Flask
This 1000ml Erlenmeyer Conical Flask is made of Borosilicate (also known as Pyrex). Borosilicate allows you to take the flask from hot to cold temperatures without the glass breaking/cracking. This means you have a lower risk of contamination by switching between vessels. An Erlenmeyer flask is a perfect vessel for a yeast starter culture.
It is highly recommended that you only use low-pressure gas as a heat source when using your Erlenmeyer flask, not electric heating elements. | chemistry |
https://www.savvysurf.co.uk/stoves/bio-ethanol-fireplaces/lorenzo-bio-ethanol-indoor-fireplace.html | 2020-03-30T06:28:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496669.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330054217-20200330084217-00099.warc.gz | 0.942569 | 201 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__25875952 | en | We use the best security features
Ask us any queries you might have!
A contemporary Bio-Ethanol burner which would make a lovely centre piece addition to the home. The fireplace is made from stainless steel and 6mm safety glass. The burner uses roughly 500ml of bio-ethanol in 1.5 hours with the burner in the maximum position. This was tested indoors so this figure will change depending on air temperature and the location of the fireplace. Because the fireplace runs on a clean fuel you can forget the dirt and grim caused from traditional log or coal fires.
The bio-ethanol we sell that can be used in the fireplace is made from a plant based alcohol (ethanol) which is produced in an industrial distillation process. It is then treated (denatured) so it is not fit for human consumption. Because our ethanol is made from plants it is a renewable resource and not a fossil fuel also making it environmentally friendly. Please observe all user instructions before use. | chemistry |
http://kentonbruicemd.com/pellet_therapy.html | 2021-06-19T06:21:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487643703.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619051239-20210619081239-00476.warc.gz | 0.93606 | 134 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__190506125 | en | Hormone pellets are compounded estradiol and/or testosterone that are made from organic plant materials, which have the exact molecular structure of those hormones found in the body. Hormone pellet therapy is indicated for those who are not getting the benefits they desire from hormone creams. Testosterone pellets for women and men increase testosterone levels significantly more than other forms of testosterone therapy.
Testosterone is good for libido, energy, moods, motivation, zest for life, and muscle mass. Data suggests that patients who choose hormone pellets tend to be more satisfied with their pellet therapy and experience fewer side effects than patients who choose other hormone replacement therapy. | chemistry |
https://socalfnbpro.com/articles/Chef-Talk-1d68bf971d72 | 2020-07-06T22:33:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890566.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706222442-20200707012442-00090.warc.gz | 0.948961 | 901 | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__172415597 | en | I was very excited a few years back when the SLS Hotel and Casino opened an Umami Burger on the property. I had been reading about this chain for years but I had never been in the area of where one is located to give it a try. The chain has been growing mostly in California and is now spreading around the country. The chain is an upscale burger chain, similar to the burger shops that are popping up all over the Strip. The reason I was so excited is the way they make their burgers emphasizing the savory profile of the ingredients. The Umami burger has shiitake mushroom, caramelized onions, roasted tomato, parmesan crisp and umami ketchup. All of these ingredients contain glutamates and nucleotides inosinate or guanylates more on this later. All of the burgers have ingredients that promote umami richness. As a culinarian I appreciate a restaurant that put together a menu emphasizing this flavor profile.
I am sure most people have heard of umami, the fifth flavor profile along with salty, sweet, sour and bitter. Umami can be described as savory which instills a feeling of “pleasing to the sense of taste especially by reason of effective seasoning or pungently flavorful without sweetness.” This can also be described as a meaty flavor. The flavor profile can be tracked back to the 1800s and it was recognized in use in the kitchen of Auguste Escoffier. He did not know what he was cooking with, and the formal identification of it did not happen until 1908 in Japan, but his use of ingredients show his ability to create the savoriness. It took until the 1985 for the scientific community to fully accept the theory and chefs have been working with it and capitalizing on umami ever since.
Many foods contain natural glutamates, and the reason it was first discovered in Asia is that it is very prevalent in seafood, especially seaweed and shrimp paste and occurs when fermenting fish sauce. Glutamates also occur naturally in many vegetables, especially those included in many Asian cuisines. The list includes tomatoes vine ripened can contain 5 times the amount, mushrooms especially shiitake and porcini, soy beans, Chinese cabbage, carrots and sweet potatoes. Glutamates also appear in aged cheeses such as parmesan cheese, eggs and most meat proteins.
Now for the good part: We magnify the effects of the glutamates. If we pair foods high in natural glutamates with foods that are high in nucleotides Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. we can magnify the flavor by up to thirty percent. This may sound very scientific but it is actually very easy. Soy sauce is high in glutamates; if we pair that ingredient with ground porcini mushrooms, high in nucleotides, we will get the exaggerated effect of savoriness. Some ingredients are rich in both glutamates and nucleotides; not surprisingly, even when used alone in recipes they magnify the savoriness of the dish.
One of my favorite tricks in the kitchen when trying to boost the flavor of a dish is to add a “secret ingredient” to boost flavor. One of my favorite secret ingredients is anchovy paste. When used sparingly it does not add any anchovy flavor, but it boosts the sensation of the dish. Another secret ingredient is tomato paste or ketchup, also high in glutamates. This is also why you should never discard the rinds from aged cheeses. These should be stored in the freezer until the next opportunity to use them when making a soup or sauce.
FOODS RICH IN GLUTAMATES MG/100 G
Parmesan Cheese 1,200-1,600
Fish Sauce 950-1,383
Soy Sauce 800-1,300
Tomato Paste 680
Cured Ham 337
Cheddar Cheese 78
Worcestershire Sauce 34
FOODS RICH IN NUCLEOTIDES MG/100 G
Anchovies/Sardines 193 inosinate
Dried Shiitake Mushrooms 150 guanylate
Pork 122 inosinate
Beef 107 inosinate
Dried Porcini Mushrooms 10 guanylate | chemistry |
https://www.qcheckpharma.com/blog/red-yeast-rice-and-statins/ | 2024-04-16T18:15:56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817103.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416155952-20240416185952-00564.warc.gz | 0.928263 | 202 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__57291556 | en | Red Yeast Rice and Statins
Red yeast rice contains chemicals that are similar to statin medications. One of these, called monacolin K, has the same formula as the drug lovastatin.
Statins are prescribed to lower LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels and help reduce the risk of heart disease
The recommended dose of red yeast rice is 1,200 mg taken orally twice daily with food. In studies, patients started to see a reduction in cholesterol levels at about 12 weeks
High lipid levels in the blood together with high blood pressure and diabetes are among the highest risks for coronary heart disease. In particular, elevated cholesterol levels promote the progression of atherosclerosis. Red yeast rice, also called red fermented rice or red mold rice, is used as a dietary supplement to lower cholesterol levels. It contains varying amounts of natural monacolin K, which is a structural homolog to lovastatin, and shows hypocholesterolemic properties comparable to synthetic statins. | chemistry |
https://www.klaritysg.com.hk/therapie-au-collagene | 2023-12-07T10:03:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100651.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207090036-20231207120036-00152.warc.gz | 0.876287 | 163 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__249225485 | en | thérapie au collagène
Collagen is a major component of the human body. It is crucial for mobile joints, stable bones, healthy muscles, strong ligaments and tendons, smooth skin, glossy hair and healthy finger nails.
Thérapie au collagène by K Klarity SG™ consists of powerful Bioactive Collagen Peptides which are a composition of different specific peptides optimized for specific physiological benefits. The peptides are derived from a highly controlled production process of collagen which is determined by hydrolysation conditions. By ingesting Bioactive Collagen Peptides supplements, the content of procollagen in the bloodstream is elevated. This indicates the efficacy of thérapie au collagène by K Klarity SG™ absorption in our body. | chemistry |
https://support.signaturehardware.com/hc/en-us/articles/360000925803-How-to-Clean-Cast-Iron | 2022-08-15T10:50:33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00332.warc.gz | 0.929571 | 152 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__7504342 | en | For standard weekly cleaning, mix 1 gallon of hot water with 2 tablespoons of your favorite gentle dish soap. Choosing a soap that contains a grease-cutting formula works great for removing soap scum. A soft wash cloth or sponge can be used for scrubbing, followed by a thorough rinse with clean water.
For deeper cleaning, mix 1 gallon of hot water with ¼ cup of baking soda and ¼ cup of ammonia. Ammonia is great for getting rid of heavier deposits of grease and soap scum. Use a non-abrasive sponge for scrubbing. Rough sponges or steel wool should be avoided, as they will scratch the surface. Rinse well with clean water, and dry thoroughly with a soft cloth after cleaning. | chemistry |
http://mama2therescue.blogspot.com/2012/03/cleanwell-with-thyme-oil-and-other.html | 2018-07-22T22:23:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594018.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722213610-20180722233610-00490.warc.gz | 0.968548 | 221 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__180331811 | en | Friday, March 2, 2012
CleanWell with Thyme Oil and Other Natural Ingredients
I recently had the chance to sample some antibacterial products from CleanWell, a new company that makes products with a patented formula of natural thyme oil that kills germs yet contains no harsh chemicals.
As a mother of a toddler with very sensitive skin, this is great news. I have always avoided using harsh chemicals in my cleaning products and when using hand sanitizers, I always disliked how harsh and drying the alcohol in the products could be. CleanWell does the job, but with less chemicals and harsh additives.
And best of all, they are affordable - disinfectant wipes, hand sanitizers, soaps and more are available in stores and on their site www.cleanwelltoday.com.
Loving the nice smell of the products thanks to the natural thyme oil. But, as the packaging says, don't let the nice smell fool you. This stuff gets rid of the germs! And, that's one thing I'm glad to get rid of in this house. | chemistry |
https://comfort.w.uib.no/anthropogenic-co2-and-ocean-acidification-in-argentine-basin-water-masses-over-almost-five-decades-of-observations/ | 2024-04-12T23:32:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816465.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20240412225756-20240413015756-00749.warc.gz | 0.897056 | 391 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__153419950 | en | Fontela, M., Velo, A., Gilcoto, M., & Pérez, F. F. (2021). Anthropogenic CO2 and ocean acidification in Argentine Basin Water Masses over almost five decades of observations. Science of The Total Environment, 779, 146570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146570
This study evaluated chemical data from eleven hydrographic cruises conducted between 1972-2019 in the Argentine Basin, western South Atlantic Ocean. The aim was to quantify natural and human induced stressors in the carbon system. The authors reported an increase of the mean annual atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (CO2atm) from 325 to 408 ppm of volume (ppm) (64%) in a 47 year time-span covered this study. This increase leads to an increase in anthropogenic carbon (Cant) across all the water column and consequently to ocean acidification (a decrease in excess carbonate), in particular in the upper and intermediate water masses, that in the Argentine Basin region are very sensitive to changes in carbon system. The large rate of intermediate water masses acidification is a combined effect of carbon uptake, deoxygenation, and increased remineralization of organic matter. If CO2 emissions follow the path of business-as-usual emissions (SSP 5.85), the upper water masses would become undersaturated with respect to carbonate ion concentrations at the end of the century. The undersaturation in the intermediate water masses in the region of the Argentine Basin is virtually unavoidable.
Policy relevant message:
The upper water masses in the Argentine Basin region will become undersaturated with respect to carbonate ion concentrations at the end of the century if CO2 emissions follow the path of business-as-usual emissions. The undersaturation in the intermediate water masses in the region is virtually unavoidable. | chemistry |
https://www.fresno.gov/publicutilities/trash-disposal-recycling/hazardous-waste-and-sharps-disposal/ | 2023-05-30T12:17:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645595.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530095645-20230530125645-00672.warc.gz | 0.898404 | 589 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__187576433 | en | Some products we use around our homes contain hazardous ingredients that may cause serious harm to people, pets, or the environment. These include many household cleaners, nail polish removers, motor oil, weed killers, hobby supplies, car batteries, household batteries, fluorescent bulbs, sharps, pharmaceuticals, some electronics, and bug sprays.
It is important that these items are disposed of properly in order to protect your family, pets, and the environment.
What is Household Hazardous Waste (HHW)?
Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) is any product that is labeled as harmful, toxic, poisonous, combustible, corrosive, flammable, or irritant. Many household products are made of chemicals that can harm us. If these items are used, stored, or disposed of improperly, you, your pets, or the environment can be injured.
Hazardous materials dumped on the ground or into the gutter can contaminate soil and the underground water supply. These products must be used carefully and disposed of properly. Please don’t put HHW products in the trash, on the ground, down the sewer, or into the gutter.
How to tell if a product is hazardous
Check the label on the container for the following key words:
Important tips when using HHW products
- Avoid purchasing hazardous products if possible.
- Purchase only what you need. Buy small amounts and check the label for the key words identified above.
- Read and follow label directions carefully. If you must use a hazardous substance, apply only as directed and only as much as needed.
- Wear protective clothing such as safety glasses and gloves, and work in well-ventilated areas.
- Store hazardous products in the original containers in a cool, dry place away from children, pets, and food. Check for leaks.
- Do not mix products or store products together that may be incompatible. This may cause toxic chemical reactions such as explosions, fires, or skin and eye irritations.
- Do not store hazardous products for more than one year from date of purchase.
- Keep the number of the Poison Control Center visible and posted near the telephone in case of emergency: (800) 222-1222.
More information about Household Hazardous Waste disposal can be found on the County of Fresno website.
For questions about Household Hazardous Waste disposal, contact the County of Fresno via phone at (559) 600-4259 or via email at [email protected].
For additional questions, call the Recycling Hotline at (559) 621-1111 | chemistry |
https://www.romanyrest.com/are-restaurants-on-steroids-for-real-or-is-it-just-a-catch-phrase | 2024-04-17T16:08:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817158.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417142102-20240417172102-00801.warc.gz | 0.960261 | 743 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__190223993 | en | In our search for restaurants, we found food establishments branding themselves as “restaurant on steroids” or “cafe on steroids,” which piqued our curiosity.
After all, steroid is a controversial term that it’s not common for a food outlet to associate itself with a type of drug that has been abused. Not unless, the target customers are fitness buffs and bodybuilders who know that natural steroids can be obtained through food consumption. As it turned out, cafes or restaurants on steroids serve mostly meals rich in natural steroids that come in large serving sizes.
Apparently, there are consumers who believe in getting their steroid nutrition organically as they are likely aware of the serious side effects of the synthetic drugs like anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS).
Some pharmaceutical companies came out with dietary supplements that they call legal steroids because they contain large concentrations of natural steroids. Yet it seems there are fitness buffs who prefer to eat proper meals so they can have their steroids and it them too.
Are Legal Steroids Really Legal?
Now here’s the thing, some confuse natural steroids with legal steroids, yet the latter is not as legal as it seems. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) came out with a decision that it does not approve of such classification.
The FDA asserts that they have come across bodybuilding dietary supplements that still contain hidden ingredients and other harmful compounds, which the food and drug regulator does not consider as safe dietary ingredients.
The FDA recognizes only creatine as the only organic compound that is safe to use in a dietary bodybuilding supplement and to qualify as legal steroid.
What is Creatine?
Creatine is an organic compound occurring naturally in both human and animal muscles and plays an important role in the body’s muscle building processes. To supplement bodybuilders with extra amounts of creatine demanded by the muscle cells, a bodybuilder’s diet must include large portions of meat, fish and animal by-products like eggs and dairy.
This is probably the nutrition concept on which restaurants on steroids are founded.
Are Pharma Grade Steroids Legal?
If one is to look further, there are legal steroids of another kind and are called pharma grade (PG) steroids, which refer to the steroids canada laboratories manufacture for licensed Canadian and international pharmaceutical companies.
However, since they are pharmaceutical grade steroids they come with high prices and can only be bought directly from pharmaceutical companies and their authorized distributors. That being the case, pharma grade steroids are not readily accessible and in most cases, hard to find.
What Exactly are Natural Steroids?
Natural steroids are different chemical compounds that humans, animals and plants naturally produce. Natural steroid compounds initiate the production of hormones needed by the body in carrying out different functions. While we are familiar with several hormones, like estrogen, testosterone, insulin, melatonin and cortisol just to name a few, their familiarity to us stems from our knowledge of certain health disorders.
Such disorders are caused by lack of the related hormone needed by the cells and tissues to complete a natural body process. This denotes that health disorders can be avoided through proper nutrition, as it will help the body replenish and sustain the supply of steroids to keep the bodily organs functioning properly.
Chemically produced steroids such as the anabolic type are formulated as treatment to help increase male testosterone levels and not for increasing the ability of a healthy male athlete to endure the rigors of his chosen sport. The anabolic androgenic type of steroid drug, on the other hand, are medically prescribed to young male patients who suffer from a genetic disorder that prevents them from achieving growth and muscle development. | chemistry |
https://solomonforpa.com/index.php/2019/01/15/the-heroin-epidemics-historical-roots/ | 2020-08-06T00:23:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735990.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806001745-20200806031745-00281.warc.gz | 0.961485 | 1,484 | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__185029311 | en | Pardon me for jolting you out of the Third Millennium, but I want to take you back to the early 1800s, when Thomas Jefferson was president of the United States and Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner was a pharmacist’s apprentice in Paderborn (then part of Prussia).
Sertürner purified one of the active alkaloids from the opium poppy and named it morphine, after the Greek god of sleep and dreams, Morpheus. Morphine was given that name because of its propensity for inducing drowsiness. It also stimulates receptors in the human central nervous system involved in the perception of pain, and so it has analgesic effects. And it can elevate mood – produce euphoria. Thus morphine – and later its many derivatives and congeners – was added to the list of things we now called “mood-altering substances.”
Morphine was brought to market by Merck, the German chemical company, in 1827. Then in 1874 Charles Romley Alder Wright, a British chemist and physicist, was tinkering with morphine and added two acetyl groups to the molecule, creating diacetylmorphine.
When injected intravenously diacetylmorphine has a more rapid onset of action than morphine and is more potent (a smaller dose is required to produce an effect of the same magnitude).
Heinrich Dreser, a chemist working for Bayer (another German chemical company) continued testing diacetylmorphine, and Bayer brought the drug to market in 1888 as a cough suppressant and pain reliever under the trade name Heroin. Twenty-five years later, recognizing its potential for causing addiction, Bayer withdrew it from the market.
Most Americans think of heroin as an illegal drug because it has that status in the United States. By contrast, it is used medicinally in the United Kingdom and is superior to some other agents because of its rapidity of onset of action and its more favorable side effect profile.
In the U.S. it is on Schedule I of the Drug Enforcement Administration’s list of controlled substances. Schedule I is supposed to be reserved for drugs that are considered dangerous and have no recognized, legitimate medical use. As heroin does not meet the second criterion (except by arbitrary and unscientific edict), it does not belong on Schedule I.
Since the 19th Century we have developed many synthetic derivatives of the substances isolated from the opium poppy, and we call them, collectively, opioids. Although at one time such substances could be purchased without a prescription in the US, at present only codeine (the other active alkaloid from the opium poppy) can be obtained without a prescription, and only in certain formulations, from some pharmacies, in about a dozen states.
Given that people have been cultivating opium for at least 5,000 years, it is interesting to contemplate the fact that some mood-altering substances humans have derived from plants (opium, coca) are considered to have such high potential for abuse and addiction that they are very strictly controlled, while others (alcohol by fermentation of the sugars in plants, and tobacco) are regulated but easy to purchase legally. Addiction to opioids and cocaine and addiction to alcohol and nicotine have many similarities, and all of these substances can be damaging to health and lethal in overdose.
We experimented with the prohibition of ethanol in the U.S., and that is viewed by most as having been a spectacularly unsuccessful experiment.
And that brings us into the 20th Century when we decided that opioids should be available only by prescription. This means that if you need the most effective of the pain relievers, you must consult a physician. That is obviously somewhat arbitrary. Stressful day at work? If you go home and have a glass or two of wine to relax and unwind, that is considered no problem and meets a common definition of moderate drinking. If instead, you wanted to have 5 or 10 mg of oxycodone, that is considered a very serious problem.
Sociologists and criminologists use the term “social problems” to describe a vast array of societal ills, and misuse of opioids is, in my view, a social problem. Many things that are social problems cross the very blurred lines and are also viewed as medical problems, and of course, misuse of mood-altering substances can be regarded as a medical problem. But in its strictest sense, it is only the complications of the misuse that are medical problems: overdose, infectious complications of injection drug use, etc.
In my specialty (emergency medicine) we find ourselves addressing social problems a great deal of the time, both because the profession has “medicalized” many social and behavioral problems and because the emergency department is often the place to which people turn for help when they have no idea what to do.
Abuse of, and addiction to, opium has been around for millennia. Blame it on something that, in pharmacology, is called the “fallacy of the specific.”
The fallacy of the specific means that one should never assume – because the assumption will usually be wrong – that a drug will do one thing, its intended effect. In this case, opioids relieve pain, but they also have effects on mood. Those latter effects get some people into trouble, because they like that feeling, and they may start using a drug for relief of pain and then use it partly to relieve pain and partly to feel good more generally, and before you know it they are using it as much for mood elevation as for pain relief, or even entirely for mood elevation, without even realizing that is happening. And then they may find themselves using it to keep from getting symptoms of withdrawal from the drug. A person may find anything from a general unease to restlessness, cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and sweats occurring because the nervous system has gotten used to the drug, and now it’s not being provided. Then the addict is using the drug not to feel good but to keep from feeling terrible.
Legal acquisition of opioids requires consultation with a physician, and a prescription and many addicts start with prescribed opioids and end up using far too much of them and engaging in all sorts of deceptive behaviors to get them from insufficiently wary (or blatantly unethical) doctors, or they switch to illicit sources and start snorting, smoking, or injecting heroin.
The problem of abuse of and addiction to mood-altering substances has been part of the human condition for thousands of years, and modern medicine has been around for about a century. But why?
Human existence is miserable. Not for everyone, but for a sizable minority of us. And that’s what mood-altering substances are all about. We smoke tobacco; we drink beer, wine, and liquor; and we use opioids and other potentially dangerous drugs like cocaine – all to find a temporary escape from the misery, or at least drudgery, of human existence.
At its foundation, this is more a social problem than a medical problem. My colleagues and I will do all we can to help to solve it. If given the opportunity to serve in the Pennsylvania Senate, I can use that experience to push legislation and initiatives designed to stem the opioid epidemic.1 | chemistry |
https://givekitchen.com/2020/06/23/kitchen-worktop-from-porcelain-pros-and-cons-of-the-material/ | 2021-12-06T10:53:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363292.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206103243-20211206133243-00517.warc.gz | 0.935757 | 1,877 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__151826830 | en | In the continuation of the column on kitchen countertops, we continue to delight you with articles, this issue is dedicated to porcelain countertops:
– Laminam porcelain tile
– Dekton porcelain tiles
You will learn all about these materials, what are the pros and cons of porcelain stoneware, how and where to use these surfaces, how to care, and how to make the right choice. We wish you a pleasant reading, write in the comments about what else you want to know, and we will be sure to write a useful article about it.
Porcelain is a combination of quartz sand, clay, crushed granite, feldspar and ceramic pigments, crushed and pressed under high pressure and calcined at a temperature of 1200 degrees.
There are quite a few manufacturers of this material, but today we will focus on Laminam porcelain stoneware and the innovative Dekton material, which combines all the advantages of porcelain stoneware, but is an improved version of this material.
Many furniture experts, in quotation marks, say that porcelain tiles are ordinary tiles, but they are not! Porcelain tile used for countertops is not only distinguished by its large size, thickness, composition and properties, but more serious tools are needed for its processing and cutting than glass cutter and “grinder”.
Porcelain tile is quite widely used in everyday life both in the interior and in the exterior. Due to its high strength, wear resistance, resistance to mechanical, chemical and thermal damage, the use of products made of ceramic granite justifies its slightly higher cost, compared, for example, with products made of acrylic stone and quartz.
The thickness of the material can vary from 3mm to 20mm. A thickness of 3-5 mm is used for cladding furniture facades, a thickness of 10-20 mm is used for the manufacture of countertops.
In the granite countertop, you can install a hidden induction hob of various sizes, a platform for wireless charging and all kinds of remote controls for appliances in the kitchen. Also, without problems, you can install a bottom-mounted sink or make a sink from the granite itself and even slotted.
Porcelain tile, regardless of manufacturer, has a number of similar properties such as:
Chemical stability (resistance to various organic and inorganic solvents, detergents and other acid-containing agents, even the most aggressive ones).
Resistance to frost – Due to its low water absorption, porcelain stoneware is not susceptible to damage associated with low temperature.
Fire resistance – Due to the fact that porcelain tile is baked at a temperature of 1200 degrees and has a low coefficient of expansion, it doesn’t worry about household temperature changes. It does not burn in contact with fire, does not emit smoke and toxic.
Water-resistant – Due to its high density, Neolithic has almost zero water absorption. Therefore, fats, paints, and other “unpleasant” liquids can simply be erased from it, leaving no trace.
Low electrical conductivity – Porcelain stoneware is not a conductor of electricity and dampens static voltage, thereby ensuring the safety and comfort of being indoors.
Easy. Despite its density, porcelain stoneware is not a very heavy material, which reduces the load on the supporting structures and prevents the possibility of their deformation in the future. Its weight is 20 kg / sq.m. with a thickness of 10 mm.
The color scheme of porcelain tiles is created directly in the production process and is determined by two factors – the color of the starting material and coloring pigments (mainly metal oxides – a natural dye). The main feature of this process is a uniformly stained plate throughout the entire depth of the product . Therefore, during operation, especially if the surface is matte, with natural wear, the color of the product remains almost unchanged.
The surface of porcelain stoneware is not afraid of ultraviolet rays , does not fade and does not lose its external properties.
Resistance to wear – Thanks to the special production technology, porcelain stoneware is very dense and non-porous. Its hard surface makes it resistant to scratches and damage.
Bending strength (which makes this material stronger than stone, it is almost impossible to form a crack on it).
Hygiene and Antibacteriality – porcelain stoneware consists exclusively of natural materials, it does not emit any harmful substances and is completely suitable for contact with food products. Its dense structure excludes the formation of mold, penetration, and multiplication of various bacteria.
Environmental protection – Porcelain tiles comply with all European environmental safety standards. This product has been designed and manufactured in accordance with the criteria of sustainability and environmental commitment. Consisting exclusively of natural materials, it does not emit any harmful substances to the environment and is fully recyclable.
A variety of colors and shades of porcelain stoneware material is practically inexhaustible! Interior designers actively use this material in their projects. Porcelain stoneware slabs can be of perfect identical design as if cloned, and it is also possible to produce slabs that differ in the pattern of the pattern, which gives additional possibilities in its application for decoration.
It is on the decors that I would like to stop your attention – because each of the manufacturers selects its own unique collection of decors, which is impossible not to fall in love with.
Among the features of porcelain tiles you can find textures such as rusty metal, a variety of stone textures that completely repeat the natural stone, a wide range of dark and light shades, marble texture, glossy, matte, textured! And even there is a Wood Texture – which you will not find in either quartz or acrylic. Porcelain worktops look perfect in the kitchen.
For thin granite countertops, it is possible to make not only a direct bevel, but also at 45 degrees, while you can visually make a countertop of any thickness.
You can familiarize yourself with all these decors and novelties from porcelain in any of our studios.
The composition of Dekton (decton) – includes a combination of crystalline silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, zircon, amorphous silicon oxide, and inorganic pigments, pressed in the form of plates and baked at high temperatures. In fact, it contains elements that are used for the production of porcelain stoneware, glass, and porcelain. The production mechanism of this material repeats the mechanism of the formation of natural stone in nature, only accelerated many times. In the manufacturing process, the exclusive TSP technology is used – a technological process that provides for an accelerated version of metamorphic stone changes when exposed to high pressures and temperatures for a long time.
Combining all the advantages and characteristics of porcelain stoneware in its arsenal, decton is truly an ideal option in decoration. The dimensions of the plate are 3200 x 1440 mm, they are produced in thicknesses of 8, 12 and 20 mm. The types of drawings also have a wide variety, due to the content of inorganic pigments in its composition.
The unique texture of this material is truly delightful, not only tactile, but also externally. Perfect gloss or velvety matte, textured or smooth, any decor of this stone is charming. All the beauty of this stone is truly revealed on large surfaces. This material gives special status to any project to which it is used.
But all these materials from porcelain stoneware, in spite of their composition, have the same minuses:
- Tactile – cold material;
- It does not give in to restoration;
- Fragile at the ends and in the area of
the lower mounting sink;
- The presence of seams – if the texture of the stone is textured, then the seam is most often made in the form of a groove into which dirt eventually clogs;
- Heavy in processing – in order to relieve tension from the stone – it is necessary to cut at least 5 cm along the perimeter, so that during further processing the stone does not crack;
- You can not make a curly edge in its classical sense;
- The cost of porcelain stoneware is very high – not only because of the price of the material, but also because of consumables for the manufacture of countertops and equipment wear.
However, if cost is not a fundamental factor for you when choosing a material, if you are used to choosing only the best, and also want to see finishes, countertops and furniture without signs of wear in 10-15 years, then definitely, choose granite.
Porcelain stoneware is perfect for modern kitchens, from it you can make both facades and countertops creating the illusion of a solid stone island or kitchen unit.
If you are looking for a comfortable kitchen, we are always happy to help you. | chemistry |
https://faropharma.com/portfolio/sustanon-250mg/ | 2022-05-24T03:35:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662562410.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524014636-20220524044636-00136.warc.gz | 0.681431 | 127 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__101111995 | en | - Potency: 250 mg/ml.
- Appearance: Oil based solution.
- Packing: Supplied in 10vials/1ml clear glasses with printing on them & black caps with faro logo engraved on it.
Testosterone Blend 250MG
- Testosterone Decanoate 100MG/Each ml
- Testosterone Isocaproate 30MG/Each ml
- Testosterone Phenylpropionate 60MG/Each ml
- Testosterone Propionate 30MG/Each ml
Massive strength & weight gain. Great testosterone mix for peak blood levels. | chemistry |
https://www.hopehomeinspections.com/inspection-information/top-ways-to-reduce-radon-levels-in-your-home | 2024-02-25T18:28:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474641.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225171204-20240225201204-00337.warc.gz | 0.953452 | 172 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__152964092 | en | Information on home inspections services, home maintenance, and more...
Radon is a radioactive gas that is naturally present in the environment. It is a leading cause of lung cancer and can seep into your home through cracks in the foundation or walls.
Here are some top ways to reduce radon levels in your home:
Sealing cracks and gaps in your home's foundation and walls can prevent radon from entering your home.
A radon mitigation system is a specialized system that is designed to reduce radon levels in your home. It involves installing a fan and a vent pipe to draw radon out of your home and vent it outside.
Reducing radon levels in your home is important for the health and safety of you and your family. By taking these steps, you can help ensure that your home is a safe and healthy environment. | chemistry |
http://www.nidoreservations.com/research/stories | 2022-05-17T00:27:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662515466.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516235937-20220517025937-00646.warc.gz | 0.903575 | 886 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__245266535 | en | Showing 1 to 10 of 177 results
A research team at 澳门金沙投注中心 (CityU) developed a new type of RNA structure targeting tool to specifically recognise unusual four-strand RNA structures, which are associated with diseases such as cancer and neurological disorders. The findings could help develop new therapeutic tools for related treatments.
CityU scientists reveal new neurocircuitry essential for animals to sense environmental cues of imminent danger
Inborn defensive behaviours, such as flight, freeze and fight, are crucial for animals to survive in a dangerous environment in nature. Neuroscientists from 澳门金沙投注中心 (CityU) recently revealed the essential neurocircuitry that is fundamental for animals to perceive and integrate environmental cues to initate defensive behaviour.
A research team co-led by chemists from 澳门金沙投注中心 (CityU) and Imperial College London (Imperial College) has developed new, highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), an emerging class of materials that can be used as semiconductors and insulators, have promising potential in various applications due to their unique properties. But the reliable production of these atomically thin 2D materials has been challenging.
CityU, HKUMed and Gleneagles Hospital Hong Kong join hands to introduce portable negative pressure ventilation system in hospital emergency room to reduce COVID-19 cross-infection risk
To support hospitals in Hong Kong to handle the surge in the number of patients amid the fifth wave of COVID-19 in the city, 澳门金沙投注中心 (CityU) modified its fast-track ventilation system invention to meet the practical needs on the medical front line.
Great success again at Inventions Geneva Evaluation Days; CityU top among local universities for two years
Researchers at 澳门金沙投注中心 (CityU) received tremendous accolades at Inventions Geneva Evaluation Days (IGED) 2022 by winning a total of 22 awards, the highest number among local institutions for two years in a row, including one Gold Medal with Congratulations of the Jury, six Gold Medals, 13 Silver Medals and two Bronze Medals.
Droplet manipulation has important applications in areas such as heat management, water harvesting, and chemical reactions. A research team from 澳门金沙投注中心 (CityU) developed a multi-functional electrostatic droplet tweezer that can precisely “trap” liquid droplets and remotely guide their motion on flat and tilted surfaces, and in oil mediums.
Fast-moving excitons observed for first time in metal, unlocking potential to speed up digital communication
In a world first, a team co-led by a physicist at 澳门金沙投注中心 (CityU) has discovered that excitons—excited electrons bound to empty electron “holes”—can exist stably and travel rapidly through metal.
Nanofiber-based biodegradable millirobot that can release different drugs in targeted positions in the intestines
A nanofiber-based biodegradable millirobot, called “Fibot”, was successfully developed in research led by a scholar from 澳门金沙投注中心 (CityU). Fibot can move in the intestines and degrade in response to the pH of its environment, thus releasing different drugs in different anchored positions.
CityU scholars participate in a global study that reveals broad contamination of pharmaceuticals in the world’s rivers
A recent global study, with the participation of scholars from 澳门金沙投注中心 (CityU), found broad contamination of common pharmaceuticals in many of the world’s rivers, including two Hong Kong rivers: the Kai Tak River and the Lam Tsuen River. | chemistry |
https://www.asms.com.au/applications/cements/cement-grade-granulate | 2022-08-15T12:51:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572174.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815115129-20220815145129-00105.warc.gz | 0.654308 | 549 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__52725641 | en | Product Code GBF006
ASMS GBF006 Cement Grade Granulate is a coarse sand-like material with a porous, amorphous structure ranging from white to golden brown in colour.
GBF006 is suitable for use in a range of manufacturing and civil applications including:
COMPOSITION AND MATERIALS
GBF006 is a glassy, granular material produced by granulating blast furnace slag.
Blast furnace slag is the non-metallic product consisting essentially of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and other bases developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace.
Molten slag is passed through high volume water sprays which break the slag stream into small droplets which are rapidly quenched, suppressing crystallisation and resulting in a material with a porous, amorphous structure.
TYPICAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
|Bulk Density (Loose)||t/m3||0.85 - 1.05|
|Angle of Repose||-||Approx. 35°|
Granulated blast furnace slag is composed amorphous phases of silicates and aluminosilicates, but for ease of reporting oxide equivalents
are used and fall within the relatively narrow limits given below:
|Calcium Oxide||CaO||38 - 43|
|Silicon Dioxide||SiO2||32 - 37|
|Aluminium Oxide||Al2O3||13 - 16|
|Magnesium Oxide||MgO||5 - 8|
| Hydraulic Index|| CaO+MgO+Al2O3|
| 1.7 - 1.9|
|Chloride Ion||Cl|| <250 ppm|
TECHNICAL SERVICES AND CUSTOMER ENQUIRIES
Australian Steel Mill Services Pty
21 Processing Area
PORT KEMBLA NSW 2505
Telephone: 02 4255 1125 | chemistry |
https://beautyaestheticsclinic.co.uk/product/teeth-whitening-kit/ | 2024-04-14T01:00:35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816863.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414002233-20240414032233-00168.warc.gz | 0.914887 | 667 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__163725508 | en | Benefits of Carbamide Peroxide
Carbamide peroxide breaks down into hydrogen peroxide when it comes into contact with water. The hydrogen peroxide is the active whitening agent that penetrates the enamel and dentin of the teeth, effectively bleaching and lightening stains and discoloration caused by various factors like coffee, tea, wine, tobacco, and aging.
Effective Stain Removal
Carbamide peroxide is capable of removing both extrinsic and intrinsic deep stains. Extrinsic stains are those that occur on the outer layer of the teeth, while intrinsic stains are embedded within the tooth structure. Its ability to tackle both types of stains makes it a powerful teeth-whitening agent.
Gentle on Teeth and Gums
Compared to some other teeth whitening agents, carbamide peroxide is considered relatively gentle on the teeth and gums. When used in proper concentrations and as directed, it minimizes the risk of tooth sensitivity and gum irritation.
Fast and Visible Results
When used consistently and as recommended, carbamide peroxide can deliver noticeable teeth whitening results in a relatively short period. Users can often see improvements within a few days of use, and optimal results are achieved with continued use over the recommended treatment duration.
The key ingredient in Bac to White is 16% carbamide peroxide, which is a safe and effective way to whiten teeth.
The whitening gel in the kit, containing 16% carbamide peroxide, works to break down stains and discoloration on the surface of your teeth. The advanced 6 bulbs accelerator enhances the whitening process by helping the gel penetrate deep into the enamel, ensuring maximum effectiveness. The attachable duplex mouthpiece holds the gel in place and allows you to whiten both your upper and lower teeth simultaneously.
Many users start noticing visible improvements after just a few days of regular use. However, individual results may vary depending on factors like the severity of staining and your teeth’s natural colour. For optimal results, we recommend using the “Bac to White” Teeth Whitening Kit for 7 days, with daily sessions lasting 10-30 minutes. For even more significant improvements, continue using the kit for up to 14 days.
Bac to White is a safe and effective teeth whitening kit. However, it is important to follow the instructions carefully to avoid any discomfort. If you experience any sensitivity, discontinue use and consult with your dentist.
Yes, however, caps, crowns, veneers, dental implants, bridges, bonded teeth can’t be whitened with our products. We recommend consulting with your dentist before using our kit if you have braces or other dental work.
To achieve the best results, we recommend avoiding eating or drinking anything except water during the whitening session. Consuming coloured or acidic food or drink immediately after whitening can increase the risk of staining and sensitivity.
If you have any further questions or need assistance with your Bac to White Teeth Whitening Kit, our customer support team is ready to help. Feel free to reach out to us via email and we will aim to get back to you as soon as we can. | chemistry |
https://www.universitynewshq.com/university-news/kurt-zilm-appointed-the-william-k-lanman-jr-professor-of-chemistry/ | 2021-05-17T00:03:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991921.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516232554-20210517022554-00081.warc.gz | 0.959037 | 440 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__136503140 | en | Kurt Zilm, a world recognized leader in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, has been named the William K. Lanman, Jr. Professor of Chemistry. His appointment was effective Feb. 20.
A member of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and chair of the Department of Chemistry, Zilm is known for his development of new NMR methods and their application to a wide range of areas in chemistry. His research has involved important problems in organic geochemistry, supported metal catalysis, main group multiple bonding, fluxional transition metal poly-hydrides and dihydrogen complexes, as well as NMR of matrix isolated reactive intermediates. More recently his group has focused on the use of solid state NMR in the study of macromolecular complexes and phase separated proteins.
The Zilm lab developed the first highly sensitive methods employing proton detection for high resolution solid state NMR, an advance recognized by the 2017 Günther Laukien Prize. Current research in the Zilm lab is split between development of instrumentation for dynamic nuclear polarization, enhanced NMR of microliter-sized samples, and applications of NMR to the structural biology of infectious prions and other phase states of prion protein implicated in Alzheimer’s disease.
Zilm received his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Utah. Following postdoctoral study in chemical physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and an appointment as a visiting scientist at the National Bureau of Standards in Gaithersburg, Maryland, he came to Yale in 1983.
He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences. Zilm’s devotion to teaching was recognized by the Harwood F. Byrnes/Richard B. Sewall Teaching Prize in 2018.
In addition to his research and teaching, Zilm hosts Science Saturdays at Yale. This popular science outreach program combines lectures by Yale professors with science demonstrations by Yale students, typically drawing over 150 students and members of the general public from throughout the Northeast several times a semester. | chemistry |
http://pyramiddesign.us/questions-about-options-you-must-know-the-answers-to/ | 2020-01-20T01:06:54 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00357.warc.gz | 0.955867 | 531 | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__211503515 | en | Questions About Options You Must Know the Answers To
Creating solutions to solve problems or do things better in any area of life is the order. Art and many other industries make use of different polymers to help in creating these solutions. Different uses of polymers are realized when polymers are subjected to different industrial processes that bring out their different properties. Taking silicone rubber, for instance, it withstands harshest of weather conditions and will be generally stable across temperature changes. Being also resistant to chemicals, radiation and electricity makes it qualify for many industrial uses. Casting processes is the basis of many industries that deal with polymers. However, the process will require temporary molds that get produced from master patterns or part of it. Most prototypes will be made through this process. If the main material making the products is not ideal for rapid prototyping, polyurethane casting is applied instead.
The fact that urethane is exceptional in matching the properties of products being used in making a product and cost-effective at the same time makes it ideal for prototyping. A lot of the mass-produced products come in different parts that are then assembled. Manufacturers can put urethane to use in this process where parts can be duplicated at amazing precision regardless of the quantity. Working with the mold is pretty easy because in that state its very flexible and it allows for capturing of all curves and dimensions of what is being cast. This is what makes the duplicated parts free of any error.
The mold that is used in the castings has been produced with room temperature vulcanized a silicone as well. The master pattern from which the mold is made is produced from a number of processes. Depending on the pros of different methods, each industry will use the most fitting method. Lithography, however, is the most common of all the methods. Lithography is an additional process where ultraviolet resin, which is a photopolymer is used with ultraviolet lasers to cast three-dimension prototypes.
The lithography will see to it that the master pattern features the properties required for its end use, room temperature vulcanized silicone gets added at this point. The master pattern needs to be suspended as the silicone is being added. The master pattern has to be well encased and then left to cure before it is then cut and the master pattern removed. Casts can be made into anything depending on the industry. After prototyping processes is complete, tests should be done on the main material and not the prototype because that is what will be more relevant. Aside from marketing, the prototypes will be used in product descriptions as well. This is very economical. | chemistry |
https://mybeardgang.com/what-are-the-major-hormones-for-beard-growth/ | 2024-04-25T02:29:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296820065.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240425000826-20240425030826-00114.warc.gz | 0.949492 | 2,702 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__66179708 | en | Hormones for Beard Growth: Right in here, we are going to be discussing extensively, the major hormones for beard growth, as well as the various supplements that can be used to improve these hormones.
So, having known that, let’s get down to business!
Basically, 4 out of every 5 men with a completely bald or slightly bald jaw, complain tirelessly about their inability to grow a proper and healthy beard. However, do you know that approximately only 2 out of these 4 get the right solution to their complaints at the right time without having to have tried lots of myths recommended by ignorant people like them who claimed to have known more? And I’m afraid you’re amongst the 2 who doesn’t fall into this category.
You’re lost? Don’t be. I’ll explain even better.
In simple terms, my conclusion is, lots of men out there, perhaps you inclusive, have gotten extremely wrong information as regards their inability to grow a healthy beard. And in most cases, this information has caused them to lose quite a whole lot of bucks.
You seem to understand better now right? Fine!
However, irrespective of any information you might have gotten, and the places you might have gotten them from, the truth and fact still remains that, the principal factors which determine the level of your beard growth and how healthy and appealing it would be to the sight, are the levels of certain hormones present in your body. A high level of these hormones in your body simply means a rapid beard growth, and otherwise takes the result vice versa.
Thus, in this article, prior to my research, I’d be giving detailed notes on the different major hormones for beard growth, as well as the various supplements that can be used to improve these hormones.
What Then Are the Major Hormones for Beard Growth?
Basically, there are two major hormones for beard growth present in human bodies. However, according to thorough researches, one of these hormones is found inside the other.
Don’t get confused yet. Keep reading, you’ll get to understand it better, sooner or later in this article.
Thus, these two hormones are;
- Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Testosterone as a hormone (I do not know if any other thing called Testosterone exist. Lol) is found both in human bodies and other animals too. So, don’t get to think this hormone exist only in human bodies.
In humans, both the male and female gender possess the testosterone hormone. In men, the testicles primarily make the testosterone, while in women, their ovaries do, and usually in small quantities.
However, since this article is primarily for men, I’d be focusing more on testosterone of men. So let’s ride!
In men, testosterone produces at a high rate right from the puberty stage and starts to dip once you attain the age of 30 to 35.
Now, I’d like to add; the testosterone is usually associated with sex and inarguably plays a vital role in the production of the sperm cells. However, asides this, here, I’d want you to know that the testosterone also affects the bones and muscles, the production of red blood cells in the body, the storage of fat in the boy, a man’s mood, and most importantly, the cause of this article; it affects the rate at which a man’s beard grows.
A high level of testosterone in the body reduces the tendencies of baldness and simultaneously acts as a catalyst during the production of facial hairs.
However, reduced production of testosterone could occur in human. This is not totally drastic, although it has a few severe effects on such an individual. This condition is generally known as hypogonadism. Also, this ailment or disease as the case may be, doesn’t necessarily need treatment.
Wondering what might be the cause of the low production of testosterone?
Well, age plays a major role. And as mentioned earlier in this article, the older you grow, the lower the rate of production of testosterone in your body system. However in addition to aging, sometimes, low level of testosterone could be as a result of pituitary gland problems.
Asides all these as well, diseases such as; AIDS; Kidney disease; Alcoholism; Cirrhosis of the liver are various causes of the low level of testosterone in the body. In other words, most importantly, if you desire to grow blossoming beards, try as much as possible to reduce your degree of alcoholism.
Now, as I said earlier; the second hormone is found inside the first hormone. Remember me telling you, you’d understand it soon, right? This is it;
A certain kind of steroid is found inside the testosterone which as well serves as major hormones for beard growth. It is called dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
So, what is DHT?
Basically, DHT is a sex steroid which is produced in the gonads, most of which have a particular physiological action. Well, that’s not what we need.
Asides being a sex steroid, DHT is an androgen hormone. And voila! That’s exactly what we need, and thus, what we’ll be dealing with.
Now, what are ANDROGENS?
Androgens are what are solely responsible for various biological characteristics of every male. These characteristics include the deeper voice noted in males as they grow older, increased body mass and structure, and most importantly (cause of the subject matter of this article) the body hair.
Although the hair on the head would grow even with a drop of DHT in the body, every other hair found in any other part asides the head requires a substantial amount of DHT before they can blossom. This thus draw us to a conclusion; DHT is essential for the growth of hair in every part of the body asides those growing on the head. This thus accounts for the reason fully and perhaps excessively (beards can’t be in excess for a member of beard gang though) tend to get bald.
That is, for reasons I myself doesn’t fully understand yet, the more the DHT in your body, the less the amount of hair you can grow on your head, and simultaneously, the more amount of beard you can grow. In other words, DHT is detrimental to head-hair growth.
Thus my conclusion as regards DHT in this article, men with high levels of DHT in their reproductive systems will automatically have evidently more facial hair than other men who have lower levels of DHT. Hence, if you have a body system that’s very sensitive to this hormone – DHT & Testosterone, then you’re prone to growing beard at a very early stage in life.
However, if you’re finding it hard to grow a beard even when already in your late twenties up to your thirties, then by now, you should know your body doesn’t produce just enough Testosterone and DHT.
Thus, before bringing this article to a close, let’s quickly talk about a few supplements that would improve the production of these hormones in your body system.
Supplements to Improve the Major Hormones for Beard Growth
Velvet Bean is a popular herbal supplement which has gained trust by proving to be of maximum importance by the pharmaceutical industry. Mucuna Pruriens is the botanical name of Velvet Bean.
Mucuna Pruriens has loads of benefit for hormones – especially the DHT & Testosterone – the major hormones for beard growth.
You see, velvet bean contains high amounts of levodopa. This is a compound which converts quickly into dopamine in the body. This conversion, according to various studies, has proven to increase the testosterone levels in the body by 40%.
Other further studies have also shown to us that levodopa present I velvet bean can also act as a receptor of androgen, which helps in co-activating proteins in the body, thus leading to an improvement in the beard growth rate of such person – everything being equal.
Sorghum with the botanical name, Sorghum Bicolor is as well an ancient herb which grows mainly in the African continent.
Out of all studies, as regards Sorghum Bicolor, there’s a particular one which stands out as a chief indicator of the herb’s relevancy. This study shows that for every sorghum extract consumed, the levels of the enzyme; 5-a reductase by 54%.
Now, what’s the 5-a reductase, and its importance and relevance to beard growth?
Well, quite simple and straightforward.
5-a reductase is a kind of enzyme which converts testosterone into DHT. Wait, did I mention that DHT is a more active and potent beard growing hormone than testosterone?
Well, if I didn’t, I’ve just done so.
Hence, it simply means, that the 5-a reductase converts a beard growing hormone to an even more efficient and potent beard boosting one. Simple! I guess you can see for your eyes the great importance sorghum provides as regards growing a blossoming beard.
If you’re a weightlifter, then creatine shouldn’t be a new thing to you. Research has proven, that after protein powders, creatine is the next most popular supplement used for the promotion of lean mass, and also to gain strength.
Aside all these importance, creatin is an efficient beard growth supplement, which aids a higher production of the major hormones for beard growth. Creatine has been confirmed to help in increasing the levels of testosterone and DHT present in a body system.
Glycine is an amino acid. As and now, it is the purest known protein present in the human body.
Basically, the main function/importance of glycine is its ability to help promote one’s quality of sleep, and also helps in reducing the amount of time it takes one to fall into a sound sleep. Thus, confirming it to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
However, asides these above-mentioned functions, glycine helps in increasing the 5-a reductase enzyme (although not as much as sorghum), thereby stimulating the conversion of testosterone to DHT, which in turn leads to the promotion of the amount of hair growing on the facial area of the body.
Truth be told, the greatest supplement for these major hormones for bead growth are multivitamins.
This is because hair follicles make use of vitamins and rich minerals as a building block towards producing a nicely blossoming beard.
Also, the human body also uses these same vitamins and minerals to produce testosterone, which is further converted into DHT by the enzyme 5-a reductase.
However, taking multivitamins doesn’t mean your beard would grow overnight. No. it’s not black magic. It doesn’t just add hair to your face like that. Instead, it nourishes and helps the required hormones for the healthy growth of your beard. It functions in such a way that it ensures every micronutrient level in your body system are topped up, and every other thing your body needs in other to grow a beard are supplied to the body.
Vitamins like vitamin D, when added to the body using a low-dose vitamin D supplement, it increases the testosterone levels of the body by 25% in a year. Also a Vitamin E supplement also acts as a beard growth accelerator cause of its ability to stimulate the production of testosterone in the body.
Calcium, magnesium, zinc, etc. supplements are also useful in stimulating the production of these major hormones for beard growth present in the body system. In fact generally, all these minerals can be referred to as beard enhancers.
Conclusion on Major Hormones for Beard Growth
So this is how I’d be bringing this article to a close. It’s really being a log ride dissecting the topic – “Major Hormones for Beard Growth and Supplements to improve them.”
I know this article would have helped in a way or the other, hence, please help that friend of yours who’s struggling to grow a beard too, by sharing this article with him.
However, should you have any questions, reservations, or any information that I missed out, please feel free to share them with me via the comment section? I’d love to have your thoughts, opinions, and yes! Your testimony!
Till then, keep bearding! | chemistry |
http://dbagroindustries.com/our-unique-process-line/ | 2023-06-07T02:17:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653501.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607010703-20230607040703-00624.warc.gz | 0.915114 | 358 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__92957883 | en | Our unique process line
Manufacturing of vacuum evaporated organic jaggery:
- Sugarcane is grown using Desi cow’s manure that has a high percentage of Nitrogen with other organic manure.
- Jaggery is produced using closed multiple effect stainless steel vacuum evaporators with indirect heating using steam at a very low temperature, retaining and preserving the medicinal properties of sugarcane juice in their natural form.
- The juice is clarified using vegetative clarificants only.
- The filtered clear juice is evaporated in closed vacuum evaporators without addition of any chemicals or preservatives.
- The process temperature does not exceed 80° C and no inversion of sucrose which avoids formation of cancer-causing acrylamide.
- The product Jaggery is not centrifuged as in the sugar factory or a raw sugar unit and hence it retains all the nutritional and medicinal properties of sugarcane because the molasses is absorbed in the Jaggery itself.
- Our jaggery is unrefined, raw, unbleached, vacuum evaporated WHOLE CANE juice and has a shelf life of more than 2 years.
- Our jaggery retains all the medicinal and nutritional properties present in the sugarcane.
- Our jaggery has low glycemic index and is an ideal replacement of for sugar in tea, coffee, milk, juices, puddings, beverages, etc.
- Above process is one small step taken by us to reduce pollution and manufacture jaggery in a worker-friendly, hygienic and Eco-friendly way with a low carbon footprint.
- Evaporated water is condensed into the water tank and is used in the fields. | chemistry |
https://coxsharley-davidson.com/jet-hot-high-performance-coatings/ | 2021-12-06T22:52:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363327.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206224536-20211207014536-00602.warc.gz | 0.900975 | 1,213 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__77053090 | en | To go to the Jet-Hot website click here
WHAT ARE JET-HOT COATINGS?
Jet-Hot Coatings are high-performance ceramic coatings for exhaust headers, side pipes, manifolds, intakes, mufflers, turbo housings, and other parts. When you coat the external and internal surfaces of your exhaust system, you'll improve their performance and longevity-and possibly avoid costly repairs later. These coatings improve horsepower output and protect other components in and around the engine from the heat that emits from exhaust components. It's a waste of money to buy expensive exhaust parts that perform worse and look worn down after only a few months. For a low cost now, Jet-Hot Coatings make your parts look amazing, perform better, and always come with a lifetime guarantee.
If you send in or drop off rusted parts, we'll use our expert process to prepare even those! As long as there are no holes or pits in the metal, a new ceramic coating on headers or other parts will make them look perfect-better than new. Everyone will be blown away by the look of your new ceramic coating.
So, get a ceramic header coating-or whatever other parts you need coated. And check out our Classic, Off-Road, Jet-Hot, and Color options below to see which coating is perfect for your next project.
WHY PEOPLE LOVE CERAMIC COATINGS
Extend the Life of Your Parts. You've put money into special parts, so protect them! Sometimes a $50,000 car can completely break down just because the parts weren’t ceramic coated. It takes a lot of time to remove and repair expensive exhaust parts, headers, and turbo kits, so the longer you can make them last, the better!
Protection from Corrosion. Ceramic coatings keep away oil, gas, salt, and other metal degrading materials that your parts come into contact with every day. You should always have an expert advise you on which type of coating will be best for your parts and the way you plan to use them.
Higher Performance. Even if you bought titanium or good stainless steel parts, a ceramic coating for headers, exhaust pipes, and turbo parts (just to name a few) actually improves their performance. These types of coatings actually cause your exhaust gases to flow faster and decrease thermal tumbling. Ceramic coatings also eliminate pressure problems and give you even more horsepower! Need another performance perk? Ceramic coatings prevent heat from escaping your vehicle's pipes, which prevents damage to spark plug wires, wiring harnesses, and plastic components, so your engine runs better.
Protection from Thermal Cycling. For high-performance systems, a coating that can withstand more than 1600°F protects your turbo and exhaust parts from thermal cycling that can break down metal over time. In other words, the ceramic coating keeps heat inside the system, so that the metal doesn't cycle from red-hot heating back to cool continuously.
They Look Great! Ceramic coatings can make parts look like chrome without the discoloration and flaking problems of chrome. Don't like the look of chrome? Ceramic coatings are available in a wide array of color options from ghost white to pure black-and everything in between. Blackout your motorcycle, make your header stand out, or create a custom design under the hood that lasts forever. You can even custom match a color that’s already on your vehicle, and get the look you’ve always wanted.
Jet-Hot pioneered the industry’s Classic Polish coating back in 1981. Today, it's still considered the best that the industry has to offer. Classic Polish lowers a part's surrounding temperatures by up to 65% and withstands temperatures up to 1250°F. For automotive applications, coating almost any external or internal surface can improve the performance of the entire exhaust system-all while protecting the coated part(s) from galvanic corrosion and thermal oxidation. Use it to coat exhaust systems and headers, piston heads, catalytic converters, x-pipes, side pipes, heat shields, tubing, and tips. Just to name a few!
As its name suggests, this coating is ideal for off-road cars, trucks, dune buggies, motorbikes, and Jeeps. Like Classic Polish, Jet-Hot's Off-Road Polish lowers parts' surrounding temperatures and prevents galvanic thermal oxidation, improving the performance of the entire exhaust system. This unparalleled coating is rated for severe conditions surviving conditions greater than 2000°F. Use it to coat turbo housings, exhaust systems and headers, piston heads, catalytic converters, x-pipes, side pipes, heat shields, tubing, and tips.
JET-HOT ULTRA EXTREME HEAT THERMAL BARRIER
Jet-Hot's Ultra Extreme Heat Thermal Barrier is our most powerful thermal protection available. This impervious coating can withstand 2500°F temperatures, double that of Classic Polish. It insulates metal, protects from corrosion, increases performance, and prevents heat from escaping and causing damage to other components. Coating applications include headers, turbo housings, down pipes, x-pipes, side pipes, heat shields, tubing, exhaust parts and systems, catalytic converters, and other high-performance parts.
Color Topcoats personalize your vehicle to make it the ride of your dreams! We offer the largest selection of colors in the industry. The most popular choices are Satin Black and Classic Polish, but there are more than 80 other color options to choose from. Color topcoats are applied over a ceramic-metallic base-coat to protect against corrosion. Looking for something truly unique? Work with a Jet-Hot specialist to custom develop a color that's uniquely you.
Get your Jet-Hot ceramic header coatings today! | chemistry |
http://www.cnic.navy.mil/regions/cnrse/installations/nas_kingsville/om/corrosion_control.html | 2020-01-28T12:38:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00220.warc.gz | 0.891714 | 292 | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__145702264 | en | NAS Kingsville was one of the first Navy facilities to open a Corrosion Control Facility complete with the FLASHJET painting and stripping process. Opened in July 1998, the FLASHJET system incorporates a patented process that combines pulsed light energy and a steady stream of dry ice pellets to remove up to 4 square feet of paint per minute for less than $4 per square foot. That is less than one-third the cost of manual removal and one-sixth the cost of chemical stripping. Compared to chemical stripping and media blast processes, the FLASHJET process is environmentally safe, produces 90 percent less waste, with no environmental issues.
The Boeing FLASHJET Process is designed to safely and economically remove aircraft coatings from both metals and composites without the use of hazardous chemicals or potentially damaging impingement media. It significantly reduces the amount of hazardous waste generated compared to chemical stripping or media blasting processes.
FLASHJET combines a xenon flash lamp with a low-pressure carbon dioxide (dry ice) pellet stream. The xenon flash lamp ablates the coating from the substrate and the dry ice pellets cool and clean the substrate and sweep the coating ash into an effluent capture system. The effluent capture system vacuums the by-product dust through air pollution control equipment including High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters, leaving the air clean enough for venting to the atmosphere. | chemistry |
http://www.conpalux.com/en/manufacturing | 2022-11-26T23:14:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446709929.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126212945-20221127002945-00832.warc.gz | 0.911393 | 359 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__203961074 | en | Custom manufacturing of your cosmetic and dermo-cosmetic products
We manufacture cosmetics in small, medium or large series ranging from 1,000 to 100,000 units.
We custom-manufacture all galenic formulations in liquid, viscous and semi-viscous form :
cosmetic formulas (beauty, care, hygiene)
- alcohol based liquids (explosion proof tank)
Custom manufacturing: efficient manufacturing equipment
Our mixing equipment is composed of 7 tanks, ranging from 100 to 2,400kg, in high polish stainless steel finish for cosmetic mixtures and emulsions.
Our production tanks are equipped with:
- dimple jackets for heating and cooling
- external recirculation and emulsifier at the bottom of the vessel
- bowl scraper and counter rotating blender
- a vacuum system
- melting and ancillary equipment
Process parameters are controlled via a specific operating mode, developed from pilot manufacturing validated by the formulation laboratory.
Our approach and quality policy in the service of customer satisfaction
Your formula will be implemented according to high technology equipment operational procedures, and with the highest respect for hygiene and quality standards, in accordance with cosmetics GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices).
Our computerized recording and control system for weight guarantees the traceability and conformity of weight by the operator.
Our laboratory is included within the manufacturing process and is responsible for carrying out various controls (physico-chemical, organoleptic and microbiological) throughout the manufacturing process:
- incoming raw materials are systematically quarantined to be controlled;
- during production, different tests are carried out to ensure compliance with specifications: pH, viscosity, density ...;
- a sample is kept at the end of production. | chemistry |
https://theharmonygroup.me.uk/product/nuskin-epoch-baby-hibiscus-hair-body-wash/ | 2020-02-24T09:23:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145910.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224071540-20200224101540-00362.warc.gz | 0.784142 | 339 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__28369412 | en | Indigenous parents have long used special flowers and plants to cleanse their babies. Epoch® Baby Hibiscus Hair and Body Wash contains hibiscus flower extracts, used by traditional cultures in Southeast Asia and Central America to help moisturise and maintain a healthy scalp while cleansing the skin and hair.
Now you can tap into gems of wisdom passed down by generations of parents from the far reaches of the globe to give your baby the best care possible. Epoch® Baby Hibiscus Hair and Body Wash brings you tried and trusted ancient botanical traditions, perfected in partnership with leading ethnobotanists. This gentle, effective product offers time-proven solution for your baby’s skin care needs.
No tears formula. It dispenses conveniently through the use of one hand and makes bathing your baby easier.
Dispense desired amount onto baby’s wet body and hair. Gently massage and rinse clean.
Aqua, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate, Glycerin, Polysorbate 20, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Butylene Glycol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Avena Sativa Kernel Extract, Sambucus Nigra Fruit Juice, Calendula Officinalis Flower Extract, Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis Flower Extract, Polyquaternium-7, Sodium Chloride, Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride, Hexylene Glycol, Disodium EDTA, Citric Acid, Parfum, Phenoxyethanol, Benzyl Benzoate, Butylphenyl Methylpropional. | chemistry |
https://artemis-holdings.com/decomposition-performance-of-hydrogen-peroxide-for-use-in-bi-propellant-thrusters/ | 2024-02-22T10:30:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00328.warc.gz | 0.87316 | 2,161 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__75638934 | en | Research towards the application of hydrogen peroxide in bi-propellant thruster systems is of great interest to the aerospace community for its non-toxicity and low cost. Because Hydrogen Peroxide’s decomposition into Hydrogen, Water, and Oxygen is an exothermic reaction. Researchers theorize that hydrogen peroxide decomposing within a combustion generates higher temperatures and it is therefore a more effective method of oxidation for rocket engines. This study shows that decomposition of hydrogen peroxide must happen prior to combustion to maximize temperature within a propulsion system.
F = force in newtons
Ṁ = mass flow rate in grams / seconds
V = velocity
P = pressure
A = area
T = temperature in Celsius
e = exit of nozzle
t = throat of nozzle
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is a powerful albeit an unstable oxidizer. Under normal conditions, H2O2 will decompose under heat and UV light with the following equation:
Because of its low toxicity rating and low cost of production, peroxide has been used as propellant for rockets since the mid-1950s . When used as a monopropellant hydrogen peroxide passes through a catalyst causing it to decompose rapidly, releasing thermal energy. The catalyst for hydrogen peroxide is usually a superposed silver mesh . It has the ability to rapidly decompose peroxide while not disintegrating.
There is an increased interest in using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer for hybrid rocket engine designs because of how it is more environmentally friendly compared to other oxidizers like hydrazine . These hybrid rocket engine designs are bi-propellent systems. They use one propellant that is a solid and another that is liquid, a catalyst rapidly decomposes the peroxide prior to introduction in the combustion chamber.
By applying the fundamentals of the ideal gas law, the thrust of a rocket is produced from the mass being expelled from combustion chamber of the rocket. The products of the combustion are a gas and considered a working fluid that accelerate towards the exhaust. Because of Newton’s third law of motion, the rapid expulsion of mass from the rear of the rocket causes the rocket to accelerate .
Since the general thrust equation is:
Where F is force in Newtons, Ṁ represents the mass flow rate in g/s, V is velocity in m/s, Pe is pressure in bars at the exit of the nozzle, Pt is pressure in bars at the throat of the nozzle, and Ae is the area in cm at the exit of the nozzle bell. Through the general thrust equation, it is possible to calculate how to control the pressure within the combustion chamber by increasing temperature.
Given the Equation of State:
Where P is Pressure, V is Volume, R is the Gas Constant, and T is Temperature. The equation can be re-balanced to the following:
This rebalanced equation displays the relation of temperature to pressure. Since the gas constant and volume of the combustion chamber are constants, temperature is the only other variable in the gas constant law available to manipulate pressure, and ultimately thrust of the rocket.
In this study, the most efficient oxidation is determined by the method of introduction which produces the highest maximum temperatures within the combustion.
Though many hybrid rocket designs state the advantage of using a catalyst to rapidly decompose peroxide and in introducing H2O + O2 into the combustion chamber, this study explores when peroxide should be introduced into the combustion process to maximize enthalpy.
II – Method
In this study, it is proposed that atomizing hydrogen peroxide is the most efficient way to introduce it to the combustion process. Hydrogen peroxide when atomized creates an exothermic reaction resulting in higher temperatures. The research therefore compares the application of a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution as an oxidizer through atomization and resulting decomposition. The combustion fuel used in this study is 2 g (± 0.1) of Hexamethylenetetramine (CH2)6N4, chosen because of its high energy content, stability, and relative ease of production . All (CH2)6N4 comes from the same lot from a sole source manufacturer.
The following calculation demonstrates the combustion of Hexamethylenetetramine under ideal circumstances and do not account for the surrounding atmosphere nor the dilution of the hydrogen peroxide used:
Since this study utilizes a low concentration, changes in temperature will be minor. Slight changes in temperature during the experiment will translate to larger changes when higher concentrations of H2O2 are used.
Data is gathered by measuring the combustion temperature of three samples in a control sample burn, three samples with decomposed hydrogen peroxide, and three samples with atomized hydrogen peroxide.
In all variants of the experiment Hexamethylenetetramine is placed on an aluminum test stand with holes cut through it in a ‘star pattern’. The temperature in this experiment is measured using a Voltcraft IR-Thermometer 260-8S with a duration of twenty seconds for each sample. Because the measurements are taken with an IR thermometer each reading is centered on the burning Hexamethylenetetramine cube and the thermometer is held approximately 25 cm away from the flame.
Each sample undergoes the following cycle:
- Measure start temp of cube prior to combustion.
- Ignite fuel.
- Allow fuel to burn for 10 sec to allow fuel to reach max burn temperature.
- Introduce oxidizer (if applicable).
- Measure temperature of fuel for 20 sec.
- Record maximum and minimum temperatures.
- Extinguish flame.
Samples are discarded after combustion allowing each sample to combust with the same mass.
A. Introduction of Atomized Hydrogen Peroxide to Combustion
To introduce atomized hydrogen peroxide, the study uses a pneumatic atomizing nozzle with a reciprocating pump mechanism. The nozzle is kept approximately 17 cm away from the flame and sprayed every three seconds allowing the mist to interact with the combustion.
B. Introduction of Decomposed Hydrogen Peroxide to Combustion
Decomposed hydrogen peroxide is introduced to the combustion by mixing 15 ml of H2O2 with 5 ml of a yeast enzyme in a bowl. The bowl is then placed underneath the combustion; as the O2 from the decomposed hydrogen rises it interacts with the combustion of (CH2)6N4. This study chose to use a yeast enzyme over magnesium dioxide or other inorganic material to better understand the possibility of using organic oxidizer decomposition, or more environmentally-friendly, rocket propulsion designs.
The ambient temperature of H2O2 in a bowl during the experiment is 25.0 °C. After the catalytic enzyme is added to the bowl of H2O2, the temperature rises to 39.6 °C.
Table 1 demonstrates the control temperatures of Hexamine combusting without an oxidizer.
|Table 1: Control Burn Temperatures
|Table 2: Enzyme Decomposition Oxidizer Temperatures
|Table 3: Atomized Oxidizer Temperatures
After measuring all samples, the highest temperature reaction is the enzyme decomposition. The decomposed hydrogen peroxide from enzyme also produced the highest median temperature.
When considering the mean maximum and minimum of all temperatures in the oxidization on the reaction, the combustion temperature of enzyme decomposed hydrogen peroxide is 11.9 °C less than the control, and the combustion temperature of atomized hydrogen peroxide is 18.0 °C less than the control.
|Table 4: Average Variance in Stability
|Method of Introduction
|Δ Temperature (Tmax – Tmin)
Additionally, the amount of change between maximum and minimum temperature is 43% less than the control with atomized H2O2; enzyme decomposed H2O2 has a deviation of 37% from the control.
III – Conclusion
In a combustion of Hexamethylenetetramine, hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer produces the highest maximum temperatures when it is decomposed prior to combustion; for this study pre-decomposition is achieved with the use of enzymes. Including hydrogen peroxide in the combustion process does not increase temperature. In this study hydrogen peroxide must occur prior to combustion to achieve maximum combustion efficiency.
The large variance of average temperatures from methods can be attributed to inconsistent means of introducing the oxidizer to the combustion. In subsequent tests, the oxidizer must be introduced at a uniform and constant rate to decrease the ΔT within the reaction.
Also, it is speculated that the maximum temperatures of a H2O2 will increase when catalyzed with a non-organic compound such as magnesium or silver.
Using industrial strength hydrogen peroxide in future studies could possibly increase combustion efficiencies.
Nelson, D. P., and Kiesow, L. A., “Enthalpy of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase at 25° C (with molar extinction coefficients of H2O2 solutions in the UV),” Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 49, 1972, pp. 474–478.
Berrier, B., “Hydrogen Peroxide Incidents” Available: https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/crgis/images/9/95/H2O2.pdf.
Maia, F. F., Gouvea, L. H., Pereira, L. G. F., Vieira, R., and Costa, F. D. S., “Development and Optimization of a Catalytic Thruster for Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition,” Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, vol. 6,2014, pp. 61–67.
Ahn, S.-H., Choi, T.-H., Krishnan, S., and Lee, C.-W., “A Laboratory Scale Hydrogen-Peroxide Rocket-Engine Facility,” 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, 2003.
Newlands, R. M., Science and Design of the Hybrid Rocket Engine, LULU, 2017.
Dolling, G., and Powell, B. M., “Intermolecular Dynamics of Hexamethylenetetramine,” Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 319, 1970, pp. 209–235. | chemistry |
https://gfm.aps.org/meetings/dfd-2020/5f3058fd199e4c091e67b8f4 | 2024-04-21T17:40:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817790.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421163736-20240421193736-00310.warc.gz | 0.895954 | 307 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__51063334 | en | In this paper, we study the fundamental mechanism of surface bubble nucleation in nanoparticle (NP) suspension upon laser irradiation. Our experiments find that the bubble nucleation thresholds differ depending on if the surface is forward- or backward-facing the light propagation direction even if the laser power density is the same on the surface. High speed videography reveals that NP deposition on the surface is a pre-requisite for bubble nucleation, and it is the optical dispersive force that drives such deposition. Optical pulling force is needed to deposit NPs when the surface is backward-facing the laser propagation direction, and this is achieved only when the laser optical fluence is sufficiently high to generate a supercavitating nanobubble around the NP, which is needed to enable proper optical condition for optical pulling motion to happen. When the surface is forward-facing the laser propagation direction, optical pushing force, which exists on both bare or supercavitating NPs, makes the NP deposition easier and thus lowers the surface bubble nucleation threshold. Further experiments comparing the NPs with different surface plasmon resonance (SPR) frequencies show that optical pulling-induced nucleation is impossible if the laser is off the SPR peak of the NPs, since it cannot intensely excite the NP to form supercavitation. However, optical pushing-induced nucleation surface bubble nucleation always happens regardless if the NP SPR peak aligns with the laser wavelength. The results reveal interesting physics leading to photothermal surface bubble generation in NP suspensions. | chemistry |
https://marymiley.wordpress.com/2014/02/02/rough-on-rats/ | 2017-03-28T23:34:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190134.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00102-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.962345 | 349 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__229019302 | en | My favorite Twenties poison! I use Rough on Rats in SILENT MURDERS (due out in September), but not to kill anyone. No . . . another poison kills my victims. Still, I have a special place in my heart for Rough on Rats ever since I found some of the advertisements for the product. Aren’t they great? I bought them on eBay, and I bring them to book club meetings whenever I’m invited to visit.
I’ve been reading the POISONER’S HANDBOOK by Deborah Blum and was delighted to see her discuss Rough on Rats. I learned a good deal about the stuff: it was a grayish powder made of 10 % soot and 90 % arsenic. Arsenic was a much-used ingredient in dyes to color wallpaper, fabric, boxes, greeting cards, candles, toys, paints, Venetian blinds, carpets soap, and jewelry. In other words, it was everywhere. Even wallpaper untainted by arsenic (it made a lovely green) could be poisonous because paperhangers mixed arsenic in their paste in the belief that it would keep rats from gnawing into the walls.
The author makes the point that it was hard to pin arsenic murder on a particular person because anyone could buy arsenic easily (in drugstores, grocery stores, or garden supply stores) and virtually everyone had it at home, whether they knew it or not, because it was an ingredient in medicines and creams prescribed by doctors as well as used for weed killers, bug killers, and rat killers. So arsenic was a foolproof way to kill someone–until the advent of forensic science in the Twenties. | chemistry |
http://aceraschool.org/afternoon-science-lab-programs/ | 2017-08-22T12:51:56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110774.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822123737-20170822143737-00082.warc.gz | 0.938976 | 330 | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-34__0__121417534 | en | Early and consistently hands-on, inquiry-driven science learning is something we care deeply about at Acera. Which is why we are excited to open up our professionally equipped science lab to the community on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday afternoons, 3:30 to 5:30 p.m.
On Tuesdays, middle school age children (11-15) can immerse themselves in our biotechnology program, exploring concepts and techniques such as restriction enzymes, electrophoresis, bacterial transformations and cell culture, immunoassays, and PCR.
On Wednesdays, we invite the youngest learners to try out what it is like to do science, not read about it. Children age 7-9 will enter the worlds of biology (fall trimester), chemistry (winter) and biochemistry (spring). Next to bacteria, they will explore acid-based chemistry, electro-chemistry, and try some cool experiments involving chemical reactions and their classifications.
On Thursdays, children age 9-13 will also immerse themselves in biology, chemistry and biochemistry, running their own experiments and learning at a level appropriate for middle school age children.
Classes are taught by Michael Hirsch, a former pharmaceutical scientist with a B.S. in molecular biology and a Masters of the Arts in Teaching for biology, and the winner of the GlaxoSmithKlein Exceptional Science Award. Michael has taught High School biology and chemistry, including AP classes, and currently works as the Laboratory Science Manager at Acera School.
Learn more and register for a program at www.acerasteamlab.org! | chemistry |
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