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https://openalex.org/W4254359887
|
Oman and Kuwait may keep neutrality, not influence
|
[] |
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"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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"Kuwait",
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4254359887
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Headline OMAN/KUWAIT: States may keep neutrality, not influence
|
[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210217702",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W4310092910
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Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case of Kuwait
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4310092910
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The causality relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for Kuwait was investigated in this study, and the impact of increasing local energy prices on Kuwait’s economic growth was examined. Our methodology relied on statistical analyses to study the causality trends between various factors such as GDP; annual oil production; oil-reserves depletion; annual energy consumption; and CO2 annual emission, to formulate a hypothesis that determine the actual causality relationship between GPD and energy consumption without having to use the already-established statistical methods. Results showed no solid foundation to support the application of growth or conservation hypothesis. Results support the neutrality hypothesis which specifies no causality relationship between energy consumption and economic growth (GDP), especially from the year 2007/2008 and beyond, which allows for adopting stricter local-energy prices with no effect on the overall economic growth of the country. Results showed, however, a close relationship between oil exports (sales) and total GDP for Kuwait. The difference between total GDP and oil GDP exactly equals the non-oil related economic growth contribution to the country’s economy. The findings of this study provide reliable and suitable basis for policymaking not only in Kuwait, but also in other single-source oil-producing countries such as GCC countries.
|
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|
https://openalex.org/W2380265207
|
President Bush Doctrine in the Middle East and Iran
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2380265207
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George Herbert Walker Bush was confronted with major changes in the world in his president time. The Cold War ended after 40 years, the Communist empire collapsed and the Berlin Wall collapsed, too. The Soviet Union lost and Mikhail Gorbachev who was reformist leader and always supported by Bush had resigned. While Bush has defended the democratization, he emphasized on foreign policy cautiously toward new countries. The biggest test of George Herbert Walker Bush was the invasion of Saddam Hussein who was president of Iraq to Kuwait and threatened to invade on Saudi Arabia. Bush's commitment to support the liberation of Kuwait could gain the support of UN, American and Congress and set out 425 thousand American soldiers to Kuwait. 117 thousand American troops joined the allied forces. After bombing for weeks and a hundred-hour ground war, Iraq was defeated by the army of a million people. Iran condemned the invasion of Iraq at the time but in the UN's activities announced neutrality in relation to declare. Disarm Iraq and to establish safe areas in North and South were gains America’ about Iraq. President Bush refused the Americans to Iraq in order to maintain the regional balance toward Iran. He also ordered Iraq used his planes against the north movement by the Kurds and southern movement in Iraq by Shiites. This action caused great destruction and had many international reactions. After it ,safe zones formed in northern and southern and Iraq was banned from entering the military to the region. Designed New World Order was just after the defeat of Iraq, the Soviet Union and the Cold War. Its principles were announced b President Bush as follows: first revision of the structure of the international economic system, but only the process of this suggestion was the Uruguay Round of GATT into the WTO in 1955. These changes were more in favor of industrialized countries. Second, strengthening the UN, third preventing proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, fourth campaign against international terrorism. Finally, the issue of human rights and fundamental freedoms of the components of the new world order was proposed by President Bush.
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|
https://openalex.org/W4361271412
|
Oman's diplomatic stature will rise
|
[] |
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[
"Kuwait",
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"United Arab Emirates",
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4361271412
|
Significance This underlines the country’s diplomatic value as the go-to regional mediator and validates its traditional foreign policy of neutrality. Impacts Oman’s diplomatic value to the United States will increase, and Muscat will leverage this to strengthen maritime security. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) will likely increase economic and investment cooperation with Oman. Foreign policy success will enhance the personal stature of Sultan Haitham bin Tariq Al Said in the region.
|
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210217702",
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https://openalex.org/W2953530996
|
The relationship between the Kuwaiti National Court and commercial arbitration
|
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"affiliations": [],
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[
"Kuwait"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2953530996
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This thesis examines how best Kuwait might reform its arbitration legislation to meet modern needs. Yet, the particular focus of the study is the relationship between the Kuwaiti national courts and commercial (voluntary) arbitration, with particular emphasis on how national courts can serve arbitration, and when the court should intervene in arbitration. On the one hand, the court provides valuable assistance and support to the arbitration by staying court proceedings, appointing arbitrators when required, and generally providing assistance in the conduct of the reference. Such support and assistance is very important to guarantee both the effectiveness and efficiency of the arbitral agreement, the arbitral process and the ultimate award. On the other hand, the court must have jurisdiction to intervene in the arbitral process and to scrutinise the award in order to ensure the fairness, integrity, legality and neutrality of the arbitral process. It is argued that court supervision of arbitration is the price that has to be paid for the support and assistance of the court to arbitration. This study is divided into two parts, the support given by the court to arbitration, and the control exercised by the court over arbitration. The arbitration agreement should also be closely examined in order to understand the relationship between the court and arbitration, as the arbitration agreement is the foundation stone of arbitration. These parts are divided into five chapters. Chapter one is an introductory chapter. It highlights generally the role of arbitration, the value of arbitration for foreign investors, the link between arbitration and trade and the importance of the relationship between the court and arbitration. It also introduces the arbitral system in Kuwait, the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration and the English Arbitration Act 1996. Chapter two is devoted to examining the most important aspects of the arbitration agreement. It is divided into four sections, namely, the definition and nature of arbitration and the arbitration agreement, the autonomous nature of the arbitration agreement, arbitrability and formality. Chapter three addresses the modes of assistance and support given by the court to arbitration. It is split into six sections as follow; the general principles of an Arbitration Act, enforcing an arbitration agreement, extending contractual time- bars, the constitution of the arbitral tribunal, the conduct of the arbitral proceedings and the enforcement of the arbitral award. Chapter four considers the judicial supervision of arbitration. It deals with judicial supervision over the arbitration agreement, the conduct of the arbitral tribunal and the arbitral award, while chapter five contains the conclusion of this thesis.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3004044726
|
Modeling Economic Growth and Energy Consumption in Arab Countries: Cointegration and Causality Analysis
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3004044726
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ABSTRACT: This paper examines the relationship between energy consumption and real economic growth in 17 Arab countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. It uses an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to determine this econometric relationship using data during 1980-2011. After testing for unit root and cointegration, it identifies Granger causality between energy consumption and real economic growth. The analysis allowed for the verification of the four hypotheses that have been discussed widely in economic literature: Neutrality, Conservation, Growth, and Feedback hypotheses. Empirical findings support neutrality hypothesis in 16 out of 17 Arab countries. These findings, of no causality from economic growth to energy consumption and the other way round, imply that energy conservation will not have a significant impact on economic growth and economic growth will have insignificant effect on changes in energy consumption. They also suggest including other more important variables in the determination of economic growth, such as labor and capital.
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https://openalex.org/W3152040164
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Modeling Economic Growth and Energy Consumption in Arab Countries: Cointegration and Causality Analysis
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"Tunisia",
"Sudan",
"Syria",
"Libya",
"Jordan",
"Egypt",
"Iraq",
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"United Arab Emirates",
"Oman"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3152040164
|
ABSTRACT: This paper examines the relationship between energy consumption and real economic growth in 17 Arab countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. It uses an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to determine this econometric relationship using data during 1980-2011. After testing for unit root and cointegration, it identifies Granger causality between energy consumption and real economic growth. The analysis allowed for the verification of the four hypotheses that have been discussed widely in economic literature: Neutrality, Conservation, Growth, and Feedback hypotheses. Empirical findings support neutrality hypothesis in 16 out of 17 Arab countries. These findings, of no causality from economic growth to energy consumption and the other way round, imply that energy conservation will not have a significant impact on economic growth and economic growth will have insignificant effect on changes in energy consumption. They also suggest including other more important variables in the determination of economic growth, such as labor and capital.
|
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https://openalex.org/W3122789654
|
Review of Energy-Growth Nexus: A Panel Analysis for Ten Eurasian Oil Exporting Countries
|
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"display_name": "Elchin Suleymanov",
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C206658404"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2993173335"
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{
"display_name": "Energy consumption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780165032"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
"display_name": "International trade",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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] |
[
"Kuwait",
"Qatar",
"Saudi Arabia",
"Bahrain",
"Iran",
"Oman"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3122789654
|
The paper examines the energy-growth nexus in ten oil-exporting developing Eurasian countries: Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia and the UAE over the period 1997–2014.
Lack of enough energy-growth nexus studies on the oil exporters of the Middle East and Commonwealth of Independent States coupled with a number of issues, which have not been addressed by prior studies motivate us to conduct this review.
Policymakers should take into consideration that any policy measures aimed at conserving the Primary Energy Consumption can undermine economic growth, as we find that the growth hypothesis dominates in the Primary Energy Consumption-growth nexus. Conversely, validity of the neutrality hypothesis in the Residential Electricity Consumption-growth nexus, another finding of this study, implies that policymakers can pursue conservation policy by reconsidering the residential electricity subsidies in the selected countries.
The study contributes to the energy-growth literature by addressing some issues and filling the gap for the Eurasian oil exporting countries, especially those in the Middle East and Commonwealth of Independent States.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2792982158
|
Understanding Arab civil society: functional validity as the missing link
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Lebanon",
"display_name": "American University of Beirut",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I98635879",
"lat": 33.901093,
"long": 35.48153,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "Carmen Geha",
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{
"display_name": "Civil society",
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{
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"display_name": "Democracy",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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"display_name": "Representation (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776359362"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Anthropology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19165224"
}
] |
[
"Kuwait",
"Lebanon",
"Tunisia",
"Syria",
"Libya",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2792982158
|
The study of civil society in the Arab region has been riddled with normative expectations largely derived from the experiences of civil society in other countries. While the region continues to endure a democratic deficit, it is also home to myriad civil society organizations working on a range of issues. The missing link when theorizing about Arab civil society has been in considering its functional validity in the eyes of the activists themselves. This article utilizes insights from focus groups with activists in Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Kuwait, Iraq and Syria to propose a typology of the functional validity that civil society offers to Arab activists. Despite the criticisms that the concept of civil society has faced in the region, activists continue to find validity in the work they are doing. The typology proposed here presents a fivefold validity of action through neutrality, mobilization, democratic claim, access to funds, and representation for civil society activists. By bringing in empirical evidence from the activists themselves we can move away from normative expectations about civil society towards a better understanding of the various functions that civil society organizations are fulfilling in different contexts across the region.
|
[
{
"display_name": "British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S199726014",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W659088438
|
International Economic Law and Armed Conflict
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Harry Post",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5059482854"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "International law",
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{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
"display_name": "International economic law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779812257"
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{
"display_name": "Municipal law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C8705443"
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{
"display_name": "Reciprocal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777742833"
},
{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Public international law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185436325"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Library science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C161191863"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Kuwait",
"Iran",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W659088438
|
The impact of (international) armed conflict on international economic law has become a subject of renewed interest since, in particular, the Iran--Iraq War of 1980--1988 and, to a lesser extent, the Falkland/Malvinas War of 1982. The military operations against Iraq during the 1990--1991 Kuwait crisis, and, more recently, the events in the former Yugoslavia have added a new dimension to this part of international law. The subject of this book is the reciprocal effect of armed conflict and international economic relations. The rules on visit, search, diversion and capture, instruments such as blockade or the rules on termination or suspension of trade agreements and the law of neutrality provide classic examples. `Traditional' and `classic' do not necessarily mean that these long-standing rules are now invalid. One of the purposes of this book is to examine the state of important rules of international prize law and of fundamental principles of the law of neutrality. The essays collected here contribute to a few important capita of international economic law.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Brill | Nijhoff eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306462967",
"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2039929594
|
<i>Eisenhower and Israel: U.S.-Israeli Relations, 1953-1960</i> (review)
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Bernard Reich",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5065066205"
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[
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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] |
[
"Kuwait",
"Egypt",
"Iraq",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2039929594
|
184 SHOFAR Winter 1996 Vol. 14, No.2 meanings of the scripture" (p. 177). The actual content of those liberating meanings remains unclear. Whether irony can bear the functions assigned to it here is doubtful. Carole R. Fontaine Andover Newton Theological School Eisenhower and Israel: U.S.-Israeli Relations, 1953-1960, by Isaac Alteras. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1993. 405 pp. $44.95 (c); $19.95 (P). The special relationship between the United States and Israel remains among the most important and interesting of those between a superpower and a small state of regional significance. Although a number of studies have examined this linkage, some in great detail, the Eisenhower period has, hitherto, not been subjected to the thoroughness of treatment that Professor Isaac Alteras provides in this informative diplomatic history. The United States-Israel relationship began on a positive note in the Truman administration. Thus, there were questions and concerns when Eisenhower, relatively unknown as a political figure, took office. Throughout his memoirs, Eisenhower refers to United States neutrality (he writes of the United States as an "objective friend") in the Arab-Israeli conflict and focuses on the Tripartite Declaration of 1950 as an example of impartiality in opposing both an arms race and aggression from any source. His hope was that he could "prevent armed conflict" and "bring about normal relations" among Israel and its neighbors. Despite verbal assertions of "impartial friendship," during the Dulles era the United States shifted away from Israel, and Israel's priority position was diminished. Among other problems there was a clash over the move of the Israeli foreign ministry to Jerusalem. The United States would not relocate its Embassy from Tel Aviv; it remains there to this day. The Sinai campaign of 1956 caught the administration by surprise, and Eisenhower strongly opposed the use of force by Israel, Britain, and France. After the end of hostilities Israel withdrew from Egyptian territory primarily at United States insistence. Dulles utilized a mixture of pressure (threats concerning United States' aid) and reassurance (the emplacement of the United Nations Emergency Force and his aide-memoire supporting freedom of navigation through the Tiran Straits). Alteras shows a clear divergence of interests in the Suez crisis but notes that relations improved later as Nasser "subverted Western interests" and the Soviet Union Book Reviews 185 expanded its influence in the area. Israel was increasingly seen in a more positive light. Alteras observes: "The withdrawal of Israeli troops from Egyptian territory brought an end to the strain and confrontation between the United States and Israel. A period of relative tranquility in bilateral relations ensued. U.S. and Israeli interests were in basic consonance ..." (p. 304). Countering Communist penetration of the Middle East and radical Arab subversion of pro-Western regimes in the region became the priority, as seen in the Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957. This was congruent with Israel's policies and interests. Alteras contrasts this with some observations concerning the Iraqi threat to Kuwait in 1990 and the Gulf War in 1991, when United States-Israeli relations were tense as a consequence of clashes between Bush and Shamir and their governments' policies, and as a result of regional events and developments. "Then, U.S. policy makers viewed Israel as a burden and a hindrance to U.S. interests in the Middle East" (p. xiv). He suggests that, now, it is far different. This' is; however, more than a U.S.-oriented diplomatic history, as Alteras examines the actions and reactions of Israeli leaders to United States policy from the vantage point of Israeli national security interests. In this, he draws on recently declassified documents from both countries, most notably from Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion's diaries and correspondence and the Israeli State Archives. Alteras explores in detail the relations between the United States and Israel in the context of United States (and, more generally, Western) military, economic, and political interests in the Middle East and devotes considerable attention to the impact ofAmerican Jewry on United States' policies in this period. He provides interesting and useful information about the Suez Crisis and tends to blame the British and French for the debacle of the Suez crisis and war...
|
[
{
"display_name": "Shofar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S10702487",
"type": "journal"
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https://openalex.org/W2611906195
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Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2611906195
|
The aim of this study is to investigate the relative performance of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth in 17 emerging economies. For this purpose, the annual data from 1980 to 2012 is examined using with bootstrap panel causality that allows both cross-section dependency and country specific heterogeneity across countries. In the case of renewable energy consumption, the results reveal that the growth hypothesis is confirmed only for Peru; the conservation hypothesis is supported for Colombia and Thailand; the feedback hypothesis is found for Greece and South Korea and the neutrality hypothesis is valid for the other 12 emerging economies. In the case of non-renewable energy consumption, the growth hypothesis is found for China, Colombia, Mexico and Philippines; the conservation hypothesis is confirmed for Egypt, Peru and Portugal; the feedback hypothesis is supported only for Turkey and the neutrality hypothesis is valid for the other 9 emerging economies.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W1981258024
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Energy consumption and economic growth in the next 11 countries: The bootstrapped autoregressive metric causality approach
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Departing from previous literature, using bootstrapped autoregressive metric causality approach which is more robust against non-stationarity and break problems than lag augmented tests, this study analyzes causal relation between economic growth and energy consumption in the Next 11 countries. Estimating a trivariate model consisting of GDP per capita, energy consumption per capita and gross capital formation, it was found that the neutrality hypothesis is valid for all of the countries except for Turkey. These findings imply that energy conservation-oriented policies should be implemented in Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Korea, Mexico, Pakistan and Philippines. In the case of Turkey, a unidirectional causal nexus was found from energy consumption to economic growth. Since the growth hypothesis is valid, energy conservation policy poses an obstacle for economic growth in Turkey.
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https://openalex.org/W2531410129
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The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in Black Sea and Balkan countries
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The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth within the framework of traditional production function for the period of 1990–2012 in 9 Black Sea and Balkan countries. For this purpose, we use Pedroni, 1999, Pedroni, 2004 panel cointegration, Pedroni, 2000, Pedroni, 2001 co-integration estimate methods and Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) heterogeneous panel causality estimation techniques. The study has concluded that there is a long term balance relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth and renewable energy consumption has a positive impact on economic growth. Heterogeneous panel causality analysis results support growth hypothesis in Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Russia and Ukraine; feedback hypothesis in Albania, Georgia and Romania; neutrality hypothesis in Turkey and according to the panel data set including all nine countries the results support feedback hypothesis. With the findings, it was concluded that there is a significant impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth in Balkan and Black Sea Countries.
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Causality Between Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach
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Turkey is a candidate for becoming a European Union member and has an important geopolitical position for energy sources; hence, the increasing attention given to electric consumption and economic growth in Turkey has been seen in energy journals. In this study, the nexus between electricity consumption and economic growth for Turkey is examined by using the autoregressive distributed lag bound test. After we concluded that there was a long-run relationship between electricity consumption-gross domestic product (GDP) and vice versa, we also found that electricity consumption has a positive and a statistically significant impact on Turkey's economic growth and vice versa. In order to examine causality between electricity consumption-GDP, the Granger test was employed and while we concluded that while the neutrality hypotheses is valid for the short run in Turkey, there exists bidirectional Granger causality between electricity consumption and GDP which confirms the feedback hypothesis for the long run.
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https://openalex.org/W2020296913
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Boradiazaindacene-Appended Calix[4]arene: Fluorescence Sensing of pH Near Neutrality
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ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTBoradiazaindacene-Appended Calix[4]arene: Fluorescence Sensing of pH Near NeutralityCeren N. Baki and Engin U. AkkayaView Author Information Middle East Technical University, Department of Chemistry, TR-06531, Ankara, Turkey [email protected]Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 4, 1512–1513Publication Date (Web):January 19, 2001Publication History Received30 October 2000Published online19 January 2001Published inissue 1 February 2001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo005706qCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1339Altmetric-Citations86LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (44 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Aromatic compounds,Fluorescence,Ions,Reaction products,Sensors Get e-Alerts
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Turkish foreign policy during the Second World War: an active' neutrality
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2903910488
|
Acknowledgements Introduction 1. The economic background 2. Military inadequacy 3. Process of government and the foreign policy leadership 4. The historical conditioning of a generation 5. Turkey at the outbreak of war 6. The year of surprises: 1940 7. Hostile encirclement: 1941 8. 'Active neutrality': 1942 9. On the razor's edge: 1943 10. The Turkish gambit: 1944 11. The Soviet demands: 1945 Conclusion Appendix Notes Bibliography Index.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Choice Reviews Online",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764375719",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2004725706
|
The Turkish Military’s Autonomy, JDP Rule and the EU Reform Process in the 2000s: An Assessment of the Turkish Version of Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DECAF)
|
[
{
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{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Kadir Has University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I132286405",
"lat": 41.052223,
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"display_name": "Şule Toktaş",
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Zirve University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I164633055",
"lat": 36.98014,
"long": 37.29958,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Ümit Kurt",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5011997342"
}
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[
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781145704"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Public administration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
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[
"https://openalex.org/W1969656291",
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"https://openalex.org/W2000922291",
"https://openalex.org/W2017723536",
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"https://openalex.org/W2051591892",
"https://openalex.org/W2068888698",
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"https://openalex.org/W2078418286",
"https://openalex.org/W2083237568",
"https://openalex.org/W2121329408",
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"https://openalex.org/W2162213766",
"https://openalex.org/W2316776191",
"https://openalex.org/W2480661975",
"https://openalex.org/W2484891886",
"https://openalex.org/W2561304492"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2004725706
|
Abstract This article tackles the question of Europeanization in Turkey’s civil‐military relations and the extent to which the EU has served as an anchor in the civilian control over the Turkish Armed Forces. We argue that the EU membership process has necessitated democratization in civil‐military relations; EU support was not sufficient for fully integrated democratic control of the armed forces (DECAF) as there are still problems in the democratization of civil‐military relations. Since the 2000s, there has been a DECAF reform process taking place but due to historical deficiencies in Turkish polity, like the civilian incapacity to change the priority given to the military’s role in the making of the security culture, the European norms of DECAF, such as a constitutional division between the civilian and military authorities, political neutrality of the military and parliamentary control of the defense budget, is formal. In the first part, we aim to give background information to DECAF reforms in Turkey. The second part discusses Justice and Development Party (JDP)–Turkish General Staff (TGS) relations between 2002 and 2007. The third part assesses civil‐military relations in the period since 2007. The last section pays special attention to the significance of the question of a Turkish way to Europeanization especially in the field of civil‐ military relations.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Turkish Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S77485876",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W573239831
|
Contemporary Turkish foreign policy
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Yasemin Çelik",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5040338465"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
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{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Cold war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986359222"
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{
"display_name": "Index (typography)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777382242"
},
{
"display_name": "European union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868"
},
{
"display_name": "International relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44394981"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy analysis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C188888794"
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{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "World Wide Web",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020"
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[
"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W573239831
|
Preface Introduction The Foundations of Turkish Foreign Policy From Neutrality to NATO Fluctuations in Cold War Foreign Policy A New Era in Relations with the United States Relations with the European Union New Foreign Policy Partners Conclusion Selected Bibliography Index
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1193278494
|
Medical Humanitarianism Under Atmospheric Violence: Health Professionals in the 2013 Gezi Protests in Turkey
|
[
{
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "University of Arizona",
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"lat": 32.22174,
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"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Salih Can Açıksöz",
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Biology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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[
"Turkey"
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"https://openalex.org/W2484869108",
"https://openalex.org/W4230799355",
"https://openalex.org/W4239293599"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1193278494
|
During the 2013 Gezi protests in Turkey, volunteering health professionals provided on-site medical assistance to protesters faced with police violence characterized by the extensive use of riot control agents. This led to a government crackdown on the medical community and the criminalization of "unauthorized" first aid amidst international criticisms over violations of medical neutrality. Drawing from ethnographic observations, in-depth interviews with health care professionals, and archival research, this article ethnographically analyzes the polarized encounter between the Turkish government and medical professionals aligned with social protest. I demonstrate how the context of "atmospheric violence"-the extensive use of riot control agents like tear gas-brings about new politico-ethical spaces and dilemmas for healthcare professionals. I then analyze how Turkish health professionals framed their provision of health services to protestors in the language of medical humanitarianism, and how the state dismissed their claims to humanitarian neutrality by criminalizing emergency care. Exploring the vexed role that health workers and medical organizations played in the Gezi protests and the consequent political contestations over doctors' ethical, professional, and political responsibilities, this article examines challenges to medical humanitarianism and neutrality at times of social protest in and beyond the Middle East.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S75857574",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "eScholarship University of California (University of California)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402430",
"type": "repository"
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{
"display_name": "PubMed",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2112997203
|
Introduction: The Veil: Debating Citizenship, Gender and Religious Diversity
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Sevgi Kılıç",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5039741200"
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{
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"display_name": "Sawitri Saharso",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5088651768"
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{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Birgit Sauer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5052133285"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Citizenship",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780781376"
},
{
"display_name": "Multiculturalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C542530943"
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{
"display_name": "Meaning (existential)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780876879"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Diversity (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781316041"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Oppression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776526686"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Secularism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11293438"
},
{
"display_name": "Gender studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C107993555"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychotherapist",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C542102704"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2085007153"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2112997203
|
Over the past decade Muslim women's veiling1 practices have come under the gaze of government's all over Europe. It has been vehemently contested by some governments and passionately defended by veil wearing women and their supporters. Intriguingly European governments have viewed the veil from very different political vantage points thus resulting in different institutional approaches, constraints, and regulations. European countries have attached different meanings to the veil, and while some countries might have similar views of its meaning, this has not necessarily translated into homogenous policy measures. Countries such as France and Turkey have issued a ban on the wearing of the veil in public institutions, Austria has no prohibitive regulations and only little public debate, and in the United Kingdom the decision rests with heads of schools to decide whether the veil2 can be worn. So, what is the meaning behind veiling in Europe? And why does it tantalize and cause such controversy over issues about: gender oppression, citizenship, neutrality of the state, and multiculturalism? And why has it come under the disciplinary practices of some European countries but not of others?
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S73612404",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2044144853
|
The preservation of Turkey's neutrality during the second world war: 1940
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Selim Deringil",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5032008961"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W2905598456"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2044144853
|
On 19 October 1939, the Turkish Republic signed a treaty of Mutual Assistance with Britain and France. But leaders like President In6nu and the close circle of foreign policy advisers around him knew that Turkey was in no condition to take part in any modem war. ' She was only just beginning to heal the wounds left by the continuous wars from 1909 to 1923, when the Republic had been founded. Therefore, Turkey had to be kept out of the war, and yet her sovereignty and territorial integrity safeguarded. This brought forth from the Turkish leaders at the time, a most remarkable feat of diplomacy. Despite her vital strategic location Turkey managed to avoid involvement in the worldwide upheaval. The most critical stage of the war for Turkey was 1940, as this year presented the Turkish foreign policy planners with great difficulty in the application of their policies. It was a year of severe crises and unforeseen events. 'When the Turks, the French and the British signed an alliance it was impossible to foresee either the German successes in Western Europe and the developments which brought the Axis to the very doors of Turkey, or the threat of complete hostile encirclement ...'I In the previous year during the treaty negotiations the British had spoken in terms of the 'Maginot line' and the French having 'the best existing land defences in the world', this making 'a direct attack on France most unlikely'. They had also spoken of a 'Polish Offensive in the East'.3 In view of what actually happened it was hardly surprising that the Turks kept their reserve. It is no more surprising that Turkey, 'was not even ready to allow the indispensable naval and air bases to be prepared in her territory'.4 The British and Turks approached the Alliance with completely contradictory viewpoints. To the Turks it was an insurance policy to be put into practice only in case of dire need, while for the British it was a means of effective action in the Balkans and Middle East. Barutqu quotes Inonu as saying at the time:
|
[
{
"display_name": "Middle Eastern Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S164505828",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2980316071
|
TESTING THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE HYPOTHESIS: EVIDENCE FROM EGYPT, KENYA AND TURKEY
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Emrah Beşe",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5011620696"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Bursa Technical University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I192257213",
"lat": 40.18622,
"long": 29.103449,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Salih Kalaycı",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079168769"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Kuznets curve",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780481019"
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{
"display_name": "Nexus (standard)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C148609458"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Developing country",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248"
},
{
"display_name": "Environmental degradation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198428699"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Causality (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C64357122"
},
{
"display_name": "Consumption (sociology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C30772137"
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{
"display_name": "Energy consumption",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780165032"
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{
"display_name": "Granger causality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C129824826"
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{
"display_name": "Gross domestic product",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114350782"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470"
},
{
"display_name": "Econometrics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149782125"
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{
"display_name": "Economic growth",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Ecology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297"
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{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240"
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{
"display_name": "Embedded system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Egypt"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2980316071
|
In this study, the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is examined for 3 developing countries which are Egypt, Kenya and Turkey for the period between 1971 and 2014. The EKC hypothesis is examined under two nexus which are GDP, and energy consumption, and GDP, , energy consumption and the square of GDP. The EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for Egypt, Kenya and Turkey, and the growth hypothesis is confirmed for Egypt and Kenya. The neutrality hypothesis is confirmed for Turkey. Unidirectional causality running from to energy consumption is found for Turkey and no causal relationship is found between and GDP for Egypt, Kenya and Turkey. Authorities in Turkey, Egypt and Kenya should continue to invest in emission reduction policies since these policies are likely not to have a detrimental effect on economic growth. These countries are likely to achieve further economic growth without causing environmental degradation since no causal relationship is found between and GDP. Limits of our study are that results are obtained for 3 developing countries and the period between 1971 and 2014 are examined for these countries.Keywords: Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis, International Economics, GDP, Energy consumptionJEL Classifications: Q50, F10, Q4DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8638
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"display_name": "International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy",
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https://openalex.org/W2023445389
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Monetary policy in high inflation open economies: evidence from Israel and Turkey
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2023445389
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Abstract With quarterly data from Israel and Turkey we estimate generalized impulse response functions to show that inflation has no long‐run real effects on consumption, investment and the current account balance. The findings are robust even after allowing for inflation volatility obtained through GARCH estimates. We develop an inter‐temporal optimizing model of a small open economy with a fixed rate of time preference that supports the empirics. Our model, thus, extends the super‐neutrality results (à la Sidrausky) in an open economy paradigm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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[
{
"display_name": "International Journal of Finance & Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S146099957",
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https://openalex.org/W3188288753
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Biomass energy consumption and economic growth: Further evidence from NEXT-11 countries
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3188288753
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In this paper, it is aimed to examine the relationship between biomass energy consumption (BEC) and economic growth (EG) in NEXT-11 countries (except for Vietnam). In this context, panel data analysis was executed using annual data for the 1970-2017 period. According to the findings, it has been found that BEC and EG act together in the long run. In consequence of the causality tests, concluded that the conservation hypothesis is valid for NEXT-11 countries. In the country-specific evaluations, the conservation hypothesis was found to be valid for Indonesia, Nigeria and Bangladesh; the neutrality hypothesis was found to be valid for Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Korea, Mexico, Pakistan, and the Philippines. The findings show that NEXT-11 countries can only realize such a serious, costly biomass energy investment when they achieve EG. These findings provide valuable signals for policymakers.
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[
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"display_name": "Energy Reports",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2898434319",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2471516420
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The Criminalization of Physicians and the Delegitimization of Violence in Turkey
|
[
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{
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"display_name": "Koç University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I1351752",
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"display_name": "Başak Can",
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[
"Turkey"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2471516420
|
In June 2013, protests that erupted in Gezi Park in Istanbul, Turkey were met with state violence, mobilizing hundreds of native physicians to deliver emergency medical care. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in makeshift clinics during these protests, interviews with Gezi physicians and analyses of recent laws restricting emergency care provision, in this article I explore the criminalization of clinical practice through legal and coercive means of the government and the delegitimization of state violence through clinical and expert witnessing practices of physicians. As I show, material, legal, and discursive articulations of the idiom of medical neutrality revolve around the tension between medical praxis as neutrality and medical praxis as political participation. I offer a reconsideration of medical humanitarian and human rights regimes in terms of their consequences for inciting, documenting and restricting state violence.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Medical Anthropology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S91080920",
"type": "journal"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2605964927
|
Islamic Headscarves and Human Rights: A Critical Analysis of the Relevant Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights
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[
{
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"display_name": "Niraj Nathwani",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5075355976"
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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[
"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2605964927
|
This article will first present two cases at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR): Dahlab vs Switzerland and Leyla Sahin vs Turkey and then comment on these two decisions focusing on the following issues: State neutrality; negative freedom of religion; right to education; gender discrimination; discriminatory statements; religious discrimination; political extremism. This article will argue that the reasoning of the ECtHR in the cases Dahlab vs Switzerland and Leyla Sahin v Turkey is questionable and at odds with important principles developed in the established case law of the Court.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S158082692",
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|
https://openalex.org/W3213282715
|
Asymmetric causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth: fresh evidence from some emerging countries
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[
{
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{
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"display_name": "Tarsus University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210132115",
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{
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{
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"display_name": "Karadeniz Technical University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I162720556",
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"long": 39.72694,
"type": "education"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3213282715
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Renewable energy is an important alternative energy source in terms of both sustainable growth and climate change. In this paper, the causality nexus between renewable energy consumption and economic growth is analyzed in 15 emerging countries covering the period from 1990 to 2015. The paper adopts the bootstrap panel causality test which is developed by (Kónya, Econ Model 23:978-992, 2006) to consider the cross-sectional dependence. The results of (Kónya, Econ Model 23:978-992, 2006) prove the validity of the neutrality hypothesis in all countries. Then, we analyze asymmetric causality among the variables. Asymmetric test denotes a causality from negative shocks of economic growth to negative shocks of renewable energy consumption in South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey. Thus, a negative shock in economic growth hampers renewable energy consumption in these countries. Our results demonstrate the consequences of the application of disaggregated data in the analyses.
|
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"display_name": "Environmental Science and Pollution Research",
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https://openalex.org/W2802840872
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A Convergent Parallel Mixed-Methods Study of Controversial Issues in Social Studies Classes: A Clash of Ideologies
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[
"Turkey"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2802840872
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In today’s educational landscape, social studies classes are characterized by controversial issues (CIs) that teachers handle differently using various ideologies. These CIs have become more and more popular, particularly in heterogeneous communities. The actual classroom practices for teaching social studies courses are unclear in the context of Turkey. This study aims to investigate the extent to which social studies teachers’ ideologies are influential while teaching CIs and to examine the role of teachers’ personal characteristics in determining how their ideologies interfere with the way they present CIs in the classroom. Using a convergent mixed-methods parallel research design, the researchers delve into the way teachers handle CIs by collecting data through a survey, qualitative interviews, and observations. The data analysis indicates CIs to be abundant and teachers’ ideologies to highly influence the way they present these issues in social studies classrooms. The results also indicate that psycho-social reasons may be behind the act of bringing ideologies into class without paying attention to well-established scientific norms such as research, questioning, neutrality, and establishing a democratic environment for discussion when teaching social studies.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Kuram Ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S175388953",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W639225481
|
Nazi Germany and Neutral Europe During the Second World War
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Christian Leitz",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5087829221"
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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[
"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W639225481
|
This is a study of Nazi Germany's war relations to the five continental European neutrals: Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden and Turkey. Questioning the true commitment to neutrality of the five states, the book details not simply the development of relations to Germany, but also highlights the contribution the states made to Germany's war effort. The author explains that the Nazi regime benefitted in large measure from permitting these five countries to remain neutral. Even while Germany's military fortunes were declining in 1943 and 1944, it continued to receive vital services from the neutrals. Based on a wide reading of secondary sources in English, German, Spanish, Swedish, Portuguese, French and Turkish, and supplemented by documentary evidence from various German archives, this book enables readers at all levels to gain insight into a significant aspect not only of the history of Nazi Germany, but also the history of the Second World War in Europe.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2729222179
|
Indoctrination, Secularism, Religious Liberty, and the Echr
|
[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/A5069583802"
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[
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
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[
"Turkey"
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2729222179
|
With its judgment in Leyla Şahin v Turkey , 1 the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights has once again addressed the place of religion within the European Convention system. The Court considers two types of cases. The first focuses on individuals but has repercussions on the relationship between State and religious communities. The Court is much more individualistic in these cases, in that it focuses more on the individual and the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. The Court emphasizes values such as the prevention of indoctrination, neutrality, secularism and laïcité, especially in relation to Islam. The Court tries to promote and enforce a normative order of secularism but this has unfortunate consequences for religious freedom. The second deals with the compatibility of entire domestic regimes regulating religious affairs with the Convention, including questions of legal personality and registration, leadership and property ownership, positive obligations of the State towards the protection of religious communities against third parties, and freedom of religious choice. The aim is to promote tolerance, religious diversity, pluralism and a market place within religious beliefs. It will be shown that these two strands in the caselaw do not always sit happily together.
|
[
{
"display_name": "International and Comparative Law Quarterly",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S156235965",
"type": "journal"
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] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2279347253
|
Religious Information on Identity Cards: A Turkish Debate
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Selin Esen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5002435686"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Levent Gönenç",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5047722795"
}
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778355321"
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{
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{
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[
"Turkey"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2279347253
|
In 2006, the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) made a notable departure from historical precedent when it replaced the Population Register Law of 1972. The 1972 law, in Article 43, required that the national registry records on all households in Turkey contain the religion of all family members unless, under Article 46, an individual or family went to court to make a revision in these records. This was the legal basis of the inclusion of religious information on Turkish identity cards, issued in accordance with the information in family registers. Article 35 of The Population Services Law of 2006 now provides: “Requests about the religious information in household registers shall be approved, modified, left blank or deleted, in accordance with the written application of the concerned person.” We shall argue, in this paper that Article 35 of the Population Services Law of 2006 is unconstitutional just like Article 43 of the Population Register Law of 1972 was, and that information about individuals' religions should be deleted from both the national register and individuals' identity (ID) cards. The inclusion of religious information in the identity cards of citizens or resident aliens, who apply for Turkish citizenship, violates the religious liberty in Turkey, particularly under a “neutrality” conception of that right. We shall review the jurisprudence of the Turkish Constitutional Court concerning ID cards in the light of the negative and positive aspects of religious liberty, focus on the different meanings of neutrality such as “formal neutrality,” “substantive neutrality,” “aim neutrality,” “justification neutrality” and “consequences neutrality.” Before we evaluate this practice under neutrality theory, however, it would be appropriate to begin with a historical narrative about the origin of religious notations on Turkish identity cards, and explain the content and the meaning of the new law.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Law and Religion",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764945322",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W1593259308
|
The nexus between electricity consumption and economic growth in MENA countries
|
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{
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[
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"Iran"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1593259308
|
We assess the causality between electricity consumption and economic growth for a panel of twelve MENA countries (seven energy exporters and five energy importers) over the period 1975–2010 within a bivariate framework using panel cointegration methods and panel causality test. By doing so, we show that 16.66% of MENA countries supported the growth hypothesis, 25% the conservation hypothesis, 33.33% the feedback hypothesis and 25% the neutrality hypothesis. For energy exporters, we support the growth hypothesis in 14.28% of cases at the same way of conservation hypothesis, the feedback hypothesis in 42.88% and the neutrality hypothesis in 28.57%. For energy importers, almost 60% of cases provide support for conservation hypothesis. Additionally, we show that Iran and Turkey behave better than the rest of countries in terms of the focal link. We attribute this apparently result to the good structuring of the electricity sector.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Energy Studies Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764949791",
"type": "journal"
},
{
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"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2182669203
|
Türkiye’de petrol tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Sefer Uçak",
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},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Akın Usupbeyli",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5082248009"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2182669203
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Energy is one of the most important main inputs for the promoting economic growth. Most of the energy needed by the countries is mostly supplied by the sources called fossil fuel. For this reason, numbers of studies examine the linear relationship between the oil consumption and economic growth. The direction of the causality found in these studies guides the countries in their economic policies. This study attempts to empirically examine the short and the long run relationship between oil consumption and the reel gross domestic production (GDP) in the case of Turkey using the time series data for the period 1971-2013. Granger causality and Johansen cointegration test are used in order to analyze the relationship between these variables. The empirical results suggest that oil consumption and GDP are not cointegrated and there is no evidence of causality between these two variables. The main conclusion of this study is that the neutrality hypothesis is prevail for Turkey
|
[
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"display_name": "Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi dergisi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210189821",
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|
https://openalex.org/W4318471070
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Some Implications of Sweden and Finland Joining NATO
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[
{
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"display_name": "North Atlantic Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776161467"
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[
"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4318471070
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Sweden and Finland’s decision to abandon their longtime, famous neutrality and apply for membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) indicates that Russian president Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine has disastrously backfired. These two new NATO members will bring tangible geostrategic benefits to the alliance, not just a token weight. NATO has suddenly gained a new and greater strength and legitimacy. As for the Kurds, they need to understand that NATO’s deal with Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan to approve Sweden and Finland’s NATO membership in return for their cracking down on supposed Kurdish terrorists sheltering within their borders is not as hostile to Kurdish interests as they claim. Sweden and Finland are not likely to extradite Kurds accused of political crimes to Turkey. The Kurds should comprehend their very secondary position in the existential power struggle involving NATO and Russia and not overreact against it. As explained below, this deal with Turkey, like earlier ones, is not likely to be as inimical to Kurdish interests as first meets the eye.
|
[
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https://openalex.org/W3016128610
|
TÜRKİYE-ABD İLİŞKİLERİNDE TRUMAN DOKTRİNİ VE MARSHALL PLANI
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Barış Ertem",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5047962967"
}
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[
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"display_name": "World War II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Soviet union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017612487"
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{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199776023"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C201280247"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776560864"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Cold war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986359222"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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[
"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3016128610
|
Bases of Research: Negotiations, correspondence, notes, treaties and laws beetween Turkey, United States and Soviet Union beetween the years 1945-1950. Purpose of the Research: Presenting the Turkey’s rapprochement to United States, against Soviet claims in after Second World War and United States’ support to Turkey with Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan in between years 1945-1950. Data Resources: The notes between three countries published in Turkish Press and “Ayin Tarihi”, Turkish daily newspapers in the years between 1945-1950, laws Dustur , published articles in USA and books. Main Discussion: Why Turkey insist to close to Western World and especially USA in immediately-after Second World War and what was the first results of this rapprochement until year 1950? Conclusions: As a result of its neutrality policy, Turkey has remained alone in the world, immediately-after Second World War. In this period of loneliness, Turkey remained against the Soviet claims. Turkey demanded support from the Western World against Soviet claims. United States, for its interests, has decided to support Turkey against Soviet Union. Truman Doctrine in 1947 and Marshall Plan 1948 were first applications of United States’ this decision.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306503988",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2465647025
|
The Silent Victor: Turkey’s Role in the Gulf War
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Henri J. Barkey",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5072318089"
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
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{
"display_name": "Gulf war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2994199513"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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[
"Turkey",
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"Iraq"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2465647025
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The Iraqi invasion of Iran on 22 September 1980 found the new Turkish military regime barely ten days old. Notwithstanding its declared neutrality and pronounced readiness to mediate between the belligerents, Turkey was to benefit — both politically and economically — from the persistence of the war at a time when it was facing one of the most critical challenges of its modern history.
|
[
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"type": "ebook platform"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2419030055
|
Turkey and the West: From Neutrality to Commitment
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Yusuf Turan Çetiner",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5051707023"
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Turkish republic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992216677"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C557252395"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986359222"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
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{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778012447"
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{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897"
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[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2419030055
|
Abbreviations Turkish Pronunciation Guide Foreword Acknowledgments 1. Scope and the Contention 2. A Challenged Neutrality: Turkey Under the Pressure of Emerging Rivals (1938-1940) 3. The War and Neutral Obligations: Turkish Foreign Policy Vis-a-Vis the Shifting Sands of Wartime Diplomacy (1941-1945) 4. Tensions Revealed: Prelude to War Cold and Hot, and the Beginnings of the Turkish Quest for Security (1946) 5. Turkey's Transformation Amidst Forceful Change and Turkish Strategies in Adapting to a New Security Environment (1945-1947) 6. War, Cold: Launching of the Western Security Pacts and a Re-Assessment of Turkish Role in the Middle East (1948-1949) 7. War, Hot: The Test of Wills in the Korean War and the Turkish Involvement in the Conflict (1950-1952) 8. The Northern Tier Arrangements and the Prelude to Regional Divergences (1953-1958) 9. Conclusion Bibliography Index of Names and Subjects About the Author
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3196247787
|
Greek-Turkish Confrontation and Its Influence on the Eastern Mediterranean
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ksenia V. Vlasova",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5042266944"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Rivalry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779602485"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Contradiction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776728590"
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{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
"display_name": "Status quo",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776748549"
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{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
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{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
},
{
"display_name": "Macroeconomics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C139719470"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Saudi Arabia",
"Iran",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3196247787
|
The Eastern Mediterranean can rightly be considered as one of the most conflict regions in the world, as it has accumulated numerous security problems. Such problems are driven by the attempts of several regional players to revise the existing status quo and their own position in the region (Turkey, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iran), the increasing influence of some traditional actors (Russia, the USA, the EU, China), longstanding and current international conflicts, the problem of international terrorism, extremism, uncontrolled migration, etc. The article analyzes the most important contradiction in the Eastern Mediterranean, which can be attributed to the confrontation between the two neighbors, Greece and Turkey. The origins of their conflict go far back in history, and Greek-Turkish rivalry is still ongoing. Relations between Greece and Turkey have gone through many phases from armed conflict in 1974 to a period of neutrality and synergy in the 2000s. The study focuses on the events of 2020, when there was a sharp aggravation of the Greek-Turkish conflict in three areas: migration, religious and cultural action of the Turkish government upon the return of the status of a functioning mosque to the Hagia Sophia Museum in Istanbul, and the escalation around the complex ―Aegean problem‖ related to the delimitation of maritime borders. The new phase of the conflict could lead to the deterioration of bilateral relations between Greece and Turkey, but also to a security system in the Eastern Mediterranean with the support of regional players and great powers.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Современная Европа",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210214372",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1988208978
|
Liberal Individualism and Liberal Neutrality
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Will Kymlicka",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5078179152"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Individualism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17022365"
},
{
"display_name": "Liberalism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C547727832"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Law and economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190253527"
},
{
"display_name": "Positive economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118084267"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1988208978
|
Previous articleNext article No AccessSymposium on Rawlsian Theory of Justice: Recent DevelopmentsLiberal Individualism and Liberal NeutralityWill KymlickaWill Kymlicka Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Ethics Volume 99, Number 4Jul., 1989 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/293125 Views: 126Total views on this site Citations: 138Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1989 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Connor K. 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This article explores the concepts and objectives of green logistics and financial innovation in the context of the BRICS‐T economies (Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China, South Africa and Turkey) with the aim of achieving carbon neutrality or net‐zero emissions. It outlines a new scientific direction that incorporates the use of knowledge and other areas to apply green innovation, green energy and economic growth to reducing transport‐based CO 2 emissions. To examine the identified research gap, the study adopted a novel econometric approach for 2000–2018 and confirmed the ‘carbon neutrality’ hypothesis. The findings revealed that green logistics, green innovation and renewable resources—which become a strong driving force for executing neutrality—result in net zero emissions and improve environmental sustainability in the BRICS‐T countries. In contrast, financial innovation and economic growth boost transportation emissions and increase environmental degradation. According to the findings of the study, policymakers should prioritize sustainable development strategies in order to achieve ‘Carbon Neutrality’. This includes implementing green logistics and promoting green financial innovation. Furthermore, it is suggested that greater support be given to the renewable energy sector, green technologies and sustainable growth to drive sustainable development in the BRICS‐T economies.
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[
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https://openalex.org/W2922299769
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Developments in AKP Policy Toward Religion and Homogeneity
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Critics of the Turkish interpretation of secularism, laiklik , describe it as authoritarian and repressive. Indeed, rather than establish state neutrality toward religion, laiklik historically entailed state control of Islam, the religion of the vast majority of the Turkish population, and the exclusion of religion from the public sphere in an effort to control religious belief and identity. Many, including leaders in the ruling AKP, assert, though, that recent reforms herald a move away from this model of control toward a secularism defined by state neutrality toward religion. To determine whether this transformation is actually occurring, I evaluate, based on Turkish language sources, the recent reforms under the AKP using the framework of the secularized state described by the German legal scholar Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde. Because of its significant role in implementing Turkish policies toward religion, I evaluate these reforms by analyzing developments in the programming and messaging of the Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) under the AKP. I find little evidence that laiklik is transitioning to a state neutrality toward religion. Rather, the AKP has coupled a greater presence of religion in the public sphere with expanding state authority in religious programming and messaging. Although these reforms reflect a transformation in Turkish nation-building policies, they maintain the state control of religion that separates laiklik from neutral secularism.
|
[
{
"display_name": "German Law Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S117224066",
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https://openalex.org/W3168601328
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A New Intuition into Tourism-Inclusive Growth Nexus in Turkey and Nigeria (1995 – 2018)
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3168601328
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Abstract This paper examines the symmetric and asymmetric causal relationships between tourism and inclusive growth in Turkey and Nigeria over the period 1995Q1-2018Q4. The study employs a bootstrap simulation method with leverage adjustments to achieve the objective of the study. The method is used to see whether positive or negative tourism shocks cause inclusive growth and whether positive or negative inclusive growth shocks cause tourism activity. The results show no evidence of asymmetric causality between tourism and inclusive growth, while there is evidence of symmetric causality running from tourism to inclusive growth in Turkey. On the other hand, there is neither symmetric nor asymmetric causal relationship between tourism and inclusive growth in Nigeria. In sum, both neutrality and tourism-led growth hypothesis hold in Turkey, while Nigeria gives credence to neutrality hypothesis. The recommendations coming from the findings are that the tourism sector in both countries, Nigeria in particular, should be repositioned for better performance and effectiveness in stimulating inclusive growth. Rather than focusing on pro-poor and micro-based tourism policies that favour selected communities and localities, tourism should be included in development plans nationally, in order to ensure wider participation and more encompassing trickle-down effects on the citizenry. Furthermore, both countries should implement policies that will stimulate their tourism sectors for a larger and more significant contribution to real GDP.
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https://openalex.org/W2245933071
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Financial development and economic growth in emerging market: bootstrap panel causality analysis
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2245933071
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In this study, it was investigated whether there is a causality relationship between financial development and economic growth in emerging market countries. Data from the period between 1988 and 2013 was analyzed using the bootstrap panel causality test, which takes cross-section dependence and heterogeneity into account. The results of the test showed that there is a weak causal relationship between economic growth and financial development support the neutrality hypothesis in emerging countries, except for Turkey.
|
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https://openalex.org/W52187280
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OUTSOURCING AFTER THE CUSTOMS UNION BETWEEN EU AND TURKEY
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"https://openalex.org/W3122603971",
"https://openalex.org/W3123885253",
"https://openalex.org/W3124515821"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W52187280
|
The paper aims to find out foreign internal outsourcing exercised by Turkish manufacturers before and after the establishment of the customs union. Initially, we briefly look at the importance of foreign trade between Turkey and EU. Then, the outsourcing activity of Turkey with EU before and after the customs union is calculated with the use of SITC Revision 2 trade classification system. Through out this paper it is expected to find increasing production sharing between EU and Turkey after the customs union because of Turkey’s geographical proximity to the region and the existence of huge Turkish population in Europe but for the period under examination there is a steady rise in the Turkish imports of parts and components from EU implying the neutrality of customs union effect. This case partly can be interpreted with the years of crises 2000 and 2001 causing a downward bias for the period after customs union.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2234693079
|
Surviving the Pressure of the Superpowers: An Analysis of Turkish Neutrality during the Second World War
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Harvard University Press",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I2801851002",
"lat": 42.383015,
"long": -71.12706,
"type": "other"
}
],
"display_name": "Murat Metin Hakkı",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5073393759"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
},
{
"display_name": "Oppression",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776526686"
},
{
"display_name": "Ethnic group",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137403100"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Elite",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775987171"
},
{
"display_name": "Administration (probate law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780765947"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2234693079
|
The Second World War years indisputably constitute one of the most important periods of modern Turkish history. Yet, it is perhaps amongst those topics on which there is not a satisfactory amount of academic work available. This is an article prepared with the objective of shedding light on some of the issues not adequately explored before. The diplomatic maneuvers pursued by the then Inonu Administration to avoid the pressure from the Great Power to join the War have been analyzed in detail. Moreover, some regard has also been given to the Turkish domestic politics of that era. Such issues as the pro-German stance of various senior Turkish politicians of the time, the oppression of some ethnic minorities in pursuit of the so-called Turkification policies and German support to the growth of pan-Turkist movements have also been examined. The article concludes with a commentary on how the Turkish policy of neutrality in the 1940s triggered a chain of events that revived Greco-Turkish hostilities and led to Turkish membership of NATO.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2036458199
|
Is Active State Support for Religions and Worldviews Compatible with the Liberal Idea of State Neutrality? A Critical Analysis of the Belgian Case
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Leni Franken",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5014655601"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Patrick Loobuyck",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5062833428"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Separation of church and state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778219340"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Enlightenment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780326160"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Constitution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776154427"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
},
{
"display_name": "Secular state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132751094"
},
{
"display_name": "Separation of powers",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126053111"
},
{
"display_name": "Interpretation (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C527412718"
},
{
"display_name": "Liberal democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111439079"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2036458199
|
Since the Age of Enlightenment, the separation of state and church has been an important principle that facilitates the organization of a liberal democracy. This separation has a double, reciprocal task: the government should be protected against illegitimate religious interference, and religions and believers should be protected against undesirable political involvement.1 Nowadays, it seems better to use the concept “separation between state and worldviews”2 because not all of the important worldviews are religious nowadays. Despite the importance of the principle of separation, there is no consensus about political and juridical implementation. In fact, there are as many state-church regimes as there are countries. Each regime is characterized by contextual, national, and historical elements. Some countries, such as the United States, France, and Turkey, have a strict separation of church and state in their constitution. However, these three countries give a completely different interpretation to this separation.3 Other liberal countries, such as Great Britain and some Scandinavian countries, have an established church or a national church, whereas countries such as Belgium, Germany, Austria, and Italy have a system wherein several worldviews can receive active and direct state support.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Church and State",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S188931513",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1530966052
|
The Problem of Turkey’s Neutrality During the Second World War in the Context of International Conferences
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Kazakhstan",
"display_name": "Ahmet Yesevi University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I2801707353",
"lat": 43.289085,
"long": 68.30187,
"type": "education"
},
{
"country": "Cambodia",
"display_name": "International University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I883909435",
"lat": 11.57463,
"long": 104.87898,
"type": "education"
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],
"display_name": "A. K. Moldadossova",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5078902866"
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{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Kazakhstan",
"display_name": "Kazakh Academy of Transport and Communications named after M.Tynyshpaev",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210132536",
"lat": 43.246605,
"long": 76.92972,
"type": "education"
},
{
"country": "Kazakhstan",
"display_name": "Al-Farabi Kazakh National University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I185571130",
"lat": 43.25,
"long": 76.91667,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "R. S. Zharkinbaeva",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5019059404"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Front (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777551076"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish republic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992216677"
},
{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Theme (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33566652"
},
{
"display_name": "International relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311"
},
{
"display_name": "World War II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
},
{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Operating system",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1530966052
|
One of the topical problems in the history of the Second World War was the relations between the USSR and Turkey. The warring sides examined possible methods for Turkey to come over to their side. The Turkish issue was a main theme in the correspondence among the heads of the anti-Hitler coalition. Based on information from Soviet and Turkish periodicals and materials from the Russian Federation Foreign Policy Archive, we examine the features of Turkey’s foreign policy during the war and Turkey’s relations with the USSR. We examine the Teheran, Cairo, and Potsdam Conferences, where the leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition discussed the Turkish issue and Churchill’s proposal to open a second front on the territory of Turkey.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Journal of Slavic Military Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S157188123",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2040842987
|
III. The End of the Crimean System: England, Russia and the Neutrality of the Black Sea, 1870–1
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Kingdom",
"display_name": "University of Glasgow",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I7882870",
"lat": 55.86515,
"long": -4.25763,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "W. E. Mosse",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5078285417"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Diplomacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C557252395"
},
{
"display_name": "Principal (computer security)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144559511"
},
{
"display_name": "Honour",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780110125"
},
{
"display_name": "Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779010840"
},
{
"display_name": "Black sea",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986842804"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Element (criminal law)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200288055"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Object (grammar)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781238097"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Oceanography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111368507"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1513923358",
"https://openalex.org/W1970944502",
"https://openalex.org/W2038523019",
"https://openalex.org/W2079189069"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2040842987
|
The neutralization of the Black Sea was, perhaps, the most important single result of the Crimean War. Regarded by the western allies as a valuable new element in the security of Turkey, it was resented by the Russians as an intolerable insult to their national honour. It rapidly became the object of a diplomatic struggle. Whilst allied—and especially British—diplomacy watched with a jealous eye over its observance, the Russian Government left no stone unturned to secure its early abrogation. With treaty revision the principal object of Russian diplomacy, any European issue between 1856 and 1870 regardless of its origin, became entangled in some form or other with the Black Sea Question. On more than one occasion, the problem forced itself on the attention of the cabinets.
|
[
{
"display_name": "The Historical Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S205284143",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2025726206
|
When Defense Becomes Offense: The Role of Threat Narratives in the Turkish Civil War of the 1970s
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Bilkent University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I168864056",
"lat": 39.91987,
"long": 32.85427,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Meral Ugur‐Cinar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5022442894"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Narrative",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199033989"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Adversary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Moderation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93225998"
},
{
"display_name": "Political violence",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777162435"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Criminology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C73484699"
},
{
"display_name": "Social psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W177879470",
"https://openalex.org/W1967071663",
"https://openalex.org/W1985065714",
"https://openalex.org/W1995453178",
"https://openalex.org/W2022778969",
"https://openalex.org/W4211208875",
"https://openalex.org/W4233268332"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2025726206
|
This article examines the role of threat narratives in the process of group mobilization for political violence, focusing on the Turkish civil war of the 1970s. It argues that threat narratives promote political violence by identifying a certain politically mobilized group as “the enemy,” and they incite fear in people against this group. Threat narratives further broaden the cycle of violence by deliberately conflating and expanding the category of the enemy and leaving no space for neutrality or moderation.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Turkish Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S77485876",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400079",
"type": "repository"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1833504666
|
Science and Social Studies Teachers' Beliefs and Practices about Teaching Controversial Issues: Certain Comparisons.
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Kastamonu University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I98905743",
"lat": 41.37805,
"long": 33.77528,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Zafer Kuş",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5003738802"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Impartiality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780564088"
},
{
"display_name": "Social studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150710463"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Psychology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967"
},
{
"display_name": "Democracy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173"
},
{
"display_name": "Pedagogy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C19417346"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145420912"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1833504666
|
The current study aims to investigate social studies and science teachers’ attitudes and classroom practices associated with controversial issues. The study is a qualitative research based on data collected through interviews and observation. Social studies and Science teachers participated in the current study which was conducted in Kirsehir, a city in the center of Turkey, during the 2012-2013 academic years. Data were collected through classroom observation and interviews with teachers. In this study, teachers' positioning during controversial issues are determined by Kelly's (1986) positioning classification: Exclusive Neutrality, Exclusive Partiality, Neutral Impartiality, and Committed Impartiality. According to results of the research, violence against women, education system, terrorism and nationalism are the leading issues among the controversial issues that both social studies and science teachers listed in Turkey. In relation to their area, social studies teachers stated that the issues such as Kemalism, democracy, military coups, and deep state, which are associated with recent history of Turkey, were among the important controversial issues. Science teachers on the other hand stated issues such as cancer and anti-toxic foods and global warming among the controversial issues in Turkey. Both social studies and science teachers stated that the most frequently encountered problem in discussions was lack of knowledge by students. Whereas social studies teachers stated that their priority goals were particularly to raise active citizens and to set up a democratic classroom environment, science teachers pointed to raising scientifically thinking students and increasing students’ knowledge as their priority goals. During in-class discussions teachers take some positions. The positions stated by the teachers and in-class observations of them conflict. Whereas the teachers stated that they prefer the 4th and 3rd positions, the in-class observations showed that they mainly adopted the 2nd position. Results of observations in social studies classes show that teachers definitely stated their positions about the discussed issue as a priority; they tried to teach the students their positions about the issue; and occasionally about some issues, they told just their positions.
|
[
{
"display_name": "JSSE - Journal of Social Science Education",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764524227",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2886416203
|
Factors driving Turkish foreign policy
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Betul Dicle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5026770717"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2886416203
|
Evaluation of Turkish foreign policy events suggests that both external and domestic factors have affected its determination. While a consistent pattern in foreign policy has been observed since Ottoman times, the 20th century has led to substantial challenges. Long-established Turkish foreign policy, based exclusively on external factors, was reshaped to include domestic factors as well. With the new Republic in 1923, the process of reshaping foreign policy, based on Western values, has started. The end of the Cold War started a new era in which domestic factors gained predominance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors that have driven Turkish foreign policy and the changes thereto in three different time periods. The most important change is primarily the shift from external factors to domestic factors, especially after the Cold War. However, the period before the end of Cold War is further subdivided into two distinct periods—before and after the Second World War. Balanced neutrality in the pre-World War II period shaped Turkish foreign policy. After the war, with the change in the balance of power in the international system, the U.S.S.R. appeared as a serious threat. The Western Alliance was in the center of Turkish foreign policy. Domestic factors became evident with the 1960 coup d’état, which led to a new constitution to allow different political groups to become active. It was the end of the Cold War which put domestic factors in a predominant position. Ethnic and religious politics posed the biggest challenge for Turkey. Based on the recent events in the international system, Turkish foreign policy is again at a turning point in which domestic factors are not only predominant, but may in fact be the driving force behind foreign policy making.
|
[
{
"display_name": "LSU Digital Commons (Louisiana State University)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402635",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2187821047
|
The securitization of the headscarf issue in Turkey: 'the good and bad daughters' of the republic
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ceylan Tok",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5019100279"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Secularism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11293438"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C132751094"
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{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Separation of church and state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778219340"
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{
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Constitution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776154427"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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[
"Turkey"
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2187821047
|
In Turkey women wearing headscarves have been banned from universities and public sector for the last two decades. The democratically elected governments passed several legislation to eliminate the ban on the headscarf in universities; however the ban could not have been abandoned due to the strict opposition of secularist establishments; mainly the judiciary and the military. In the last twenty years ‘the headscarf’ has transformed from a religious symbol to a threat to the principle of secularism. This article is an attempt to explore the role of judiciary in this transformation by looking at the legal decisions made by the Constitutional Court and the Council of State between 1980 and 2008 regarding the headscarf issue. It is argued that the judiciary acted as a securitizing actor by making official the interpretation of secularism as ‘a way of life’ and by presenting the covered women demanding to enter the public sphere as a threat to this interpretation of secularism. The conclusion suggests that for the solution of the headscarf problem in Turkey, the official interpretation of secularism should be changed and secularism should be conceived as a constitutional principle rather than ‘a way of life’, which guarantees constitutional neutrality of the state towards all religions, prevents the legitimization of legislation, executive power and rule of law by religion and protects the right to be free from religion as much as the right to be religious.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2557515919
|
Turkey and the Palestinian Question: The Shift of Roles in Foreign Policy
|
[
{
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{
"country": "United States",
"display_name": "Niagara University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I201536842",
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"display_name": "Erkan Ertosun",
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828"
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780446542"
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778701210"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017912951"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C145097563"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C107038049"
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] |
[
"Turkey",
"Palestine",
"Israel"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1991831207",
"https://openalex.org/W2037649142",
"https://openalex.org/W2038256500",
"https://openalex.org/W2054700163",
"https://openalex.org/W2149327312",
"https://openalex.org/W2492708896"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2557515919
|
Abstract For Turkey, which was seeking a leading role in the Middle East, the Palestinian Question became a priority in its foreign policy during the late 1990s. In this article, it is argued that the role Turkey primarily espoused in the resolution of the Palestinian Question in the period 2000–2009 has mainly been that of a communicator. Nonetheless, in times of crises between Palestine and Israel, Ankara lost its neutrality and credibility to some extent, as it shifted to the role of guardian of Palestinians and proponent of Palestine, thereby undermining its communicator role. Finally, this dilemma in Turkish foreign policy in the Palestinian Question was the fundamental impediment to Turkey's sustainable and constructive contribution to the settlement of the problem in the examined period.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Digest of Middle East Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S59604070",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W826549071
|
LONG-RUN MONETARY NEUTRALITY: EVIDENCE FROM HIGH INFLATION COUNTRIES
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Hacettepe University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I66514158",
"lat": 39.91987,
"long": 32.85427,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Erdinç Telatar",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5013248254"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Hacettepe University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I66514158",
"lat": 39.91987,
"long": 32.85427,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Tarkan Çavuşoğlu",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5063093707"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Inflation (cosmology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C200941418"
},
{
"display_name": "Short run",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204208750"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C556758197"
},
{
"display_name": "Monetary policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126285488"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
},
{
"display_name": "Theoretical physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33332235"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1499132127",
"https://openalex.org/W1501089513",
"https://openalex.org/W1504463169",
"https://openalex.org/W1588163064",
"https://openalex.org/W1606847915",
"https://openalex.org/W1975994995",
"https://openalex.org/W1983309271",
"https://openalex.org/W1986139390",
"https://openalex.org/W1998716983",
"https://openalex.org/W2016363046",
"https://openalex.org/W2016944773",
"https://openalex.org/W2028995298",
"https://openalex.org/W2057022437",
"https://openalex.org/W2082339812",
"https://openalex.org/W2084727393",
"https://openalex.org/W2097580026",
"https://openalex.org/W2124584487",
"https://openalex.org/W2141109658",
"https://openalex.org/W2169107902",
"https://openalex.org/W3023906401",
"https://openalex.org/W3121376352"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W826549071
|
The aim of this paper is to investigate issues of long-run neutrality and long-run superneutrality of money using data of high inflation countries (Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico, Uruguay and Turkey). It is found that money is long-run neutral but not superneutral with respect to real output for Argentina and Uruguay indicating that money growth has a negative effect on real output. The long-run superneutrality holds for Brazil, Mexico and Turkey. The long-run neutrality is rejected for Ecuador. K eywords: long-run neutrality, inflation
|
[
{
"display_name": "Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306509032",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2334642817
|
Turkey on the strait and narrow path of neutrality
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Derek Coventry Patmore",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5036722527"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Path (computing)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777735758"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C31258907"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2334642817
|
(1944). Turkey on the strait and narrow path of neutrality. Journal of The Royal Central Asian Society: Vol. 31, No. 3-4, pp. 281-288.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210193928",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2765446369
|
“Nothing Will Ever Be the Same”: The Borusan Case and the Socio‐Cultural Dynamics of Crisis in Turkey
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ebru Uzunoğlu",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5082136949"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Selin Türkel",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5002887016"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Sociocultural evolution",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C196187386"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Crisis communication",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058685"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Public relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W1998511687",
"https://openalex.org/W2111002201",
"https://openalex.org/W2281748066",
"https://openalex.org/W2339745700",
"https://openalex.org/W2592232646",
"https://openalex.org/W3214156334"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2765446369
|
The 2011 Borusan crisis in Turkey revealed the complex relations between business, culture, politics, and religious sensitivities. The company withdrew sponsorship for a woman race car driver, citing budget cuts as the reason. However, it was alleged that the real reason was because the woman wore a headscarf which did not sit well with the company's policy of political and religious neutrality. This chapter discusses the competing cultural identities in Turkey. It verifies the place of Islam (religion) in the politics and culture, as well as evaluates the important role that sociocultural factors can play in business success. The chapter also analyses corporate philanthropy/social responsibility in times of crisis. Turkish crisis communication practices were examined by the authors via the media coverage of crisis events between 2006 and 2014. Borusan authorities highlighted three priority stakeholders as the employees, the media, and the general public. The main lesson is the importance of learning from sociocultural mistakes.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2076330859
|
‘Power Led’ Outside Intervention in Kurdish Politics in Iraq and Turkey in the Early 1970s
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Marmara University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I74897591",
"lat": 41.01384,
"long": 28.94966,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Ayşegül Sever",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5088276554"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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] |
[
"Turkey",
"Iran",
"Iraq",
"Israel"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2076330859
|
The article addresses the issues involved in Turkey's watchful neutrality vis-á-vis the Kurdish mobilization and the temporary autonomy deal in Iraq during the 1970s. Regardless of Ankara's long-held concerns about the spillover effects of the cross-border ethnic issues and growing outside assistance to the Kurdish insurgency by the US, Iran and Israel against Baghdad, Turkey stood aloof to the internationalisation of the Kurdish developments in Iraq. The successive governments in Turkey generally saw the Kurdish-Baghdad confrontation throughout the 1960s and early 1970s in the context of the Cold war and therefore were able to overlook its possible implications on its own Kurds, especially in view of the assurances extended to itself by its allies involved. Having no acute perception of vulnerability due to international conjuncture, the relations with the allies and domestic politics, Turkey seemed not to have any particular instrumental, affective or humanitarian motives to actively get involved in the then significant Kurdish developments in Iraq.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Middle Eastern Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S164505828",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4224993626
|
The Causality Relationship between Military Expenditure and GDP in 12 NATO Member Countries based on Per Capita Values
|
[
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"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Dumlupinar University",
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"type": "education"
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"display_name": "Mesut Alper Gezer",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5021456698"
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4224993626
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This study deals with the relationship between per capita real GDP, per capita real military expenditure, and per capita real capital in 12 NATO member countries from 1995-2020. The country group is chosen from Central and Eastern European countries depending on their common properties. Bai and Ng (2004) PANIC, Westerlund and Edgerton (2008) structural break co-integration, and Konya (2006) bootstrap panel causality tests were applied to consider cross-sectional dependence, respectively. Meanwhile, the convergence of the 12 countries’ military expenditure in Russia is discussed. It is seen that there is weak evidence for this convergence. According to bootstrap panel causality findings, there is strong evidence in 5 countries based on the non-existence of causality. Therefore, Neutrality Hypothesis is valid in Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Turkey.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Sosyo ekonomi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210228924",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W138973936
|
Serbia as Piedmont and the Yugoslav Idea, 1804-1914
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "David MacKenzie",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5082369592"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Montenegro",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910589926"
},
{
"display_name": "Serbian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778408831"
},
{
"display_name": "Opposition (politics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780668109"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Diplomacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C557252395"
},
{
"display_name": "Unification",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C96146094"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W138973936
|
Reborn as an autonomous principality in 1830 after four centuries of Turkish rule, Serbia played a role among the South Slavs like Piedmont--Sardinia among Italians and Prussia in Germany. In all three cases the eventual result was unification of most areas claimed by these three great national movements. Unification was achieved in each case by the most cohesive and dynamic political unit with a combination of diplomacy and force. Because they were small and weak militarily, Serbia and Piedmont--Sardinia required major external aid by a great power to reach their goal; Prussia achieved its destiny unaided after insuring the neutrality of powerful neighbors. In all three cases Piedmont's methods and policies in achieving unity provoked opposition by rivals, produced serious sectional rivalries, and in Serbia's case also ethnic divisions after unification. This essay traces Serbia's development as the South Slav Piedmont from its revolt in 1804 until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. When did Serbia assume consciously the role of Piedmont among Serbs and other South Slavs? How did it prevail over such rivals as the Croats, Montenegro, and the Vojvodina? How important were individual leaders, and how aware were they of Serbia's mission and the Piedmontese example? Was the goal of Belgrade's leaders a Greater Serbia or Yugoslavia?* How did political freedom, military success, and cultural primacy influence Serbia's progress toward unity? The history of the modem Serbian national movement includes several phases: a. the struggle to achieve autonomy and extend autonomous Serbia's narrow boundaries (1804-42); b. setting goals of all-Serb and all-Yugoslav unity (1843-68); c. a brief lull followed by a partially successful war of liberation with Russian support (1868-78); d. temporary renunciation of unity and dependence on Austria-Hungary (1878-1903); and e. a conscious and accelerating drive for unification (1903-18). The sacrifices of Serbia, the support to her by the Triple Entente, and the latter's eventual triumph in World War I achieved the goals of unity set during the nineteenth century. I. The First Serbian Insurrection (1804-13) began as localized revolts by village leaders (knezovi) in Belgrade pashalik against mounting oppression by local Turkish officials (dayi). Their initial aim was not independence but restoration of the sultan's legitimate rule. Believing they were fighting for the sultan, Serbian peasants followed their knezovi mainly from fear and desperation. Many peasants had some concept of past Serbian glory, but the initial lack of central organization or leadership prevented any true national consciousness. Leading contemporaries such as Vuk Karadzic and Matija Nenadovic confirm that coercion often was required to obtain peasant recruits.(1) Many Serbian historians have affirmed that the First Insurrection immediately became a war for national liberation. Citing evidence in the late eighteenth century of Serbian national consciousness and latent national ambitions, they ascribed these to the Ottoman millet system and the success of the Serbian Orthodox Church in preserving national identity. Others credit also Serbian epic folk poetry and exploits of guerrilla bandits (hajduci), noted for resistance to Turkish rule.(2) Serbian knezovi, these historians contend, plotted in advance to achieve independence and unification of all South Slavs under Turkish rule except the Bulgars. But the evidence suggests, claims the American scholar, Lawrence Meriage, that there were widely separated risings conditioned by local pressures and grievances. The personality and interests of local knezovi bulked larger than general ideas of national independence. No overall Serbo-Montenegrin plan for united action could be elaborated by leaders unknown before 1804 much beyond their home districts.(3) One of the few articulate Serbs who already revealed then a developed sense of national consciousness was Stevan Stratimirovic, Metropolitan of Sremski Karlovci in the Vojvodina, who in 1803-04 elaborated three plans for a Slavo-Serbian empire. …
|
[
{
"display_name": "East European Quarterly",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S7467007",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2427752489
|
Islam and Secularism
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5004173346"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Secularism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11293438"
},
{
"display_name": "Islam",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
},
{
"display_name": "Secular state",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C132751094"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "Premise",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778023277"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Epistemology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728"
},
{
"display_name": "Argument (complex analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98184364"
},
{
"display_name": "Conviction",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777278149"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Religious studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C24667770"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Biochemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867"
},
{
"display_name": "Chemistry",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680"
},
{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[
"https://openalex.org/W4249720811",
"https://openalex.org/W4251899241"
] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2427752489
|
The premise of this chapter is that Islam is consistent with the secular state, defined as neutral regarding all religious doctrine, because the neutrality of the state is more likely to facilitate the authenticity of the religious experience of believers by conviction and free choice. In my view, the notion of an Islamic state is conceptually incoherent, historically unprecedented, and practically unviable. I am not suggesting that Muslim ruling elites never claimed that their state was or is Islamic, or that the general Muslim public has always been clear on the true nature of the state. If this was the case there would be no need for me to make this argument. What I am suggesting is that claims that the state is or can be Islamic are false, and that upon reflection Muslims in general would accept the point I am making. Instead of trying to summarize in this brief chapter the whole theory, as presented elsewhere,1 my purpose here is to argue that the sort of secular state that is compatible with Islam and therefore more likely to be accepted by Muslims is one that is characterized by what I call “weak” secularism. This version of secularism is more characteristic of India and the United States than of France and Turkey. Its defining feature is a willingness to acknowledge and mediate a positive role for religion in public life, instead of attempting to suppress or control religion. This is not easy to do in practice, but should at least be the objective. However, as states are deeply historical and contextual, with each being specific to its own society, I am not calling for the Indian or American models to be copied by other countries.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463717",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4312433096
|
THE ROLE OF TURKIYE IN THE BLACK SEA AND THE RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR: A SHORT OVERVIEW
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "United Arab Emirates",
"display_name": "University of Sharjah",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I29891158",
"lat": 25.33737,
"long": 55.41206,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Muhamed Ali",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5060609244"
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[
{
"display_name": "Ukrainian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21931767"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Black sea",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986842804"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C557252395"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Oceanography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C111368507"
},
{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4312433096
|
After the end of the Cold War, the new conjuncture that appeared in the region of the Black Sea turned into an important place on the international scene. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Turkish diplomacy played a significant role in this region and international relations based on its new ‘active neutrality’ strategy. Turkiye's extensive efforts at a ceasefire through implementing the mediatory role between Russia and Ukraine were its more significant diplomatic endeavors throughout the war. Simultaneously, one of the more critical segments that marked the Ukrainian resistance against invasion is the success of the Turkish armed drone Bayraktar TB2. Turkiye plays a vital role in the so-called ‘grain corridor’ function with the aim of activization of Ukrainian export of grain and mitigating the world’s grain crises.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Journal of Liberty and International Affairs",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737066148",
"type": "journal"
},
{
"display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280",
"type": "repository"
},
{
"display_name": "Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401996",
"type": "repository"
}
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|
https://openalex.org/W2510737552
|
International Red Cross : a mission to nowhere
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Stavros T. Stavridis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5038990889"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Genocide",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C204342414"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Deportation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60961049"
},
{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "False accusation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C59577422"
},
{
"display_name": "Front (military)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777551076"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Immigration",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C70036468"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
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{
"display_name": "Meteorology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C153294291"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2510737552
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In 1922 the Entente —Great Britain, France and Italy— and the United States received information from American relief workers that the Kemalists were deporting large numbers of Christian minorities (Greek Pontians and Armenians) from the coastal regions of the Black Sea into the Anatolian interior. Many innocent people perished along the way from starvation and disease. The European powers, in particular, wanted to maintain their policy of strict neutrality in the Greek-Turkish conflict. Lord Curzon, the British Foreign Secretary 1919-1924, suggested to his counterparts in Paris, Rome and Washington that allied officers be dispatched to investigate these claims. The French tried to delay the setting up and sending of an inter-allied mission to Asia Minor. Such delaying tactics worked to the advantage of the Turkish Nationalists. In order to maintain allied unity, Britain was able to win the support of the other powers, whereby the International Red Cross (IRC) as an impartial international organization was to be approached to conduct the investigation of the reported atrocities in Anatolia. The IRC wanted the Entente and US governments’ to provide it with funds so that it could discharge its duties. This article will address two issues: firstly that the Entente and the US used the IRC as a convenient front in order to avoid responsibility towards protecting the Christian minorities from Turkish reprisals. It should be further stated that the Europeans and the Americans were interested in winning economic concession from the Kemalists; and that the deportation of Christians was an act of genocide committed by the Kemalists regime in order to solve permanently the minority problem.
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https://openalex.org/W3047691238
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A tepid alliance: Britain and Turkey in the post-war and early cold war years
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3047691238
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During the transitional period between the end of the Second World War and the beginning of the 1950s London and Ankara left behind the coolness that had crept into their relations as a result of Turkey’s neutrality during the war and reaffirmed their pre-war alliance. However, the strategic interests the two countries shared did not result in a closer political bilateral relationship. Moreover, before long the British government had succeeded by various ill-thought actions in causing the resentment of their Turkish ally. The respective attitudes of the British and the Turks towards each other were informed by the interplay between material interests and ideational factors against the backdrop of the perceived Soviet threat, Britain’s ebbing power and the rising power of the United States. This study narrates a brief but interesting chapter in the course of Turkish-British relations. It also offers interesting insights into the dynamics of great power/small state interaction.
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https://openalex.org/W1988634592
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Studies of World War Propaganda, 1914-33
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Previous articleNext article No AccessBibliographical ArticleStudies of World War Propaganda, 1914-33Ralph Haswell LutzRalph Haswell Lutz Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 5, Number 4Dec., 1933 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/236062 Views: 88Total views on this site Citations: 7Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1933 The University of Chicago PressPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Demet Aslı Çaltekin Challenging the ‘normal’: curious women conscientious objectors to military service in the male conscription system in Turkey, Critical Military Studies 8, no.33 (Oct 2020): 254–272.https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2020.1815384Ismee Tames ‘War on our Minds’ War, neutrality and identity in Dutch public debate during the First World War, First World War Studies 3, no.22 (Oct 2012): 201–216.https://doi.org/10.1080/19475020.2012.728741Krystina Benson The Committee on Public Information: A transmedia war propaganda campaign, Cultural Science Journal 5, no.22 (Jul 2012): 62–86.https://doi.org/10.5334/csci.47Nicoletta F. Gullace Allied Propaganda and World War I: Interwar Legacies, Media Studies, and the Politics of War Guilt, History Compass 9, no.99 (Sep 2011): 686–700.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00798.xPhilip Graham, Allan Luke Militarizing the Body Politic: New Mediations as Weapons of Mass Instruction, Body & Society 9, no.44 (Dec 2003): 149–168.https://doi.org/10.1177/135703403773684702John L. Snell Wilsonian Rhetoric Goes to War, The Historian 14, no.22 (Mar 1952): 191–208.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.1952.tb00133.xRichard W. Leopold The Problem of American Intervention, 1917: An Historical Retrospect, World Politics 2, no.33 (Jul 2011): 405–425.https://doi.org/10.2307/2008912
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https://openalex.org/W2992127493
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Macroeconomic Volatility under Alternative Exchange Rate Regimes in Turkey
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After the collapse of fixed exchange rate regime in 1980, alternative regimes were adopted in Turkey. The crawling peg regime (1980-81) is followed by managed float (1981-99), crawling peg (1999-2001) and free floating (2001-) in de classification. This paper examines the behavior of the macroeconomic variables in terms of volatility across exchange rate regimes in de jure and de facto classifications, using monthly data over the period 1980-2006. We find a strong GARCH effect for the real exchange rate, inflation and foreign exchange reserves. The findings of the t-test indicate that the variations in the mean of most of the macroeconomic variables are not statistically different from each other under de facto regimes The results of this study suggest the existence of de facto regime neutrality.
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[
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https://openalex.org/W2396509794
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Stalin and the Road to War, April–June 1941
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By the spring of 1941 Germany and Russia were well set on a course to war. In December 1940 Hitler had given the final go ahead to Operation Barbarossa. The early months of 1941 witnessed the beginning of a massive build-up of German military forces along the Soviet border. By April 1941 practically the whole of Eastern Europe was under Hitler’s thumb. For their part the Soviets continued their domestic preparations for war with Germany and took what diplomatic action they could to strengthen their position. Moscow’s efforts to bolster Yugoslavia’s resistance have already been dealt with; in addition the Soviets took steps to secure their southern and eastern flanks. In March 1941 the USSR concluded a neutrality agreement with Turkey.1 This was followed in April by the signature of a neutrality pact with Japan.2 With a German attack in the near future a very definite possibility it was imperative for the Soviet Union to alleviate the danger of a two- or three-front war.
|
[] |
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https://openalex.org/W2165586782
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Cosmopolitanization and social location: Generational differences within the Turkish audience of the BBC World Service
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"display_name": "Arnd‐Michael Nohl",
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In this article the concept of ‘cosmopolitanization’ (Beck) is used in order to investigate empirically the cosmopolitical transformation of everyday life which itself is embedded in social locations (Mannheim). After a brief discussion of cosmopolitanism, the analysis of embedded cosmopolitanization begins with a succinct account of Turkey’s recent history, against the background of which interviews conducted among the Turkish audience of the BBC World Service are interpreted. Along other aspects of their social location, this audience is divided into two different generations: the senior listeners whose attitude toward media is characterized by a search for objectivity and neutrality, and who esteem the global media for purposes of detachment. By contrast, the juniors, as members of the ‘digital generation’, take multi-perspectivity as self-evident and are used to compare different media news sources. In so doing, they adopt an attitude affine to the main features of cosmopolitanization.
|
[
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"display_name": "European Journal of Cultural Studies",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S44753038",
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https://openalex.org/W2083436605
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We must unite against health law that threatens medical neutrality in Turkey
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[
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Vincent Iacopino",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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Our fears of an assault on medical neutrality by the Turkish government have been realised. The article of the draft health law referred to in our BMJ editorial would criminalise the delivery of emergency medical care to everyone in need, not only demonstrators.1 The mere presence of ambulances would be considered grounds to prevent emergency medical care by competent independent …
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https://openalex.org/W2899081501
|
Paranın Yansızlığı Hipotezi: Panel Veri Analizi
|
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"display_name": "Atatürk University",
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"display_name": "Eda Bozkurt",
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In the present study, it was examined if the hypothesis of neutrality of money applies to Turkey and the member countries of Shanghai Cooperation Organization. For this purpose, the data obtained for the period between 2000 and 2016 were examined using panel data analyses. Economic growth was used as dependent variable, whereas the annual growth rate of monetary supply as used as independent variable. Within the context of analysis, firstly the horizontal cross-sectional dependence tests were implemented. Then, according to the results of tests, the CADF unit root test was applied. Since the variables are stationary at various levels, the cointegration test was implemented. The results of Durbin-Hausmann Cointegration Test showed that there was no cointegration relationship for the groups but there was a cointegration relationship in the panel. In this case, the hypothesis of neutrality of money does not apply to the current panel. In the present study, Dumitrescu-Hurlin Panel Causality Test was applied finally, and it was revealed that there was a causality relationship between the money supply and output
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https://openalex.org/W2970378008
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On the Road to Multiculturalism
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ON THE ROAD TO MULTICULTURALISM: CHALLENGING CONCEPTS OF NEUTRALITY AND TOLERANCE IN SWISS-GERMAN CIEMA Switzerland, which prides itself on its political neutrality, democratic ethos and multilingualism, has long been celebrated as a unique model for the peaceful co-existence of diverse cultural groups residing within autonomous cantons (see Altermatt et. al. 1998). Yet by exploring the national culture, transgressing boundaries, and mapping life-transforming experiences, three Swiss-German films challenge this commonly accepted image of their nation. Although not road movies in the sense that the primary movement is shot from a vehicle's point of view (see Laderman 2002: 13), the films Die Schweizermacher (The Swissmakers, Switzerland, 1978) by Rolf Lyssy, Reise der Hoffnung (Journey of Hope, Switzerland-Turkey, 1990) by Xavier Koller, and Pastry, Pain and Politics (Switzerland, 1998) by Stina Werenfels nevertheless integrate road imagery and mobility into their political and visual narratives. The journeys undertaken are "a means of cultural...
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NATO and the Warsaw Pact
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The Truman Doctrine, with its commitment to containing Communism, was to have immense consequences for Europe. The United States had never considered a long-term commitment to Europe. But Soviet conduct in eastern Europe and the blockade of Berlin appeared convincing evidence that western Europe was a primary target of Stalin’s aggression. In April 1949 the North Atlantic Treaty was signed in Washington, creating NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation). The treaty included most of western Europe. Some states, such as Sweden, preferred neutrality. It was politically impossible to invite Franco’s Spain, which only joined in 1982. Greece and Turkey joined in 1952. NATO was to prove one of the most durable multilateral alliance systems in history.
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https://openalex.org/W2046995859
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Legal, Political and Social Obstacles for Headscarved Women Working at State Institutions in Turkey
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Abstract This article aims to offer some remarks as to legal, political and social obstacles for women wearing a headscarf and working at State institutions. The first part focuses upon the historical background and the ideological context of the creation of the ‘new Turkey’, in order to explain why a garment revealing the affiliation to the majority’s religion is so controversial. The second part deals with the legal basis for the prohibition for headscarved women to work at State institutions, the political opposition to the use of the headscarf in State institutions, and the polarisation in the social understandings of the headscarf. The third part is a critique of the arguments for this limitation and takes three principles into special account: equality between men and women, secularism and State neutrality. Finally, some conclusive remarks are made concerning the prospects for resolution.
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Electricity consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from MENA countries
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The objective of this study is to investigate the causality between electricity consumption and economic growth for a panel of twelve MENA countries (seven energy exporters and five energy importers) over the period 1975–2010 within a bivariate framework. To examine this linkage, we applied panel cointegration methods and panel causality test. Our results show that 16.66% of MENA countries supported the growth hypothesis, 25% the conservation hypothesis, 33.33% the feedback hypothesis and 25% the neutrality hypothesis. Furthermore, we found that 14.28% of MENA energy exporters supported the growth hypothesis at the same way of conservation hypothesis, 42.88% the feedback hypothesis and 28.57% the neutrality hypothesis. Thereafter, we argue that Iran and Turkey are leaders in terms of the interaction between energy usage and growth. This may be mainly due to a good structuring of the electricity sector. This favorable position of these economies comparable to the rest of MENA countries leads to an essential recommendation which is the reorganization of the electricity sector.
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https://openalex.org/W2163488867
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Nobel Lecture: Monetary Neutrality
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Previous articleNext article No AccessNobel Lecture: Monetary NeutralityRobert E. Lucas, Jr.Robert E. Lucas, Jr. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 104, Number 4Aug., 1996 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/262037 Views: 95Total views on this site Citations: 235Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1996 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Mihai Mutascu, Alexandre Sokic An extended wavelet approach of the money–output link in the United States, Empirical Economics 387 (Aug 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-022-02294-6Julien Pinter Monetarist arithmetic at COVID‐19 time: A take on how not to misapply the quantity theory of money, Economic Notes 51, no.22 (Dec 2021).https://doi.org/10.1111/ecno.12200Shelton M.T Mandeya, Sin-Yu Ho Inflation, Inflation Uncertainty and the Economic Growth Nexus: A Review of the Literature, Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 22, no.11 (Jun 2022): 172–190.https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2022-0009Chris W. Callaghan Growth accounting, development accounting and cross-country growth regressions: A conceptual review essay, The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 18, no.11 (May 2022).https://doi.org/10.4102/td.v18i1.1051Xiaojing Song, Thu Phuong Truong, Mark Tippett, John van der Burg The quantity theory of stock prices, The European Journal of Finance 43 (Jan 2022): 1–23.https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2021.2002705Harald Uhlig The lasting influence of Robert E. Lucas on Chicago economics, Journal of Economic Methodology 29, no.11 (Jan 2022): 48–65.https://doi.org/10.1080/1350178X.2022.2032272Mauro Boianovsky Lucas’ expectational equilibrium, price rigidity, and descriptive realism, Journal of Economic Methodology 29, no.11 (Feb 2022): 66–85.https://doi.org/10.1080/1350178X.2022.2033299Max Gillman Lucas’s methodological divide in inflation theory: a student’s journey, Journal of Economic Methodology 29, no.11 (Dec 2021): 30–47.https://doi.org/10.1080/1350178X.2021.2019818Miklós Váry The long-run real effects of monetary shocks: Lessons from a hybrid post-Keynesian-DSGE-agent-based menu cost model, Economic Modelling 105 (Dec 2021): 105674.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105674Ephraim Ugwu, Christopher Ehinomen, Philip Nwosa, Olubunmi Efuntade Testing the Validity of the Long Run Neutrality of Money in Nigeria, Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 21, no.22 (Nov 2021): 148–167.https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2021-0021Masudul Hasan Adil, Neeraj R. 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Salvary Unrestrained Credit in a Credit Economy, the Credit Cycle, and Fiat Money Defy Monetarism in the Attempt to Control Price Level Changes, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2008).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1215567mer Tuusal Doruk, Yusuf Can ahinttrk Post Keynesyen ktisat Okulu Perspektifinden Modern ktisadi DDzende Piyasa Baaarisizliklari Ve Minskyen Finansal Kirilganlik Hipotezi: 2008 Krizi zerine Yazinsal Bir nceleme (Market Failures and Minskian Financial Instability Hypothesis in the Modern Economics Architecture Within Post Keynesian Framework: A Review on 2008 Crisis), SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2008).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2619383Brian Snowdon The New Classical Counter-Revolution: False Path or Illuminating Complement?, Eastern Economic Journal 33, no.44 (Oct 2007): 541–562.https://doi.org/10.1057/eej.2007.40Doh-Khul Kim, William D. Lastrapes The cost channel of monetary transmission–revisited, Applied Economics Letters 14, no.1010 (Aug 2007): 725–730.https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850600592465Claudio Morana, Fabio Cesare Bagliano Inflation and monetary dynamics in the USA: a quantity-theory approach, Applied Economics 39, no.22 (Feb 2007): 229–244.https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500428047George B. Tawadros Testing the hypothesis of long‐run money neutrality in the Middle East, Journal of Economic Studies 34, no.11 (Jan 2007): 13–28.https://doi.org/10.1108/01443580710717192Giuseppe Ferrero, Andrea Nobili, Patrizia Passiglia The Sectoral Distribution of Money Supply in the Euro Area, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2007).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.988321Luis Araujo, Andrei Shevchenko Price dispersion, information and learning, Journal of Monetary Economics 53, no.66 (Sep 2006): 1197–1223.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2005.04.007William D. Lastrapes, Todd B. Potts Durable goods and the forward-looking theory of consumption: Estimates implied by the dynamic effects of money, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 30, no.88 (Aug 2006): 1409–1430.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2005.05.007Abdulnasser Hatemi-J, Manuchehr Irandoust A bootstrap-corrected causality test: another look at the money–income relationship, Empirical Economics 31, no.11 (Jan 2006): 207–216.https://doi
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Propaganda and Neutrality
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<JATS1:p>This is the first broad-ranging, comprehensive and comparative study of the concepts of propaganda and neutrality. Bringing together world-leading and early career historians, this open access book explores case studies from the time of the First World War to the end of the Cold War in countries such as Belgium, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Switzerland, Vichy France, USA, Argentina, Turkey, Portuguese Macau, Brazil, South Africa, Laos, Yugoslavia, Egypt, India, Malta, and Sweden.</JATS1:p> <JATS1:p>The individual chapters analyse the methods and channels of propaganda utilised in neutral countries, including rumours, newspapers, cartoons, films, pamphlets and magazines as well as radio broadcasts, official reports, diplomatic movements, cultural campaigns and soft power. They look to understand how these methods and channels have been deployed and how effective they have been in changing or reinforcing opinions and outcomes.</JATS1:p> <JATS1:p>Finally the book highlights the interaction between the concepts of propaganda and neutrality. It considers whether neutrality is a form of propaganda in itself, whether it is possible to be truly neutral in any propaganda battle and how the different forms of neutrality, including projected strict neutrality, non-belligerency and non-alignment, have been utilised by neutrals and belligerents to achieve propaganda goals in the last 120 years.</JATS1:p>
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https://openalex.org/W4313701949
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State Neutrality and Religious Diversity in Europe
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In Europe, states are under a duty of ‘ensuring, neutrally and impartially, the exercise of various religions, faiths and beliefs’, or so the European Court of Human Rights has repeatedly held.1 But what does it mean, exactly, for a state to be neutral towards all religions and beliefs? The answer to this question is not obvious, given that the principle of state neutrality vis-à-vis religion and belief is contested and illusive. The concept of neutrality even has all the markings of an essentially contested concept, as attested to by persistent and fundamental disagreement over its interpretation.2 In constitutional and political debates, there is normative ‘contestation at the core’ about the content and implications of neutrality.3 These debates are, moreover, not confined to conceptual discussions. They extend to normative disagreement, in the sense that disputes about the meaning of neutrality are inherently linked to normative disagreements about its implications. In Europe’s constitutional democracies, the principle of state neutrality vis-à-vis religion and belief is often intimately related to the construction and understanding of the relationship between state and religion. This latter relationship is construed and understood differently in different European states. Whereas some states (for instance, France and Turkey) enforce a relatively strict separation between religion and state, others maintain a closer relationship between both (for instance, Norway and the UK). The remaining states are located somewhere in between both ends of the continuum. Importantly, different constitutional understandings of the relationship between state and religion translate into—or, rather, correlate with—distinct interpretations of the neutrality principle throughout Europe. Whereas some states enforce a more restrictive understanding of neutrality (for instance, France), others favour a more open or inclusive variant (for instance, Germany). In other states, still, it remains unclear what neutrality means, exactly (for instance, Belgium).
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https://openalex.org/W2007017341
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The Gaza Freedom Flotilla: Human Rights, Activism and Academic Neutrality
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Abstract This article addresses two ethical challenges that, over the past decade, have become particularly prominent for any scholar conducting fieldwork research in contested spaces or on contested research themes. These are, first, the role researchers choose to adopt in the field and, second, the ways in which research is theoretically positioned. This article contributes to these debates by looking at binary constructs in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories and the consequences on both substantive analysis and claims of academic neutrality. I will propose that theoretical positioning and the role of a researcher are not separate aspects within the ethics debate but instead should be approached as a dynamic process which requires continuous critical reflexivity. Discussing the political discourse of joint Palestinian and Israeli nonviolent activists, I argue that the participants of the nonviolent struggle do not ‘merely’ strive for peace but rather aim to transform the perception of the current situation from binary conflict into a ‘classic’ human rights struggle. Through a brief genealogy of writings on Israel–Palestine I will connect the practical positioning of the activists to academic analyses. Depicting the contemporary situation in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories as ‘binary conflict’ with the desired solution ‘peace’ is not academically neutral but rather entails a paradigm that encourages binary categories which are a poor reflection of the reality, distort unequal power relations and ignores the lived experience of violence. The far-reaching consequences of the peace and conflict paradigm on academic analyses are then illustrated through a critical exploration of the ‘war of narratives’ surrounding the 2010 Gaza Freedom Flotilla. In conclusion, I will connect the ethics of theoretical positioning and the role of a researcher by elaborating on my personal motivation to join the Gaza Freedom Flotilla. I demonstrate how my research experience shaped my theoretical framework and how my theoretical framework subsequently significantly altered my perception of the appropriate role of a researcher. In other words, how my research results directly led to the conscious decision to join the Gaza Freedom Flotilla as an activist exactly because I am dedicated to academic research. Keywords: Israel–PalestineconflictnonviolenceGaza flotillahuman rights Notes 1. Joint nonviolent activists are spread over half a dozen different organizations and grassroots initiatives each with their own specific focus or concentrated area. Nonetheless, joint nonviolent activists classify themselves—and are recognized by others within the activist community—as a distinct group that shares a particular ‘political culture’ (Gordon, Citation2008, p. 14). 2. Ta'ayush (‘living together’ in Arabic) is a grassroots, non-hierarchical direct action group consisting of Palestinians and Israelis that aim to break the, in their opinion, artificial binary divide Palestinians–Israelis through direct solidarity actions such as demonstrations, working days and information distribution. For more information see: http://www.taayush.org/ 3. Combatants for Peace, Ta'ayush, the Parent Circle-Bereaved Family Forum, and the Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions (ICAHD). 4. I consciously use the term ‘myths’ rather than ‘lies’ (even though many have indeed been proven factually incorrect) because as John Rose points out: ‘[…] a lie is “an intentionally false statement, a deliberate deception”, whereas a myth is “a widely held but false notion, without necessarily deceptive intent” (Rose, Citation2004, p. 1)’. Whether true, false, intentional or obsolete, they form for many Israelis today an integral part of their (imagined) national history. 5. At the end of the 19th century, Arabism, the prelude to Arab nationalist thinking, brought with it a strong sense of location-specific self-awareness. In Palestine alone, there were already eight regional newspapers and 21 periodical publications. There were 98 public schools and 379 private Islamic educational facilities (Khalidi, Citation1979, p. 213). These figures indicate that in the period of the first Aliya, Palestine was not the backwards, stagnated country the Zionist movement would like us to believe. 6. Nakba (‘catastrophe’ in Arabic) refers to the events of May 1948 in which approximately 700,000 Palestinians were displaced and more than 400 Palestinian villages were destroyed in the territory that we now call Israel. 7. See for example: A.L Tibawi, 1939 The Husain-McMahon correspondence, or: Palestine is covered by the British pledge of 1915 regarding the Arab independence. Jaffa: Submitted to the Palestine Royal Commission. Albert Hourani, 1962 A vision of history: Near Eastern and other essays. Beirut: Khayats. Philip K. Hitti, 1951. History of Syria, including Lebanon and Palestine London: Macmillan. 8. Most notably George Antonius's The Arab Awakening, 1938. 9. The two main instigators of this renewed school of thought were Edward Said and Michel Foucault. While from very different perspectives, disciplines and continents and with different intentions, both emphasized the relationship between power and knowledge, taking the ‘imperialist’ or ‘orientalist’ mindset as a position of unequal, suppressed power relations not only between official doctrine and submerged discourses but also between the researcher and the researched. For further reading see: Edward Said, 1991 Orientalism. London: Penguin. And: Michel Foucault, 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Tavistock Publications. 10. The anti-Boycott, Disinvestment and Sanctions law passed by the Knesset on the 11th of June 2011 is one example of how nonviolent protest is delegitimized by construed binary stigmatization: Lis, J. (11-07-2011) ‘Israel passes law banning calls for boycott’ Ha'aretz. 11. Passenger lists for all boat journeys can be found at the Free Gaza Movement website: http://www.freegaza.org/en/all-passengers/57-first-trip-to-gaza?layout = default. Information and analyses conveyed in this article regarding the various overseas journeys to Gaza is based on organizational resources, fieldwork data (June 2007 to September 2009), personal testimonies and first-hand direct experiences (Gaza Freedom Flotilla 2011). 12. The following information stems from fieldwork notes and recorded interviews of several steering committee meetings. In addition I draw upon data retrieved through participant observation of both the preparation period and the voyage of the Gaza Freedom Flotilla itself. All activists were aware that I attended the meetings as a researcher. As will be discussed later, this changed three weeks before departure when I decided to join the Flotilla and become a passenger. All information enclosed here has been extensively discussed and approved by the activists. 13. For more information on previous voyages and the goal of the Free Gaza Movements see: http://www.freegaza.org 14. The Free Gaza Flotilla coalition consists of: The Free Gaza Movement; the European Campaign to End the Siege on Gaza; IHH—the Turkish Foundation for Human Rights, Freedoms and Humanitarian Relief; the International Committee to End the Siege on Gaza; Ship to Gaza Sweden and Ship to Gaza Greece. 15. Points of Unity of the Gaza Freedom Flotilla and individual passengers. Printed with permission of the Free Gaza Movement Interim Board of Directors. http://www.freegaza.org/en/about-us/mission. Retrieved on 29-05-2010. 16. An affinity group is a small group of activists who work together on particular direct actions. Affinity groups are organized in a non-hierarchal manner and serve as a practical tool to enable consensus-based decision-making in large groups as well as to provide solidarity and emotional support to the individual activists. 17. It was agreed upon by all organizing bodies that the points of unity, passenger training and the affinity group system would apply to all passengers without exception. All the passengers that I met during the voyage and all those I have spoken to after had indeed received the training and signed the points of unity. Due to the large amount of participants, however, I cannot verify whether every single passenger aboard of the vessels met the requirements as set out by the participating organizations. 18. Abstract from communication between the Israeli marine and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla steering committee over an open line at the onboard radio: personal observation and field notes. 19. 27-09-2010 Report of the international fact-finding mission to investigate violations of international law, including international humanitarian and human rights law, resulting from the Israeli attacks on the flotilla of ships carrying humanitarian assistance. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/15session/A.HRC.15.21_en.PDF 20. 27-09-2010 Report of the international fact-finding mission to investigate violations of international law, including international humanitarian and human rights law, resulting from the Israeli attacks on the flotilla of ships carrying humanitarian assistance. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/15session/A.HRC.15.21_en.PDF 21. There were 60 registered journalists onboard, spread over the seven boats of the Flotilla. 22. Some personal belongings have been returned to the passengers. This did not include, however, any recorded materials of the boarding and does not include electronic equipment such as cameras, telephones and laptops. 23. The extent to which the passengers aboard the Gaza Freedom Flotilla and their sympathizers were portrayed as ‘anti-Israeli’ can be taken from various news reports describing erupting protests against the Flotilla raid as ‘anti-Israel protests’. This included well-known news outlets such as the British Guardian newspaper (‘Anti-Israel protests over flotilla attack intensify’, 01-07-2010) and The Telegraph newspaper (‘Gaza aid flotilla attacks: anti-Israel protests around the world’, 02-07-2010). 24. The most visible spokesperson of Israeli authorities regarding the Gaza Freedom Flotilla raid can be argued to be Mark Regev. As an official IDF spokesperson he consistently subdivided the passengers aboard into ‘peace activists’ and Turkish terrorists; Regev, M (01-07-2010) ‘Mark Regev Interviewed about Gaza Freedom Flotilla by John Snow’. Channel 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v = b06gRN_tL74. Retrieved on 05-08-2011. 25. The HH Mavi Marmara sailed under the flag of Comoros. 26. Serious injuries were reported among passengers of all vessels. As such, the Challenger One was entered with sound-grenades, paint balls and rubber-coated steel bullets. Before the Israeli commandos physically entered the boat on which I was present, I was already hit by six rubber bullets in my back followed by direct interpersonal violence including severe beating, gagging and the application of black hoods over the head by Israeli navy commandos. 27. The autopsy report concludes that at least five of the nine fatal victims of the raid on the Gaza Freedom Flotilla were shot from close range suggesting ‘execution style’ killings: 27-09-2010 Report of the international fact-finding mission to investigate violations of international law, including international humanitarian and human rights law, resulting from the Israeli attacks on the flotilla of ships carrying humanitarian assistance. Retrieved 07-08-2011 http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/15session/A.HRC.15.21_en.PDF 28. The claim that the passengers of the flotilla either were terrorists themselves or had strong connections to registered terrorists groups has been put forward through both official IDF press releases and popular media outlets: http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3899960,00.html 29. Israeli spokespersons never fully explained why any extremists would ‘attack’ Israel in this manner but regularly suggested ties with Al-Qaida and thus implied that it would concern an irrational act against ‘the West’ that should be placed in the global ‘war on terror’.
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Turkey. Anglo-American Security Interests 1945-1952: The First Enlargement of NATO
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Turkey. Anglo-American Security Interests 1945-1952: The First Enlargement of NATO, by Ekavi Athanassopoulou. London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1999. 274 pages. Bibl. to p. 267. Index to p. 274. $59.50. This excellent seven-chapter book deals with a seminal event in Turkish diplomatic history: the developments which led to the acceptance of Turkey (and Greece) as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 15 February 1952), following the invitation of the Atlantic Council issued on 15 October 1951. The book is based on a careful and critical analysis of the US and British diplomatic correspondence, the memories of various Turkish, American, and British statesmen, newspaper and review articles, and secondary published sources. The author indicates how Turkey, benefitting from the moral support of the Soviet-Turkish Treaty of Friendship of 1921 and the Soviet-Turkish Treaty of Neutrality of 1925, finally reached an agreement with the British on Mosul in 1926. Ankara then went on to consolidate its relations with its Balkan neighbors through the Balkan Pact of 1934, in large part in order to counter Mussolini's expansionist threat, which also persuaded the British to acquiesce to Turkish demands to militarize the Dardanelles Straits through the Montreux Convention of 1936 and culminated in the treaty of alliance with Britain and France in 1939. Despite British pressure, Turkey did not enter World War Two until 1945, for it lacked sufficient arms and feared that the likely Soviet help would turn into occupation and subversion. The Treaty of 1939, according to Athanassopoulou, served as a legitimate basis for Turkey to ask for Western support against Soviet threats in the mid-1940s and, later, for membership in the European Council and European Economic Cooperation Organization. However, the same treaty provided the foundation for the British refusal to back Turkey's demands for membership in the European-Atlantic defense system, since the 1939 treaty, supposedly, provided Ankara with enough security guarantees-although in practice London was unable to meet its military and economic obligations. American military aid to Turkey (and Greece) to oppose Soviet expansion, which started with the Truman doctrine in 1947, was the beginning of a new and crucial era in Turkey's search for security and for its long-stated goal of becoming a member of the Western world. Turkey was eager to use London's influence with the Americans to expand and strengthen its relations with the United States in the hope that, in the end, Washington would assume responsibility for the defense of the Middle East (actually the Eastern Mediterranean) as part of the Western defense system. That is ultimately what happened, due partly to the heavy US military investment in Turkey and to the growing military potential of the Turkish armed forces to assure the defense of the Western Alliance. Dr. Athanassopoulou examines also a variety of other developments, such as Turkey's contribution of a brigade to the defense of South Korea, its acceptance of parliamentary democracy, and the anti-British revolutionary movements in Egypt and elsewhere in the Arab world, which increased Ankara's strategic importance in the eyes of the US officials and led to the demise of the British presence in the Middle East. …
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[
{
"display_name": "Middle East Journal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S184885884",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2500716881
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Problems in War and Peace
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[
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[
"Turkey"
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[
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2500716881
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The First World War drew both Britain and France more closely into the affairs of the Middle East. On the outbreak of war the Allies hoped for the neutrality of the Turks so that they would not be involved with a Mediterranean front. Neither power, however, made any effort to win over the hesitant empire. A secret alliance between Turkey and Germany predisposed the Turks towards joining the Central Powers, and British tactlessness encouraged the pro-Germans to press their argument home. Two ships, paid for by public subscription in Turkey and still in the yards in Britain, were seized by the British Government. Germany immediately made capital out of the incident by sending two cruisers, the Goeben and the Breslau, already in the Mediterranean, to serve as substitutes for the Turkish Navy. At the end of October these ships joined in the bombardment of the Russian Black Sea ports and the Allies declared war on Turkey.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W212453071
|
The Strategic Value of Aegean Islands and Today's NATO Policy
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Evangelos P. Georgoussis",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5070954909"
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[
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"display_name": "Geopolitics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201960208"
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{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986842804"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Middle East",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776161467"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C111368507"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Geology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127313418"
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[
"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W212453071
|
Abstract : This study examines the strategic value of Greek Aegean islands, and how they affect the defense of the Turkish Straits. It also examines the geographical, historical and political background of the Southern flank of NATO, and how the Aegean islands might form the basis of a NATO strategy in a future probable conventional war to defend against the Warsaw Pact (W.P.) threat. The study looks at the problems within the region between Turkey and Greece, and the consequences of those problems. Also, the paper looks at the possibility of Turkish neutrality in that future conventional war between western allies and Warsaw Pact Forces. In that case, could the Aegean islands replace the Turkish Straits as a barrier to prevent the Soviet Black Sea fleet from gaining control of the sea lines of communication in the eastern Mediterranean. The study concludes with a look at the potential NATO strategic profit from the exploitation of Aegean Greek islands, and how much it could increase its defense ability toward the W.P. threat. Keywords: Military geography; Geopolitics.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2268545413
|
Турецкий нейтралитет и позиция сша накануне Второй мировой войны
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "И. В. Смольняк",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5018807860"
}
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[
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
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{
"display_name": "Peninsula",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C123588078"
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{
"display_name": "Turkish republic",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2992216677"
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"display_name": "Cold war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986359222"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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[
"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2268545413
|
The article is devoted to the description of American-turkish relations on the eve of the Second World War. It is shown relations of the USA to a policy of the neutrality to pursue by the Turkish government, also it is shown reaction of the Department of State to informal suggestion of Turkish ambassador to provide help in creation of the block consist of four states the USSR, Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria for counteraction of Germany on Balkan Peninsula.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Вестник Вятского государственного гуманитарного университета",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306538441",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2484327359
|
The Eastern Mediterranean, in Peace and War: May to October 1943
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Nicholas Tamkin",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5013296844"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C135121143"
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{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
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{
"display_name": "Victory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779220109"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Abandonment (legal)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779816988"
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{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
"display_name": "Redress",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776515129"
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{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
}
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[
"Turkey",
"Tunisia"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2484327359
|
By the late spring of 1943 it was clear that the Adana policy had miscarried. Turkey’s ‘extremely cordial’ reception of Churchill and other grandees would not translate into the abandonment of neutrality desired by Britain as a prelude to belligerency on the Allied side. Despite victory in Tunisia, and Soviet containment of German counter-attacks in Russia, Turkey continued its ‘illogical’ adherence to neutrality. Indeed, the British recognised that Allied successes had reinforced that neutrality. The North African victories increased the likelihood of an Allied call on Turkey, and a pre-emptive German attack on the approaches to ‘Fortress Europe,’ while the German failure to breakthrough on the Russian front foreshadowed Soviet hegemony in the post-war Balkans.1 Unable to acquiesce in the Turkish challenge to British authority, and increasingly cognisant of other factors undermining Anglo-Turkish relations, the FO sought to penalise Turkey for defaulting on its ‘obligations’ to Britain. Although this search proved abortive, it raised issues of postwar policy towards Turkey, and the Soviet Union, which dominated relations between these three powers for the remainder of the Second World War.
|
[
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|
https://openalex.org/W2501265730
|
Istanbul, Geneva, and Jerusalem
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Shlomo Aronson",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5055600797"
}
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Judaism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C150152722"
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{
"display_name": "Palestine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828"
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{
"display_name": "Agency (philosophy)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C108170787"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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[
"Turkey",
"Palestine"
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[
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"https://openalex.org/W1972339476",
"https://openalex.org/W1983387592",
"https://openalex.org/W1987510645",
"https://openalex.org/W2000491464",
"https://openalex.org/W2001749961",
"https://openalex.org/W2011541422",
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"https://openalex.org/W2031039031",
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"https://openalex.org/W3015635391",
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"https://openalex.org/W4229891669",
"https://openalex.org/W4234780681",
"https://openalex.org/W4235397679",
"https://openalex.org/W4241526816",
"https://openalex.org/W4244014067",
"https://openalex.org/W4245896840",
"https://openalex.org/W4248245670",
"https://openalex.org/W4312577102"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2501265730
|
Let us now discuss the rescue mission established by the Yishuv's leadership in Istanbul, Turkey, in spring 1943, in addition to and in cooperation with the regular representatives of the Jewish Agency under the most difficult conditions of Turkish neutrality and dependence upon the British, whose standing in Turkey was relatively higher than that of the Germans. Another rescue mission established itself in Geneva, and both were connected with each other, with rescue workers in the Balkan countries, and with the Zionist leadership in Palestine, as well as with non-Zionists abroad.
|
[
{
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|
https://openalex.org/W30181399
|
Отношение США к внешнеполитической активности Турции в 1939–1941 годов
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Смольняк Игорь Викторович",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5066037942"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Geopolitics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C201960208"
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{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "World War II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
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{
"display_name": "Context (archaeology)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "International relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311"
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{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W30181399
|
Turkey and the Black Sea straits are the territories where the interests of different states and competing geopolitical forces have been always crossed. The Turkish government played a big diplomatic game in Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean. The example of Turkey being outside the interests of the USA before World War II gives an opportunity to trace the stages of the involving of the US to the political processes in the region. The article is devoted to the US -Turkish relations on the eve of World War II, and especially to the US’ attitude to the Turkish policy of neutrality. A particular attention is paid to the history of bilateral relations between Ankara and Washington in the context of Turkey’s relations with London, Berlin and Moscow at the early stages of World War II.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Вестник Пермского университета. Серия: История",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306538639",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2604623845
|
TURKEY’S REFUGEE POLICY DURING WORLD WAR II
|
[
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"display_name": "Marmara University",
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"display_name": "Meral Balcı",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5007058271"
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[
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C5616717"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Annexation",
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{
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"display_name": "Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union",
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"display_name": "Soviet union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C3017612487"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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[
"Turkey",
"Syria",
"Iran",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2604623845
|
Although Turkish Republic did not involve in World War II between 1939-1945, the War took place near its borders. Greece, one of Turkey’s neighbors, in the west was under the control of Nazi Germany and Bulgaria was subjagated by the Soviet Union. Iran, on the eastern border of Turkey, was occupied by England and the Soviet Union. Iraq, in the south, was already under British rule, and Syria was under the mandate of France. The 12 Islands, very close to Anatolian coast, were in Italian administration. Therefore, Turkey was surrounded by the combat forces that were actually involved in the war. The Soviet Union had demands on the Straits from Turkey since 1939. Under these circumstances, Turkey announced armed neutrality in the war and took care not to become a part of the hot war by rejecting all the demands of both Germany and its alliances to enter the war. Turkey has been known to be the shelter of mass and individual refugees throughout history. In the difficult and threatening atmosphere of World War II, Turkey firstly took measures for the probable migration wave from the Balkans. During the war, Turkey accepted both civilian and military asylum from both Europe and the Soviet Union and hosted them in various camps in Anatolia throughout the war. In addition, Turkey acted as an intermediary in the exchange of prisoners among the warring countries and actively assisted in conditions of famine and hunger in Greece. Turkey opened its borders to the Jews who escaped from the Nazi pressures, and tried to use its diplomatic possibilities to rescue Turkish compatriots who fought for the red army, then fled and ended with the German prison camp.
|
[
{
"display_name": "ICPESS (International Congress on Politic, Economic and Social Studies)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306512697",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4312439805
|
TURKEY’S POSITION AND ROLE IN THE SETTLEMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN CRISIS
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ilia Vedeneev",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5074386945"
}
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[
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{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Settlement (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777063073"
},
{
"display_name": "Ukrainian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C21931767"
},
{
"display_name": "Government (linguistics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410"
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{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
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{
"display_name": "Power (physics)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240"
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{
"display_name": "Economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566"
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{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
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{
"display_name": "Physics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
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"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
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{
"display_name": "Payment",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C145097563"
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] |
[
"Turkey",
"Syria"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4312439805
|
The study is devoted to the consideraton of the positon and role of Turkey in relaton to the events in Ukraine. It is concluded that the Turkish leadership sees the realizaton of Tur‑ key's natonal interests in carrying out actve mediaton in the negotaton process between Rus‑ sia and Ukraine. From the point of view of the Turkish leadership, Turkey needs to maintain a balance in relatons, on the one hand, with Russia, and, on the other hand, with Ukraine and the West. Turkey's posi‑ ton can be characterized as «benevolent neutrality». Despite President Erdogan's desire to keep Turkey «equidistant» from both Russia and the West (at least in the case of the situaton in Ukraine), the current situaton seems unsustainable. The West (primarily represented by the United States) will contnue to push Turkey to take rash steps against Russia. The reason for this may be the escalaton of tension in Nagorno‑Karabakh or North‑ ern Syria. Another factor may be the 2023 electons in Turkey, as a result of which a pro‑Western government (coaliton) may come to power in the country.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Восточная аналитика",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210221411",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3004901012
|
TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR: NEUTRALITY, DIPLOMACY AND STATECRAFT / İKİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞINDA TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI: TARAFSIZLIK, DİPLOMASİ VE DEVLET YÖNETİMİ
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Selçuk University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I137996928",
"lat": 37.87135,
"long": 32.48464,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Şaban Çalış",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5032133083"
},
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Turkey",
"display_name": "Selçuk University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I137996928",
"lat": 37.87135,
"long": 32.48464,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Çağlar Söker",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5037582086"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Diplomacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C557252395"
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{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
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{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
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{
"display_name": "Order (exchange)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322"
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{
"display_name": "World War II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3004901012
|
The aim of this article is to revisit the questions of how and why Turkey stayed neutral during the Second World War. It was obvious that neither its economy nor its military capacity was enough powerful to afford such a big war for a long time. However, the role of diplomacy and statecraft cannot be ignored in this process, too. Indeed, Turkish decision-makers as political leaders and diplomats who experienced devastating effects of many wars were not in favor of entering any war. Although some people may think that if Turkey had entered the war on the side when the Allies began to pressure for it, it could gain a lot of advantages after the war. However, as this research article has also demonstrated, such arguments are completely groundless for three additional reasons: When, how and in which side should Turkey join the war while the policies of warring parties and the winning side of the war appeared to change from time to time until towards the end of 1944? At that time none wanted Turkey to participate actively in the war on their side. On the other hand, there is no doubt that if Turkey fought in the war, this would cost many million lives in Turkey, in addition to a ruined country from top to down. If there is a success in this war, they mostly belonged to the leaders who played both of the roles of diplomacy and statecraft according to their connections, experiences and flexible preferences in order to keep Turkey out of the war.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306529485",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2297617627
|
The Difficult Road to A Special Partnership: The Turkish - US Relations During World War Two
|
[
{
"affiliations": [
{
"country": "Romania",
"display_name": "Ovidius University",
"id": "https://openalex.org/I155936010",
"lat": 44.19442,
"long": 28.650644,
"type": "education"
}
],
"display_name": "Emanuel Plopeanu",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5020930646"
}
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[
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Belligerent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779112814"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Treaty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779010840"
},
{
"display_name": "Position (finance)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C198082294"
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{
"display_name": "Interwar period",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C543051216"
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{
"display_name": "Political economy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699"
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{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "World War II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
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{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2297617627
|
The beginnings of the Turkish\Ottoman – American relationship could be framed in the second part of the eighteenth century; they will evolve more consistently especially from the cultural/ religious and commercial point of view. In the interwar period, the relations will also tighten from a diplomatic standpoint, without excelling. The Second World War places Turkey under American strategic analysis, that doesn’t reserve a possible belligerent position if this fact would imply massive financial and military resources. However, Turkey is not indifferent to the United States, which undertake a series of initiatives (Lend-Lease policy, launching of rumours about potential guarantees and sending of prospective political missions, joining United Kingdom, at Cairo, in the effort to persuade Turkish leaders to abandon neutrality, in one way or another, buying the chrome production to reduce its export to Germany, intelligence activities) that support our statement. United States take into account the special position of Turkey, more important than compared to other neutral states. But bilateral relations did not lack in tensions, which occurred mostly at the beginning and the end of the period (United States’ negative reactions on Turkish-German treaty, dated 1941; or the strong appeal - which included threat, also - to the neutral states, in April 1944, to cease all help given to Axis states, the United States’ stand in the last months of war and first months of peace, when Turkey had become already a subject in Soviet demands). In conclusion, beyond appearances, we could observe a certain unrest in Turkey-United States relations, more obvious than in other United States’ relations with neutral countries; in the last instance, this situation arose from the United States pursue of its war objectives, combined with a very well concealed desire, from the Turkish side, to have a more consistent relationship with the United States, possibly for an indefinite term.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Social Science Research Network",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210172589",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W593130142
|
Stalin and the Turkish crisis of the Cold War, 1945-1953
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Jămil Ḣăsănov",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5002637963"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Cold war",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986359222"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
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{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Development economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C47768531"
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{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W593130142
|
1 Introduction 2 Chapter I. Soviet-Turkish Relations during the Second World War: From Neutrality to Escalating Tensions 3 Chapter II. Increasing Soviet Pressure on Turkey and the beginning of the War of Nerves 4 Chapter III. Inclusion of the South Caucasus Republics in the Soviet Policy against Turkey 5 Chapter IV. Growth of pro-American Sentiments in Turkey in response to Increasing Soviet Pressures 6 Chapter V. Soviet Plans on the Straits and Their Failure 7 Chapter VI. The War of Nerves between the Republics of the South Caucasus 8 Chapter VII. Turkey and the Truman Doctrine 9 Chapter VIII. Escalation of the Cold War and Turkey's Entry into NATO 10 Conclusion 11 Bibliography
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2785625490
|
Refugee Policies of Turkey during World War II
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Ali Satan",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5076254048"
},
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Meral Balcı",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5007058271"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Refugee",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C173145845"
},
{
"display_name": "World War II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
},
{
"display_name": "Belligerent",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779112814"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "Repatriation",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779306362"
},
{
"display_name": "Ancient history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Nazism",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C5616717"
},
{
"display_name": "Looting",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780570456"
},
{
"display_name": "State (computer science)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436"
},
{
"display_name": "European union",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2910001868"
},
{
"display_name": "Famine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778589402"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Algorithm",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529"
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{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
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{
"display_name": "Business",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105639569"
}
] |
[
"Turkey",
"Syria",
"Iran",
"Iraq"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2785625490
|
Abstract In this study, Turkey’s policy towards refugees during the World War II has been analyzed. State of Republic of Turkey did not engage with The World War II (1939-1945). However, the war came close to its borders. Turkey’s neighbor to the west, Greece went under control of Soviet Red Army, after Nazi Germany retreated from Bulgaria. Meanwhile, Iran, Turkey’s neighbor at the eastern border, was occupied by England and the Soviet Union. Iraq and Syria had already been mandated respectively by England and France. Located very closely to Anatolian coasts, 12 Islands were under Italian rule. Therefore, Turkey's surroundings were in the hands of the combatant forces that were actually involved in the war and the country was circled by fire. Soviet Union had demands on the Straits from Turkey as of 1939. Under these circumstances, Turkey declared “armed neutrality” and strove not to be a part of the hot war by returning demands of both Germany and the Allies regarding Turkey’s participation in the war. It is commonly known that Turkey has always been a shelter for both mass and individual refugees. Within the harsh and threatening atmosphere of the World War II, Turkey took measures for the potential migration wave primarily from the Balkans. Accepted civilian and military asylums both from Europe and the Soviet Union, sheltered them in multifarious camps in Anatolia during the war. Besides, Turkey intermediated between belligerent countries in prisoners’ exchange, and involved in aid activities against famine and dearth occurred in Greece. Turkey, also opened its borders to Jews escaping from Nazi oppressions, strove to use diplomacy for rescuing Turkish cognates who escaped from Soviets or captured in German prison camps from the Red Army. In this context, it was observed that Turkey has applied this policy from humanitarian responsibilities. Keywords: Refugee, Turkey, Turkish Policy, World War II
|
[
{
"display_name": "ICPESS (International Congress on Politic, Economic and Social Studies)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306512697",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4313145550
|
VIEWS ON TURKEY’S POLICY DURING WORLD WAR II IN THE MODERN HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Andrey V. Boldyrev",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5041868001"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Foreign policy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909"
},
{
"display_name": "Historiography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C29598333"
},
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Neutrality",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
},
{
"display_name": "World War II",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542"
},
{
"display_name": "German",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Economic history",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
},
{
"display_name": "Foreign relations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C44394981"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4313145550
|
The article provides an overview of some research works from the countries of the Near Abroad (Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan) regarding Turkey’s foreign policy during the Second World War. Based on Soviet and Turkish periodicals, as well as materials from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (WUA RF) and newly discovered secret documents from the archives of the USA, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, academics from the Turkic republics of the former USSR set out their concept of Soviet-Turkish relations during the Second World War and Turkey’s relations with the United States and Great Britain. In general, one can note their unity with the views of Turkish historians on the policy of neutrality and political loneliness of Turkey due to the unreliable partnership with Western members of the anti-Hitler coalition. At the same time, considering the policy of Turkey during the war years as pursuing an independent course, researchers de facto come to the opposite results, showing that in defining its foreign policy discourse, Turkey depended on the actions of the USSR. A similar situation is observed in Turkish publications, where is noted the predominant influence of the Soviet factor on Turkey’s foreign policy during the war and in the post-war period. At the same time, researchers from the Turkic-speaking countries of the Near Abroad tend not to portray Turkey’s policy exclusively in white colors. There is another aspect as well. But while in Turkish historiography the German attack on the USSR is viewed as a positive factor, representatives of the former Soviet republics maintain a negative view towards it.
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"display_name": "Вестник Института востоковедения РАН",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210219712",
"type": "journal"
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https://openalex.org/W3141604088
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The difficult road to a special partnership: the Turkish - US relations during World War Two
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779112814"
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"Turkey"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3141604088
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The beginnings of the Turkish\Ottoman – American relationship could be framed in the second part of the eighteenth century; they will evolve more consistently especially from the cultural/ religious and commercial point of view. In the interwar period, the relations will also tighten from a diplomatic standpoint, without excelling. The Second World War places Turkey under American strategic analysis, that doesn’t reserve a possible belligerent position if this fact would imply massive financial and military resources. However, Turkey is not indifferent to the United States, which undertake a series of initiatives (Lend-Lease policy, launching of rumours about potential guarantees and sending of prospective political missions, joining United Kingdom, at Cairo, in the effort to persuade Turkish leaders to abandon neutrality, in one way or another, buying the chrome production to reduce its export to Germany, intelligence activities) that support our statement. United States take into account the special position of Turkey, more important than compared to other neutral states. But bilateral relations did not lack in tensions, which occurred mostly at the beginning and the end of the period (United States’ negative reactions on Turkish-German treaty, dated 1941; or the strong appeal - which included threat, also - to the neutral states, in April 1944, to cease all help given to Axis states, the United States’ stand in the last months of war and first months of peace, when Turkey had become already a subject in Soviet demands). In conclusion, beyond appearances, we could observe a certain unrest in Turkey-United States relations, more obvious than in other United States’ relations with neutral countries; in the last instance, this situation arose from the United States pursue of its war objectives, combined with a very well concealed desire, from the Turkish side, to have a more consistent relationship with the United States, possibly for an indefinite term.
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[
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https://openalex.org/W1984139277
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Turkey: Anglo-American Security Interests 1945-1952: The First Enlargement of NATO (review)
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1984139277
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Of all the extraordinary consequences of the Cold War, none is more remarkable than the metamorphosis of Turkey on the international stage, from pariah to a valued member of the Atlantic alliance. In 1945, Turkey stood isolated and [End Page 214] vulnerable, having alienated the victorious allies by her wartime neutrality (despite treaty obligations to Britain) and by her trade with Nazi Germany. Her feelers to Berlin, when the defeat of the Soviet Union appeared likely, in the hopes of carving out a Turko-Mongol state in the Caucasus, strengthened Moscow's resolve to punish the Turks after the war and to remove them once and for all from their position as guardians of the Straits. On this crucial point, as long as Roosevelt was alive, Stalin appeared to have the support of the United States. Yet two years later the British and the Americans were treating Turkey as a key element in their emerging strategy to block the further expansion of Soviet power and as a valued defender of their vital interests in the Levant and the Arab lands. This despite the fact that Soviet hostility toward Turkey as well as tensions in the region generally had already subsided, Ankara's influence over Arab nationalist leaders was virtually nonexistent, and Turkey's armed forces remained woefully unprepared to protect their homeland against a Soviet invasion.
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https://openalex.org/W3195420635
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თურქეთის რესპუბლიკისა და ამერიკის შეერთებული შტატების ურთიერთობები „ცივი ომის“ პერიოდში
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3195420635
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Active military, economic and political relations between the Turkish Republic and the United States began shortly after the end of World War II.Through the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, the United States provided Turkey with a massive $ 100 million in financial aid in 1947, most of which was spent on military development in the country.In May 1951, the United States recommended Turkey to join the North Atlantic military bloc (NATO), and in October 1951, there was signed a protocol on Turkey’s admission to NATO in London.On February 18, 1952, the Turkish Grand National Assembly ratified the NATO Accession Treaty.Geopolitical shifts after World War II replaced Turkey's de facto foreign policy neutrality with a pro-Western course. The rapprochement between Turkey and the United States began, However, it was under the threat of the expected aggression from the Soviet Unionthroughout the Cold War.Significant changes have taken place in Turkish-American relationssince 1980. Current political developments in both Turkey and the United States have made relations between the two countries more diversified. It is also true that they relied on elements of relations that existed in earlier periods, but nevertheless, the new form was significantly different from the previous one.
|
[] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2129560142
|
The Turkish Strategic Restrictions towards the Arab Revolts (2011 – 2012)
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[
"Turkey",
"Bahrain",
"Tunisia",
"Iran",
"Libya",
"Egypt",
"Iraq"
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[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2129560142
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Turkey is distinguished with property of elements of enough power, which makes it a regional power: the location, the area, the population, and the strong economy. The creed, identity, skills and natural resources, all these factors assist Turkey to prove its domination and power in a rising shape, but its strategic concept did not appear before the present Turkish government comes in 2002 and may be, because of the dispersion of power elements in the state. The Turkish policies at that stage could be described in confronting internal, regional and international issues. It is a policy of running the variety, or (management of diversity) and from the other side, (policy of crises management). Turkey witnesses ever since discussions about the significance of the concealed true power of Turkey in the field of its international relations, and to which extent it invests them in its diplomatic relations. These discussions amount between two trends; one attempts to found legitimacy of the concept of Turkey to remain mortgaged to the connected policies with centers of powers formed outside. That is by showing Turkey’s level of concealed power less than level, which it should be on, through frozen operations of evaluation connected with stage situations. The second is a trend presenting excessive optimistic estimations, mortgaging that Turkey can explode its power strictly, without new analysis and dynamic to the elements of the changing and static power which Turkey owns in the shadow of the new international situation. Ankara sticked to neutrality at the beginning of the Arab incidents towards the Tunisian Revolt in December 2010. But with the hasting of incidents in Egypt after one month from that date Ardoghan initiated by calling former president Husni Mobarak to withdraw, and Abdullah Ghoul was the first president to visit Egypt after the collapse of Mobarak, the thing that duplicated the popularity that Turkey obtains on the Egyptian sphere, and it is what was reflected in receiving Ardoghan at his visit to Egypt in September, 2011. He paid a visit heading a big delegation of businessmen. This assured Turkey's desire to enlarge its economic relation with the biggest Arab state. At the start of the Libyan Revolt in February 2011, Turkey hesitated to act. Turkey had big investments with Al-Quaddafi's regime. Therefore, it assured this significance to reach a political settlement of the Libyan crisis, at the beginning of incidents, fore-warning from seriousness of fighting like that which happened in Iraq before, the thing that harmed Turkey's picture inside Libya. But after passing the resolution of the Security Council 1973, which allowed forcing an area of air-navigation prohibition over Libya, Ankara's stand was changed by sending sea-forces to participate in the NATO operations there, beside the participation in the human aid efforts. Also, the break- out of Bahrain Revolt in February 2011 placed Turkey among numerous accounts. Turkey had large economic interests with states of the Gulf Cooperative Council, and had to respect the security specialty of Gulf region, and it did not wish to encourage Iran to interfere in the Gulf affairs. Though, Ankara wanted to rise its diplomatic role in an attempt to quiet the Shia't –Sunni tensions in the region, that harm its special interests. Ankara presented mediation.
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[
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210193113",
"type": "journal"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2479866125
|
War and Wilsonian Neutrality
|
[
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"display_name": "Simon Payaslian",
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[
"Turkey"
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2479866125
|
Immediately after the outbreak of the war in Europe on July 28, 1914, the Wilson administration declared neutrality in relations with the belligerent powers largely to prevent entanglement in the European war before the 1916 presidential elections at home and to protect American interests abroad.1 Concomitantly, to facilitate peaceful resolution of international conflicts, Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan launched his campaign for the ill-timed “peace treaties.” Accordingly, he instructed Ambassador Henry Morgenthau at Constantinople to submit a copy of the “peace treaties” concerning international arbitration to the Turkish government for consideration. The Ottoman foreign ministry replied that current preoccupation with the Capitulations would postpone such considerations. Bryan did not force the issue; he and President Wilson hoped that Turkey would remain neutral “in the interest of humanity” and dissociate itself from German war plans, and Morgenthau attempted to influence the Turkish leaders, particularly the Grand Vizier Said Halim, Minister of War Ismail Enver, and Minister of Interior Mehmed Talaat, to that effect. The Turkish government, however, embittered by the sale of ships to Greece, informed Washington that the “only way to insure peace in that part of Europe was for Turkey to dominate the situation.”2
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https://openalex.org/W3172043892
|
Turkish Neutrality in the Second World War and Relations with the Soviet Union
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"display_name": "Bülent Gökay",
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[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3172043892
|
According to official Turkish and Western historiography, following the key victories against the German forces, Soviet leadership changed its position and started putting pressure on Turkey. Accordingly, the Soviet–Turkish relations changed significantly from being considered friendly until March 1945, when Molotov initiated his note denouncing the 1925 Treaty of Friendship with Turkey and demanded a base in the Straits area and the return of Kars and Ardahan to the Soviet Union. Only after such demands, Turkish government decided to move away from the Soviets and requested help from the US. I have several points of reservation about this argument: first, the Soviet–Turkish relations were never very friendly. Essentially, a common enemy incited provisional collaboration between the two. Second, for the leadership of the Turkish Republic, alliance with the Soviet Union was always counted as temporary, and their essential foreign policy aim had always been acceptance by the Western alliance. Third, the Soviet demands regarding the Turkish Straits were in no sense a surprise, a shock. For centuries, the rulers of Russia had wanted some control over the Straits, linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. Finally, many accounts focus on the Soviet demands regarding the Straits and Eastern provinces in isolation. The crisis over the so-called Soviet demands and Turkish response happened at a time global interstate system was going through a major transformation: as the Second World War was coming to its end, the American administration had the ambition to impose a New World Order. Former imperial power, British Empire, no longer had the financial and military capacity to hang on to their vast territories.
|
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"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402149",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W3014861213
|
‘Complete Neutrality’ or ‘Controlled Enmity’? The Role of the Turkish Press during the Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935–36
|
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C1370556"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779304628"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Social science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849"
},
{
"display_name": "Economics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
},
{
"display_name": "Theology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C27206212"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Finance",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3014861213
|
This article examines the relationship between the Turkish government and the Turkish press by taking the Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935–36 as a case study. The Turkish press attached much importance to the conflict and covered two main issues: the increasingly insecure environment in world politics and how Turkey should position itself in the face of these changing dynamics. Emphasising the divergences between the rhetoric of the government and the coverage of the press about these issues, this article argues that in the early Republican period, the press, rather than being simply dictated to by the government, had a more independent and active position than it is often given credit for in the secondary literature.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Turkish Historical Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S185120338",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W4247097322
|
Independence
|
[
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Sarah D. Shields",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5091736858"
}
] |
[
{
"display_name": "Turkish",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862"
},
{
"display_name": "Independence (probability theory)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C35651441"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779581858"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C52130261"
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359"
},
{
"display_name": "Sociology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400"
},
{
"display_name": "Demography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C149923435"
},
{
"display_name": "Philosophy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662"
},
{
"display_name": "Linguistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202"
},
{
"display_name": "Statistics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698"
},
{
"display_name": "Mathematics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547"
}
] |
[
"Turkey"
] |
[] |
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4247097322
|
The Sanjak became independent on November 29, 1937, amid celebrations by local Turks. France and Turkey became embroiled in renewed controversy as Ankara claimed that mandatory officials were trying to thwart the Sanjak’s independence. Paris rushed to comply with Turkey’s demands, arresting Arab activists and sending high-ranking French officers to Ankara to discuss joint military actions. Turkish diplomats in Ankara objected to the new electoral regulations for the Sanjak, insisting that each voter had the right to declare his affiliation to any of the specified groups he chose; registration by community had not been intended to serve as a census of the relative population sizes, the Turks insisted. France agreed with Turkey’s demands, increasingly certain that Turkish neutrality would be essential if the growing tension in Europe spilled into war. Allowing anyone to register in any community encouraged both Turkish and Arab activists to recruit every potential voter.
|
[
{
"display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708",
"type": "ebook platform"
}
] |
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