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https://openalex.org/W2807826601
An empirical analysis of the Swiss generalized system of preferences
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Christian Ritzel", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5029339499" } ]
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[ "Tunisia" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2807826601
The progressively introduced DFQFMA for LDCs has a positive effect on the size of LDCs’ preferential exports to Switzerland. Consequently, the DFQFMA has considerably improved market access for the world’s poorest countries. Eliminating tariffs (progressively) causes preferential agro-food and textile exports of LDCs to rise substantially. However, it has to be remarked that the success of the DFQFMA is limited to the agro-food and textile sectors and to a few countries. The descriptive analysis of agro-food exports indicates that trade liberalization is a success story merely for a few LDCs, namely Tanzania, Ethiopia, Cote d’Ivoire, Mozambique, Malawi, Senegal and Uganda. Those seven countries capture a total share of nearly 80 percent of LDCs’ agro-food exports to Switzerland. In the textile sector we observe an even higher degree of market concentration concerning LDCs’ preferential exports. Here, three countries, namely Bangladesh, Cambodia and Nepal, account for 98 percent of LDCs’ preferential textile exports. It also can be noted that the GSP is a useful supplement to ‘duty-free tariffs’ (duty-free market access) under the WTO regime. For instance, 100 percent of LDCs’ agro-food exports from 2002 to 2011 entered Switzerland under reduced or duty-free tariffs. However, the share of preferential exports under the GSP was on average only 36 percent. In this context, the preference margin, which represents the main incentive to export under preferential conditions, compensates the costs of compliance associated with the GSP and yields an additional benefit for the importer has a consistent and positive effect on the level of the utilization rate. In particular, the application of the Heckman´selection model in article no. 1 makes clear that once trade contracts are established and an exporter has overcome bureaucratic obstacles in the form of proof of origin and proof of direct shipment, the ‘preference margin’ appears as the main incentive to export under preferential conditions granted by the GSP. While the effect of the size of ‘GSP eligible trade’ has a positive and significant effect in the case of the PPML estimations, the effect turned negative when the sample was restricted to positive values of the utilization rate in the case of the outcome equation of the Heckman selection model. This finding encourages our confidence that the ‘preference margin’ acts as the main incentive for exporting under preferential conditions. However, to benefit from these preferential tariffs, the institutional quality of a given DC or LDC is of crucial importance. Additionally, we address the question of whether reciprocal trade preferences are more beneficial for DCs compared to non-reciprocal trade preferences. Because trade preferences under the Swiss GSP are offered to the country group of DCs as a whole, non-reciprocal trade preferences are not tailored to the export structure of a particular DC. Consequently, by switching from non-reciprocal to negotiated reciprocal trade preferences, DCs such as Tunisia expect to negotiate terms which are tailored to their export structure and better conditions than competitors from countries which are still beneficiaries of the GSP. The Tunisian case study reveals that the switch from the GSP to an FTA causes no significant advantage in most of the export sectors. This implies that switching from non-reciprocal to reciprocal trade preferences yields advantages in export sectors where Tunisia has comparative cost advantages. This is especially true for the textile sector and partly so for the agro-food sector.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2806212253
What specific modes of internationalization influence SME innovation in Sub-Saharan least developed countries (LDCs)?
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[ { "display_name": "Internationalization", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97509610" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Developing country", "id": "https://openalex.org/C83864248" }, { "display_name": "Tanzania", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779357621" }, { "display_name": "Least Developed Countries", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779310246" }, { "display_name": "Product (mathematics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C90673727" }, { "display_name": "International trade", "id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "International economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18547055" }, { "display_name": "Economic growth", "id": "https://openalex.org/C50522688" }, { "display_name": "Geometry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2524010" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Socioeconomics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C45355965" } ]
[ "Djibouti" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2806212253
Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) located in the least developed countries (LDCs), operate in distinctively hostile institutional environments compared to those in developed economies. Better understanding of the determinants of SME innovation in such environments is important for the development of private sector in LDCs, because innovative SMEs are crucial for sustainable economic growth. Yet, determinants of SME innovation in LDCs have hardly been studied. Considering the potential relevance of internationalization for SME innovation in LDCs, as means of overcoming domestic environmental constraints, this paper investigates the influence of foreign technology licensing, exports and imports on SME innovation in LDCs. The study employs data from 1058 manufacturing SMEs from Sub-Saharan LDCs - Djibouti, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The findings suggest that foreign technology licensing is found to be positively and statistically associated with SME product and process innovations in Sub-Saharan LDCs. Findings are compared with those from developed economies in order to identify distinctive features. The implication is that SMEs in Sub-Saharan LDCs need to be supported by different policies compared to developed economies. The results also show that R&D, firm size, sectoral characteristics and access to finance are important determinants of SME innovation.
[ { "display_name": "Technovation", "id": "https://openalex.org/S70698675", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "Research Repository (Kingston University London)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400991", "type": "repository" }, { "display_name": "Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4377196264", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2156836766
FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS BETWEEN DEVELOPING AND INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES: COMPARING THE U.S.-JORDAN FTA WITH MEXICO'S EXPERIENCE UNDER NAFTA
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "G.V. Chomo", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5021414530" } ]
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[ "Jordan" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W1508311090", "https://openalex.org/W1516466556", "https://openalex.org/W1566936725", "https://openalex.org/W1570652145", "https://openalex.org/W1576057149", "https://openalex.org/W1618017482", "https://openalex.org/W1669315216", "https://openalex.org/W1970609322", "https://openalex.org/W1998317990", "https://openalex.org/W2011474190", "https://openalex.org/W2024134966", "https://openalex.org/W2024214627", "https://openalex.org/W2072086742" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2156836766
Developing countries are participating in bilateral and multilateral trade agreements in record numbers. Despite their eagerness to improve market access, fears remain that trade liberalization with large industrialized nations will erode infant industrial sectors, hindering the process of economic development. Empirical evidence from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Canada, and Mexico has not supported fears that trade liberalization with industrialized nations slows economic development in less-developed countries. NAFTA trade flows and foreign direct investment into Mexico expanded at a greater rate following NAFTA implementation, taking into account real exchange rate changes and capital flight during the 1995 peso crisis. Like Mexico, Jordan's improved access to the large U.S. market is expected to increase opportunities for Jordanian exports, attract foreign investment, and stimulate economic development with trade as the engine of growth. This study compares and contrasts Mexico's experience under NAFTA with Jordan's potential under the U.S.- Jordan Free Trade Agreement.
[ { "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W598124405
Kuwait: recovery and security after the Gulf War
[]
[ { "display_name": "Gulf war", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2994199513" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Spanish Civil War", "id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "Political economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economic history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]
[ "Kuwait", "Iran", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W598124405
* Introduction * Kuwaits External Security: The Problem of Iran and Iraq * Political and Economic Stability and Security * Internal Security * Kuwaits Military Forces * Kuwaiti Military Spending and Arms Imports * Kuwaits Military Forces Before the Gulf War * Rebuilding Kuwaits Forces Following the Gulf War * Kuwaits Land Forces Since the Gulf War * Kuwaits Naval Forces Since the Gulf War * Kuwaits Air Forces Since the Gulf War * Kuwaiti Paramilitary and Internal Security Forces * Strategic Interests
[ { "display_name": "Choice Reviews Online", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764375719", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1535390710
The Battle of Khafji: Implications for Airpower
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Jeffrey B Rochelle", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5014099970" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Interdiction", "id": "https://openalex.org/C124119293" }, { "display_name": "Offensive", "id": "https://openalex.org/C176856949" }, { "display_name": "Military doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780" }, { "display_name": "Doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767" }, { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Battlefield", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779669469" }, { "display_name": "Military history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C5021368" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Military tactics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Desert (philosophy)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776130869" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Ammunition", "id": "https://openalex.org/C554616519" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Aerospace engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]
[ "Kuwait", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1535390710
Abstract : The battle of Al Khafji has been described as the defining moment of Desert Storm. It may also be a defining moment for contemporary airpower doctrine. No other single battle in Desert Storm has more significance for the future of deep attack and operational airpower. The battle exploited precision attack and advanced surveillance systems in halting a major Iraqi offensive. Air forces, supported by ground forces, were able to compel the enemy to avoid large-scale movements and, in many cases, abandon their weapons completely. The Iraqi army's fear of destruction caused widespread paralysis. The effects of airpower allowed the coalition to reoccupy Kuwait at extraordinarily low cost in terms of casualties. This study is about Khafji's implications for force structure, and theater interdiction on the modern battlefield. This study looks at those implications by detailing the course of events during the battle, analyzing the battle and the implications of this analysis for force structure and theater interdiction and operational airpower doctrine.
[]
https://openalex.org/W342507529
Leadership for the New Millennium
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Paul E. Blackwell", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5063770820" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Gregory J. Bozek", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5044870921" } ]
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[ "Kuwait", "Somalia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W342507529
THE ARMY HAS UNDERGONE tremendous change over the past five years while simultaneously increasing the force's operations tempo (OPTEMPO) by about 300 percent. The Army will continue to change to adapt to warfare in the 21st century, and Force XXI is the process for that change. It is the Army's vision for transitioning from our current Continental United States-based forceprojection Army - capable of conducting operations in Somalia, Haiti, Kuwait and Bosnia- to a capabilities- and knowledge-based Army for the 21st century. Force XXI is the Army's process to harness and incorporate information-age technological advances. The ongoing efforts associated with the Force XXI process are well documented. Among all this change, however, there are some constants. To be successful in war and operations other than war, units will continue to depend upon courageous soldiers, excellent training and quality leadership.1 Therefore, rather than focus on what is changing in the Army, this article will address one constant of Force XXI and future warfare - quality leadership capable of executing 21st-century battle command. Because of the complex environments in which we will operate, and the wide range of missions our forces will execute, there is a greater need than ever for smart, tough, decisive commanders to lead our soldiers in war and other operations. The Strategic Environment The world changed dramatically after the former Soviet Union's collapse. As a result, the Army has changed and is continuing to change to deal with the new strategic environment. Our Cold War strategy of containment with large, forward-deployed forces has changed to a strategy of engagement and enlargement. Our National Military Strategy identifies three sets of tasks we must perform to achieve the military objectives of promoting stability and thwarting aggression: peacetime engagement; deterrence and conflict prevention; and fighting and winning our nation's wars. From a joint perspective, our strategic concept for the foreseeable future will remain that of overseas presence and power projection, which defines the requirements for the Army. As a strategic service, our Army - with a greater reliance on the Reserve Components than ever before - must be capable of providing forces that can quickly deploy worldwide to fight and win our nation's wars or to accomplish various other assigned missions. This demands a high readiness state and versatility to accomplish the wide range of possible missions and to operate under diverse conditions. The Army is prepared to deploy on short notice anywhere in the world to secure national interests. As we maintain our current readiness, we are working to shape the force to meet the next century's challenges. What has changed. Throughout history we have seen how battlefield innovations have revolutionized warfare. For example, the inventions of gunpowder, the internal combustion engine and nuclear weapons each served as a primary force for revolutionary change in the conduct of warfare. We have typically seen energy-based inventions serve as the basis for change, providing better ways of harnessing energy to improve weapon lethality or enhance battlefield mobility. These improvements caused major changes in how armies organized, equipped and fought on the battlefield. Today's revolution is different. Now we are in the midst of an information-based revolution. The microprocessor is revolutionizing how we organize, equip and fight by providing new and improved battlefield capabilities. Operations Just Cause and Desert Storm gave glimpses of some powerful new capabilities the information age can provide. The future battlefield will have newer and more improved capabilities - increased lethality through improved precision; improved ability to mass effects on the battlefield from forces in dispersed formations; and an enhanced ability to find enemy forces while making our forces difficult to detect. …
[ { "display_name": "Military review", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764787750", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2492654291
‘Village Cricket’: Expeditionary Operations, 1958–1966
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "David French", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5002556770" } ]
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[ "Kuwait" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2492654291
Sandys hoped to create an air and sea‐mobile Strategic Reserve that would give Britain the ability to intervene in trouble‐spots outside the NATO area and nip trouble in the bud. This chapter explores the rise and fall of this strategy and the army's place within it. It shows that the promise of amphibious mobility was borne out during operations in Kuwait and East Africa. But exploiting air‐mobility proved to be more difficult. Finally, although the array of weapons and equipment it could deploy may have looked impressive, the combat capability of the Strategic Reserve was very limited.
[ { "display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708", "type": "ebook platform" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1988012449
Airpower Advantage: Planning the Gulf War Air Campaign, 1989-1991 (review)
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Phillip S. Meilinger", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5091577358" } ]
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[ "Kuwait", "Saudi Arabia", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1988012449
Reviewed by: Airpower Advantage: Planning the Gulf War Air Campaign, 1989–1991 Phillip S. Meilinger Airpower Advantage: Planning the Gulf War Air Campaign, 1989–1991. By Diane T. Putney. Washington: Air Force History and Museums Program, 2004. Photographs. Tables. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Pp. xii, 481. $35.00. The Gulf War victory of 1991 was one of the most decisive in modern history. In less than six weeks "the world's fourth largest army" was broken and Kuwait was liberated. Only afterwards did the U.S. realize that decisiveness requires more than battlefield victory. Yet, the 1991 victory, albeit incomplete, was brilliant. How it was planned is instructive. Diane Putney, an Air Force historian when she wrote this book, has done a masterful job of documenting the air campaign planning effort. General Norman Schwarzkopf was concerned about two things in early August 1990: how to defend Saudi Arabia if Iraq continued its advance south from Kuwait; and how to "punish" Saddam if he did something "crazy" like begin killing civilian hostages. He called the Air Force chief of staff to ask for an air option. His own planners were not up to the task, and he had already ordered his air component commander, Lieutenant General Chuck Horner, to head for Saudi Arabia to organize a defense and prepare for the arrival of coalition forces. Coincidentally, an Air Force colonel named John Warden was already working on just such a plan. Significantly, Warden envisioned a strategic air [End Page 1262] campaign that would not just punish Saddam, but would engineer his downfall. In six days of intense bombing, Saddam's leadership base, industrial infrastructure, power grid, and transportation network would be paralyzed. At that point, before U.S. and coalition ground forces were even in the theater, Saddam would realize all was lost and withdraw his troops from Kuwait. The rapidity and intensity of these proposed strategic air attacks were an essential component. Warden, who had flown combat missions in Vietnam as a junior officer, detested the failed policy of gradual escalation through airpower, termed "Rolling Thunder." He opted for a codename that would denote something quite different. "Instant Thunder" was briefed to Schwarzkopf on 10 August and "the Bear" was delighted: "Shit, I love it" (p. 57). He instructed Warden to brief General Colin Powell, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs, and then take it to Horner. Schwarzkopf saw the air plan as the first step of an offensive strategy to oust Iraq from Kuwait. Powell also liked the air campaign plan, but Horner was another story. Like Warden, Horner had also been marked by his Vietnam experiences. To him, the notion that someone in the Pentagon, thousands of miles distant, with no responsibility if things went wrong, would attempt to impose an air plan on him, was unthinkable. It smacked of the Washington-based micromanagement of Vietnam that had proved disastrous. Yet, Horner saw the value of Instant Thunder as a strategic concept, so he directed his planners to flesh out the plan and make it executable. Like Schwarzkopf and Powell, Horner rejected the claim that six days of air strikes would bring Iraq to its knees. A ground assault would be necessary, and air would play a key role in that phase. The air campaign grew and evolved, but early on Schwarzkopf made a breathtaking decision: he directed that the goal of the air campaign was to knock out 50 percent of the Iraqi Army prior to the start of a coalition ground offensive. In short, he wanted airpower to render the Iraqi force "combat ineffective" before his own troops even stepped off. Over the next four months the numbers of coalition forces grew dramatically, but the 50 percent attrition requirement remained. This is an excellent book that combines prodigious research in primary documents with interviews of the major players. At the same time, Putney describes events and people with clarity, balance, and insight. There are some shortcomings. Because this is an Air Force official history, some will claim the roles of the planners from the other services and coalition partners have been slighted. Indeed, problems encountered during the planning process between Horner's staff and the other participants...
[ { "display_name": "The Journal of Military History", "id": "https://openalex.org/S72345919", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2768717110
Field Artillery And Fire Support At The Operational Level: An Analysis Of Operation Desert Storm and Operation Iraqi Freedom
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Timothy M Ratliff", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5052875076" } ]
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[ "Kuwait", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2768717110
Abstract : This monograph uses the Prussian theorist Carl von Clausewitz's method of critical analysis to analyze Operation Desert Storm and Operation Iraqi Freedom, focusing on how Army and joint fires enabled maneuver at the operational level. The planning and execution of joint fires at the operational level differed in Operation Desert Storm and Operation Iraqi Freedom primarily due to two factors: the differing strategic end states of removing the Iraqi forces from Kuwait in Desert Storm versus removing the Iraqi Baath regime from power in Operation Iraqi Freedom; and the increased emphasis in Operation Iraqi Freedom on joint fires supporting operational maneuver versus the largely independent land and air campaigns of Operation Desert Storm. The US Army should continue to study how Army and joint fires, combined with operational level maneuver, enabled land forces to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative in its most recent campaigns. This understanding will both preserve the Armys hard-won institutional warfighting knowledge and inform plans for future unified land operations.
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https://openalex.org/W2169270530
Military Revolutions and the Iraq Wars
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Keith L. Shimko", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5022773115" } ]
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[ "Kuwait", "Iraq" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2169270530
The conduct and outcome of the first Iraq War in 1991 came as something of a revelation to the majority of Americans who had little reason to follow the previous decade's advances in military technologies and innovations in war-fighting doctrine. It was, in the words of Colin Gray, “a flash in the sky of strategic consciousness.” The war's conduct was unusual in that weeks of relentless bombing preceded engagement with Iraqi ground forces, leaving many wondering when the real war would begin. In the absence of actual ground combat by the coalition, pressure mounted to let the American people know exactly how Kuwait was going to be liberated. Generals Colin Powell and Norman Schwarzkopf agreed on the need to provide more information about the war's progress and the plan for victory. At a news conference a week into the war, they explained the coalition's actions and strategy. Powell described the plan to defeat the Iraqi army in vivid terms: “Our strategy to go after the enemy is very, very simple. First we're going to cut it off and then we are going to kill it.” Powell and Schwarzkopf arrived at the press conference armed with visual aids. After showing footage of a lone car crossing a bridge through crosshairs, Schwarzkopf declared the driver the “luckiest person in Iraq” as a guided bomb raced toward the bridge, hitting it dead-on just as the car appeared to reach safety on the other side.
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https://openalex.org/W1596026102
Deep Battle in World War I: The British 1918 Offensive in Palestine.
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Paul A. Povlock", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5062793575" } ]
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[ "Kuwait", "Turkey", "Palestine" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1596026102
Abstract : Maneuver Warfare Theory achieved major acceptance during the 1980's, emphasizing the conduct of simultaneous offensive operations throughout the depth of the battlefield. With the victory of Coalition forces during Operation DESERT STORM, the 'deep battle' theory gained instant credibility, and the emphasis on 'joint' operations reached a fever pitch. Yet, too often analysts have only used the war in Kuwait to prove or refute these operational concepts. All theories require more than one case study to validate or nullify their precepts. Other historical examples need to be examined using the model of maneuver warfare to give greater support for this theory. While the First World War is often characterized by the futile attrition of the Western Front in France, many exceptional operational offensives were also conducted. The British September 1918 offensive in Palestine is a superb example of the proper application of combat forces at the operational level. General Edmund Allenby's use of regular army units, armored cars, cavalry, airpower and irregulars led to a major victory that hastened the collapse of Turkey and the Central Powers. Long before mechanized forces and maneuver theory had been developed, British Imperial forces executed an operational design stressing many elements of deep battle theory.
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https://openalex.org/W2766869289
“August Storm” in 1945 and “Desert Storm” in 1991: An Analysis of the Similarities between the Red Army’s Campaign in Manchuria in August 1945 and the U.S. Army’s Campaign against Iraq in February 1991
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Hansu Lyu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5024755507" } ]
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[ "Kuwait", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2766869289
이 글의 목적은 소련군이 1945년 8월에 만주의 일본 관동군을 상대로 실시한 만주 작전과 1991년 2월에 미군을 비롯한 다국적군이 이라크군을 상대로 실시한 “사막의 폭풍” 작전의 유사성을 살펴보는 것이다. 여러 면에서 두 작전은 매우 유사하다. 소련군은 소련 극동전구에 배치된 모든 군사력을 총지휘하는 극동사령 부를 조직해서 통합된 전구사령부의 지휘 아래 작전을 수행했다. 미군은 전구사 령부인 미중부사령부를 통해 작전을 지휘했다. 소련군의 기본 작전은 관동군의 방비가 가장 허술한 다싱안링 산맥과 고비 사막에 작전술적 기동부대를 투입해 주공을 펴고 만주 동부와 북부에서 조공을 펴서 관동군을 만주에서 포위해 섬멸 하는 것이었다. 미군의 기본 작전은 작전술적 기동부대가 이라크군 방비가 허술한 사우디아라비아-이라크 국경 지대에서 주공을 펴고 쿠웨이트에서는 해병대가 조공을 펴서 이라크군 주력을 쿠웨이트 전구 안에서 포위하는 것이었다. 소련군은 대대적 기만을 실시해 일본군이 소련군의 병력배치 상황을 오판하도록 유도했 다. 미군은 사우디아라비아-이라크 국경에서 공격을 하지 않고 페르시아 만에 상륙할 것처럼 이라크군을 기만했다. 공격이 개시되자 소련군의 주공 부대는 다싱 안링 산맥과 고비 사막을 넘어 관동군을 기습했고, 조공 부대도 적군을 고착시켜 만주 중부에서 관동군을 포위할 토대를 마련했다. 작전이 개시되자 다국적군의 주공을 맡은 작전술적 기동부대는 고속 전진하며 이라크군을 에워쌀 포위망을 구축했고 조공을 맡은 해병대는 쿠웨이트시티를 공격했다. 두 작전 모두 육군, 공군, 해군의 효과적 제병협동이 역할을 했다. 요컨대, 전구사령부를 구성하고 주공축선을 험지로 정하고 적극적 기만 작전을 수행한 뒤에 공격을 감행했다는 점에서 두 전역의 유사성이 두드러진다. 이 유사성은 우연이 아니다. 미육군 지휘 참모대학 고등군사연구원에서 소련군의 군사 이론을 학습하면서 작전술을 터득 했던 미군 참모장교들이 “사막의 폭풍” 작전을 기획했다는 사실, 그리고 이 작전의 기획 과정에서 이 장교들이 자기들에게 작전술을 가르쳤던 소련군 전문가들과 지속적으로 의견을 교환했다는 사실에서 두 전역의 유사성이 비롯되었을 가능성이 매우 크다고 할 수 있다.This article aims to examine the similarities between the Soviet campaign against the Japanese Kwantung army in Manchuria in August 1945 and the operation “Desert Storm” carried by the U.S. forces against the Iraqi army at the Gulf War in 1991. In many ways the latter bore a striking resemblance to the former. At the end of the Second World War the Red Army placed all the forces of the theater of the Far East under the jurisdiction of the Far East Headquarters, which launched the coordinated operations against the enemy. In the Gulf War all the operations of the U.S, forces were coordinated by the theater headquarters, the United States Central Command. In its Manchurian campaign the basic operation planned by the Red Army was that the main attack should be carried out by the operational maneuvering forces through the Greater Khingan Range and the Gobi Desert defended weakly by the enemy and the supporting attack be carried out in the eastern and northern regions of Manchuria. In the Gulf War the basic operation planned by the U.S. Central Command that the main attack should be carried out by the operational maneuvering forces at the Saudi-Iraq border defended weakly by the enemy and the supporting attack be carried out by the Marine Corps in Kuwait. Before the full-scale campaign the Soviet army launched the massive deception operations to induce the Kwantung army to misread its strategic intentions. For the Iraqi army to be deceived, the U.S. forces pretended to launch their main attack not in the Saudi-Iraq border but in the Persian Gulf. In both campaigns a great role was played by the efficient combined arms of the army, the navy, and the air forces. In a nutshell, the two campaigns shared the similarities such as the organization of the theater headquarters, the tendency to select the harsh terrains as the main attack axis, and the massive deception operations followed by the main attacks. Such similarities are more than a coincidence. The operations of the Gulf War were planned by “the Jedi Knights”, those U.S. military staff officers who had been taught the Soviet military theories and the operational art by their mentors, a batch of scholars majoring in the military history of the Soviet army at the School of Advanced Military Studies, the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth. In the stages of panning the military strategies and operations, moreover, the “the Jedi Knights” kept in touch with their mentors, who gave advice to their apostles.
[ { "display_name": "Yeogsa munhwa yeon'gu", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210168877", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3088328738
Turkey’s Burgeoning Defense Technological and Industrial Base and Expeditionary Military Policy
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Can Kasapoğlu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5050237381" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Foreign policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909" }, { "display_name": "Middle East", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065" }, { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Administration (probate law)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780765947" }, { "display_name": "Deterrence theory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C60643870" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3088328738
As the incumbent Turkish administration strives to pursue more aspiring goals in foreign affairs, Turkey’s military policy is fast developing in line with this vision. The nation’s defense technological and industrial base can now produce various conventional weaponry. Of these, without a doubt, Turkey’s drone warfare assets have garnered the utmost attention among the international strategic community. In tandem, the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) have gradually gained an expeditionary posture with forward deployments across a broad axis, ranging from the Horn of Africa to the Gulf and the Mediterranean. Meanwhile, the military’s doctrinal order of battle has been transforming to address the unfolding hybrid warfare challenges in Ankara’s hinterland. Turkey’s proxy warfare capabilities have also registered an uptrend in this respect. Nevertheless, Ankara will have to deal with certain limitations in key segments, particularly 5th generation aircraft and strategic weapon systems which, together, represent a severe intra-war deterrence gap in Turkey’s defense posture. The Turkish administration will have to address this specific shortfall given the problematic threat landscape at the nation’s Middle Eastern doorstep. This study covers two interrelated strategic topics regarding Turkey’s national military capacity in the 21st century: its defense technological and industrial base (DTIB) and its military policy, both currently characterized by a burgeoning assertiveness.
[ { "display_name": "Insight Turkey", "id": "https://openalex.org/S183683042", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W658409469
Military Intelligence in Cyprus: From the Great War to Middle East Crises
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Panagiotis Dimitrakis", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5012455515" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Middle East", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065" }, { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Prime minister", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2993486354" }, { "display_name": "Military intelligence", "id": "https://openalex.org/C49504249" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "First world war", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2991833021" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economic history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" } ]
[ "Turkey", "Egypt" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W658409469
Since World War I, Cyprus has played a crucial role in British defence strategy. Panagiotis Dimitrakis here introduces new research which reveals the true role of British intelligence on the island throughout the twentieth century, particularly during World War II, the 1955-59 Archbishop Makarios and EOKA-led revolt and the 1974 Turkish invasion. He sheds fresh light on the stance of both Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Foreign Secretary James Callaghan towards Greece and Turkey in the turbulent 1970s, and provides important new perspectives on the 1978 Egyptian hostage crisis at Larnaca Airport and the research is based throughout on primary sources including previously unpublished declassified papers from British diplomats and intelligence officers. This is a valuable study for scholars of contemporary strategy and military history and for those interested in military intelligence and the history of Cyprus.
[]
https://openalex.org/W1507012380
Gunpowder & Galleys: Changing Technology & Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the 16th Century
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "John F. Guilmartin", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5061269964" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Gunpowder", "id": "https://openalex.org/C44435123" }, { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Victory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779220109" }, { "display_name": "Peninsula", "id": "https://openalex.org/C123588078" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Portuguese", "id": "https://openalex.org/C35219183" }, { "display_name": "Ottoman empire", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2993946455" }, { "display_name": "Empire", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778495208" }, { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1507012380
Lauded as one of the finest books in the field of naval history, this comprehensive account of sixteenth century galley warfare includes detailed descriptions of all major actions in the Mediterranean and around the Arabian peninsula. First published in 1974 and recently revised the work is packed with technological insights into the strategy and tactics of galley warfare between the Ottoman Empire and its Spanish and Portuguese opponents. Among the many facets author John Guilmartin discusses are how the strategic considerations in gallery warfare are substantially different from those in campaigns involving galleons or ships of the line, why the 1571 victory at Lepanto failed to have any-long term strategic consequences, and how the arquebus and musket proved more suitable for action aboard ship than the crossbow or Turkish composite bow. This updated edition also includes new research into the orders of battle and ballistics, gunnery, and cannon founding.
[]
https://openalex.org/W3120278556
The Reaction of the Armed Forces to Hybrid Threats - the Greek Case
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Greece", "display_name": "Athens Naval & Veterans Hospital", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210154117", "lat": 37.988247, "long": 23.72632, "type": "healthcare" } ], "display_name": "Demetrios Tsailas", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5023169804" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Strategic planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C48243021" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Management science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460" }, { "display_name": "Turkish", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781121862" }, { "display_name": "Process (computing)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C98045186" }, { "display_name": "Strategic thinking", "id": "https://openalex.org/C152563557" }, { "display_name": "Process management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195094911" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Marketing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Operating system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C111919701" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3120278556
We know that the strategy must create the basic knowledge that links both the ways and the means to achieve the desired political goals and strategic results. This logical method is a continuous thought process that provides strategic intent and informs ways, creating links to strategic planning that lead to the use of means, in military operations. This factor is the element that includes calculating, sleight and creating a logic or chain of results in strategy. In this paper, after considering a strategy distillation, we will analyze the context of hybrid warfare in strategic planning, which is of particular concern to us in Greek-Turkish relations.
[ { "display_name": "Security Science Journal", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210177588", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W218946582
The Navy and Combined Operations: A Century of Continuity and Change, 1853-1945.
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Jacob W. Kipp", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5033423289" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Navy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776746162" }, { "display_name": "Revolution in Military Affairs", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326492" }, { "display_name": "Doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767" }, { "display_name": "Military doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780" }, { "display_name": "Naval warfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C532361734" }, { "display_name": "World War II", "id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Joint (building)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18555067" }, { "display_name": "Economic history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Military history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C5021368" }, { "display_name": "Military science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C451841" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Architectural engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C170154142" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W218946582
Abstract : This report analyzes Soviet naval history, especially joint military operations with the Russian Army, from the Crimean War to World War II. Keywords: Land warfare; Naval warfare; Far East; Military doctrine; Cooperation; Turkey; Japan; Russian Revolution.
[]
https://openalex.org/W1492629158
JICM 1.0 Summary.
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Bruce Bennett", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5071598625" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Arthur M. Bullock", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5041520428" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Daniel B. Fox", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5086144028" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Carl M. Jones", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5039211866" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "John Y. Schrader", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5072860267" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Contingency", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97508593" }, { "display_name": "Contingency plan", "id": "https://openalex.org/C14331377" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Order (exchange)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C182306322" }, { "display_name": "Baseline (sea)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C12725497" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Operations management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Finance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C10138342" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1492629158
Abstract : The Joint Integrated Contingency Model (JlCM) is a global war gaming and analysis system that focuses on conflict from major regional contingencies through strategic warfare. JICM is an outgrowth of the former RAND Strategy Assessment System (RSAS), engineered explicitly to address post-Cold War conflict issues. JICM has been developed to support balance assessment, contingency analysis, and military training. It is a global system because it includes, as part of its release, order of battle data for most major countries worldwide, relieving JICM users of the burden of having to develop such information. (It contains current and projected force data for many countries.) It also includes four baseline cases, covering conflicts in Poland, Turkey, the Persian Gulf, and Korea. These cases have been developed to support the Global Series of war games sponsored by the U.S. Naval War College and other JICM applications. Thus, the JICM comes as a ready-to-use package, although users will also find it easy to develop new theaters for analysis in the JlCM. JICM 1.0 includes development through FY93. Once complete, it will be transferred to selected Department of Defense agencies for use in analysis, gaming, and training.
[]
https://openalex.org/W341325125
Angels of Armageddon: The Royal Air Force in the Battle of Megiddo
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Gary J Morea", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5065103163" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Offensive", "id": "https://openalex.org/C176856949" }, { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Victory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779220109" }, { "display_name": "Ammunition", "id": "https://openalex.org/C554616519" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Decisive victory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C115145042" }, { "display_name": "Military tactics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" } ]
[ "Turkey", "Palestine", "Egypt" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W572917620", "https://openalex.org/W633142290", "https://openalex.org/W1491049952", "https://openalex.org/W1553421628", "https://openalex.org/W1576966446", "https://openalex.org/W2058914024", "https://openalex.org/W2090596178", "https://openalex.org/W2251203358", "https://openalex.org/W2599624511", "https://openalex.org/W2800093039", "https://openalex.org/W2999976264" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W341325125
Abstract : Egypt and Palestine offered the British an opportunity to fight a war of movement. Unlike the Western Front, Egypt and Palestine were undeveloped with wide expanses of land. It was ripe for the development of maneuver warfare using the mechanical products of the industrial age: motor cars, machine guns, tanks and aeroplanes. In particular, the use of aeroplanes proved vital to the successful British defense of the Suez Canal by providing reconnaissance of enemy formations and early warnings of attack. This role of the Royal Flying Corps expanded in this theater to cover the breadth and depth of British efforts at the tactical, operational and strategic levels. The strategic success of the Royal Air Force in wrestling air superiority from the Germans was the key that allowed the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) to prepare and conduct its campaign against the central powers across the plains surrounding Megiddo. It provided the EEF intelligence of enemy positions, freedom to maneuver forces undetected, and the depth to attack and rout the retreating Turkish forces to the point of annihilation. The evolution of local air superiority in Palestine, properly coordinated with the ground offensive, was the deciding factor for victory in that theater.
[]
https://openalex.org/W1584440191
E-Bomb: The Key Element of the Contemporary Military-technical Revolution
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Necati Ertekin", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5027951352" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Offensive", "id": "https://openalex.org/C176856949" }, { "display_name": "Battlefield", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779669469" }, { "display_name": "Nuclear weapon", "id": "https://openalex.org/C194110935" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Key (lock)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C26517878" }, { "display_name": "Electronic warfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C133082901" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Telecommunications", "id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Radar", "id": "https://openalex.org/C554190296" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1584440191
Abstract : The contemporary military rivalry is driven mostly by the ongoing military technical revolution. In particular the weapons used on the future battlefield will play an important role in military affairs. Which weapons can play a key role in the future? Electromagnetic weapons seem to involve key elements for the future battlefield; they offer advantages over conventional weaponry by providing nonlethality the advantage of attack at the speed of light fast engagement of multiple targets potentially low operational cost and wide-area coverage for offensive and defensive purposes. This thesis proposes hypothetical electromagnetic bombs (e-bomb) and classifies e-bombs into three isocategories depending on power sources. It also assesses the potential lethality effects on different targets based on a developed MATLAB Simulation Model. It also provides an understanding of the principles of High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) and High Power Microwave (HPM) Weapons. In addition a measure of effectiveness model is proposed to compare the hypothetical e-bomb HEMP and HPM weapons. The strategic effects on military affairs will be assessed. Finally this study will help the Turkish Armed Forces decide on investment in e-bomb research and development (R&D) to improve combat capabilities in the future battlefield.
[]
https://openalex.org/W4200088575
Russian Policy in the Mediterranean: Historical Continuity and International Context
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Russia", "display_name": "Peoples' Friendship University of Russia", "id": "https://openalex.org/I126527374", "lat": 55.75222, "long": 37.61556, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Konstantin P. Kurylev", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5061175436" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Russia", "display_name": "Peoples' Friendship University of Russia", "id": "https://openalex.org/I126527374", "lat": 55.75222, "long": 37.61556, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Nickolay Parkhitko", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5059994195" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Geopolitics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C201960208" }, { "display_name": "Foreign policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Navy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776746162" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" }, { "display_name": "International relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311" }, { "display_name": "Middle East", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]
[ "Turkey", "Syrian Arab Republic", "Syria" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4200088575
The article considers the main directions of the Russian Federations foreign policy in the Mediterranean region in the period from 2015 to autumn 2021. The authors present a historical analysis of Russias military presence in the Mediterranean Sea since its first deployment in the 18th century and separately during the Cold War, since the key strategic goals and operational-tactical tasks facing the 5th Soviet Navy operational squadron in those years, as a whole, remained unchanged. Only their scale was adjusted. Three key aspects that determine the need for Russias presence in the Mediterranean are researched. These are the military, political and economic (raw) components that form the determinant of Russian foreign policy in the region. The expansion of the military activity of NATO countries - in particular, the United States, Great Britain and France - in the Mediterranean Sea and the Middle East, especially since the beginning of the civil war in the Syrian Arab Republic in 2011, requires an asymmetric response from Russia in the context of protecting its national interests. As far as geopolitics is concerned, Russias return of at least partial of those Soviet influence in the region also contributes to strengthening our countrys international positions. Finally, Russias presence in a part of the world, which is a natural logistics hub in the context of both world trade and energy supplies, conceptually complements the military-political agenda. The authors use the methods of historical and political analysis and practical systematization in order to formulate the main hypothesis of the study and come to scientific and theoretical conclusions. The main hypothesis is that the expansion of Russias military, political and economic presence in the Mediterranean will be intensified as the countrys economic potential grows. The authors suggest the following order as tools for implementing the strategy: speeding up efforts to ensure the permanent military presence of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean, deepening bilateral ties with Syria and conducting a pragmatic economic policy towards Turkey, which claims to be an important actor in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East as a whole.
[ { "display_name": "Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210187162", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4226190840
null
[]
[ { "display_name": "Geopolitics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C201960208" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Foreign policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Navy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776746162" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" }, { "display_name": "Middle East", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "Spanish Civil War", "id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]
[ "Turkey", "Syrian Arab Republic", "Syria" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4226190840
The article considers the main directions of the Russian Federation’s foreign policy in the Mediterranean region in the period from 2015 to autumn 2021. The authors present a historical analysis of Russia’s military presence in the Mediterranean Sea since its first deployment in the 18th century and separately during the Cold War, since the key strategic goals and operational-tactical tasks facing the 5th Soviet Navy operational squadron in those years, as a whole, remained unchanged. Only their scale was adjusted. Three key aspects that determine the need for Russia’s presence in the Mediterranean are researched. These are the military, political and economic (raw) components that form the determinant of Russian foreign policy in the region. The expansion of the military activity of NATO countries - in particular, the United States, Great Britain and France - in the Mediterranean Sea and the Middle East, especially since the beginning of the civil war in the Syrian Arab Republic in 2011, requires an asymmetric response from Russia in the context of protecting its national interests. As far as geopolitics is concerned, Russia’s return of at least partial of those Soviet influence in the region also contributes to strengthening our country’s international positions. Finally, Russia’s presence in a part of the world, which is a natural logistics hub in the context of both world trade and energy supplies, conceptually complements the military-political agenda. The authors use the methods of historical and political analysis and practical systematization in order to formulate the main hypothesis of the study and come to scientific and theoretical conclusions. The main hypothesis is that the expansion of Russia’s military, political and economic presence in the Mediterranean will be intensified as the country’s economic potential grows. The authors suggest the following order as tools for implementing the strategy: speeding up efforts to ensure the permanent military presence of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean, deepening bilateral ties with Syria and conducting a pragmatic economic policy towards Turkey, which claims to be an important actor in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East as a whole.
[ { "display_name": "Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210187162", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4206472103
The Byzantine Military Strategy in Asia Minor During the Early Palaiologan Period (1259–1328)
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Vladimir Zolotovskiy", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5047231271" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "NULL AUTHOR_ID", "id": "https://openalex.org/A9999999999" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Byzantine architecture", "id": "https://openalex.org/C104562893" }, { "display_name": "Reign", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777228553" }, { "display_name": "Minor (academic)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779760435" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Military history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C5021368" }, { "display_name": "State (computer science)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436" }, { "display_name": "Strategic goal", "id": "https://openalex.org/C183735805" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Military science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C451841" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Algorithm", "id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529" } ]
[ "Turkey" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4206472103
Introduction. The purpose of the article is to determine the specifics of the Byzantine war strategy in Asia Minor. A qualitative military and political characteristics of the main military expeditions to the eastern borders are crucial for the disclosure of this problem. From this aspect, the study addresses the following issues: defining of the role of the eastern military campaigns in the complex of military-strategic measures on the state scale; characteristics of the features the armed forces used, as well as the tasks solved during military expeditions to Asia Minor; disclosure of the features of military-technical measures to ensure the security of Byzantium eastern borders. Methods. Critical use of elements of civilizational, formational and systemic approaches is the methodological basis of this study. It should be noted that the use of a systematic approach in the analysis of the Byzantine troops combat practice in east direction, allows to determine the strategic objectives of military expeditions in Asia Minor, to reveal the logic of warfare in the eastern theater, to determine the functional purpose of military-technical measures. Analysis and Results. The study reveals the strategic concept of Byzantium armed forces military operations during the reign of the first Palaeologus on the Asia Minor territory. Analysis of combat practice allows us to conclude that the strategic priority of the western and northwestern directions, which required the use of the most combat-ready troops consisting of mercenaries during the reign of Michael VIII, determined the need to use the Byzantine troops at the eastern borders of the empire. TheByzantine army was episodically involved in major defensive expeditions to the borders of the empire. We determined that the purpose of these campaigns is to stop the advance of enemy armies and their subsequent expulsion from the empire. This logic of military operations does not mean the loss of strategic initiative at the eastern direction. The strategy of passive defense which determined the nature of the military confrontation in the Asia Minor region was ensured by the creation of a garrison system, or a line of fortresses, on the eastern borders of the empire. Fortification activities of Michael VIII and Andronikos II in 1280–1282 temporarily stopped the advance of the Turkish troops. However, natural factors and the intensification of the economic crisis at the end of the 13th century made it impossible to preserve the defensive line located along the banks of the rivers that served as the borders of the Byzantine state. In addition, the strengthening of the military-political power of the emirates of Menteşe, Aydinoglu and Osman led to the loss of the initiative by the Byzantine troops and, as a result, the reduction of the Asia Minor territories of the empire. In an effort to change the situation, Andronicus II proceeded to implement an active defense strategy.
[ { "display_name": "Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriâ 4. Istoriâ, Regionovedenie, Meždunarodnye Otnošeniâ", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2739207624", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2397733203
The nature of war: conflicting paradigms and Israeli military effectiveness
[]
[ { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Epistemology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728" }, { "display_name": "Environmental ethics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]
[ "Lebanon" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2397733203
Introduction: The Erosion of Classical Military Doctrine Doctrinal Background Simple Symmetrical Wars The Complex Asymmetrical War Against a Regular Opponent: The Picture becomes Multidimensional Asymmetrical Wars Against Non-State Opponents: Same Theater of Operations, Different Objectives Parallel War: One War with Two Non-Convergent Campaigns The Second Lebanon War & Operation Cast Lead: Parallel Wars Against a Non-State Opponent The Future War: Parallel War Against a State Enemy That Has Adjusted to Fighting Against RMA & Adopted a Guerrilla Paradigm Conclusion: Rock-Paper-Scissors Index.
[ { "display_name": "Choice Reviews Online", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764375719", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2241311803
Bullets and Blogs: New Media and the Warfighter
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Deirdre Collings", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5084966679" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Rafal Rohozinski", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5042430095" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battlespace", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781438671" }, { "display_name": "Information Operations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121858775" }, { "display_name": "Information warfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781349506" }, { "display_name": "Stalemate", "id": "https://openalex.org/C109913982" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Cyberspace", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781241145" }, { "display_name": "Cyberwarfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C171769113" }, { "display_name": "Disinformation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776552730" }, { "display_name": "Victory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779220109" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Public relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Military intelligence", "id": "https://openalex.org/C49504249" }, { "display_name": "Milestone", "id": "https://openalex.org/C120060458" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Social media", "id": "https://openalex.org/C518677369" }, { "display_name": "The Internet", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "World Wide Web", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020" } ]
[ "Lebanon", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2241311803
Abstract : For the U.S. military, new media and the Global Information Environment (GIE) present sustained challenges and opportunities. In recent years, new adversaries -- armed with new media capabilities and an information-led warfighting strategy -- have proven themselves capable of stopping the most powerful militaries in the world. The current and future geo-strategic environment requires preparation for a battlespace in which symbolic informational wins may precipitate strategic effects equivalent to, or greater than, lethal operations. In recognition of the new media challenge, the U.S. Army War College (USAWC) hosted a workshop in January 2008 entitled Bullets and Blogs: New Media and the Warfighter. This workshop brought together leading practitioners from the Department of Defense, Department of State, Intelligence Community, and experts from academia. To spark debate, the workshop employed case studies drawn from the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War in Lebanon. This conflict marked an important milestone for warfare in the information age. The nonstate actor Hezbollah proved capable of thwarting Israel's primary war aims and forcing a battlefield stalemate. While Hezbollah stood little chance of prevailing militarily against the Israeli Defense Forces, its strategic victory was achieved by way of an information-led warfighting strategy that leveraged new media to influence the political will of key global audiences (including the Israeli public). The 2006 war previewed the characteristics of hybrid conflict that U.S. forces may encounter in the future. A synthesis of workshop discussions yielded inter-related takeaways on what is required to win in today's operational environment, where cyberspace and new media capabilities are significant components of the battlespace.
[]
https://openalex.org/W1531924972
Attack or Defend? Leveraging Information and Balancing Risk in Cyberspace
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Dennis M. Murphy", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5048452115" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767" }, { "display_name": "Cyberspace", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781241145" }, { "display_name": "Military doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780" }, { "display_name": "Information warfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781349506" }, { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Treasure", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776084483" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "National security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C528167355" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Revolution in Military Affairs", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326492" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Public relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134" }, { "display_name": "The Internet", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110875604" }, { "display_name": "Military science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C451841" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "World Wide Web", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136764020" } ]
[ "Lebanon", "Iraq", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1531924972
When this article was originally written, DOD policy and military regulations significantly restricted the use of the Internet for strategic communication purposes in favor of security. On 25 February 2010, DOD published a policy embracing a balanced approach in this regard, thus supporting the original thesis of this article. The author has updated the article accordingly to provide a deeper explanation of the policy decision and as a call to embrace its tenets. UNITED STATES MILITARY history is replete with examples of preparing for the next by studying the last (or current) one. Consequently, we often engage in warfare with doctrine and processes that lag behind current reality. The result can be a prolonged effort at great cost to national treasure, both fiscal and human. The harried development and implementation of counterinsurgency doctrine, resulting in the so-called surge in the midst of the campaign in Iraq, is but one example. (1) The Army's introspective consideration of future warfare in the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, is an exception. Using the 1973 Arab-Israeli as a harbinger of warfare where precision weaponry and technological advances showed the importance of maneuver, the Army shifted from a doctrine of Active to Battle. However, this was not universally accepted. In a 2006 Landpower essay, Brigadier General Huba Wass de Czege remininisced: In what developed into a healthy exchange, [young officers] saw defensive tactics as a fall-back by ranks approach that confused delay and defense, and would lead commanders to avoid decisive engagement ... They saw it as reactive, surrendering the initiative and resulting in a risky method of defense. (2) The history of the 1991 Gulf describes the shift to Airland doctrine as a prescient decision that was the basis of that dramatic victory for the U.S. military. (3) So what will the next look like? No one has a flawless crystal ball to predict the future, but even a cursory consideration of potential future adversaries reveals the importance placed on information as a strategic asymmetric means to conduct warfare. The Chinese military has reportedly hacked into Pentagon military networks. (4) The Russian government allegedly conducted a major cyber attack on Estonian infrastructure. (5) Yet even while attacks on information systems are proving to be a threat, reliance on the Internet to fight the war of ideas is increasing. Consider the so-called 2nd Lebanon War between Israel and Hezbollah in the summer of 2006. Hezbollah used information to affect perceptions as a means to achieve strategic victory, even going so far as to place billboards on the rubble of buildings in southern Lebanon that said Made in the USA (in English). (6) [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The U.S. military certainly recognizes this threat, as the move to establish a U.S. Cyber Command demonstrates. However, until recently, doctrine was lagging. Past policies favored active defense over maneuver in cyberspace. And while a recent policy change points to a potentially significant shift in that equation, the question arises whether the military will embrace the organizational change necessary to balance the need to protect networks while going on the ideological offensive its adversaries have embraced. In the end, leaders must weigh the risks involved to achieve a balance to compete in the information battlespace. Will they develop an Battle equivalent for cyberspace, or will they wait until the next to strike the balance at potentially great cost to our Nation? Defining the Problem Keeping up with the definition of cyberspace can be a full-time job. Since 2004, the U.S. government has presented four different official definitions. The Department of Defense (DOD) currently defines cyberspace as-- a global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network of information technology infrastructures, including the Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers. …
[ { "display_name": "Military review", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764787750", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4376273995
Systemic Operational Design – a study in failed concept
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Łukasz Przybyło", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5026231072" } ]
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[ "Lebanon", "Israel" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W2042077210", "https://openalex.org/W2106004122", "https://openalex.org/W2317694881", "https://openalex.org/W3081102266" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4376273995
One of the many reasons for the failure of the Israel Defence Forces’ (IDF) in the Second Lebanon War was the concept of Systemic Operational Design (SOD), translated into de facto military doctrine. The story of the rise and fall of the SOD idea is a warning sign for all militaries faced with “modern” and “fashionable” ideas. The purpose of this paper is therefore to describe and evaluate the Systemic Operational Design created and introduced into the IDF by Brigadier General Shimon Naveh and the Operational Theory Research Institute (OTRI). The study is based on the literature created by the State of Israel, the IDF, and its main proponent Shimon Naveh, as well as other militaries (mainly the US Army). This theoretical background is confronted with the IDF’s operations during the Second Lebanon War of 2006 and their effects on the war’s outcome. The over intellectualised, ambiguous, and not properly structured concept of the SOD, introduced as the IDF’s doctrine and approach to operations, led to military failure (which also had more root causes) in Lebanon. A study of the SOD failure should lead to a careful approach being taken to all new military concepts and ideas. Both change and continuation need to be properly balanced and evaluated, while enhanced military effectiveness could be of great value. At the same time, the impact of concepts which are not well anchored in military science/history and untested, like the SOD, could be devastating for militaries.
[ { "display_name": "Security and Defence Quarterly", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210214688", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2075266586
Trends in Thinking about Warfare
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Prabhat Gautam", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5031757753" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Military science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C451841" }, { "display_name": "Engineering ethics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C55587333" }, { "display_name": "Environmental ethics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95124753" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" } ]
[ "Lebanon", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2075266586
Abstract Militaries the world over need to study and understand lessons from the ongoing military operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Lebanon, and the new knowledge needs to be placed in context. Neglected military history itself provides enduring lessons. This article attempts to capture the trends and debates in the understanding of current warfare and outlines how lessons of war are interpreted with a focus on future trends in war-fighting. The article concludes with some policy suggestions and areas for further inquiry.
[ { "display_name": "Strategic Analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/S121590172", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W264754766
The 2006 Hezbollah-Israeli War: Israel's Grenada
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Gregory J Donahue", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5021031929" } ]
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[ "Lebanon", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W264754766
Abstract : The Effects Based Operations-inspired doctrine that the Israeli Defense Forces adopted relied too much on airpower and relied too little on ground maneuver forces. Hezbollah was able to predict how Israel would fight and they neutralized Israel s airpower by creating hidden fortified bunkers, and stockpiling weapons and supplies. Israel s inability to beat Hezbollah with airpower forced Israel to launch a ground invasion into Lebanon where Hezbollah was prepared to fight them on equal terms. The Israeli military was unable to create a decisive military or political victory against Hezbollah, and Hezbollah would subsequently claim a strategic victory.
[]
https://openalex.org/W217408577
Achieving Victory in Peace Operations: An Application for Clausewitz's Theory on Culmination
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Daniel Schuster", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5061819674" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Victory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779220109" }, { "display_name": "Culmination", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6472966" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Operational level of war", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205960476" }, { "display_name": "Military theory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C541409800" }, { "display_name": "Military tactics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730" }, { "display_name": "Military science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C451841" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Operations management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "World War II", "id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Astronomy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947" }, { "display_name": "Red Army's tactics in World War II", "id": "https://openalex.org/C122133782" } ]
[ "Lebanon", "Somalia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W217408577
Abstract : This monograph examines the U.S. military operations in Beirut, Lebanon 1982-1983 and Somalia 1993 in the context of Clausewitz's theory of a culminating point of victory. The dynamics of peace operations present a unique challenge to military commanders. If the prudent commander is to avoid the risk of a tactical defeat with strategic consequences, a management of the factors leading to military culmination and their linkage to operational assumptions should be the keystone of any planning effort. Recognizing the culminating point of victory provides an essential perspective on the necessary force structure, disposition, and tactics to assure mission success and to prompt their reappraisal at critical junctures that might otherwise be lost in the operational background noise. The monograph proposes that an analysis of what constitutes a culminating point of victory serves to capture the subjective nature of the decision making process in a quantifiable manner. This framework facilitates the recognition and management of operational risks. A commander is then better prepared to avoid operational culmination due to a tactical defeat. (RWJ)
[ { "display_name": "U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306533989", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W346517440
What is the Role of Heavy Armor in the Army of 2020
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Elliott Leon Rogers", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5022766638" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Infantry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C198766705" }, { "display_name": "Firepower", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780048507" }, { "display_name": "Armour", "id": "https://openalex.org/C73492039" }, { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Artillery", "id": "https://openalex.org/C74478641" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Military tactics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730" }, { "display_name": "Tactical communications", "id": "https://openalex.org/C152800680" }, { "display_name": "Ammunition", "id": "https://openalex.org/C554616519" }, { "display_name": "Lethality", "id": "https://openalex.org/C20379349" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Paleontology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C151730666" }, { "display_name": "Chemistry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680" }, { "display_name": "Genetics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Organic chemistry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620" }, { "display_name": "Layer (electronics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779227376" }, { "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" } ]
[ "Lebanon", "Iraq", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W346517440
Abstract : With operations in Iraq complete and the transition out of Afghanistan ongoing, what is the role of the heavy armor force in the Army of 2020? Although several senior leaders have stated that armor will play a significant role in the future, none have articulated what that role will be. As the Army deals with force reduction and economic constraints, it also must prepare a future fighting force to succeed against competitors who will employ all forms of warfare and tactics, perhaps simultaneously. As the Israeli Defense Force learned during the Second Lebanon War, only well-prepared ground forces can defeat a hybrid threat in complex terrain. This monograph seeks to convince the reader that to achieve overmatch in decisive action while sustaining minimal casualties, it must employ the right mix of heavy armor and infantry forces in future operating environments. Through an analysis of the U.S. strategic context, the Army operating concept, and armor force capabilities, the monograph will prove that the heavy armor force is the most capable element in both wide area security and combined arms maneuver. If employed properly, tanks and infantry fighting vehicles can provide mobile and precise firepower to close with and destroy a hybrid threat during unified land operations. Although, dismounted infantry squads remain essential to U.S. expeditionary capability, the mobile firepower provided by armored forces quickly overmatches and defeats enemy combatants. The heavy armor force capabilities of mobility, firepower, and protection, when employed with supporting systems of dismounted infantry and artillery, provide the overmatch necessary to fight and win against the hybrid threats of 2020.
[ { "display_name": "U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. School of Advanced Military Studies", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306533989", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2346015515
Introduction: On the Limitations of Military Doctrine
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[ "Lebanon", "Iran", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2346015515
AbstractThis special document is an original English translation of a 2015, thirty-three page (in Hebrew), Israel Defense Forces (IDF) strategy paper, marking the first time that the IDF has published an official account of its fundamental driving principles. An introductory essay by Ahmad Samih Khalidi, “On the Limitations of Military Doctrine,” places the strategy document in the context of Israel's failures in the 2006 Lebanon war. The document, itself headed by a short letter from Israeli chief of staff Lt. Gen. Gadi Eisenkot, encompasses a broad spectrum of grand strategy analysis, prediction, and recommendation, against a complex matrix of operational, tactical, and logistical measures. It comprises three main parts: first, a succinct “Strategy Document” that describes Israel's strategic and operational environment and that delineates the basic principles guiding its military actions (chapters 1–3); second, a description of the IDF's command structure and procedures (chapter 4); and third, the prescription of a series of follow-up steps (chapter 5). In brief bullet points, the strategy document covers national goals, threat perceptions, the domestic, regional, and international contexts, technical and technological challenges, the main functions and roles of the IDF, the different conditions (or “operating statuses”) for the use of force, the importance of cyberwarfare, intelligence, questions of legitimacy, issues of command and control, resource utilization, defense capabilities, special operations, and the priorities for five years. Israel's traditional concerns with the threat from Arab states are downgraded in favor of the threat posed by sub- or non- state actors (Hamas and Hezbollah), and “distant” players (Iran).KeywordsIsrael Defense Forces (IDF)Gadi EisenkotIDF strategyforce deploymentIsraeli strategic goals Additional informationNotes on contributorsAhmad Samih KhalidiAhmad Samih Khalidi is a writer on Middle East political and strategic affairs. He is coeditor of Majallat al-Dirasat al-Filastiniyya, the Arabic-language sister publication to JPS, and a senior associate member of St. Antony's College, Oxford.
[ { "display_name": "Journal of Palestine Studies", "id": "https://openalex.org/S88529193", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W243893305
Battle of Algiers: Counter Insurgency Success
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Lou H Royer", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5054222443" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Parallels", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2775922551" }, { "display_name": "Scrutiny", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776050585" }, { "display_name": "Insurgency", "id": "https://openalex.org/C510578393" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Military tactics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730" }, { "display_name": "Military history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C5021368" }, { "display_name": "Ammunition", "id": "https://openalex.org/C554616519" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Spanish Civil War", "id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Operations management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" } ]
[ "Algeria", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W243893305
Abstract : American forces conducting future counterinsurgency (COIN) operations can achieve success using the same tactics that the French Army used in 1957 in Algeria. As the Marine Corps and the Army continue to prosecute the long war, they can expect to be confronted with conflicts similar to what the French Army experienced almost 60 years ago in Algeria. Parallels exist between the Battle of Algiers and the U.S. experience in Iraq. By drawing upon and understanding the tactical experience of the French in Algiers, we can prepare ourselves for future insurgencies our military may face and achieve success. The tactics the French employed in the Battle of Algiers have come under great scrutiny by modern scholars, despite the successful results they produced. The Army Field Manual 3-24 (FM 3-24) incorporates many of the experiences of the French Army in conducting a counterinsurgency operation. In conclusion, the tactics employed by the French Army in the Battle of Algiers resulted in successfully eradicating the insurgent movement in Algiers. The success achieved by the French Army will be hard to replicate in future COIN scenarios if the United States and its military focus on partnership building and not on destroying the enemy.
[]
https://openalex.org/W3036041735
The Battle of Gaza
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Pat Wheatley", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5010595371" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Charlotte Dunn", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5011602628" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Successor cardinal", "id": "https://openalex.org/C75306776" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Decisive victory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C115145042" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Gaza strip", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3017912951" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Military history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C5021368" }, { "display_name": "Empire", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778495208" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Victory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779220109" }, { "display_name": "Palestine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C114362828" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Mathematical analysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C134306372" } ]
[ "Gaza" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3036041735
The wars between Alexander the Great’s former generals continued, as they fought to gain territorial control of different sections of the late king’s empire. This chapter provides an in-depth discussion of the famous battle of Gaza, including an overview, a discussion of strategy and logistics, as well as an assessment of the outcome of this important military engagement. The battle of Gaza was a humiliating defeat for Demetrius Poliorcetes. He had calculated that his battalion of war elephants would be the deciding factor, but his tactics were inferior to those of the experienced Successor generals Ptolemy and Seleucus, and he was forced to flee the field to avoid capture by the enemy.
[ { "display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708", "type": "ebook platform" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4206197852
Defending Iran
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Gawdat Bahgat", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5078945409" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Anoushiravan Ehteshami", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5060195432" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Islamic republic", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2994026549" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Islam", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939" }, { "display_name": "Doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Military doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Framing (construction)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169087156" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" }, { "display_name": "Software deployment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105339364" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Software engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]
[ "Saudi Arabia", "Iran", "Iraq", "Israel" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W178275740", "https://openalex.org/W602688715", "https://openalex.org/W2024731498", "https://openalex.org/W2065195456", "https://openalex.org/W2068391918", "https://openalex.org/W2088699779", "https://openalex.org/W2132459175", "https://openalex.org/W2494652418", "https://openalex.org/W2502824144", "https://openalex.org/W2584161158", "https://openalex.org/W2626425762", "https://openalex.org/W2735561556", "https://openalex.org/W2752425099", "https://openalex.org/W2766015931", "https://openalex.org/W2769943352", "https://openalex.org/W2772112702", "https://openalex.org/W2891125733", "https://openalex.org/W2903597893", "https://openalex.org/W2905389340", "https://openalex.org/W2938086459", "https://openalex.org/W2954807573", "https://openalex.org/W2974422859", "https://openalex.org/W2979787609", "https://openalex.org/W2983103303", "https://openalex.org/W3024984296", "https://openalex.org/W3044529747", "https://openalex.org/W4214871343", "https://openalex.org/W4234530431", "https://openalex.org/W4238356478", "https://openalex.org/W4239267736", "https://openalex.org/W4246352404" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4206197852
Since the 1979 revolution, the ruling establishment of Iran has developed and articulated a defense strategy reflective of the country's Iran-Iraq war experience and its international isolation. Its asymmetrical warfare doctrine, use of irregular forces in military campaigns, deployment of ballistic missiles, use of fast naval vessels to harass and confuse adversaries, and finally development of a sophisticated cyber warfare capability, are all features of this unique defense strategy. Based on a wide range of primary sources in Persian, Arabic and English, Gawdat Bahgat and Anoushiravan Ehteshami offer a detailed and authoritative analysis of Iran's defense strategy. Additionally, this book provides a comparative analysis of the Islamic Republic's capabilities in relation to Israel and Saudi Arabia, its main regional adversaries. Framing Tehran's threat perceptions following the revolution within a wider historical context, this book will facilitate further analytical reflections on the country's changing role in the region, and its relations further afield, with the United States, Europe, Russia and China.
[]
https://openalex.org/W197586414
The Army Needs a Strategic Armored Gun System--Now
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Carl H Freeman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5014187445" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Software deployment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105339364" }, { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Software engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" } ]
[ "Saudi Arabia", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W197586414
Abstract : In August 1990, the 82d Airborne's Sheridans spearheaded a strategic deployment, designed to counter an imminent Iraqi threat to Saudi Arabia. This time the potential adversary possessed an inventory of over 4000 main battle tanks, some as technologically sophisticated as the Soviet T-72, as well as forces with recent combat experience in mid-to-high intensity warfare. This study seeks to examine the requirement for a modern, technologically advanced replacement for the light armored vehicle in the airborne division and other light combat formations where the need for strategic deployability and lethal tank=killing ability are of paramount importance. This vehicle, the Armored Gun System (AGS) has been a fleeting requirement for some 20 years. A brief history of the Armored Gun System will be presented as well as a detailed review of its required operational capabilities. The U.S. Army has expressed interest in both a traditional research and development methodology as well as a non- developmental approach (NDI) to meet the AGS requirement. A number of potential 'off the shelf' candidates to replace the aging Sheridan in the airborne division will be reviewed, as will changes in both aircraft and airdrop equipment and procedures that will expand the range of options available to the combat developer. Additionally, recommendations will be made for the inclusion of the AGS in a new light Corps armored cavalry regiment. The study will conclude with recommendations on a course of action to resolve the long overdue requirement for a strategic Armored Gus System capable of rapid deployment and effective combat operations across the entire operational continuum.
[]
https://openalex.org/W368363765
First light : modern Bahrain and its heritage
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Āl Khalīfah", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5001909819" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ḥamad ibn ʿĪsá", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5079750891" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Navy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776746162" }, { "display_name": "Portuguese", "id": "https://openalex.org/C35219183" }, { "display_name": "Islam", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "State (computer science)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C48103436" }, { "display_name": "Independence (probability theory)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C35651441" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Plan (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776505523" }, { "display_name": "Military history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C5021368" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Public administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431" }, { "display_name": "Economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136264566" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Statistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105795698" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Algorithm", "id": "https://openalex.org/C11413529" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]
[ "Saudi Arabia", "Bahrain" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W368363765
Preface: a brief geographical and historical survey the military history of Bahrain in modern times. Part 1: Bahrain, Islam and foreign invaders: from the advent of Islam to the Portuguese invasion the Portuguese invasion and its lessons the British role in the Gulf. Part 2 The battle of Zubara and the transformation of Bahrain: the battle of Zubara the battle of Bahrain. Part 3 Independence: building an independent state preparations for general military service first steps the Defence Force and its Arab role during the Ramadan war of 1973 the role of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia first five-year plan comprehensive plan and the creation of a balanced force the navy. Part 4 National strategy for the Gulf Cooperation Council states: national goals of GCC states dangers and risk factors faced by GCC states national strategy of GCC states the concept of military strategy of the GCC states summary.
[]
https://openalex.org/W3162711303
Defending Iran: From Revolutionary Guards to Ballistic Missiles
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Gawdat Bahgat", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5078945409" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United Kingdom", "display_name": "Durham University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I190082696", "lat": 54.76518, "long": -1.578224, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Anoushiravan Ehteshami", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5060195432" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Islamic republic", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2994026549" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767" }, { "display_name": "Islam", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Ballistic missile", "id": "https://openalex.org/C122136912" }, { "display_name": "Military doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" }, { "display_name": "Framing (construction)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C169087156" }, { "display_name": "Software deployment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105339364" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Missile", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778857364" }, { "display_name": "Software engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Structural engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386" }, { "display_name": "Aerospace engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453" } ]
[ "Saudi Arabia", "Iran", "Iraq", "Israel" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W193722976", "https://openalex.org/W194044009", "https://openalex.org/W227154517", "https://openalex.org/W561837346", "https://openalex.org/W581266347", "https://openalex.org/W581510969", "https://openalex.org/W593060599", "https://openalex.org/W593160263", "https://openalex.org/W595410116", "https://openalex.org/W602688715", "https://openalex.org/W652368891", "https://openalex.org/W656290071", "https://openalex.org/W1503216346", "https://openalex.org/W1508858561", "https://openalex.org/W1511430553", "https://openalex.org/W1521171530", "https://openalex.org/W1605249148", "https://openalex.org/W1607178936", "https://openalex.org/W1951464556", "https://openalex.org/W1990841525", "https://openalex.org/W2013916529", "https://openalex.org/W2024731498", "https://openalex.org/W2065195456", "https://openalex.org/W2068391918", "https://openalex.org/W2072676051", "https://openalex.org/W2084397646", "https://openalex.org/W2088699779", "https://openalex.org/W2122649649", "https://openalex.org/W2132459175", "https://openalex.org/W2166532595", "https://openalex.org/W2256368314", "https://openalex.org/W2483005926", "https://openalex.org/W2494652418", "https://openalex.org/W2502824144", "https://openalex.org/W2516650891", "https://openalex.org/W2544665798", "https://openalex.org/W2560596517", "https://openalex.org/W2584161158", "https://openalex.org/W2586975583", "https://openalex.org/W2615105309", "https://openalex.org/W2621806744", "https://openalex.org/W2626425762", "https://openalex.org/W2735561556", "https://openalex.org/W2752425099", "https://openalex.org/W2766015931", "https://openalex.org/W2766529200", "https://openalex.org/W2766749037", "https://openalex.org/W2769943352", "https://openalex.org/W2772112702", "https://openalex.org/W2781826568", "https://openalex.org/W2891125733", "https://openalex.org/W2903458933", "https://openalex.org/W2903597893", "https://openalex.org/W2904984056", "https://openalex.org/W2905248367", "https://openalex.org/W2905389340", "https://openalex.org/W2913425495", "https://openalex.org/W2918148139", "https://openalex.org/W2937708360", "https://openalex.org/W2938086459", "https://openalex.org/W2948377327", "https://openalex.org/W2954807573", "https://openalex.org/W2957131302", "https://openalex.org/W2970407842", "https://openalex.org/W2974422859", "https://openalex.org/W2975763161", "https://openalex.org/W2979503028", "https://openalex.org/W2979787609", "https://openalex.org/W2980079677", "https://openalex.org/W2983103303", "https://openalex.org/W2990192456", "https://openalex.org/W3024984296", "https://openalex.org/W3033743708", "https://openalex.org/W3044529747", "https://openalex.org/W3124619994", "https://openalex.org/W3135772196", "https://openalex.org/W3188853484" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3162711303
Since the 1979 revolution, the ruling establishment of Iran has developed and articulated a defense strategy reflective of the country's Iran-Iraq war experience and its international isolation. Its asymmetrical warfare doctrine, use of irregular forces in military campaigns, deployment of ballistic missiles, use of fast naval vessels to harass and confuse adversaries, and finally development of a sophisticated cyber warfare capability, are all features of this unique defense strategy. Based on a wide range of primary sources in Persian, Arabic and English, Gawdat Bahgat and Anoushiravan Ehteshami offer a detailed and authoritative analysis of Iran's defense strategy. Additionally, this book provides a comparative analysis of the Islamic Republic's capabilities in relation to Israel and Saudi Arabia, its main regional adversaries. Framing Tehran's threat perceptions following the revolution within a wider historical context, this book will facilitate further analytical reflections on the country's changing role in the region, and its relations further afield, with the United States, Europe, Russia and China.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2605287547
The Saudi air war in Yemen: A case for coercive success through battlefield denial
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Naval War College", "id": "https://openalex.org/I59036183", "lat": 41.507774, "long": -71.33005, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Ralph Shield", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5052459619" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Interdiction", "id": "https://openalex.org/C124119293" }, { "display_name": "Denial", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780900520" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Battlefield", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779669469" }, { "display_name": "Punishment (psychology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779295839" }, { "display_name": "Audit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199521495" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Social psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C77805123" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Accounting", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121955636" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Psychoanalysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C11171543" }, { "display_name": "Aerospace engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453" } ]
[ "Yemen" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W152761101", "https://openalex.org/W2259472711", "https://openalex.org/W2494936960", "https://openalex.org/W4206206367" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2605287547
The present-day conflict in Yemen is a valuable case study in the coercive use of airpower. The Saudi-led bombing campaign demonstrates the challenges inherent in applying a punishment-based strategy in a civil war, where coercive mechanisms operate differently than in interstate conflict. The audit from Yemen vindicates the effectiveness of a denial-based strategy and offers insights on the relative utility of interdiction and close air support in advancing that strategy. This examination dissects the campaign, assesses its effectiveness, and extracts insights useful both to the analysis of similar conflicts and to the evaluation of U.S. foreign policy alternatives.
[ { "display_name": "Journal of Strategic Studies", "id": "https://openalex.org/S199078552", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3020968741
Lanchester Models for Irregular Warfare
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "Naval Postgraduate School", "id": "https://openalex.org/I35364215", "lat": 36.60024, "long": -121.89468, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Moshe Kress", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5009759781" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Modern warfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781023928" }, { "display_name": "Set (abstract data type)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C177264268" }, { "display_name": "Management science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C539667460" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Information warfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781349506" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302" }, { "display_name": "Programming language", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897" } ]
[ "Syria" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W1967817148", "https://openalex.org/W1974963283", "https://openalex.org/W2012863970", "https://openalex.org/W2012879504", "https://openalex.org/W2013253821", "https://openalex.org/W2043067721", "https://openalex.org/W2067437475", "https://openalex.org/W2112766235", "https://openalex.org/W2126615147", "https://openalex.org/W2128555553", "https://openalex.org/W2153563219", "https://openalex.org/W2171237813", "https://openalex.org/W2398668600", "https://openalex.org/W2586714898", "https://openalex.org/W2734679699", "https://openalex.org/W2883794228", "https://openalex.org/W4212997941" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3020968741
Military operations research and combat modeling apply mathematical models to analyze a variety of military conflicts and obtain insights about these phenomena. One of the earliest and most important set of models used for combat modeling is the Lanchester equations. Legacy Lanchester equations model the mutual attritional dynamics of two opposing military forces and provide some insights regarding the fate of such engagements. In this paper, we review recent developments in Lanchester modeling, focusing on contemporary conflicts in the world. Specifically, we present models that capture irregular warfare, such as insurgencies, highlight the role of target information in such conflicts, and capture multilateral situations where several players are involved in the conflict (such as the current war in Syria).
[ { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210192031", "type": "journal" }, { "display_name": "MDPI (MDPI AG)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400947", "type": "repository" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3013556223
An Early Operational Analysis of Russian-Supplied T-90s in Syria
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "American University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I181401687", "lat": 38.937054, "long": -77.08692, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Gabriel White", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5026957477" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "United States", "display_name": "George Washington University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I193531525", "lat": 38.89511, "long": -77.03637, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "William K. McHenry", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055034840" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Middle East", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065" }, { "display_name": "Navy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776746162" }, { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Software deployment", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105339364" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Battlefield", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779669469" }, { "display_name": "Spanish Civil War", "id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423" }, { "display_name": "Dozen", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185181809" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Islam", "id": "https://openalex.org/C4445939" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Software engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868" }, { "display_name": "Arithmetic", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94375191" }, { "display_name": "Mathematics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" } ]
[ "Syria" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3013556223
On 30 September 2015, Russian military forces began their overt involvement in the then-four-year-old Syrian Civil War; the subsequent Russian air campaign and political support to the Assad regime are now well documented. However, Russia’s material military support remains largely understudied. This article explores one line of material supported with a demonstrated impact on Syrian Arab Army military operations, as well as Russia’s use of Syria as a sandbox for promoting its defense industry. This article seeks to analyze the deployment, impact, and use of half a dozen T-90A main battle tanks provided to Syrian government forces and their allies in November 2015. It argues that the provision of this weapon played a role in the regime’s significant victories on the battlefield — and assesses their impact on the battle of Aleppo (19 July 2012–22 December 2016). Its performance on the battlefield likely served as a positive showcase for the platform, which contributed to a series of considerable arms deals of the platform to states across the Middle East and South and East Asia. Finally, our research demonstrates the extent to which this platform was utilized by various pro-regime proxy forces in Syria, including those closely linked to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).
[ { "display_name": "The Journal of Slavic Military Studies", "id": "https://openalex.org/S157188123", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W227713941
Denying Flight: Strategic Options for Employing No-Fly Zones
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Karl P. Mueller", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5031373657" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Intervention (counseling)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704" }, { "display_name": "Doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Military doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Military personnel", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779072820" }, { "display_name": "Use of force", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776729102" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Public administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Public relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134" }, { "display_name": "Operations management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "International law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C55447825" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Psychiatry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586" } ]
[ "Syria", "Libya", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W227713941
Abstract : In recent years, discussions about external military intervention in local conflicts have often included consideration of no-fly zones (NFZs) as a policy option. In the past two decades, the U.S. Air Force has participated in three contingencies involving NFZs over Bosnia, Iraq, and Libya, and NFZ proposals have been proffered for some time as an option for intervention in the Syrian civil war that would avoid placing Western troops on the ground. This paper is intended as a preliminary look at NFZs as a strategic approach in such situations, with an emphasis on the forms they might take, their potential utility, and their probable limitations. It should be of interest to readers participating or interested in decision making about military intervention, as well as Air Force and other defense personnel who bear the responsibility of planning for and executing such operations. The research reported here was made possible by RAND concept formulation funds and was conducted within the Strategy and Doctrine Program of RAND Project AIR FORCE.
[]
https://openalex.org/W4243191998
Russia is expanding its military options in Syria
[]
[ { "display_name": "Artillery", "id": "https://openalex.org/C74478641" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Command and control", "id": "https://openalex.org/C506615639" }, { "display_name": "Middle East", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Aerospace engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453" } ]
[ "Syria" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4243191998
Subject Russia's diversified military capacity in Syria. Significance Russian armed forces played an active role in the Syrian government's recapture of Palmyra in March, despite the partial withdrawal of Russian aircraft from Syria. As well as air strikes, months of Russian military training and arms deliveries enhanced the Syrian army's combat capacity, contributing to a rapid collapse of Islamic State group (ISG) resistance. The operation showed how Russia has widened the instruments available: it can scale conventional air strikes up or down, provide fire support from helicopters or artillery, and use these elements to compensate for deficiencies in the Syrian military, while supplying weaponry, training and coordination to local forces. Impacts Russian military support can ensure the Syrian regime's survival, but that will require a long-term presence. The recapture of Aleppo would constitute a near fatal blow to the Syrian rebel movement. The Russian military will learn lessons about weaponry and coordination from the Syrian operation. Elements of these lessons including control of proxy forces may be applied in future foreign interventions. The use of mercenaries, trialled in Syria, offers Moscow a useful and deniable instrument abroad.
[ { "display_name": "Emerald expert briefings", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210217702", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3048592367
IED – The “Tool of Death”
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Romania", "display_name": "Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210148047", "lat": 45.790066, "long": 24.152641, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Mircea Vladu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5052055878" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Romania", "display_name": "Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210148047", "lat": 45.790066, "long": 24.152641, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Stelian Popescu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5077896383" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Multinational corporation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C158016649" }, { "display_name": "Population", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2908647359" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Military operation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779608769" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Environmental health", "id": "https://openalex.org/C99454951" } ]
[ "Syria", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3048592367
Abstract All media, from states that have sent military structures to Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, etc., have commented and continue to comment extensively on the effects of military outbreaks of improvised explosive devices, abbreviated IED. Many civilians are rightly wondering what an IED is and what destructive performance it records as a result of its coming into operation by different means. Years ago it was found that there were also some soldiers who did not have much knowledge about IEDs and consequently lost their lives, especially in Iraq, but also in Afghanistan, because they did not have the necessary and sufficient training, based on which to be able to apply procedures if they discovered these „tools of death”, located on the ground or at targets, or when trying to help their comrades seriously injured by the explosions of these devices. In those conditions, the military decision-makers imposed the implementation in the combat manuals of EOD protection. With all the measures taken, by the military decision-makers, the IEDs continued to make new victims in Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, etc., among the local defense forces, the multinational Coalition military, the civilian population, the animals used as suicide bombers, etc. Starting from this finding and knowing what was written about these „tools of death” through combat manuals and specialized articles, developed by the military based on the lessons learned from the „dust” of Iraq and Afghanistan, I intend, through this paper, to try to put together some information that will provide further insights into IEDs and the danger it poses to local defense forces, to the Alliance’s military and civilian population, who are on Afghan ground.
[ { "display_name": "International Conference Knowledge Based Organization", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210200256", "type": "conference" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4240552326
Current irregular warfare
[]
[ { "display_name": "Key (lock)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C26517878" }, { "display_name": "Modern warfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781023928" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Reading (process)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C554936623" }, { "display_name": "Network-centric warfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781187084" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Military history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C5021368" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Engineering ethics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C55587333" }, { "display_name": "Epistemology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]
[ "Syria", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4240552326
Understanding Modern Warfare has established itself as the leading introduction to the issues, ideas, concepts and context necessary to understand the theory and conduct of warfare in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It is an invaluable text for military professionals and students of military history. Key features include: incisive coverage of the debates surrounding contemporary and future warfare; accessible, yet sophisticated, discussion across the land, sea, and air environments; and coverage of contemporary topics such as drones, cyber warfare, and hybrid warfare. The book makes extensive use of text boxes to explain key concepts and to reference extended examples, and it includes annotated guides to further reading and key questions to promote the reader's further thinking. This second edition has been fully revised and updated to take into account new debates and recent events in Syria, Iraq and Ukraine, and it has also been restructured to further improve its usefulness as a teaching tool.
[ { "display_name": "Cambridge University Press eBooks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306462995", "type": "ebook platform" } ]
https://openalex.org/W3162513707
“THE ELEPHANTS IN THE REAR OF THE PHALANX”: THE BATTLE OF PANION AND COMBINED ARMS WARFARE
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Абакумов Аркадий Алексеевич", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5020046538" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Infantry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C198766705" }, { "display_name": "Battlefield", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779669469" }, { "display_name": "Victory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779220109" }, { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Decisive victory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C115145042" }, { "display_name": "Spanish Civil War", "id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Military tactics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Maneuver warfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C68386048" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Asymmetric warfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C203715995" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" } ]
[ "Syria" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3162513707
The Battle of Panion (or Panium; c. 200 B.C.), the decisive engagement of the 5th Syrian War, can be described as successful implementation of Combined Arms Warfare in Antiquity; different units of the Seleucid army (infantry, cavalry, war elephants) were used in concert, mutually assisting and protecting each other. Like Hannibal's famous victory at Cannae, this battle exemplifies complete encirclement and total destruction of an enemy army. Nevertheless, its reconstruction is hampered due to discrepancies in the texts of primary sources: the reports of Polybius and Zeno of Rhodes are in conflict, and there is no coherent and detailed description of the battle, including the location of the battlefield and the number of troops. Some historians even consider this reconstruction to be impossible at all. Most renowned (and virtually the only) scenario belongs to Professor Bezalel Bar-Kochva who actually splits this battle into two different «parts», or episodes, on the same battlefield divided by a river. However his scenario is based on a quite shaky foundation - the disputed topographic identification of the battlefield itself. The author of this article makes an attempt to offer a generic reconstruction of the Battle of Panion regardless of the local geographical peculiarities.
[ { "display_name": "Вестник Удмуртского университета", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210169776", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2599979059
The Future of Allied Air Power: The United States Air Force
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Brad William Gladman", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5006703445" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Officer", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777189325" }, { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Aerospace", "id": "https://openalex.org/C167740415" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Pillar", "id": "https://openalex.org/C105289051" }, { "display_name": "Power (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" }, { "display_name": "Public relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Quantum mechanics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]
[ "Syria" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2599979059
Abstract : This Scientific Report is the first in a series of reports for the Commanding Officer of the Canadian Forces Aerospace Warfare Centre. Their purpose is to inform discussions of capability and concept development within both the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), as well as providing an important input into Canadian policy development. The methodology adopted begins with an analysis of the policy and supporting strategy framework of, in this case, the United States (US) to develop an understanding of the direction being given to its military on the areas of the world and threats against which it is to prepare. On the basis of this understanding of the key tenets of US strategic thinking it is possible to identify those concepts and capabilities being developed to prepare the US Air Force(USAF) to meet those threats. The findings of this analysis are that the new Air/Sea Battle concept is a main pillar of US strategic thinking, and one with capability development implications for the RCAF and CAF in general. At the same time, the USAF is seeking to find cost-effective means to project effective air power into low- to mid-intensity conflicts such as the ongoing mission in Syria. When completed, this larger analytical effort could serve a range of functions within the Department of National Defence and the CAF, from focusing RCAF capability and concept development through to informing joint force and policy development.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2983819618
EVOLUTION OF THE AERIAL DEFENCE OF AIR BASES. CONCEPTS AND LESSONS LEARNED
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Grzegorz Kołata", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5006537129" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Aviation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C74448152" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "German", "id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046" }, { "display_name": "Military aviation", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777987047" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Strategic bombing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110866185" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Military history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C5021368" }, { "display_name": "World War II", "id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Aerospace engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453" } ]
[ "Syria" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W75522867", "https://openalex.org/W298253094", "https://openalex.org/W2139320250", "https://openalex.org/W2795462804" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2983819618
The lessons learned during wars and armed conflicts indicate that the main factor influencing the aerial defence of air bases were directly related to the rapid development of the combat capabilities of aerial threats. Air bases have been lucrative targets for enemy air strikes since the first documented attack by a British aircraft on a German airfield in 1914 and have remained so for contemporary military air operations. The article discusses the evolution of concepts and lessons learned in the field of aerial defence of air bases that resulted from armed conflicts and local wars. The analysis includes armed conflicts, which, according to the author, have reflected the changes in the organisation of the aerial defence of air bases, including the repulsion of air strikes against aviation on the ground. Attention was paid to the conditions related to the aerial defence of aviation on the ground during the First World War. A more thorough analysis was made of the Second World War period, focused on the Western Front and the defence of Poland. Particular attention was paid to the Battle of Britain, noting the importance of the organisation of the radar air surveillance system in the context of the effectiveness of air defence. The focus of the analysis then shifts to the aerial defence of air bases during armed conflicts after the Second World War: the Vietnam War (1965-1973), the Yom Kippur War (1973), the defence of air bases in the Yom Kippur War (1973), and NATO operations from the air against air bases during the Deny Flight / Deliberate Force (1992-1995) and Allied Force (1999) operations. The article also makes a preliminary assessment of the aerial defence of air bases during the ongoing conflict in Syria.
[ { "display_name": "Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Sztuki Wojennej", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210240291", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4312906320
Analysis of the experience of the combat use of unmanned aerial vehicles against anti-aircraft missile systems in the military conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh.
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "O. Cherednychenko", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5007004172" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Y. Protsiuk", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5020425642" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "О. Shemendiuk", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5070376555" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "E. Lebed", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5025013704" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Firepower", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780048507" }, { "display_name": "Battlefield", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779669469" }, { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Drone", "id": "https://openalex.org/C59519942" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Missile", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778857364" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Command and control", "id": "https://openalex.org/C506615639" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Telecommunications", "id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785" }, { "display_name": "Aerospace engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453" }, { "display_name": "Biology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240" }, { "display_name": "Genetics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C54355233" } ]
[ "Syria", "Libya" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4312906320
An analysis of the latest military conflicts and local wars in Ukraine, Syria, Libya and other regions of the planet clearly demonstrates that practically in each of them there is a new format of warfare, traditional ideas about the forms and methods of armed struggle on the battlefield are being destroyed, and significant adjustments are being made. in the strategy and tactics of achieving victorious results for each side. One of them was the so-called "Karabakh conflict" between Armenia and Azerbaijan over control over the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. The events of September-November 2020 in the scientific community have been called the “drone war”. It was thanks to modern drones that Azerbaijan gained air superiority and used it to achieve a strategic advantage in the war. Modern unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are able not only to effectively identify the enemy day and night, direct their own firepower at him, but also independently destroy him at a considerable distance from the battlefield.The article discusses the use of a massive UAV raid against anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM) of air defense (air defense) in a military conflict on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. Such use of UAVs for air defense air defense systems led to the rapid depletion of their combat resource and, as a consequence, the further inability of these complexes to solve tasks according to their intended purpose. An analysis of the results of the combat use of air defense systems against modern UAVs showed that the detection range of the air defense missile system by the UAV equipment has become relatively the same, and sometimes even exceeds it. In the course of the military conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, a new tactic for the use of UAVs was developed, which makes it possible to ensure the guaranteed defeat of the air defense missile system and thereby carry out the functional suppression of the air defense system and ensure the gains of air superiority. For a scientifically substantiated confirmation of the possibility of successful destruction of an anti-aircraft missile-gun complex (AMC) by a UAV group, analytical and simulation modeling was carried out and appropriate conclusions were drawn to resolve the military conflict in Donbass.
[ { "display_name": "Communication informatization and cybersecurity systems and technologies", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4387285201", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2513771391
A Global People’s Liberation Army: Possibilities, Challenges, and Opportunities
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Kristen Gunness", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5058804490" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Oriana Skylar Mastro", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5006297498" } ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2513771391
A Global People’s Liberation Army:Possibilities, Challenges, and Opportunities Kristen Gunness (bio) and Oriana Skylar Mastro (bio) keywords china, military, people’s liberation army, security note The authors’ names appear in alphabetical order. Sections of this article were presented as testimony to the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. See Oriana Skylar Mastro, “Developments in China’s Military Force Projection and Expeditionary Capabilities,” testimony prepared for the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Washington, D.C., January 21, 2016; and Kristen Gunness, “PLA Expeditionary Capabilities and Implications for United States Asia Policy,” testimony prepared for the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Washington, D.C., January 21, 2016. Dr. Mastro would like to thank John Chen and Yilin Sun for their excellent research assistance. [End Page 131] executive summary This article assesses the factors shaping whether China will develop significant military expeditionary capabilities, the conditions under which Chinese leaders may decide to use the military outside East Asia, and implications for the U.S. main argument Developing expeditionary capabilities for the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is a priority for Chinese leaders, and the Chinese public’s expectation for protection while abroad further motivates such plans. Moreover, Chinese strategic thinking about the nature of such a capability suggests that the doctrinal development to support an expeditionary force is already underway. But even if China develops this capability, Beijing may not always choose to use it. The conditions under which China may employ its expeditionary capabilities can be expected to generate four types of behavior depending on the degree to which China is directly targeted and the receptivity of the international community to a larger Chinese role: activism, team play, vigilantism, and free riding. Based on this analysis, the U.S. should be open to a greater role for the PLA under most conditions. policy implications • The best outcome for the U.S. is one in which China is a team player and contributes to multilateral operations even when its own interests are only peripherally threatened. Discussion among U.S. allies and partners can help mitigate operational risks. • When Chinese interests abroad are targeted and the U.S. does not have interests at stake, Washington should try to shape China’s actions to minimize unintended consequences. Depending on the situation, international pressure may be sufficient to prevent vigilantism. • Given the PLA’s expanding role, the U.S. should work to broaden military exchanges with China to include all U.S. combatant commands, connect defense and diplomatic attachés around the world, and complement global policy objectives. • China’s expeditionary capabilities create opportunities for the U.S. to develop closer military relationships in Asia—for example, by helping India patrol the Indian Ocean should Chinese naval presence there become routine. [End Page 132] For more than a decade, China has been developing the necessary expeditionary military capabilities to protect its interests beyond the East Asia region.1 As China assumes a larger role in world affairs, these interests have expanded substantially and increasingly require the capacity to secure investments and business ventures around the globe, including the millions of People’s Republic of China (PRC) citizens living abroad, access to energy and other natural resources, and continued access to critical shipping lanes. To this end, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has begun to engage in missions far beyond its borders, including humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR), noncombatant evacuation operations, counterpiracy operations, and the protection of sea lines of communication (SLOC). While hardly surprising given China’s global interests, the development of military expeditionary capabilities has raised concerns both in the United States and abroad about what role the PLA will play in global affairs and how that role may affect or constrain other countries. Examples include wariness about China’s intentions following the announcement of a PLA logistics base in Djibouti, anxiety in New Delhi after PLA Navy (PLAN) submarines unexpectedly surfaced in the Indian Ocean, and challenges from the United States and others to Chinese naval patrols, conducted with some of the PLAN’s most advanced combatants and submarines, in the farthest reaches of the South China Sea and associated disputed waters...
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https://openalex.org/W2479540663
The Iran-Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History
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[ "Iran", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2479540663
The Iran-Iraq War is one of the largest, yet least documented conflicts in the history of the Middle East. Drawing from an extensive cache of captured Iraqi government records, this book is the first comprehensive military and strategic account of the war through the lens of the Iraqi regime and its senior military commanders. It explores the rationale and decision-making processes that drove the Iraqis as they grappled with challenges that, at times, threatened their existence. Beginning with the bizarre lack of planning by the Iraqis in their invasion of Iran, the authors reveal Saddam's desperate attempts to improve the competence of an officer corps that he had purged to safeguard its loyalty to his tyranny, and then to weather the storm of suicidal attacks by Iranian religious revolutionaries. This is a unique and important contribution to our understanding of the history of war and the contemporary Middle East.
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https://openalex.org/W239814541
A Strategic Analysis of the Gulf War.
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[ "Iran", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W239814541
Abstract : This memorandum examines the Iran-Iraq War from a strategic perspective to determine its causes, to analyze the military strategy and events of the war in order to shed light on significant tactical and logistical developments, and to derive tentative conclusions regarding the strategic importance of the Gulf War. The author concludes that had Saddam Hussein properly evaluated the conflicting demands of his political objectives and security policy on his strategic concept, he would probably have abandoned the entire enterprise. (Author)
[]
https://openalex.org/W349014275
Regional Conflicts with Strategic Consequences
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W349014275
Key Points During the Cold War, strategic capabilities were synonymous with nuclear capabilities, and U.S. strategic planning focused on nuclear deterrence and response against a single adversary. Today, more potential enemies are developing asymmetric capabilities to inhibit or prevent U.S. military intervention in regional conflicts--in short, to wage strategic warfare by implicitly or explicitly threatening highvalue political, military, or economic targets with weapons of mass destruction and disruption. U.S. security over the next several decades will depend increasingly on the ability to deter and respond effectively to strategic regional conflicts with significant escalation potential. The Department of Defense faces the task of ensuring that a comprehensive set of responses is developed for the National Command Authorities and is incorporated into planning before a conflict begins. To meet this challenge, the defense establishment should analyze requirements for deterring and combating strategic warfare in regional conflicts, identify shortcomings in plans and capabilities, and develop solutions. Providing a broad mix of military options could require changes in operational concepts, contingency planning, training, and resource allocation. The effort will require significant input from all the relevant commands and force providers, as well as the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Joint Staff, services, and other agencies. *********** The strategic environment facing the United States has changed radically in the past decade. The United States needs to reexamine traditional ways of planning for the use of military force in conflicts that threaten vital interests and that could escalate to the highest levels of violence. Several characteristics define the new environment: * Changed relationships between the major powers. The bipolar world of the Cold War has yielded to U.S. preeminence in virtually every facet of power, while Russia has become a second-tier power. China now has the seventh largest economy in the world and is modernizing both its conventional and nuclear forces--though it is unlikely to replace the former Soviet Union as the second pole in a reconfigured bipolar world. * The rise of regional powers, such as Iraq and Iran. These aspiring regional hegemons are unhappy with a status quo that is preserved by American military power. The end of bipolarity has brought this antagonism to the fore. During the Cold War, regional conflicts played out within the context of the broader ideological and strategic conflict between the two superpowers, which also tamped down pressures for escalation and proliferation for fear that conflict would spiral out of control. That all ended with the Cold War. The collapse of the Soviet empire made it impossible for Russia to continue supporting its allies abroad, who were forced to become responsible for their own security. * The possibility that smaller rogue states might try to keep the United States out of a regional conflict. By credibly threatening that the fight could escalate and even involve homeland attacks on the United States or its partners, a regional pariah might hope to prevent the United States from committing forces to the conflict or hinder it from building coalitions with European and regional allies. Failing that, a regional adversary could seek to delay and disrupt U.S. deployments to the theater and hamper operations. Finally, the leadership of a rogue state may be able to preserve its regime even in defeat if it could strike the American homeland or American allies. In short, regional powers are developing the capability to conduct strategic warfare against the United States. The importance these countries place on asymmetric warfare probably has been encouraged by the American distaste for wartime casualties and worries about self-deterrence. Planning Challenges In the changing environment, the United States must transform its thinking about deterring and defeating attempts to use strategic warfare to force it to abandon the defense of its vital interests in regional conflicts. …
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https://openalex.org/W4390059657
Decision-Making in War: Iranian Commanders’ Decision-Making in the War between Iraq and Iran, a Case Study of Walfajr Operation 8
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[ "Iran", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4390059657
Decisions include a set of techniques, principles, and rules providing the context for overcoming problems and crises, the use of which in times of war is far more vital than in normal times. In one of the greatest operations, that is, the First Battle of al-Faw, the Iranian commanders took decisions unique of their kind in the Iran-Iraq War. A number of commanders were interviewed, whose decision-making model was extracted by qualitative methodology and the underlying theory of their decision-making pattern with six main categories and one core category were extracted through coding: Military and strategic thinking, operation maneuver plan, reconnaissance operation, combat information circuit, dialectic formulation of consultation, decision-making, synthesis of indigenous decision-making as a victorious event are some of the extractive categories. Looking at the categories of the research, it can be said that commanders’ decision-making is influenced by platforms such experience operations, winning thinking, detailed information, and analysis of ideas.
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https://openalex.org/W3201755632
Anticipating Adversary Military Interventions
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[ "Iran" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3201755632
The authors explore where, how, and how often U.S. adversaries have intervened militarily since 1946 and identify why these adversaries initiated military interventions and why they might do so in the future. Three companion reports consider Chinese, Russian, and Iranian military intervention behavior in detail. The insights and signposts identified in these reports can inform U.S. decisions about military posture, partnerships, and investments.
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https://openalex.org/W224527449
Concepts of Operations and USAF Planning for Southwest Asia.
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[ "Iran" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W335683355" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W224527449
Abstract : This report illustrates the application of a framework that could lend greater coherence to U.S. security planning. It attempts to provide policymakers with Air Force could make in protecting U.S. and Western interests in Southwest Asia. This study is concerned with the possibility of a Soviet invasion of Iran aimed at securing control over the oil fields of the Persian Gulf. 2. Discusses American national objectives in Southwest Asia and the broad national strategy the U.S. government has formulated to achieve these objectives. Next, it examines the nature of the Soviet threat and provides some background on strategic considerations that influenced the development of U.S. military strategy. The next sections discuss U.S. military strategy for possible contingenies, the forces being considered for operations in this theater, and the programs initiated to support this strategy. The lost suctions try to identify what specific military capabilities the USAF should enhance or develop to better support U.S. strategies and national objectives and lay out a concept of operations for one of these capabilities--strategic mobility for tactical aircraft.
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https://openalex.org/W278630124
Understanding an Adversary's Strategic and Operational Calculus: A Late Cold War Case Study with 21st Century Applicability U.S. Views on Soviet Navy Strategy and Operations
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[ "Iran" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W278630124
Abstract : Insights into the strategic and operational calculus of a 21st century adversary like Iran -- can be gained by examining similar cases. One such case is the evolution in the U.S. understanding of the Soviet Union s strategic and operational calculus regarding the wartime employment of its navy during the last two decades of the Cold War. In this case, civilians supporting the U.S. Navy in the 1970s analyzed a wide range of Soviet doctrinal publications and came to firm conclusions as to what the Soviet Union s strategic and operational priorities and choices would be in the event of war and naval operations against the West. These conclusions were long discounted by the U.S. naval intelligence community and U.S. Navy operators until they were eventually corroborated by other credible but extremely sensitive sources, in a series of dramatic intelligence breakthroughs in the late 1970s.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2758245104
Air-Sea Battle And The U.S. Rebalance To The Pacific
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Robert B Finneran", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5052962697" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" }, { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Joint (building)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18555067" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Denial", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780900520" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Architectural engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C170154142" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Psychoanalysis", "id": "https://openalex.org/C11171543" } ]
[ "Iran" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W276633232", "https://openalex.org/W570843303", "https://openalex.org/W572840006", "https://openalex.org/W1982987787", "https://openalex.org/W2174522203", "https://openalex.org/W2175377929", "https://openalex.org/W2762140944" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2758245104
Abstract : Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2AD) is an all too present challenge to U.S. Joint Operational Access Concept (JOAC). The Air-Sea Battle operational concept is an integrally nested component of JOAC with the intent of assisting Combat Commanders and the Joint Staff on the approach to defeat A2/AD challenges and facilitate operational access in a contested environment. While it is understood that China is not an identified adversary, it would be in the U.S best interest to acknowledge China as the obvious pacing threat based on capability, capacity and intent. Other potential adversaries such as Iran and Russia certainly pose a challenge to U.S. power projection but not nearly on the scale as China in the Western Pacific. As the U.S. strategy of rebalancing to the Pacific matures, it is imperative that the U.S. pay particular attention to the anti-access environment that the Chinese are capable of creating and use this as the baseline for a realistic operational approach to A2/AD in the near future.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2791594120
The Classic Military Response in Perspective
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Charles D. Freilich", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5073223131" } ]
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[ "Iran", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2791594120
Chapter 6 assesses Israel’s success in applying the classic defense doctrine to the threats it has faced and its relevance today. The record is mixed. Much remains applicable, but numerous changes have taken place, including the addition of defense as a “fourth pillar,” along with deterrence, early warning, and military decision. Israel’s strategic and cumulative deterrence have proven highly successful, its current and specific deterrence somewhat. Israel only succeeded in achieving military decision in a few cases, but even then insufficiently to dictate terms. None of the operations against Hezbollah and Hamas have ended satisfactorily; most did not achieve significant deterrence or a prolonged lull. Without major ground maneuver, which Israel usually cannot conduct today, military decision is hard to achieve, will likely be more costly than the threats irregular actors pose, is beyond Israel’s capabilities against distant states, for example, Iran, and meaningless at the nuclear level.
[ { "display_name": "Oxford University Press eBooks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463708", "type": "ebook platform" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1540855909
Today's Operational Challenge: Defining Victory in Operations Short of War
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Walter Wojdakowski", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5006332114" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Victory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779220109" }, { "display_name": "Military doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780" }, { "display_name": "Operational level of war", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205960476" }, { "display_name": "Military tactics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730" }, { "display_name": "Doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Military history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C5021368" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "World War II", "id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542" }, { "display_name": "Variety (cybernetics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C136197465" }, { "display_name": "Operations management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Red Army's tactics in World War II", "id": "https://openalex.org/C122133782" }, { "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302" } ]
[ "Iran", "Libya" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W121599442", "https://openalex.org/W1521933192", "https://openalex.org/W2085790573" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1540855909
Abstract : This analysis centers on the three essential questions of operational art in FM 100-5, Operations. These questions define victory for the operational commander. They are: 1) What military conditions must be produced in the theater of war or theater of operations to achieve the strategic goal? 2) What sequence of actions is most likely to produce that condition? 3) How should the resources of the force be applied to accomplish that sequence of actions? The questions are probed using the strategic-operational, military-civilian and operational tactical interfaces. These affect the definition of victory in operations short of war. Each interface is analyzed considering its effect on the above questions. The paper is conceptual. No specific campaign is studied, but a variety of examples from recent operations short of war such as the Iran hostage rescue mission, the Grenada operation, the raid in Libya and current operations in the Persian Gulf provide insights for the analysis. This monograph examines the complexity of operations short of war. This complexity leads to two deductions. First, actions in theaters of operations short of war qualify as operational art. Second, doctrine is inadequate in addressing the complexities these operations entail. It also finds that the military-civilian interface is critical to success in these operations. Like it or not, operational commanders in operations short of war must understand and cope with policy; policy-makers and the media. Preparing commanders for this role requires emphasis.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2609860874
Airsea Battle: Can the Air Force and the Navy Get Along?
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Daniel E Kobs", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069283579" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Navy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776746162" }, { "display_name": "Doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767" }, { "display_name": "Military doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]
[ "Iran" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2609860874
Abstract : Littoral waterways around the world include the principal shipping lanes and the navigational chokepoints of world commerce. The United States currently enjoys global hegemonic status and is able to project military power at will. However, the explosive growth of military technologies may soon enable Americas adversaries to establish anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) strategies to threaten maritime chokepoints. A2/AD strategies potentially limit freedom of navigation and may soon directly challenge American ability to project and sustain power globally. To meet this challenge, the US is developing a joint Air Force and Navy AirSea Battle doctrine. Inter-service collaboration between the Air Force and Navy is not without its problems due to long-standing rivalries. This study is an analysis of challenges to the development of a joint US Air Force and Navy AirSea Battle doctrinal concept. It introduces the AirSea Battle justification with a cursory examination of two of the worlds maritime economic chokepoints the Straits of Hormuz and Malacca. Potential threats from Iran and China in these areas are examined through their regional economic interests. The analysis of AirSea Battle Doctrine continues, based on individual histories of Air Force and Navy doctrinal development. A foundational understanding of the different doctrinal frames of reference of each of the services is vital; illustrations of Air Force and Navy tension and successful collaboration clarify the argument. Examples include discussion of command and control, budgetary, vernacular, and planning and collaboration lessons of failure and achievement. Finally, the conclusion includes a strategic discussion of AirSea Battle doctrine and suggests specific methods to prevent future breakdown of joint doctrinal development.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2992605489
Land Warfare: 21st-Century Theory and Doctrine
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Richard D. Hooker", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5053059443" } ]
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[ "Iran" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2992605489
For the fifth time in 20 years the US Army is rewriting its capstone doctrinal manual, FM 100-5, Operations. Today's Army is smaller, leaner, more technologically capable but also more fragile. With a smaller force, but a decisive technological edge, the modern Army's challenge is to achieve the nation's strategic objectives rapidly and decisively without using overpowering mass and fires. The Army must make the right doctrinal choices for tomorrow in a world that is different but still dangerous. It needs a new doctrine and approach to joint warfare and joint operations. In the air and at sea, US adversaries cannot compete, but our land forces face many major threats. Because human conflicts remain struggles for land and its populations and resources, getting the doctrine of land warfare right is as important as anything the Army will do in the next generation. Strategic Challenge The Army's strategic posture has evolved in the post-Cold War era. Today's Army is a small, high-tech, force-projection Army with limited forward presence. To defeat potential opponents, the Army is structured to deploy rapidly over strategic distances to conduct joint and combined operations with other services and allies. US national strategy requires joint doctrine and training, service interoperability and high readiness levels to achieve credible deterrence, decisive victory in war and success in military operations other than war. Our declared strategy commits us to fighting and winning two major theater wars, each roughly equivalent to the Gulf War, which could overlap. The United States no longer faces a hostile superpower threatening the nation's survival. But the Soviet Union's demise has brought a return to severe regional conflicts grounded in age-old religious, cultural and ethnic enmities. In the former Soviet Union, the Balkans, sub-Saharan Af rica, the Middle East and Southwest Asia, the collapse of bipolarity has revived and encouraged inter- and intrastate conflicts. In the Korean Peninsula and Iran, authoritarian regimes preaching hatred of the west continue to threaten our allies and interests. In some ways, the Army's task is now harder. While all the services are smaller, the Army has absorbed a disproportionate share of force reductions that followed the Cold War's end. The Army lost 40 percent of its active force structure and is now manned at its lowest level since before World War II. This loss of mass and supporting infrastructure is accompanied by deep cuts in the Army's budget. The Army is now less able to face powerful regional opponents with traditional methods. For decades, the Army fought with overwhelming firepower and ample logistics, supported by dominant air and naval forces. Army doctrine emphasized positional, linear warfare. Army forces maneuvered to place massed firepower on the enemy. This approach to land warfare proved overwhelmingly successful in destroying enemy forces in the field. However, today's Army lacks the size, mass and abundant resources to wage prolonged positional warfare. Clearly, it is time for a bold shift in we apply power to win on land. Doctrine and Theory's Role What is doctrine? The common short definition---how to fightmisses the crucial point that campaigns, battles and engagements are unique events, each with its own context and circumstances. The rigid application of rules or formulae is a sure road to disaster. Tactics, techniques and procedures show us to fight. Doctrine shows us how to think about fighting. This distinction is the first step to understanding what doctrine is and why it is central to victory in battle. Doctrine is a thought process for solving problems in war. The basis of all doctrine is a sound theory of war. The link between theory and doctrine is fundamental-indeed, inescapable-because theory provides two things we need to make decisions in war-a mental picture of the battlefield and a rational explanation of why and things on the battlefield interact. …
[ { "display_name": "Military review", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764787750", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2750969339
The Indo-Asia Pacific and the Multi-Domain Battle Concept
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Gen Robert B. Brown", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5063190148" } ]
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[ "Iran" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2750969339
The United States Armed Forces are at a cross-roads, facing both institutional and operational challenges. The character of war continues to change at a quick pace, requiring military leaders to reassess some of their core beliefs. This situation has led to testing and refinement of concepts, capabilities, and people to ensure U.S. forces are ready for conflicts of today and tomorrow. Without doubt, any future conflict will be increasingly complex and distributed, involving actions across multiple domains--land, air, sea, space, and cyber--by multiple military services, at times simultaneously (see figure, page 16). (1) The nascent multi-domain battle concept, some elements of which are described in a forthcoming white paper jointly authored by Army and Marine Corps, addresses increasing complexity of battlefield and its requirement for service integration. (2) While still in development and experimentation, concept is already affecting operational and resource decisions, especially in Indo-Asia Pacific. This article presents three topics to illustrate how we are thinking about implementation of multi-domain battle concept in Pacific Command area of responsibility. First, it briefly discusses strategic situation in Indo-Asia Pacific, which typifies need for a new operating concept to integrate all United States Armed Forces. Next, it describes multi-domain battle concept, including three elements that help define its desired effects: joint integration, technology, andpeople. Finally, it presents a vignette of multi-domain battle as it might apply at tactical level. The Strategic Context in Indo-Asia Pacific Given that international state of play in this region is more tenuous than ever, multi-domain battle concept is sorely needed. The region contains thirty-six countries in sixteen time zones, more than half worlds population, and twenty-four of thirty-six megacities on Earth, and it covers more than half worlds surface area. (3) The region contains three of worlds largest economies, seven of largest militaries, and five of United States' seven mutual defense agreement partners. (4) According to Adm. Harry B. Harris Jr., commander of United States Pacific Command, approximately $5.3 trillion in annual global trade relies on unimpeded access to sea lanes [such as those in Straits of Malacca and South China Sea, and] $1.2 trillion of this sea-based trade destined to, or exported from United States. (5) Additionally, the Strait of Malacca alone sees more than 25 percent of oil shipments and 50 percent of all natural gas transits each day, (6) In addition, area is disaster-prone, with its typhoons, earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, and other events representing over 60 percent of worlds natural disasters. (7) In short, global prosperity hinges on stability and security of this vast and complex region. These demographic and economic dynamics interact with increased rate of technological change to add to political and military complexity found in Indo-Asia Pacific. Dramatic technological shifts created by unmanned capabilities, robotic learning, artificial intelligence, nanotech, biotech, and big data are only expanding military competition between geopolitical rivals. Much of these new technological tools depend on use of digital connectivity--with seven billion devices being connected to Internet in 2016 and a projected fifty billion by 2020--only increasing already dangerous situation in cyberspace and its dependence on space assets for connectivity. (8) Technological shifts are also feeding and increasing security challenges in Indo-Asia Pacific, with some worlds most intractable problems among them. Challenges include an increasingly belligerent North Korea that is sharing its increasingly capable missile technology with Iran, a growing China that is challenging international rules and norms, a revanchist Russia that is increasingly active in Pacific with a provocative military posture, continuing nuclear-backed friction between India and Pakistan, increasing activities by violent extremist networks operating in partner and ally nations, and political and diplomatic instability from changes in executive leadership of key regional allies and partners. …
[ { "display_name": "Military review", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764787750", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W273774101
NATO's Air War in Libya: A Template for Future American Operations
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Timothy E Book", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5081637914" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Work (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18762648" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656" } ]
[ "Libya", "Iraq" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W294244268", "https://openalex.org/W313822905", "https://openalex.org/W1483560942", "https://openalex.org/W1484995707", "https://openalex.org/W1515419306", "https://openalex.org/W1539642710", "https://openalex.org/W1558585769", "https://openalex.org/W1583268439", "https://openalex.org/W1587844539", "https://openalex.org/W1590048629", "https://openalex.org/W2014541840", "https://openalex.org/W2066732935", "https://openalex.org/W2111767123", "https://openalex.org/W2800456156" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W273774101
Abstract : America's recent experience in Afghanistan and Iraq proved that it is easier to get into war than it is to get out of it. These two conflicts bleed America, not only in terms of blood, but also in terms of its financial treasures. In an attempt to avoid these expenses in the future, this paper explores if there is a better way to achieve our nation's policy objectives. This research paper attempts to answer the following question: Does NATO's air war in Libya provide a template for how the United States will settle its future military conflicts? This paper explores three case studies involving airpower to identify the feasibility of a template for future military operations. The first case study explores NATO's 78-day air war against Bosnia over Kosovo. The next case study looks at America's involvement in Afghanistan during the first six months of Operation Enduring Freedom. The last case study involves NATO and America's 2011 involvement in Libya. From these case studies emerges a template that consists of three broad requirements necessary for the Limited Boots on Ground (LBoG) model to work. Finally, the paper discusses four disadvantages of the LBoG model followed by four advantages of the LBoG model.
[ { "display_name": "U.S. Army Command and General Staff College", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306533988", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2171315519
Smart muddling through: rethinking UK national strategy beyond Afghanistan*
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[ "Libya" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2171315519
One of the first steps taken by the newly elected Conservative—Liberal Democrat coalition government was to initiate a review of the national strategy of the United Kingdom. The review culminated in October 2010 in the publication of a revised National Security Strategy as well as a new Strategic Defence and Security Review. With the benefit of over twelve months of hindsight, this article is concerned with the formulation, the implementation and the longer-term implications of the 2010 strategy review. The first part of the article assesses the review as a national strategic plan. What were the strategic challenges addressed by the review, what decisions, judgements and misjudgements were made, and what was overlooked? In part two the authors turn to operational matters: how far was the UK's post-review strategic experience (i.e. in Afghanistan and Libya) consistent with the decisions and promises made in 2010? Part three discusses the review as a public statement of national policy, gauging the impression it has made on the national strategic narrative since 2010: how was the review received, what reputation has it acquired and what was/is the quality of the debate surrounding it? Finally, in part four the article asks what the 2010 review and its aftermath reveal of the formulation and implementation of national strategy in the United Kingdom. Was the 2010 review simply the latest in a long series of attempts by government to find a convincing and durable compromise between security challenges and national resources? Or was the review the beginning of something different altogether? Could UK national strategy henceforth be more of an adaptive, iterative process than a compressed period of analysis and reflection followed by the publication of a policy statement with an inevitably brief shelf-life?
[ { "display_name": "International Affairs", "id": "https://openalex.org/S79519963", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2367877114
A Study on the Dynamic Strategy of NATO after Its Military Intervention in Libya
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "China", "display_name": "Renmin University of China", "id": "https://openalex.org/I78988378", "lat": 39.969845, "long": 116.3188, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Haiyu Xu", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5032101557" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Intervention (counseling)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780665704" }, { "display_name": "Cold war", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2986359222" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "International relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C34355311" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "International security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C509929229" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Economic shortage", "id": "https://openalex.org/C194051981" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Government (linguistics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778137410" }, { "display_name": "Psychology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C15744967" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Psychiatry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118552586" } ]
[ "Libya", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2367877114
The NATO's military intervention in Libya clearly show s its new strategic trend during the Post-cold w ar era,w hich originated from the changeable w orld of politics and security in 1990s and gradually developed in the follow ing military interventions in Kosovo,Afghanistan,Iraq and Libya.As a matter of fact,NATO's military intervention in Libya demonstrates to the w orld its grand strategy——non-contact w ar policyandnon-boundary collective defense principle,featuring w ith a series of new approaches such as flexible defense,fast reaction,comprehensive guidance,international and regional policy balance,military and civilian cooperation,and etc.How ever,it also displays some of its shortages,including the absence of integral planning and international legal basis,unbalanced orientation and misplacement of the strategy,inadaptability to the regional and international needs,and etc.
[ { "display_name": "Journal of Hangzhou Normal University(Humanities and Social Sciences)", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306515608", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2979088298
Battle and Capture in North Africa: The Experience of Two Italian Servicemen
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "South Africa", "display_name": "University of the Free State", "id": "https://openalex.org/I26999989", "lat": -29.104445, "long": 26.175278, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Karen Horn", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5035273302" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Memoir", "id": "https://openalex.org/C177897776" }, { "display_name": "Soviet union", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3017612487" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "World War II", "id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542" }, { "display_name": "Spanish Civil War", "id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economic history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" } ]
[ "Libya" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W1991713103", "https://openalex.org/W1995930406", "https://openalex.org/W2032007680", "https://openalex.org/W2067339478", "https://openalex.org/W2067407889", "https://openalex.org/W2070100012", "https://openalex.org/W2070245888", "https://openalex.org/W2081988038", "https://openalex.org/W2082356289", "https://openalex.org/W2083792307", "https://openalex.org/W2089557985", "https://openalex.org/W2114323194", "https://openalex.org/W2375845555", "https://openalex.org/W2481777025", "https://openalex.org/W2559745036", "https://openalex.org/W4245323990" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2979088298
Raffaello Cei and Giovanni Palermo both served in the Italian military forces during the Second World War. Following battles against Allied forces in Libya, both men became prisoners of war in the Union of South Africa. While thousands more Italian captives had similar experiences to those of Cei and Palermo, this article looks at the memoirs of these two men with the aim of enriching our understanding of the Italian forces’ range of lived war experience, specifically that of battle and capture in 1941 and 1942.
[ { "display_name": "African Historical Review", "id": "https://openalex.org/S113911363", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4245214741
Introduction
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Brendan R. Gallagher", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5046764934" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battlefield", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779669469" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Democracy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C555826173" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]
[ "Libya", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4245214741
This chapter introduces the following puzzle: why does the most powerful nation in the world achieve triumphant military victories, but botch nearly everything that comes next? In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya, our military achieved smashing success on the battlefield, but not long after we popped the champagne, things went horribly wrong. This chapter begins to put these wars into a broader context by weaving them into a larger story. It outlines the tension between fostering democracy and seeking to withdraw as quickly as possible. It also highlights the pathologies that contribute to the problem, along with the three postwar planning tasks that can help us surmount the obstacles.
[ { "display_name": "Cornell University Press eBooks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306463067", "type": "ebook platform" } ]
https://openalex.org/W228394912
Rommel, Operational Art And The Battle Of El Alamein
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mark A. Machin", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5070819882" } ]
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[ "Libya", "Egypt" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W228394912
Abstract : Field Marshal Rommel's North African Campaign demonstrates many of the limitations and restricting factors of modern warfare. Examining the Axis Alliance preparation, implementation and sustainment of its operations provides insight applicable to the warfare commander of today. Relevancy is obtained through analysis of the Axis coalition command and control structure, tactical battle operations, strategic strategy, weapon technology, use of intelligence and logistical support network. Rommel's successful offensive through Libya and Egypt was ended at the Battle of El Alamein due to the critical influence of these factors. His exploits demonstrate excellence of battlefield tactics at the expense of strategic strategy and logistical sustainment. Battlefield operations, Strategic strategy, Logistics, Intelligence, Technology, Command and control
[]
https://openalex.org/W380448200
Operations Odyssey Dawn and Unified Protector: Another Win for Warden s Theory
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Kurt Distelzweig", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055845406" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Interdiction", "id": "https://openalex.org/C124119293" }, { "display_name": "Operational planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776613951" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Information Operations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121858775" }, { "display_name": "Operational effectiveness", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2984500058" }, { "display_name": "Key (lock)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C26517878" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Operations management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Aerospace engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453" } ]
[ "Libya" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W380448200
Abstract : This monograph analyzes the planning and execution of Operations Odyssey Dawn and Unified Protector in Libya in 2011 to support Colonel John Warden's theory of warfare. United Nations Security Council resolutions established two operational objectives, a no-fly zone and the protection of civilians, with the major limitation of prohibiting foreign ground forces from the operations. Because of this limitation, airpower was the primary instrument used to achieve the operational objectives. The operational objectives are the framework for this analysis. The methodology consists of three parts. First, Warden's theory is presented and can be simplified as first achieving air superiority, then using air interdiction and close air support missions to target the enemy as a system of five rings through centers of gravity. The theory provides the evaluation criteria. Next, arrangement of tactical actions toward the operational objectives is displayed through the reconstruction of key events. The third section evaluates the tactical actions against the evaluation criteria from Warden's theory in the framework of the two operational objectives. Analysis shows the planning and execution of Operations Odyssey Dawn and Unified Protector supports the main principles of Warden's theory of warfare.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2183043032
Last Act in Damascus
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Jeffrey White", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5064711490" } ]
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[ "Libya" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2183043032
The Assad regime is caught in potent forces that it cannot hope to escape. Its military is being ground down by constant battle with the rebels. Regime forces are beginning to look and act like they are nearing defeat. They appear to be losing the will to attack, and to some extent even defend. The armed opposition elements are gaining strength in men, weapons, and the all-important factor of will. Despite increasing casualties of their own, they appear willing, in many cases eager, to fight. Throughout the country, the regime's hold is weakening or has already vanished under pressure from the rebels. This decline can be seen most readily in the regime's growing reliance on air and artillery operations, and in its failure to defend or rescue key positions subjected to siege and assault. It now appears incapable of massing large forces, unlike earlier stages in the war when it could marshal several tens of thousands of troops for an operation. Assad appears doomed, but when and how will this be realized? It is unlikely to be in the form of some grand climatic battle; more probably it will transpire like the fall of Tripoli and the pursuit of the Libyan dictator. Or perhaps it will be more like the slow closing of the ring around the bunker in Berlin, and the descent into fantasy by family members, extreme loyalists, and those who waited too long to escape. It will not necessarily proceed in a straight line. The tides of battle do not run only in one direction, and the regime may even score successes here and there in the fighting. Can the regime do anything to arrest or reverse its downward direction? It seems unlikely. It could resort to chemical weapons as defeat nears and desperation rises. Is a regime that has already killed tens of thousands going to reject the use of gas weapons to stave off defeat, if even for only a while? Resorting to CW is not a sure thing; if the international community were to respond with force, that would likely hasten the fate of the regime. Still Assad could try it, banking that the failure of the world to respond with force to other cases in which he dramatically escalated violence against the civilian population would be repeated. Jeffrey White is a defense fellow at The Washington Institute and a former senior defense intelligence officer.
[]
https://openalex.org/W4383343413
July 22: The Civil War Battle of Atlanta by Earl J. Hess (review)
[]
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[ "Jordan" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4383343413
Reviewed by: July 22: The Civil War Battle of Atlanta by Earl J. Hess Brian Matthew Jordan July 22: The Civil War Battle of Atlanta. By Earl J. Hess. ( Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2023. Pp. 411. Notes, index, bibliography.) Earl J. Hess is a remarkably prolific scholar who has produced some of the finest Civil War battle and campaign studies available today. Hess's latest effort supplies the most finely grained and richly contextualized account of his subject to date. Fought just east of Atlanta, the battle of July 22, 1864, was, in the author's estimation, "the greatest day of fighting by the Union Army of the Tennessee and one of the great days of battle by the Confederate Army of Tennessee" (xv). A battle of uncommon intensity that put on display the "human endurance of the common soldier," this largest engagement of the Atlanta campaign became indelibly etched in the minds of its veterans, who continued to stoke its controversies (xv, 276). Hess's careful analysis of the battle's operational, strategic, and tactical elements is on clear display, but more impressive is the author's extensive archival spadework, which permits him to recover the battle's human face. While the book will appeal chiefly to students of the war's military campaigns, cultural historians interested in the treatment of the wounded, the burial of the dead, errands of memory, and battlefield preservation will also find the book valuable. Hess delivers a measured evaluation of July 22. Unlike historian Richard McMurry, whose work minimized the fight's significance, or Gary Ecelbarger, who overreached when he declared the battle "the day Dixie died," Hess concludes that the engagement was important, but hardly decisive (xiv, 313). "Long and complicated campaigns like that leading to Atlanta's fall," he perceptively observes, "rarely have a single moment in which the outcome is decided on a single day" (311). Indeed, setting aside superlatives allows one to appreciate the fight's many unusual characteristics and contingencies. The first chapters set the stage for the battle, recalling the early days of the Atlanta campaign (which Hess has treated more fully in several earlier books). On July 21, 1864, Gen. John Bell Hood, newly in command of [End Page 131] the Confederate Army of Tennessee, nodded Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee forward on a flank march that exceeded Thomas Jackson's more famous effort at Chancellorsville in both length and ardor. Indeed, Hardee managed to deliver "one of the most complete tactical surprises suffered by any field army" during the war (298). Yet challenging terrain—especially a stubborn mill pond—wreaked havoc on the alignment of Hardee's attacking brigades. So too did the left wing of the federal Sixteenth Corps, amazingly perched atop key high ground at just the right time. These troops broke up the rebel attack and spared their improperly screened comrades what could have been a disaster. Of particular interest to scholars of Texas history will be Hess's careful account of the death of Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson, commander of the Army of the Tennessee and the highest-ranking Federal officer felled during the Civil War. Soldiers from Texas participated in this most famous episode of July 22, and at least one Texan, Private Robert Compton, claimed to have fired the fatal shot. Hess expertly narrates the successive phases of the battle, from the Confederate breakthrough on the Fifteenth Corps line and the federal recapture of those works to the last rebel attacks on Bald Hill. He finds the Army of Tennessee's notorious want for command and control in full evidence. Throughout the day, the rebels made "lumbering, poorly coordinated" assaults (300). Hess concludes that Hood, who later attempted to foist fault on his subordinates, "must shoulder much of the blame" for July 22. His "one-dimensional thinking" and "bulldog tenacity" left his tired, straggling soldiers poorly served (303–304). The Federals are hardly exempt from criticism, though Hess notes the "tough fighting ability" of the Army of the Tennessee's common soldiers managed to offset blunders (308). Two themes merit further scholarship. First, Hess accumulates evidence that "a failure to grasp the emotional challenge of battle" may...
[ { "display_name": "Southwestern Historical Quarterly", "id": "https://openalex.org/S8818862", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1550428266
Epaminondas and the new inscription from Cnidus
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "John Buckler", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5040091568" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "H. P. Beck", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080302579" } ]
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[ "Persia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1550428266
The appearance of a Theban fleet of a hundred triremes in the Aegean Sea in 364 BC has always been an anomaly in the history of the Theban ascendancy. From the liberation of the Cadmea in 379 to the battle of Mantinea in 362 the Thebans had consistently pursued a land strategy, first against the Spartans and later against the Athenians, who had come to the aid of the enemy. In 367/6 Pelopidas won the support of the King for a Common Peace, which, however, was never ratified. Yet a connection with Persia had been made. Moreover, this diplomatic failure did not retard work on the Theban fleet, nor did it entail a break between Persia and Thebes. The usual strategy of the Persians for dealing with the eastern Aegean was to finance a Greek fleet as an agent of their policy in the area. The King and his satraps had employed both Athenian and Spartan fleets during the Ionian War and had provided Conon with the means to defeat the Spartans at the battle of Cnidus in 394. Themselves lacking the huge resources necessary for naval warfare, the Thebans needed foreign funds with which to build a fleet, and the only realistic source for them was the King.
[ { "display_name": "Cambridge University Press eBooks", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306462995", "type": "ebook platform" } ]
https://openalex.org/W212962244
Operational Art in Classical Warfare: The Campaigns of Alexander the Great.
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mark G. Carey", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5073262470" } ]
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[ "Persia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W212962244
Abstract : One of the greatest generals and practitioners of military craft fought successfully over two thousand years ago. Between 335 and 325 B.C., Alexander the Great campaigned into Persia and India with the aim of conquering the known world. His distinguished military victories are a clear testament to his tactical brilliance; however, his genius extended beyond the bounds of tactics alone. He linked the tactical and strategic levels of war. This monograph examines these campaigns, using the definitions and criteria for operational art found within the current U.S. Army FM 100-5 Operations, to determine Alexander the Great used operational art during this period of classical warfare. Along with this doctrinal view, two theories that assert that operational art began in the nineteenth century are considered. Theories provide students with useful tools for historical analysis; yet, they are not the final determining factor and must be tempered with an understanding that the criteria could skew the conclusions. Furthermore, focusing merely on modern campaigns limits the scope of study and excludes potentially valuable bodies of knowledge from the student of military history.
[]
https://openalex.org/W3187562425
Thucydides on Grand Strategy: Spartan Grand Strategy during the Peloponnesian War
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "Greece", "display_name": "Panteion University", "id": "https://openalex.org/I177144353", "lat": 37.9417, "long": 23.653, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Athanassios G. Platias", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5063815565" }, { "affiliations": [ { "country": "China", "display_name": "University of International Relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/I67636235", "lat": 39.9075, "long": 116.39723, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Constantinos Koliopoulos", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5082996772" } ]
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[ "Persia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3187562425
It is customary to view the Peloponnesian War as a contest between land and sea power. This is a quite distorting position, however, since the Spartans quickly understood the need to match Athenian naval strength, and they eventually did so. It is far more accurate to view the war as a contest between two opposing grand strategic designs. In contrast to the Periclean grand strategy of exhaustion, Sparta followed a grand strategy of annihilation centered around the Spartan military might. Sparta aimed at a decisive land battle, while consistently trying to make the war costlier for the Athenians by devastating Attica, encouraging Athens’ allies to revolt, and trying to exploit every secondary front the Athenians had opened. However, at the initial phase of the war the balance of power was so adverse to Sparta that her strategy could simply not work. Only after the Athenian disaster at Sicily were the Spartans able to secure the necessary support (chiefly from Persia) to match Athenian naval strength and pursue their grand strategy of annihilation with success.
[ { "display_name": "Études helléniques / Hellenic Studies", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306510050", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2807941703
전투의 3요소가 그리스의 방진에 미친 영향 연구
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "송영필", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5012061284" } ]
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[ "Persia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2807941703
There has been conflicts from the ancient times among the people. They either faced with invasion from outside or invaded others to survive and prosper. The winner survived and the defeated vanished out of history with her legacy. People has been developing warfighting methods to win against the opponent. The method has been evolved from Head-to-Head Warfare, Fire Warfare, Maneuver Warfare to the contemporary Counterinsurgency warfare, though the purpose and principle remains unchanged. In other words, To win the battle, they focus on harmonize the three elements of combat, which is combat power, and time and space, and to do so, able to maximize the effects of combat power. This is the concept of ``Superior-win, Inferior-lose`` which is enduring principle of combat. Historically the superior always could not win against the inferior. For example, in the battle of Marathon in B.C. 490, Athens defeated Persia and Thebes won against Sparta in B.C. 371 in the battle of Leuctra. In the previous examples, even though they were inferior as far as the combat power was concerned, they utilized time and space elements with their combat power and maximized effects. In these context, I would analyze how Greek phalanx was formed based on time, space and combat power and applied in the battlefield to win the combat. This essay might be the first step to review the relationship between the three elements of combat power and warfighting method and will be taken as a tool to envision future warfighting modality. If they can anticipate the change of the three elements of combat power, they can induce the future warfighting method based on it.
[ { "display_name": "한국군사학논총", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306495700", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2245530162
美軍聯合兩棲作戰（JOINT AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS）能力之研究－以兩次波灣戰爭發展為例
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "彭正午", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5034609203" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Navy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776746162" }, { "display_name": "Joint (building)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18555067" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Naval warfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C532361734" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Civil engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C147176958" } ]
[ "Persia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2245530162
Abstract： It is far since Greek era, the Persian kingdom utilized the naval vessel to load the main forces concentrated and transport landing to the marathon, attack Athens have no resolution fast withdrawal of troops again, and in hindsight for deal with strong Persia kingdom develop navy actively Athens, therefore the outline with the amphibious warfare has already appeared; In the development in science and technology and development of the war way, make a self-criticism via the historical lesson, for is it mark to study, in order to have systematic arrangement, analyse and sum up to first - two wave gulf fight, and then combine ' the amphibious warfare concept of surmounting the horizon ', ' carry out from sea ', fight at sea troops preset, ' come from maritime fight the flexible ',etc.: idea study implementing, understand American army unite the actual situation, amphibious warfare of ability and change, is it put on two wave gulf fighting room unite amphibious warfare theory weed out the old and bring forth the new especially to study? Is ability promoted? Does the equipment progress greatly? Wait for relevant problems to study. As regards concept of American army, the amphibious warfare is joint, elastic, during two wave gulf wars, presenting the characteristic of the amphibious warfare is the merger between the navy and landing force, amphibious task force, landing force and is it support the close coordination and cooperation among the army to send while being other. Unite amphibious warfare criterion and think the amphibious warfare is a kind of military fight that is launched from sea by amphibious unit according to the American army, the amphibious unit loads on the naval vessel, its purpose is to lead the landing force (landing force, LF) The amphibious warfare usually needs a certain three-dimensional area area, and the amphibious goal takes one's place in it inside, the amphibious warfare area must have enough ranges, accord with and reach the essential sea, land where the task of amphibious unit needs, fight in the space emptily. This area must have enough size to so as to ensure that reaches the task of the amphibious unit, and must offer enough area, in order to satisfy the conduct in the essential land, sea, fight emptily. Li Da and Harte has ever said: ' the amphibious elasticity is country's largest strategic assets of a sea right ', four tasks of the navy of American army: The strategy hertz is hindered, make sea, troops throwing, navy's show. ' the so-called troops throw and refer to the navy to the person who influences to some extent army by land, can be divided into three kinds: It is the amphibious assault, rumble after navy bank and tactics aviation '. In the face of the same enemy, adopting the different amphibious warfare theory, its reason is difference and change that development in science and technology will cause the enemy movements to threaten. Unite the amphibious warfare, facing in our country's development in the future, should war get up for the first time, could rapidly ' quick instead ', could throw district hoped fast troops, it is no longer that a ground attack trend is exclusive ( Especially direct against the defensive combat of Taiwan) ,No matter from sea to land, from empty to from land to sea, must have careful a fast one against the conduct fast to sea. How to make the amphibious fighting capacity of future of our country satisfy the quick instead, fight surmounting the horizon of the conduct effectively, should imitate the advanced country of America and Europe even more, the reform is also purpose that this text is probed into and focal point to finish progressing greatly.
[]
https://openalex.org/W4388261030
100 Decisive Battles
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Paul K Davis", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5062747197" } ]
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[ "Egypt", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4388261030
Abstract From the ancient Egyptian battle at Megiddo in 1469 BC to the recent military actions in Iraq, great battles have had an enormous impact on the shaping of history. Now, in this fully illustrated book, one hundred of the world’s most important military confrontations are described in detail. 100 Decisive Battles gives us the facts about the battle and also explains where it fits in to the scope of world history. In each entry we are given the name and date of the battle, the commanders, the size of the opposing forces, and casualties. An account of the battle plan and the military action are strategically discussed, and each description closes with a valuable consideration of how history was affected by the outcome of the conflict. Among the battles presented are the Battle of Thymbra (546 BC), the Battle of Chalons (451 AD), the Battle of Cajamarca (1532), the Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954), and the Tet Offensive (1968). Accompanying maps and sidebars help further orient us with each military action. Global in scope, with excellent coverage of American, Central American, European, Asian, and Middle Eastern battles, and with its stirring accounts of familiar battles and many lesser known military conflicts, 100 Decisive Battles is essential reading for military buffs and anyone interested in how the modern world came to be.
[]
https://openalex.org/W1590939157
Israeli Air Superiority in the 1967 Arab-Israeli War: An Analysis of Operational Art.
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ronald D. Jones", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5055255697" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Operational level of war", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205960476" }, { "display_name": "Doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767" }, { "display_name": "Victory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779220109" }, { "display_name": "Military tactics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730" }, { "display_name": "Operational planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776613951" }, { "display_name": "Military doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780" }, { "display_name": "Operations management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "World War II", "id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Public relations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C39549134" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Red Army's tactics in World War II", "id": "https://openalex.org/C122133782" } ]
[ "Egypt", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1590939157
Abstract : This paper analyzes the Israeli Air Force (lAF) practice of operational art in the planning and execution of the preemptive air strike against Egypt in the 1967 Six Day War. This key action shaped the Israeli victory and was the product of thorough planning and operational artistry. The lAF practice of operational art was influenced by a cohesive national strategy and a complementary military doctrine. The evolution of Israeli strategy and doctrine, through two previous wars, led directly to the development of an operational design to defeat Israel's enemies and ensure Israel's survival. The Israeli practice of operational art is analyzed by first examining the origins of the Six Day War to understand the basis of the Israeli strategy. Second, by examining the formulation of Israeli doctrine, the fundamental mihtary principles which guided lAF employment of air power. Third, by analyzing the lAF practice of operational art in terms of the present day concept of operational design, specifically the operational idea or scheme. Fourth, by relating relevant lessons from the IAF practice of operational art to the present day employment of air power. Israel's strategic vulnerability, small population, and limited resources required a substantial military qualitative advantage to avoid destruction. The sound practice operational art ensured this qualitative advantage was present. A clear understanding of the concepts of operational art provided a framework for superior planning and the execution of air power to achieve the operational, and in turn, strategic objectives necessary to win the Six Day War.
[]
https://openalex.org/W2493418007
No Alternative to Battle: The War of Attrition
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Laura M. James", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5007700837" } ]
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[ "Egypt", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2493418007
The stage of ‘Resistance’ was complete, President Nasser announced in September 1968. The armed forces had been rebuilt, and 150,000 Egyptian troops were facing the Israelis across the Suez Canal. The phase of ‘Deterrence’ could now begin.1123 This was meant to be more energetic than it sounded. Egypt would begin to engage with the enemy, to restrict her movement, to inflict casualties and to destroy equipment (collectively known as ‘preventive defensive operations’).1124 The new stage began on 8 September, when Egyptian forces opened fire, breaching the UN ceasefire and provoking a major artillery duel along the canal that resulted in relatively high Israeli losses.1125 Smaller incidents followed throughout the month, and the Cairo press began to discuss a new strategic concept: the ‘War of Attrition’. General Fawzi held a series of exercises designed to prepare the army for war.1126 The next step would be ‘Liberation’.
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https://openalex.org/W3141051147
간접접근전략 관점에서 제4차 중동전쟁 분석 - 수에즈 전역(戰役)을 중심으로 -
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "김명렬", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5091576602" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battlefield", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779669469" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Middle East", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3651065" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Attrition", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780553607" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Medicine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100" }, { "display_name": "Dentistry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199343813" } ]
[ "Egypt", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3141051147
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Crossing Operation of the Egyptian Army and the Inversely Crossing Operation of the Israeli Army from the perspective of Liddell Hart’s Indirect Approach Strategy, focusing on the Suez campaign of the Fourth Middle East War. The focus of the study is to analyze how the crossing and inversely crossing operations of the Suez campaign were carried out by the two countries in terms of four key elements of the Indirect Approach Strategy: Dislocation, Line of least resistance and expectation, Distraction, Alternative objectives. The results of the study are as follows. The Egyptian army secured the initiative of the battlefield by applying Liddell Hart’s Indirect Approach Strategy to its initial strike based on lessons learned in the past wars in the early phase of the war. However, the military strategy of avoiding follow-up attacks and preparing favorable political conditions by conducting long-term war of attrition in the form of defense was established without exploitation and the defense line was established. This decision gave the Israeli Forces a chance to strike back, thus shifting the initiative of the battlefield, which eventually resulted in the Israeli forces’ inversely crossing operation of the Suez Canal and the Third Army’s isolation. On the other hand, the Israeli forces was on the verge of defeat, severely damaged by the Egyptian forces’ first strike, but turned the tide of the war by reorganizing its forces and counterattacking as the Egyptian forces shifted to a defensive posture without exploitation. And it succeeded in a bold and surprise inversely crossing operation of the Suez Canal, isolating the Third Army of Egypt to respond to the cease-fire negotiations of the U.N. As such, Israeli forces achieved a limited victory in ending the war by applying Liddell Hart’s Indirect Approach Strategy, which had a decisive impact on their military thought, to the overall conduct of the war.
[ { "display_name": "한국군사학논총", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4306495700", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W295193979
A Dramatic Challenge to Operational Theory: The Sinai Campaign, October 1973.
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Robert W Mixon", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5007510258" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Mistake", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2777179996" }, { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Plan (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776505523" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Military tactics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]
[ "Egypt", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W295193979
Abstract : This document analyzes the 1973 Sinai Campaign in light of the theoretical implications that this historical model has to offer the professional soldier. Following a chronological format, this paper discusses the major elements of the planning and conduct of the campaign. The major theoretical propositions that evolve from the analysis of the Sinai Campaign are instructive in the study of the operational level of war. The pivotal relationship of means, ways, and ends form the foundation of this study. Both the Egyptians and the Israelis discovered the importance of this relationship at various times during the campaign. The ability of the Israelis to seize the concept and remain oriented on it was a key factor in their success. Similarly, the superiority of the defense was challenged in the Sinai. The Israeli superiority in maneuver was initially overcome by the Egyptian formulation and execution of a plan which placed the IDF in a battle of attrition. After their success on the defensive, however, the Egyptians proceeded to exceed their culminating point with an aboritve attack on 14 October. That mistake hastened the Israeli assumption of the initiative, and spelled the end of the superiority of the defense in this campaign. This monograph suggests that the defense can only be superior for limited periods of time in modern war--and even then under specific circumstances.
[]
https://openalex.org/W1786016482
Waging War for Peace: Anwar Sadat's October 1973 Offensive
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Mohammed Al-Allaf", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5035373024" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Patrick Shaw", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5083773536" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Christopher J. McMullen", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5027681645" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Superpower", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780219775" }, { "display_name": "Offensive", "id": "https://openalex.org/C176856949" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Context (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779343474" }, { "display_name": "Political economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]
[ "Egypt", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1786016482
Abstract : Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat's decision to go to war against Israel in 1973 was based on a coherent, consistent, and well-crafted strategy that effectively employed limited war to achieve clearly defined political goals. Sadat's strategy took into account the threats and risks that he faced, along with the opportunities that could be exploited within the international and domestic context. Before embarking on war, Sadat exhausted virtually every available instrument of statecraft in his effort to create a new political-military dynamic that would facilitate negotiations with Israel and thus regain the territory that Egypt lost in the 1967 Six-Day War. In retrospect, some analysts might criticize Sadat for pursuing a risky military strategy to achieve his political goals. However, it seems clear that the other instruments of statecraft, including his skillful use of diplomacy, were insufficient without the application of credible military force. For his part, Sadat firmly believed that only shock therapy, applied through the trauma of war, would shake Israeli leaders from their confidence that continued control of the occupied territories was their best guarantee of security. In addition to Israeli intransigence (and superpower indifference), growing domestic unrest in Egypt made the option of war even more compelling for Sadat, especially in light of internal challenges to his legitimacy. Once he had decided on the use of force, Sadat's strategic dilemma centered on balancing means and ends. He was able to maximize his limited means by bringing to bear other instruments of statecraft to buttress his military strategy.
[]
https://openalex.org/W4313315283
Military Arrangements for the Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BC During the Era of the New Kingdom
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Sheikha Obaid Al-Harbi", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069314133" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Victory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779220109" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Decisive victory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C115145042" }, { "display_name": "Hittite language", "id": "https://openalex.org/C532480735" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Treaty", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779010840" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Military history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C5021368" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" } ]
[ "Egypt" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4313315283
The Battle of Kadesh is replete with many military arrangements that reflect the tremendous development of war preparations in the thirteenth century BC; where the expressive pictures the Egyptians left on some of the walls of their temples show the tremendous ability to organize and divide the forces and the great development that affected the war machine. Furthermore, the text accompanied these pictures reveal some news about that battle, which is considered one of the most important wars in the ancient world. Thus, the importance of the study lies in the fact that it examines one of the most important battles of the ancient Near East, the results of which had great repercussions on the region. This is because it is the most abundant Bronze Age battle with regard to the sources from the Egyptian side, in contrast to the scarcity of the Hittite sources related to the battle. Accordingly, the research problem lies in the scarcity and oldness of the recital sources related to the events of the Battle of Kadesh where the available ones date back to periods following the battle. Besides, a large of number of these sources are Egyptian; in addition to the absence of impartial sources. Thus, it is very difficult to verify the arrangements made by the two sides and to ensure that victory claimed by both sides. The research aims thus to shed light on the military arrangements for that conflict that took place between the Egyptians and the Hittites at Kadesh, which ended with a peace treaty in 1270 BC to overcome the lack of Hittite sources. It also highlights the victory claims. Such a research helps to add a new reading on the reality of the conflict area after the war in order to come up with real and realistic results of the battle. Accordingly, the researcher relied on a historical, descriptive and analytical approach when recalling the events of the battle and describing the scenes to obtain the desired result. The research has come out with several conclusions related to the development of military thought with respect to managing wars and restoring the balance of power in the ancient Near East.
[ { "display_name": "مجلة كلية التربية للبنات", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210228136", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1573151785
Some Thoughts on Tactical Aircraft
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "I.M.D. Wray", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5056656129" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Military technology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C541019422" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Combat readiness", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2775923906" }, { "display_name": "Military tactics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730" }, { "display_name": "Military theory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C541409800" }, { "display_name": "Military science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C451841" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Military threat", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110956428" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" } ]
[ "Egypt", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1573151785
THE major problem in the planning of a country's future defence requirements is always the prediction of the exact nature of the next conflict and the range of performance of the military equipment required to deal with it. Such predictions can only be based on the experience of the last conflict, modified by the knowledge of subsequent developments in military technology and tactics. Inevitably, as the time since the last ‘hot war’ increases, the lines of development of equipment become more influenced by advances in technology than by the demands of real battle conditions. This tendency is fully realised, and for this reason ‘hot wars’ such as Vietnam or the Israeli‐Egyptian conflict are closely followed by military strategists to see how the lessons of actual combat modify contemporary military theory.
[ { "display_name": "Aircraft engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/S4210219807", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W4386203014
Coup-proofing strategies in counter-revolutionary regimes: Egypt since 2013
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Abdel‐Fattah Mady", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5082202131" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Opposition (politics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780668109" }, { "display_name": "Allegiance", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776351663" }, { "display_name": "Autonomy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C65414064" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Political economy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138921699" }, { "display_name": "Foreign policy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C93377909" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" } ]
[ "Egypt" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4386203014
This paper examines the strategies used by the Egyptian counter-revolutionary regime to maintain control over the armed forces and analyzes their impact on power dynamics and decision-making. The president employs a three-track strategy, focusing on preventing military coups, avoiding popular uprisings, and obstructing external support for regime change. While coup-proofing measures offer benefits in terms of ensuring the military's allegiance, the concessions granted to the military in return reinforced its autonomy. This autonomy may lead to military defection if circumstances change. The regime believes effective opposition mobilization will lead to street protests, causing the military to become the primary threat as it will not defend the regime against the people. Egypt's foreign policy aims to align its survival with regional and global powers' interests, with the military playing a crucial role. Tactics include compromising on economic reforms and offering lucrative military contracts to foreign corporations.
[]
https://openalex.org/W266514322
Air Campaigns: Fact Or Fantasy?
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Major Mark H. Skattum", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5003332560" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Interdiction", "id": "https://openalex.org/C124119293" }, { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Offensive", "id": "https://openalex.org/C176856949" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Military tactics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Military doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Strategic bombing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110866185" }, { "display_name": "Battlefield", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779669469" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Power (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Spanish Civil War", "id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767" }, { "display_name": "Aerospace engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C146978453" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Quantum mechanics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636" } ]
[ "Egypt", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W266514322
Abstract : This monograph addresses the concept of air operations and their relationship to campaigns. It determines whether air actions should be considered operations or campaigns. The monograph first addresses the definitions of the terms campaign and operation, and then establishes the criteria by which to judge three historical examples of air power. These examples are the Battle of Britain, the Korean War air interdiction battle, and the Israeli preemptive strike against the Egyptian Air Force during the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. The monograph concludes that air operations should not be considered as campaigns. Air operations are part of the overall campaign and support campaign objectives rather than accomplish strategic goals. The implications of this analysis are that air superiority should be the primary air operation; offensive air and ground operations must be synchronized for success; and the terms and concepts applied to ground operations can be applied to air operations. By understanding the correct relationship between air operations and campaigns, air planners can help Army planners prepare for success on the joint battlefield. (KT)
[]
https://openalex.org/W40470014
Kharkov and Sinai: A Study in Operational Transition
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "James E Sikes", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5057332563" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Firepower", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780048507" }, { "display_name": "Operational planning", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776613951" }, { "display_name": "Military tactics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730" }, { "display_name": "Transition (genetics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C194232998" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Plan (archaeology)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776505523" }, { "display_name": "Military intelligence", "id": "https://openalex.org/C49504249" }, { "display_name": "Operational level of war", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205960476" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Power (physics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C163258240" }, { "display_name": "Culmination", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6472966" }, { "display_name": "Operations management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Spanish Civil War", "id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423" }, { "display_name": "Marketing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Biochemistry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867" }, { "display_name": "Chemistry", "id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Quantum mechanics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636" }, { "display_name": "Astronomy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C1276947" }, { "display_name": "Gene", "id": "https://openalex.org/C104317684" }, { "display_name": "Red Army's tactics in World War II", "id": "https://openalex.org/C122133782" } ]
[ "Egypt", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W40470014
Abstract : The actions a force takes from the successful defense to the initiation of a counteroffensive is operational transition. The campaigns studied are Manstein's counteroffensive against the Soviets on the Eastern Front from Feb to Mar 1943 and the Israeli counteroffensive against the Egyptians in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. The author concludes that the essential elements of operational transition that may be used to guide campaign planning are: 1) Ends- ways-means-risk must be harmonized so that strategy, operational art and tactics are synchronized to pursue the positive aim of counteroffensive .2) The operational commander should understand and apply the analytical tools of operational design to be successful in the defense and transition to the counteroffensive. These concepts are those of the center of gravity, the culmination point, determination of decisive points and designation of lines of operation and support. This understanding and application produces a workable, initial campaign plan that focuses on setting the conditions for the transition of the counteroffensive. 3) Through application of intelligence, deception, generation of operational reserves and sustainment, the operational commander must meld the combat power resources of leadership, maneuver, firepower, and protection into a force capable of executing his campaign plan.
[]
https://openalex.org/W223538633
Airpower in your Hip Pocket: Under What Conditions Should an Operational Commander Constitute an Air Reserve?
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Kimble D. Stohry", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5016756459" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Military tactics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730" }, { "display_name": "Military history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C5021368" }, { "display_name": "Commit", "id": "https://openalex.org/C153180980" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Operational level of war", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205960476" }, { "display_name": "Aeronautics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C178802073" }, { "display_name": "Operations management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "World War II", "id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Database", "id": "https://openalex.org/C77088390" }, { "display_name": "Red Army's tactics in World War II", "id": "https://openalex.org/C122133782" } ]
[ "Egypt", "Israel" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W223538633
Abstract : This study defines an operational air reserve as that portion of an air force, under the operational control of a theater commander (theater of war or theater of operations), which is held out of combat in anticipation of later use to influence the outcome of a specific operation or campaign. This study is exploratory in nature: searching applicable theory, historical examples, and contemporary developments for insights on air reserves. It appears likely that some currently forward deployed military forces will return to the U.S. to form a strategic reserve force which may have deploy to and fight in a future theater of war. There the theater commander may elect to commit all of these forces or retain a portion of them as a theater reserve. This report discusses historical examples of operational air reserves -- the Battle of Britain (1940) and Soviet air supremacy operations in the Kuban (1943). Both the Israelis (1967) and the Egyptians (1973) constituted air reserves. Using theory, history, and contemporary analysis, the study derives a series of hypotheses about the conditions which suggest the utility for an operational level commander to constitute an air reserve. Then comparing the different conditions against several operational criteria, the hypotheses are tested to answer the research question. It is concluded that an operational commander should consider constitution of operational air reserves during ambiguous air situations, when he is on the operational defense, or when outnumbered or outclassed by enemy air forces.
[]
https://openalex.org/W236626692
The Battle of Crete: Hitler's Airborne Gamble
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Maria A. Blank", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5066197825" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Offensive", "id": "https://openalex.org/C176856949" }, { "display_name": "German", "id": "https://openalex.org/C154775046" }, { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Suez canal", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2991912704" }, { "display_name": "Strategic bombing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C110866185" }, { "display_name": "Victory", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779220109" }, { "display_name": "Elite", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2775987171" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "CONQUEST", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780175911" }, { "display_name": "Geography", "id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164" }, { "display_name": "Economic history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "World War II", "id": "https://openalex.org/C137355542" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Archaeology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "International trade", "id": "https://openalex.org/C155202549" } ]
[ "Egypt" ]
[ "https://openalex.org/W605896911", "https://openalex.org/W621661441", "https://openalex.org/W623061973", "https://openalex.org/W1669393382", "https://openalex.org/W1999322477", "https://openalex.org/W2099086420", "https://openalex.org/W2141490577", "https://openalex.org/W2796477769", "https://openalex.org/W2801206148" ]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W236626692
Abstract : As Adolf Hitler conquered most of the European continent in 1939-1941, the small island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea became vital to future operations in the Mediterranean region for both the Axis and Allied powers. If the Allies controlled Crete, their air and sea superiority would not allow the Germans a strategic military foothold in the region. For the Germans, Crete would secure the Aegean Sea for Axis shipping, loosen Great Britain s grasp in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and provide air bases to launch offensives against British forces in Egypt. Therefore, the central research question is: Did the results of the German campaign in Crete justify its execution? The operational results of the German campaign in Crete and the strategic advantages gained from its success did not justify the execution of the battle. Although Germany s conquest of Crete achieved all of the strategic advantages, Hitler did not accomplish the strategic objectives set forth at the beginning of the campaign. Crete was not used as a staging base from which to engage the British in offensive operations against the Suez Canal or North Africa. German losses to the highly trained air corps were staggering and Hitler never again employed parachutists on a large-scale airborne operation. Future war efforts were deprived of this elite, highly mobile striking force. Hitler did not capitalize on the hard fought victory in Crete by using the island as a stepping-stone, ultimately controlling the eastern Mediterranean region because he was hypnotized by the invasion of Russia.
[]
https://openalex.org/W1509061095
History and Basics of M&S1
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Daniel Little", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5059735139" } ]
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[ "Egypt" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1509061095
Abstract : Everything has a history. What few realize is that Modelling and Simulation or M&S predates the computer. Many of you are familiar with the concepts of chess. What makes chess significant? For one it represents rules. It also contains a strategy with infinite possibilities. While today most regard it as a commonplace game, strategic prowess was taken very seriously in the ancient world where reputations, not to mention kingdoms were won and lost to military campaigns. Figurine warriors replicating the art of battle have been dated as far back as 2500 BC in Egypt. As best as can be determined, these figurines offer us the earliest known example of formation and maneuver. The Chinese were no exception. Sun Tzu, Chinese strategist and military philosopher wrote about the game Wei Hei or encirclement around 500 BC. India circa 7OOAD added pieces, moves and strengths to Shataranja, the closest predecessor to the chess we play today. We fast forward to the 1600's to Germany where more military detail was added to a larger board and additional pieces. This larger board now sported rivers, forest and other terrain features. The enhanced version of war-gaming called Koenigspiel or the King's Game advanced a notion that war can be `reduced' to distinct concepts and formal rules. In 1824, Prussian Baron von Reisswitz published a book called Kriegspiel or wargame. Instead of a flat board, another revolutionary addition was made in the form of three-dimensional terrain. Dice decides the outcomes of fires, introducing both abstraction and quantification. While Koenigspiel fostered the concept of reductionism, Kriegspiel gave us in due time topographical maps and the stirrings of battle calculus. If the field of M&S can claim its rightful origin chronologically, it is the 1800s where the basic concepts of M&S as we recognize them become evident.
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https://openalex.org/W1558569090
War and Media Operations: The US Military and the Press from Vietnam to Iraq
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[ { "display_name": "Revolution in Military Affairs", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326492" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Gulf war", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2994199513" }, { "display_name": "Vietnam War", "id": "https://openalex.org/C54589662" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Persian", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776527531" }, { "display_name": "Public diplomacy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779714988" }, { "display_name": "Public administration", "id": "https://openalex.org/C3116431" }, { "display_name": "Military science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C451841" }, { "display_name": "Management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C187736073" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Economic history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Politics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758" }, { "display_name": "Economics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Diplomacy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C557252395" } ]
[ "Somalia", "Iraq" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1558569090
1. Introduction Part 1: The Military as a Learning Organization 2. Perspectives on Military Learning 3. A Model of Strategic Innovation Part 2: The History of Media Operations 4. Disastrous Public Affairs: Vietnam 5. Restrictive Public Affairs: Grenada, Panama, and the Persian Gulf 6. Experimental Public Affairs: Somalia, the Balkans, and Afghanistan Part 3: A Case Study of Strategic Innovation 7. Retrieving Past Experiences? 8. Strategic Public Affairs: Iraq Part 4: Discussion and Outlook 9. The Friendly Learning Loop 10. The Adversarial Learning Loop
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https://openalex.org/W2503651427
Why Victories in Battle Have Not Yet Finished the War Against al-Shabaab
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[ { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Spanish Civil War", "id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" }, { "display_name": "Economic history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C6303427" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" } ]
[ "Somalia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2503651427
There have been victories in the fight against al-Shabaab in Somalia, but claims of major success are belied by the group’s persistent presence throughout the country.
[ { "display_name": "Survival", "id": "https://openalex.org/S27717133", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W211119401
Information Operations: A Joint Perspective
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Randall C. Lane", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5085849263" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Navy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776746162" }, { "display_name": "Information Operations", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121858775" }, { "display_name": "Military doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780" }, { "display_name": "Information warfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781349506" }, { "display_name": "Doctrine", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767" }, { "display_name": "Joint (building)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C18555067" }, { "display_name": "Network-centric warfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781187084" }, { "display_name": "Service (business)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780378061" }, { "display_name": "Military tactics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730" }, { "display_name": "Information technology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121017731" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Information system", "id": "https://openalex.org/C180198813" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Revolution in Military Affairs", "id": "https://openalex.org/C189326492" }, { "display_name": "Command and control", "id": "https://openalex.org/C506615639" }, { "display_name": "Modern warfare", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2781023928" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Military science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C451841" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Marketing", "id": "https://openalex.org/C162853370" }, { "display_name": "Telecommunications", "id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785" }, { "display_name": "Architectural engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C170154142" }, { "display_name": "Electrical engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485" } ]
[ "Somalia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W211119401
Abstract : This monograph examines the current Department of Defense approach to the integration of information operations on the future battlefield. Technology has become one of the driving factors as the military enters into the twenty first century. With regards to this focus, each separate military service is capitalizing on information technological advances but not with a joint focus or shared desired endstate. Information technology and systems are an integral part to the emerging field of information operations, but without the joint efforts of each service and a central controlling element the military applications of information operations will never meet their intended purpose. This monograph first explains what information warfare and operations are along with their military applications according to each service: the Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force. Secondly, this paper looks at what the emerging joint doctrine states concerning the definition, employment and integration of information warfare on the future battlefield. This portion of the paper examines joint doctrine concerning the integration of information operations at the operational and strategic levels with examples of how information warfare was conducted in recent deployments in Somalia, Bosnia and the Gulf War. Thirdly, the paper analyzes the potential problems determined from comparing the different service approaches to information warfare as opposed to an integrated joint approach. Lastly, this paper explores the possible military need to create either a functional command responsible for the integration of joint informational warfare or simply maintaining the current C2 structure and limiting the focus to C2W for further integration of information operations training and doctrinal employment. The recommendations proposed in this monograph are centered on developing an integrated joint approach to the training, doctrine and employment of information operations.
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https://openalex.org/W214203963
Army Active/Reserve Mix: Force Planning for Major Regional Contingencies
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Ronald E. Sortor", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5021872483" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Component (thermodynamics)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C168167062" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Military personnel", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2779072820" }, { "display_name": "Operations management", "id": "https://openalex.org/C21547014" }, { "display_name": "Business", "id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560" }, { "display_name": "Operations research", "id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967" }, { "display_name": "Engineering", "id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Physics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964" }, { "display_name": "Thermodynamics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C97355855" } ]
[ "Somalia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W214203963
Abstract : National military strategy is changing the focus of military planning to include a broader range of missions, spanning the spectrum from major regional contingencies (MRCs) to operations other than war. This change places additional demands on the Army, affecting the required mix of active and reserve component forces. Planning for MRCs has presumed reliance on the active component for early-deploying combat forces, and ready access to the reserve components for the bulk of support forces. However, for operations other than war-such as Somalia, Haiti, and potentially the Balkans or other trouble spots-the Army may not be able to call on the reserve components for frequent or extended deployments. Nor may the active component be able to support these missions while maintaining a ready MRC capability and meeting its other constraints. These conflicting demands lead to a key planning question: How should the active and the reserve components be structured to meet the Army's evolving requirements?
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https://openalex.org/W2993841418
Enabling Operational Maneuver from Strategic Distances
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Huba Wass de Czege", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5080667650" }, { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Zbigniew M. Majchrzak", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5071690918" } ]
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[ "Somalia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2993841418
He who occupies the field of battle first and awaits his enemy is at ease; he who comes late is weary. -Sun Tzu, All of War ARMY AND JOINT Transformation are about more than penny packets of lethal, light, and highly mobile forces. While information can leverage and focus combat power, the laws of physics still apply to bringing sufficient force to bear a continent away during a serious crisis, Army and joint Transformation will also require transforming our system for strategic mobility. During the past decade, the U.S. Army has been engaged in a deliberate but sweeping effort to adapt its organization, equipment, and methods of operation to meet the requirements of a rapidly changing strategic and technological landscape. The effort began almost immediately after the Persian Gulf war with the Army's Louisiana Maneuvers and continued throughout the 1990s in a series of advanced warfighting experiments and Army After Next studies and wargames. During the past 2 years, the Army has pursued its future vision through a broad series of Army Transformation studies and experiments, including major wargames such as the Vigilant Warrior series and field exercises at Fort Hood, Texas; Fort Lewis, Washington; and the National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California. These series of studies have confirmed the future importance of multidimensional operations and the need for U.S. forces to conduct operational maneuver from a strategic distance. From the Army's perspective, multidimensionality will be essential if we wish to modulate the application of violence to accommodate shifting operational and strategic objectives. Nations confronted with a single kind of threat, whether blockade, bombardment, or outright invasion, find ways to defend against it that enable them to strike against their enemies, thus prolonging their own resistance, enlarging their enemies' costs, and sometimes, when the relative strengths are not wholly disproportionate, turning the very tide of war. As military capabilities improve worldwide and as potential adversaries adapt their own patterns of operation to their perceptions of U.S. strengths and weaknesses, the premium associated with operations that attack an enemy simultaneously on multiple lines, against multiple points of vulnerability, and using multiple but complementary means will only increase. Such operations deprive an enemy of the freedom to concentrate his own efforts, overload his planning and coordination mechanisms, and compel him to expose his forces to new threats in an effort to protect them against others. As advanced military capabilities proliferate and as the physics of the battle area become more complex, the penalties associated with one-dimensional operations likely will increase. Even relatively primitive military forces have added new technological arrows to their quivers, as Russia's experience in Afghanistan and Chechnya and our own experiences in Somalia and Kosovo attest. In the latter conflict, a nation ranking 38th on the world's roster of military power endured nearly 3 months of relatively uncontested bombardment without significantly degrading its war-making potential. Regardless of the nature and intensity of a future military contingency, it is clear that the United States no longer can afford to rely on forces designed to operate from an established theater infrastructure or that require the prior development of such an infrastructure as a precondition for launching operations. Instead, we must expect that future joint operations will be mounted and sustained directly from the United States, its territories, and its allies, creating minimal essential theater support facilities concurrent with and as an integral part of combat operations. One consistent study finding in the Army's series of wargames has been that the crucial measure of successful force projection is not the speed with which the first combat element engages. …
[ { "display_name": "Military review", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764787750", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2992422834
Correcting the Force Structure Mismatch
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "George D. Shull", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5083464340" } ]
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[ "Somalia" ]
[]
https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2992422834
OUR CURRENT National Security Strategy (NSS), National Military Strategy (NMS) and existing Army force structure bode ill for the future of the Army. As a result of the Bottom-Up Review (BUR), the Army was right-sized and structured to meet the requirements to fight and win two major theater wars (MTWs). However, this force structure was never intended to support current deployment levels for military operations other than war (MOOTW). In fact, the BUR warned that, protracted commitments to peace operations could lower the overall readiness of US active duty forces over time, and in turn, reduce our ability to fulfill our strategy to be able to win two nearly simultaneous major regional conflicts.1 Increased MOOTW deployments such as Somalia, Haiti and Bosnia have driven the Army's operational tempo (OPTEMPO) to historically high levels. As prophesied by the BUR, the Army's overall readiness is declining. Moreover, given our current NSS, a turbulent international community ripe with MOOTW opportunities and continuing fiscal pressures, it is unlikely the Army can expect a reduction to OPTEMPO in the near future. In short, the Army is faced with a strategy and force structure mismatch. To compound this mismatch, the Army faces another pressing problem in its responsibilities to support joint warfighting. As joint warfighting doctrine continues to evolve and improve, deficiencies concerning critical missions such as rear area protection of the joint logistics and sustainment base and the need for a war-termination force have surfaced. These uniquely Army missions pose a difficult challenge. How can the Army correct these joint warfighting deficiencies in an environment which already overtaxes its capabilities and resources? This article suggests solving these two problems by leveraging Army National Guard (ARNG) maneuver forces. First, the Army must change its strategy paradigm that precludes early deployment of ARNG maneuver forces to remain capable of responding to two nearly simultaneous MTWs. Next, this article recommends reorganizing at least two ARNG divisions into special purpose divisions (SPDs) to address joint warfighting deficiencies. Finally, this article addresses possible criticisms and benefits of these recommended strategy and force structure solutions. Changing the Paradigm Late in the Cold War, the Army's strategy for using its Reserve Component (RC) forces was totally different from today's. Born of the joint vision of General Creighton Abrams and Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, the Total Force concept was embraced by an Army all too aware of the problems created by not using significant RC forces in either the Korean or Vietnam Wars. Without a draft and facing overwhelming Soviet ground combat power in Europe, the Army fully integrated its RC forces, including ARNG maneuver elements, for early deployment. Through initiatives such as round-out brigades, the Army merged RC maneuver units into its combat divisions. Moreover, through the extremely successful CAPSTONE Program, RC units were linked to active component (AC) Army commands for early deployment and full integration into a Total Army. Extensive equipment modernization accompanied these focused RC missions, and greatly improved RC training and readiness for deployment throughout the 1980s. General H. Norman Schwartzkopf commander of US Forces in Operations Desert Shield and Storm expressed his confidence in ARNG maneuver elements in 1985, Round-out is a fact of life. . . . The 48th Brigade, Georgia Army National Guard, is the third brigade of my division . . . expect them to fight alongside us. They have demonstrated (their capability) through three demanding rotations at the National Training Center . . . They are, in fact, combat ready.2 Later, Schwartzkopf would receive no Guard maneuver elements as part of the forces employed to defeat Saddam Hussein. What had changed? Had ARNG maneuver readiness degraded so much in five years? …
[ { "display_name": "Military review", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764787750", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W1605745737
Unified Land Operations: The Evolution of Army Doctrine for Success in the 21st Century
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Bill Benson", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5069056111" } ]
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[ "Somalia", "Iraq" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1605745737
[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] UNITED STATES MILITARY FORCES began the second decade of the 21st century decisively engaged in operations around the world, continuing a trend of prolonged military operations other than war that began in the 1990s in Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, and Kosovo and continued during the first decade of the 21st century in Iraq and Afghanistan. The U.S. Army faces the challenge of long, repeated deployments against enemy formations that do not lend themselves to straightforward doctrinal definitions and constructs. Army doctrine has evolved to meet the challenges. Doctrine writers have struggled to use clear, concise language that accurately depicts operating concepts. A significant part of this struggle arose after the conflation of doctrinal terms and operational priorities that occurred when the Army made stability operations of equal importance with offensive and defensive operations within full spectrum operations. Despite the Army's long history of fighting small wars against irregular forces, the ascendance of stability operations in the late 1990s and early 2000s ran counter to existing Army beliefs about the appropriate roles and missions of the U.S. Army. The central idea of Army doctrine is to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative to gain and maintain a position of advantage in sustained land operations. A new operating concept, unified land operations, returns this central idea to its proper place, applicable to all Army operations. Seizing, retaining, and exploiting the initiative to gain and maintain a position of advantage provides a battlefield framework and logic that nests unified land operations within the joint operational construct of unified action and provides a structure that allows commanders to effectively and accurately describe their intent in time, space, purpose, and priority. The doctrine allows leaders to integrate diverse tactical tasks, battles, and engagements, over time, to achieve strategic objectives. (1) This article introduces the logic behind the new operating concept by presenting a short history of the evolution of Army doctrine from the advent of AirLand Battle in 1982 to the introduction of Unified Land Operations in 2011. The central idea of unified land operations is rooted in AirLand Battle doctrine and retains many of the key full spectrum operations ideas within an overarching concept that emphasizes lethal capabilities as fundamental to successful Army operations. AirLand Battle (1982-1993) The Army introduced AirLand Battle as its operating concept in 1982 partly as a reaction to the inadequacies of the Army's previous operating concept, Active Defense, which had focused on winning a defensive first battle in central Europe against numerically superior forces from the Soviet Union. (2) More offensively oriented, AirLand Battle introduced the term operational level of war to the Army lexicon and made campaign planning--the integration ofjoint forces in a series of battles and engagements to achieve a strategic purpose--a fundamental requirement. (3) When the Army published the 1986 version of FM 100-5, it preserved and strengthened AirLand Battle's central ideas--the importance of the operational level of warfare, its focus on the seizing and retaining the initiative, and its insistence on the requirement for multi-service cooperation. (4) The lead paragraphs describing AirLand Battle capture these themes explicitly: AirLand Battle doctrine describes the Army's approach to generating and applying combat power at the operational and tactical levels, securing or retaining the initiative and exercising it aggressively to accomplish the mission. The object of all operations is to impose our will upon the enemy--to achieve our purposes. To do this we must throw the enemy off balance with a powerful blow from an unexpected direction, follow up rapidly to prevent his recovery, and continue operations aggressively to achieve the higher commander's goals. …
[ { "display_name": "Military review", "id": "https://openalex.org/S2764787750", "type": "journal" } ]
https://openalex.org/W2349183442
The Law Support of Our Military Actions to Protect Overseas National Interests
[ { "affiliations": [ { "country": "China", "display_name": "Nanjing Polytechnic Institute", "id": "https://openalex.org/I4210164796", "lat": 32.232533, "long": 118.747925, "type": "education" } ], "display_name": "Wen-ming Cong", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5090162536" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Somali", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776831955" }, { "display_name": "China", "id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "Linguistics", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41895202" } ]
[ "Somalia" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2349183442
China's overseas national interests are related to the stability and development of our country and guarding them is also a new task for the PLA in the new century.A few days ago,our army went to carry out the Somali escort,protecting overseas Chinese withdraw,overseas joint war drills,humanitarian aid and so on.In the military actions above,the use of law is becoming a more and more important factor.This article attempts to research from the preparation of the related laws to the uses of law strategies,in order to provide the law support for our military action in protecting overseas national interests.
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https://openalex.org/W1531356104
Sun Tzu, Clausewitz, and the Importance of Knowing Yourself and the Enemy
[ { "affiliations": [], "display_name": "Paula A. DeSutter", "id": "https://openalex.org/A5078695616" } ]
[ { "display_name": "Adversary", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033" }, { "display_name": "Battle", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824" }, { "display_name": "Desert (philosophy)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2776130869" }, { "display_name": "Political science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445" }, { "display_name": "Military strategy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454" }, { "display_name": "Simple (philosophy)", "id": "https://openalex.org/C2780586882" }, { "display_name": "Law", "id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241" }, { "display_name": "Epistemology", "id": "https://openalex.org/C111472728" }, { "display_name": "Philosophy", "id": "https://openalex.org/C138885662" }, { "display_name": "History", "id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728" }, { "display_name": "Computer science", "id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148" }, { "display_name": "Computer security", "id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104" }, { "display_name": "Ancient history", "id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886" } ]
[ "Somalia" ]
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https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1531356104
Abstract : Sun Tzu said: Know the enemy and know yourself; in a hundred battles you will never be in When you are ignorant of the enemy but know yourself, your chances of winning or losing are equal. If ignorant both of your enemy and of yourself, you are certain in every battle to be in peril. This deceptively simple instruction, properly applied, is at the essence both of making a sound decision to go to war and of strategic and tactical planning once that decision has been made. Clausewitz further developed this instruction. The purpose of this essay is to apply Sun Tzu's instruction, drawing on similar principles as articulated by Clausewitz, to determine what, in the modern era, knowing oneself and one's enemy requires at the national strategy, national military, and operational levels. The author will then demonstrate that in Vietnam and Somalia, the United States let itself get into situations where it knew neither itself nor the enemy, while in Desert Storm, the United States succeeded because it knew both. Finally, the essay will assess at which level knowledge of oneself and one's enemy is most important.
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