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https://openalex.org/W4226041273
|
Morocco has diplomatic advantage over Western Sahara
|
[] |
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C35651441"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C153083717"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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"display_name": "Mathematics",
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"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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] |
[
"Algeria",
"Western Sahara",
"Morocco"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4226041273
|
Significance With this new policy, Madrid has abandoned a longstanding position of neutrality on Western Saharan independence from Morocco, a matter of great importance for many Spaniards across the political spectrum and one of strategic importance for Algeria. Impacts Morocco’s success in changing Spanish and German policy on Western Sahara could encourage a campaign to leverage other European states. Believing that time is on its side, Morocco will drag out the peace process by slowing the momentum of the recently appointed UN envoy. Algeria will keep supporting the Western Saharan independence movement’s renewed armed attacks against Rabat’s forces in the Sahara.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Emerald expert briefings",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210217702",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2050386213
|
‘Les routes entrecroisées’: trajectoires et engagements des antiquisants français au XXe siècle
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Béatrice Blanchet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5067008324"
}
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{
"display_name": "Scholarship",
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"display_name": "Humanities",
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{
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[
"Algeria"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2050386213
|
Throughout the 20th century, a significant minority of French classicists (that is, specialists of Antiquity) committed themselves as intellectuals, appealing to scholarly and moral values stemming from republican convictions. This article analyses the origins of this political engagement within a professorial group frequently associated with an explicitly assumed neutrality, or who supported the authorities. Owing to their specific understanding of the relevance of classical scholarship for contemporary issues, leading classicists frequently reinterpreted the complex posterity of the Dreyfus Affair during major crises such as the Occupation and the Algerian war. A study of these classicists' civic and republican commitments reveals close relationships between interdisciplinarity, international bonds of research and friendships, and statements of heterodox political discourse, outside traditional academic boundaries.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Modern & Contemporary France",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S190841178",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2893913243
|
The Politics of Neutrality: Cimade, Humanitarianism, and State Power in Modern France
|
[
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Darcie Fontaine",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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[
"Algeria"
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"https://openalex.org/W576214302",
"https://openalex.org/W576271453",
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"https://openalex.org/W1996105000",
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"https://openalex.org/W2111841171",
"https://openalex.org/W2164187818",
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"https://openalex.org/W2619519737",
"https://openalex.org/W2920284460",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2893913243
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Using the contemporary and historical conflicts between Cimade and the French government over the definition of legitimate humanitarian practice, this article seeks to interrogate the relationship between the ideologies and practices of "neutrality" and "témoignage" as guiding principles of contemporary humanitarianism in France and the political terrain in which humanitarian organizations like Cimade negotiate their work. In examining Cimade's role in the French Resistance during World War II, and its engagement in the Algerian War of Independence, this article analyzes how Cimade's history and historical narratives shape the organization's relationship with the French state and its vision of political engagement.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Humanity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S163559066",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4319984111
|
The Case of Djamila Boupacha and an Ethics of Ambiguity: Opacity, Marronage, and the Veil
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ruthanne Crapo Kim",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5040558427"
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780522230"
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779231336"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Opacity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60056205"
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{
"display_name": "Independence (probability theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C35651441"
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{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
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{
"display_name": "Aesthetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107038049"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
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{
"display_name": "Optics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C120665830"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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] |
[
"Algeria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4319984111
|
In this article, I briefly sketch the “right to opacity” that Édouard Glissant details in Poetics of Relation and situate it as an ethical imperative with Simone de Beauvoir’s Ethics of Ambiguity, contrasting the distinctive contributions of opacity and ambiguity toward ethical-political living. I apply the principles of opacity and ambiguity toward one of Beauvoir’s most political and only co-written works, Pour Djamila Boupacha. I argue that the polyvalent use of the Islamic veil during the Algerian War for Independence reveals the ethical application of opacity and ambiguity. Additionally, the veil clarifies the political stakes of gendered assumptions and racial hierarchy across geographies, positing a false body neutrality that obfuscates the violent global War on Terror.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The CLR James Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S50383196",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2539974432
|
Secularity put to the test by Islam and Muslims: the case of France
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Haoues Séniguer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5039491764"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
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{
"display_name": "Secularity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776074554"
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{
"display_name": "Secularism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11293438"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Algeria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2539974432
|
France is the European country with most residents of Muslim culture or religion, which demands a form of secularity capable of creating a consensus, a framework common to all. It is then necessary to abandon certain prejudices concerning Islam, by resisting culturalism and essentialism. But essentially, it is the authorities who politicize Islam, not Muslims themselves, at least the huge majority. It is far from certain that religion is, in itself, a generator of violence. Neither is it certain that the State always respects its proper neutrality when it establishes the borders between moderate and radical Islam. Nor that Muslim communitarism is not a fantasy. Historically, Islam been torn by strife and division. Today, no democratic, progressive Islam, stricto sensu, exists; no more than a totalitarian or austere Islam. Only a minority of literalists forbid the interpretation of the Koran. The Sharia is often caricatured. In reality, Muslim communitarism is an expression designed to give credit to the idea that the Muslims reject our secular society in the name of superior realities, which is historically incorrect – as witness France’s colonial policies in Algeria. Today, France’s secular society is becoming intrusive, as the affair of the hijab demonstrates.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3138324397
|
China’s Non-interference Policy towards Western Sahara Conflict
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Wu Wanjun e Pedro Sobral",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5089945047"
}
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[
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"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
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{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
"display_name": "Peacekeeping",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183761623"
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{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
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] |
[
"Algeria",
"Western Sahara",
"Morocco"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3138324397
|
This article intends to present an overview of the Chinese stance and policies towards the still ongoing conflict in the Western Sahara region, as well as of its interaction with the players in the said conflict, Morocco and Algeria. A growing presence in the African continent, China has maintained a pragmatic neutrality towards the Western Sahara conflict, which is in line with China’s longstanding “Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence” and non- -interference policy. China also shares common ground with Morocco on its position towards the Taiwan issue. China’s neutrality towards the Western Sahara issue does not affect its ever-closer diplomatic and economic relations with the two Northern African countries and serves to protect its vested interests in the region. In this article, we will analyze more closely why China maintains a non-interference policy in this and in other regional issues, as well how China has nevertheless become involved in the conflict, namely through international institutions and peacekeeping missions. Keywords: C hina, M orocco, A lgeria, Western Sahara.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Africana Studia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306500881",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4313239154
|
Ethical Issues in Religiously Affiliated Disputes: Sant’Egidio’s Mediation in Mozambique and Algeria
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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[
"Algeria"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4313239154
|
Despite its potential, the use of mediation as a conflict resolution mechanism in a religiously affiliated conflict entails a problem in terms of ethical challenges. Both religion and mediation carry its own ethical standards, where, if both collides, might jeopardizes the efficacy of mediation as conflict resolution tool. This article discusses in detail ethical challenges in mediation where religion persists in various manners. Religion might exist in the conflict (1) as the main ideologies of mediator and/or disputants, (2) as the substance being disputed and (3) in the use of religious values as peacemaking resources. Problems may arise in terms of impartiality, conflict of interest, sense of fairness and directiveness, however often it can be seen as situated concept of neutrality especially when the mediator possess profound understanding of the context. As an empirical proof, it is evident Sant’Egidio has faced problems in perception of impartiality, that affected result in both Algeria and Mozambique. This paper further suggests that appropriate pre-mediation assessment in determining the religious dynamic on the dispute is a crucial stage to tackle possible ethical problems to implement mediation in religiously affiliated conflict.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Politics and Humanism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4387282548",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4382398342
|
Między polityką zaangażowania a pozytywną neutralnością. Libia i Tunezja wobec kwestii Sahary Zachodniej
|
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"display_name": "Robert Kłosowicz",
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"display_name": "Ewa Szczepankiewicz-Rudzka",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychotherapist",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C542102704"
}
] |
[
"Algeria",
"Western Sahara",
"Tunisia",
"Libya",
"Morocco"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1621561880",
"https://openalex.org/W1979034632",
"https://openalex.org/W2013382623",
"https://openalex.org/W2173513148",
"https://openalex.org/W2792791265",
"https://openalex.org/W2796943063",
"https://openalex.org/W4200067648",
"https://openalex.org/W4200418603",
"https://openalex.org/W4205996482",
"https://openalex.org/W4237768317",
"https://openalex.org/W4291722316"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4382398342
|
BETWEEN A POLICY OF ENGAGEMENT AND POSITIVE NEUTRALITY: LIBYA AND TUNISIA ON THE ISSUE OF WESTERN SAHARA The unresolved issue of Western Sahara has been causing serious divisions in the Maghreb region for 48 years, which affects not only political relations, but also economic cooperation. The division into states supporting the independence of Western Sahara and those backing Morocco’s position has very strongly polarized the Maghreb region, as well as practically all states of the African continent. Moreover, during the Cold War, this dispute fed into division between states in the Western camp and those identified with the Eastern bloc and socialism, such as Libya. Tunisia was the only country in North Africa, which consistently tried to implement a policy of positive neutrality and because of that it was doomed to occupy a liminal space not only in the region – between Algeria and Morocco, but also in the bipolar world – between the West and the Eastern bloc. This article aims to present the two countries of Tunisia and Libya from the perspective of 48 years of the Western Saharan crisis. Both states, although they do not have a direct border with the territory of Western Sahara, are sometimes involuntarily, as in the case of Tunisia, involved in the largest regional dispute, which to this day casts a shadow over relations in North Africa.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Politeja",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210177798",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2913561543
|
Swedish neutrality and shipping in the second half of the eighteenth century
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Leoš Müller",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5044766640"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Protectionism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C22241219"
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{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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] |
[
"Algeria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2913561543
|
By the late eighteenth century Sweden had become one of the leading shipping nations in Europe. According to the established historical perspective (Eli F. Heckscher), the successful development of Sweden’s merchant fleet should be attributed to the protectionist policy of the state and to Sweden’s exchange pattern of bulky imports (salt and wheat) and exports (iron and timber products). This paper argues that the most important factor of the rise of the Swedish shipping was Sweden’s neutrality in the Anglo-French wars, especially those of 1776-83 and 1793-1802. I will provide a picture of the development of Swedish shipping based on the passport registers, which record all Swedish-flagged vessels employed in trade south of Cape Finisterre. These unveil the significance of tramp shipping in Swedish maritime activity. The traditional view is that Swedish vessels were engaged only in Swedish foreign trade. However, a close analysis of the Algerian registers and other sources show that Swedes were very active in tramp shipping in the Mediterranean and, from the 1780s, also in transatlantic shipping. Here, neutrality was a major competitive advantage. Sweden was a French ally, but she carefully avoided entanglement in the Seven Years’ War, and she was an active member of the neutrality leagues of 1780-83 and 1800. Sweden lay on Europe’s geographical periphery and had ceased to be a first-rate power, but that did not prevent her occupying a profitable neutral niche in the drawn-out struggle between Britain and France. From a broader Atlantic perspective, Swedish neutrality played an important role in reducing the negative impact of warfare on trade. Due to neutrals, such as Sweden and Denmark, commercial connections between belligerent countries – and between belligerents and their overseas colonies – were not completely disrupted.
|
[
{
"display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271",
"type": "repository"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W4321504329
|
Medical neutrality and structural competency in conflict zones: Israeli healthcare professionals’ reaction to political violence
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Israel",
"display_name": "Jerusalem College of Technology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I192238737",
"lat": 31.76904,
"long": 35.21633,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Zvika Orr",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5013947009"
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{
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "University of California, Berkeley",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I95457486",
"lat": 37.87159,
"long": -122.27275,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Mark D. Fleming",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5051427859"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134"
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{
"display_name": "Medical law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C68365596"
},
{
"display_name": "Poison control",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017944768"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic Justice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139621336"
},
{
"display_name": "Equity (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199728807"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
}
] |
[
"Gaza",
"Israel"
] |
[
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"https://openalex.org/W1485987596",
"https://openalex.org/W1598532623",
"https://openalex.org/W1610222660",
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"https://openalex.org/W2051006436",
"https://openalex.org/W2055370718",
"https://openalex.org/W2124268566",
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"https://openalex.org/W2130010578",
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"https://openalex.org/W2264268947",
"https://openalex.org/W2338304454",
"https://openalex.org/W2343324629",
"https://openalex.org/W2409736374",
"https://openalex.org/W2471750569",
"https://openalex.org/W2566021644",
"https://openalex.org/W2761354289",
"https://openalex.org/W2776240884",
"https://openalex.org/W2794124725",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4321504329
|
ABSTRACTThis article explores the meaning, manifestations, and ramifications of medical neutrality in conflict zones. We analyse how Israeli healthcare institutions and leaders responded to the escalation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in May 2021 and how they represented the role of the healthcare system in society and during conflict. Based on content analysis of documents, we found that healthcare institutions and leaders called for cessation of violence between Jewish and Palestinian citizens of Israel, describing the Israeli healthcare system as a neutral space of coexistence. However, they largely overlooked the military campaign that was simultaneously taking place between Israel and Gaza, which was considered a controversial and 'political' issue. This depoliticised standpoint and boundary work enabled a limited acknowledgement of violence, while disregarding the larger causes of conflict. We suggest that a structurally competent medicine must explicitly recognise political conflict as a determinant of health. Healthcare professionals should be trained in structural competency to challenge the depoliticising effects of medical neutrality, with the aim of enhancing peace, health equity, and social justice. Concomitantly, the conceptual framework of structural competency should be broadened to include conflict-related issues and address the needs of the victims of severe structural violence in conflict areas.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Global Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S156279819",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4283801346
|
Clean Neutrality in Conflict
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Martin Snoddon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5017999765"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Credibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780224610"
},
{
"display_name": "Impartiality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780564088"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
},
{
"display_name": "Interview",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24845683"
},
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683"
},
{
"display_name": "Conflict resolution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21711469"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Citizen journalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203663800"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
}
] |
[
"Gaza"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1507215884",
"https://openalex.org/W2034093334",
"https://openalex.org/W2105100752",
"https://openalex.org/W2969562811"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4283801346
|
Chapter Summary For many years I lived among debilitating violent conflict in Northern Ireland. My experience of working in other conflict-related zones such as Haiti, Nicaragua, Gaza, the Balkans and the Ukraine has demonstrated to me the commonality of the human experience of violence. Knowing the effects is one thing; knowing how to heal them is another.Addressing circumstances related to violent conflict and its impact can take many forms. The one I have chosen to rely upon most often has been clean language interviewing. I call upon this method in situations that demand high levels of sensitivity for the safety of the local people and my personal safety. For example, when working with people with a history of violence who initially perceive me to be of a particular worldview unrelated or even antagonistic to their own.Impartiality is imperative when working with groups of opposing views. Clean language interviewing, used in a sympathetic manner, is a practical way for me to demonstrate neutrality to others even in the most challenging of situations and it allows me to engage with people and their desires, beliefs and values.Having the ability to ask searching questions that are challenging and yet non-confrontational has been an important resource for me as a facilitator and participatory action researcher (Snoddon, 2005, 2014). In this chapter I share some of these experiences using a case study of my work with Haitian armed gangs. My aim is to take you into the world of conflict resolution where credibility can rest on your very next question.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Emerald Publishing Limited eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463237",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3155408264
|
Opinions of International Human Rights NGOs about Capital Punishment in Drug Related Crimes in the Internal Law of the States
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Keivan Eghbali",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5032949933"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Satar Azizi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5087783225"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "Punishment (psychology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779295839"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Relation (database)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25343380"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Capital punishment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994226254"
},
{
"display_name": "International human rights law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86615163"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
},
{
"display_name": "Database",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77088390"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Islamic Republic of Iran",
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3155408264
|
Critics about Capital Punishment for Drug Related Crimes Have been among Biggest Critics of Non Governmental International Human Rights Organizations Against Our Country. However, the Laws of about Thirty Countries Containing Capital Punishment for Drug Related Crimes and Therefor a Comparison Study of These laws and Statistics about Drug Related Executions with Law and Related Executions in Iran, Can be Used as an Good Mean for Analyzing of Level of Neutrality in Opinions of International Human Rights NGOs in Relation to Iran. According to This and by Examining the Approach of These Human Rights Institutions, It Can be concluded That Mentioned institutions, Have Critical Opinions in Relation to Execution of Drug Criminals and so Their Critical Opinions about Islamic Republic of Iran Cannot be Considered as Exceptional and Discriminatory. However, It Seems that The Volume of Criticism against Iran, Because of Considerable Numbers of Drug Related Executions and Negative Propaganda against Iran, is Far More than Other Countries
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Legal Research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210180624",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4312267716
|
RUSSIA’S SPECIAL OPERATION IN UKRAINE: REACTION OF THE POLITICAL FORCES OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Е. А. Дунаева",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5080979661"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ilkhom Mirzoev",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5070982181"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Islamic republic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994026549"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "The Republic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152212766"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Islamic Republic of Iran",
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4312267716
|
In this paper the authors examine the stance of the Islamic Republic of Iran regarding the Russian special operaton in Ukraine, drawing on the analysis of the statements made by Ira‑ nian politcians and statesmen, media output and expert artcles. The Islamic Republic was concerned with the militarizaton of Ukraine, the possibility of its entry into NATO and furthering of this bloc towards Iran’s boarders. The country's leadership realized that the confict between Russia and Ukraine will impact the entre system of internatonal relatons. The launch of Russia’s special operaton induced varied reactons across the Iranian politcal and expert spectrum, revealing diferent foreign policy approaches among Iran’s major politcal factons. The official positon of the Iranian leadership could be described as «supportve neutrality». While the confict is blamed on the West, IRI’s top policymakers avoid open support towards Russia, and call for peaceful resoluton of the crisis. Only the members of ultra‑hardline establishment and those affiliated with the IRGC explicitly vindicate Russia’s strategy. The oppositon represented by reformists and centrists condemns Russia’s actons, critcizes Ira‑ nian authorites and calls for diversifcaton of the foreign policy line. In additon, the issue of IRI’s potental capacity to enter the European energy market is addressed. The analysis of the producton and export profle of the hydrocarbons indicates, that even in the event of early removal of the sanctons, Iran will not be able to take Russia’s share in the market.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Восточная аналитика",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210221411",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2589128898
|
Modernity, secularism, and the political in Iran
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Omid Mohamadi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5069022725"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Secularism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11293438"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Secularity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776074554"
},
{
"display_name": "Modernity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778682666"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental ethics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
}
] |
[
"Islamic Republic of Iran",
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2589128898
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Author(s): Mohamadi, Omid | Advisor(s): Seth, Vanita | Abstract: In the last decade, theorists in anthropology and other disciplines have vigorously critiqued commonplace distinctions between secularism and religion. Highlighting how secularism is a form of Western epistemology, such theorists have argued this distinction is deeply problematic because it obscures secularism’s historical, political, and cultural particularity. My dissertation argues Iran is well situated to engage in this debate because its political terrain brings into relief how discussions of secularity and religiosity often fall back on an irresolvable dichotomy wherein secularism is defended without qualification or religious authoritarianism is ignored altogether. In an effort to move out of this impasse, my dissertation critiques the presumed neutrality of secularism without defending a thoroughly undemocratic Islamic Republic. Through an examination of three sites within Iranian politics since 1979, I show how alternatives to both secularism and undemocratic forms of Islam are already present in Iran. The first site that I explore is the contemporary Iranian women’s movement, specifically the One Million Signatures Campaign, which seeks full gender equality within the laws of the Islamic Republic. I argue that the internal logic of rights and a specific set of socio-political conditions that arose out of the revolution in 1979 made the newly fostered cooperation between Islamic and secular feminists within this campaign possible. Utilizing critiques of rights by poststructuralist and postcolonial feminists, I arrive at a critical endorsement of women’s rights in Iran that calls for nurturing more radical political imaginaries by not treating rights jurisprudence as the apex of social justice struggles. My second site focuses on the politics of time and its role in the 2009 post-election uprising as a further example of the porous boundary between secularism and religion in Iran. After surveying the history of Iran’s three dominant calendars and the forty-day mourning cycle of Shi’ite Islam in the last century, I argue the Islamic Republic is founded on temporal simultaneity, a non-secular organization of time wherein past, present, and future are enfolded into one dynamic moment. I conclude that during the 2009 uprising, protesters initiated a crisis of legitimacy for the regime by reconfiguring temporal markers that comprise this symbolic foundation of the contemporary Iranian state. My final site is the visual culture in the Islamic Republic as well as Western understandings and depictions of it. I argue such analyses of artistic production in Iran by Western observers rely on a particular understanding of the state, religion, and art as discrete categories wholly separate from one another. This argument is twofold, the first part of which is a historical survey that shows how the relationship between art and the state in Iran over the last sixty years has been co-constitutive. On the basis of this history, I then explore contemporary Iranian street art, both sanctioned and illicit, to show how this convergence of art and the state has continued to unfold in the Islamic Republic. I show how the boundaries between culture and the state have not calcified under the current regime but remain dynamically in flux, albeit different ways than in the previous historical epoch. Lastly, I trace how the politics of secularism and religion both consolidates and frays the public/private divide within these three sites. Given this fact, the question of what to do with secularism and religion in Iran is ultimately a question of what to do about the divide between the private and public spheres. Taking up the issue of the double-bind structuring the public/private divide, I conclude my dissertation by surveying the ethical-politico limitations and possibilities of these alternative political imaginaries in Iran.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4296049516
|
The Nexus of Energy, Green Economy, Blue Economy, and Carbon Neutrality Targets
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4296049516
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The aim of current study is to investigate the significance of green and blue economic activities to mitigate the carbon emission in Saudi Arabia. We use the time series data which covers the period from 1990 to 2019. For empirical estimations, we use nonlinear ARDL approach which confirms that energy indicators and blue economic indicators are not mature enough to achieve carbon neutrality objectives. However, after Vision 2030 empirics, positive shocks in green indicators are turning down the carbon level. The findings of energy and blue indicators are useful for policy recommendations which help to achieve the sustainable environmental goals of Vision 2030.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Energies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S198098182",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W3036500448
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Pakistan caught between Iran and Saudi Arabia
|
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"country": "Australia",
"display_name": "Deakin University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I149704539",
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"display_name": "Zahid Shahab Ahmed",
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"display_name": "Shahram Akbarzadeh",
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[
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[
"Saudi Arabia",
"Iran"
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3036500448
|
Pakistan claims to maintain neutrality in the Iran–Saudi rift. Sustaining this approach, however, has been problematic against a backdrop of intensifying Iran–Saudi rivalry. Pakistan’s choices suggest a tilt towards Saudi Arabia. Based on extensive fieldwork in Islamabad, this paper focuses on the meanings and uses of neutrality in Pakistan’s foreign policy. The paper argues that Pakistan cannot be neutral due to its stronger cultural, economic and defence ties with Saudi Arabia but it promotes this rhetoric due to a combination of demographic, geographic and geopolitical factors. Islamabad’s claim of neutrality serves the dual purpose of the national interests in relation to domestic and foreign affairs. Based on its economic, sectarian and geopolitical realities, Pakistan desires a neutrality in the Iranian-Saudi rivalry but it is very difficult because it has strong and multifaceted relations with Saudi Arabia. Based on the assessment of Pakistan’s foreign policy choices, we argue that Pakistan continues to lean away from Iran towards Saudi Arabia.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Contemporary South Asia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S139338994",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2397091938
|
When Health Diplomacy Serves Foreign Policy: Use of Soft Power to Quell Conflict and Crises
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Iran",
"display_name": "Iranian Legal Medicine Organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210102102",
"lat": 35.69439,
"long": 51.42151,
"type": "facility"
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{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "Faculty of Public Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210120717",
"lat": 51.525337,
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"type": "nonprofit"
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{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210089966",
"lat": 51.5209,
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"display_name": "Nasim Sadat Hosseini Divkolaye",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5074816126"
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{
"affiliations": [
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"country": "Iran",
"display_name": "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I58048189",
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"display_name": "Mohammad Hadi Radfar",
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"country": "Iran",
"display_name": "High Institute for Education and Research in Transfusion Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210108001",
"lat": 35.699837,
"long": 51.3841,
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"display_name": "Fariba Seighali",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5047545191"
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{
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{
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"display_name": "Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210134579",
"lat": 42.35843,
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"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Harvard University",
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"display_name": "Frederick M. Burkle",
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[
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"display_name": "Diplomacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C557252395"
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{
"display_name": "Soft power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178601582"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777042776"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
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{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
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"display_name": "Global health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780008575"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138816342"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C21711469"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
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{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
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] |
[
"Saudi Arabia",
"Iran"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2043678625",
"https://openalex.org/W2092189185",
"https://openalex.org/W2118325513",
"https://openalex.org/W2159224259",
"https://openalex.org/W4301931527"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2397091938
|
Abstract Objective Health diplomacy has increasingly become a crucial element in forging political neutrality and conflict resolution and the World Health Organization has strongly encouraged its use. Global turmoil has heightened, especially in the Middle East, and with it, political, religious, and cultural differences have become major reasons to incite crises. Methods The authors cite the example of the human stampede and the deaths of over 2000 pilgrims during the 2015 annual Haj pilgrimage in Mecca. Results The resulting political conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia had the potential to escalate into a more severe political and military crisis had it not been for the ministers of health from both countries successfully exercising “soft power” options. Conclusion Global health security demands critical health diplomacy skills and training for all health providers. ( Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness . 2016;page 1 of 4)
|
[
{
"display_name": "Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S172925388",
"type": "journal"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4313472949
|
The Significance of Governance Indicators to Achieve Carbon Neutrality: A New Insight of Life Expectancy
|
[
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"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Saudi Electronic University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I120238654",
"lat": 24.691492,
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"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Ghazala Aziz",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5026491129"
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{
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{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Jeddah University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210099699",
"lat": 21.49012,
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],
"display_name": "Rida Waheed",
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{
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{
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"display_name": "Jeddah University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210099699",
"lat": 21.49012,
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],
"display_name": "Suleman Sarwar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5055210276"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "Jeddah University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210099699",
"lat": 21.49012,
"long": 39.18624,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Mohd Saeed Khan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5007549003"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Life expectancy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C133925201"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate governance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39389867"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Language change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780027415"
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{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Expectancy theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188353592"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322"
},
{
"display_name": "Control (management)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775924081"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126172416"
},
{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C47737302"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
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{
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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] |
[
"Saudi Arabia"
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This paper investigates the impact of life expectancy on carbon emission, in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, we examined the role of governance to achieve carbon neutrality status. We used the novel dynamic ARDL technique for estimations. This is one of the pioneer studies that analyze the role of life expectancy to control carbon emissions. The coefficients of life expectancy, education, and political stability are significantly negative. On contrary, governance effectiveness is an obstacle to achieving carbon neutrality. Empirical findings of life expectancy and governance effectiveness are quite surprising. In terms of Vision 2030 estimations, the coefficient of corruption control is significant and negative, indicating that the Saudi government has prioritized corruption control. While governance effectiveness remains positive, the Saudi government still requires governance reforms in order to achieve carbon neutrality goals.
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https://openalex.org/W302251226
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An Empirical Investigation of Homogeneity of Information Needs for Diverse Users of Financial Statements: An Applica ion of Data Expansion Approach to Enhance the Saudi Arabian Disclosure Standard- Setting
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General purpose external reporting is directed toward the common interest of
various potential users. Variety of user needs are being satisfied by general purpose
financial statements prepared under condition of neutrality. Unquestionably, there are a
large number of diverse users of published financial statements. Heterogeneity of users
by type as well as within groups could prove that user groups have different information
needs. Since the possibility of diverse user needs is an untested proposition, the objective
of this paper is to conduct an empirical investigation of homogeneity of information
needs by diverse users of financial statements. The investigation surveyed six prime user
groups in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A.) in order to determine their perceptions
of the importance of 59 items of financial and nonfinancial information which might
appear in annual reports. Significant test results and extensive financial statements
review were used to construct disclosure criteria. The criteria were then applied through
data expansion approach to enhance the Saudi Arabian disclosure standard-setting.
|
[] |
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https://openalex.org/W2039903919
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Thinking Long on Afghanistan: Could it be Neutralized?
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Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgments The author thanks the Tobin Project in Cambridge, Massachusetts for financial support of this research. Notes 1. Peter Alexander Rupert Carrington, Reflect on Things Past (New York: Harper Collins, 1988), p. 318 and 325–6. Soviet reactions to the Carrington plan appear in Izvestiya, February 21, 1980; Tass, February 20, 1980; and Tass, July 5, 1981. 2. Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence: Moscow's Ambassador to America's Six Cold War Presidents (New York: Random House, 1995), pp. 450–1. For other prominent support, see Selig S. Harrison, “Dateline Afghanistan: Exit Through Finland?” Foreign Policy, no. 41 (Winter 1980–81): pp. 163–187; and former Indian Foreign Minister Jagat S. Mehta, “A Neutral Solution,” Foreign Policy, no. 47 (Summer 1982): pp. 139–153. More recently, see Henry A. Kissinger, “In Afghanistan, America Needs a Strategy, Not an Alibi,” International Herald Tribune, June 25, 2010, http://www.henryakissinger.com/articles/iht062510.html. 3. On the history of multilateral neutralization, see Cyrus French Wicker, Neutralization (London, New York, and Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1911) and Audrey Kurth Cronin, Neutralization as a Method of Conflict Resolution among States (unpublished book manuscript). 4. Quoted by Edgar Bonjour, Swiss Neutrality: Its History and Meaning, 2nd ed., trans. Mary Hottinger (London: Allen & Unwin., 1948), pp. 46. 5. Fareed Zakaria, “The General: An Interview with David Petraeus, the Head of Central Command and the Commander in Iraq during the Bush Surge,” Newsweek, January 4, 2010, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/01/03/the-general.html. Petraeus drew the comparison repeatedly in response to questions about nation-building. See also Elisabeth Bumiller, “Petraeus Tells Panel July Drawdown in Afghanistan May Include Some Combat Troops,” The New York Times, March 16, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/17/world/asia/17petraeus.html?_r=0. 6. For further information on the neutralizations of Belgium and Luxembourg, see William E. Lingelbach, “Belgian Neutrality: Its Origin and Interpretation,” American Historical Review 39 (October 1933): pp. 48–72; Fred Greene, “Neutralization and the Balance of Power,” The American Political Science Review 47, no. 4 (December 1953): pp. 1041–1057; Gordon E. Sherman, “The Permanent Neutrality Treaties,” Yale Law Journal 24, no. 3 (January 1915): pp. 217–241. 7. On the Cold War experience with neutralization, see Cyril E. Black, Richard A. Falk, Klaus Knorr, and Oran R. Young, Neutralization in World Politics (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1968). 8. On the neutralization of Austria, see Audrey Kurth Cronin, Great Power Politics and the Struggle over Austria (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986). 9. David Rohde, “Holbrooke's Last Mission in Afghanistan,” The Daily Beast, November 26, 2011, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/11/26/richard-holbrooke-s-last-mission-in-afghanistan-by-david-rohde.html; and Karen DeYoung, “Holbrooke's Death Leaves Major Void in Obama's Afghan Strategy,” The Washington Post, December 14, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/13/AR2010121306799.html. 10. For an excellent, in-depth analysis, see Peter Tomsen, The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers (New York: Public Affairs, 2011), especially Chapters 24 and 25, pp. 653–712. 11. See, for example, Sumit Ganguly and S. Paul Kakur, “The Sorcerer's Apprentice: Islamist Militancy in South Asia,” The Washington Quarterly 33, no. 1 (Winter 2010): pp. 47–59, http://csis.org/files/publication/twq10januarygangulykapur.pdf. 12. The 2005 U.N. World Drug Report found that Iran had the highest drug addition in the world, with 2.8 percent of the population over age 15 being opiate addicts. Karl Vick, “Opiates of the Iranian People, Despair Drives World's Highest Addiction Rate,” The Washington Post, September 23, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/22/AR2005092202287.html. 13. See S. Frederick Staff and Andrew C. Kuchins, et al., The Key to Success in Afghanistan: A Modern Silk Road Strategy, (Washington, DC: Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program with CSIS, 2010), http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/silkroadpapers/1005Afghan.pdf. 14. “The powers signatory to the declaration of March 20 authoritatively recognize by the present act that Swiss neutrality and inviolability and independence of any foreign influence are to be considered as in the true interest of European Policy.” Document quoted in English, trans. Gordon E. Sherman, “The Neutrality of Switzerland,” The American Journal of International Law 12, no. 2 (April 1918): p. 249. 15. Luke Mogelson, “The Scariest Little Corner of the World,” The New York Times, October 18, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/21/magazine/the-corner-where-afghanistan-iran-and-pakistan-meet.html?pagewanted=all. 16. For more information, see Ahmed Rashid, “Russia and China eye role in Afghanistan and Pakistan,” BBC News Asia, June 6, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18342888; “SCO See Role in Afghanistan,” Dawn.com, September 12, 2012, http://dawn.com/2012/09/12/sco-sees-role-in-afghanistan/#print. 17. Author interviews in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, May 2009. 18. Selig Harrison, “How to Leave Afghanistan Without Losing,” Foreign Policy, August 24, 2010, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/08/24/how_to_leave_afghanistan_without_losing. 19. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Fact Sheet: The U.S.-Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement,” May 1, 2012, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/05/01/fact-sheet-us-afghanistan-strategic-partnership-agreement. The complete agreement is at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/2012.06.01u.s.-afghanistanspasignedtext.pdf. Negotiations on a post-2014 Status of Forces agreement are ongoing. 20. Demetrios G. Papademetriou and Elizabeth Collett, A New Architecture for Border Management, Transatlantic Council on Migration, (Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, March 2011), p. 7, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/borderarchitecture.pdf. Additional informationNotes on contributorsAudrey Kurth CroninAudrey Kurth Cronin is Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University and author of How Terrorism Ends and Great Power Politics and the Struggle over Austria
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https://openalex.org/W4309316054
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Saudi-Iran Rivalry: Pakistan's Role from Neutrality to Mediatory
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4309316054
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This study examines Pakistan's changing role amid Riyadh and Tehran's geopolitical and geoeconomic competition. It debunks the claim that Saudi Arabia and Iran's rivalry has long caused sectarian strife and economic and security problems in Pakistan. Pakistan's leadership has determined to prevent sectarian and supremacy tussles between the two Middle Eastern powers and to reduce tension diplomatically. Saudi Arabia and Iran's competition has affected not only Middle Eastern governments but also Pakistan, which faces internal and external issues. Pakistan's connections with Iran and Saudi Arabia are geopolitical and geoeconomic necessities. This conundrum has led Pakistan to act as an arbitrator between Saudi Arabia and Iran in its foreign policy. This research examines Middle East political tensions from 2015 to 2021 to determine Pakistan's evolving role from neutral to mediatory. The study paper analyses how Pakistan, while protecting its national interests, helped reduce Tehran and Riyadh's animosity from 2016 onwards when tension escalated.
|
[
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|
https://openalex.org/W4385340720
|
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Pakistan’s Foreign Policy, Saudi Arabia, and Iran
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Pakistan shares complicated but necessary ties with Iran and Saudi Arabia – two countries involved in a multilayered conflict in the Middle East. The bilateral relations with Pakistan are historical, and there are deep religious, cultural, and social affinities. And there are issues of security and economic interdependence as well. However, given the conflict between Saudi Arabia and Iran, Pakistan has to follow a policy of neutrality toward both. This means that it has to carefully balance its relationships and find opportunities to grow ties with one without antagonizing the other. In this chapter, these dynamics are explored, as recent concerns in Pakistan’s ties with Iran and Saudi Arabia are highlighted to show the complicated situation for Pakistan in this regard.
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https://openalex.org/W4390072215
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Analyzing the Geostrategic Dynamics in Iraq: Saudi-Iranian Rivalry and Pakistanâs Response, 2003-2018
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"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia",
"Iran",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4390072215
|
This research is about explaining Pakistan's proclaimed neutral policy towards the Saudi-Iran rivalry in Iraq. Regarding the Middle East, Pakistan's policy of neutrality has been adopted and claimed by Pakistan after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, which created an environment in the Middle East where Saudi Arabia and Iran emerged as rival forces in the region. While discussing the roots of neutrality, we found that Pakistan's policy of neutrality was the direct response to power politics between Saudi Arabia and Iran to safeguard its political and economic interests in the Middle East. This study uses qualitative methods. More specifically, John Scott's model of Documentary Analysis is used to explore the nature of the rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran in Iraq and Pakistan's response to it. A historical analysis of different factors demonstrates the extent to which Pakistan can plan, coordinate and execute a clear foreign policy to demonstrate its claim of neutral position.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Global strategic & security studies review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210167795",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2591592081
|
Violence and Political Change in Saudi Arabia
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Joe Stork",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5032142687"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Expatriate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779056439"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Elite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775987171"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Ambivalence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162127614"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699"
},
{
"display_name": "Terrorism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203133693"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2591592081
|
Few societies are more identified with Islamist armed violence than Saudi Arabia—country of origin of Usama bin Laden and 15 of the 9/11 hijackers, as well as more than a thousand insurgents in Iraq, and itself the site of attacks on expatriate housing compounds. The author draws on discussions with Saudi activists and intellectuals to reflect on ambivalent public and elite attitudes toward this violence. The author’s interlocutors attribute this “neutrality” to the accommodating relationship between a repressive state and an intolerant religious establishment, and argue that only a vibrant civil society can combat such violence.
|
[
{
"display_name": "ISIM Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306514470",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2115466608
|
What happens when Islamic capital markets move away from tax neutrality - A look at Oman & Saudi Arabia
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Aslam Izah Selamat",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5053757888"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mohamed Ariff",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5089020884"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Shamsher Mohamad",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5070413230"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Tax reform",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C551662922"
},
{
"display_name": "Value-added tax",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111326686"
},
{
"display_name": "Double taxation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C51303962"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Indirect tax",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C113216237"
},
{
"display_name": "Tax avoidance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C514942387"
},
{
"display_name": "Direct tax",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193681711"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197"
},
{
"display_name": "Ad valorem tax",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55214782"
},
{
"display_name": "Corporate tax",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779836051"
},
{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia",
"Oman"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1546993880",
"https://openalex.org/W1997575896",
"https://openalex.org/W2003498865",
"https://openalex.org/W2062907079",
"https://openalex.org/W2067527621",
"https://openalex.org/W2088957698",
"https://openalex.org/W2119306105",
"https://openalex.org/W2124597406",
"https://openalex.org/W2130162792",
"https://openalex.org/W2789148346",
"https://openalex.org/W3123807781"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2115466608
|
This article evaluates how tax reforms affect stock prices of local and foreign firms in Oman and Saudi Arabia. Both countries introduced corporate tax on foreign firms, exempting local firms from corporate tax, when they moved away from a pre-existing Islamic tax neutrality policy. These reforms were implemented in 2009 in Oman and in 2004 in Saudi Arabia. These tax reform events – applying to foreign firms and not applying to local firms in the same markets – offer ideal experimental situations in two economies to test the taxation theories on how stock prices must react. We find that the results support the ModiglianiMiller and Elton-Gruber tax theories in two ways. Firstly, foreign firms that had their taxes reduced experienced stock price increases. Secondly, local firms not subjected to tax or tax reduction showed no visible tax effect. These are theory-consistent findings in the unique tax environments in these two Islamic countries, which moved away from tax neutrality, enabling us to obtain very clear evidence on modern theories of taxation. In our view, this evidence is significantly important addition to the literature on tax and taxation and for those contemplating a move away from Islamic tax neutrality.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Pertanika journal of social science and humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764677807",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4226064006
|
Role of Energy Efficiency in Designing Carbon-neutral Residential Communities: Case Study of Saudi Arabia
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Moncef Krarti",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5048908980"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mohammed Aldubyan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5005579399"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Carbon neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126172416"
},
{
"display_name": "Renewable energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188573790"
},
{
"display_name": "Photovoltaic system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41291067"
},
{
"display_name": "Wind power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78600449"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Carbon fibers",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140205800"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134560507"
},
{
"display_name": "Grid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187691185"
},
{
"display_name": "Efficient energy use",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2742236"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304"
},
{
"display_name": "Architectural engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C170154142"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Composite number",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104779481"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodesy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4226064006
|
This study focuses on the impact of improving the energy efficiency of housing units on the design of carbon-neutral grid-connected residential communities in Saudi Arabia. Particularly, it examines the efficacy of both photovoltaic systems and wind turbines as on-site renewable power technologies in achieving carbon neutrality.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2981604257
|
Passive Mediation in Persian Gulf Conflicts: An Analysis of Pakistan’s Peace Initiatives
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Pakistan",
"display_name": "Sustainable Development Policy Institute",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I26300605",
"lat": 33.711918,
"long": 73.05811,
"type": "nonprofit"
}
],
"display_name": "Khurram Abbas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5060284036"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Persian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776527531"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Mediation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179420905"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia",
"Yemen",
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2981604257
|
Pakistan is a highly significant country for the Persian Gulf due to its geostrategic location, large workforce, being the only Muslim nuclear power and centuries of religious and cultural affinity. It is the second largest security guarantor of Saudi Arabia after the US and shares a border with Iran. Islamabad not only helped the Arab countries in institution building during their formative years, but also provided them support during security crises in the 20th century. Since 2001, regional dynamics changed Pakistan’s foreign policy towards Afghanistan vis-à-vis Iran. Islamabad decided to adopt the role of a passive mediator in Persian Gulf conflicts. For this purpose, it decided to stay neutral in the Saudi-led campaign in Yemen in 2015, which was a highly unexpected decision for the Saudi and Emirati ruling elites. In 2016, Pakistan defused tensions between the two Persian Gulf rivals, i.e., Saudi Arabia and Iran. Later, Islamabad opted for neutrality in Qatar’s diplomatic crisis in 2017. With this backdrop, this study hypotheses that since 2001 Pakistan has successfully prevented conflict escalation in the Persian Gulf through ‘passive mediation’. The study will focus on the following questions: what are Pakistan’s peace initiatives in Persian Gulf conflicts? How have these initiatives helped to de-escalate tensions and averted armed conflicts? What are Pakistan’s limitations in its mediation efforts during these conflicts?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210205402",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2884173704
|
Navigating Regional Rivalries and Sensitivities
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Singapore",
"display_name": "Nanyang Technological University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I172675005",
"lat": 1.28967,
"long": 103.85007,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "James M. Dorsey",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5020735067"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318"
},
{
"display_name": "Mainstream",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777617010"
},
{
"display_name": "Conservatism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96640997"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia",
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2884173704
|
China’s desire to avoid being bogged down and mired in the Middle East and North Africa’s numerous wars, conflicts, disputes, and animosities is proving to be a gargantuan, if not impossible, task. Complicating its efforts is the spread of Saudi-inspired Sunni Muslim ultra-conservatism in China among both Uyghurs in Xinjiang and more mainstream Hui Muslims. Chinese concern that Saudi Arabia is supporting Salafism in China is one of several potential drivers that could push China to tilt towards Iran despite its declared neutrality in the power struggle between the two regional heavyweights.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Global political transitions",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210182690",
"type": "book series"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4211190688
|
Saudi Iran Rivalry and Pakistan Foreign Policy towards Yemen Crises
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Pakistan",
"display_name": "University of the Punjab",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I172780181",
"lat": 31.495457,
"long": 74.29388,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Mohammad Ali",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5049808180"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Pakistan",
"display_name": "University of the Punjab",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I172780181",
"lat": 31.495457,
"long": 74.29388,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Rana Eijaz Ahmad",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5060428376"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Rivalry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779602485"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Middle East",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
},
{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
},
{
"display_name": "Ideology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158071213"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnic group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia",
"Yemen",
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4211190688
|
This article highlights Pakistan's foreign policy towards the Yemen crisis in the background of deep-rooted social,cultural, ethnic and religious cleavages between two regional rivals, Saudi Arabia and Iran. As, Pakistan always claims Tobe neutral towards Saudi-Iran rivalry. By using the qualitative method, the researcher has designed a criterion of analyzing the neutrality in Pakistan's foreign policy towards the Yemen Crisis. As, there are multiple indicators of neutrality that can help in measuring Pakistan’s position of neutrality towards Saudi-Iran rivalry in Yemen Crises. Moreover, by explaining the factors behind the Saudi-Iran rivalry, this article further answers questions such as which theory explains best explain Pakistan's position towards Yemen Crises? What are the drivers of Pakistan's foreign policy towards the Middle East? Is Pakistan really neutral towards the Middle Eastern crises? If yes, then to what extent and why? How do external threats to Pakistan's political, economic, and Ideological interests contribute to creating a discrepancy in its proclaimed neutral position.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Global foreign policies review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210189926",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4385457350
|
Issue 3 of 2023 and the Journal’s Policy on Neutrality and Non-Discrimination in Editorial Work
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Iryna Izarova",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5040408310"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Jurisdiction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776949292"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic Justice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139621336"
},
{
"display_name": "Work (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Mechanical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4385457350
|
In this issue of the Access to Justice in Eastern Europe journal, we collected articles from authors of various states – Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland, and Saudi Arabia. We are particularly delighted to welcome contributions from authors from Kosovo, as their efforts to spread knowledge about their jurisdiction and share the results of their studies is warmly welcomed. This fact alone is another good reason for policymakers, legal practitioners, and researchers to read this issue. As usual, I would like to provide a brief overview of some of the articles featured in this issue. However, before diving into the contents, as Editor-in-Chief, I would like to share some ideas and reflections with our audience and my colleagues and editors. I will discuss the Journal’s commitment to neutrality and non-discrimination, especially in light of the challenges faced during wartime in Ukraine.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Access to justice in Eastern Europe",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210223808",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4389320372
|
Pakistan’s Policy of Neutrality and Saudi Iranian Rivalry during the Syrian Crisis
|
[] |
[
{
"display_name": "Rivalry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779602485"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia",
"Syria",
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4389320372
|
This research paper makes an attempt to find the Pakistan’s proclaimed position of neutrality during the period of escalated rivalry between Saudia Arabia and Iran in Syrian crises after Arab Spring 2011. If Pakistan managed to stay neutral, then how Pakistan maintains its policy of neutrality during the worst times in the region’s history. By using John Scott's model of Documentary Analysis, we explore the nature of rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran in Syrian crises. Syrian crisis presents a unique situation under which Pakistan’s neutral policy will be tested under extreme circumstances. From the perspective of the concept of neutrality, it is argued that Pakistan tried to maintain a strict neutral policy towards Syrian Crisis. Even over the Syrian military’s unverified use of chemical weapons, Pakistan powerfully condemned the United States’ decision to intervene in Syrian crisis against the Assad regime. Pakistan has also criticized other Western powers by stressing on the political solution of Syrian crisis, which shows a significant shift in Pakistan’s foreign policy to Western world. The goal of this research is to measure the scale of Pakistan’s neutrality by reviewing Pakistan’s position on Syrian Crisis.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of development and social sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210186772",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3165521671
|
The extent to which Saudi E-newspapers adhere to professional media standards: مدى التزام الصحف السعودية الإلكترونية بالمعايير المهنية الإعلامية
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Kholoud Abdullah Mohammed Meliani",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5073672778"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Journalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119513131"
},
{
"display_name": "Credibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780224610"
},
{
"display_name": "Newspaper",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201280247"
},
{
"display_name": "Objectivity (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2482559"
},
{
"display_name": "Technical Journalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531745192"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604"
},
{
"display_name": "Electronic media",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C117774814"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "New media",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99574664"
},
{
"display_name": "Sample (material)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198531522"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680"
},
{
"display_name": "Chromatography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C43617362"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3165521671
|
The emergence of the press on the Internet is a new media phenomenon linked to the revolution of information and communication technology. The media landscape has become closer to everyone. The role of the individual is free from the production controls and the policies of the media establishment. Which created a great problem related to the profession and its conditions so that it became easy for the citizen to be a journalist without professional qualification and practical experience in the basic rules of work. The increasing number of electronic media and the impact on Saudi Arabia are an important stage in its media activity. It has been able to reflect a significant role in the world of journalism, to accelerate the use of these new technologies, and to impose itself on the media arena as a strong competitor for paper journalism. However, the multiplicity of electronic platforms, accompanied by many negative repercussions in this aspect, including the absence of professionalism and professionalism and the decline in journalism standards, especially in the climate of freedom enjoyed by the new media and the absence of scissors censor. The aim of this study was to identify the methods and means of communicators in the electronic press to achieve professional standards such as accuracy, credibility, objectivity and neutrality in the dissemination of news and reports through the use of descriptive and analytical approach through the field survey on a sample of the study community. The study relied on the questionnaire as a tool for collecting data from a sample of 120 Saudi journalists in electronic newspapers and then analyzing and interpreting them. The study reached several results, the most important of which is that there is weakness in the adoption of the Saudi electronic press to the professional standards of objectivity, accuracy, credibility, and impartiality in the dissemination of news and reports. The study also concluded that e-newspapers do not always adhere to the rules of journalistic editing, and sometimes publish what is considered a violation of personal freedom.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mağallaẗ al-ʿulūm al-iqtiṣādiyyaẗ wa-al-idāriyyaẗ wa-al-qānūniyyaẗ",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210178240",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4390239275
|
The Visit of Najd Delegation to London, (October - November 1919): A Documentary Study
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Saudi Arabia",
"display_name": "King Khalid University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I82952536",
"lat": 18.21639,
"long": 42.50528,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Saeed Mushabab Al-Qahtani",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5006492589"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Delegation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86532276"
},
{
"display_name": "Settlement (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777063073"
},
{
"display_name": "Newspaper",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201280247"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Negotiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199776023"
},
{
"display_name": "Documentary evidence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95480931"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779010840"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Payment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145097563"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
}
] |
[
"Saudi Arabia"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4390239275
|
Objectives: The study aims to analyze the Saudi and British documents to understand the historical context that led to Prince Faisal’s visit to London in 1919, and the reasons and aims that prompted Britain to invite Ibn Saud to this visit and was this related to Britain’s global perspective after WWI or was this related to its strategic interests and the internal situation in Arabia at the time. Methods: The study is mainly based on the analysis of Saudi and British documents, especially those of the British Foreign Office, the Indian Office Records, the information available in British newspapers, and primary and secondary sources. Results: The turbulent political and military situation in Arabia prompted Britain to invite Ibn Saud for a settlement with Sharif Hussein. The apparent British bias reflected in the difficulties faced by the delegation, which were not compatible with the usual diplomatic norms, and ultimately led to the failure of the visit to achieve tangible results for either party. Conclusions: Both the British and Saudi sides had their goals from the visit, but because the British negotiator - despite his pretense of neutrality - linked reaching a settlement of the border dispute through a direct meeting between Sharif Hussein and Ibn Saud with the fulfillment of the delegation's demands, namely the renewal of the British Treaty, the increase of British financial aid, and the issue of the Najdi pilgrims, the Najdis refrained from making any binding or conclusive promises regarding the approval of the British request.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Dirāsāt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210231371",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2171086910
|
The right to practice medicine without repercussions: ethical issues in times of political strife
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Stanford University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I97018004",
"lat": 37.42411,
"long": -122.16608,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Leith Hathout",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5068502134"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Dilemma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778496695"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Convention",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780608745"
},
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
}
] |
[
"Bahrain",
"Syria"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2001004376",
"https://openalex.org/W2003956358",
"https://openalex.org/W2030955945",
"https://openalex.org/W2129360294",
"https://openalex.org/W2145670664"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2171086910
|
This commentary examines the incursion on the neutrality of medical personnel now taking place as part of the human rights crises in Bahrain and Syria, and the ethical dilemmas which these incursions place not only in front of physicians practicing in those nations, but in front of the international community as a whole. In Bahrain, physicians have recently received harsh prison terms, apparently for treating demonstrators who clashed with government forces. In Syria, physicians are under the same political pressure to avoid treating political demonstrators or to act as informants against their own patients, turning them in to government authorities. This pressure has been severe, to the point that some physicians have become complicit in the abuse of patients who were also political demonstrators. This paper posits that physicians in certain countries in the Middle East during the “Arab Spring,” specifically Syria and Bahrain, are being used as both political pawns and political weapons in clear violation of Geneva Convention and World Medical Association guidelines, and that this puts them into the most extreme sort of “dual loyalty” dilemma. They are being forced to choose between their own safety and well-being and that of their patients – a negative sum scenario wherein there is no optimal choice. As such, an international call for a United Nations inquiry must be made in order to protect the neutrality of medical care and personnel during times of armed conflict.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S43494779",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4288044875
|
Transitioning to carbon neutrality in Bahrain: a policy brief
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Bahrain",
"display_name": "Arabian Gulf University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I53218197",
"lat": 26.216448,
"long": 50.57086,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Maha Alsabbagh",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5087079577"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Bahrain",
"display_name": "Arabian Gulf University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I53218197",
"lat": 26.216448,
"long": 50.57086,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "W.E. Alnaser",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5009779535"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Carbon neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126172416"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Originality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776950860"
},
{
"display_name": "Greenhouse gas",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47737302"
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{
"display_name": "Interim",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776957806"
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{
"display_name": "Carbon fibers",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C140205800"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134560507"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural resource economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Creativity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11012388"
},
{
"display_name": "Composite number",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104779481"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
}
] |
[
"Bahrain"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W945600113",
"https://openalex.org/W2531749716",
"https://openalex.org/W2565569435",
"https://openalex.org/W2582489185",
"https://openalex.org/W2932936863",
"https://openalex.org/W2940539689",
"https://openalex.org/W2969349639",
"https://openalex.org/W2969628461",
"https://openalex.org/W3007859070",
"https://openalex.org/W3046476263",
"https://openalex.org/W3108603965",
"https://openalex.org/W3112814935",
"https://openalex.org/W3113238525",
"https://openalex.org/W3134850140",
"https://openalex.org/W3136083160",
"https://openalex.org/W3141670204",
"https://openalex.org/W3145991870",
"https://openalex.org/W3161255288",
"https://openalex.org/W3164939168",
"https://openalex.org/W3165733752",
"https://openalex.org/W3207027940",
"https://openalex.org/W3209331576",
"https://openalex.org/W3211889534",
"https://openalex.org/W3214114067",
"https://openalex.org/W4206668894",
"https://openalex.org/W4210689969",
"https://openalex.org/W4220719748",
"https://openalex.org/W4224213039",
"https://openalex.org/W4248189093",
"https://openalex.org/W4385229598"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4288044875
|
Purpose Bahrain has set a national target of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060, with an interim goal of a 30% reduction in CO 2 e emissions by 2035. The aim of this policy brief is to provide insights on how carbon neutrality in Bahrain can be achieved. Design/methodology/approach A review of literature related to climate change mitigation in general, and that related to Bahrain in particular, was carried out. Findings Given that the carbon intensity of Bahrain's economy is relatively high, achieving carbon neutrality requires not only technologies for reducing CO 2 e emissions at the source and enhanced carbon sinks, but it also requires the introduction of a circular economy culture and efforts to foster pro-environmental behavior within the population. The involvement of different stakeholders in the journey toward carbon neutrality is critical, along with the formulation of requisite policies regulating the roles of technology, behavior and research. Originality/value Pathways to achieve carbon neutrality in Bahrain were explored, and areas for policy focus were recommended.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4387278461",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4253028972
|
Bahrain unrest
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Physicians for Human Rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1335242752",
"lat": 40.75455,
"long": -73.990875,
"type": "nonprofit"
}
],
"display_name": "R. Sollom",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5052695755"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Physicians for Human Rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1335242752",
"lat": 40.75455,
"long": -73.990875,
"type": "nonprofit"
}
],
"display_name": "V. Iacopino",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5017231275"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Torture",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C544040105"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Unrest",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778358470"
},
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
}
] |
[
"Bahrain"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4253028972
|
Breaches principles of medical neutrality and international law Wang Bo/Xinhau Press/CORBIS Thousands of protesters in the small island Kingdom of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf took to the streets calling for government reform in early 2011. The government’s response was brutal and systematic: shoot civilian protesters, detain and torture them, and erase all evidence. On the frontline, treating hundreds of these wounded civilians, doctors had firsthand knowledge of these abuses and suffered from them themselves. Physicians for Human Rights and Médecins Sans Frontières each reported on these attacks against medical personnel, which were the result of their efforts to provide neutral care to wounded pro-democracy demonstrators⇑. On 22 April a report by Physicians for Human Rights documented violations of well established principles of medical neutrality (box).1 #### Violations of principles of medical neutrality by the Bahraini authorities1
|
[
{
"display_name": "The BMJ",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S192814187",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3213130117
|
المساواة بين الرجل والمرأة في اطار قواعد الاسناد المتعلقة بالطلاق والتطليق- دراسة مقارنة في اطار قواعد القانون الدولي الخاص البحريني ونظيره الأوروبي (The Equality Between Man and Women in the Field of Conflict of Law Rules in Divorce Issues- Comparative Study Between Bahrain Law and European Law)
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Latvia",
"display_name": "College of Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210090016",
"lat": 56.95355,
"long": 24.10416,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Hosam Shaaban",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5055789702"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Attribution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C143299363"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Substantive law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780461701"
},
{
"display_name": "Conflict of laws",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62100270"
},
{
"display_name": "Private law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75011936"
},
{
"display_name": "Rule of law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776847301"
},
{
"display_name": "Family law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131932780"
},
{
"display_name": "Public law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177986884"
},
{
"display_name": "Subject (documents)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777855551"
},
{
"display_name": "Object (grammar)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781238097"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
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{
"display_name": "Paleontology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
}
] |
[
"Bahrain"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3213130117
|
Arabic Abstract: تمهيد وتقسيم:
لم يكن من المتصور في ظل المنهج السافيني التقليدي لقاعدة الإسناد أن يثور التساؤل حول غايات موضوعية لتلك القاعدة ، فلقد استقرت قواعد هذا المنهج على حيادية قاعدة الإسناد، أي اكتفائها بالإشارة إلى القانون المختص بحكم العلاقة محل النزاع دون أن تلقي بالا بمضمونه أو عدالته، وعلى ذلك كانت قواعد الإسناد الوطنية كلها تستهدف تحديد أقرب قوانين الدول صلة بالنزاع المطروح، دون أي اعتبار لمضمون هذا القانون .
غير أن المدرسة الفقهية الحديثة في القانون الدولي الخاص، انتقدت وبحق تلك الحيادية لابتعادها عن العدالة الموضوعية التي تستهدفها قواعد القانون بصفة عامة ، تلك العدالة التي يعتبر من أهم مكوناتها مبدأ المساواة، وبصفة خاصة المساواة بين الرجل والمرأة، وهو ما يثير التساؤل حول إمكانية مساهمة قواعد الإسناد الوطنية –رغم حياديتها- في تحقيق هذه المساواة .
نطرح التساؤل السابق عبر صفحات هذا البحث لكن ليس بصفة عامة، وإنما سنخصص الموضوع في إطار مسائل الطلاق والتطليق، باعتبار أنهما من أهم مسائل الأحوال الشخصية المثارة في قضايا تنازع القوانين، ليصبح بذلك التساؤل الرئيسي الذي يطرحه هذا البحث هو هل يمكن لقواعد الإسناد البحرينية - رغم حياديتها المفترضة- أن تساهم في تحقيق قدر من المساواة بين الرجل والمرأة في مسائل الطلاق والتطليق ؟ وسوف نجعل من القانون البحريني هو محور دراستنا، لكننا سنقارنه بتجربة ناجحة لمنهج الإسناد ساهمت في تحقيق المساواة بين الرجل والمرأة في مسائل الطلاق والانفصال، ألا وهي تجربة تشريع روما III الأوروبي بشأن القانون الواجب التطبيق على مسائل الطلاق والانفصال الجسدي .
وعلى هذا النحو يجب علينا أولا أن نتعرض في المبحث الأول لمعنى حيادية قاعدة الإسناد التي تحدد لنا جانب كبير من مفهوم تلك القاعدة في المنهج السافيني التقليدي، والتي توجب علينا عند صياغة قاعدة الإسناد أن نبتعد عن تحقيق العدالة الموضوعية إكتفاء بالعدالة الشكلية التي تحققها القاعدة، وبالتالي تحرمنا من استهداف تحقيق مبادئ مثالية مثل المساواة وغيرها، لنكشف بذلك عن أزمة حقيقة لمنهج الإسناد، أسفرت عن بروز نجم قواعد الإسناد ذات الغاية الموضوعية، تلك القواعد التي سنعرض في المبحث الثاني لتجربة رائدة لها في مجال الطلاق والتطليق في القانون الدولي الخاص الأوروبي، ذلك القانون الذي استهدفت منظومة قواعد الإسناد فيه تحقيق غاية موضوعية واضحة وهي المساواة بين الرجل والمرأة في فرص الحصول على الطلاق، ومن ثم نلج بعدها إلى المبحث الثالث والأخير لنوضح موقف منظومة قواعد الإسناد البحرينية من المساواة بين الرجل والمرأة في مسائل الطلاق والتطليق، وكيفية تحقيق المشرع لغاية موضوعية مثالية مثل المساواة بين الرجل والمرأة من خلال قواعد الإسناد .
English Abstract: It was not conceivable under the traditional Savinian approach to the rule of attribution to question the objective ends of that rule. The rules of this approach have been based on the neutrality of the rule of attribution, ie, by referring to the law concerned with the relationship of the dispute without taking into account its content or fairness. All national support rules were aimed at identifying the closest laws of States to the dispute, without regard to the content of this law.
However, the modern jurisprudential school of private international law has rightly criticized this neutrality for departing from substantive justice, which is the object of the rule of law in general, the most important of which is the principle of equality, in particular equality between men and women, National support - though neutral - to achieve this equality.
We raise the previous question through the pages of this research, but not in general, but we will allocate the subject in the context of issues of divorce and divorce, as they are one of the most important issues of personal status raised in cases of conflict of laws, so becomes the main question raised by this research is whether the rules of attribution Bahrain - despite To contribute to achieving a degree of equality between men and women in matters of divorce and divorce? We will make Bahraini law the focus of our study, but compare it to a successful experience of the attribution approach that has contributed to equality between men and women in matters of divorce and separation, namely, the experience of European legislation on the law applicable to divorce and separation.
As such, we must first discuss in the first part the meaning of the neutrality of the attribution rule, which determines a large part of the concept of that rule in the traditional Savene approach, which, when formulating the attribution rule, requires us to move away from substantive justice. Which prevents us from targeting ideal ideals such as equality and others, thereby revealing a real crisis of attribution methodology, which has resulted in the emergence of the objective bases of attribution, which we will present in the second section of a pioneering experience in divorce and divorce in private international law This law aims at achieving a clear objective objective of equality between men and women in the chances of obtaining a divorce, and then we reach the third and final topic to clarify the position of the system of Bahraini attribution of equality between men and women in matters of divorce and divorce, and how The legislator achieves objective idealism such as equality between men and women through the rules of age.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W2900464478
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Disease and Famine as Weapons of War in Yemen
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{
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{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
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[
"Yemen"
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[
"https://openalex.org/W2746888696",
"https://openalex.org/W2799902886",
"https://openalex.org/W2801818971",
"https://openalex.org/W2805641698"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2900464478
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Interview with Dr. Amir Mohareb on the humanitarian crisis and violations of medical neutrality in Yemen. (10:45)Download The infliction of suffering in the war in Yemen has particularly toxic characteristics that demand attention from health care providers worldwide: the destruction of health care facilities and the spread of disease and hunger as apparent means of waging war.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The New England Journal of Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S62468778",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2728302628
|
Searching a Political Solution for Syria
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Saroj Kumar Rath",
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[
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
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{
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[
"Yemen",
"Syria",
"Iraq"
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[
"https://openalex.org/W1507764697",
"https://openalex.org/W1599888647",
"https://openalex.org/W4251062073"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2728302628
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Syria’s sudden plunge into civil struggle is directly linked with United States’ Middle East policy. The 2011 pull-out of American troops from the smouldering provinces of Iraq and the subsequent refusal of the US to take sides in the ‘Arab Spring’ have weakened the incumbent governments and produced too many unsuitable civil claimants to rule ‘Arab Spring’-affected countries. The so-called US neutrality left a vacuum, which was filled by a swarm of Islamist extremists. The resultant internecine wars sparked by contending parties in Iraq, Syria and Yemen had taken these countries to the very verge of chaos. The outcome among other things included a revival of al-Qaeda, which was soon eclipsed by Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), and an unending spiral of civil war in Syria, the major result of the anti-Western blowback. This article argues that the fight against extremist forces in Syria is doomed if there is absence of a strong, functional and acceptable government. Lasting peace under President Bashar al-Assad looks impossible but it is essential to have the core of Ba’athist regime in place in any transitional or post-transition mechanism. A new interpretation of political solution is required. Else, the state will collapse, which will only help the jihadists. Despite its limitations and challenges, federalisation of Syria and the establishment of a federal structure of the government, it seems, is the only viable solution.
|
[
{
"display_name": "India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S115598842",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4322582108
|
An analysis of Yemenis’ responses and sentiments on social media towards the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic
|
[
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"display_name": "Jeehaan Algaraady",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
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[
"Yemen"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4322582108
|
Recently, many studies have widely dealt with data mining and Text classification, including sentiment analysis. Sentiment analysis (SA) is an application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) implemented to understand the public’s attitudes. The recent proliferation of social media has helped gauge the public’s mood. The current study aims to explore the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Yemeni community and generate indices assessing public sentiments and attitudes using lexicon and rule-based approach (VAEDR: Valence Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner) and qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. 8,830 Facebook and YouTube comments were analyzed before and after the declaration of COVID-19 on 10th April 2020 in Yemen. The results revealed that sentiment polarity with and without contextual reference differed significantly. Without contextual reference, neutrality was prevalent and reached 55%; negativity scored 24% while positivity reached 21% before 10th April, but after this date, negativity was dominant and reached 57%, neutrality scored 28%, and positivity scored 15%. With contextual reference, positivity was prevalent and scored 72% before 10th April, but after this date, negativity dominated the public’s mood and reached 78.23%; positivity highly decreased to 18.65%, while neutrality scored 3.12%. The study demonstrated the superiority of SA based on the contextual reference of words.
|
[
{
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"type": "journal"
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{
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"type": "repository"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W2491929921
|
The effect of Omani-Iranian relations on the security of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries after the Arab Spring
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Maryam Al-Bolushi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5053024202"
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[
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
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{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
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] |
[
"Yemen",
"Iran",
"Oman"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1494257923"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2491929921
|
This research paper focuses on Gulf–Iran relations within the framework of the bilateral relationship between Oman and Iran. This relationship is unique as well as distinct from Oman’s relations with the other nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and has a direct influence on Gulf regional security. Oman’s relationship with Iran has grown stronger and firmer after the events of the Arab Spring. This comes at a time when the Gulf countries are suffering worsening internal security, political and economic conditions and disagree amongst themselves about how to deal with Iran. Hence, the Omani-Iranian rapprochement is intensifying the security anxieties of the GCC countries. This paper examines the conceptual frameworks for security and cooperation within the GCC. Oman’s view on security and cooperation is seen in its foreign policy which adheres to non-intervention and neutrality in foreign affairs. Omani-Iranian relations are analyzed in how they affect Gulf integration and the role played by Oman in the Iranian nuclear deal. The paper concludes by discussing Oman’s position on the current conflict in Yemen and its effect on Gulf security as well as Oman’s role in mediation between the parties in the conflict.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Contemporary Arab Affairs",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S81956514",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4292014279
|
THE SULTANATE OF OMAN’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS THE YEMENI CRISIS: PILLARS AND LIMITATIONS
|
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"display_name": "Khamis Bin Ali Al-Sunaidi",
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"display_name": "Kamis Snidi",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
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{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322"
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
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{
"display_name": "Descriptive research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142546437"
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"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
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{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
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] |
[
"Yemen",
"Oman"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4292014279
|
The study started from the question: What is the role played by the Sultanate of Oman in the Yemeni crisis? What are the most important auxiliary factors and the most prominent obstacles to performing this role?
 The problem of the study was the difference of the foreign policy of the Sultanate of Oman towards the crisis in Yemen from the policies of other regional countries, especially the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council.
 The study adopted the hypothesis that there is an effective and important role played by the Sultanate of Oman in the Yemeni crisis, which it plays through the positions and foreign policy decisions that it has committed to towards the crisis in its neighbor Yemen. The study adopted both the decision-making approach and the descriptive analytical approach.
 The study analyzed the priorities of the Sultanate of Oman in Yemen, the developments of the Omani position on the Yemeni crisis, and the components and determinants of the Omani role in Yemen.
 The study concluded a number of results, the most important of which is that the Sultanate of Oman has invested its political neutrality and moderation diplomacy in order to activate channels of dialogue and diplomacy in order to end the ongoing fighting in Yemen, and that despite the difficulty of the Yemeni file, the Sultanate of Oman remains more qualified than others to play the role of a neutral mediator. This is reinforced by the fact that the Sultanate is not a party to the conflict in Yemen, as is the case with other regional and international parties.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy and International Relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764780078",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2308567596
|
Medical neutrality: resetting the moral compass
|
[
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{
"country": "South Africa",
"display_name": "Lancet Laboratories",
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"display_name": "Zoë Mullan",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
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{
"display_name": "Mathematics education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145420912"
}
] |
[
"Yemen",
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2308567596
|
On Oct 3, 2015, US forces commenced an hour-long aerial bombardment of a volunteer-run hospital in northern Afghanistan. The airstrikes began on the intensive care unit, killing the medical staff on duty and the patients for whom they were caring, and continued in waves across the main hospital compound. Two patients were killed as they lay on the operating tables; terrified staff fled the building, only to be shot from above as they ran. In total, 42 civilians were killed, including 14 staff, 24 patients, and four relatives. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), whose flags were flying from the hospital roof on the night of the attack, and which recorded at least 12 attempts to inform the appropriate authorities of the hospital's plight, rightly sought an immediate explanation. The response from the US Army was an initial claim of self-defence, followed by a cursory apology and an altered account, citing a cry for help from besieged Afghan forces—whom US troops were providing with “training, advice, and assistance”—and blaming the Taliban for “knowingly putting civilians at significant risk of harm”. A subsequent internal inquiry revealed that the attack was “the direct result of human error, compounded by procedural and technical failures” and that the individuals who ordered and carried out the strike did not undertake the necessary checks to verify that the building targeted was the correct one. Some individuals were suspended from duties. MSF's International President Joanne Liu said that the inquiry and the suspensions that followed did not fill her with confidence that the sort of basic failings described would stop history from repeating, and called for an independent inquiry by the International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission. The Lancet supported this call. The Commission stands poised to act but can only do so on instruction by the US and Afghan Governments, neither of which are parties to Article 90 of the first additional protocol to the Geneva Conventions under which authority the Commission acts. Human Rights Watch went a step further in December and called on the US Pentagon to instigate an independent criminal inquiry. There has been no discernable response. In the meantime, Liu's concern about history repeating itself has been borne out. As MSF staffer Miguel Trelles and others point out in a Correspondence letter, attacks by various parties on its medical facilities have continued unabated since the Kunduz assault. Just weeks later, an MSF hospital in Haydan, Yemen, was attacked, as was another in Houban, on Dec 2, and one in Razeh on Jan 10. On Feb 15, a further MSF hospital in Ma'arat Al-Numan, Syria, was destroyed, leaving 25 dead and 40 000 local people without access to health care. The organisation, and others such as Human Rights Watch and Physicians for Human Rights, no longer accepts that the attacks merely represent collateral damage. It has recently stopped providing the GPS coordinates of its facilities to the parties involved in the Syrian conflict on the basis that they are probably being used to target the facilities rather than to avoid them. If this is the case, then these attacks, several of which are being carried out or at least supported by governments who claim to hold the moral high ground—including the USA, UK, and France—are indeed war crimes, as MSF has claimed ever since the Kunduz attack. Further support for this alarming turn of events emerged earlier this month, when Amnesty International released a report claiming that its researchers had uncovered evidence that hospital strikes are being used as a weapon of war in Syria in a calculated and illegal attempt to cut off civilian lifelines and gain military advantage. What can be done? Trelles and colleagues call on the international community to “engage with armed groups and affected populations to encourage compliance with the Geneva Conventions, and reconfirm the legitimacy of international humanitarian law”. And five nations within the UN Security Council are now putting together a draft resolution that “holds up international law, re-states respect for medical workers and sends a message about health care in armed conflict”. While civilians, and their health-care workers, wait for their aggressors to reset their moral compasses, it is perhaps the fragile “cessation of hostilities” in Syria that holds the best chance of a break in the destruction there. For our part, however, we must loudly condemn the morally empty act of attacking medical safe havens in times of war, and reiterate our admiration and respect for the individuals who devote their time—and their lives—to caring for those whom sovereign nations have chosen to abandon. Attacks on civilians and hospitals must stopOn Oct 3, 2015, a US airstrike hit Médecins Sans Frontières' (MSF's) Kunduz Trauma Centre in Afghanistan; 42 lives, including 14 MSF hospital staff, were lost.1 The 92-bed hospital was the only facility with essential trauma care capabilities for hundreds of thousands of people living in northern Afghanistan; those who continue to live amid conflict will critically miss it. The attack was a violation of international humanitarian law and the Geneva Conventions, a war crime, and an incursion on the sanctity of humanitarian action globally. Full-Text PDF Open AccessNeuraminidase inhibitors for influenza: a call for better researchOn Oct 8, the Academy of Medical Sciences and the Wellcome Trust (AMS/WT) published a timely report on the use of neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) antiviral drugs in seasonal and pandemic influenza treatment and prophylaxis. As winter approaches in the UK, the debate about whether the benefit of routine use of NAIs outweighs the risks of side-effects, such as nausea and vomiting continues; a meta-analysis published in The Lancet in January explored this issue in oseltamivir use for seasonal influenza. Full-Text PDF
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Lancet Global Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210176958",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3021695740
|
Ideological Encounters in the BBC Translation of Media Reports on the Conflict in Yemen
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Areej Allawzi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5020749409"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Ideology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158071213"
},
{
"display_name": "Impartiality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780564088"
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303"
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{
"display_name": "Social media",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C518677369"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
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] |
[
"Yemen"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1555675111",
"https://openalex.org/W1585029921",
"https://openalex.org/W2100400386",
"https://openalex.org/W2227317482",
"https://openalex.org/W2329446291",
"https://openalex.org/W2788007549",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3021695740
|
This paper aims to investigate the influence of ideology on media translation. It examines the BBC news coverage of the current conflict in Yemen and the translation of media content discussing this conflict. In a globalized world, media becomes a powerful tool to generate and disseminate certain ideologies. Its power has been best manifested in the Arab Spring as social media platforms have played a pivotal role in campaigns to bring down regimes in the Arab world. Thus, it becomes important to explore the influence of ideology on media news agencies and the translations of the contents published therein. The paper comes to the conclusion that both the BBC coverage of the conflict in Yemen and the translation of relevant texts lack impartiality and neutrality..
|
[
{
"display_name": "International journal of Arabic-English studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210209386",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4378652492
|
An analysis of Yemenis’ responses and sentiments on social media towards the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jeehaan Algaraady",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5083065933"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Sentiment analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C66402592"
},
{
"display_name": "Lexicon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778121359"
},
{
"display_name": "Mood",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780733359"
},
{
"display_name": "Valence (chemistry)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C168900304"
},
{
"display_name": "Negativity effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7453019"
},
{
"display_name": "Social media",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C518677369"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Proposition",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777152325"
},
{
"display_name": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3008058167"
},
{
"display_name": "Hebrew",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91304198"
},
{
"display_name": "Pandemic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C89623803"
},
{
"display_name": "Negativity bias",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778282304"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Pathology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
"display_name": "Disease",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779134260"
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{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
},
{
"display_name": "Infectious disease (medical specialty)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C524204448"
}
] |
[
"Yemen"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4378652492
|
Recently, many studies have widely dealt with data mining and Text classification, including sentiment analysis. Sentiment analysis (SA) is an application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) implemented tounderstand the public’s attitudes. The recent proliferation of social media has helped gauge the public’s mood. The current study aims to explore theinfluence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Yemeni community and generate indices assessing public sentiments and attitudes using lexicon and rule-based approach (VAEDR: Valence Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner) and qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. 8,830 Facebook and YouTube comments were analyzed before and after thedeclaration of COVID-19 on 10th April 2020 in Yemen. The results revealed that sentiment polarity with and without contextual reference differed significantly. Without contextual reference, neutrality was prevalent andreached 55%; negativity scored 24% while positivity reached 21% before 10th April, but after this date, negativity was dominant and reached 57%, neutrality scored 28%, and positivity scored 15%. With contextual reference, positivity was prevalent and scored 72% before 10th April, but after this date, negativity dominated the public’s mood and reached 78.23%; positivity highly decreased to 18.65%, while neutrality scored 3.12%. The study demonstrated the superiority of SA based on the contextual reference of words.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4239334939
|
Guns for Cotton
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jesse Ferris",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5025334265"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Exploit",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165696696"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Soviet union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017612487"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322"
},
{
"display_name": "Dependency (UML)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19768560"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Systems engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201995342"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Yemen",
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4239334939
|
This chapter examines Egypt's growing dependence on the Soviet Union as a result of the war in Yemen. It explores the tensions that developed between the two countries after Khrushchev's ouster as the Soviet government began to exploit Egypt's difficulties in order to obtain basing rights that would even the playing field against the US Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean. The uneasy dependency on Moscow, in conjunction with the rupture in relations with Washington, shattered the edifice of Egyptian neutrality, which stood at the foundation of Nasser's international clout in the 1950s, and set the stage for the crisis that produced the Six-Day War.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Princeton University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463805",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W3144139224
|
Striving for Unity and Peace Among Muslim Nations is Pakistani Government's Constitutional Duty
|
[
{
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{
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"display_name": "University of Sussex",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I162608824",
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"type": "education"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/I155660961",
"lat": 60.45148,
"long": 22.26869,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Ahmad Ghouri",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5037566974"
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[
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781440851"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Duty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779103253"
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{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
}
] |
[
"Yemen"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3144139224
|
Pakistani Parliament's resolution calling for neutrality on Yemen crisis is sensible but the resolution goes further and requires neutrality 'so as to be able to play a proactive diplomatic role to end the crisis'. This is in accordance with the Principles of Policy set out in the Pakistani constitution, and Article 40, which imposes a duty on Pakistani government to strive for unity and peace among Muslim nations. However, the Parliamentary resolution fails to seek legitimacy from within the constitution, leaving the question open to controversial political debate over this important and sensitive issue.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3131310006
|
Coup-Proofing in the Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Region
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Derek Lutterbeck",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5077343441"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Loyalty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776967331"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Middle East",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Military strategy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454"
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{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Yemen",
"Tunisia",
"Syria",
"Libya",
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3131310006
|
Coup-proofing—that is, measures aimed at preventing military coups and ensuring military loyalty—has been a key feature of civil–military relations in Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) states. Just as the MENA region has been one of the most coup-prone regions in the world, coup-proofing has been an essential instrument of regime survival in Arab countries. The most commonly found coup-proofing strategies in the region include (a) so-called “communal coup-proofing,” involving the appointment of individuals to key positions within the military based on family, ethnic, or religious ties; (b) providing the military with corporate and/or private benefits in order to ensure its loyalty; (c) creating parallel military forces in addition to the regular military, so as to “counter-balance” the latter; (d) monitoring of the military through a vast internal security and intelligence apparatus; and (e) promoting professionalism, and thus political neutrality, within the military. The experiences of the “Arab Spring,” however, have shown that not all of these strategies are equally effective in ensuring military loyalty during times of popular upheavals and regime crises. A common finding in this context has been that communal coup-proofing (or militaries based on “patrimonialism”) creates the strongest bonds been the armed forces and their regimes, as evidenced by the forceful suppression of the popular uprising by the military in countries such as Syria, or by parts of the military in Libya and Yemen. By contrast, where coup-proofing has been based on the provision of material benefits to the military or on counterbalancing, as in Tunisia or Egypt, the armed forces have refrained from suppressing the popular uprising, ultimately leading to the downfall of these countries’ long-standing leaders. A further lesson that can be drawn from the Arab Spring in terms of coup-proofing is that students of both military coups and coup-proofing should dedicate (much) more attention to the increasingly important role played by the internal security apparatus in MENA countries.
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[
{
"display_name": "Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4363604323",
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https://openalex.org/W1982897693
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Ambiguities of Sovereignty: Morocco, The Hague and the Western Sahara Dispute
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Abstract An analysis of Morocco's claims to the Western Sahara and of the International Court of Justice rulings of 1975 reveals the ambiguities that surround the principle of sovereignty and the futility of claiming neutrality or the high moral ground in settling disputes involving equally sound interpretations of what sovereignty means. Morocco's claims to the Western Sahara are related to an early process of nation-state building that renders untenable any attempt to grant the disputed territory a status different to that of other Moroccan provinces. The Spanish government and European NGOs would have advanced the cause of self-determination of the Sahrawi population more effectively if they had pressed Morocco on democracy, human rights and meaningful regional autonomy.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mediterranean Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S69526605",
"type": "journal"
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https://openalex.org/W2141541528
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Neutrality or complicity? The United States and the 1975 Moroccan takeover of the Spanish Sahara
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2141541528
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Abstract From mid-October to mid-November 1975, the Spanish Sahara was the site of a tense standoff between the governments of Spain and Morocco. By the end of the crisis, Madrid had abandoned its colony to Rabat, precipitating the now thirty-year-old conflict for Western Sahara between Morocco and the independence front Polisario. For many years, analysis of the US role in the 1975 Sahara crisis has had to rely on much speculation and little fact. This investigation is based on recently declassified US records and archival sources, as well as documents obtained under the US Freedom of Information Act. It demonstrates that the Ford administration adopted an explicitly pro-Moroccan policy. Though avowedly neutral in the affair, behind the scenes the US government worked to make sure the Spanish Sahara went to Morocco.
|
[
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"display_name": "Journal of North African Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S54158622",
"type": "journal"
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https://openalex.org/W4360609502
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The enduring coloniality of ecological modernization: Wind energy development in occupied Western Sahara and the occupied Syrian Golan Heights
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The dominant narratives on how to confront climate change are often presented as neutral proposals concerned with the well-being of the planet and its inhabitants. The main objective of this article is to exemplify how concepts like Ecological Modernization and Sustainable Development are used in the name of energy transitions to prolong illegal military occupations in two territories, namely occupied Western Sahara and the occupied Syrian Golan Heights. By combining first-hand and secondary data from our cases, we also expose the enduring coloniality of such concepts that have been critiqued not only for their lack of neutrality but also for their contribution to the denial of basic human rights such as self-determination, sovereignty, and the right to resourcehood. We argue that renewable energy projects, in the two settings studied, are a manifestation of an ecological modernization that ignores aspects of justice and self-determination. Although touted as a solution to mitigating climate change, wind energy development in these two cases violates international law and the principle of self-determination.
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S202534398",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4292615746
|
Spain’s historical debt to Western Sahara: An interview with Eoghan Gilmartin
|
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"display_name": "Déirdre Kelly",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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[
"Western Sahara",
"Morocco"
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4292615746
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In March 2022, the Spanish government, under socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, broke with five decades of neutrality on Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony. Sánchez sent a letter to Moroccan King Mohammed VI, supporting Morocco’s 2007 autonomy plan for Western Sahara within the Moroccan state. Madrid-based journalist, Eoghan Gilmartin, discusses Spain’s historical debt to Western Sahara, Spanish–Moroccan relations, Spanish contemporary politics and the current energy crisis. Gilmartin’s work has appeared in publications including Jacobin Magazine , Tribune Magazine , Open Democracy, Novara Media and CTXT . He was interviewed on 20 May 2022 by Deirdre Kelly, a lecturer in Spanish at Technological University Dublin. The following transcript has been edited for length and clarity.
|
[
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|
https://openalex.org/W152173745
|
Aiding and Abetting: The Illegality of Morocco's Nationalist Expansion into Western Sahara and their Support from the United States
|
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"display_name": "Rachid H Yousfi",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776126902"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776324910"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C65414064"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
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[
"Western Sahara",
"Morocco"
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W152173745
|
This paper will address the illegality of Morocco’s nationalist annexation of Western Sahara and how the United States plays the accommodating role through the selling of arms, economic aid, and diplomatic support. Considered as Africa’s last colony, the Saharawi people have not experienced the basic human right to self-determination and the right for independence. These rights are continued to be withheld for the sake of Moroccan nationalism and their “rightful and ethnic” claims to the territory, disregarding the International Court of Justice (ICJ)’s advisory opinion ruling in favor of Saharawi self-determination. It explores the chronology of the Saharawi population from the migration of the Sanhanja Berbers prior to Spanish colonization up to the initiation of Morocco’s autonomy plan in the occupied territory. Although this paper briefly examines the background to the conflict, the significance of the conflict is illustrated through a framework of international law and human rights by examining the ICJ’s advisory opinion, the Moroccan invasion and military occupancy, and the torture of Saharawis by Moroccan forces. Examining the occupation in an international law and human rights framework thus poses an important question: How does the United States, a close ally to the Moroccan Kingdom, support the illegal occupation? This will examine the United States’ “neutrality” by exploring the US’ involvement in the Madrid Accords up to the current Obama administration’s support for autonomy in the occupied territory. Finally, by examining the operation of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) and how gender equality is a tool to fight colonialism, the United States’ support to the Kingdom will be questioned. The goal of this paper is to challenge US foreign policy, which ignores the violation of human rights and international law committed by Morocco in occupied Western Sahara, and the US’ narrowly defined national interests in the region.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2560191469
|
A Place in the Sun: Colonial Entanglements in Lukas Bärfuss’s Hundert Tage and Daniel Goetsch’s Herz Aus Sand
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"display_name": "Charlotte Schallié",
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{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
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{
"display_name": "Negotiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199776023"
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{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "History",
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
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] |
[
"Western Sahara"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2560191469
|
Schallié explores how Lukas Bärfuss’s Hundert Tage and Daniel Goetsch’s Herz aus Sand employ the transnational space of the international aid community in Africa to unpack misconstrued conceptions of Swiss neutrality during World War II. The novels reveal that Switzerland’s humanitarian engagement and aid work in Rwanda and Western Sahara was inextricably interwoven with the tarnished legacies of European colonialism. The novels thus challenge Switzerland’s post-war memory culture and question the established canonical narrative of Switzerland—and, by extension, Europe—as a defender of international human rights and democratic values. Both texts negotiate a multidirectional memory perspective: they interlink disparate violent histories and human rights violations in Europe as well as Africa and highlight how the memory of the Holocaust and the legacy of European colonialism influence and cross-reference one another over time.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Palgrave Macmillan memory studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210197961",
"type": "book series"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4205476264
|
Why the Military Abandoned Democracy
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Hicham Bou Nassif",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5046442938"
}
] |
[
{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
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] |
[
"Tunisia"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4205476264
|
The ongoing crisis in Tunisia has shaken the basis of its young democracy. President Kais Saied's 25 July 2021 power grab has upended the political order in Tunis and opened the door to a creeping autocratic restoration. This is tragic not only for Tunisia but also for the Arab world more broadly––Tunisia's was the only democratic transformation that followed the 2011 uprisings and the country gave hope to democrats in the region. Long hailed for their political neutrality and professionalism, the Tunisian Armed Forces have played an ambiguous role in the crisis and stand to benefit from it. This article argues that the generals' change of heart may be due to political and resource demands: They seek a strong leader to help consolidate political and resource gains made in the past decade. Saied and the armed forces have strong incentives to stick together and entrench their power, making a quick democratic restoration in Tunisia unlikely.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S151119180",
"type": "journal"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2888953075
|
The Sacred as Secular: State Control and Mosques Neutrality in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia
|
[
{
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{
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"display_name": "Teije Hidde Donker",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5024248584"
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[
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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[
"Tunisia"
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[
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"https://openalex.org/W1982108030",
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"https://openalex.org/W2019177903",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2888953075
|
Abstract How are the characteristics of state–religion relations defined? The following paper provides a critical response to the competition perspective in studies on secularization, secularism, and mobilized religion. It argues that actors differ in how religion and state should relate to public life, not the extent that they should be integral or separate from each other. This paper substantiates its argument by exploring how in Tunisia––in a context of revolutionary, social and political instability––a variety of positions were articulated regarding the preferred position of Islam in relation to, first, national identity and, second, state authority. This is done in direct reference to one particular contentious issue: State control over mosques in name of ensuring the partisan neutrality of religious spaces in the country. This paper builds on multiple fieldwork visits to Tunisia and specifically Sfax, during which 32 individuals were interviewed. In addition, this paper builds on hundreds of primary and secondary sources.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Politics and Religion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S120820016",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "Apollo (University of Cambridge)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401776",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2080833650
|
Causality relationship between energy industrial consumption and economic growth: Application on Tunisian country
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Tunisia",
"display_name": "University of Sousse",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I8636806",
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"display_name": "Mehdi Abid",
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{
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{
"country": "Tunisia",
"display_name": "University of Sousse",
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"display_name": "Khaled Ben Abdallah",
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Tunisia",
"display_name": "University of Sousse",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I8636806",
"lat": 35.82539,
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"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Rafaa Mraïhi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5060781470"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
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{
"display_name": "Cointegration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145162277"
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{
"display_name": "Energy consumption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780165032"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C129824826"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C169685871"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485"
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[
"Tunisia"
] |
[
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"https://openalex.org/W1966910378",
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"https://openalex.org/W2049923121",
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"https://openalex.org/W2060322991",
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"https://openalex.org/W2110603299",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2080833650
|
Following the importance of energy in the agrarian economies, the investigation of the causal relationship between energy consumption in industrial sector and industrial GDP has a fundamental role in implementing adequate policies. This paper aims to study the causal relationship between per capita industrial GDP and per capita energy consumption in Tunisia for the period 1980-2007. The relationship is investigated using aggregated as well as disaggregate categories of energy consumption, including gas, oil and electricity. Using Johansen's cointegration approach and Granger causality, we find that, in both the short and long-run, industrial GDP cause total energy consumption with no feedback. The results indicate also a uni-directional causality running from electricity consumption and gas consumption to industrial GDP in long-run, but the neutrality hypothesis is supported in both short and long-run between oil consumption and industrial GDP. The neutrality hypothesis is supported also between electricity consumption and industrial GDP in the short run. Therefore, conservation policies regarding aggregated and disaggregated energy consumption would harm future industrial performance in Tunisia. Moreover, gas and electrical energy which currently represents a small proportion of total energy consumption will constitute an important input to industrial production growth.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4317367597
|
Transitional Bodies, Party Politics, and Anti-Democratic Potential in Tunisia
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Enrique Klaus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5062574224"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Autonomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65414064"
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{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Legitimacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46295352"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Independence (probability theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C35651441"
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{
"display_name": "Political communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90508534"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
}
] |
[
"Tunisia"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4317367597
|
Abstract This chapter focuses on the High Independent Authority for Audiovisual Communication (known as the HAICA), a transitional body in charge of regulating the Tunisian audiovisual sector. The study offers a critical analysis of audiovisual regulation in post-revolutionary Tunisia, and pinpoints the less than democratic dimension associated with this transitional body. The legitimacy of the HAICA rests on its independence and neutrality, which were largely undermined by business and political interests shaping and defining the media sector. From the outset, the objective was not so much to nurture a regulatory body that could help align the media system during the country's transition with democratic norms than to serve business and political interests. The inability to preserve the autonomy of the media field from political interference resulted in what Hallin and Mancini call a polarized pluralistic political-media system. The dynamics have implications not only on the country's evolving media sector but on the prospects of democratic governance and, in fact, on the future of Tunisia's democratic transition as a whole.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708",
"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2487860245
|
Spain’s Return to Neutrality and the Historical Background of the Battle for Wolfram: The Laurel Incident (July–December 1943)
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Joan Maria Thomàs",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5082828755"
}
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824"
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{
"display_name": "Peninsula",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123588078"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Balkan peninsula",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993862290"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
"display_name": "Cartography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58640448"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
}
] |
[
"Tunisia"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W3121654762"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2487860245
|
During the Summer of 1943, the course of the war was being reversed in Europe, with the initiative falling to the Allied forces. In the east, the defeat of German forces at Stalingrad in January marked a turning point, and the defeat at Kursk in July and August signaled a change to a defensive position for Axis troops. In the Mediterranean theater, the defeat of the Axis at Tunisia in May was followed by the invasion of Sicily in July, and two months later, in September, the invasion of the Italian peninsula.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463717",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W2355483822
|
Strategic Thinking on China’s Constructive Involvement in Middle East Turmoil
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Zhou Shi-xi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5061266516"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Constructive",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778701210"
},
{
"display_name": "Middle East",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
},
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
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{
"display_name": "Intervention (counseling)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Settlement (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777063073"
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{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Great power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778676447"
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{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Peaceful coexistence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779020404"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
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China has implemented a policy of constructive involvement amid situation changes of the Middle East in recent years. It is a kind of flexible policy behavior in the generalized concept of intervention, in line with the basic principles of international law, stressing making policy recommendation from the perspectiveof objective neutrality. It is beyond the traditional concept of Western intervention.China’s policy stance in the issues on Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria, the Palestinian-Israeli peace issues, as well as promoting overall peace and stability in the Middle East, reflects the core elements of such a policy. China’s constructive involvement policy amid the situation changes of the Middle East is consistent to China’s peaceful foreign policy, highlighting China’s image as a responsible power in the world affairs. China’s constructive involvement policy not only helps to maintain its own national interests, but also boost the peaceful settlement of international and regional issues.
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https://openalex.org/W1531069750
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A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1531069750
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Timely and controversial, A Bed for the Night reveals how humanitarian organizations trying to bring relief in an ever more violent and dangerous world are often betrayed and misused, and have increasingly lost sight of their purpose. Drawing on first-hand reporting from hot war zones around the world - Bosnia, Rwanda, Congo, Kosovo, Sudan and, most recently, Afghanistan - David Rieff shows us what humanitarian aid workers do in the field and the growing gap between their noble ambitions and their actual capabilities for alleviating suffering. Tracing the origins of major humanitarian organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, Doctors Without Borders, and CARE, he describes how many of them have moved from their founding principle of neutrality, which gave them access to victims, to encouraging the international community to take action to stop civil wars and ethnic cleansing. Rieff demonstrates how this advocacy has come at a high price. By overreaching, the humanitarian movement has allowed itself to be hijacked by the major powers, sometimes to become a fig leaf for actions that major powers take in their own national interests, as in Afghanistan, sometimes for their inaction, as in Bosnia and Rwanda. With the exception of cases of genocide, where the moral imperative to act overrides all other considerations, Rieff contends that if humanitarian organisations are to continue doing what they do best - alleviating suffering - they must remain independent.
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[] |
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https://openalex.org/W3123551963
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When Neutrality is a Sin: The Darfur Crisis and the Crisis of Humanitarian Intervention in Sudan
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The violent conflict that erupted in Darfur, Western Sudan, in 2003 has led to grave violations of human rights and humanitarian law, particularly by militias backed by the Government of Sudan (GoS). This article argues that such grave crimes, which are continuing, justify humanitarian military intervention, as diplomacy has failed to prize the GoS into halting the mayhem. It denounces the apparent posture of neutrality by the international community to these atrocities, stressing that such neutrality helps the killers and not the victims. The article also reflects on the continuing security challenges that face Africa and proffer suggestions towards confronting them.
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https://openalex.org/W2164811655
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Operation Lifeline Sudan
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The provision of aid in war zones can be fraught with political difficulties and may itself foster inequalities, as it is rare to be allowed access to civilians on both sides of a conflict. Over the past decade, a United Nations (UN) brokered agreement has allowed Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS), a UN "umbrella" organisation, to provide the diplomatic cover and operational support to allow long term humanitarian and emergency food aid to both the government and the rebel sides in the long-running south Sudanese civil war. Over the years, the destruction of infrastructure in the country has meant that the provision of basic health care has been seriously hampered. Operation Lifeline Sudan has coordinated the work of most of the non-governmental organisations (NGOs), working in this part of Africa. Each NGO has had responsibility for a particular area of the country and has worked closely with the local Sudanese authorities on either side of the conflict, conforming to strict codes of conduct or "ground rules", based on neutrality. Operation Lifeline Sudan has provided an air-bridge for emergency relief supplies in regions where road access is impossible, either because of landmines, or simply because the roads do not exist. The war continues, however, and the underlying causes of war-economic exploitation, marginalisation of communities, lack of political representation, and systematic violence and abuse remain unsolved. The warring factions have brought some OLS operations in south Sudan to a standstill recently, for certain political reasons that could have compromised the neutrality of the OLS-coordinated humanitarian aid schemes. It would appear that the only resolution to the country's problems are external political pressure to get the respective combatants to negotiate and, less probably, an undertaking by countries of the developed world not to continue to supply arms. Nevertheless, OLS may serve as a model for how medical aid can be delivered in an even-handed way to the populations of countries where there is civil war, irrespective of where they may live.
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https://openalex.org/W2075083488
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When Neutrality is a Sin: The Darfur Crisis and the Crisis of Humanitarian Intervention in Sudan
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The violent conflict that erupted in Darfur, Western Sudan, in 2003 has led to grave violations of human rights and humanitarian law, particularly by militias backed by the Government of Sudan (GoS). This Article argues that such grave crimes, which are continuing, justify humanitarian military intervention, as diplomacy has failed to prize the GoS into halting the mayhem. It denounces the apparent posture of neutrality by the international community, stressing that such neutrality helps the killers and not the victims. The Article also reflects on the continuing security challenges that face Africa and proffer suggestions towards confronting them.
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https://openalex.org/W189601773
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United States 'Humanitarian Diplomacy' in South Sudan
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This essay studies the manipulation of food aid to South Sudan, and its interplay with US politics: the US is the major donor of relief aid to Sudan, and at the same time it appears as one of Khartoum’s major opponents on the international scene. This essay argues that humanitarian aid, and especially food aid, is not a substitute for political action, but that it has become the main channel of the US’s Sudan policy for the past ten years. Torn between its conflicting economic, political, geo-strategic, and moral imperatives, the US has had to adopt a difficult strategy: supporting the rebels, but not openly, and not enough to enable them to win the war. In this situation, humanitarian aid, with its reputation of neutrality and its moral appeal concealing a fundamental vulnerability to all sorts of manipulation, is a very efficient tool. Food aid is especially useful: it directly counteracts Khartoum’s strategy (starving the South into submission) and directly helps the rebel movement and army in a number of ways (bringing them resources, as well as domestic and international legitimacy). Food aid also has the crucial advantage of fitting perfectly into western prejudices about Africa – a starving continent dependent on the West – so that no one thinks about questioning the underlying motives of US relief aid to Sudan.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1784172621
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Introduction
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[
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1784172621
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Events such as the armed conflicts in the former Yugoslavia; between Iraq and Iran or Ethiopia and Eritrea; in Afghanistan, Iraq, Sudan, Rwanda, the Congo, Somalia, Sri Lanka and Colombia, remind us day after day of the cruelty of war and the suffering, death and destruction it entails. They also raise an obvious question: is the behaviour of the parties to such armed conflicts subject to any restrictions? The answer is that such restrictions do exist, even though they may not always be crystal clear or completely unequivocal. Confining ourselves to the realm of law (rather than that of morality alone) they are found in such diverse branches as the law of the United Nations Charter, human rights law, environmental law, the law of neutrality and, last but not least, the ‘law of war’ or jus in bello: a body of law specifically designed to ‘constrain the waging of war’.
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https://openalex.org/W2592680553
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Neutrality in foreign aid
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2592680553
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Since the late 1990s, researchers have been predicting that the era of neutrality in aid politics is coming to an end and that foreign organizations will have to take a more engaged stance. Yet while the boundaries between humanitarianism and development are fading, in some cases the neutrality norm is actually expanding rather than giving way to an engaged paradigm. Recognizing that the principles of neutrality and independence have different meanings for different actors and that they are applied in various ways, this article examines how the humanitarian developers—small NGOs operating in Jonglei State in South Sudan—use these paradigms. The article shows that their specific variant of neutrality is not so much a pragmatic tool enabling operations in difficult settings, but instead is a structural form of identity. In this variation, neutrality is not about the absence of a political stance, but about standing apart from social structures and social immunity.
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S28021636",
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https://openalex.org/W4286483219
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The Threshold Role of FDI Flows in the Energy-Growth Nexus: An Endogenous Growth Perspective
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4286483219
|
In this paper, we have investigated the implications of the threshold effect of changes in FDI inflows for the nexus between energy consumption and economic growth in eight under-researched sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1971–2016. The countries are Benin, Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, and Zambia. Using the lag-augmented VAR (LAVAR) model (corrected for cross-sectional dependence), we develop an empirical framework tightly linked to the endogenous growth model that allows for a threshold effect of changes (strength and weakness) in FDI inflows on the nexus. Our findings show that the FDI inflows matter for the causal link between energy consumption and economic growth in some countries, although, for the cross-section as a whole, our bootstrap simulation supports the neutrality hypothesis. The overall results suggest that an energy demand policy, such as an energy conservation policy, should not cause any significant adverse side-effects to economic growth in those sub-Saharan African countries. Policy implications of the threshold effect for the nexus for individual sub-Saharan African countries are also provided.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Energy Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S102805530",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2489103419
|
In the Trial of F.E. Steiner
|
[] |
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779010840"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
}
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[
"Sudan"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2489103419
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International law in general — Sources — Judicial interpretation — Uniformity and universality — Definition of political offence as exception to extradition — Whether a rule of international law — The law of Sudan International law in general — International comity — Extradition — Extradition Political offence exception — Whether granted as a matter of comity in practice between State — Whether a rule of international law — The law of Sudan Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Extradition — Whether courts of requesting State can question extradition order of extraditing State — The law of Sudan War and neutrality — War in general — Definition and technical meaning of war — Meaning of term “waging war” — The law of Sudan The individual in international law — Extradition — Political crimes — Exception to extradition — Whether granted as a matter of comity in practice between States — Sources of international law — Whether a rule of international law — Definition of political offence — Judicial interpretation — Uniformity and universality — Uganda-Sudan Extradition Treaty — Territorial jurisdiction — Whether courts of requesting State can question extradition order of extraditing State — War — Meaning of term “waging war” — Mercenary — Definition — The law of Sudan
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210230597",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4230586426
|
The International Committee of the Red Cross in Internal Armed Conflicts
|
[
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{
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{
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[
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4230586426
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This book critically examines the possible dilution of the neutrality principle of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in internal armed conflicts. The ICRC’s involvement in Sri Lanka and Sudan provides empirical support to validate these propositions and arguments.
|
[
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|
https://openalex.org/W2886091469
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Neutrality, proficiency and the feminisation of aid
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[
{
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"display_name": "Rebecca Gill",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5042437474"
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[
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[
"Sudan"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2886091469
|
This chapter considers the strained, sometimes acrimonious, negotiations that attended the systematisation of voluntary aid in Britain in this period of colonial conflict and fears of an impending German invasion. The Boer War of 1899-1902 was one of a cluster of colonial campaigns at the end of the nineteenth century in which the Red Cross movement provided aid to British soldiers for the first time. South Africa in 1899 found British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War (NAS) officials reprising their role in the Sudan, particularly the provision of transport links for the evacuation of British wounded. For many, Red Cross work remained neutral by dint of its being 'above the fray': the feminisation of the British Red Cross Society (BRCS) in fund-raising and publicity images of beatific Red Cross nurses would only amplify this impression.
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463591",
"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2886962774
|
Humanitarian Developers and Neutrality in Foreign Aid: shifting contexts, shifting meanings – examples from South Sudan
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Elżbieta Drążkiewicz-Grodzicka",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5060919746"
}
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C191795146"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C107038049"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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[
"Sudan"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2886962774
|
Since the late 1990s, researchers have been predicting that the era of neutrality
in aid politics is coming to an end and that foreign organizations will have
to take a more engaged stance. Yet while the boundaries between humanitarianism
and development are fading, in some cases the neutrality norm is actually expanding
rather than giving way to an engaged paradigm. Recognizing that the principles
of neutrality and independence have diff erent meanings for diff erent actors
and that they are applied in various ways, this article examines how the humanitarian
developers—small NGOs operating in Jonglei State in South Sudan—use these
paradigms. Th e article shows that their specifi c variant of neutrality is not so much
a pragmatic tool enabling operations in diffi cult settings, but instead is a structural
form of identity. In this variation, neutrality is not about the absence of a political
stance, but about standing apart from social structures and social immunity.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2973680372
|
Political Neutrality and Humanitarian Aid
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Nancy Matteuzzi Bruni",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5054284483"
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Ideology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158071213"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanitarian aid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521897407"
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{
"display_name": "Ideal (ethics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776639384"
},
{
"display_name": "Affect (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776035688"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46312422"
}
] |
[
"Sudan"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2973680372
|
This study investigates how the ideological interpretations of the principle of neutrality affect the practices of humanitarian aid organizations in conflict situations. I study the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Medicins Sans Frontieres (Doctors without Borders/MSF). I seek examples from the current conflict in Darfur, Sudan to illustrate my findings. The purpose of this study is to determine how the organizations deal with delivering aid in a highly politicized environment while maintaining neutrality. I conclude that neutrality impacts practice, depending in part on the organization’s goals, by enhancing the level of organizational responsibility for aid’s impact, minimizing its coordination with other aid agencies, states or international organizations, and either eliminating the freedom to denounce abusive practices or causing dilemmas within organizations over whether or not to publicly denounce the parties to a conflict. Neutrality is more often a pragmatic means to an end rather than a theoretical ideal. Additionally, the neutrality of an organization depends not only on its intention but also on how it is perceived by the parties to the conflict.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4385797423
|
Secular-Religious Dynamics and their Effect on Humanitarian Norms Compliance
|
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Olivia Wilkinson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5030491622"
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{
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{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Leeds",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I130828816",
"lat": 53.79648,
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"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Emma Tomalin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5064607038"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780564088"
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778692574"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "International humanitarian law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778573023"
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{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
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"Sudan"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4385797423
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Abstract We propose a more nuanced examination of the powerful forces that play a role in shaping the view shared by many international humanitarians that religions have a predominantly negative influence. First, we examine the role of secularist underpinnings of humanitarian discourse in shaping secular-religious dynamics in the humanitarian sphere, and the intersection of this with other forces of power. We argue that analyses of secular-religious dynamics are essential to understanding the roles of and attitudes towards faith actors in humanitarian norms compliance as well as the actions and reactions of faith and humanitarian actors. Theoretically, we ground the article in an analysis of secular perspectives towards impartiality and neutrality, the observation of which is meant to secure humanitarian space. Interrogating secular perspectives on humanitarian action helps demonstrate how impartiality and neutrality can be used as reasons to avoid engagement with faith actors. A secular approach to humanitarian action tolerates religion with boundary-creation around what is permitted from faith actors, applying a reductive ‘good’/‘bad’ binary. We then examine the experiences of local faith actors (LFAs) in South Sudan in interaction with international humanitarians with respect to humanitarian principles. These examples demonstrate how LFAs comply with humanitarian principles and view this as part and parcel of their commitment to the values of their faith tradition. They also show how LFAs create space for humanitarian norms compliance of other actors through their peacebuilding work and have been relied upon to access parts of the country that are inaccessible to international humanitarians due to safety concerns.
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[
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https://openalex.org/W2600570599
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Health workers and the weaponisation of health care in Syria: a preliminary inquiry for The Lancet –American University of Beirut Commission on Syria
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"Syria"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2600570599
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The conflict in Syria presents new and unprecedented challenges that undermine the principles and practice of medical neutrality in armed conflict. With direct and repeated targeting of health workers, health facilities, and ambulances, Syria has become the most dangerous place on earth for health-care providers. The weaponisation of health care-a strategy of using people's need for health care as a weapon against them by violently depriving them of it-has translated into hundreds of health workers killed, hundreds more incarcerated or tortured, and hundreds of health facilities deliberately and systematically attacked. Evidence shows use of this strategy on an unprecedented scale by the Syrian Government and allied forces, in what human rights organisations described as a war-crime strategy, although all parties seem to have committed violations. Attacks on health care have sparked a large-scale exodus of experienced health workers. Formidable challenges face health workers who have stayed behind, and with no health care a major factor in the flight of refugees, the effect extends well beyond Syria. The international community has left these violations of international humanitarian and human rights law largely unanswered, despite their enormous consequences. There have been repudiated denunciations, but little action on bringing the perpetrators to justice. This inadequate response challenges the foundation of medical neutrality needed to sustain the operations of global health and humanitarian agencies in situations of armed conflict. In this Health Policy, we analyse the situation of health workers facing such systematic and serious violations of international humanitarian law. We describe the tremendous pressures that health workers have been under and continue to endure, and the remarkable resilience and resourcefulness they have displayed in response to this crisis. We propose policy imperatives to protect and support health workers working in armed conflict zones.
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https://openalex.org/W2266981039
|
Attacks on Health Care in Syria — Normalizing Violations of Medical Neutrality?
|
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"Syria"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2266981039
|
Many hospitals and clinics have been decimated in the Syrian conflict, and hundreds of medical personnel have been killed, 95% of them by government forces. Yet the international community has failed to enforce the Geneva Conventions.
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https://openalex.org/W2223467811
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The unintended consequences of emergency food aid: neutrality, sovereignty and politics in the Syrian civil war, 2012-15
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2223467811
|
This article dissects the role of emergency food aid during the current Syrian conflict. Drawing on Séverine Autesserre's concept of frames and Giorgio Agamben's theory of sovereignty, we argue that the neutrality frame, which undergirds the majority of humanitarian relief efforts in Syria, obfuscates the impact of emergency food aid, both on sovereign power relations and local political dynamics. While neutrality appears benign, it has had a tangible impact on the Syrian civil war. Through close scrutiny of various case-studies, the article traces how humanitarian efforts reinforce the bases of sovereign politics while contributing to a host of what Mariella Pandolfi (1998) terms ‘mobile sovereignties’. In the process, humanitarian organizations reaffirm sovereign power while also engaging in similar activities. We then analyse how and why ostensibly neutral emergency food aid has unintentionally assisted the Assad regime by facilitating its control over food, which it uses to buttress support and foster compliance. By bringing external resources into life-or-death situations characterized by scarcity, aid agencies have become implicated in the conflict's inner workings. The article concludes by examining the political and military impact of emergency food assistance during the Syrian conflict, before discussing possible implications for the humanitarian enterprise more broadly.
|
[
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|
https://openalex.org/W2809660042
|
Humanitarianism, State Sovereignty, and Authoritarian Regime Maintenance in the Syrian War
|
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"display_name": "Kholoud Mansour",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C68346564"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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"Syria"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2809660042
|
ON 22 FEBRUARY 2014, THE UNITED NATIONS Security Council (UNSC) adopted a sharply worded resolution on the Syrian crisis. Resolution 2139 called on all parties in the conflict to allow humanitarian workers to do their work while strongly condemning those who failed to observe this imperative, foremost the Syrian government. Yet Syrian president Bashar al-Assad responded with glee and confidently stated that the resolution must be implemented “with respect for the principles laid out in the UN charter, international law and the basic foundations of humanitarian work, especially state sovereignty and the role of the state, and principles of neutrality, transparency and non-politicized assistance.”1 At first glance, Assad’s remarks could be taken as grossly out of touch with reality, as proof—if any additional proof were needed—of the regime’s disingenuousness, and as yet another instance of its coating itself in the formulaic pomp so typical of a stiffly authoritarian regime clinging to an image of reasonableness when its legitimacy has long evaporated. Responding to another such speech that Assad gave in Damascus’s opera house a year earlier, Rami Khoury, a Beirut-based commentator, captured this common perspective by saying, “It was operatic in its otherworldly fantasy, unrelated to realities outside the building.”2
|
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"type": "journal"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400216",
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|
https://openalex.org/W3011079503
|
<p>Understanding and Preventing Attacks on Health Facilities During Armed Conflict in Syria</p>
|
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"display_name": "Abdulaziz Omar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5059754588"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780608745"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780668109"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C521897407"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3011079503
|
Despite healthcare facilities being deemed untouchable in times of conflict, the war in Syria has seen its government as well as opposition forces, target their people and infrastructure as a strategy of war. Violations of medical neutrality and International Humanitarian Law has led to the loss of countless medical personnel, civilians and health care facilities; setting the country back to health levels last seen thirty years ago. It is evident through the strategy of the Syrian and Russian government that healthcare facilities are being deliberately targeted with humanitarian organisations condemning all parties involved for violating the Geneva Conventions. The report examines the impact of the conflict in Syria on its health facilities and looks at the reasons why these services are under attack and the international response to the conflict. The report concludes by looking into plans currently implemented to protect our healthcare infrastructure during times of war whilst comparing it to past strategies.A literature review was conducted for the study with information and data collected through several search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE, OVID and searches through Google. The keywords mapped to find relevant literature includes "Syria", "healthcare", "health care worker", "humanitarian aid", and "volunteer", "International Humanitarian Law", "Geneva Convention". The majority of the data used was adapted from Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). Limitations included using sources written in English due to limited resources to translate literature in Arabic.The conflict in Syria and deliberate targeting of healthcare facilities has left services decimated with an estimated 782 medical personnel killed during this time; doctors accounting for 32% of total deaths in the five years. Several facilities are also operating at 1% or less functionality.The results and review highlight the need for protection of health facilities from humanitarian violations as health care continues to be targeted as a strategy of war. The number of attacks has steadily remained constant throughout the years and nothing seems to be done in bringing perpetrators to justice for violations of International Humanitarian Law. The paper calls for more public attention to shed light on the atrocities being committed and further inquiries like the preliminary carried out by The Lancet - American University of Beirut.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Risk Management and Healthcare Policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764962273",
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{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
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{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
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}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2336417581
|
What’s in a frame? A comparative content analysis of American, British, French, and Russian news articles
|
[
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[
"Syria"
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[
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"https://openalex.org/W2171773113",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2336417581
|
Drawing on the agenda-setting and framing literature, this quantitative content analysis examines how le Figaro, the Daily Telegraph, the New York Times, and the Moscow Times covered the Syrian war before and after the chemical weapon attack of 21 August 2013. Overall, the nationalization frame was most frequent, followed by the responsibility and conflict frames. Despite the large impact of the conflict, the morality, human interest, and economic impact frames were hardly present. Although all newspapers followed a similar pattern, the Daily Telegraph was the most heavily framed. Moreover, the stories barely provided any context while discussing several solutions largely in keeping with the suggestions of the governments. These findings raise questions about the neutrality of the newspapers and their impact on public opinion.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International Communication Gazette",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S39920973",
"type": "journal"
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{
"display_name": "Lirias (KU Leuven)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401954",
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2149041340
|
Estimates of trade-related adjustment costs in Syria
|
[
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"display_name": "Christian Saborowski",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5001871847"
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[
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{
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[
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2149041340
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The scope and complexity of international trading arrangements in the Middle East, as well as their spotty historical record of success, underscore the urgent need for an adequate understanding of the relative costs and benefits of participation in preferential trading arrangements and, more generally, of changes in the domestic import regimes. This paper seeks to address this problem by providing estimates of the adjustment costs associated with two broad classes of hypothetical trade policy scenarios for Syria: participation in the proposed EU-Syria Association Agreement, and border tax-related changes affecting the domestic import regime. We find that the revenue consequences of the first scenario are likely to be low if an appropriate stepwise implementation of the agreement can be ensured; our analysis of the second scenario suggests that all border taxes can be eliminated, and the number of tariff bands reduced, while ensuring revenue neutrality, if a VAT of a reasonable size is introduced.
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S81022070",
"type": "journal"
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400553",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2516072653
|
The limits of mediation in the Arab Spring: the case of Syria
|
[
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{
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{
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{
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{
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[
"Syria"
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[
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"https://openalex.org/W2038671157",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2516072653
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This article investigates the limits of mediation during the Arab Spring by focusing on the case of Syria. It examines international mediation attempts by states, non-governmental organisation, and regional and international organisations. Drawing largely on Bercovitch and Gartner’s framework of mediation outcomes, the study suggests that the directive strategy applied by Staffan de Mistura through the United Nations–Arab League joint effort has achieved the closest outcome towards a full settlement. Mediation in the Syrian crisis has been limited by disagreement among key actors, lack of commitment and of coordinated efforts, questions of representation and legitimacy, and lack of neutrality and of inclusiveness. Despite its limits, mediation has been able to achieve important gains such as the longest and broadest ceasefire, access to the majority of besieged areas, considerable de-escalation of violence, commitment among key actors towards a resolution, and resolution of incidents of hostage crises. Despite its limits, mediation is likely to play an important role vis-à-vis the Arab Spring.
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S64122990",
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|
https://openalex.org/W2804410970
|
Delivering Humanitarian Teleradiology Services to Besieged Areas in Syria
|
[
{
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{
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"display_name": "Ihsan Mamoun",
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{
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{
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"display_name": "DuPage Medical Group",
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"display_name": "Bisher Tarabishy",
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{
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "West Virginia State University",
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{
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{
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"type": "healthcare"
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],
"display_name": "Mohammad Arabi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5073646052"
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C545542383"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2058676747",
"https://openalex.org/W2266981039",
"https://openalex.org/W2592740057"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2804410970
|
The unique conflict in Syria has disrupted every aspect of the Syrians’ lives. It tremendously impacted the health care system with several reports of selective targeting of medical facilities and personnel. The World Health Organization issued alarming statements regarding the continuous attacks on health care facilities and providers throughout the country reaching a critical level of emergency. Since the beginning of the Syrian crisis in 2011, 485 medical facilities were bombed and 841 medical personnel were killed [ 1 Heisler M. Baker E. McKay D. Attacks on health care in Syria—normalizing violations of medical neutrality?. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 2489-2491 Crossref PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar , 2 Rights PfH. A map of attacks on health care in Syria. 2018. Available at: http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/multimedia/a-map-of-attacks-on-health-care-in-syria.html. Accessed May 7, 2018. Google Scholar ]. This deprived a growing number of people from urgent and basic medical care [ 3 WHO condemns attacks on hospitals and health workers in Idlib and Hama [press release]. World Health Organization; Available at: http://www.who.int/en/news-room/detail/18-09-2017-who-condemns-attacks-on-hospitals-and-health-workers-in-idlib-and-hama. Accessed May 7, 2018. Google Scholar ].
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of the American College of Radiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S8481965",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2330667334
|
ISIS as an Existential Threat to the Druze: The Struggle for Survival
|
[
{
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "San Diego State University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I26538001",
"lat": 32.77504,
"long": -117.07168,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Mounah Abdel‐Samad",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5090536086"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Existentialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127882523"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
},
{
"display_name": "Dilemma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778496695"
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{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465"
},
{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302"
}
] |
[
"Syria",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2330667334
|
Faced with an existential threat by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria on one hand, and the repressive regime of Bashar Al-Assad on the other, the Druze community in Syria is faced with a dilemma of what political and military position to take. This study examines a variety of internal and external factors that affect the Druze's political and military choices in Syria, and finds that their best choice is to remain neutral in the conflict. I argue that any political and military choice by the Druze in Syria besides neutrality risks endangering the survival of the entire community. This article examines how internal organizational factors and the international community's divided position play important roles in understanding the Druze's decision to maintain a position of neutrality.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Studies in Conflict & Terrorism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S41746314",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3118570654
|
Addressing the Problems and Challenges of Medical Research During the Syrian Crisis
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Syria",
"display_name": "Damascus University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I875646752",
"lat": 33.5102,
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"display_name": "Mhd Bahaa Aldin Alhaffar",
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"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Japan",
"display_name": "Tama University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I201480613",
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"display_name": "Marwah Albarshah",
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{
"country": "Syria",
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"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Mhd Alaa Aldin Alhaffar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5084911942"
}
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{
"display_name": "Face (sociological concept)",
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Tragedy (event)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780027720"
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{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134"
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Medical education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C509550671"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3118570654
|
Abstract Introduction : The Syrian crisis started 9 years ago causing substantial damage to the country’s infrastructure, and the consequences of this tragedy have further stunted the underdeveloped research environment in Syria. This paper aims to address the challenges of conducting medical research among Syrian academics during the Syrian crisis. Methods: The data were collected from (471) Syrian researchers (MsC or PhD students, university professors) from 13 universities and hospitals, covering 10 governates. A questionnaire was developed to collect the data and 52 factors were identified as research challenges. Results: The main institutional challenges are: (94%) insufficient funding, (80.3%) difficulties in acquiring supplies and equipment, (79.6%) lack of neutrality in approving research proposals. In regards to the personal challenges, (70.1%) expressed a high level of motivation to carry out research but only (33.4%) are confident that they have enough knowledge, (53.1%) do not have academic writing skills, (73.5%) do not have the basic information about medical statistics. For the crisis related factors, (83.5%) cite collecting data and reaching the sources of data as the main challenge, (80.4%) for losing contact with the patients because of the war situation, (76.3%) for lack of governmental support for the research during the crisis. Conclusion: Syrian medical researchers continue to face a number of challenges and the Syrian crisis has brought more problems and obstacles to the surface. However, despite those numerous challenges, researchers from Syrian institutes are still working on research projects.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Research Square (Research Square)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402450",
"type": "repository"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W4226158799
|
One attack on a health worker is one too many
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Switzerland",
"display_name": "Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210112411",
"lat": 46.23293,
"long": 6.134303,
"type": "healthcare"
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],
"display_name": "Marie-Paule Kiény",
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{
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{
"country": "Switzerland",
"display_name": "World Health Organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210105654",
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"display_name": "Peter Salama",
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Switzerland",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210105654",
"lat": 46.20222,
"long": 6.14569,
"type": "government"
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],
"display_name": "Erin Kenney",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5067128920"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Switzerland",
"display_name": "Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210112411",
"lat": 46.23293,
"long": 6.134303,
"type": "healthcare"
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],
"display_name": "James Campbell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5016236151"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Switzerland",
"display_name": "Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210112411",
"lat": 46.23293,
"long": 6.134303,
"type": "healthcare"
}
],
"display_name": "Tana Wuliji",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5020017113"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Refugee",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173145845"
},
{
"display_name": "Health care",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
},
{
"display_name": "Commission",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776034101"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Armed conflict",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019338729"
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{
"display_name": "Internally displaced person",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13934251"
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{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
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{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699"
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{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
"display_name": "Environmental health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2600570599"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4226158799
|
After 6 years of conflict, the war in Syria is currently the largest humanitarian and refugee crisis. Over 250 000 Syrians have been killed, millions are displaced or living in besieged areas, and 5 million have become refugees. Health workers and the weaponisation of health care in Syria: a preliminary inquiry for The Lancet–American University of Beirut Commission on SyriaThe conflict in Syria presents new and unprecedented challenges that undermine the principles and practice of medical neutrality in armed conflict. With direct and repeated targeting of health workers, health facilities, and ambulances, Syria has become the most dangerous place on earth for health-care providers. The weaponisation of health care—a strategy of using people's need for health care as a weapon against them by violently depriving them of it—has translated into hundreds of health workers killed, hundreds more incarcerated or tortured, and hundreds of health facilities deliberately and systematically attacked. Full-Text PDF
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Lancet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S49861241",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4252323732
|
Syria and the Neutrality Trap
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Carsten Wieland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5078975372"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "International humanitarian law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778573023"
},
{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
},
{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Impartiality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780564088"
},
{
"display_name": "Principle of legality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42027317"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4252323732
|
<JATS1:p>The Syrian war has been an example of the abuse and insufficient delivery of humanitarian assistance. According to international practice, humanitarian aid should be channelled through a state government that bears a particular responsibility for its population. Yet in Syria, the bulk of relief went through Damascus while the regime caused the vast majority of civilian deaths. Should the UN have severed its cooperation with the government and neglected its humanitarian duty to help all people in need? Decision-makers face these tough policy dilemmas, and often the “neutrality trap” snaps shut.</JATS1:p> <JATS1:p>This book discusses the political and moral considerations of how to respond to a brutal and complex crisis while adhering to international law and practice. The author, a scholar and senior diplomat involved in the UN peace talks in Geneva, draws from first-hand diplomatic, practitioner and UN sources. He sheds light on the UN’s credibility crisis and the wider implications for the development of international humanitarian and human rights law. He is concerned about the silent retrogression towards absolute state-sovereignty, the death of Responsibility to Protect, an increasing numbness and lethargy on violations, a rise of bilateralism, and the dwindling respect for international law and institutions that have accompanied the Syrian crisis.</JATS1:p> <JATS1:p>The meticulous account of current international practice is both insightful and disturbing. It tackles the painful lessons learnt and provides recommendations for future challenges where politics fails and humanitarians fill the moral void.</JATS1:p>
|
[
{
"display_name": "Bloomsbury Publishing Plc eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306462942",
"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2991665903
|
RECONCEPTUALISING THE LEGAL RESPONSE TO FOREIGN FIGHTERS
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "John Ip",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5041535977"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Legislation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777351106"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Terrorism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203133693"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Security council",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991800021"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Phenomenon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50335755"
},
{
"display_name": "International law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W411293076",
"https://openalex.org/W946011142",
"https://openalex.org/W1608085403",
"https://openalex.org/W1626011447",
"https://openalex.org/W2021745922",
"https://openalex.org/W2040940559",
"https://openalex.org/W2116476895",
"https://openalex.org/W2330009265",
"https://openalex.org/W2345835274",
"https://openalex.org/W2467801263",
"https://openalex.org/W2469520576",
"https://openalex.org/W2495453186",
"https://openalex.org/W2500727846",
"https://openalex.org/W2550306725",
"https://openalex.org/W2588461408",
"https://openalex.org/W2590322391",
"https://openalex.org/W2767591425",
"https://openalex.org/W2785545786",
"https://openalex.org/W2888842635",
"https://openalex.org/W2985169225",
"https://openalex.org/W4206023347",
"https://openalex.org/W4230310299",
"https://openalex.org/W4231603756",
"https://openalex.org/W4238477698",
"https://openalex.org/W4243729180",
"https://openalex.org/W4251992243"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2991665903
|
Abstract The Syrian civil war has highlighted the phenomenon of foreign fighting, in which individuals leave their home State to join an armed conflict overseas. The predominant paradigm for regulating foreign fighting, centred on United Nations Security Council Resolution 2178, is based on counterterrorism, which in essence treats foreign fighting as a form of terrorism. This paradigm is largely reflective of the domestic legislation of the United Kingdom, United States, Canada and Australia. This article argues that this approach is problematic, and that an alternative paradigm based on the international law of neutrality and related domestic legislation provides a better means for regulating foreign fighting.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International and Comparative Law Quarterly",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S156235965",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2294328701
|
The Foreign Enlistment Act, International Law, and British Politics, 1819–2014
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Inge Van Hulle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5087347522"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Oxford",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I40120149",
"lat": 51.75222,
"long": -1.25596,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Gabriela A. Frei",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5086633957"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Nir Arielli",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5003501233"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Legislation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777351106"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Realm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778757428"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44394981"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Intervention (counseling)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2294328701
|
Foreign enlistment has made headline news in the current Syria crisis and with the rise of the terror group ISIS. The problem is an old one. How can states prevent their citizens from joining foreign forces? Whatever the motives of volunteers, states have usually reacted with the implementation of domestic laws in the hope of gaining a grip on the situation. Britain has one of the oldest pieces of legislation in place, the so-called Foreign Enlistment Act. Dating back to 1819, the history of the Act is largely unexplored. An analysis of British state practice related to the Act brings a history to light which reaches far beyond the domestic sphere where the Act is firmly placed today. The article shows that the Act originated in the realm of foreign policy, shaping legal concepts, such as non-intervention, recognition, and neutrality in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century the Act was increasingly discussed in domestic policy, where current debates on foreign enlistment also take place. Thus, the article examines the changing role of the Foreign Enlistment Act in the context of 200 years of British domestic and foreign policy, illustrating how this domestic legislation shaped the understanding of concepts in international law.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International History Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S120387555",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4377196101",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2791806777
|
The Syrian-Ottoman Home Front in Buenos Aires and Rosario during the First World War
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Wingate University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I148244530",
"lat": 34.987236,
"long": -80.443344,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Steven Hyland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5084665168"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Belligerent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779112814"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Front (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777551076"
},
{
"display_name": "Immigration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70036468"
},
{
"display_name": "Nationalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521449643"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Home front",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991708380"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2791806777
|
The commencement of hostilities in Europe in late summer 1914 transformed the southern Atlantic cities of Buenos Aires and Rosario into diasporic home fronts for many belligerent nations. These cities became at once contested terrains between and among émigré colonies and a source of financial and material aid for warring nations. Buenos Aires’ policy of neutrality further permitted activist immigrants to partner with like-minded individuals and their respective diplomatic representatives to organise civic associations, arrange public demonstrations, and host charity events. The Syrian-Ottoman colonies mirrored the efforts of other immigrant groups, but diverged in distinct ways as novel nationalist sentiments circulated among them. The increased social tension from penury and competing political agendas led to multiple violent confrontations among Syrian Ottomans. Thus, nations that did not directly fight in the European conflagration were indeed party to the First World War and warring states’ home fronts extended beyond national boundaries.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of migration history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210207055",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2550856838
|
Persisting trend in the breach of medical neutrality: a wake-up call to the international community
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "University of Memphis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I94658018",
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],
"display_name": "Soumitra S. Bhuyan",
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{
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{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "King's College London",
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{
"country": "United Kingdom",
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],
"display_name": "Ikenna D. Ebuenyi",
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Health Research and Educational Trust",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210143337",
"lat": 41.882328,
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"type": "nonprofit"
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],
"display_name": "Jay Bhatt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5037985935"
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[
{
"display_name": "Wake",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Aerospace engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453"
}
] |
[
"Syria",
"Iraq"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2266981039"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2550856838
|
History is dotted with stories of war crimes in which civilians, patients and health personnel have been killed and health facilities destroyed by warring factions. In 1949, the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) as contained in the four 1949 Geneva Conventions was officially ratified by 196 countries.1 The law promoted medical neutrality and non-interference with medical services for people in war zones. The breach of medical neutrality became regarded as war crime, due to its impact on civilians and the health personnel who have a duty to save lives and treat the wounded in and around war zones.
In time, the IHL, which has its roots on principles of humanity, impartiality and neutrality, have undergone modifications with the Additional Protocols in 1977 (to protect the victims of international and non-international armed conflicts) and 2005 (to adopt the Red Crystal, in countries where the Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems may be objectionable).1 But over the years, war crimes have persisted with little or no definitive action by the international community to stem the tide.2 From the 1970s, when facilities and human lives were destroyed in Mozambique to the 1990s in Chechnya, Thailand and El Salvador where similar acts were perpetrated. The destruction of health facilities in Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan …
|
[
{
"display_name": "BMJ Global Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764928273",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806",
"type": "repository"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed Central",
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"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2886020809
|
Retrieving Neutrality Law to Consider Otherr Foreign Fighters Under International Law
|
[
{
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{
"country": "Australia",
"display_name": "University of Melbourne",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I165779595",
"lat": -37.814,
"long": 144.96332,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Marnie Lloydd",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5027863939"
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[
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
}
] |
[
"Syria",
"Iraq"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2054017013",
"https://openalex.org/W2146099139",
"https://openalex.org/W2291138985",
"https://openalex.org/W2492874980",
"https://openalex.org/W3121240883",
"https://openalex.org/W4210579746",
"https://openalex.org/W4213143264",
"https://openalex.org/W4230335905",
"https://openalex.org/W4233754625",
"https://openalex.org/W4240495168",
"https://openalex.org/W4240802987",
"https://openalex.org/W4244868123",
"https://openalex.org/W4246620867",
"https://openalex.org/W4248589081",
"https://openalex.org/W4249696664",
"https://openalex.org/W4253030068",
"https://openalex.org/W4256363933"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2886020809
|
Since the early twentieth century, scholarship has debated the continued relevance of neutrality law in an international system based on collective security. This paper contributes to continued thinking about the notion of neutrality, by considering what questions may be opened up when neutrality law’s rules on private foreign enlistment are examined alongside contemporary practice in response to the phenomenon of foreign fighters. Specifically, this paper retrieves earlier contesting views surrounding the departure of foreign volunteers to armed conflict under traditional neutrality law, and suggests how and why these debates can be of contemporary interest to a consideration of law and policy regulating foreign incursion and various kinds of foreign fighters today. Australia’s legislative response to foreign incursion by those within its jurisdiction, and its recently enacted “declared area offence” relating to parts of Syria and Iraq, provide one illustrative example.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3201263029
|
Contested Statehood
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Omar Dewachi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5072628440"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Fouad Gehad Marei",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5029629919"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jonathan Whittall",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5033145458"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Opposition (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780668109"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C46295352"
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{
"display_name": "Battle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3201263029
|
This chapter outlines how the history of health care in Syria has shaped the way in which wartime health care has been delivered and controlled. The chapter analyzes the claim by humanitarian organizations to a form of neutrality in the Syrian war, which was ultimately incompatible with the way the Syrian state and the opposition saw aid delivery as part of the battle for statehood. It also mentions how service providers to areas controlled by the opposition were seen by the Syrian government as complicit in directly challenging the legitimacy of the state. The chapter looks at opposition groups that co-opted humanitarian assistance to enforce their own legitimacy to the population.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1585916808
|
Las conflictivas relaciones de Siria e Israel en el ajedrez del Próximo Oriente
|
[
{
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{
"country": "Mexico",
"display_name": "Universidad de León",
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"lat": 21.121056,
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"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Romualdo Bermejo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5078370624"
}
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3019338729"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992236994"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
}
] |
[
"Syria",
"Libya",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1585916808
|
The Syria armed conflict has shown to the international community the complexity of the Middle East. Even taking into account all its failures, the Syria crisis has not fully involved Israel yet, the first military power in the region, maintaining a certain neutrality. Since the beginning of the crisis, Israel clearly appreciated that the objectives sought by the rebels or insurgents were not much better than those from the Damascus regime. Although international experts wanted to apply in the Syrian conflict the measures used in Libya whose disastrous results are well known, the events taking place in the civil war has shown that Israel's approach was right. Russia has played an important role in this conflict, after appreciating the violations of the Security Council Resolution 1973.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Revista UNISCI",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306528023",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4377196100",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3154640190
|
Medical Neutrality and Solidarity in the Syrian Armed Conflict
|
[
{
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Wake Forest University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I47251452",
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"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Ravi Katari",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5050452189"
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[
{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778358470"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Legitimacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46295352"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Ophthalmology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118487528"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3154640190
|
Noninterference with health workers treating the sick and wounded during civil unrest and armed conflict is an ethical principle that has been legally recognized across the globe for 150 years, under the term “medical neutrality.” However, in the Syrian conflict, now in its third year, the deliberate targeting of health workers, including students, and hospitals as a warfare tactic has become widespread. Consequently, work performed under dangerous circumstances by the international medical community’s peers and colleagues deserves recognition, through declarations and demonstrations of international solidarity, in order to bolster the legitimacy of medical neutrality in diplomatic affairs. This article discusses the issue of medical neutrality as applied to the Syrian conflict and, furthermore, underscores the relevance of condemnation as a tactic for influencing policy.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Columbia University Journal of Global Health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306532126",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3200915203
|
The Business of Conflict
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Duncan McLean",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5090475037"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Humanitarian aid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521897407"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C186857363"
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{
"display_name": "Language change",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780027415"
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{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
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{
"display_name": "Literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3200915203
|
This chapter presents an example of how humanitarian aid adapted the realities of the Syrian war. It examines the context of besiegement that reached populations under siege through utilizing the corruption mechanisms of informal networks and smugglers. It also describes how the humanitarian actors’ adaptations to the realities of besiegement, which caused the aid system to contribute to the war economy. The chapter discusses the provision of humanitarian aid by states as a substitute for meaningful foreign policy when healthcare provision was deeply political process steeped in the dynamics of the Syria conflict. It highlights a process of aid delivery that is intertwined with the endemic corruption of the war as a business model, which generated a form of entrepreneurial neutrality.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W3180042837
|
Syrian Imbroglio: A Complex Interaction of Local, Regional, and Extra-Regional Actors
|
[
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{
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{
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"long": 73.05149,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Sajid Iqbal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5024514804"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Status quo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776748549"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C201960208"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C207390915"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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] |
[
"Syria",
"Iran",
"Iraq",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3180042837
|
This study provides an overview of the complex nature of the functioning of the Syrian conflict concerning the involvement of various actors (state and non-state actors) at the national, regional, and extra-regional levels. The main goal of the study is to analyze and identify the various political actors involved in the conflict, their roles, and strategies based on the convergence and divergence of their strategic interests. The research follows a qualitative approach and uses document analysis as a technique to collect and further analyze the data. It turned out that the political actors involved in this conflict can be divided into three groups; status quo forces, anti-status quo forces, and non-aligned forces. Further, the role of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has become a distinctive subject of the conflict, because it fights almost with all other parties to the conflict, including the pro-Assad regime, as well as the forces against Assad. It is important to note that Israel which is one of the important players in regional geopolitics; initially expressed neutrality, but as the conflict unfolded it indulged in the conflict to counter the growing influence of Iran and the ISIS factor in the region. The study predicts that the complex functioning of the Syrian conflict involving various states and non-state actors will further complicate, and the violence is likely to continue shortly.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2144921681
|
The Drug Squad
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ernest Cooke",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079267722"
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C160735492"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
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{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778573023"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Global health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46578552"
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{
"display_name": "Right to health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780893092"
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{
"display_name": "International health",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C193395930"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Economic Justice",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139621336"
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{
"display_name": "Health policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47344431"
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{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699"
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{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
}
] |
[
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2144921681
|
The conflict in Syria presents new and unprecedented challenges that undermine the principles and practice of medical neutrality in armed conflict. With direct and repeated targeting of health workers, health facilities, and ambulances, Syria has become the most dangerous place on earth for health-care providers. The weaponisation of health care—a strategy of using people's need for health care as a weapon against them by violently depriving them of it—has translated into hundreds of health workers killed, hundreds more incarcerated or tortured, and hundreds of health facilities deliberately and systematically attacked. Evidence shows use of this strategy on an unprecedented scale by the Syrian Government and allied forces, in what human rights organisations described as a war-crime strategy, although all parties seem to have committed violations. Attacks on health care have sparked a large-scale exodus of experienced health workers. Formidable challenges face health workers who have stayed behind, and with no health care a major factor in the flight of refugees, the effect extends well beyond Syria. The international community has left these violations of international humanitarian and human rights law largely unanswered, despite their enormous consequences. There have been repudiated denunciations, but little action on bringing the perpetrators to justice. This inadequate response challenges the foundation of medical neutrality needed to sustain the operations of global health and humanitarian agencies in situations of armed conflict. In this Health Policy, we analyse the situation of health workers facing such systematic and serious violations of international humanitarian law. We describe the tremendous pressures that health workers have been under and continue to endure, and the remarkable resilience and resourcefulness they have displayed in response to this crisis. We propose policy imperatives to protect and support health workers working in armed conflict zones.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of the Forensic Science Society",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210207765",
"type": "journal"
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https://openalex.org/W4292583406
|
Syria and the Neutrality Trap: Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid through Violent Regimes
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[
"Syria"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4292583406
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"Syria and the Neutrality Trap: Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid through Violent Regimes." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2
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"display_name": "British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S199726014",
"type": "journal"
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https://openalex.org/W4253210760
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Syria: <i>Syria and the Neutrality Trap: The Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid through Violent Regimes</i>, by Carsten Wieland (book review)
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"Syria"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4253210760
|
Syria and the Neutrality Trap: The Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid through Violent Regimes , by Carsten Wieland. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021. 183 pages. $91 cloth; $29 paper; $26.95 e-book.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Middle East Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S184885884",
"type": "journal"
}
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