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https://openalex.org/W76574542
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Relationship between Financial Development and Energy Consumption: The Case of Turkey
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"display_name": "BÃ1⁄4lent Altay",
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"display_name": "Mert Topçu",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5006863618"
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"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W76574542
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This paper examines the relationship between financial development and energy consumption in Turkey over the period 1980-2011 adopting cointegration and causality methodologies. Cointegration results indicate that there is no long run relation among the variables. Causality results, on the other hand, indicate that energy-finance nexus supports neutrality hypothesis in Turkey in the short run. The inconsistency across the papers in the case of Turkey clearly addresses the fact that it does really matter which financial development indicators are proxied.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1957376083
|
İNÖNÜ DÖNEMİ TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI / TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY WITHIN THE PERIOD OF INÖNÜ
|
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"display_name": "Ahmet İlyas",
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Orhan Turan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5013694960"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1957376083
|
Ikinci Dunya Sava s i boyunca Turk di s politikasinin genel e g ilimi sava s a girmeme uzerine kurulmu s tur. Turkiye’nin bu politikasi sava s in gidi s atina gore de g i s iklikler gostermi s tir. Sava s boyunca tarafsizlik politikasi izleyen Turkiye, bu politikayi uygularken kimi zaman I ngiltere ve Fransa’ya yakin olmasina kar s in Almanya’ya kar s i da net bir tavir almaktan kacinmi s tir. Bu yuzden di s politika yapicilari Turkiye’nin bu tavrini “ aktif tarafsizlik ” olarak nitelendirmektedirler. I ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya Turkiye’yi sava s a girmeye ikna etmek icin bircok goru s meler ve konferanslar yapmalarina ra g men; her defasinda Turkiye sava s di s i kalmayi ba s armi s tir. Ancak sava s in sonunun belli olmasindan sonra Turkiye kazanan tarafta yer almak icin sava s a girmi s tir. Sava s sonrasinda ise Turkiye, Sovyet Rusya’dan gelebilecek tehlikeyi bertaraf etmek icin Bati kartini kullanarak ABD ve Ingiltere tarafli bir politika izlemi s tir. Anahtar Kelimeler : I nonu, Turkiye, I ngiltere, Sovyet Rusya, Almanya ABSTRACT During the World War II, the general inclination of Turkish foreign policy was based on an anti-war principle. This policy of Turkey changed according to the state of war. Following an objective policy during the war, Turkey avoided from developing a determined attitude towards Germany while it remained close to England and France. Therefore, foreign policy makers define this attitude of Turkey as active neutrality. Although England, France and Russia conducted negotiations and conferences to convince Turkey to take part in war, each time Turkey achieved to stand outside of the war. However, after the result became clear, Turkey entered war to take sides with the winning part. Besides, at the post-war period, Turkey pursued a USA-England-sided policy by using its Western side in order to eliminate the potential threat from Soviet Russia. Key Words : I nonu, Turkey, England, Soviet Russia, Germany
|
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"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W1549384196
|
Self-serving National Ideologies: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Turkish Cypriot Radio News
|
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Lyndon C. S. Way",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5053163965"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C158071213"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1549384196
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This thesis examines the historical formation and contemporary circulation of competing variants of Turkish Cypriot nationalisms as they are realised in different Turkish Cypriot radio news outlets. Unlike North Atlantic models of journalism, these media are not governed by the values of neutrality nor of a fourth estate role, being closely aligned to political interests. Presently, there is an ideological struggle between two versions of Turkish Cypriot nationalism in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Turkish nationalism' sees TRNC as part of a pan-Turkish nation. Within this ideology, TRNC's future is linked to Turkey and independent of the Republic of Cyprus. 'Pro-federation' nationalism sees TRNC as part of an inclusive Cypriot identity. TRNC's future is in a federation with the Republic of Cyprus. TRNC radio, each station closely affiliated to one of these nationalisms, is one site where national discourses can be accessed and evaluated. In this thesis, Critical Discourse Analysis is used to reveal how participants and their actions are represented in news stories. These shape the way that events appear, contributing to prevailing nationalisms. This analysis is contextualised historically, conceptually and ethnographically with newsroom studies. These produce an understanding of the processes behind a set of highly ideological news texts. This thesis adds to existing academic work which indicates that Cypriot media frame events in ways which aggravate the Cyprus conflict. Unlike other studies, this thesis challenges the myth that national discourses are uniform expressions and allegiances in news media. Instead, the data analysed reveal national discourses are internally fractured, politically differentiated and temporal. Though discourses mostly support interests associated with each station, some pretextual discourses of compromise, cooperation and unity are revealed. Though minimal, these contribute to a solution-friendly atmosphere which frees residents from a life of embargoes, fear and isolation.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3006897943
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One meta-media event, two forms of censorship: The <i>Charlie Hebdo</i> affair in the United Kingdom and Turkey
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3006897943
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This study analyses British and Turkish media conceptualizations of the Charlie Hebdo affair. Editorial decisions to republish or not to republish the Mohammed cartoon cover reflected the politico-cultural pressures on the journalistic fields in both countries. The controversy demonstrated that the editorial autonomy of the British media outlets enabled them to engage in ‘eclectic neutrality’, the right to decide to republish or not to republish the cartoons. Despite the severely constrained journalistic environment of Turkey, where expectations of respect for religion take precedence over freedom of expression, the Turkish media engaged in symbolic acts of resistance in furtherance of freedom of expression.
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https://openalex.org/W2513522260
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Rethinking Turkey's Laicism In Light Of The Debates About Liberal Neutrality
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The dissertation examines in detail the concept of neutrality in political theory literature and assesses the arguments of the defenders and critics of Turkey’s laicism in light of such an examination. After showing the weaknesses and problems in the arguments of various political actors in Turkey, the dissertation defends “modus vivendi liberalism” as a possible solution for the conflicts about Turkey’s laicism. In that regard, the dissertation argues that certain aspects of liberal political theory can be appropriated for Turkish politics for the sake of ensuring stability and peace even if there might be problems with the possibility and desirability of neutrality. The dissertation also discusses what can constitute Turkey’s modus vivendi and offer certain ideas about what may and may not ensure stability and peace in Turkey. INDEX WORDS: Laicism, Secularism, Modus Vivendi Liberalism, Liberal Neutrality, Turkey, Communitarianism RETHINKING TURKEY’S LAICISM IN LIGHT OF THE DEBATES ABOUT LIBERAL NEUTRALITY
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4247304859
|
Selim Deringil. <italic>Turkish Foreign Policy during the Second World War: An “Active” Neutrality</italic>. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1989. Pp. 238
|
[] |
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{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
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{
"display_name": "Chapel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779446402"
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{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Art history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52119013"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4247304859
|
Selim Deringil. Turkish Foreign Policy during the Second World War: An “Active” Neutrality. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1989. Pp. 238 Get access Deringil Selim. Turkish Foreign Policy during the Second World War: An “Active” Neutrality. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1989. Pp. 238. Gerhard L. Weinberg Gerhard L. Weinberg University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 96, Issue 3, June 1991, Pages 923–924, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/96.3.923 Published: 01 June 1991
|
[
{
"display_name": "The American Historical Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S197437610",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3039947309
|
Filistin Çıkmazında Çözüm Arayışları: Almanya-Türkiye Arabuluculuğu
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Hakan Çalişir",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5037358296"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Palestine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Credibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780224610"
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{
"display_name": "Subject (documents)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777855551"
},
{
"display_name": "Great power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778676447"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
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{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
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{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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] |
[
"Turkey",
"Palestine",
"State of Palestine",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3039947309
|
The Palestine impasse is a conflict subject that has not been resolved for nearly a century. The fact that this geography, whose part is Jerusalem, is considered as a sacred space by three great religions, the history of the region is very old, and many global factors became a part of this issue have made the Palestinian-Israeli conflict multidimensional and hundreds of academic studies have been conducted. Although this study is one of them, it includes the incentives and recommendations for getting results and offers the different perspectives on how building blocks of peace should be created. But, it is avoided being entered into the historical details in this regard, it is tried to introduce that how the Germany-Turkey mediation can contribute to the permanent peace in the Palestine Impasse. As stated in the article, both Germany and Turkey are required to be in contact between their own and both conflicting sides. In addition, in possible peace talks it is also envisaged to mediate through convincing Israel by Germany and Palestine by Turkey. It has been tried to introduce that how Germany and Turkey can contribute to peace through their capacity to interfere with the conflicting actors, influence on the parties, credibility on a global scale, a common cultural background and so on. Therefore, the fact that US has lost its neutrality in the recent decision by moving its embassy to Jerusalem has accentuated the need for Turkey as a regional power and Germany as a locomotive power of EU. In this study, no peace is expected from today to tomorrow, but it is hoped that the study will contribute to efforts to build a permanent peace in the Palestinian impasse.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ortadoğu Etütleri",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306521691",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3027889926
|
Influence of Turkey on the policy of neutrality and foreign policy of Turkmenistan (1995–2016)
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Нурбиби Хулагулыевна Худайбердиева",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5072834874"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Geopolitics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201960208"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Central asia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017485454"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2979216278",
"https://openalex.org/W4233551649"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3027889926
|
The paper analyzes the attitude of Turkey to the policy of neutrality of Turkmenistan in the period from 1995 to 2016. Based on the geopolitical situation in the Central Asian region in the post-Soviet period, the author identifies the reasons for Turkmenistan’s adoption of a neutral status. Among the reasons for this decision by the Turkmen leadership are the deterioration of the situation in the region, the desire of the great powers and regional leaders to strengthen their positions in Central Asia, including in the energy sector, Turkey’s active position in the post-Soviet period aimed at developing political, energy, and humanitarian contacts, and the desire of The Niyazov regime to limit external influence on the country’s internal and foreign policy. The author noted the influence of the status of neutrality on the implementation of Turkmenistan’s foreign policy and the attitude of Turkey to this process. In the development of Turkmenistan’s neutrality policy in 1995–2016, two stages can be conditionally distinguished: the first is 1995–2006 when the policy of neutrality bordering on isolationism, which seriously limited Turkey’s contacts with Turkmenistan; the second is 2007–2016 when the expansion of cooperation between Turkmenistan and Turkey, including in the security sphere. In the 2007–2016 Turkey sought to expand its geopolitical influence over Turkmenistan by maintaining its neutrality, which led to the formation of a close political and economic dialogue between Ankara and Ashgabat.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Žurnal Belorusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210186728",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4389517422
|
Turkey’s Policy towards the Balkans during the Cold War
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Poland",
"display_name": "Jagiellonian University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I126596746",
"lat": 50.06143,
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"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Rafał Woźnica",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5061862108"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Cold war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986359222"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Peninsula",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123588078"
},
{
"display_name": "Underpinning",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780871342"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Territorial integrity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776324910"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Security policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154908896"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "International relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
},
{
"display_name": "Civil engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958"
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{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W150544258",
"https://openalex.org/W1510960578",
"https://openalex.org/W1985889644",
"https://openalex.org/W2057572641",
"https://openalex.org/W3000353704",
"https://openalex.org/W3111174082",
"https://openalex.org/W4236366479"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4389517422
|
This research examines the foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey towards the Balkan region during the Cold War. The article aims to elucidate the fundamental principles underpinning Turkey’s approach to the region within the context of the bipolar international system. With the onset of the Cold War, the Balkan Peninsula found itself bifurcated into two blocs, reflecting the reconfigured international order. Consequently, segments of the Balkan states fell under Soviet sway. While Turkey had previously maintained a stance of active neutrality during the Second World War, there was a swift shift in its foreign policy. Driven by security imperatives and apprehensions regarding the Soviet threat to its territorial integrity, Turkey aligned itself with the Western bloc. This article seeks to address the nature of Turkey’s policy towards the Balkan nations that were part of the opposing political and military bloc and the factors influencing its relations with these countries.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Studia Środkowoeuropejskie i Bałkanistyczne",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210215878",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4287831539
|
Tarafsızlığın Farklı Görünümleri: İkinci Dünya Savaşı Sırasında İspanya ve Türkiye'nin Dış Politikaları
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I115953327",
"lat": 40.15552,
"long": 26.41271,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Uğur SERÇE",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5003152503"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Ideology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158071213"
},
{
"display_name": "World War II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
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[
"https://openalex.org/W2151361053",
"https://openalex.org/W2327062201",
"https://openalex.org/W2488806122",
"https://openalex.org/W2773239087",
"https://openalex.org/W2889887978",
"https://openalex.org/W2895656714",
"https://openalex.org/W3154357004",
"https://openalex.org/W4206156673",
"https://openalex.org/W4242152432",
"https://openalex.org/W4300692872"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4287831539
|
A critical point that is not sufficiently addressed in studies of Second World War is the significant differences between the policies followed by states that did not participate in the war. This study undertakes a comparative analysis of the policies pursued by Spain and Turkey during the war, on the basis that comparative studies on neutral states have the potential to enrich research on the Second World War. Although both countries are generally assessed under the term "neutrality", there were important differences between the policies of Spain and Turkey during the Second World War. The variable positions between "neutrality" and "non-belligerency" of these two states constitute the focus of the analysis. The ideological reasons and conditions that enabled Spain to take a close line to the Axis powers and Turkey to the Allies during the war are also among the points emphasized in the study.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Tarih incelemeleri dergisi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210194534",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "DergiPark (Istanbul University)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401840",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3091250774
|
Turkish – Soviet Relations1925 – 1935
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Hanna Azzo Behnan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5006873416"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Ottoman empire",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993946455"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779010840"
},
{
"display_name": "Soviet union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017612487"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Aggression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779448149"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3091250774
|
Ottoman – Russian relations since 18th century till the First World War has been characterized by the stigma of enmity and tension due to the ambitions of Russian Caesars to go south reaching the warm waters, but the breakout of the balshafic Revolution in 1917 has opened a new page between Soviet Union, the legal heir for the Caesar Russia and the Turkish National Movement which dismissed the occupied forces and established the modern Turkish State upon the ruins of Ottoman Empire by the military and material helps presented by U.S.S.R. To that movement. Then, relations between both states has grown and reached its climax by the treaty of neutrality and Non – aggression concluded on October 1925. There is also official mutual visits between both states. As for the economic aspect, these relations has witnessed a remarkable development since 1925 whether on trade level or presenting Soviet loans which helped in establishing so many factories by which Turkey was in need of them to promote its economy
|
[
{
"display_name": "دراسات أقليمية",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210190740",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W182578046
|
Between neutrality and accommodation : Dutch and European jurisprudence on the Islamic headscarf in education
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "M.J. Spelt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5081409674"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Secularism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11293438"
},
{
"display_name": "Margin of appreciation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776931949"
},
{
"display_name": "Jurisprudence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71043370"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Freedom of religion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775854416"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Accommodation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157660682"
},
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Fundamental rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95691615"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1573885241"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W182578046
|
In a number of cases the European Court of Human Rights has considered Turkish and French bans on the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in education. In each of these cases it concluded that these bans interfered with freedom of religion, but that these interferences were justified for upholding secularism. In the Netherlands such issues were generally settled before the Dutch Equal Treatment Commission. This Commission has consistently struck down headscarf bans in public schools and sometimes in private schools, because they were contrary to the principle of equal treatment. This thesis argues that this difference follows from a difference between French and Turkish secularist models of religions-state relations and a Dutch accommodative model. It concludes that the Dutch approach is just as compatible with the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights as the Turkish and French approaches, as this Court takes a pluralist approach to the protection of religious freedom, providing states with a wide margin of appreciation on such issues concerning the relations between religions and states.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3123929843
|
Does Shari’a Play a Role in Turkey?
|
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3123929843
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This essay is intended to introduce my empirical project exploring Turkish perceptions of law and religion. I returned from Istanbul in the summer of 2013, having recently completed data collection. The data and analysis support a number of important findings. First, there was a trend of increasing support for Shari'a within Turkey, and education appeared to correlate (inversely) with this preference more than religiosity. Turks under thirty were more likely to be religious than those between thirty and fifty, and those under thirty who identified as religious were more likely to have a university education. Interpretations of Shari'a in Turkey differed from those in other predominantly Muslim countries. The influence of the AKP in combining commitments to Islamic ethics, center-right politics, neoliberal economics and Kemalist republican values likely accentuated this distinction by validating the consistency of secular constitutionalism and Islam.
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https://openalex.org/W2318168224
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Selim Deringil, Turkish Foreign Policy during the Second World War: An “Active Neutrality” (LSE Monographs in International Studies) (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Pp. 238.
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2318168224
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Selim Deringil, Turkish Foreign Policy during the Second World War: An “Active Neutrality” (LSE Monographs in International Studies) (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Pp. 238. - Volume 23 Issue 3
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https://openalex.org/W4210800018
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Rethinking strategic alignment: the great powers’ wedging and Turkey’s balancing strategies
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"Turkey"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4210800018
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The key puzzle that this article explores is how the Great Powers’ wedging strategies and Turkey’s efforts to balance these powers defined complex strategic alignment dynamics during the 1930s and World War II. We posit that in the 1930s, as Turkey strove to balance the European great powers, these powers resorted to wedging strategies to sway Turkey away from any other sphere of influence. During World War II, increasing US engagement in the region compelled Ankara to utilize a ‘dual balancing strategy’ to preserve its neutrality, by balancing between the Axis and the Allies and between the British and the Americans. Concomitantly, both Allies and Axis powers utilized predominantly reward-wedging strategies to keep Turkey away from the opposing bloc. We assert that in rethinking strategic alignment more emphasis should be placed on the interactive nature of wedging process and the role and motives of agency.
|
[
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"display_name": "Turkish Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S77485876",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2485350339
|
Տարածքային հակամարտությունները Եվ փոխադարձ չեզոքության պահպանման հարցը Հայաստան-Վրաստան երկխոսության օրակարգում
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2485350339
|
One of the main issues on the agenda of the Armenian-Georgian bilateral relations is to keep neutrality on the Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia conflicts. Over the last two decades the cooperation between Georgia and Azerbaijan on the one hand, and in AzerbaijanGeorgia-Turkey trilateral format, on the other, has a dynamic pace of development. In these circumstances, Georgian military and political cooperation with Turkey and Azerbaijan gains new overtones of being directed against Armenia.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1582770930
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Does Shari'a Play a Role in Turkey?
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[
"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1582770930
|
This essay is intended to introduce my empirical project exploring Turkish perceptions of law and religion. I returned from Istanbul in the summer of 2013, having recently completed data collection. The data and analysis support a number of important findings. First, there was a trend of increasing support for Shari'a within Turkey, and education appeared to correlate (inversely) with this preference more than religiosity. Turks under thirty were more likely to be religious than those between thirty and fifty, and those under thirty who identified as religious were more likely to have a university education. Interpretations of Shari'a in Turkey differed from those in other predominantly Muslim countries. The influence of the AKP in combining commitments to Islamic ethics, center-right politics, neoliberal economics and Kemalist republican values likely accentuated this distinction by validating the consistency of secular constitutionalism and Islam.
|
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https://openalex.org/W2463999104
|
HÂKİMİYET-İ MİLLİYE GAZETESİNE GÖRE CUMHURİYETİN İLK YILLARINDA TÜRKİYE-BULGARİSTAN İLİŞKİLERİ (1923-1930)
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[
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"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2463999104
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In this study, the reflections of the relations between the Republic of Turkey and Bulgaria between the years of 1923-1930 are evaluated from the Hakimiyet-i Milliye newspaper also with reference to archive documents. The symphaty towards the Turkish National Struggle in Bulgaria which was defeated in the World War I, has paved the way for better relations between the two countries. Although the radical nationalists’ rhetoric and policies have been met with suspect in Turkey after the military coup that overthrown the Bulgarian Farmer’s Party from the power, it was succeeded in overcoming the mutual distrust and a “Treaty of Friendship” was signed between two countries in 1925. Despite the agreement, the problems arising from the recent past events between the two states and two societies occasionally showed themselves. “Treaty of Neutrality, Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitration” was signed between the two states in 1929. However, coming to the end of 1920s, Turkey’s determination of its international politics in favor of the status quo and while Bulgaria was approaching to the revisionist bloc with Italy, Turkey’s rapprochement strategy with the other Balkan states whose interests are irreconcilable with the interests of Bulgaria, caused a deterioration in relations. The nature of the political and diplomatic relations between Turkey and Bulgaria also affected economic, social and cultural relations. The press, which is producing and also reflecting and emitting public perception, provides detailed data to understand the relationship between the two countries <br>
|
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|
https://openalex.org/W3083307097
|
The Turkish- Italian Relation(1828 -1938)
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C77088390"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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[
"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3083307097
|
This Study explains the nature of Turksh-Italian relationship during (1828-1938). Which Witnessed some improvement through the signing aribitration neutrality friendship agreement in 30 ,May, 1928,followed by commercial agreement in April,1934, But this situation didn't continue for a long time, because of the Italian expansion ambitions in the eastern regions of Mediterranean Sea especially the south western Parts of Turkey. Also Italy didn’t agree the invitatition for participating in an international conference to review the Turkish straits problem.
|
[
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|
https://openalex.org/W4319712102
|
Turkish-French Relations 1923-1939 A.D
|
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"display_name": "Mohammed Hamza Hussein",
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"display_name": "Lubna Riyadh Abdulmajeed",
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"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
},
{
"display_name": "Astronomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4319712102
|
In 1921, the League of Nations placed Alexandretta under the French mandate. The Mandatory began to formulate a special political situation in the district, which later became an independent republic. During the period from the establishment of the modern Turkish Republic in 1923 until the outbreak of World War II in 1939, French-Turkish relations witnessed several developments, events and agreements that resulted from the tense international situations between the two world wars. The issue of the Alexandretta Brigade was the most important and fundamental detail in the nature of relations between the two countries, especially through the Turks' continuous efforts to return the brigade that was stripped from it to the Turkish border again. This is why it is noted how large the volume of diplomatic activity of the two countries is through the frequent meetings and constant visits of the two parties. France, as the mandatory power in Syria, agreed to include the Alexandretta Brigade with the aim of ensuring Turkey's neutrality in the eastern Mediterranean, especially when the signs of World War II began to appear on the horizon.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Al-Anbar University Journal For Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4387287150",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3136017616
|
Baudrillard in Ankara: mainstream media and the production of <i>simulacra</i> in the Turkish public sphere
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Bilkent University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I168864056",
"lat": 39.91987,
"long": 32.85427,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Ioannis Ν. Grigoriadis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5008647571"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Bilkent University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I168864056",
"lat": 39.91987,
"long": 32.85427,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Onur T. Karabıçak",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5048793572"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Mainstream",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777617010"
},
{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303"
},
{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
},
{
"display_name": "Opposition (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780668109"
},
{
"display_name": "Public sphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779610281"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Narrative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199033989"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Ideology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158071213"
},
{
"display_name": "Public opinion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134698397"
},
{
"display_name": "Intertextuality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781415766"
},
{
"display_name": "Media consumption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778660142"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3136017616
|
Turkey’s recent democratic backsliding has been profoundly reflected in the near-complete government control of mass media. Pro-government mainstream media, rather than pursuing truth, has engaged in systematic production and dissemination of simulacra. Developed by Baudrillard, the concept of simulacrum can provide insights into the truth and reality perceptions of Turkish voters. This has been a topic widely discussed, given that produced simulacra establish a legitimation framework for the Turkish government’s domestic and foreign policies. Various print and electronic sources are studied to analyse the content of speeches and used techniques. In this study, Baudrillard’s scheme will be applied for the study of three political narratives dominant in the Turkish public sphere: Turkey’s ‘struggle for survival (bekâmücadelesi)’, the projection of key opposition leaders as ‘traitors’, and ideal leadership and diplomacy from past to present through two popular television series, ‘Diriliş Ertuğrul (Resurrection Ertuğrul)’ and ‘Payitaht Abdülhamid (Leader Abdülhamid)’.
|
[
{
"display_name": "British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S199726014",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400079",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2586962044
|
Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: An Active Neutrality, by Selim Deringil. (LSE Monographs in International Studies.) 188 pages, appendix, notes, bibliography, index. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York1989. $44.50.
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "George Washington University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I193531525",
"lat": 38.89511,
"long": -77.03637,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Roderic H. Davıson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5017786536"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Index (typography)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777382242"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Bibliography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97002063"
},
{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2586962044
|
Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: An Active Neutrality, by Selim Deringil. (LSE Monographs in International Studies.) 188 pages, appendix, notes, bibliography, index. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York1989. $44.50. - Volume 24 Issue 2
|
[
{
"display_name": "Middle East Studies Association Bulletin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2765044529",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2392850833
|
On the Effectiveness Analysis of Neutrality Policy of Turkey during the Iran-Iraq War
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "China",
"display_name": "Southwest University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I142108993",
"lat": 29.56026,
"long": 106.55771,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "GU Li-fen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5043492674"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Geopolitics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201960208"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Iraq war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992289466"
},
{
"display_name": "Middle East",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
},
{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
},
{
"display_name": "Gulf war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994199513"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Iran",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2392850833
|
After the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war,due to domestic and international environment,overwhelmed economic situation and traditional foreign policy of peace,Turkey adopted strict policy of neutrality to the both sides of Iran and Iraq.The neutral attitude,which to the improvement of their economic situation,upgrade of geopolitical position and the handling of Kurdish question in Turkey,created a good opportunity.Turkey benefited a lot in the Iran-Iraq war,and it is the direct beneficiaries of the war.Meanwhile,the neutral policy to the Iran-Iraq and Middle East situation had a significant impact.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of the Qiannan Normal College for Nationalities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2765034228",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2749716183
|
A Key to Turkish Politics: the State Parties Relationship
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Gilles Dorronsoro",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5080715169"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Benjamin Gourisse",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5012073177"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Autonomy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C65414064"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2749716183
|
Starting with the hypothesis that competitive elections need the elites to believe in political alternation and the protection of minority rights, the authors focus on one consequence of the lack of consensus on the rules of the political game: the impossible neutrality of State institutions. In Turkey, where this consensus lacks, the capture of public resources is one of the decisive ways for political parties to accumulate resources. The consequence is the politicization and the lack of objectification of the institutions, the loss of autonomy of the different social sectors and the participation of the army in the political field. This reinforces the lack of consensus on the rules of the political game and explains the strengthening of the one-party governments and the instability of the coalition governments in Turkey.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Politix",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S85937267",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2889502818
|
PRESENTATION OF THE POLITICAL LEADERS’ PERSONALITIES ON TV NEWS: THE CASE IS TURKEY PRESIDENTAL ELECTIONS IN 2014
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Ibn Haldun University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210123170",
"lat": 41.101364,
"long": 28.77221,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Ekrem Çelikiz",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5090513506"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Personality psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25908422"
},
{
"display_name": "Presentation (obstetrics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777601897"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Personality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187288502"
},
{
"display_name": "Period (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781291010"
},
{
"display_name": "Mass media",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C558299567"
},
{
"display_name": "Presidential system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C197487636"
},
{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Presidential election",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776129789"
},
{
"display_name": "Political communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90508534"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Advertising",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112698675"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Aesthetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107038049"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Radiology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126838900"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2889502818
|
Political parties during the election period in Turkey, they use mass media effectively in their propaganda activities. Television is one of the widely used mass media during the election period in Turkey. In this study, in 2014 the presidential elections in Turkey; it has been tried to determine whether a special presentation has been made in television news bulletins related to the personalities of political candidates .In the news texts, Mccrea and Costa's Five Factor Personality Theory is based on personality qualifications in order to determine whether there are adjectives used in relation to the personalities of political candidates. This work has been researched that "The same political candidates are presenting different audiences on different TV channels" hypothesis. How are the personalities of political leaders presented in television news bulletins? What extent are the personality characteristics of political candidates reflected to news texts in TV news bulletins? that questions will be searched for an answer in this study. The discourse analysis method will be taken as a bases of the study. As a result of the study, news bulletins on different TV channels showed that the same political candidate was presented with different personality qualifications. Also, it can be said that TV channels that have to be neutral, violate the principles of neutrality through personality qualifications in news bulletins.
|
[
{
"display_name": "PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764744208",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4386774537
|
"Turkish colleagues worked perfectly!": Ankara's secret contribution to the British suppression of German-Polish diplomatic contacts in 1940-1941
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ya. Falkov",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5092878633"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Historiography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29598333"
},
{
"display_name": "World War II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
},
{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish republic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992216677"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "First world war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991833021"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4386774537
|
The historiography of the Second World War traditionally points to the position of neutrality, which was emphatically adhered to by official Ankara until the beginning of 1945. It is generally believed that it was she who allowed the Turkish republic to avoid being drawn into a global conflict, as well as the seizure of the country's territory by the troops of one of the conflicting parties. The British and German archival documents discovered by the author of the article indicate that the Turks were far from neutral in the intelligence sphere. Their close secret cooperation with the British allowed them to prevent Berlin's attempt to end the war in Europe on favorable terms already in 1941. Thus, the Turkish state had a much more significant influence on the course of the Second World War than previously assumed.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы Еуразия ұлттық университетінің хабаршысы",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210180253",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4380324824
|
“Türkiye’yi NATO’dan Hemen Çıkarın”: ABD Kamuoyunda Türkiye-Karşıtı Söylemin İnşası
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Ondokuz Mayıs University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I227306068",
"lat": 41.27976,
"long": 36.3361,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Hasan Turgut",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5044667511"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Kastamonu University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I98905743",
"lat": 41.37805,
"long": 33.77528,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Ali Çakır",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5030544996"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Veto",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776331573"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Newspaper",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201280247"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Transatlantic relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776417498"
},
{
"display_name": "Alliance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778431023"
},
{
"display_name": "Terrorism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203133693"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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[
"Turkey"
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"https://openalex.org/W1981345265",
"https://openalex.org/W1986310091",
"https://openalex.org/W2013833644",
"https://openalex.org/W2015563918",
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"https://openalex.org/W2605320844",
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"https://openalex.org/W3106619551",
"https://openalex.org/W3106860994",
"https://openalex.org/W3106893962",
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"https://openalex.org/W3214834734",
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"https://openalex.org/W4221014661",
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"https://openalex.org/W4282826229",
"https://openalex.org/W4283786669",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4380324824
|
After the outbreak of the Ukraine-Russia War, Sweden and Finland abandoned their neutrality policies and announced that they would apply for NATO membership. Türkiye declared that it would veto their membership applications, stating that these two countries supported terrorist organizations. This situation alarmed the European member countries of NATO and the United States, and it was stated that Türkiye's veto would cause a rift in the NATO alliance and jeopardize European security. This study analyzes reader comments in the three leading U.S. newspapers: The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Wall Street Journal. The study was limited to the reader's comments on news about Türkiye's veto between May 19, 2022, when Türkiye announced its objection to Sweden and Finland's NATO membership applications, and June 30, 2022, when the crisis was resolved. The study applies an eclectic methodology and employs a corpus-assisted discourse analysis method. The themes, strategies, and linguistic practices through which Türkiye and Turkish identities are discursively constructed were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that Türkiye's announcement to veto Sweden’s and Finland's membership applications to NATO has fed the anti-Turkish sentiment that dominates U.S. public opinion, especially in the context of Türkiye-U.S. relations that reached a breaking point after 2016. Moreover, it is argued that anti-Turkish sentiment is constructed through “traditional” discourse themes such as the stereotype of the “bad Turk” and Islamophobia, as well as discourse themes that establish the identification of President Erdoğan and Türkiye.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4387285284",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "DergiPark (Istanbul University)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401840",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1545360154
|
Sınır Testi ile Enflasyon ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkileri: Türkiye Üzerine İncelemeler
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ömer Selçuk Emsen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5009168815"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Süleyman Arif Turan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5026962858"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Hayati Aksu",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5058971325"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Inflation (cosmology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200941418"
},
{
"display_name": "Unit root",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195561663"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Value (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776291640"
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{
"display_name": "Unit root test",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144341231"
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{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197"
},
{
"display_name": "Keynesian economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C165556158"
},
{
"display_name": "Cointegration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145162277"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
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{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1545360154
|
In this study, the relationship between inflation and economic growth is investigated. Perspectives on the relationship between inflation and economic growth focus on three points in the literature on this issue. The first view argues that there is a positive relationship between inflation and economic growth, the second one claims no relationship, and the third one asserts that relationship is negative. The view claiming the existence of a positive relationship contends that the effects on growth structure up to a certain value threshold or a certain limit in the inflation and that if the value threshold is exceeded neutral and even negative effects will be engendered. On the other hand, this response can only be observed in the short term, whereas in the long run neutral effects are discussed. In the studies dealing with inflation-growth relationship, regression, unit root and co-integration analysis are conducted in general, but the absence of Cobb-Douglas analysis attracts attention particularly in the studies related to Turkey. In this study, beginning with a Cobb-Douglas type growth equation, a result of the analyses using limit test predictions, it is observed that current inflation rate has negative effects on growth in the short term in Turkish economy and that one period later, the effects turn into positive and that net effect causes neutrality. In the long run predictions, it can be stated that similar results are found and therefore, inflation has no effect on growth. Hence, it can be concluded that the on-going high inflation for many years in Turkey led to negative effects by causing uncertainty on economic growth.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764525750",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4306750536
|
Opportunities and Limitations of Turkey as a Mediator in Russian-Ukrainian Negotiations
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Russia",
"display_name": "Institute of World Economy and International Relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210162245",
"lat": 55.674732,
"long": 37.56116,
"type": "facility"
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],
"display_name": "Лейли Рустамова",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5042608247"
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[
{
"display_name": "Ukrainian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21931767"
},
{
"display_name": "Mediation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179420905"
},
{
"display_name": "Negotiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199776023"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2079088684",
"https://openalex.org/W2134524205",
"https://openalex.org/W2561026740",
"https://openalex.org/W2741429718",
"https://openalex.org/W3193707318",
"https://openalex.org/W4286246270"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4306750536
|
Introduction. State mediation remains a requested activity in practical politics and an actual topic in the research field, as the number of conflicts has increased dramatically in the last decade, as well as long-standing frozen conflicts, which are poorly managed by intergovernmental organizations have escalated. At the same time, mediation and its principles are in the process of evolution, as more often large regional players become mediators, which themselves are active parties to conflicts. Under the change, in particular, was the principle of neutrality. This article focuses on the analysis of Turkey's mediation initiatives in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and how it uses mediation to achieve its foreign policy goals. The article analyzes the goals of Turkish mediation, its ability to advance the negotiation process between the parties and the limitations that affect Turkey's position as a mediator. Materials and methods. Russian and foreign studies on the effectiveness factors of states' mediation as a form of resolving international military conflicts were used as materials for writing the article. The methodological base was made up of discourse analysis and case studies. Turkey’s mediation in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict after the start of the Russian special operation in February 2022 was taken as a case. Research results. At this stage, Turkey managed to organize several rounds of negotiations between Russia and Ukraine, which ended with the signing of important agreements on resolving some of the issues on the negotiation agenda, which are more related to the broad international consequences of the conflict than the main points of the negotiations demand of Russia and Ukraine. Nevertheless, the negotiations organized by Turkey in July 2022 allowed it to establish itself as a party that has a certain authority and weight among the negotiating parties. Turkey's resources of influence as a mediator include, in particular, extensive trade and economic ties and relations of interdependence and partnership with each of the parties to the conflict. Discussion and conclusion. Since the negotiation process is in the dynamics of development, it is too early to conclude that Turkey has realized all the possibilities of mediation to resolve the conflict. However, its mediation has concrete results: its authority and geopolitical resources have made it possible to remove some of the problems that arose as a result of the Ukrainian conflict and have far-reaching consequences for international security. This allows us to conclude that Turkey has every opportunity to continue its mediation efforts to involve the parties in discussing the items on the negotiation agenda relating to the most pressing problems and which have become the direct cause of the clash. Therefore, the geopolitical consequences of Turkey's international activity in resolving the conflict in Ukraine will remain a hot topic for further study.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Право и управление. XXI век",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210215228",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3111425008
|
The military coup in Turkey on May 27, 1960: background, drivers and it consequences
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Russia",
"display_name": "Chechen State University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I114650741",
"lat": 43.317257,
"long": 45.72591,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Malika Sharipovna Tovsultanova",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5050990573"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Товсултанова Малика Шариповна",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5014524826"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Russia",
"display_name": "Chechen State University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I114650741",
"lat": 43.317257,
"long": 45.72591,
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"display_name": "Рустам Алхазурович Товсултанов",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5072871764"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Товсултанов Рустам Алхазурович",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5010786587"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Russia",
"display_name": "Ulyanovsk Higher Civil Aviation School",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210144386",
"lat": 54.32484,
"long": 48.389027,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Lilia Nadipovna Galimova",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5016172437"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Галимова Лилия Надиповна",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5081048784"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Opposition (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780668109"
},
{
"display_name": "Referendum",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781462389"
},
{
"display_name": "Constitution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776154427"
},
{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Legislature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83009810"
},
{
"display_name": "Charisma",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C32772713"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Military government",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779274809"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
}
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[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2065848077",
"https://openalex.org/W2329830298",
"https://openalex.org/W2897733975"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3111425008
|
In the 1950s, the Democratic Party came to power in Turkey, relying on the provincial bourgeoisie and clericals. The charismatic leader of democrats Adnan Menderes became the prime-minister. The Democratic government pursued an active foreign and domestic policy. In particular, abandoning its traditional neutrality, Turkey joined NATO and CenTO military blocs. Concessions were made to religious circles. The government also carried out large-scale reforms, for which the society was not ready, due to which an economic crisis erupted in the country, the most characteristic manifestation of which was high inflation. By introducing repressive laws against dissidents, attempts to isolate the opposition, in particular the leaders of the Republican Peoples Party (RPP), the Democrats pushed the latter to search for allies in the army. In the ranks of the latter, under the influence of Western agents and the dissatisfaction of the officers themselves with the situation in the country, the idea of a military coup came about on May 27, 1960. As a result of the coup, the National Unity Committee came to power, consisting of representatives of the generals and leaders of the Republican Peoples Party. In 1961, a new constitution was adopted at a referendum, reforming the system of legislative power in the country, after which power again passed to civilian political institutions. The leader of the military who carried out the coup, General Jemal Grsel, became the prime minister, while the chairman of the Republican Peoples Party Ismet İnnbecame became the president of Turkey.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Samarskij naučnyj vestnik",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210211868",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4389053268
|
Finland’s approaches to joining NATO
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Russia",
"display_name": "Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Ministry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210143363",
"lat": 55.735725,
"long": 37.595325,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "M. K. Alyautdinov",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5093349519"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Russia",
"display_name": "Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Ministry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210143363",
"lat": 55.735725,
"long": 37.595325,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "I. V. Popovich",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5067693093"
}
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778431023"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776713681"
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{
"display_name": "Parliament",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781440851"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "North Atlantic Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776161467"
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{
"display_name": "Abandonment (legal)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779816988"
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Administration (probate law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780765947"
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{
"display_name": "Terrorism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C203133693"
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{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
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{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4389053268
|
For the region of Northern Europe the beginning of 2022 was marked by an important event — the application of Finland and Sweden for membership in the NATO military alliance. For both countries the move signified the end of decades of the neutrality policy, and the North Atlantic Alliance expansion would be relatively significant for the first time since 2009. One of the main features of Finland’s and Sweden’s process of joining NATO was the desire of both countries’ administrations to achieve the Alliance membership simultaneously. Due to certain difficulties that had risen on the international level and prevented Sweden from becoming a member of the organization swiftly, the Finnish administration made the ultimate decision to join NATO independently from Sweden. The decision was connected with the abandonment of the principle of “special relations” between Sweden and Finland. The approval of the NATO membership bill during its ratification in the Finnish parliament was not unanimous. Several lawmakers spoke out against the country’s integration with NATO. This and other factors testify to the controversial attitude to NATO in the Finnish society. “The Kurdish issue” was among the important aspects of Finland’s North Atlantic Alliance joining process. Prior to 2022 Finland along with Sweden adhered to the position of supporting various Kurdish groups that were recognized in Turkey as terrorist organizations. Finland also took in a lot of Kurdish refugees and provided political asylum to some of them. The Turkish authorities were dissatisfied with those actions hence in May 2022 Turkey blocked the NATO membership application of the Finnish republic. “The Kurdish issue” was not fully resolved, but the sides managed to reach a compromise.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Проблемы постсоветского пространства",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210212463",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3047745908
|
The Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus in Turkey
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Burak Güri̇ş",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5027437768"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Burcu Yavuz Tiftikçigil",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5083242446"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Nexus (standard)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148609458"
},
{
"display_name": "Renewable energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188573790"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy consumption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780165032"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Granger causality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129824826"
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{
"display_name": "Consumption (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30772137"
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{
"display_name": "Causality (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64357122"
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{
"display_name": "Production (economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778348673"
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{
"display_name": "Energy policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131046424"
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{
"display_name": "Population growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77352025"
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{
"display_name": "Natural resource economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778"
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{
"display_name": "Population",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
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{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470"
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{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125"
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{
"display_name": "Engineering",
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3047745908
|
Energy has been a significant production factor for all countries. Turkey’s energy demand has been increasing due to economic and population growth. Turkey’s energy dependency on import is high. For this reason, it is important to take into account increasing energy demand and import dependency that determines the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic development. This study examines the causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey by using the nonlinear Granger causality analysis. The annual data from 1990 to 2015 were obtained from the World Bank Indicators. The empirical results support that the neutrality hypothesis is valid for Turkey and indicate that renewable energy consumption and economic growth are not sensitive to one another in a given time.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306530457",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2370746433
|
The Contradiction Between Librarian's Social Responsibility and The Principle of Impartiality
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Aytaç Kayadevir",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5053497374"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Impartiality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780564088"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Contradiction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776728590"
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{
"display_name": "Perspective (graphical)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177"
},
{
"display_name": "Social responsibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C147598955"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2157946421"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2370746433
|
In this article, the principle of impartiality, a general approach in librarianship profession, is discussed in a critical perspective. It is argued that in today's Turkey and specifically in public libraries, the idea of neutrality may create barriers against the libraries' responsibility for the enlightment, progress and freedom of the society, and
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2886426785
|
Neutrality and the politics of aid in insurgency
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Rebecca Gill",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5042437474"
}
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778408831"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Bulgarian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780343019"
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2886426785
|
Lady Strangford, helped along by Gladstone's patronage, administered one of the most prominent funds to aid suffering Christians in the Balkans, concentrating her efforts on those in the Rumeli district. The villages in Rumelia upon which Strangford and Long focused their concern had, by the spring of 1877, begun to return to normal. Unlike pro-Slav and Bulgarian relief funds, which relied on local connections, the Turkish Compassionate Fund worked closely with British diplomatic personnel. Much of the work of the Fund centred on the large town of Filibe, the site, a year earlier, of Lady Strangford's relief efforts. The question of aid to Serbian wounded had crucial political ramifications. The British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War's (NAS's) role in the Serbo-Turkish War proved controversial, on the grounds of its ineptitude as much as of its politicisation.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Manchester University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463591",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W27508476
|
Пролог «Холодной войны». Турецко-советские противоречия в 1945-1950 гг. В условиях формирования Ялтинской системы международных отношений
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Сотниченко Александр Анатольевич",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5005550494"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "World War II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W27508476
|
The paper covers the attempts of the USSR to include after-war Turkey in the sphere of its influence, taking into account that the country pursued the policy of neutrality and manoeuvring between two warring parties during the Second World War.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Труды Исторического факультета Санкт-Петербургского университета",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306540407",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4383563188
|
Saudi Arabia and Morocco: Conservative Monarchies and the Interactions of Common and Specific Interests
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Michael B. Bishku",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5041620487"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Peninsula",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123588078"
},
{
"display_name": "Geopolitics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201960208"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Boycott",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780105190"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
"display_name": "Middle East",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
},
{
"display_name": "Settlement (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777063073"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
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{
"display_name": "Payment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145097563"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Qatar",
"Saudi Arabia",
"Western Sahara",
"Morocco"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4383563188
|
Saudi Arabia and Morocco are separated by some 5,150 kilometers (3,200 miles) and located at different ends of the Arab world, yet they have the closest ties of any countries between their respective regions: the Arabian peninsula and the Maghreb. This does not mean that there have not been disagreements in perspectives at times, but historically their common connections have outweighed any specific differences. Indeed, there was some tension over the issues of the blockade of Qatar (2017–2021), in which Morocco refused to participate and professed neutrality, and Morocco’s continuing control over Western Sahara, over which there was a perceived lack of diplomatic support from the Saudi government; however, even before the settlement of the Qatar crisis, Morocco’s tariff dispute with Turkey and Saudi Arabia’s unofficial boycott of Turkish goods facilitated rapprochement and a better understanding of each other’s most important security concerns, though respective distinct geopolitical perspectives still persist.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Maghreb Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4387286260",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2588589210
|
‘Keeping Her Powder Dry’: Turkey’s Commercial Ties with Britain in the 1940s
|
[
{
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{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Marmara University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I74897591",
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"long": 28.94966,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Ayşegül Sever",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5088276554"
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[
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{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2588589210
|
The chapter aims to illuminate Anglo-Turkish commercial relations in the Second World War in the context of Turkey’s ‘active neutrality’ policy and their short-term implications for Turkey’s standing in post-world politics.1
|
[
{
"display_name": "Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463716",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2597898019
|
Military expenditure and economic growth in brics and mist countries: evidence from bootstrap panel granger causality analysis
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mehmet Akif Destek",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5034533914"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "İlyas Okumuş",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5069918881"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Granger causality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129824826"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318"
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{
"display_name": "Causality (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64357122"
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{
"display_name": "Panel data",
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
"display_name": "Stock (firearms)",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
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[
"https://openalex.org/W1973533144",
"https://openalex.org/W1984443581",
"https://openalex.org/W1997718463",
"https://openalex.org/W2003976465",
"https://openalex.org/W2059252581",
"https://openalex.org/W2063267799",
"https://openalex.org/W2093737575",
"https://openalex.org/W2100159459",
"https://openalex.org/W2118699741",
"https://openalex.org/W2250004119",
"https://openalex.org/W3123095200"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2597898019
|
This paper investigates the causal relationship between military expenditure, economic growth, and real capital stock in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and MIST (Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, and Turkey) countries. For this purpose, the period from 1990 to 2013 is examined using with the bootstrap panel Granger causality method. Results show that there is cross-sectional dependency and country-specific heterogeneity across BRICS and MIST countries. It is also concluded that a positive unidirectional causality from military expenditure to economic growth exists in China. By contrast, there is negative unidirectional causality from military expenditures to economic growth in Turkey. In addition, the feedback hypothesis is confirmed for Russia and the neutrality hypothesis is supported by the data from Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Korea, Mexico and South Africa.
|
[
{
"display_name": "South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764555808",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3202029599
|
The Entente Fails to Keep Turkey Neutral, 1914
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Timothy W. Crawford",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5069751363"
}
] |
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778431023"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Accommodation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C157660682"
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{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
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{
"display_name": "Law",
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{
"display_name": "Psychology",
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
},
{
"display_name": "Neuroscience",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169760540"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3202029599
|
This chapter analyzes the entente's failed attempts (after the July Crisis of 1914) to prevent the Ottoman Empire from intervening on the side of the Central powers. This case highlights key elements and relationships in the theoretical framework. The entente's goal was to keep a hedging Turkey neutral — it thus sought a low degree of alignment change, an easier thing to achieve. But the entente powers' high alliance constraints proved detrimental. For while the Allies (roughly equal in power and dependence) did agree about the basic goal and method of selective accommodation, they did not agree about Turkey's strategic weight. That lack of consensus impaired their ability to mobilize sufficient reward power. They did not combine the concessions to Turkey and each other that were both possible and, as it turned out, necessary to cement its neutrality. The case thus reveals the impediments to success that arise when highly constrained allies differ about the target's war-tipping potential.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cornell University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463067",
"type": "ebook platform"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2498937732
|
The Tragedy of Baku
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Brian Pearce",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5082498172"
}
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[
{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
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{
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{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2317992168"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2498937732
|
The complicated developments in Transcaucasia in 1918 lie outside the scope of this study, except in so far as they illustrate the peculiar character of the Soviet Government’s ‘neutrality’. Moscow’s attitude towards British help to the defenders of Baku against Turkish onslaught is comprehensible only against the background of German pressure and the Bolsheviks’ readiness to submit to it. The arguments used to justify this attitude need to be compared with the secret arrangements for ‘parallel actions’ by the Red Army and the Germans in North Russia and on the Don, which will be dealt with later.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463716",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2602477934
|
İstanbul-Ankara Arasında Romanya: Kemalist Cumhuriyetin İlk On Yılında İttifakın Başlangıcı
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Romania",
"display_name": "Ovidius University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I155936010",
"lat": 44.19442,
"long": 28.650644,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Florin Anghel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5005288714"
}
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[
{
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{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Romanian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129400051"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
},
{
"display_name": "Element (criminal law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200288055"
},
{
"display_name": "Premise",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778023277"
},
{
"display_name": "Flexibility (engineering)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780598303"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2602477934
|
The premise that designed the Kemalist regional policy, has considered the reconciliation and cooperation between the South-Eastern Europe. The reasons, highly pragmatical, have contributed significantly to shaping an important regional power in the late interwar period, that promoted the concept formulated by Ataturk – “Turkey is an element of force and international peace.” After a mandatory review of the past and prospects of bilateral relations, a concept has been theorized in Ankara and Bucharest on a long term. The Romanians’ decisions have outlined some of the coordinates from the Romanian –Turkish relations from 1927-1928 that would promote bilateral and regional interests ensuring flexibility. Pictures are clearly marked in the two capitals, even before the Balkan Entente (in 1934) built a strategic axis that should have been very active, functional and pragmatic. The concepts of peace and neutrality, promoted by Bucharest and Ankara would remain foreign policy dogmas until the general European War, in 1941, even with the risk of cancelling the alliances concluded during the two interwar periods.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306502138",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1997349256
|
The Making of a State-Centered Public Sphere in Turkey: A Discourse Analysis
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Japan",
"display_name": "Japan External Trade Organization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I2799600557",
"lat": 35.667114,
"long": 139.73999,
"type": "government"
}
],
"display_name": "Yasushi Hazama",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5027401011"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Public sphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779610281"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Opposition (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780668109"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Contingency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C97508593"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1505599479",
"https://openalex.org/W2000533306",
"https://openalex.org/W2054812461",
"https://openalex.org/W2058331784",
"https://openalex.org/W2134310663",
"https://openalex.org/W4214517112",
"https://openalex.org/W4230713289",
"https://openalex.org/W4246656031"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1997349256
|
Why has the state-centered recognition of the public sphere prevailed in Turkey over the last decade? A frame analysis of the public sphere discourse for 2002–09 reveals that the contingency of the discourse on the Islamic headscarf issue discouraged an essential understanding of the authentic public sphere. The dominant frame espoused by secularists claimed that the state banned headscarves in the public sphere were to preserve the neutrality of the public sphere. By contrast, pro-Islamists initially adopted an alternative counter-frame based on the Habermasian perspective, portraying the public sphere as tolerant of various ideas. Yet, in the face of stiff opposition from secularists, the pro-Islamists came to use a negative counter-frame with increasing frequency, implying that the state-centered public sphere impinged on the freedom to wear a headscarf. As a result, both the secularists' and pro-Islamists' frames helped entrench the recognition of the state-centered public sphere in Turkish society (Earlier and longer versions of this paper have appeared as IDE Discussion Paper Series No.262 (November 2010) and in Japanese in Ajiakeizai, Vol 52, No. 4 (April 2011)).
|
[
{
"display_name": "Turkish Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S77485876",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3192846377
|
Religion and the Constitutional Order in the Orbit of the European Union: De-Constructing State Neutrality in Germany and Turkey
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Germany",
"display_name": "European Centre for Minority Issues",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I158579660",
"lat": 54.790283,
"long": 9.433448,
"type": "nonprofit"
}
],
"display_name": "Kyriaki Topidi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5057413897"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Constitutional law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18650270"
},
{
"display_name": "European union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322"
},
{
"display_name": "Freedom of religion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775854416"
},
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3192846377
|
The chapter uses as its starting point the notion of state neutrality to problematize and reflect on the connection between religious rights and the EU constitutional space. It aims to deconstruct the notion of state neutrality towards religion and to do so compares the cases of Germany with Turkey.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4294679603
|
The (re)presentation of interpreters in the Turkish media: a diachronic and cross-setting analysis
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Boğaziçi University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4405392",
"lat": 41.01384,
"long": 28.94966,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Ebru Diriker",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5088023597"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Interpreter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C122783720"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Newspaper",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201280247"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Representation (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776359362"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Media studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29595303"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W577980218",
"https://openalex.org/W1822283060",
"https://openalex.org/W1967118707",
"https://openalex.org/W1972136223",
"https://openalex.org/W2002866638",
"https://openalex.org/W2905299566",
"https://openalex.org/W2919683271",
"https://openalex.org/W3174606159",
"https://openalex.org/W3198315384",
"https://openalex.org/W3208771666",
"https://openalex.org/W4230448979",
"https://openalex.org/W4231498911"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4294679603
|
This study explores the representation of interpreters in the Turkish news media by analysing the online editions of the three most circulated Turkish newspapers between June 2017 and March 2021. It looks at what triggers a media discourse on interpreters and how interpreters are represented in the news media. It also juxtaposes the current portrayal of conference and diplomatic interpreters with the media coverage of conference interpreters in two previous studies. The results indicate that although references to interpreters working in legal settings are by far the most numerous, these references are almost always in passing, giving interpreters in these settings no visibility or voice. The same applies to interpreters working in refugee settings. In contrast, news items on sign language and football interpreters accord significant visibility and voice to these interpreters. News reports on conference and diplomatic interpreters, on the other hand, seem to reflect a marked shift towards negative coverage, characterised by the absence of interpreters’ voices and a media discourse that contests their neutrality, the latter view of interpreters being at least partly related to political tensions in the country.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Translator",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S998543980",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "OPAL (Open@LaTrobe) (La Trobe University)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400572",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2948385816
|
Peace-Making within the Green and Liminal Border of Cyprus
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Angelos Evangelou",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5020552272"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Liminality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C14812997"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Bulgarian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780343019"
},
{
"display_name": "Poetry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C164913051"
},
{
"display_name": "Space (punctuation)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778572836"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Representation (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776359362"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Aesthetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107038049"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2948385816
|
This article aims to critically explore the concept of the border and its dynamic self-undermining quality through the medium of literature, which is the space in which the very process of debordering is already at work. since 1974, Cyprus has borne the mark of division that physically manifested in a border, which extends from east to west and divides the island into south (greek Cypriot) and north (Turkish Cypriot). what is special about this border is the fact that it consists not of one wall or fence but two, creating thus an uneven strip of land which allows for an experience of the border not from either side of it but from within it. This article explores the symbolic significance of working and thinking from within the border – from within the “dead zone” – a perspective whose significance is also acknowledged by contemporary Cypriot poets. drawing from greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot literature (mainly poetry), i attempt to illustrate how the very space of the border acquires central stage and how – through the power of poetic representation – it turns from an apparatus of separation and division into a space of neutrality and liminality which prompts reflection, communication and life.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3178637670
|
Annotated Corpus of Comments and Basic Semantic Analysis
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Teknoloji Arastirma ve Gelistirme Endustriyel Urunler Bilisim Teknolojileri San Tic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210152669",
"lat": 41.01431,
"long": 28.997032,
"type": "company"
}
],
"display_name": "Semih Çelik",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5005701374"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Atatürk University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I64134780",
"lat": 39.90861,
"long": 41.27694,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Gülşah Tümüklü Özyer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5009076347"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Annotation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776321320"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Natural language processing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204321447"
},
{
"display_name": "Voting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C520049643"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Corpus linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C532629269"
},
{
"display_name": "Semantic annotation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2985727698"
},
{
"display_name": "Text corpus",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2474386"
},
{
"display_name": "Quality (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530757"
},
{
"display_name": "Information retrieval",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C23123220"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1663984431",
"https://openalex.org/W1975299532",
"https://openalex.org/W2462290672",
"https://openalex.org/W2548006041",
"https://openalex.org/W2753786217",
"https://openalex.org/W2757995323",
"https://openalex.org/W2781487490",
"https://openalex.org/W2980748755",
"https://openalex.org/W2990561973",
"https://openalex.org/W3009874600",
"https://openalex.org/W3103706239",
"https://openalex.org/W3104628969"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3178637670
|
This article presents an annotated corpus of Turkish comment texts gathered from employees. Special attention is given to neutrality of paragraphs in the corpus and quality of the annotation. We employ the majority voting of the annotators. We describe the details of the dataset, the annotation methodology and the experiments with basic methods to investigate the corpus. The corpus has three classes, positive, negative and neutral.
|
[
{
"display_name": "2021 2nd International Conference on Computing and Data Science (CDS)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306498760",
"type": "conference"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1491014914
|
If An Amendment Were Adopted Declaing the United States a Christian Nation, Would it be Constitutional? Well ... Let's Look at Turkey
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Gary J. Jacobsohn",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5009998559"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Constitution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776154427"
},
{
"display_name": "Supreme court",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778272461"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Constitutional amendment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776942308"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Constitutional law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18650270"
},
{
"display_name": "Establishment Clause",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778323131"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "First amendment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994536602"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1491014914
|
Polls in the United States have long indicated that a clear majority of Americans believe that “the United States [is] a Christian nation.”1 At the same time they indicate that a minority – no more than 30% -support a constitutional amendment that would make the belief a feature of the nation’s fundamental law. But suppose it were the case that the sentiment for constitutional change corresponded with the public’s perception on this question, culminating in a successful deployment of Article V of the Constitution? Would the Supreme Court declare the amendment unconstitutional? The rationale for doing so is clear: the text of the First Amendment and generations of judicial interpretation of its religion clauses are unambiguous in affirming the official neutrality of the American regime with respect to religion. Whatever disagreement has existed as to the role of government in supporting religion in a non-preferential way, no serious constitutional position can be found for permitting the authoritative embrace of a specific faith. It is also the case, however, that the Supreme Court, unlike courts in some other countries, has never declared a constitutional amendment unconstitutional on substantive grounds. Moreover, it has indicated a clear disinclination to do so. One country that has exercised its judicial power in this manner is Turkey, which very recently overturned an amendment that violated the nation’s constitutional commitment to a secular way of life, that requires eliminating religion from the public domain. Turkey, a country whose people is nearly entirely Muslim, arguably would accept some official recognition of that fact, but its identity as a constitutional republic
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4390292608
|
In Search of VAT Neutrality for BOTs and PPPs in Turkey
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "A. Sanver",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5093596097"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Legislature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83009810"
},
{
"display_name": "Investment (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27548731"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "European union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868"
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{
"display_name": "General partnership",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71750763"
},
{
"display_name": "Goods and services",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187452473"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055"
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{
"display_name": "Public economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C100001284"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Market economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34447519"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4390292608
|
Turkey attracts significant flows of funds from abroad and imports large quantities of (investment) goods and services from suppliers established in the European Union, inter alia, in the framework of build-operate-transfer (BOT) and public-private-partnership (PPP) structures. The legislature attempts to neutralize the VAT burden on those projects by means of specific, ad hoc measures. In this article, the author examines to what extent the concessions for investment projects under BOT and PPP structures actually achieve the desired neutrality of VAT.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International VAT Monitor",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4390573758",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3008729488
|
The Aging of a Star in Camelot
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Victoria Phillips",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5056238888"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Iron Curtain",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776233202"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Alliance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778431023"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Art history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C52119013"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Cold war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986359222"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3008729488
|
“It takes me ten years to make a dancer,” Martha Graham declared, and by 1961, at age sixty-seven, she had created a generation of stars. Her technically powerful company trained with the matriarch of modern dance, its “Picasso,” as they readied to tour for a new, young president, John F. Kennedy, and his sophisticated wife, Jackie. He needed to show sophistication and gravitas; in 1962, Graham and her twenty glowing dancers toured Greece, Turkey, Yugoslavia, Poland, Sweden, West Germany, Finland, the Netherlands, and Norway, traversing a complex geographic puzzle of territories contested between East and West, engaging with “containment,” the “Iron Curtain,” old-fashioned wartime European neutrality, and Bandung’s issues of nonalignment, all refashioned by the changing Cold War. Yet the tour would start in Israel, again courtesy of private funding. Greece and Turkey had been named by Truman in his “containment” policy, led by George Kennan; Graham performed as Clytemnestra for the Greeks. Kennan sponsored Graham as she went “behind the Iron Curtain” to Yugoslavia and Poland, where religious works were foregrounded to fight the Soviet “atheists.” As in 1957, she would perform in West Germany, a Cold War hotspot. In Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, and Norway, she engaged with European neutrality, nonalignment, and the Non-Aligned Movement that demanded softer power. As Graham aged, she presented increasingly sexually charged works with the cover of modernism and myth. Yet her alcoholism took hold and compromised her work. Many suggested this should be a “farewell tour.”
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708",
"type": "ebook platform"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3133073565
|
Religious Diversity in Public Education: A Comparative European Perspective
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Germany",
"display_name": "European Centre for Minority Issues",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I158579660",
"lat": 54.790283,
"long": 9.433448,
"type": "nonprofit"
}
],
"display_name": "Kyriaki Topidi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5057413897"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Diversity (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781316041"
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{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Interpretation (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C527412718"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Identity (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778355321"
},
{
"display_name": "Expression (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90559484"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19352297"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious identity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50718005"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322"
},
{
"display_name": "Public education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2983413640"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
},
{
"display_name": "Religiosity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779793952"
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{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C107038049"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Geometry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2524010"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3133073565
|
The chapter begins with the assumption that there is an inherent interest in allowing religious expression in any given society but not just for reasons of respect of individual rights. Beyond, that there are also arguments that the expression of religious rights contributes to the construction of identity, especially and particularly through the medium of public education. In order to make these points, the chapter proceeds a contrario and utilises different understandings of state neutrality as applied in the German and Turkish cases, as well as supra-nationally in Europe to demonstrate the need for a holistic interpretation of religious diversity in education.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W33962344
|
Between Islam and Kemalism: a comparative study of republican, liberal and political liberal models of secularism in Turkey
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "M. Muderrisoglu",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5034274765"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Secularism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11293438"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Normative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44725695"
},
{
"display_name": "Liberalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547727832"
},
{
"display_name": "Public sphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779610281"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W33962344
|
Secularism has recently become a topic of deep disagreement in Turkey. There are two main camps in the debate: Kemalist/secularists who defend a rigidly non-religious public sphere as the site of national self-expression; and Sunni believers who seek to redefine 'official secularism' in favour of religious liberty. This thesis attempts to construct two rival normative models of secularism from the republican and liberal traditions, and by delineating the boundaries of reasonable disagreement explore which model runs the best chance of being affirmed by both secular and religious citizens in Turkey. I argue that a third model that synthisises these two, John Rawls' political liberalism, provides the basis for an understanding of secularism that is best equipped to generate agreement between Kemalist and Islamist doctrines. I begin by analysing how political unity is achieved by civic religion in republican 'common ground' secularism, by religious neutrality in liberal 'independent ethic' secularism, and by an interplay between comprehensive and independent reasons in political liberal Rawlsian secularism. Then I provide a systematic survey of the affinities of Kemalist and Islamist conceptions with these normative models. This is accomplished by showing how the Kemalist conception of secularism combines republican and liberal approaches by a dual-commitment to the state-promotion of 'secularised national Islam' and religious neutrality in education and law. Finally, in order to emphasise the normative sources inherent to the Islamist conception of secularism, I explore the Orthodox-Sunni understanding of justice, the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, the Ottoman religious policy, and the reformist-popular Islamic discourse found in the works of Said Nursi and Fethullah Gulen.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London).",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306508231",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2505145317
|
Power and Its Promises
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Simon Payaslian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5012254944"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Empire",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778495208"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
},
{
"display_name": "Administration (probate law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780765947"
},
{
"display_name": "Nationalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521449643"
},
{
"display_name": "Hostility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781214261"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
},
{
"display_name": "Clinical psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70410870"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1692476111"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2505145317
|
The Ittihadist regime, now decidedly allied with Germany as one of the belligerents but confronted with the humiliations of the military defeats in Sarikamish and the Sinai Peninsula, was caught in the throes of fanatical nationalism and intense hostility toward foreign interference in their internal affairs. While expressing willingness to maintain good relations with the Wilson administration, the regime began to abuse American neutrality and threatened to close down American institutions in the Ottoman Empire. During his meetings with Minister of the Interior Mehmed Talaat Pasha, Ambassador Henry Morgenthau repeatedly requested that the Turkish authorities treat the American institutions in the empire as they would expect the U.S. government to treat foreign institutions in the United States.1
|
[
{
"display_name": "Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463717",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2888410921
|
Politics of Neutrality, Human Rights and Armed Struggles: The Turkey Example
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "Birkbeck, University of London",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I98259816",
"lat": 51.50853,
"long": -0.12574,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Ozan Kamiloğlu",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5068129041"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1971111499",
"https://openalex.org/W1975316848",
"https://openalex.org/W2005572195",
"https://openalex.org/W2056438909",
"https://openalex.org/W2078099845",
"https://openalex.org/W2079847354",
"https://openalex.org/W2605383079",
"https://openalex.org/W3121180914",
"https://openalex.org/W4229484605",
"https://openalex.org/W4242053761",
"https://openalex.org/W4248126338",
"https://openalex.org/W4251762122",
"https://openalex.org/W4252948923",
"https://openalex.org/W4255984838"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2888410921
|
This chapter focuses on an NGO from Turkey, Insan Haklari Dernegi, to follow how changing discourses of human rights are being translated, adopted, and debated by human rights activists. This brings into focus the political nature of adoption of Amnesty International’s (AI) changes in its mandate after the Yokohama meeting. The history of activists plays a role in the adoption of a dominant discourse of human rights, leading to changes in human rights meanings. Consequently, debates over the adoption of AI’s line indicate the depoliticizing effect of dominant discourses and a local resistance to it. These debates show how consideration of structural problems is being converted into bodily violence of victims, which leads to ethicization of the political this chapter supports.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Springer eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463937",
"type": "ebook platform"
},
{
"display_name": "Research Open (London South Bank University)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401135",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4223991258
|
Israeli neutrality on Russia will undermine US ties
|
[] |
[
{
"display_name": "Prime minister",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993486354"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Criticism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C7991579"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
},
{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Immigration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70036468"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4223991258
|
Significance Israel has been reluctant to condemn Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. To ward off international criticism, including from pro-Israeli US politicians, Prime Minister Naftali Bennett tried to position himself as a mediator. That effort has receded as Turkey has emerged as the more effective mediator, even hosting a round of peace talks. Impacts Israel reportedly faces an influx 100,000-300,000 Jewish immigrants from Russia and Ukraine. A fresh election could return Binyamin Netanyahu to power in another coalition government. The longer the war lasts, the greater the pressure will be for Israel to choose between Washington and Moscow.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Emerald expert briefings",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210217702",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4200570798
|
Turkey and Britain in World War II: Origins and Results of the Tripartite Alliance, 1935-40
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "SOAS University of London",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I31575130",
"lat": 51.50853,
"long": -0.12574,
"type": "education"
},
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of London",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I124357947",
"lat": 51.50853,
"long": -0.12574,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "William Hale",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5037090710"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Alliance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778431023"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779010840"
},
{
"display_name": "North Atlantic Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776161467"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "World War II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Period (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781291010"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Aesthetics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107038049"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4200570798
|
By concentrating on the period 1933–1940, this paper argues that Turkey’s decision to opt for neutrality during the Second World War was not part of a calculated long run strategy, but a abrupt reaction to the unexpected fall of France in the summer of 1940. To explain and expand these proposals, the paper summarizes Turkey’s economic relations with Britain and Germany during the 1930s and the state of its armed forces. This is followed by a discussion of the basic strategic ideas of both sides, and the military planning which preceded the signature of the tripartite alliance treaty between Britain, France and Turkey in October 1939. It closes with an outline of the collapse of the treaty in 1940, with an analysis of its serious weaknesses and their causes.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S160301912",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2462539185
|
The Zion Mule Corps
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Martin Watts",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5057706813"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
},
{
"display_name": "Palestine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Zionism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C58041660"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Jewish history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C25597596"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Jewish studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74481535"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Palestine",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2462539185
|
The origin of the Zion Mule Corps and its association with the founding of the Jewish Legion is an important and vital part of the history of Russian Jewish service in the British Army. In Chapter 1 mention was made of Pinhas Rutenberg and Vladimir Jabotinsky, who shared the idea of raising a Jewish force under the aegis of the western Allies. They were not alone. Russian Jewish exiles living in Palestine and Turkey were also considering Zionist participation in the war, but on the Ottoman side. Two of the leading activists, David Ben-Gurion and Isaac Ben-Zvi (the pair were known as the ‘Benim’), both of whom were to play a crucial part in the formation of an independent Israel, then saw the future interests of Zion as being best served by assisting the Turks. They feared that the neutrality officially espoused by the Zionist movement could discredit and endanger the Jews who had settled in Palestine under a benign Ottoman regime.1
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3003368176
|
Elusive gender: analysis of the cross-border humanitarian operation in northern Syria
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Spain",
"display_name": "University of Oviedo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I165339363",
"lat": 43.36029,
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}
],
"display_name": "C. Quintana",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5013372674"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Spain",
"display_name": "Autonomous University of Barcelona",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I123044942",
"lat": 41.49109,
"long": 2.14079,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Ignacio Fradejas‐García",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5043692567"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Vulnerability (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95713431"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender equality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992299759"
},
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanitarian aid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C521897407"
},
{
"display_name": "Inclusion (mineral)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109359841"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Field (mathematics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623"
},
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "International humanitarian law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778573023"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanitarian crisis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777742874"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Refugee",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173145845"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
},
{
"display_name": "Pure mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C202444582"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Syria"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W143630628",
"https://openalex.org/W1566306908",
"https://openalex.org/W1972407812",
"https://openalex.org/W2031426544",
"https://openalex.org/W2989932219"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3003368176
|
This article analyzes the inclusion of the gender approach in the humanitarian operation carried out in response to the conflict in northern Syria that is coordinated from Turkey under the umbrella of the United Nations. The research is framed in the gender and humanitarian action studies and connected with the women's human rights claims initiated by the feminism. The text concludes that there is not a clear understanding of this concept among humanitarian personnel in addition to the fact that gender equality is absent in programming, despite the existence of a theoretical development on gender and humanitarian action. On the contrary, in this operation prevails the paradigm of humanitarian action as a tool for assistance to all victims according to their degree of vulnerability under the principle of neutrality, without seeking to transform gender relations. This article also exposes the practical difficulties to apply a gender-based approach devised as a standard tool that does not match with multiples realities faced by humanitarian workers in the field.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Perifèria: Revista de Recerca i Formació en Antropologia",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2738100021",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400380",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2551411210
|
El uso del hiyab en países europeos un dilema entre la libertad religiosa y la seguridad en democracia
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Araujo Erazo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5048172082"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "María Fernanda",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5021585447"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Legislature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83009810"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Welfare economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C549774020"
},
{
"display_name": "Inequality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C45555294"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematical analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2551411210
|
The use of the hijab or Islamic headscarf presents an interesting challenge for gender equality, state neutrality and public security in democracy. This qualitative research addresses the debate on the legislative restriction of this element. Forbidding the hijab means limiting the human right to religious freedom. However, this is seen as valid in a democratic society because public order is guaranteed. Also, this law promotes values of tolerance, peace and equality. In contrast, others argue that this measure infringes on fundamental rights, and it could generate inequality and discrimination. The cases of Sahin vs. Turkey and Dahlab vs. Switzerland in particular allow us to discuss important questions about this controversy that could promote to social groups to continue the debate in the academic, social and political fields.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2099286767
|
Balancing secularism with religious freedom: in Lautsi v. Italy, the European Court of Human Rights evolved
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Australia",
"display_name": "University of Southern Queensland",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I185523456",
"lat": -27.56056,
"long": 151.95386,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Vito Breda",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5065403585"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Secularism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11293438"
},
{
"display_name": "Pluralism (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C49831778"
},
{
"display_name": "Jurisprudence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71043370"
},
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
},
{
"display_name": "Legal pluralism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107525826"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Margin of appreciation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776931949"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious pluralism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777345323"
},
{
"display_name": "Fundamental rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95691615"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Legal realism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C131330614"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Comparative law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149209484"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W209448546",
"https://openalex.org/W586700774",
"https://openalex.org/W650232963",
"https://openalex.org/W1529149937",
"https://openalex.org/W1531984392",
"https://openalex.org/W1540551934",
"https://openalex.org/W1577421628",
"https://openalex.org/W1656306099",
"https://openalex.org/W1965936219",
"https://openalex.org/W1968920975",
"https://openalex.org/W1976708218",
"https://openalex.org/W2088360360",
"https://openalex.org/W2120704806",
"https://openalex.org/W2152079407",
"https://openalex.org/W2412756172",
"https://openalex.org/W2734908742"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2099286767
|
Until recently, the principles of secularism, religious pluralism and state neutrality have been perceived in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) as partially overlapping concepts. However, in Lautsi and others v. Italy, the Grand Chamber of the ECtHR has – in a landmark decision – qualified the interplay between these ideas. This essay will argue that Lautsi v. Italy signals a turning point in the previous ECtHR jurisprudence, which often associated secularism with the protection of pluralism and democracy.
There are two main consequences of the decision. Firstly, the ECtHR recognised that a state's neutrality cannot be deductively constructed as a logical manifestation of secularism. For instance, in Sahin v. Turkey, the Grand Chamber explicitly embraced the narrative of the Turkish Constitutional Court that allied secularism with a defence of pluralism. Secondly, in Lautsi v. Italy, the ECtHR recognised the epistemic implications of pluralism. Pluralism as a legal concept demands the recognition of diversity and the acceptance of a dialogue that transforms a multitude of legal orders (and a plurality of perceptions of the good life represented by such a multitude), in procedures aimed at accommodating concurring individual rights.
I argue that the recognition of pluralism and the democratic practices that qualify that pluralism should be a point of departure for the jurisprudence of the ECtHR in areas such as the display of religious symbols in classrooms. This approach serves as an alternative to the practice of balancing rights, which greatly restricts the breadth of religious freedom and de jure imposes a monist conception of rational thinking.
The essay will be divided into three sections, preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion. The first part will discuss how the antagonistic relationship between theism and secularism in Italy has shaped the issues of religious symbols in the schoolroom. I will argue that concurring views of the significance of symbols have historically been part of Italy's cultural heritage and that there are strong indications that such a democratic dialogue will continue without a definitive solution being reached.
In the second section, I will explain the benefits of accepting pluralism as a criterion for assessing the extent of religious freedom in signatory states. A short third section will suggest a procedure that democratically accommodates concurrent rights.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2502540887
|
Cracks in the Edifice
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Tufts University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I121934306",
"lat": 42.41843,
"long": -71.10616,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Malik Mufti",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5023586563"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Alliance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778431023"
},
{
"display_name": "Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779010840"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Friendship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778736484"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "North Atlantic Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776161467"
},
{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
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{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2502540887
|
In mid-March 1945, Ankara received a note from the Soviet government announcing its intention not to renew the 1925 Friendship and Neutrality Treaty and demanding military basing rights along the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits, the cession of Kars and Ardahan provinces in the east, and lesser territorial adjustments in favor of Bulgaria in the west. For Turkey’s leaders the entente with Moscow, that had formed the basis of their foreign policy since 1920, seemed to vanish like a mirage. After some initial vacillation, Washington responded by unveiling the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947 and sending the USS Missouri on a port call to Istanbul two months later. This led to a bilateral treaty between the two countries and, after the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 4 April 1949, to a campaign by the Turkish government to join that security alliance as well.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463716",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2547824545
|
From ‘Equilibrium’ to ‘Hand in Hand with Germany’, April to October 1939
|
[
{
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{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University College London",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I45129253",
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"long": -0.12574,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Rebecca Haynes",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5071673341"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Romanian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129400051"
},
{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199776023"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Eastern Bloc",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779530609"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322"
},
{
"display_name": "German government",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993334571"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "European union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868"
},
{
"display_name": "West germany",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3020252794"
},
{
"display_name": "Soviet union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017612487"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2547824545
|
In the months following the signing of the March 1939 economic accord between Romania and Germany, the Romanian government strenuously resisted British attempts to incorporate Romania into an anti-German bloc in Eastern Europe. The Romanian government was determined to retain neutrality or ‘equilibrium’ between the Great Powers and, within this, to continue its policy of gradually improving relations with the Reich. Gafencu and Carol still entertained the hope of receiving a territorial guarantee from the Reich. Hence, in order to avoid antagonising the Germans, Carol and his government sought to avoid any reciprocal agreements with the West during the negotiations which surrounded the granting of the Anglo-French guarantee in April 1939. Likewise, the Romanians prevented their country becoming an object of negotiation between the West, Turkey and the Soviet Union during 1939. Far from being the ‘victim’ of the West’s unwillingness to assist Eastern Europe, Romanian foreign-policy initiatives were a major factor in thwarting Britain’s attempts to create an anti-German bloc in the region.2
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4233533936
|
1939–1980
|
[
{
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "University of Florida",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I33213144",
"lat": 29.65163,
"long": -82.32483,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "William H. Woodruff",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5034066051"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Appeasement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75732639"
},
{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "World War II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
},
{
"display_name": "Declaration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138147947"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "First world war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991833021"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4233533936
|
At dawn on 1 September 1939 the German Army began its long-prepared invasion of Poland. Two days later, Britain and France were at war with Germany, and the Second Great War had begun. Until then the democracies had clung to the hope that, by one means or another, they could avoid war. Every diplomatic maneuver was employed. In 1938, at Munich, Britain and France had played for time by resorting to appeasement. A similar effort made by the Russians in August 1939 to appease Hitler, while it had bought time and had given them eastern Poland, the northern Baltic states, and Bessarabia, had also failed. Nor did the Declaration of Neutrality made by Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states at Copenhagen in 1938 serve any better. Regardless of what tactics were used by the lesser powers, only Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Switzerland, and Sweden avoided being committed.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463716",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4388661130
|
Religious Approaches to Constitutionalism: Empirical Scholarship and Exceptionalism
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Seattle University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I58610484",
"lat": 47.61039,
"long": -122.31714,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Russell Powell",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5080645062"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Constitutionalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70999106"
},
{
"display_name": "Exceptionalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777995107"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Freedom of religion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775854416"
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{
"display_name": "Legislation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777351106"
},
{
"display_name": "Constitutional law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18650270"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4388661130
|
Abstract Nearly half of all countries have official religions or give preference to specific religious traditions. Most countries with an official religion are majority Muslim; however, most of those with a preference for particular religious traditions are majority Christian. This paper considers empirical data related to constitutional references to specific religions as a framework for a discussion of the comparative constitutional histories of Turkey and the Republic of Ireland. Both moved from systems that preferred their majority religions to ostensive neutrality. This analysis reinforces the importance of religion in law and policy regardless of cultural context and constitutional choices. Constitutional drafters have established a number of approaches to the treatment of religion, including freedom of religion, establishment of religion, separation of religion and state, neutrality, official religion, conformity, repugnancy, and sources of law/legislation. Although these linguistic choices are significant, they may not result in consistent practices across jurisdictions.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Arab Law Quarterly",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S95711876",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2618402355
|
The Paid Vote: America's Neutrality During the Greek War for Independence
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jared Jacavone",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5034403846"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Independence (probability theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C35651441"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Greeks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182767506"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Classics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C74916050"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2618402355
|
This thesis will center upon the level of involvement Americans had in the Greek War of Independence from 1821-1829 despite remaining neutral during the conflict. Primarily focusing on the contributions of individuals and organizations, the thesis will discuss the political actions that occurred to support the Greeks, and how different American citizens contributed to the conflict. In addition, the text will explore why the United States did not formally give support to the war despite the philhellenism of prominent political figures, such as Thomas Jefferson and Daniel Webster. Groups and individuals in the Boston area had competing interests that both helped and hindered aid to the Greek cause. Trade interests with China and Turkey motivated Bostonian elites to press Congress to stay out of the conflict. These same forces, however, along with political likening to the cause, fueled individual efforts that provided private American aid to the Greek Independence Movement.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4327509857
|
Serbia and the Russia–Ukraine War: Implications and Challenges I.
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Dániel Harangozó",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5037634281"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Serbian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778408831"
},
{
"display_name": "Sanctions",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778069335"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "International relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311"
},
{
"display_name": "Security policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154908896"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4327509857
|
The outbreak of the Russia–Ukraine war in February 2022 has had a marked effect on the Western Balkan region. Among the countries of this region, Serbia is in a unique situation due to its military neutrality, and the fact that it follows a balancing foreign policy between the Western powers on the one hand, and Russia, Turkey, and China on the other hand, also maintaining close political and security ties with these three powers. The present paper reviews the challenges that have faced the country since the outbreak of the war in terms foreign, security, and defence policy. It answers three questions: how Serbian foreign policy has reacted to the international sanctions on Russia enacted in the wake of the invasion, what challenges Serbian military neutrality or non- alignment has faced since the outbreak of the war, and how the war and international sanctions have affected Serbian-Russian defence cooperation.
|
[
{
"display_name": "KKI-elemzések",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210235086",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2892505017
|
Other Fronts and Conflicts in German Nursing Accounts
|
[
{
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "University of Connecticut",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I140172145",
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"long": -72.2525,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Margaret R. Higonnet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5056762225"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
},
{
"display_name": "Duty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779103253"
},
{
"display_name": "Adversary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Prison",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780656516"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Hostility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781214261"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Nursing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C159110408"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W755790965",
"https://openalex.org/W2411087535",
"https://openalex.org/W2480403465",
"https://openalex.org/W2898330621",
"https://openalex.org/W3183022020",
"https://openalex.org/W4246274140",
"https://openalex.org/W4248351515"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2892505017
|
Conflicts in German-speaking nurses’ accounts of the Great War point to the stress of their service in Finland, Russia, and Poland, as well as Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey and Croatia. Ranging from a seventeen-year-old volunteer to a trained middle-aged professional, these women worked first in the rear echelon, then also in field hospitals, sanitary trains and prison camps. Their diaries and letters express three kinds of conflict in line with their dedication to their soldier-brothers. Their hostility to enemy culture pulled against their medical duty of neutrality. Even more strikingly they responded with irony and defiance to institutional and organizational challenges they had to meet, as they assumed new roles that gave them self-confidence. Dealings with lazy or corrupt medical superiors, the military, and prostitutes tested their medical and diplomatic skills and elicited powerfully ironic indictments. Facing the contradictions of military medicine, nurses voiced inner conflicts that point toward trauma.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of War and Culture Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S20073798",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2495144256
|
The Membership Question and Neo-Enlargement, 1948–9
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mark C. Smith",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5004830589"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779010840"
},
{
"display_name": "North Atlantic Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776161467"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Negotiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199776023"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Subject (documents)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777855551"
},
{
"display_name": "Competition (biology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C91306197"
},
{
"display_name": "Resizing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C56281022"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "European union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2069565181",
"https://openalex.org/W2505853602",
"https://openalex.org/W2940162806"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2495144256
|
George Kennan, a prominent member of the State Department team that negotiated the North Atlantic Treaty (and a long-standing critic of NATO), has remarked that one of the most difficult parts of treaty negotiations is not who to include but who to exclude: who is to be left out, and on what grounds?1 Kennan reasoned, with consistency but with little success, that a North Atlantic Treaty should be strictly geographical in membership and thus composed only of states ‘whose shores were washed by the waters of the North Atlantic’. This would have the advantages of (a) being clearly a defensive pact and therefore not likely to provoke the Soviet Union into a sort of competition for allies; and (b) possessing solidly delineated membership criteria and therefore not subject to grey areas (it would not, for example, include Italy, Greece or Turkey). Kennan argued that: A particularly unfortunate effect of going beyond the North Atlantic area would be that we would thereby raise for every country in Europe the question: to belong or not to belong… If individual countries rejected membership or were refused membership, the Russians could make political capital out of this, either way.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463716",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4386183209
|
Carbon neutrality orientation and carbon neutral cities
|
[
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{
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"display_name": "University of Sunderland",
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"lat": 54.90465,
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{
"country": "United Kingdom",
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"display_name": "Shajara Ul‐Durar",
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{
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{
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"display_name": "Aksaray University",
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{
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"display_name": "Abdul Jabbar",
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C126172416"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780936489"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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[
"Turkey"
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"https://openalex.org/W3125077876",
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"https://openalex.org/W3184690002",
"https://openalex.org/W3188774287",
"https://openalex.org/W3198735988"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4386183209
|
This chapter discusses the importance of carbon neutrality with regard to carbon-neutral cities to achieve net zero targets so that global warming can be reduced. The studies confirm that human beings cause global warming, but luckily, there is hope that humans can control it by taking positive steps. To achieve this target, several countries have pledged to become carbon neutral till 2050 so that the world can be saved from the detrimental effects of global warming. Countries globally are taking initiatives by making laws such as putting controls and restrictions on industries and sectors to reduce carbon emissions. It is crucial that businesses must take measures to reduce their carbon footprint for enhanced environmental management. All this needs careful planning to maintain sustainable economic growth. The chapter will also look into the example of Turkey, becoming a carbon-neutral city where all societal segments play a role in reducing carbon emissions.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Elsevier eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463230",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4388345353
|
Embarkation and Encampment at Varna
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Frances Isabella Duberly",
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},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Christine Kelly",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5041917668"
}
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[
{
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Genealogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C53553401"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4388345353
|
Abstract The French and British armies arrived at Varna in early June and set up camp in the countryside around the town, ready to aid the Turks besieged at Silistria, seventy miles away (see map, p. 20). After invading Wallachia (modern Rumania), the Russians had concentrated their attack on Silistria in an attempt to cross the Danube, march into Bulgaria and advance on Constantinople. In the event no troops were sent by the Allies (apart from two young British officers), and it looked as though the fortress would fall despite the Turks’ determined stand against increasingly overwhelming odds. But the siege ended abruptly when the Austrians, who had earlier declared their neutrality, issued an ultimatum to the Tsar on 18 June: either he withdrew his army from the principalities north of the Danube or Austria would support Turkey. Four days later the Russians withdrew. Meanwhile the Austrians agreed to occupy the principalities for the duration of the war.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3141634076
|
Electricity consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from MENA countries
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jamal Bouoiyour",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5050305149"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Refk Selmi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5018349497"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Nexus (standard)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148609458"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Cointegration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145162277"
},
{
"display_name": "Panel data",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6422946"
},
{
"display_name": "Linkage (software)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31266012"
},
{
"display_name": "Electricity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C206658404"
},
{
"display_name": "Bivariate analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64341305"
},
{
"display_name": "Causality (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64357122"
},
{
"display_name": "Consumption (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30772137"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy consumption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780165032"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125"
},
{
"display_name": "International economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197"
},
{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
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{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
},
{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485"
},
{
"display_name": "Gene",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104317684"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3141634076
|
The objective of this study is to investigate the causality between electricity consumption and economic growth for a panel of twelve MENA countries (seven energy exporters and five energy importers) over the period 1975–2010 within a bivariate framework. To examine this linkage, we applied panel cointegration methods and panel causality test. Our results show that 16.66% of MENA countries supported the growth hypothesis, 25% the conservation hypothesis, 33.33% the feedback hypothesis and 25% the neutrality hypothesis. Furthermore, we found that 14.28% of MENA energy exporters supported the growth hypothesis at the same way of conservation hypothesis, 42.88% the feedback hypothesis and 28.57% the neutrality hypothesis. Thereafter, we argue that Iran and Turkey are leaders in terms of the interaction between energy usage and growth. This may be mainly due to a good structuring of the electricity sector. This favorable position of these economies comparable to the rest of MENA countries leads to an essential recommendation which is the reorganization of the electricity sector.
|
[
{
"display_name": "MPRA Paper",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306520297",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2330021530
|
THE CLASH BETWEEN FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION AND SECULARISM WITHIN THE TURKISH LEGAL SYSTEM = TÜRKİYE’DEKİ HUKUK DÜZENİNDE SEKÜLERİZM VE İBADET ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ ÇATIŞMASI
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Saadet Yüksel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5008585247"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Secularism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11293438"
},
{
"display_name": "Free Exercise Clause",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C104636517"
},
{
"display_name": "Constitution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776154427"
},
{
"display_name": "Separation of church and state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778219340"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Freedom of religion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775854416"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Ideology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158071213"
},
{
"display_name": "Proportionality (law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C183763965"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Supreme court",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778272461"
},
{
"display_name": "Human rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C169437150"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "First amendment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994536602"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2330021530
|
Laicism as a model of separation between state and religion/secularism is often studied for its role in Turkey’s ideology of Republican nationalism. Turkish Constitutional Court should approach cases regarding free exercise not only as an issue of laicism but also as an issue of the relationship between laicism and free exercise. Considering the issue as one beyond just the separation of religion and state does not mean that religious sensibilities will always win or lose but it requires evaluating whether there is a violation of religious freedom as one of the fundamental rights and freedoms. This approach would be helpful to enable the coexistence of respect for religious beliefs and the state’s neutrality toward religion. Thus, first, the development of Turkish practice of laicism and Constitutional Court’s approach towards free exercise issues are discussed. Finally, application of proportionality standard in cases of free exercise, which is guaranteed under the article 24 of the Constitution, is introduced and elaborated. Keywords: Laicism, secularism, religious freedom, proportionality standard TURKIYE’DEKI HUKUK DUZENINDE SEKULERIZM VE IBADET OZGURLUĞU CATISMASI Ozet Turkiye’de laiklik su ana kadar din-devlet ayriligi/sekulerizm modeli olmasinin otesinde, cumhuriyetin onemli degerlerinden biri olmasi yonuyle calisilmistir. Anayasa Mahkemesinin ozellikle ibadet ozgurlugu taleplerine iliskin degerlendirmesi, sadece laikligi degil, laiklik ve ibadet ozgurlugu iliskisini dikkate almayi da gerektirmektedir. Bu iliskinin goz onunde bulundurulmasi, bu taleplerin her durumda kabul edilecegi veya reddedilecegi anlamina gelmese de, bir ozgurluk degerlendirmesini zorunlu kilacaktir. Bu degerlendirme, farkli din ve inanclara saygi ile devletin tarafsizliginin ayni anda saglanmasini da beraberinde getirebilir. Bu nedenle calismada oncelikle, Turkiye’de laiklik anlayisinin gelisimi, Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin ibadet ozgurlugu taleplerine iliskin yaklasimi degerlendirilmistir. Sonrasinda da, Mahkemenin, ozellikle bireysel basvuru yoluyla onune gelecek ibadet ozgurlugu taleplerini, Anayasanin 24. maddesine guvence altina alinan bir hak ve ozgurluk olarak degerlendirirken, olcululuk standardini nasil uygulayacagi incelenmekte ve oneriler getirilmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Laiklik, sekulerizm, din ozgurlugu, olcululuk standardi
|
[
{
"display_name": "Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306519944",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3092577673
|
A History of the Modern Middle East, 4th ed.
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Amr G. E. Sabet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5020597876"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Conceptualization",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C90734943"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Generality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780767217"
},
{
"display_name": "Middle East",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
},
{
"display_name": "Narrative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199033989"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Literature",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C124952713"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychotherapist",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C542102704"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Sudan",
"Iran",
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3092577673
|
This extensive and lucid book provides a laudable introduction to the politicalhistory of the Middle East, tracing its development from Islam’s rise inthe seventh century to the recent direct American military involvement inIraq and Afghanistan. While the opening chapters start with Islam’s “rise andexpansion,” however, the book’s main chronological focus centers on thelate eighteenth century onward. This only adds to its current status. The geographicalarea covered is from Egypt to Iran, and from Turkey to the ArabianPeninsula. Some omission, however, was necessary (e.g., western NorthAfrica, Sudan, and Afghanistan) in order to keep the book manageable (p.xiii). While extensiveness and generality frequently lead to unavoidable simplificationand superficiality, this book nevertheless contains an insightfulanalysis of the continuum of events and transformations that have helpedshape the region’s history and geography. The authors are to be praised fortheir grasp and clear conceptualization of core issues, as well as for theireffort to maintain a good measure of narrative neutrality and thus eschewingthe usual prejudices and biases ...
|
[
{
"display_name": "American journal of Islam and society",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210194698",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2337126099
|
From neutrality to action
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Leeds",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I130828816",
"lat": 53.79648,
"long": -1.54785,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "John Gooch",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5043269848"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Action (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780791683"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2337126099
|
Our sword weighs too little and cannot tilt the balance . Antonio Di San Giuliano, 12 September 1914 In August 1914 the five European Great Powers went to war and nine months later Italy joined in, fighting against her pre-war ally Austria–Hungary. In coming to this decision, her diplomats had to consider not only Italy’s place in a future balance of power but also complex regional issues involving the Balkans, Turkey and even north and east Africa. The final decision was the result of a combination of calculation and guesswork in which domestic policy issues played only a secondary role. Her soldiers had problems of their own to resolve. A half-trained conscript army had to be readied for war; grave shortages of equipment had somehow to be made up; and strategic plans had to be devised in circumstances in which the mobilising army might be surprised by its enemy but could hope for no such advantage itself. Success depended heavily upon favourable strategic circumstances in other theatres – something that was not to be.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306462995",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4382934949
|
Towards a nuclear multipolar world and its spillover effects
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mehmet ALKANALKA",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5064202281"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Nuclear weapon",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C194110935"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549"
},
{
"display_name": "International security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C509929229"
},
{
"display_name": "International relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Spillover effect",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55527203"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Microeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C175444787"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Saudi Arabia",
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4382934949
|
This article analyzes the changes in international structure after the Russia-Ukraine War and its impact on Europe’s security and spill over effects. The major impact of the war on the security of Europe and the world is the serious reawakening of the nuclear dimension of international relations. With the threat of Russian nuclear weapons, Sweden and Finland abandoned their neutrality and applied it to become NATO members. This study reviews national security and defense strategy documents and reports of the USA, France and Germany in light of neo-realism. In the post-Russia-Ukraine War analysis of 2022 documents and reports of the aforementioned countries, we will see more complicated and security-oriented international relations in the next decade because of the transition to a nuclear multipolar international structure. The new international structure seems more complicated because nuclear multipolar aspect rather than bipolar one. States will either seek a nuclear umbrella or develop nuclear weapons in the face of the first nuclear multipolar international structure. This may also affect Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Japan and South Korea. This suggests nuclear proliferation risk.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi dergisi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210226621",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2056053087
|
A Translation and Critical Review of Yu Kil-Chun's <i>On Neutrality</i>
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "In Kwan Hwang",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5012674680"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Independence (probability theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C35651441"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W560638495",
"https://openalex.org/W588347372",
"https://openalex.org/W623671857",
"https://openalex.org/W1974919995",
"https://openalex.org/W2024878828",
"https://openalex.org/W2054541162",
"https://openalex.org/W2321778696",
"https://openalex.org/W2332251680",
"https://openalex.org/W2797682502",
"https://openalex.org/W2801966198"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2056053087
|
A Translation and Critical Review of Yu Kil-Chun's On Neutrality In Kwan Hwang I. The Translation* In general there are two kinds ofneutrality practiced in international relations: simple neutrality, in time of war, and perpetual (or permanent) neutrality. Simple neutrality is the condition of a state which, in time of war, takes no part in the hostilities. In time of war between two states, the neighboring states can declare a neutral zone beyond which the belligerents cannot cross, and let the two belligerents settle the war between themselves, within their own territorial boundaries. If a neutral state cannot maintain its neutrality, due to its weakness, its neighboring states may offer joint defense for its neutrality. This practice of offering joint defense under extraordinary circumstances is sanctioned by customary international law. Perpetual (or permanent) neutrality, on the other hand, is the status of institutionalized neutrality for a small, weak state whose strategicgeopolitical location may become a security threat to its neighboring states, ifit is not able to maintain its own independence, due to rivalries among the greater powers. Thus, perpetual neutrality is a special international status which is usually brought about by international agreements or conventions between the state-to-be neutralized and a group of other states, in order to collectively protect and guarantee the independence of the neutral state (permanently), both in time ofwar and in time ofpeace. Ifthe neutrality of a state is violated, it is expected that the guarantor states would apply a collective sanction against the violator, in order to preserve the neutrality. At present Belgium and Bulgaria, in Europe, are examples of such neutrality, and several islands in the Black Sea region are designated as neutral zones. As a rule international law recognizes only a sovereign, independent state as eligible to acquire the neutral status. For example, I HWANG Belgium is such a country. However, Bulgaria has established a status of neutrality (autonomy) under the suzerainty of Turkey (the Ottoman Empire), to which it still sends tribute. Several islands in the Black Sea region, which are under the control of other states, also enjoy the status of neutrality. Such practice of informal neutrality is protected by international law. Today, geopolitically speaking, our country (Korea) is situated in the most strategic area in Asia, as Belgium is in Europe. Politically Korea is much like Bulgaria, under Turkey's suzerainty, as it sends tribute to China. But unlike Bulgaria, Korea has established numerous diplomatic and trade relations with other countries as an independent and equal state. However, our country is not similar to Belgium in that it is still under suzerain-vassal relationship with China. In any case, the international political status of our country is similar to that of Belgium and Bulgaria put together. While the perpetual neutrality of Belgium was established by the greater European powers to create a state of equilibrium in Europe as a policy of mutual security, the Bulgarian neutrality (autonomy) came into being as a result ofthe European policy to halt the southward expansionism of the Russian Empire. Viewed in this context, the neutrality of our country of Asia would also serve as a deterrent to the Russian southward movement, and as an instrument for guaranteeing the security ofall the great powers involved in Asia. Russia has vast territory and a large army; she never ceases to expand her domain by swallowing up small countries in Central Asia and enslaving their people on the pretext ofprotecting them. Although it is a well-known fact that, in general, the great powers have a penchant for dominating and absorbing the lesser powers, Russia is most notorious for its flagrant violations of the international code of behavior, for its barbarism, and for its never-ending pursuit of territorial expansion and Russification. Using the religious conflicts among the believers as a pretext, Russia went to war with Turkey and occupied Moldavia and Walachia, expanding its territory into the European sphere of influence. At this juncture the major European powers, namely Great Britain and France, together with other countries, offered joint assistance to Turkey, in order to stop the Russian aggression. Unable to resist the European pressure, and realizing the difficulties of fighting in...
|
[
{
"display_name": "Korean Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210213186",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4324272557
|
Serbia and the Russia–Ukraine War: Implications and Challenges II.
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Dániel Harangozó",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5059351867"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Diversification (marketing strategy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C180916674"
},
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Energy security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777172336"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549"
},
{
"display_name": "Territorial integrity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776324910"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Electrical engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485"
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{
"display_name": "Marketing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370"
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{
"display_name": "Renewable energy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188573790"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4324272557
|
The outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war in February 2022 has had a marked effect on the Western Balkan region. Among the countries of this region, Serbia is in a unique situation due to its military neutrality, and the fact that it follows a balancing foreign policy between the Western powers on the one hand, and Russia, Turkey, and China on the other hand, also maintaining close political, economic, and security ties with the latter two powers. The second part of the paper continues to review the consequences and challenges of the war on Serbia by examining the energy domain. Russian exposure in Serbia’s energy sector, apart from the near-total reliance on Moscow for gas imports, is compounded by the fact that the most important oil company of the country, Naftna Industrija Srbije (NIS) is majority-owned by Gazprom Group. As with other countries in the Central and Eastern European region as well as wider Europe, the diversification of sources and decreasing the reliance on Russian energy will take considerable time for Serbia. Cooperation both with Serbia’s neighbours and the countries of the region (e.g. Bulgaria and Greece) will play a significant role in the diversification of both sources and supply routes.
|
[
{
"display_name": "KKI-elemzések",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210235086",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2654217734
|
Uloga diplomacije u borbi za opstanak Dubrovnika nakon velikog potresa (1667.)
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Katija Matušić",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5058310066"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Diplomacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C557252395"
},
{
"display_name": "Compromise",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C46355384"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779010840"
},
{
"display_name": "Battle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824"
},
{
"display_name": "Offensive",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176856949"
},
{
"display_name": "The Republic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C152212766"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Humanities",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15708023"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "Art",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C142362112"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Management",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2654217734
|
The 17th century of the Dubrovnik Republic can be remembered as an extremly dramatic and dynamic period, thanks to the natural disaster as such as the big earthquake in 1667. and diplomatic battle after the earthquake. The survival and reconstruction of the city after 1667. was led by exceptional diplomats that were in great political relations and connections with other countries, such as Turkey, Spain, Austria and the Vatican, protected the national, commercial, and political interests of Dubrovnik. The foundation of Dubrovnik’s diplomacy is founded by maintaining neutrality, compromise, and agreement with everyone. Thanks to this type of politics, little Dubrovnik was the key factor of stability and peaceful cooperation on the whole southeastern European area, much sooner than these facts took place in the politic theories and practice in other countries. Diplomats Nikolica Bunic, Marojica Kaboga, and Stjepan Gradic contributed to the survival of the Republic after the earthquake, because they had the political wisdom, bravery and discretion for the moves that saved Dubrovnik. Every diplomatic action was proven successful, i.e. consultations with the pope and the cardinal Barberini, diplomatic offensive with the Venetians, and the treaty with Kara Mustafa, all these contributed to the survival and reconstruction of the city from then until today.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4224120867
|
The Kurds in the U.S. Iraqi Policy in 1958–1960
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Alexey Sennikov",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5054047419"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Communism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C542948173"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Middle East",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
},
{
"display_name": "Memoir",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C177897776"
},
{
"display_name": "Administration (probate law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780765947"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Period (music)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781291010"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Acoustics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24890656"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Iran",
"Iraq",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4224120867
|
Introduction. The article deals with the U.S. Middle East Policy of the Eisenhower Administration in 1958–1960 and determines the part the Kurdish Question played in it. Methods and materials. The study is based on the latest U.S. declassified documents, interviews, memoirs, etc. The author does the problem-chronological analysis to describe the stages of the U.S. Policy toward Iraqi Kurds during the period specified. Analysis. The article is focused on the U.S. diplomatic and intelligence activities aimed at developing approaches to the “communist crisis” and disagreements that arose in the expert community regarding policy decisions. The author considers the U.S. relations with their regional partners (Turkey, Israel, Iran, etc.) on the issues of the “Iraqi crisis” and the Kurdish liberation movement. The paper describes Washington’s attitude to Mullah Mustafa Barzani – the Kurdish movement leader – and the KDP activities during Iraq’s post-Revolution instability. The author analyzes and summarizes the reasons why the U.S. was reluctant to involve in the domestic conflict between Qasim’s followers, Nationalists, Nasserites, Communists and Kurds. Results. The article shows that the CIA and the State Department often misjudged Qasim’s relationship with the Iraqi Communist Party and the national Kurdish movement and, as a result, did not have enough time to respond to the rapidly changing political situation, thus adopting the policy of benevolent neutrality.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriâ 4. Istoriâ, Regionovedenie, Meždunarodnye Otnošeniâ",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2739207624",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2513137020
|
SYRIAN CURDS IN STRUGGLE FOR THEIR RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Serhii Ivanov",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5026043587"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Opposition (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780668109"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Middle East",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnic group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100"
},
{
"display_name": "Negotiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199776023"
},
{
"display_name": "Indigenous",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55958113"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnic conflict",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777593458"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Territorial integrity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776324910"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnic Cleansing",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2909322583"
},
{
"display_name": "Genocide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204342414"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Syria",
"Iran",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2513137020
|
For thousands of years, the Kurds have lived in the territory of the present-day Syria and in adjacent countries, always playing an important role in the political and public life of the Middle East. Unfortunately, after the World War I, the victorious powers did not let the Kurds create their own state, and as a result, they became ethnic minorities in Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. For a long time, the authorities of all these states have been pursuing a policy of forced assimilation of Kurds ignoring their ethnic rights and freedoms. The toppling of Saddam Hussein in Iraq and the civil war in Syria gave a chance for the Iraqi and Syrian Kurds to create their own autonomous areas. The Kurdish communities in Iraq and Syria play a very important role in stabilization of the situation in the respective countries and in the region as a whole. Due to their ethnic and religious tolerance, the Kurds have been trying to keep neutrality in inter-Arab conflicts and have turned into one of the main military forces resisting the Islamists. The Kurdish community's People’s Defense Units managed not only to defend the indigenous territories of the Syrian Kurdistan, but also to oust jihadi fighters from a number of adjoining areas. Yet the readiness of Kurds to cooperate with any political and military forces in Syria interested in stability and safety of the region has not been rewarded. Neither Damascus, nor the opposition have invited Kurds to the negotiating table in Geneva and have not given them any guarantees that their ethnic rights will be provided for in the country’s new Constitution. The inertial thinking of the existing Arab authorities still does not allow to perceive Kurds as an important and equal part of the Syrian society. The pre-war situation of Kurds as "second class people" also suits most of the external actors involved in Syria. Bashar Assad's representatives continue to ignore them in every respect, and avoid any promises and guarantees to the Kurdish minority regarding the implementation of its legitimate rights and freedoms. For these reasons, the Syrian Kurds may be only at the initial stage of their fight for self-determination. So far, neither Damascus, nor the Syrian opposition have voiced their support for the Kurdish autonomy which has been set up de facto in the north of the country, and the authorities of the neighboring Turkey periodically conduct heavy artillery strikes against the Kurdish enclaves in Syria. Meanwhile, the option of Syria's federalization proposed by the Kurds deserves the closest attention, and it is not to be ruled out that this project could allow to keep the Syrian state together. The democratic self-government in the Kurdish regions of Syria has been set up as a Kurdish ideological response to the attempts made by radical Islamists to destroy the Syrian state and to build a new Islamic caliphate (similar to the one that existed in the 7th century AD) on its territory. The Kurdish experience can become both an attractive model for a peaceful resolution of ethno-confessional problems in the Middle East and an alternative to the throwback that the Islamists are trying to impose.
|
[
{
"display_name": "World Economy and International Relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S1005771865",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2197920767
|
대한제국기 궁내부 고문관 샌즈(W. F. Sands)의 개혁론과 중립화안의 성격
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "김현숙",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5090543467"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318"
},
{
"display_name": "Territorial integrity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776324910"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2197920767
|
W.F. Sands(1874-1946), who was an American ex-diplomat became a royal political advisor to the Korean Emperor at the age of 25. He exemplified the late 19th and the early 20th century western thoughts and intellectual trends. His basic thoughts and contents lied on orientalism and white man's mission to civilize the barbarious and poverty stricken impoverished Korea. From this basic intellectual thoughts, Sands' initiated a reform, 'Pre-Reform Post-Neutrality', but this was hampered and failed by the Japanese careful engineered plan. Sands' neutral policy can be surmised as the Belgian type permanent neutrality under the joint guarantee of super powers. But this policy initiated the foreign powers to take leading parts in guaranteeing neutrality, in return for acquiring the rights to conduct social, political and economical reform in Korea. He suggested in establishing financial institution like the one in Turkey and Egypt but he deliberately ignored the possible economic dependency to the western powers. Sands tried to secure the Korean territorial autonomy and the national sovereignty but allowed heavy western economical influence which will eventually lead Korea to a semi-colonial state like China in the early 20th century. Overall, Sands tried to transplant and propagate American value, ideals, economical and social system, he could be considered as a cultural-imperialist in broader perspective.
|
[
{
"display_name": "역사와 담론",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306493751",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2488464985
|
Turning Point: East
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Andrew Rothstein",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5003200833"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Infantry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198766705"
},
{
"display_name": "Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779010840"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Alliance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778431023"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Macedonian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777642646"
},
{
"display_name": "Peace treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780322207"
},
{
"display_name": "Declaration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138147947"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2488464985
|
The Turkish declaration of war was followed by a counterdeclaration from Peter on 25 January 1711: but he still had to keep a considerable force in the north, against a possible threat from the now reinforced Swedish corps in Pomerania. While withdrawing infantry from the Russian army in Poland, he replaced them by cavalry — less needed against the Turks, as he wrote to Dolgoruki.1 He had already written on 5 January to King Augustus, expressing regret at the latter’s departure for Saxony at such a time, and urging him to get back to Poland as soon as possible. He should press the Maritime Powers to make good their promise of a neutrality corps which would keep the Swedes in Pomerania quiet, and Peter suggested that he could back up this pressure with the threat to withdraw his troops from Flanders if they failed to keep to their undertaking. However, Peter’s frequent reminders to Augustus in the next four months indicate that he was by no means sure of the latter’s constancy. The delays thrown up by the Polish nobles in the way of collecting provisions and forage for the Russian forces proceeding to the south reinforced these doubts. Not until 29 May was Peter able to get Augustus to meet him at Yaroslavl and sign a new treaty of alliance, under which the King of Poland undertook to provide from 8000 to 10,000 men for the war with the Turks.
|
[
{
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https://openalex.org/W4318475259
|
MIDDLE EAST ECHO OF THE EUROPEAN WAR. PART I. INTERMEDIARIES
|
[
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Alexander Shumilin",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C52119013"
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[
"Turkey",
"Saudi Arabia",
"Yemen",
"Syria",
"Libya"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4318475259
|
The article examines reasons for the increased «concern» of the states of the Middle East about what is happening around Ukraine. At the official level, they declare their neutrality and noninterference in the conflict, although some of them supply military equipment and ammunition to one of the warring parties. Under the current conditions, the Middle Eastern states are primarily concerned about their own security to a much greater extent than the countries of other regions, since over the past decades, the growth of tension between the USSR/Russia and the West has often been directly projected onto the Middle East, leading to a surge of confrontation between its main players. The concern of the states of the region with what is happening around Ukraine is connected not only with fears that a European war could «revive» muted conflicts in Syria, Libya, Yemen, increase tension in the Persian Gulf, but also with their involvement in global processes both in the sphere of economy and politics. For example, the latest moves by oil-exporting countries to protect their interests in the energy market are often interpreted in the West as «assistance to Russia». This forces some countries in the region to emphasize their neutrality with political gestures – such as voting in international organizations against the Russian Federation. The elites of a number of Arab states in these conditions are trying to offer intermediary services to Russia and Ukraine. Below we consider the reasons for such an approach to the crisis in Europe by Turkey, Saudi Arabia and the UAE.
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210182789",
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|
https://openalex.org/W1547614218
|
Subscription Equilibrium with Production: Neutrality and Constrained Suboptimality of Equilibria*
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[
"Turkey"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1547614218
|
We revisit the analysis of subscription equilibria in a full fledged general equilibrium model with public goods. We study the case of a non-profit, or public, firm that produces the public good using private goods as inputs, which are to be financed by voluntary contributions of households. We analyze policy interventions that will lead to an increase of the public good level at subscription equilibria, and show that most of the standard neutrality results do not survive in our general equilibrium model with many private goods and relative price effects allowed. We also take a direct approach to welfare analysis and study interventions that has the goal of Pareto improving upon subscription equilibrium outcomes. We delineate conditions under which, for a generic set of economies, well chosen interventions will Pareto improve upon a given subscription equilibrium outcome. In particular, we show that a general non-neutrality result in terms of utilities holds even if all households are contributors. ∗We would like to thank Steve Matthews for very helpful comments. Unal Zenginobuz acknowledges partial support from Bogazici University Research Fund, Project No: 05C101. †Department of Mathematics for Decision Theory (Di.Ma.D.), University of Florence, via Lombroso 6/17, 50134 Firenze, Italy; e-mail: [email protected]. ‡Department of Economics and Center for Economic Design, Bogazici University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey; e-mail: [email protected].
|
[
{
"display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2894879425
|
The effects of net neutrality on foreign language learning in Turkey: A case study on a French as a foreign language class
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"country": "India",
"display_name": "English and Foreign Languages University",
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"display_name": "Sercan Alabay",
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"country": "India",
"display_name": "English and Foreign Languages University",
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"display_name": "Umut Muharrem Salihoğlu",
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"display_name": "Adem Uzun",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5032441209"
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"display_name": "Net neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539553027"
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"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604"
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"display_name": "Foreign language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114010052"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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"display_name": "Internet privacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108827166"
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"display_name": "Service provider",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C116537"
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"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020"
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"display_name": "Service (business)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780378061"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Advertising",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C112698675"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Pedagogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19417346"
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[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2894879425
|
The net neutrality; one of the prominent topics of today, is the principle that Internet service providers treat all data on the Internet equally, and do not discriminate or charge differently in terms of user, content, website, platform, application, type of the gadgets used, or the method of communication. (Gilroy 2011). Briefly, this means Internet Service Providers are not allowed to interfere with what the subscriber wants to do with the internet or where the subscriber wants to access. The application of this concept varies considerably from country to country. If the net neutrality is weak, partially applied or not present at all; the creation of monopolies on the information technology market is inevitable. In Turkey, there is one major service provider and other companies benefit from its infrastructure. But so far, there is no significant evidence that big data hosting companies and/or content providers have made an agreement to be able to privileged in terms of bandwidth or internet speed. On the other hand, there are some access limitations for some web sites and services sanctioned by the National Institute of Information Technology. In an age where the language learning resources on the internet are growing every day and the 21 st century students are more inclined to use digital content rather than printed ones; the net neutrality assumes an immense significance. In this, study we will analyze possible effects of net neutrality on the students of French as a foreign language, investigate somewhat debatable topics in educational contexts and explore major implications for the language learning settings. Keywords: Net neutrality, online language learning, foreign language education Bibliography Gilroy, Angel A. Access to Broadband Networks: The Net Neutrality Debate. DIANE Publishing, 2011.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1530994562
|
Church and State
|
[
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"display_name": "Michael Lienesch",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C33859097"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
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{
"display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C132751094"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Public opinion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C134698397"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Artificial intelligence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302"
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[
"Turkey"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1530994562
|
Abstract In the history of political thought, few issues have been more central than the relationship between church and state, and few more complex and contested. From ancient times to today, thinkers have conceived of the connections between religious and political institutions in a wide variety of ways, with the two being sometimes combined, sometimes separated, and sometimes (in fact often) at odds. Christian writers have been particularly active in conceptualizing the relationship between church and state, and in applying those concepts to the modern nation‐state. But those from other religious traditions have contributed as well, as have secular theorists, inspiring an array of institutional relationships that ranges from theocratic regimes and established churches to secular states like today's France and Turkey, with multiple systems based on cooperation, neutrality, and strict church–state separation found in between. Moreover, while appearing to be static, relations between church and state are in fact quite fluid, changing frequently as a result of court decisions, public policies, and shifting political opinion. Today especially, with the appearance of religiously based political movements in many parts of the world, the issue has become even more complex and contested, as what was once seen as a dualistic and exclusive relationship between two dominant sources of power has become a multifaceted set of interactions that includes interest groups, social movements, and political organizations that engage in multiple forms of religious politics within civil society.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Encyclopedia of Political Thought",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306532165",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2312284739
|
Can Islam be French? Pluralism and Pragmatism in a Secularist State * By JOHN R. BOWEN
|
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"display_name": "Jørgen S. Nielsen",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C111021475"
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{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
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{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Public sphere",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779610281"
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{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Immigration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70036468"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
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{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Payment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145097563"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2312284739
|
Islam and imaginations about Islam—and its equation with Muslims—have bordered on the hysterical in recent years in the West. In Europe we thought this was a particularly European problem until it broke in the United States in 2010 with the row over the so-called Ground Zero mosque project and then the Qurʾān–burning circus in an out-of-the-way place in Florida. One of the key locations for these phenomena has been France—in many ways the initiatives have come from France and other countries in Europe have followed the French lead. The French environment has been especially favourable to public arguments about the place of religion in the public space, given its allegedly foundational secularism—laïcité. Over the two centuries since the French Revolution the French public, or the republic, have reached a form of modus vivendi with its historical religions, Judaism, Protestantism, and above all the Catholic church. The settlement of 1905, which cut most of the relations between church and state, has become the icon of this modus vivendi. The arrival and settlement of growing numbers of immigrants, especially from Muslim countries in North Africa and, to a lesser extent, Turkey as well as other places, has challenged this settlement or, at least, diverse understandings of the settlement. It was no coincidence that the first major public crisis in this arena was the ‘headscarves affair’ of 1989: it was located in a state secondary school, seen as the place where new generations of Frenchmen are inducted into the ideals of the lay republic, and it took place in the year of the second centenary celebrations of the French Revolution, a symbolic event if ever there was one.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Islamic Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S158597668",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4285225410
|
Aggression and Determination: Two Basic Issues of International Law in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Kai Zhao",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5068447504"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Fengcheng Xiao",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5081252220"
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[
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777596936"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778698365"
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{
"display_name": "Use of force",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779448149"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C557252395"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "International relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311"
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{
"display_name": "Security council",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2991800021"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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{
"display_name": "Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4285225410
|
After the conflict between Russia and Ukraine broke out, western countries such as the United States regarded Russia as the aggressor, and asked other countries to do the same, but China, India, Brazil, Turkey and other countries did not accept such request and took a neutral position, which made western countries such as the United States very dissatisfied. Aggression and neutrality have become two basic issues of international law that cannot be avoided by the international community today in dealing with the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, which deeply affect the attitude, thinking and process of resolving this conflict. In accordance with the provisions of the United Nations Charter, the existence of any act of aggression shall only be determined by the Security Council, and individual or collective determination made by any country has no legal effect under the international law. However, the Security Council does not always determine, and in cases where the Security Council fails to do so, the natural rights of countries outside the conflict to remain neutral about the conflict still exist. The provisions of the United Nations Charter on the determination of aggression act are the most important achievements of international law formed on the basis of experience and lessons from the two world wars and are of great practical significance to the guarantee of international peace and security, and abandoning and ignoring them will undermine the foundations of today’s international order. Law is the stabilizer of politics and diplomacy. Acting in accordance with the United Nations Charter helps us to have a realistic view of the causes of conflicts, and is conducive to the resolution of conflicts and the restoration of peace. Failure to do so often adds fuel to the fire and expands the conflict, which can easily lead to consequences worse than the conflict itself.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Beijing Law Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764642385",
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https://openalex.org/W2049245998
|
Iraq in 1939: British Alliance or Nationalist Neutrality toward the Axis?
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"display_name": "Colonialism",
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‘Iraq in 1939’ makes an argument that this pivotal year in the history of the Greater Mediterranean was also pivotal for Iraq. The European contest among fascism, communism and liberalism, had strong echoes in Iraq. Whereas the existing historiography paints Arab Iraq as deeply influenced by fascism, the author found no evidence for this allegation. Iraqis were reported in the British archives to have been disgusted by Hitler's invasion of Poland as a form of colonialism. Italy's own colonial enterprise in Libya tarnished its image among Arabs, and the Iraqi monarch expressed unease about a Yemeni arms deal with Italy. Germany was not at that point interested in Arab nationalism, and still hoped for a British alliance of Aryans. The reach of German radio broadcasts has been exaggerated, and prominent Iraqi poets and political societies roundly condemned fascism. The Communist movement in Iraq was still in its infancy in 1939, and a left-leaning military dictatorship had recently been overthrown in favor of a return to constitutional monarchy. The victor in 1939 was the relatively pro-British liberal government of Nuri al-Sa'id. The Arab nationalists in the officer corps, however, did wish to use the rise of the Axis as a lever to escape the onerous postcolonial British dominance stipulated in the 1930 treaty. Although they did not seek an Axis alliance, merely a neutrality as between it and Britain, this attempt to move away from London's embrace set them on a collision course with Britain, which reoccupied the country only two years later. The war-time British interpretation of Iraqi elites' flirtation with a Turkish-style neutrality as an embrace of Nazism has too long influenced later historians, and needs to be abandoned in light of the evidence in the British archives themselves.
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"display_name": "Britain and the world",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210197746",
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|
https://openalex.org/W4321846759
|
CARBON NEUTRALITY OF UKRAINE BY 2050
|
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C59427239"
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"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761"
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"Turkey"
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The article presents the research results on some aspects of achieving carbon neutrality in Ukraine. Carbon neutrality is a challenge for the whole world. In 2020, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a historical maximum. The work aims to study the features of achieving carbon neutrality in Ukraine. The tasks of the work are the analysis of the components of the transition to low-carbon development, analysis of the consumption of fossil fuels, and activities related to the preservation of forests, natural steppe, and meadow ecosystems. Interest in carbon neutrality issues grows yearly, with a particularly in 2021-2022. Most articles on carbon neutrality were published by scientists from China, the USA, Great Britain, Turkey, and Pakistan. They are mainly devoted to carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, renewable energy, energy consumption, financial development, co-integration, dioxin emissions, etc. Positive trends regarding the achievement of carbon neutrality have been identified: the supply of natural gas, coal, and peat has decreased, while the supply of renewable energy sources has increased; the share of coal and peat decreased by 26.4%, and the percentage of energy produced from renewable sources increased to 6.6%; the use of coal and peat decreased by 8.5%, natural gas by 5%, and biofuels increased by 16%; the share of biofuel use increased to 5.8%. Expenditures for environmental protection increased by 88.5%, for preserving biodiversity and habitat - by 3.6 times, and costs for air protection and climate change problems - by 2.5 times. The share of expenditures on the protection of biodiversity and habitat increased to 3.2%, and costs on atmospheric air protection and climate change problems to 19.3%. Negative trends that restrain the development of a carbon-neutral economy were also revealed: a low share of renewable sources in the structure of supply and use. Thus, the percentage of biofuel in aggregate use remains low - only 5.8% in 2020. The area of forest loss is increasing, and the area of forest regeneration has decreased by 36%. The area of reforestation remained at the same level, but the area of afforestation decreased ten times during 2010-2020.
|
[
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"display_name": "Вісник Сумського державного університету",
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"display_name": "Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository (Sumy State University)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400377",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W1868743379
|
Beyond the Jurisprudence of Politeness: On the Relativity of Religious Neutrality
|
[] |
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"display_name": "Politeness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C61123122"
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"display_name": "Theory of relativity",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149324446"
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"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1868743379
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It is a well known lament of conservatives that the intellectual classes have, through the courts alongside other means, instituted a regime, perhaps a religion, of secularism or secular humanism, the advancement of which is predicated upon the disparagement of traditional religion and its devotees. While some liberals would agree that the courts have at times been insufficiently sensitive to the nature and needs of religion, the liberal instinct is to dismiss as extravagant these more robust claims to the effect that the public schools have been infiltrated by an evangelizing, quasi-conspiratorial secular humanism, or that the Establishment Clause has become a tool of oppression operating surreptitiously in the service of this and other plots. To these claims, secular liberals respond that, assuming some sense can be given to the notion of a secular religiosity, this is a label best reserved for countries like Turkey or France, which have sometimes directly suppressed certain forms of religious self-expression, like the wearing of headscarves. But since such policies and the attitudes underlying them would never be tolerated in the United States, warnings about the encroachment of an ideological secularism are dismissed as merely another iteration of conservatism’s politically expedient false populism.But these dismissals are, I argue, facile. For doctrinal disagreements about what qualifies as genuine religious neutrality – as opposed to, say, “hostility toward religion” or a “religion of secularism” – are necessarily a function of a broader set of philosophical and historical disagreements concerning whether secularity is best conceived as the bare elimination of religion – what Charles Taylor calls “subtraction stories” – or instead as the outgrowth of – as the secularization of – particular religious traditions, which, though having become secularized, retain an underlying religiosity. Conservative grievances about the surreptitious encroachment of “secular humanism” or a “religion of secularism” become more intelligible when interpreted against the backdrop of this second theory of secularity, which casts the case law in a different light than does the first.
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
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https://openalex.org/W4390320661
|
Carbon Neutrality of Ukraine as a Determinant of Green Development
|
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Liliia Khomenko",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5052128760"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Olena Chygryn",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5064721618"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Çetin Bektaş",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5011313927"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Andrii Iskakov",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5011771496"
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"display_name": "Carbon neutrality",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C47737302"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C188573790"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C68189081"
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{
"display_name": "Coal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C518851703"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C175605778"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C526734887"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C39432304"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C53991642"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C513535597"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C59427239"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C53657456"
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{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C548081761"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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"Turkey"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4390320661
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The article presents the research results on some aspects of achieving carbon neutrality in Ukraine. Carbon neutrality is a challenge for the whole world. In 2020, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a historical maximum. The work aims to study the features of achieving carbon neutrality in Ukraine. The tasks of the work are the analysis of the components of the transition to low-carbon development, analysis of the consumption of fossil fuels, and activities related to the preservation of forests, natural steppe, and meadow ecosystems. Interest in carbon neutrality issues grows yearly, with a particularly in 2021–2022. Most articles on carbon neutrality were published by scientists from China, the USA, Great Britain, Turkey, and Pakistan. They are mainly devoted to carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, renewable energy, energy consumption, financial development, co-integration, dioxin emissions, etc. Positive trends regarding the achievement of carbon neutrality have been identified: the supply of natural gas, coal, and peat has decreased, while the supply of renewable energy sources has increased; the share of coal and peat decreased by 26.4%, and the percentage of energy produced from renewable sources increased to 6.6%; the use of coal and peat decreased by 8.5%, natural gas by 5%, and biofuels increased by 16%; the share of biofuel use increased to 5.8%. Expenditures for environmental protection increased by 88.5%, for preserving biodiversity and habitat – by 3.6 times, and costs for air protection and climate change problems – by 2.5 times. The share of expenditures on the protection of biodiversity and habitat increased to 3.2%, and costs on atmospheric air protection and climate change problems to 19.3%. Negative trends that restrain the development of a carbon-neutral economy were also revealed: a low share of renewable sources in the structure of supply and use. Thus, the percentage of biofuel in aggregate use remains low – only 5.8% in 2020. The area of forest loss is increasing, and the area of forest regeneration has decreased by 36%. The area of reforestation remained at the same level, but the area of afforestation decreased ten times during 2010–2020. The scientific novelty consists in the development of theoretical foundations for the identification of regularities in the formation of the energy transformation theory, which differs from the existing ones using bibliometric (VOSviewer v. 1.6.13) analysis.
|
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"display_name": "Ekonomìčnij vìsnik Deržavnogo viŝogo navčalʹnogo zakladu Ukraïnsʹkij deržavnij hìmìko-tehnologìčnij unìversitet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210178646",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W1968781644
|
A Most Useful Tool for Diplomacy and Statecraft: Neutrality and Europe in the ‘Long’ Nineteenth Century, 1815–1914
|
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Maartje Abbenhuis",
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{
"display_name": "Diplomacy",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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[
"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1968781644
|
Abstract Rarely do historians analyse the functions of neutrality in the history of Europe in the ‘long’ nineteenth century. Yet between 1815 and 1914, neutrality played a key part in international developments: it was central to the rise of international law, was negotiated repeatedly by the Great Powers and was used by them to isolate key regions in Europe. In all the conflicts fought in these hundred years or so, there were always more neutrals than belligerents, including most of the Great Powers. This article charts the uses made of neutrality and argues that neutrality was a vibrant and frequently utilised tool of diplomacy and statecraft by great and small European states alike. It asks readers to reconsider the flexibility of the nineteenth-century international system and to refocus their attention on the ways in which the European states - Great Britain foremost among them - avoided war to benefit their globalising political, economic, and imperial interests. Keywords: neutralitymaritime lawbelligerent rightsCongress systemGreat Britain Notes 1. As examples: M. Geyer and C. Bright, ‘Global Violence and Nationalizing Wars in Eurasia and America: The Geopolitics of War in the mid-Nineteenth Century’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, xxxviii, no. 4 (1996), 619–57; J. Black, A Military History of Britain from 1775 to the Present (Westport, CT, 2006); L.A. Rose, Power at Sea. Vol. 1. The Age of Navalism 1890–1918. (London, 2007). 2. As examples: G. Best, Humanity in Warfare. The Modern History of the International Law of Armed Conflict (London, 1983). M. Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations. The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870–1960 (Cambridge, 2001); W. Mulligan, The Origins of the First World War (Cambridge, 2010) does an excellent job of synthesising the two approaches. 3. P. Lyon, ‘Neutrality and the Emergence of the Concept of Neutralism’, Review of Politics, xxii, no. 2 (1960), 260; H.J. Morgenthau, Dilemmas of Politics (Chicago, 1958), as referenced by C. Agius, The Social Construction of Swedish Neutrality. Challenges to Swedish Identity and Sovereignty (Manchester, 2006), 16; P. Lyon, ‘The Great Globe Itself: Continuity and Change’, in E. F. Penrose, P. Lyon and E. Penrose (eds), New Orientations. Essays in International Relations (New York, 1970), 15; T.C. Salmon, Unneutral Ireland. An Ambivalent and Unique Security Policy (Oxford, 1989), 9–10; S.C. Neff, The Rights and Duties of Neutrals: A General History (Manchester, 2000), 86. 4. J.L. Kunz, ‘Neutrality and the European War 1939–1940’, Michigan Law Review, xxxix (1940/41), 747, 754. 5. J. Lemnitzer, ‘The 1856 Declaration of Paris and the abolition of privateering’ (PhD, London School of Economics, 2010); J.W. Coogan, The End of Neutrality. The United States, Britain, and Maritime Rights 1899–1915 (Ithaca, 1981). 6. The other major way in which historians study neutrality is as a legal principle within the wider history of international law, for examples, see: R. Ogley (ed), The Theory and Practice of Neutrality in the Twentieth Century (London, 1970); E. Chadwick, Traditional Neutrality Revisited. Law, Theory and Case Studies (The Hague, 2002); Neff, Rights. 7. H. Bull, ‘Order vs. Justice in International Society’, Political Studies, xix, no. 3, (September 1971), 269–83. 8. I prefer to use the term ‘occasional neutrals’ over Efraim Karsh’s label ‘ad hoc neutrals’ (E. Karsh, Neutrality and Small States [London, 1988], 26). 9. As a rough guide, the available published literature in French alone on the topic of neutrality runs into the thousands for the 1815–1914 period. (Searching for the word ‘neutralité’ in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris recovers 8,606 entries, of which most are newspaper or journal articles, histories of neutral nations in wartime, political literature or legal treaties: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ (Accessed Feb. 2011, simple search: neutralité). Newspaper reporting on neutrality in the major wars in which Britain was neutral in the period is also substantial (several hundred entries per war in The Times (London) alone, including letters to the editor, feature articles, and commentary). 10. N. Ørvik, The Decline of Neutrality 1914–1941. With Special Reference to the United States and the Northern Neutrals (Oslo, 1953); P.C. Jessup, ‘The Birth, Death and Reincarnation of Neutrality’, American Journal of International Law, xxvi, no. 4 (Oct. 1932), 789–93. 11. Neff, Rights, 65; A.C. Carter, ‘The Dutch as Neutrals in the Seven Years’ War’ International and Comparative Law Quarterly, xii, no. 3 (July 1963), 818–34; L.E. Davis and S.L. Engerman, Naval Blockades in Peace and War. An Economic History since 1750 (Cambridge, 2006), 7; Agius, Swedish Neutrality, 13. 12. Chadwick, Traditional Neutrality, 6. 13. Coogan, End of Neutrality, 17–19 14. O. Feldbaek, ‘Denmark-Norway 1720–1807: Neutral Principles and Practice’, in R. Hobson and T. Kristiansen (eds), Navies in Northern Waters 1721-–2000 (Portland, 2004), 61; E. Maxey, ‘Growth of Neutral Rights and Duties’, American Lawyer, lv (1906), 57; D.M. Griffiths, ‘An American Contribution to the Armed Neutrality of 1780’, Russian Review, xxx, no. 2 (April 1971), 164-–6; Karsh, Neutrality, 16–17; O. Feldbaek, ‘The Anglo-Danish Convoy Conflict of 1800’, Scandinavian Journal of History, no. 2 (1977), 161–82. See also: I. de Madariaga, Britain, Russia and the Armed Neutrality of 1780. Sir James Harris's Mission to St. Petersburg during the American Revolution (New Haven, 1962). 15. P.C. Jessup, Neutrality. Its History, Economics and Law. Volume IV. Today and Tomorrow (New York, 1936), 6. For Prussia's pro-France neutrality: P.G. Dwyer, ‘Two Definitions of Neutrality: Prussia, the European State-System, and the French Invasion of Hanover in 1803’, International History Review, xix, no. 3, (1997), 505–756. 16. J. Sofka, ‘American Neutral Rights Reappraised: Identity of Interest in the Foreign Policy of the Early Republic?’ Review of International Studies, xxvi (2000), 605; N. Tracy (ed), Sea Power and the Control of Trade. Belligerent Rights from the Russian War to the Beira Patrol, 1854–1870 (Aldershot, 2005), xv–xvi; N.A. Graebner, ‘The Long American Struggle for Neutrality’, in Jukka Nevakivi (ed), Neutrality in History. Proceedings of the Conference on the History of Neutrality Organized in Helsinki 9–12 September 1992 under the auspices of the Commission of History of International Relations (Helsinki, 1993), 46; Best, Humanity, 100–8; O. Feldbaek, ‘Dutch Batavia Trade via Copenhagen 1795–1807: A Study of Colonial Trade and Neutrality’, Scandinavian Economic History Review, xxi, no. 1 (1973), 43. 17. Not to be confused with Efraim Karsh's definition of ad hoc neutrality (see n. 8). 18. Chadwick, Traditional Neutrality, 7; Salmon, Unneutral Ireland, 10; Ørvik, Decline of Neutrality, 27–8; Jessup, ‘Birth’, 791. For details of the United States Neutrality Acts of 1794 and 1818 see: Maxey, ‘Growth’, 57. 19. Sofka, ‘American Neutral Rights’ and M. Bukovansky, ‘American Identity and Neutral Rights from Independence to the War of 1812’, International Organization, li, no. 2 (1997), 209–44. 20. For example, M. Hübner's 1759 two-volume treatise, De la saisie debâtiments neuters, ou Du droit qu'ont les nations belligérantes d'arrêter les navires des peoples amis, stands out yet it focuses solely on neutrality at sea (in Neff, Rights, 48). 21. The Economist, 179, (30 Jan. 1847), 124. 22. G. Pirlot, Rigardo al neutrala Moresnet/Blick auf neutral-Moresnet 1816–1919 (Oostende, 1990); L. Wintgens, Neutral-Moresnet Neutre Kelmis La Calamine (Eupen, 1981); J. Pricken, De Belgisch-Nederlandse Grens (Sint-Stevens, 1961), 13–14. 23. Feldbaek, ‘Policy of 1812’, 50. 24. Neff, Rights, 101. 25. For more see J.E. Helmreich, ‘The End of Congo Neutrality’, Historian, xxviii, no. 4 (1966), 610–24. 26. A. Bruemmer Bozeman, Regional Conflicts around Geneva. An Inquiry into the Origin, Nature, and Implications of the Neutralized Zone of Savoy and the Customs-Free zones of Gex and Upper Savoy (Stanford, 1949). For a good overview of British-Swiss relations, see: A.G. Imlah, Britain and Switzerland 1845–60 (London, 1966). 27. O. Zimmer, A Contested Nation. History, Memory and Nationalism in Switzerland, 1761–1891 (Cambridge, 2003), 144. 28. For a good overview of Great Power involvement in the Belgian revolt, see: M. Rendall, ‘A Qualified Success for Collective Security: The Concert of Europe and the Belgian Crisis, 1831’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, xviii (2007), 271–95. 29. D.H. Thomas, The Guarantee of Belgian Independence and Neutrality in European Diplomacy, 1830s–1930s (Kingston, RI, 1983). 30. See: G.D. Pagratis, ‘The Ionian Islands under British Protection (1815–1864)’, in C. Vassallo and M. D’ Angelo (eds), Anglo-Saxons in the Mediterranean. Commerce, Politics and Ideas (XVII-XX Centuries) (Malta, 2007), 131–50; W.D. Wrigley, The Diplomatic Significance of Ionian Neutrality, 1821–1831 (New York, 1988), 61–85. 31. For an exhaustive overview of the maintenance of Ionian neutrality during the Greek revolts, see: Wrigley, Ionian Neutrality; W.D. Wrigley, ‘The Neutrality of Ionian Shipping and its Enforcement during the Greek Revolution (1821–1831)’, Mariner's Mirror, lxxxiii, no. 3 (1987), 245-–60; W.D. Wrigley, ‘The British Enforcement of Ionian Neutrality against Greek and Turkish Refugees, 1821–1828’, Sudost Forschungen, xlvi (1987), 95–112. 32. Treaty of London, 1863, Article 2, as cited by Q. Wright, ‘The Neutralization of Corfu’, American Journal of International Law, xviii, no. 1 (Jan. 1924), 105. 33. M. Mittler, Der Weg zum Ersten Weltkrieg. Wie neutral war die Schweiz? (Zurich, 2003), 133 (my translation). Other scholars disagree: P. Scberer, ‘The Benedetti Draft Treaty and British Neutrality in the Franco-Prussian War’, International Review of History and Political Science, ix, no. 1, (1972), 95–108. 34. C.E. Black, R.A. Falk, K. Knor and O.R. Young, Neutralization and World Politics (Princeton, NJ, 1968), v. 35. P. Luntinen, ‘Neutrality in Northern Europe before the First World War’, in Nevakivi (ed), Neutrality in History, 110; N.I. Agøy, ‘It will serve to Increase our Union Difficulties: Norway, Sweden and the Hague Peace Conference of 1899’, Historisk tidsskrift, lxxix, (2000), 181–208; M. Abbenhuis, ‘Too Good to be True: European Hopes for Neutrality before 1914’, in H. Amersfoort and W. Klinkert, (eds), Small Powers in the Age of Total War, 1900–1940 (Leiden, 2011), 50–2. 36. Luntinen, ‘Neutrality’; Salmon, ‘Between the Sea Power and the Land Power: Scandinavia and the Coming of the First World War’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, iii, (1993), 23–49. 37. For the crisis surrounding the neutralisation of the Black Sea (1856) see: W. E. Moss, ‘The End of the Crimean System: England, Russia and the Neutrality of the Black Sea, 1870–1’, Historical Journal, iv, no. 2, (1961), 164. 38. Notes on the interview between the Greek Deputies and the British Representative in Greece, George Canning, 29 Sept. 1825 in [National Archives, Kew, London], F[oreign]O[ffice files] 352/11, 3. 39. P.W. Schroeder, ‘The Lost Intermediaries: the Impact of 1870 on the European System’, International History Review, vi, no. 1, (Feb. 1984), 1–27. 40. R.F. Hamilton, ‘The European Wars, 1815–1914’, in R.F. Hamilton and H.H. Herwig (eds), The Origins of World War I (Cambridge, 2003), 45–91. 41. D.R. Headrick, The Tools of Empire. Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1981), 174–5. See also: Geyer and Bright, ‘Global Violence’, 651. 42. Headrick, Tools; D.R. Headrick, The Tentacles of Progress. Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism 1850–1940 (Oxford, 1988). 43. F. Trentmann, Free Trade Nation: Commerce, Consumption, and Civil Society in Modern Britain (Oxford, 2008). See also: S.C. Neff, Friends but No Allies. Economic Liberalism and the Law of Nations (New York, 1990); R. Francis Spall, ‘Free Trade, Foreign Relations, and the Anti-Corn Law League’, International History Review, x, no. 3 (1988), 405–32. 44. J.A. Neiswander, The Cosmopolitan Interior: Liberalism and the British Home, 1870–1914 (New Haven, 2008). 45. B. Bond, War and Society in Europe 1871–1970 (Gloucestershire, 1984, reprint 1998), 31. See also Neff, Rights, 40–4. 46. O. Riste, The Neutral Ally. Norway’s Relations with Belligerent Powers in the First World War (Oslo, 1965), 18. 47. Lemnitzer, ‘1856 Declaration’, 35. 48. The full-text version of the Declaration of Paris can be found in R. Albrecht- Carrié, The Concert of Europe (London, 1968), 195–6. See also: Lemnitzer, ‘1856 Declaration’; Tracy (ed), Sea Power, xvii–xxiii. 49. Tracy (ed.), Sea Power, xxiii; E. Chadwick, ‘The “Impossibility” of Maritime Neutrality during World War I’, Netherlands International Law Review, liv, (2007), 345; J.B. Hattendorf, ‘Maritime Conflict’, in M. Howard, G.J. Andreopoulos and M.R. Shulman (eds), The Laws of War. Constraints on Warfare in the Western World (New Haven, 1994), 109. 50. In Chadwick, Traditional Neutrality, 20, fn 9. 51. For some of the complaints about the Declaration of Paris see: report by Sir Edward Hertslet, Foreign Office librarian, 9 Feb. 1893 in Tracy (ed), Sea Power, 91–6. For the discourses in Parliament about the costs to British naval supremacy see: The Times, 18 March 1856 (I am grateful to Philip Arnold, my Summer Scholar in 2010–11 for this reference). See also: Lemnitzer, ‘1856 Declaration’, 29. 52. O. Anderson, A Liberal State at War. English Politics and Economics during the Crimean War (New York, 1967). 53. On the influence of economic nationalism in the nineteenth century see: Neff, Rights, 64–6; Trentmann, Free Trade Nation, 135–7. 54. Lord John Russell, House of Lords debate on the Luxembourg guarantee, 20 June 1867, in Hansard (also available in K. Bourne, The Foreign Policy of Victorian England [Oxford, 1970], 91). 55. Q. Wright, ‘The Present Status of Neutrality’, American Journal of International Law, xxxiv, no. 3 (1940), 411–13. 56. G.A. Craig, War, Politics and Diplomacy. Selected Essays (London, 1966), 146. 57. J.B. Hattendorf, ‘The US Navy and the “Freedom of the Seas” 1775–1917’, in Hobson and Kristiansen (eds), Navies in Northern Waters, 164–5; Tracy (ed), Sea Power, xx, 4. 58. Coogan, End of Neutrality, 20–1. 59. Chadwick, Traditional Neutrality, 39–42. 60. See: H. Jones, The Union in Peril. The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War (Chapel Hill, 1992); B.J. Steele, ‘Ontological Security and the Power of Self-Identity: British Neutrality and the American Civil War’, Review of International Studies, xxxi (2005), 519–40; P. Thompson, ‘The Case of the Missing Hegemon: British Non-Intervention in the American Civil War’, Security Studies, xvi, no. 1 (2007), 96–132. 61. F. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy (1959) in Steele, ‘Ontological’, 522. 62. Chadwick, Traditional Neutrality, 34. 63. J. Baxter, ‘Papers Relating to Belligerent and Neutral Rights, 1861–1865’, American Historical Review, xxxv, no. 1 (1928), 87; J. Baxter, ‘The British Government and Neutral Rights, 1861–1865’, American Historical Review, xxxiv, no. 1 (1928), 9, 12, 29. 64. Legal advice to the Foreign Office and Home Office regarding the Alexandra, 29 April 1863, in [National Archives, Kew, London], H[ome]O[ffice files] 45/7261. 65. Jones, Union in Peril, 229; Chadwick, ‘Impossibility’, 348. For the treaty between the United States and Great Britain, 8 May 1871, see: Tracy (ed), Sea Power, 82–3. 66. The Times, 19 Sept. 1872 (with thanks to Philip Arnold). 67. R.R. Probst, ‘ Good Offices’ in the Light of Swiss International Practice and Experiences (Dordrecht, 1989), 59. 68. Baxter, ‘British Government’, 29. 69. Report of the Neutrality Laws Commission, 10 June 1868, in FO881/1629. 70. Chadwick, Traditional Neutrality, 45, 55, 69. 71. Clarendon to Palmerston, 26 Sept. 1855, in K. Bourne, ‘Lord Palmerston's ‘Ginger-Beer’ triumph, 1 July 1856’, in K. Bourne and D.C. Watt (eds), Studies in International History (London, 1967), 157. 72. Maxey, ‘Growth’, 57. 73. Craig, War, Politics, 159–78. 74. P. Scberer, ‘The Benedetti Draft Treaty and British Neutrality in the Franco-Prussian War’, International Review of History and Political Science, ix, no. 1 (1972), 95–108. 75. A. Doedens, ‘Nederland en de Frans-Duitse oorlog. Enige aspecten van de buitenlandse politiek en de binnenlandse verhoudingen van ons land omstreeks het jaar 1870’ (PhD thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1973), 1–38; Scberer, ‘Benedetti’, 103; Schroeder, ‘The Lost Intermediaries’. 76. For correspondence from British Foreign Office on the issue from July–Sept. 1870, see: FO425/95; [National Archives, Kew, London], CAB[inet Office files] 41/2, files 34–9. 77. For accounts see: FO 123/141, 142; FO10/308, 309, 310; FO100/178, 181. 78. See: Sir C. L. Wykes, British legation in Copenhagen, to Lord Granville, 28 Sept. 1870 in FO22/365; Mr Lumley, British Consul in Brussels, to Lord Granville, 8 Dec. 1870 in FO10/310; Dutch Consul General in London, Landsberge, to Minister of Foreign Affairs, The Hague, Herwijnen, 10 April 1871 in ‘Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken: Geheime Rapporten en Kabinetsrapporten, 1868-1940’ 2.05.19, inventory number 16, Nationaal Archief, The Hague. 79. Mittler, Wie neutral? 135. 80. For British documentation on these agreements see: FO22/365. 81. Moss, ‘End of the Crimean System’, 165–81. 82. Lemnitzer, ‘1856 Declaration’. 83. C.A. Tamse, ‘The Role of Small Countries in the International Politics of the 1860s: The Netherlands and Belgium in Europe’, Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, ix, (1976), 143–69; Sir Charles L. Wykes (British envoy in Copenhagen) to Lord Granville, 22 Dec. 1870, in FO22/365. 84. See: correspondence between the British government and its legations in Brussels, the Hague, Copenhagen, and Berne in 1870–1, FO37/479, 480; FO22/363, 364, 365, 370. 85. Admiral E. A. J. Harris, British Consul in the Hague, to Lord Granville, 15 July 1870, in FO37/479; Sir C. W. L. Wykes, British Consul in Copenhagen, to Lord Granville, 28 Sept. 1870, in FO22/365. 86. Emile Cammaerts, Albert of Belgium (1935) in Ogley, Theory, 50–1. 87. V. Freeman Alwyn, ‘Non-Belligerent's Right to Compensation for Internment of Foreign Military Personnel’, American Journal of International Law, liii, no. 3 (1959), 640. 88. E. Davall, Les Troupes Françaises internées en Suisse à la fin de la guerre Franco-Allemande en 1871 (Berne, 1873); A.G.G. Bonar, British Consul in Berne, to Lord Granville, 1 Feb. 1871, in FO100/181. 89. P. Annet, ‘L’internement de soldats français en Belgique pendant la guerre de 1870’, Revue belge d'histoire militaire, xxviii, no. 5 (1990), 337––49. 90. Freeman, ‘Non-belligerent's’, 640; R.-J. Wilhelm, ‘Quelques considerations generals sur l'evolution du droit international humanitaire’, in A.J.M. Delissen and G.J. Tanja (eds), Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict Challenges Ahead. Essays in Honour of Frits Kalshoven (Dordrecht, 1991), 42; S. Wolf, ‘Guarded Neutrality. The Internment of Foreign Military Personnel in the Netherlands during the First World War’ (PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008), 28–31. For the text of the Brussels Declaration, 1874, see: International Committee of the Red Cross, International Treaties and Documents, http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/135?OpenDocument (Accessed Feb. 2011). 91. Wolf, ‘Guarded Neutrality’; Maartje Abbenhuis, The Art of Staying Neutral. The Netherlands in the First World War (Amsterdam, 2006), ch. 5. 92. A.J. Nicholls, ‘Der dritte Wege im Zeitalter des Kaltes Krieges - enführende Überlegungen’, in D. Geppert and U. Wengst (eds), Neutralität - Chance öder Chimäre? Konzepte des dritten Weges für Deutschland und die Welt 1945 - 1900 (Munich, 2005); Mittler, Wie neutral? 235–6. 93. K. Nabulsi, Traditions of War. Occupation, Resistance and the Law (Oxford, 1999), 6. 94. M. Glenny, The Balkans 1904–1999. Nationalism, War and the Great Powers (London, 2000), 136, 229. See also: Chadwick, Traditional Neutrality, 67. 95. Count von Bülow, speech to Reichstag, 19 Jan. 1900, as reported and translated in [National Archives, Kew, London], ADM[iralty Record Office] 116/1073. 96. P. Wrange, Impartial or Uninvolved? The Anatomy of the 20th Century Doctrine on the Law of Neutrality (Vållingby, 2007), 245. 97. In Chadwick, Traditional Neutrality, 217. 98. Best, Humanity, 130. 99. See: Bond, War and Society, 26. G.R. Wilkinson, Depictions and Images of War in Edwardian Newspapers, 1899–1914 (Houndsmills, 2003), for example, argues that there was not a lot of engagement with the idea or value of peace in popular Edwardian newspapers in Britain in the pre-war years (p. 67). 100. P. Joenniemi, ‘The Peace Potential of Neutrality: a Discursive Approach’, Bulletin of Peace Proposals, xx, no. 2 (1989), 177. 101. Wrange, Impartial, 243; Lyon, ‘Neutrality’, 262; S.E. Cooper, Patriotic Pacifism. Waging War on War in Europe 1815–1914 (Oxford, 1991), 56. For the connection between the free-trade movement and popular peace activism in Britain see: Trentmann, Free Trade Nation, 175–7. 102. N.J. Brailey, ‘Sir Ernest Satow and the 1907 Second Hague Peace Conference’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, xiii, no. 2 (June 2002), 201. 103. See: A. Eyffinger, ‘A Highly Critical Moment: Role and Record of the 1907 Hague Peace Conference’, Netherlands International Law Review, liv (2007), 197–228; F. Kalshoven, ‘De eerste Haagse Vredesconferentie van 1899’, Militair Rechtelijk Tijdschrift, xcii (Sept. 1999), 257–65; T.E. Holland, ‘The Hague Conference of 1907’, Law Quarterly Review, lxxvi (1908), 76–9; A.S. de Bustamante, ‘The Hague Convention Concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Land Warfare’, American Journal of International Law, xcv (1908), 95–120; Brailey, ‘Sir Ernest’. 104. For examples of breaches in neutrality during these wars see: Neff, Rights, 114; Davis and Engerman, Naval Blockades, 10; FO72/2093; R. Granville Campbell, Neutral Rights and Obligations in the Anglo-Boer War (Baltimore, 1908); Maxey, ‘Growth’, 58. 105. In Wrange, Impartial, 244 n. 309. 106. Wrange, Impartial, 244. 107. Craig, War, Politics, 151. 108. Sir F. Lascelles to Sir Edward Grey, 16 Aug. 1906, in FO 371/78; Sir J. Walton to Sir Edward Grey, 12 Feb. 1907 in FO 372/65. 109. Moskovskiye Vedomosti. 4 March 1898, as quoted by L.N. Popkova, ‘Russian Press Coverage of American Intervention in the Spanish-Cuban War’, in S.L. Hilton and S.J.S. Ickringill (eds), European Perceptions of the Spanish-American War of 1898 (Bern, 1999), 112. See also, in the same volume, the articles on the Netherlands by N.A. Bootsma, Germany by M.M. Hugo, Austria by N. Slupetzky, Britain by J. Smith and France by S. Ricard. 110. Coogan, End of Neutrality, 72. 111. Coogan, End of Neutrality, 70–1. See also: Neff, Rights, 88. 112. M. Watson Graham, ‘The Effect of the League of Nations Covenant on the Theory and Practice of Neutrality’, California Law Review, xv, no. 5 (1927), 357. 113. W. Henitschel von Heinegg, ‘Naval Blockade and International Law’, in B.A. Elleman and S.C.M. Paine (eds), Naval Blockades and Seapower. Strategies and Counterstrategies 1805–2005 (New York, 2006), 14. 114. B. Ranft, ‘Restraints on War at Sea before 1945’, in M. Howard (ed), Restraints on War (Oxford, 1979), 45–6. 115. Graham, ‘Effect’, 358. 116. See: C.A. Tamse, ‘The Role of Small Countries in International Politics of the 1860s: The Netherlands and Belgium in Europe’, Acta Historiae Neerlandicae, ix (1976), 143–69; Schroeder, ‘The Lost Intermediaries’. 117. Abbenhuis, The Art of Staying Neutral, 31, 34; S. Schmidt, Frankreichs Außenpolitik in der Julikrise 1914: Ein beitrag zur geschichte des Ausbruchs des Ersten Weltkrieges (Oldenbourg: Wissenshaft Verlag, 2009); British Foreign Office meeting, minutes, 15 Nov. 1908, in Ogley, Theory, 56; Neff, Rights, 125; J. Steinberg, ‘A German Plan for the Invasion of Holland and Belgium, 1897’, The Historical Journal, vi, 1 (1963), 107–19. Additional informationNotes on contributorsMaartje Maria Abbenhuis With grateful thanks to Assoc. Prof. Gordon Morrell and the three (anonymous) reviewers of this article for all their helpful comments and editing
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Resumé of major aspects of European situation as seen from Vienna, prepared by G.S. Messersmith.
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Enclosed with No. 651. London most important capital in Europe and exercises most influence; British definitely behind League and policy of collective security, which involves no credits to Germany and no separate agreements with her; recognizes military threat of Germany and understands her territorial aspirations; committed to cooperation, with France; France, under [Pierre-Etienne] Flandin, has abandoned Laval policy of seeking direct understanding with Germany and will depend on the League, close cooperation with England, and a system of alliances within the Little Entente and the Balkan Union; she will continue to try to keep friendship of Italy as a prop in Southeastern Europe, but will be less disposed to make compromises; in Czechoslovakia there is now more liberal statesmanship and better comprehension of economic factors; emphatic statements by Austrian leaders that there will be no change in their government have allayed fears in Prague, Belgrade, and Bucharest of a Hapsburg restoration and cleared way for better political and economic relations between countries of the Little Entente and the Balkan Union; Turkey showing reasonable attitude under British influence; situation in Egypt continues to offer difficulties, but appears on way to adjustment; Russia apparently disposed to support League and collective security; ratification of Franco-Soviet Pact and of Soviet-Rumanian Pact strengthens Russia's position; Poland remains on the fence at present,but her agreement with Germany may not be able to withstand economic pressures and old resentments; Switzerland, feeling her neutrality threatened, taking measures to strengthen her defenses, as are Belgium and Holland; in Scandinavian countries there is increasing apprehension of Germany's program; Italy feeling the pressure of her isolation; her financial position poor and continues to grow worse; she would like some face saving compromise on the Abyssinian question; in Germany, internal situation worse, with financial factor approaching a crisis; may move toward remilitarization of Rhineland but thinks Germany will take no overt action either there or against Austria until after Olympics; all Europe now understands German aims; hopes for peace depend on steadiness of British policy, and Austria remains principal object of policy, for it is on the maintenance of her independence that peace largely depends.
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Внешняя политика Туркменистана в 1992-2006 гг. : от нейтралитета к самоизоляции
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"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
},
{
"display_name": "Accounting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Iran"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W49622151
|
Turkmenistan's foreign policy was largely shaped by the country's strategic vulnerability and its significant natural gas reserves. From the point of view of national security, the country distinguished with the smallest population in the region, distributed throughout the large territory and concentrated in the border districts, an almost depopulated center and long borders had to face unfavorable initial conditions for building statehood. At the same time rich natural gas reserves, second only to Russia's in the entire post-Soviet space, promised the opportunities for organizing wide-scale exports, overcoming the economic crisis and stabilizing the ruling regime. Ashgabat found two main instruments which allowed for ensuring the country's security and creating the external conditions favorable for the ruling regime's consolidation. The first one was the positive concept envisaging the non-participation not only in military alliances but also in any inter-state groupings with collective responsibility for decision-making, the other a military union with Russia with was doctrinally incompatible with neutrality but maintained in practice. The neutral status provided Turkmenistan with a considerable freedom of foreign-policy manoeuvre, allowing for the concentration of effort on organizing the transit and exports of gas. At the same time Turkmenistan's military forces were up to the beginning of 1994 under the joint Russian Turkmen command while the country's borders with Iran and Afghanistan were defended by Russian guards up to the end of 1999. By the late 1990s Turkmenistan's foreign policy had undergone a kind of transformation. The consolidation of the ruling regime and the de facto recognition by the neighbor states and international community of Turkmenistan's specifics as a semi-isolated country with a limited range of foreign policy objectives and low permeability for foreign influence made it possible for Ashgabat to relinquish a military alliance with Russia. Besides, within the first decade of independence national military forces and a ramified repressive apparatus supporting the regime of Niyazov's autocracy were established. The neutral status recognized by the UN in 1995 continued to be the foundation of Turkmenistan's foreign policy. By the late 1990s Ashgabat began to interpret neutrality as self-isolation; foreign contacts of Turkmen leadership were minimized, the country introduced a visa regime with the rest of the CIS. By the late 1990s Ashgabat, exploiting the neutral status and gradually closing the country, had managed to reduce Russian influence considerably while remaining equidistant from Kazakhstan's and Uzbekistan's regional ambitions. Although trade and economic contacts with Turkey and Iran developed, Turkmenistan distanced itself from Ankara's and Tehran's political agendas. At the same time the conditions of the 1990s precluded Ashgabat from diversifying the markets and routes of gas exports. Achieving this objective had to be postponed until the next decade.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Вестник Томского государственного университета. История",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306538788",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1640762818
|
İfade Özgürlüğü Açısından Ağ Tarafsızlığı Kavramı veTürkiye’deki Hukuki Düzenlemeler ve Pratik Uygulamaları/Net Neutrality Concept in Terms of Freedom of Expression and Its Applications in Turkey
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Duygu Aydın",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5091829780"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Çağdaş Ceyhan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5074333632"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Mustafa Berkay Aydın",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5073864330"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Net neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C539553027"
},
{
"display_name": "The Internet",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Commission",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776034101"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1640762818
|
‘Net neutrality’ is a term, which appeared at the end of 1990’s when the Internet started spread and be one of the indispensables of live. Moreover, it is such a term that discussions over it have still been continuing. The concept, which can shortly be described as ‘the Internet objectivity’, has many dimensions. The main aim in the discussion where the basic problem is ‘access tiering’ is to have Internet service providers and the government to treat all the data located on the Internet evenly, and to have them not to do discriminatory or different treatments in terms of site, content, application and similar criteria. Internet is an area, which is vulnerable to be formed or affected by either governments or corporations, or both; on the other hand, ‘net neutrality’ is the common name of a multi-level and multidimensional discussion on how the Internet should be formed. The basic emphasis of net neutrality is that the Internet should be neutral for the users. Net neutrality concept has been argued in the USA, especially, since 2000’s. One of the most important arguments on net neutrality has been continuing between one of the biggest cell phone operator in the USA, Verizon Communication and Federal Communication Commission (FCC). While approaches defending Net neutrality claim that if no legal regularities is held, then content (service) providers will be discriminative, thus resulting in preventing net neutrality, others who are against net neutrality claim that technical and business model will not be renewed. The democratic character of the Internet stands out in the net neutrality arguments. The fact that vertically integrated ISP’s make discriminations on content limits the access rights needed for a democratic discussion and public sphere. ‘Net neutrality’ is a concept, which is closely related to freedom of expression. Net neutrality is also different from classical censor structure and tools. Blocking, inspecting, or monitoring the data flow on the Internet in terms of commercial, advertisements or security either because of needs or directly cause Internet user be prevented directly or mostly without warning especially in terms of expressing their ideas, and spreading their ideas. For example DPI (deep packet inspection) technology is a kind of multilevel access, which allows web operators (or Internet service providers, etc.) to define, classify, observe, and inspect traffic on the Internet. DPI technology, which is getting more important and widespread, is important to draw the borders of discussions on both net neutrality and freedom of expression. DPI applications could limit freedom of expression by violating both secrecy and freedom of communication. With the help of DPI technology, corporations and governments gained the power of determining which data to be given to who, or even whether to be given. On the other hand, ‘net neutrality’ has also been discussed in relation to different concepts with different contents. Public welfare should be thought together with judiciary, practical and commercial ideas. In this study, the concept of ‘net neutrality’ will be defined, and after its relation with freedom of expression made clear, judiciary arrangements and practical applications of it would be exemplified in Turkey.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Mülkiye Dergisi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306520328",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W767393750
|
Ethnic Cleansing in Asia Minor and the Treaty of Lausanne
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "George Kaloudis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5019590760"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Schism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778653666"
},
{
"display_name": "Parliament",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781440851"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Victory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779220109"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W767393750
|
Greek political landscape, from the beginning of World War I, was characterized a mixture of conflicting foreign policy objectives, fundamental constitutional controversies, personality clashes, and sheer emotionalism. Its chief protagonists were two strong-willed men engaged in a power duel accentuated by different perceptions of the national interest: King Constantine I, and Eleftherios Venizelos, the country's Prime Minister and its most powerful political personality.1 relationship between these two men was of paramount importance in regards to two of the most significant events in modern Greek history, the Ethnikos Dikhasmos or National Schism and the Ethnike Katastrophe or National Catastrophe. What followed these events affected not only Greece, but Turkey and the international community as well.While King Constantine wished for Greece to remain neutral during World War I, Prime Minister Venizelos wished to enter the war on the side of the Allies; and to enter the war as soon as possible. King Constantine did not agree with the Prime Minister and did not share his confidence in an Allied victory. King believed that neutrality would best serve the interests of Greece. There was strength to the arguments made by both men. When Venizelos attempted to secure the King's consent for Greece to participate in the Gallipoli campaign on the side of the Entente, the two leaders disagreed so violently the King dismissed the Prime Minister despite the large majority held in parliament by Venizelos' Liberal Party. Venizelos was reelected the same year and this time he convinced the King to allow English and French troops on Greek territory to protect Serbia. Allied troops landed in Thessaloniki. Shortly thereafter the King's sympathy toward Germany re-surfaced and Constantine forced the Prime Minister to resign in 1915. The stage was set and the lights dimmed for the drama of the long struggle between the two men which was to plunge the monarchy and the 'constitutional question' of the [KJing's powers into the political arena until they became the chief cause of dispute between political parties for many years and finally affected the whole Greece's political life.2Prime Minister Venizelos argued that the King had exceeded the powers afforded to him by the constitution. In accordance with the 1864 constitution and its 1911 modified version, King Constantine was given a lifelong tenure and was to exercise only the powers conferred upon him by the constitution. But the constitution did not make it clear if the King, in the exercise of his right to appoint and dismiss ministers, had the power to dismiss a prime minister whose party had the majority in parliament and do it twice during the same year (1915). King's actions gave the Entente as guaranteeing powers an excuse to intervene in the affairs of Greece, and Venizelos a cause for making a revolutionary move. In 1916 the Allies flagrantly interfered in the domestic affairs of Greece. They demanded a new Greek government, the dissolution of parliament, and the demobilization of the Greek army. In October of the same year Venizelos established a rival provisional government in Thessaloniki. Now Greece had two governments, one in Athens and the other in Thessaloniki. Allies imposed a blockade against areas controlled by the royalists and demanded the King's abdication.Even though the King did not formally abdicate, he left Greece in 1917 and chose his second son, Alexander, to succeed him, which made it possible for Venizelos to return to Athens. Venizelos was now free to join the Allied cause and Greece entered the war on June 29, 1917. conflict between Constantine and Venizelos involved much of the Greek population. Venizelists who lived in areas under royal control were harassed and purged from civil service and government. Archbishop of Athens pronounced an anathema on Venizelos and his supporters. When Venizelos returned to Athens as the Prime Minister of the entire country, the purges committed by the royalists were now matched by the Venizelists themselves. …
|
[
{
"display_name": "International Journal on World Peace",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764466026",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1274729566
|
Swedish Neutrality and Leadership of the International Society for the Study of Biological Rhythm in the 1940s and 1950s
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jole Shackelford",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5010530444"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
},
{
"display_name": "Offensive",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C176856949"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "World War II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Algeria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1274729566
|
The second meeting of the International Society for the Study of Biological Rhythm was convened in Utrecht, 25-26 August 1939. If there had been hints that all was not well in Europe at the time of the 1937 meeting, the atmosphere must have been positively tense for the second one. Two days before the meeting began, Hitler and Stalin agreed to partition Poland (23 August), and Germany launched its offensive by the end of the next week ( 1 September), triggering World War II. The Society's planning had gone on in spite of the political tensions in Germany and the hostilities in the Far East, and, with the exception of Arthur Jores (from nearby Hamburg) and Hans Kalmus (German, but now a resident of London), the officers elected in Ronneby were from relatively neutral nations. Of the nine named in the published records of the Societas from the Utrecht meeting, the majority (five) were from Sweden, including the president, vice president, the secretarytreasurer, and the two auditors; and two were from Holland.1 This slate of officers was the same as that elected in Ronneby, with the addition of F. Gerritzen, the leader of the conference in Utrecht, as another board member.2The membership of the new Society had grown quickly since its formation. The report presented by the council to the membership at this 1939 meeting identified 68 members, and a footnote inserted before the publication of the proceedings in 1940 indicated that several new members had joined after the meeting. The total number identified by name in the published proceedings is 78, almost half of whom were Swedes (37), almost a sixth Germans (12), and the rest from other countries (5 Dutch, 5 American, 4 Swiss, 3 Norwegian, 3 Finnish, 2 Danish, and one member each from Algeria, Argentina, Italy, Canada, Turkey, England, and the Soviet Union).* Of the five members listed from the United States, John Welsh from Harvard was probably known in Europe, owing to his research on crustacean rhythms, and perhaps also T. H. -Bissonnette, who had published many articles, including one on photoperiodicity.4 William F. Petersen from Chicago was broadly interested in correlating the cyclical nature of all cosmic occurrences and not engaged in experimental scientific research specifically in biological rhythms, but his work is nevertheless referenced in the European literature. The same can be said of the Soviet member, Alexander Chizhevskii (spelled Tchijevsky in the list).Clearly, the Swedish members of the new Society dominated both its membership and leadership, and this dominance was also manifest financially. Whereas the proceedings of the 1937 meeting were later published in two issues of the German professional medical journal Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrifft at the authors' expense and without mention of the Societas, its leaders (no doubt mainly President Forsgren and Vice President Mollerstrom) had now secured a gift from Sweden's Consul-General, Hugo Duhs and his wife, to cover the costs of publishing the proceeds of the Utrecht meeting as a special issue of the Swedish-dominated medical journal, Aeta Medica Scandinavica. Control of the new Society was thus even more closely tied to Stockholm and de facto to medicine.5The 1939 meeting was formally opened by Erik Forsgren, who began by reporting on the foundation of the Society and its interdisciplinary nature:In August two years ago a small flock of Rhythm enthusiasts, representatives of botany, medicine, and zoology, gathered in Ronneby (Sweden) at the first international conference on biological rhythm research. Today we are pleased that so many distinguished scholars have accepted our invitation and complied, that besides the already mentioned sciences, mathematics and now meteorology are represented.6The creation of a new Society had clearly been warranted, he argued, both by the demand that was evident in the current turnout for the second meeting and by the special nature of the subject matter. …
|
[
{
"display_name": "Transactions of The American Philosophical Society",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S93118124",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2062348267
|
<i>The Diplomatic Significance of Ionian Neutrality, 1821–31</i> (review)
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "John Anthony Petropulos",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5034707426"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Stalemate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C109913982"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Negotiation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199776023"
},
{
"display_name": "Credibility",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780224610"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Colonialism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C531593650"
},
{
"display_name": "Diversity (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781316041"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2062348267
|
162 Reviews Thus, through his brinkmanship and "Napoleon complex" Makarios took Cyprus unwillingly to stalemate and disaster, and let Turkey take everything. Reading Clerides' and Eudokas' accounts of the negotiations during the colonial period and of the causes of the post-colonial crisis provide interesting contrasts about the motivations and the intentions of the two authors. Clerides' book is the more credible of the two volumes examined in this review. Clerides' incisive account is most valuable, and his documentary section makes this book a significant addition to the literature on Cyprus. In contrast, Eudokas' critique evokes dimensions of yellow journalism that adds little to the author's credibility. This disappointing volume however highlights a dimension of Cypriot politics that proved of critical importance in the breakdown of the political consensus on the island and led to the disaster of 1974. For these reasons both volumes ought to be read by those interested in the Cyprus problem. Van Coufoudakis Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne W. D. Wrigley, The Diplomatic Significance of Ionian Neutrality, 1821— 31. New York; Bern; Frankfurt am Main; Paris: Peter Lang. 1988 (American University Studies: Ser. 9, History; Vol. 41). Pp. xii + 335. $41.95. What a pity that the title of this monograph fails to indicate the breadth and diversity of its contents, which are based on exhaustive research in the British state archives and of relevance to historical processes extending well beyond its chronological and geographical framework. In confining attention to the book's central objective, it misleadingly suggests a specialist's preoccupation with an arcane subject of minor significance. To be sure, it focuses geographically on the Ionian Islands, all seven of them inhabited by Greeks, long ruled by Venice, and in 1815 turned into a British protectorate. Its main concern is the policy of neutrality toward both belligerents in which the Ionian British authorities persisted throughout the Greek war of independence . The nature ofthat policy is systematically and thoroughly examined, as are the motivations, obstacles, modes of implementation, and consequences that it entailed. However, the study ranges far beyond its defined focus because, as Wrigley correctly perceived, one Reviews 163 cannot judge the historical significance of a subject without probing the much wider arena for which it might have had significance. What he has produced, therefore, is a broadly conceived and masterfully executed study of British policy in the Eastern Mediterranean as it evolved in response to the consequences of the Greek Revolution. Thanks to the wealth of empirical data on which it is based and the sophisticated analysis which it involves, it goes well beyond diplomacy in the narrow sense and illuminates, in often striking and important ways, topics ranging all the way from regional ones like Greek insurgency and Ottoman reaction to global ones like British colonialism, the Eastern Question, and European rivalries. Consequently, it will interest a wide variety of specialists, which is another way of saying that it should appeal to the generalist as well. The carefully crafted and highly symmetrical organization of this book will keep the latter, especially, from getting lost in its complex and difficult terrain. Besides an introduction, conclusion, and bibliography , all brief but comprehensive, it consists of seven chapters. The first provides a useful overview of Ionian history (1085—1821). Chapters 2, 4, and 6 focus on Ionian neutrality in its regional context, one for each of the phases into which the Greek Revolution is divided: 1821-24, 1824-27, and 1828-31. Chapters 3, 5, and 7, working through the same three phases, deal with high-level Anglo-Ottoman relations in the broader context of "diplomatic events surrounding the topic of the Greek Revolution in the Eastern Question" (p. xii). Each chapter is divided into sections, which are unfortunately not listed in the table of contents. In the first set of chapters, these sections are defined by the wartime exigencies which a policy of neutrality had to address (blockades, refugees, trade policy, and military defense) and are grouped into three parts, each treating the relationship of Ionian neutrality to domestic, Anglo-Ottoman, and Anglo-Hellenic considerations respectively. In the second set each section focuses on Anglo-Ottoman relations at different levels or with...
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Modern Greek Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S180943771",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3197878483
|
Qatar Soft Power: From Rising to the Crisis
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Türkiye",
"display_name": "İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I123758333",
"lat": 41.01384,
"long": 28.94966,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Taha Naier",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5011591081"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Türkiye",
"display_name": "İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I123758333",
"lat": 41.01384,
"long": 28.94966,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Ravza Altuntaş Çakır",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5021798073"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Boycott",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780105190"
},
{
"display_name": "Soft power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C178601582"
},
{
"display_name": "Appeasement",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C75732639"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Ideology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C158071213"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Regional power",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780743169"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "International relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311"
},
{
"display_name": "Mediation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C179420905"
},
{
"display_name": "Middle East",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Geodesy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C13280743"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
},
{
"display_name": "Grid",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C187691185"
}
] |
[
"Qatar"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3197878483
|
Qatar has recently become a regional power and an influential actor in international politics. Qatar has adopted a foreign policy of soft power, which played a prominent role in the rise of the international scene. On 5 June 2017, a diplomatic boycott crisis has erupted against Qatar. The Arab Quartet imposed a complete blockade on Qatar and stated 13 demands. The study explores Qatar’s soft power tools such as lobbying, international mediation, scholarships, foreign aids, Al Jazeera network, which has created a national brand for Qatar. With the non-coercive foreign policy, Qatar’s stance in regional politics has transformed from neutrality to influence. This study will investigate the underlying political, ideological, and strategical factors of the 2017 crisis that has manifested the power struggles in the Gulf, the role of Qatar's foreign policy of soft power in the context of the crisis. Finally, the study will analyze whether the current situation demonstrates transient appeasement or a permanent resolution.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International journal of business and applied social science",
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https://openalex.org/W2031540720
|
GCC countries and the nexus between exchange rate and oil price: What wavelet decomposition reveals?
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"display_name": "Jamal Bouoiyour",
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"country": "Tunisia",
"display_name": "Manouba University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I83259278",
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"display_name": "Nexus (standard)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148609458"
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{
"display_name": "Oil price",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2984556133"
},
{
"display_name": "Exchange rate",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776988154"
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[
"Qatar",
"Saudi Arabia"
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[
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"https://openalex.org/W2008750017",
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2031540720
|
We employ wavelet decomposition and nonlinear causality test to investigate the nexus between the real oil price and the real effective exchange rate in three GCC countries: Qatar, Saudi Arabia and UAE. We find strong evidence in favour of a feedback hypothesis in Qatar and UAE and of a neutrality hypothesis in Saudi Arabia. The first observation outcome means that Qatar and UAE should reinforce the downward effect of oil price on real exchange rate by improving diversification policy. The second one implies that the behaviour of Saudi Arabia as a price taker may allow it to maintain a quick recovery under oil shocks.
|
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"display_name": "Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)",
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"type": "repository"
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