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http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs002/1104030179732/archive/1110837429172.html | Lake of the Ozarks Becomes " Hog Heaven " During Bikefest LAKE OF THE OZARKS , Mo . - The Lake of the Ozarks is the place to be for " hog " fans Sept . 13 - 16 during Lake of the Ozarks Bikefest , a four - day festival celebrating bikers , motorcycles and the scenic Lake area . The festival , brought to you by Budweiser , plays host to over 10,000 bikers each year , entertaining them with fun , food , entertainment and some of the most scenic rides in Missouri . The festival , one of the Lake ' s newer events , also is one of its most popular events . Free entry to Bikefest sponsored events is a major factor in its popularity . " This event just continues to grow every year , " said Lake of the Ozarks Convention & Visitor Bureau Executive Director Tim Jacobsen . " With our numerous scenic rides and over 100 bars and restaurants , our area was just tailor - made for bikers and motorcycle enthusiasts . " To improve the Bikefest experience for everyone , the festival has increased its vendor villages from three to five this year . These vendor villages will be located at Dog Days Bar & Grill , Lake of the Ozarks Harley Davidson , The Dam Bait Shop & Campground , Camden on the Lake , and in the lower parking lot at the Bagnell Dam Strip . Each village showcases its own unique forms of live entertainment , food , beverages , custom bike displays and biker - themed merchandise . For an up - to - date list of vendors and live entertainment schedules , please visit LakeoftheOzarksBikefest . com . Bikefest ' s official website also provides motorcycle riders with three printable maps of recommended scenic rides . These rides range from 84 to 115 miles and can take a minimum of two hours to complete . Riders can expect picturesque wooded views , a tour of two of the area ' s popular state parks and stunning vistas of the sparkling Lake of the Ozarks . Another highlight this year is Bikefest ' s affiliation with the finale of the Lake ' s popular car and motorcycle festival , Hot Summer Nights , Friday ( Sept . 14 ) on the historic Bagnell Dam Strip . This series finale features a patriotic tribute to wounded war veterans and a street party on Bagnell Dam Blvd . from 6 to 11 p.m . " During the entire four - day event , we ' ve decided to close the center lane of the Bagnell Dam Boulevard strip for free motorcycle parking , " said Jacobsen . " This is just a way for us to give back to the motorcycle community and say thanks for coming to the Lake of the Ozarks . " And if that is n ' t enough for the motorcycle enthusiast , event organizers are offering a chance to win a Harley Davidson motorcycle in the Full Throttle Midwest Magazine Bikefest Passport Sweepstakes . The Passport Run takes motorcycle enthusiasts on a tour of 27 Lake ' s participating businesses , restaurants and nightspots . Bikefest visitors can get a passport at any of the participating businesses on the Passport Run . Passport participants visit each location on the run , passports are stamped as proof of their visit . Riders who visit all 27 locations are eligible for LakeoftheOzarksBikefest . com For more information about Bikefest or for details about hotels , motels , condominiums , resorts , campgrounds and RV parks in the Lake of the Ozarks area , visit the Lake of the Ozarks Convention & Visitor Bureau online at FunLake . com or call 1 - 800 - FUN - LAKE ( 386 - 5253 ) # # # LOOKING AHEAD . . . The summer and fall seasons are loaded with fun fairs , festivals and events at the Lake of the Ozarks . For more information about getaway packages , lodging , dining , shopping , events and attractions throughout the Lake area , contact the Lake of the Ozarks Convention & Visitor Bureau at 800 - FUN - LAKE ( 386 - 5253 ) or visit the Bureau ' s website , FunLake . com SEPT . 8 - 9 WESTLAKE STREET MACHINE FALL FOLLIES CAR SHOW The City of Laurie ' s Fairgrounds will be the host for the Laurie - Sunrise Beach Rotary Club ' s 8th Annual Westlake Street Machine Fall Follies Car Show on Sept 8 - 9 . This custom motor vehicle show features many makes and models of cars , trucks , drag boats and motorcycles on display for motor vehicle enthusiasts . Vehicles will be judged in their respective categories . This event also features parts dealers , food vendors , a beer garden , a duck race and an " engine blow " raffle . All event proceeds will go to the Westlake Aquatic Center . For more information , call 573 - 374 - 9500 or 573 - 280 - 5552 SEPT . 14 HOT SUMMER NIGHTS Hot Summer Nights will host the finale of its cruising series on the Bagnell Dam Strip in Lake Ozark on Sept . 14 . The finale will feature all makes and models of cars , trucks and motorcycles , a street party on the Bagnell Dam Strip and a tribute to wounded war veterans . Visitors attending the event will enjoy classic cars , trucks and motorcycles , contests , giveaways , helicopter rides , live entertainment and much more . For more information about Hot Summer Nights , call 573 - 964 - 1008 or visit CruiseHotSummerNights . com SEPT . 14 - 16 43rd ANNUAL HILLBILLY FAIR Have a heaping helping of fun and great food at the 43rd Annual Hillbilly Fair Sept . 14 - 16 at the Laurie Fairgrounds . This good - hearted celebration of the Ozark Hillbilly offers carnival rides and games , food and craft vendors , a parade , live music , karaoke , a tractor pull and a variety of live demonstrations , including martial arts , dancing and a firefighter demo . For a full schedule of events and a map , visit the City of Laurie ' s website at CityofLaurie . com SEPT . 15 - 16 BATTLE OF MONDAY ' S HOLLOW CIVIL WAR REENACTMENT Commemorate the Civil War ' s 150th a nniversary with two thrilling reenactments of the Battle of Monday ' s Hollow at a Living History and Civil War Reenactment Weekend , Sept . 15 - 16 , at the Missouri Trapshooters Association Grounds . The Civil War festival will feature a multitude of activities and will be open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday and 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Sunday . The reenactment of the Battle of Monday ' s Hollow will start at 1 p.m. each day and is expected to last 45 minutes to an hour . For more information , visit the Camden County Historical Society & Museum website SEPT . 22 2012 LAKE OF THE OZARKS AIR SHOW Take flight with the 2012 Lake of the Ozarks Air Show on Sept . 22 at the Camdenton Memorial Airport . This full - scale air show presents a salute to our military , the return of the B - 25 " Billy Mitchell " Bomber , the Team Vortex Air Show , a Ping Pong Ball Drop and brand new acts including the KC Flight Formation Team , the Dave Dacy Air Show & Wing Walker , the Free Fall Express Sky Dive Team , and Jet Truck racing . For more information about the air show , visit LakeoftheOzarksAirShow . com or call the Camdenton Chamber of Commerce at 573 - 346 - 2227 SEPT . 30 - OCT . 7 GOLF WEEK ON THE LAKE OF THE OZARKS GOLF TRAIL For golfers who love to golf at Lake of the Ozarks , it ' s like a dream come true : the first - ever Golf Week on the Lake of the Ozarks Golf Trail , Sept . 30 - Oct . 7 . And it ' s no dream - it ' s an unprecedented , solid week of golf tournaments , golf exhibitions , golf clinics with PGA pros , great contests , deals and much more ! The highlight of the week is the 2 - day Golf Week Fall Invitational Tournament being held October 1 - 2 at Osage National Golf Resort and The Oaks at Tan - Tar - A Resort . The best part is the tournament is FREE . All you have to do is book your lodging on the Trail for two nights during the tournament ( Sunday , Sept . 30 through Oct . 2 ) . For complete details on how you can participate in Golf Week , visit GolfWeekOnTheTrail . com OCT . 6 33rd ANNUAL OLDE TYME APPLE FESTIVAL The Olde Tyme Apple Festival , named the best festival in Central Missouri for several years by the readers of Rural Missouri magazine , enters its 33rd year in downtown Versailles . The festival ' s highlights include a grand parade , an Olde Tyme Fiddler ' s Contest , beauty pageants , apple pie contests , a wide variety of music concerts , roasted turkey drumsticks , kettle corn , numerous arts - and - crafts booths around the town square and much more . To find out more about the Olde Tyme Apple Festival , visit the Versailles Chamber of Commerce website at VersaillesChamber . com or call the City of Versailles at 573 - 378 - 4634 , ext . 304 . OCT . 13 27th ANNUAL FALL HARBOR HOP Extend the boating season into autumn with this annual Lake - wide poker run on the water , featuring dozens of participating businesses . Participants will " hop " from Lakefront restaurants and marinas collecting playing cards to compete for the best overall poker hand . Prizes will be awarded for the winning hands . For more information on the Fall Harbor Hop , please contact the Lake of the Ozarks Convention and Visitor Bureau at 1 - 800 - FUN - LAKE ( 386 - 5253 ) or visit FunLake . com / HarborHop OCT . 19 - 20 15TH ANNUAL APPLE BUTTER DAYS FALL FESTIVAL Apple butter and apple pies are the centerpieces for this fall festival at the Camden County Museum in Linn Creek . Apple Butter Days festivities consist of craft booths and demonstrations , a quilt raffle , a chili and soup lunch , as well as homemade apple butter and apple pies . For information on the festival or for booth availability , call 573 - 346 - 7191 # # # Note to Media : The summer and fall seasons are full of exciting travel stories at the Lake of the Ozarks ! For more information , media assistance or high - resolution photos , please call The Beenders - Walker Group toll - free at 800 - 544 - 8474 or email Marjorie Jo Gene or Kyle LAKE OF THE OZARKS TRI - COUNTY LODGING ASSOCIATION & CONVENTION AND VISITOR BUREAU Phone : 800 - FUN - LAKE ( 386 - 5253 ) Fax : 573 - 348 - 4292 P.O. Box 1498 Osage Beach , MO 65065 Website : www . FunLake . com Email : Info @ FunLake . com | [
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http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs015/1102578453004/archive/1109810435802.html | Visit us in Booth # 313 at the AIA Expo in Washington , D.C . June 17 - 19 , 2012 Click here for your complimentary expo floor pass . PRODUCT SELECTION : STOREFRONT , CURTAINWALL or WINDOW WALL ? Fenestration system selection is one of the earliest decisions faced by design teams working on schools , universities , hospitals , and government buildings . Collaborating with a reputable , local glazing subcontractor , Wausau can provide design input , budget pricing , sequencing , and schedule information . Storefront AAMA / WDMA / CSA 101 / I . S . 2 / A440 - 2011 , the North American Fenestration Standard known as NAFS , defines storefront as , " . . .a non - residential , non - load bearing assembly of commercial entrance systems and windows usually spanning between the floor and the structure above , designed for high use / abuse and strength . " The standard goes on to note , " . . .Storefront systems are typically designed to accommodate field fabrication and glazing and employ exterior glazing stops at one side only . Storefront employs shallow rectilinear framing profiles ( approximately 150 mm [ 6 in ] or less ) , which are often made available in ' stock lengths . ' Vertical framing members run between the top of the floor slab and structure above , with provision for anchorage at all perimeter conditions . " Certain limitations in the use of storefront devolve from the inherent characteristics noted in NAFS . In general , for storefront systems : - spans should be limited to 10 feet or less - total mullion length should be less than 20 feet with no moving splices - usage should be limited to the bottom two or three floors of the building - glazing pockets can accept only οΏ½ - inch monolithic glass or 1 - inch insulating glass - outside re - glazing must be acceptable - no custom extruded profiles should be expected - regular exterior maintenance should be anticipated Curtainwall In strictest architectural parlance , a " curtainwall " is any non - load - bearing exterior wall that hangs ( like a curtain ) from the face of floor slabs , regardless of construction or cladding material . However , in common usage , the term curtainwall usually refers to aluminum - framed systems carrying glass , panels , louvers , or occasionally , granite or marble . NAFS defines curtainwall as , " . . . a non - load bearing exterior wall cladding that is hung to the exterior of the building , usually spanning from floor to floor . " The standard goes on to note , " . . .Curtain wall systems can be factory - glazed or designed to accommodate field fabrication and glazing , including optional structural glazing . Curtain wall employs deep rectilinear framing profiles ( approximately 150 mm [ 6 in ] or greater ) , which are often made available in " stock lengths " . Curtain wall vertical framing members run past the face of floor slabs , and provision for anchorage is typically made at vertical framing members only . . . . curtain wall systems often need to meet additional performance requirements for inter - story differential movement Curtainwall or window wall systems should be used when performance or aesthetic expectations exceed the limitations of storefront systems . The relative merits of " stick " versus unitized curtainwall was reviewed in the December , 2009 Wausau e - newsletter " Unitized Curtainwall . " A Third Option : Window Wall NAFS defines window wall as , " . . .a non - load - bearing fenestration system provided in combination assemblies and composite units , including transparent vision panels and / or opaque glass or metal panels , which span from the top of a floor slab to the underside of the next higher floor slab . " " . . .Primary provision for anchorage occurs at head and sill conditions . Receptor systems can be designed as a part of drainage and movement accommodation provisions . " Wausau window wall systems can be designed to look as much , or as little , like curtainwall as is aesthetically desirable , through creative detailing of slab edge covers . Units can be installed in any sequence , and can meet the same high - performance requirements as Wausau curtainwall . Window wall systems often are provided with integral operable vents , for natural ventilation , egress , or ease of cleaning . Using Wausau ' s 4250i - V Visuline TM and 4250 - Z Zero Sightline products , vents in the closed position are almost indistinguishable from adjacent fixed lites . If you would like to discuss proper system selection in detail , Wausau ' s market managers are available as architectural support resources , and can be reached at education @ wausauwindow . com healthcare @ wausauwindow . com , or government @ wausauwindow . com , or visit us in Booth # 313 at the AIA Expo in Washington , D.C. , June 17 - 19 , 2012 . Click here for your complimentary expo floor pass . Find Wausau online at : www . wausauwindow . com , or email us at info @ wausauwindow . com Featured Project Department of Defense Washington Headquarters Services ' BRAC 133 at Mark Center , Fort Belvoir Location : Alexandria , VA Architect : HKS , Inc Washington , DC Product ( s ) Used : 7000i BHM Series windows & 8000i BHM Series unitized curtainwall | [
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http://archive.fairvote.org/?page=1765 | Impact of Increasing House Size Chart on States and U.S. House Growth Eleven states lost congressional seats during the 2002 round of reapportionment . Two states , New York and Pennsylvania , lost two seats . With a small expansion in House size , many of these states would not suffer a loss of representation in Congress . Currently , there are 435 Members of the U.S. House of Representatives . By adding seats to the House ( in the left column ) , this chart shows which states , in order , would gain ( or maintain ) congressional seats . For a provocative proposal on increasing the U.S. House size , please visit http : / / www . thirty - thousand . org New House Size State Result 436 Utah Gain 1 seat 437 New York Lose 1 seat , not 2 438 Texas Gain 1 seat 439 Michigan Maintain size 440 Indiana Maintain size 441 Montana Gain 1 seat 442 Illinois Maintain size 443 Mississippi Maintain size 444 Wisconsin Maintain size 445 Oklahoma Maintain size 446 Pennsylvania Lose 1 seat , not 2 447 Oregon Gain 1 seat 448 Maryland Gain 1 seat 449 Kentucky Gain 1 seat 450 New Jersey Gain 1 seat 451 Washington state Gain 1 seat 452 Connecticut Maintain size 453 South Carolina Gain 1 seat 454 Kansas Gain 1 seat 455 Arkansas Gain 1 seat 456 Nevada Gain 1 additional 457 Delaware Gain 1 seat 458 South Dakota Gain 1 seat 459 Idaho Gain 1 seat 460 North Dakota Gain 1 seat 461 Alaska Gain 1 seat 462 Vermont Gain 1 seat 463 Wyoming Gain 1 seat Articles , Op - Ed ' s , and Editorials ( below ) : The Hill : " America has outgrown the House of Representatives . " November 21 , 2001 The Hartford Courant : " Fight For A Bigger House . " October 7 , 2001 New York Times : " Letter to the editor from Rob Richie : New York in Congress . " December 31 , 2000 Washington Post : " Letter to the editor from Rob Richie . " December 19 , 2000 Paul Jacob ' s " Common Sense " Column : " U.S. Term Limits . " Weekly Commentary # 174 George F . Will Syndicated Column : " Congress Just Is n ' t Big Enough . " January 14 , 2001 The Hill America has outgrown the House of Representatives By Matthew Cossolotto November 21 , 2001 The 2000 census has highlighted an important issue β the woefully inadequate size of the U.S. House of Representatives . New York and Pennsylvania are slated to lose two House seats while eight other states β Connecticut , Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Mississippi , Ohio , Oklahoma and Wisconsin β will lose one each . What β s going on here ? After all , the framers of the Constitution envisioned that the House would grow in size along with the country β s population . This was supposed to take place every 10 years as part of the reapportionment process following each decennial census . As James Madison wrote in Federalist Paper 55 : β I take for granted β¦ that the number of representatives will be augmented from time to time in the manner provided by the Constitution . β A number of prominent commentators , including syndicated columnists George F . Will and Robert Novak , and Paul Jacob of U.S. Term Limits , have forcefully advocated increasing the size of the House from its present 435 members . Americans should be asking a simple question : Why 435 ? There is absolutely nothing magic or sacrosanct about 435 . And yet , the public and the media seem to have grown so accustomed to a 435 - member House that we accept it as the natural order of things , almost as if it was mandated by the Constitution . But the number 435 , which was set in 1911 when the population reached 92 million , is completely arbitrary . The Constitution does not stipulate an upper limit to the number of representatives in the House . We could just as easily have 535 or 835 members . Through some legislative sleight - of - hand following the 1920 census , the House decided , contrary to established practice , not to increase its size . The House did by statute what should arguably require a constitutional amendment β capping its membership at 435 . As a result , after every decennial census we go through an agonizing process of zero - sum reapportionment . Based on the latest census data , we determine which states will lose and which states will gain seats in the artificially capped 435 - member House . But it does n β t have to be this way . Instead of a zero - sum game pitting state against state , reapportionment could be a much fairer , win - win process if the House would only lift its self - imposed , cartel - like ceiling on the supply of representation in America . Call it β supply - side β representation . Some historical perspective is in order . In 1789 , the very first House of Representatives consisted of 65 members . Since the nation β s population was roughly 4 million people at the time , each member of the House represented approximately 62,000 people . As the U.S. population grew , so too did the supply of representation . By 1911 , the year the House increased its membership to the current level , 92 million Americans enjoyed a per capita representation β the total population divided by the number of House members in any given year β of roughly 210,000 . After the 2000 census , each member of the House will have to represent an average of 650,000 people . Consider that the next time you try to set up an appointment with your β representative . β The country has changed a great deal since 1911 . Not only has the population more than trebled β from 92 million to 281 million β we β ve also seen a dramatic and long - overdue expansion of the voting franchise . Consider the changing nature of the electorate since the 1920s β with women β s suffrage , the civil rights and voting rights movements in the 1960s and the reduction of the voting age to 18 in the 1970s . These changes mean that a much higher proportion of the total population is eligible to vote and to demand representation than ever before . Compared with other established democracies , a 435 - member House is decidedly on the cramped side . The British House of Commons , for instance , has 651 members who represent a population of about 60 million . The French National Assembly consists of 577 members for about 60 million people . Only the smaller countries of Europe , with populations well below 20 million , have national legislatures smaller than our House of Representatives . The House prides itself on being β the People β s House . β But the reality is a far cry from that ideal . The country has effectively outgrown our old 435 - member House . It β s like a starter home for a young couple . Once the kids arrive , it β s time to get a bigger house . In the past 90 years the American family has added lots and lots of kids . So it β s time to enlarge the House to give our growing and diverse population greater access to the If the House of Representatives refuses to raise its OPEC - style , self - imposed and self - serving ceiling of 435 members , the representation - starved American people should raise the roof ! Matthew Cossolotto was an aide to former Speaker Jim Wright ( D - Texas . ) and former Rep . Leon Panetta ( D - Calif . ) , and is the author of The Almanac of European Politics and vice president of the Center for Voting & Democracy in Yorktown Heights , N.Y. He can be reached at www . fairvote . org . The Hartford Courant Fight For A Bigger House By Matthew Cossolotto October 7 , 2001 As a result of the 2000 Census , Connecticut is losing one of its six seats in the U.S. House of Representatives . The people of Connecticut should object . Every 10 years , right after every decennial census mandated by the Constitution , the country goes through this agonizing process of zero - sum reapportionment . Based on the latest census data , we determine which states will lose and which states will gain seats in the 435 - member House of Representatives . Ironically , Connecticut will be reduced to the same number of representatives that it had in the very first Congress in 1789 . But with five representatives out of a total of 65 , Connecticut had much more political clout in the early days of the Republic than is the case today . More broadly , the New England states comprised roughly one - quarter of the representatives in the First Congress . Now the region constitutes less than 6 percent of the House . Why is Connecticut losing representation ? The answer is simple . Connecticut and nine other states are being stripped of representation because the House decided unilaterally back in the 1920s to cap its membership at the arbitrary level of 435 . In 1911 , when the House first reached a membership of 435 , Connecticut had five representatives . Connecticut ' s population at the time was 1.1 million people , which translated into about 250,000 people per representative . The state ' s population continued to grow in the 20th century . The 1990 census recorded 3.3 million people in Connecticut . Finally , Connecticut was awarded an additional seat in Congress , bringing its total to six . Even with the additional member , however , the number of people per representative - both in Connecticut and nationwide - With the loss of that sixth seat this year , Connecticut ' s per - capita representation rate will grow to more than 680,000 . This is the direct consequence of capping the House membership at the arbitrary level of 435 members . But there ' s nothing magic or sacrosanct about the number 435 . It ' s not mandated by the Constitution . In fact , there ' s a good argument to be made that the framers of the Constitution fully expected the House to grow in size after each census . As James Madison wrote in Federalist Paper 55 : " I take for granted . . . that the number of representatives will be augmented from time to time in the manner provided by the Constitution . " The public and the media seem to have grown so accustomed to a 435 - member House that we accept it as the natural order of things . But the Constitution does not stipulate an upper limit to the number of representatives . We could just as easily have 535 or 635 members in the House . Increasing the House by 100 seats this year would shake up Washington more than any other election reform proposal now being contemplated . It would spread access to representation and power to more women and minorities than any other single action . The country has changed a great deal in the past century . Not only has the population almost quadrupled to 281 million in 2000 ; we ' ve also seen a dramatic and long - overdue expansion of the voting franchise . Consider the changing nature of the electorate in the past 100 years - with women ' s suffrage in the 1920s , the civil rights and voting rights movements in the 1960s and the reduction of the voting age to 18 in the 1970s . These changes mean that a much higher proportion of the total population is Despite surging population growth and the expansion of voting rights in the 20th century , the 435 - member House has stubbornly refused to grow with the times . As a result , the number of people seeking access to representation has gone from bad to worse . The per - capita representation ( PCR ) rate compares very unfavorably with that of other mature democracies . The British House of Commons , for example , contains 659 members representing a nation of some 60 million people . That gives the United Kingdom a PCR rate of a mere 91,000 . The 577 - member French National Assembly represents 59 million people , for a PCR rate of 102,000 . It ' s rare to see a healthy democracy with a PCR rate that exceeds 200,000 , let alone anything approaching our current 650,000 . Instead of rolling over lamely on this one , Connecticut and those nine other " loser " states should fight to increase the size of the House . If that happens , we could turn our decennial zero - sum game of reapportionment into a win - win for our democracy . Matthew Cossolotto , a former special assistant to then - Speaker of the House Jim Wright , is the author of β The Almanac of European Politics β ( Congressional Quarterly , 1995 ) and vice president of the Washington - based Center for Voting and Democracy . New York Times Letter to the editor from Rob Richie : New York in Congress December 31 , 2000 To the Editor : Re " Census Costs States Seats in Congress " ( news article , Dec . 29 ) : The population of New York State has grown since 1990 , but apparently this will not keep the state from losing two seats in the House of Representatives . New Yorkers should push for an increase in the total number of House seats so that New York loses no more than one . Until 1910 , the number of members in the House was adjusted on a regular basis . There is no magic to 435 , the current number . Like the use of poorly functioning voting equipment , this is an example of how we accept our electoral rules and practices too easily . It is time for a comprehensive review of our democracy . ROB RICHIE Executive Director Center for Voting and Democracy Takoma Park MD Washington Post Letter to the editor from Rob Richie : December 19 , 2000 With two fewer votes in the electoral college , Republican George W . Bush would have been tied with Democrat Al Gore . If no candidate wins an electoral college majority , the presidential race goes to the House of Representatives , where each state ' s delegation casts one vote . Mr . Bush likely would have won such a House vote , but he might have ended up with Joe Lieberman as vice president . The vice president is chosen by the Senate , which by January will be split evenly between Democrats and Republicans . If senators voted along party lines , the tiebreaker would be cast by current Vice President Gore . Any attempts to scrap or reform the electoral college face the daunting task of a constitutional amendment . But Congress could pass a statutory change to prevent an electoral vote tie by changing the number of House members . From 1790 to 1910 , the number of House members changed nearly every decade . In 1911 , for example , the number was increased from 391 to 435 . But there it has stayed , except for a momentary upward blip after Hawaii and Alaska were given statehood . The timing of a change in House size is ideal . States are girding themselves for battles over reapportionment and redistricting . There is no magic to having 435 members . At the least , House size could be raised to 436 to prevent an electoral college tie . Some might worry that an even number of House seats would allow each party to win an equal number of seats . But the Senate survives with an even number of seats , as did the House at times . ROBERT RICHIE Executive Director Center for Voting and Democracy Takoma Park MD Paul Jacob ' s " Common Sense " Column U.S. Term Limits Weekly Commentary # 174 " More Politicians ? " Even in good economic times , Americans are unhappy with our government . So when someone suggests that what we really need in Washington are five times as many politicians as we have today , well , my first thought is , " Are you crazy ? " But that ' s exactly what Bob Novak advocates in his new book . Novak says let ' s increase the U.S. House from 435 members to 2,000 . But cut the salary of each representative to one fifth what we now pay . It would mean that instead of representing 500,000 people , a congressman would represent about 100,000 people . More personal campaigning and fewer TV ads . A candidate without much money would have a better chance to speak directly to voters . Instead of spending over a million dollars on their office and paying congressmen more than $ 140,000 a year , they ' d get only $ 200,000 on their office and $ 28,000 for salary . Are career congressmen likely to chop their own personal power to do what ' s best for the country and the institution of Congress ? Nope . But they do talk a lot about taking the big money out of politics . Well , if they ' re serious , this is one way to do it without destroying the First Amendment and handing incumbents the power to regulate their opponents . Increasing the number of congressmen would strengthen the connection between the representative and the individual citizen . I never thought I ' d say it , but we could use more congressmen . They would represent us better . This is Common Sense . I ' m Paul Jacob . George F . Will Syndicated Column Congress Just Is n ' t Big Enough January 14 , 2001 As George W . Bush prepares to exchange the pleasures of rusticity at his ranch for the capital ' s political climate that he vows to improve , here is a proposal for doing so : Increase the size of the House of Representatives to 1,000 seats . Today ' s number , 435 , is neither written into the Constitution nor graven on the heart of humanity by the finger of God . It was set by a 1911 statute , which can be changed in a trice . In 1910 , when America ' s population was 92,228,496 , the ratio of representatives to citizens was one for every 212,999 . The House has been 435 members since 1912 ( except briefly after Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959 , when there were 437 representatives until after the 1960 census ) . The first Congress had 65 representatives for about 3.9 million Americans , one for every 60,000 . Not until 1860 did the ratio top one for every 100,000 . Today the ratio is one for every 646,947 . In 1790 only Virginia had that many residents ( 692,000 ) . Today , four states ( Alaska , North Dakota , Vermont , Wyoming ) do not have that many . So now representatives , whom the Founders intended to represent smaller numbers than senators , represent more people than most senators did in the Founders ' era . If there were 1,000 representatives today , the ratio would be one for every 281,000 , about what it was in 1930 . Candidates could campaign as candidates did in the pre - broadcasting era , with more retail than wholesale politicking , door to door , meeting by meeting . Hence there would be less need for money , most of which now buys television time . So enlarging the House can be justified in terms of the goal that nowadays trumps all others among " progressive " thinkers - - campaign finance reform . Much of the political class and the media , with the special irresponsibility each brings to campaign finance reform , saluted and swooned in admiration when John McCain recently vowed promptly to force action on his reform bill . The swooning saluters were undeterred by the fact that the contents of McCain ' s bill had not yet been - - and still have not been - - divulged . However , one of Bush ' s published reform proposals , although potentially hugely important , goes largely unremarked . It would ban lobbyists from making campaign contributions to any senator or representative while Congress is in session . This , even more than the seating problems in a 1,000 - member House , would be a powerful incentive for Congress to have shorter sessions . Critics will say , correctly , that the House chamber can not seat 1,000 members , that it would be crowded and uncomfortable , that office space would be so severely rationed that staffs would have to be trimmed , so the House , and therefore Congress , could not do very much . Sensible people would be dry - eyed about such conditions , which would encourage representatives not to tarry here . Besides , congestion would be constructive . The greatest democratic statesman of the last century understood this . On May 10 , 1941 , an air raid badly damaged the House of Commons , which moved its sitting to the House of Lords . On Oct . 28 , 1943 , Winston Churchill delivered a short , brilliant speech concerning reconstruction . " We shape our buildings , " he said , " and afterwards our buildings shape us . " Hence he said that the House " should not be big enough to contain all its Members at once without overcrowding , and that there should be no question of every Member having a separate seat reserved for him . " In a House that could accommodate everyone , most debates would be conducted in the depressing atmosphere of an almost empty chamber . ( As any viewer of C - SPAN knows , this is the case in the House of Representatives today . ) But , said Churchill , good parliamentary dialogue - - quick , informal , conversational - - " requires a fairly small space , and there should be on great occasions a sense of crowd and urgency . " Besides , the House ' s vitality and its hold on the nation ' s imagination " depend to no small extent upon its episodes and great moments , even upon its scenes and rows , which , as everyone will agree , are better conducted at close quarters . " Of course , the House of Representatives will not more than double its size , thereby diluting the majesty of membership and the power of each member . In truth , there are reasons for not doing so , including considerations of sheer cumbersomeness . Nevertheless , it is well to acknowledge arguments for enlargement . They point to possible connections between institutional attributes and the tone and quality of representative government , which , as the president - elect has repeatedly said , has room for improvement . | [
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http://archive.fortune.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0704/gallery.500top50.fortune/28.html | Fortune 500 : The Top 50 28 of 50 28 . Boeing Fortune 500 rank : 28 ( Previous rank : 26 ) 2006 Revenues ( millions ) : $ 61,530 Headquarters : Chicago , IL Get quote : BA A good fourth quarter helped bring sunnier skies to the airplane manufacturer , which delivered 398 aircraft in 2006 and confirmed orders of more than 440 commercial planes for 2007 . Further aiding the company were hiccups at competitor Airbus , which continued to delay completion of its double - decker A380 airliner . For the year , Boeing ' s revenues were up 12 % . See more Fortune 500 data for Boeing | [
"Fortune 500 rank",
"2006 Revenue",
"Chicago , IL"
] |
http://archive.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/ProductSpotlight/Tone-Tips/how-to-get-james-taylor-409/ | How to Get James Taylor ' s Tone Ted Drozdowski | 04.09.2009 Rodgers and Hammerstein β s β Oh , What a Beautiful Morning β from the musical Oklahoma is irrelevant to most guitar aficionados . At least it was until this Tuesday , when James Taylor β s Other Covers became available . The song opens Taylor β s new album , the sequel to last year β s successful Covers , which paid tribute to Elvis Presley , George Jones , Glenn Campbell and others . This time Taylor is also applying his beautifully spare sensibility to gospel ( β Was n β t That a Mighty Storm β ) , doo - wop ( β Get a Job β ) , early rock and roll ( Chuck Berry β s β Memphis β ) and R&B ( β In the Midnight Hour , β β Knock on Wood β ) . But the Rodgers and Hammerstein tune in particular relies on Taylor β s strengths : his crystalline voice and his deft , unhurried finger picking on acoustic guitar . When Paul McCartney signed Taylor to the Beatles β Apple Records in β 68 , McCartney remarked , β I just heard his voice and his guitar and I thought he was great . β Although Taylor has always surrounded himself with crack bands , even for his eponymous 1968 debut that produced the hits β Fire and Rain β and β Carolina On My Mind , β he has , indeed , never needed anything more than a Gibson - style acoustic and his remarkable gift for vocal phrasing and tone to amaze . Taylor is the sole star from the classic rock era whose career has continued to grow while exclusively employing the acoustic guitar . Early on Taylor played a Gibson J - 50 , and through the decades he β s played a wide variety of instruments . Today he uses guitars custom made for him by Minnesota luthier James A . Olson , which Taylor has described in interviews as having Gibson - style necks . What unites all of Taylor β s acoustic guitar choices over the decades is highly responsive soundboards to accommodate the wide dynamic range of his light - touch picking . Taylor also frowns on finger picks , using his thumb and the nails of his first three fingers . Whatever Taylor has played , his delicate , cleanly articulated sound has been instantly recognizable . Blues , especially the picking of Elizabeth Cotten , played a role in the development of his own style , but he β s also been influenced by jazz pianist Bill Evans , classical , Latin , Cuban and Brazilian musics , and , like everyone of the 61 - year - old β s generation , the Beatles . From all that , Taylor developed a technique rippling with countermelodies and lines that balance bass and lead licks simultaneously . Taylor plays primarily in standard tuning , and usually below the sixth fret of his guitar , adding to his music β s warmth . He has occasionally recorded in open G ( β Love Has Brought Me Around β ) and uses dropped D for β Country Road β and a handful of others . And he often employs a capo . In his youth Taylor had a flirtation with electric guitar . He played a Silvertone and a Fender Duo - Sonic in his first rock bands . But starting with his first acoustic guitar , the J - 50 he purchased in his teens , Taylor has had a love affair with natural tone generation that β s still in full bloom . | [
"James Taylor",
"Knock on Wood",
"Paul McCartney"
] |
http://archive.jsonline.com/features/drinks/whats-the-difference-between-whiskey-whisky-and-bourbon-b99731374z1-380668921.html | What ' s the difference between whiskey , whisky and bourbon ? Terri Milligan This whiskey cocktail is one to savor . By Terri Milligan May 24 , 2016 A scholar of whiskey could study the spirit for years and still find more to learn and taste . For those of us who require a quick guide , here are some whiskey pointers ( or " whisky , " depending on where the spirit hails from ) . Whiskey is a worldly spirit , found around the globe . Depending on its origin , the name is spelled with or without an " e . " In the United States , whiskey is the preferred spelling . Scotch whisky , or simply scotch for short , as well as Canadian whisky , use the no - " e " version . Types of grains vary with whiskey varieties , along with the aging process , all of which affect its flavor . When in doubt on what to use when a recipe calls for whiskey , grab some bourbon . Bourbon ' s smooth , smoky flavor makes it a universal go - to culinary spirit . Plus , it ' s fun to enjoy after all the cooking and dishes are done . Whiskey Whiskey is a distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash . Various grains including corn , barley , rye and wheat are used , some of which may be malted . Whiskey is typically aged in wooden casks , which most often are made of charred white oak . Tennessee whiskey Tennessee whiskey ( the most famous being Jack Daniel ' s ) goes through an additional step . The whiskey is filtered through ( or steeped ) in a thick layer of maple charcoal before it is put into new charred oak barrels for aging . This process , called the Lincoln County Process , distinguishes Tennessee whiskey from other whiskey products . As the name indicates , this whiskey also must be made in Tennessee . Bourbon whiskey Although bourbon whiskey can be produced anywhere in the United States , most bourbons are produced in Kentucky . Bourbon must contain at least 51 % corn , with the rest a mixture of grains such as barley , rye and / or wheat . According to U.S. law , all bourbons must be aged for at least four years in toasted casks made with American white oak . Scotch whisky Scotch whisky is distilled and matured in Scotland , considered the homeland of this spirit . As with American bourbon , there is a law that specifies the manner by which the spirit is to be produced . Most scotch is made with malted barley , although commercial distilleries sometimes add wheat and rye . All scotch must be aged in oak barrels for at least three years , although some is aged for decades . Scotch is usually distilled twice , although some brands are distilled up to 20 times . Canadian whisky Canadian whisky is often referred to as simply rye whisky . Although it is made with a variety of grains , corn is usually the prevalent grain , along with the addition of rye . This spirit is smooth and a bit lighter , making it a good choice for novice drinkers . Single - malt whiskey Whiskey that is produced in a single distillery made from a mash of one malted grain is considered a single - malt . In most cases , a single - malt whiskey will bear the name of the distillery with an age statement . Blended whiskey Blended whiskey is made from a mixture of different types of whiskey . Often a brand will create a blended whiskey to impart a consistent flavor to a spirit . About Terri Milligan Terri Milligan is a professional chef and culinary instructor who lives in Door County . For additional recipes , visit her website teresemilligan @ gmail . com | [
"WHISKEY",
"TENNESSEE WHISKEY"
] |
http://archive.jsonline.com/features/recipes/79941317.html | Search recipes Arroz con Dulce Candied Coconut Rice Puerto Rico Rating 0 Description Jose Rodriguez and his family cook by adding a bit of this and a bit of that so it was difficult for them to reproduce their recipes for us However they said the recipes found at ElBoricuacom a monthly newsletter for Puerto Ricans are close to their own dishes This is similar to the arroz con dulce that Joses father also named Jose cooks for Christmas Eve Makes 12 servings Ingredients 1 cups white rice 3 cups water 5 cups coconut milk divided 1 teaspoons salt 3 cinnamon sticks 2 teaspoons ground ginger 6 whole cloves Pinch of ground nutmeg optional 1 cups sugar cup raisins Preparation Wash rice and soak in 3 cups water for about 2 hours Water will not be completely absorbed but rice should be very plump About 20 minutes before rice is finished soaking combine 4 cups coconut milk the salt cinnamon ginger cloves and nutmeg in a mediumsize caldero or Dutch oven Bring to a boil over high heat Reduce heat to medium cover and cook 15 minutes Drain rice thoroughly and add to coconut milk mixture Stir and bring to a boil over medium heat Reduce heat to low and simmer until rice is completely dry without stirring Add sugar and raisins stir and bring to a boil over medium heat Reduce heat to low and cook another 15 minutes without stirring Add remaining cup coconut milk and stir Increase heat to medium and boil about 30 minutes or until rice dries again In this cooking period turn rice over occasionally and scrape bottom of pot Remove cinnamon sticks and cloves Spoon rice into a flat serving platter Allow to cool at room temperature Refrigerate until ready to serve Serve cold Email 0 Comments Read and share your thoughts on this story | [
"Jose Rodriguez and his family"
] |
http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=2457941&itype=CMSID | City Creek Center : Boon for downtown or one of SLC ' s ' biggest mistakes ' ? Mall β’ Executive lauds retail success , but some planners say the concept falls short of boosting all of downtown . View Caption < > By Tony Semerad The Salt Lake Tribune May 11 , 2015 12 : 50 pm This is an archived article that was published on sltrib . com in 2015 , and information in the article may be outdated . It is provided only for personal research purposes and may not be reprinted . As City Creek Center accepts yet another award , a debate continues over how well the Salt Lake City mall connects with the surrounding downtown . Unveiled three years ago as one of the nation ' s largest urban - redevelopment projects , City Creek combines more than 100 stores , offices and high - end residences into what developers and planners call " mixed use . " The $ 1.5 billion - plus , 20 - acre complex is accented with fountains , a synthetic creek , a retractable glass roof and a pedestrian skywalk over Main Street . City Creek was built in the middle of a recession , the joint effort of Michigan - based Taubman Centers , owner of 21 regional U.S. shopping malls , and Property Reserve Inc . , a commercial real - estate arm of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , headquartered just north of the mall . By key measures , City Creek has hit its economic stride , topping $ 250 million in yearly taxable sales , according to state data . Proponents say the mall has also drawn nearly 16 million visitors downtown . Top executives involved in the project will be honored Thursday by the International Council of Shopping Centers , a worldwide industry trade association . The council selected City Creek Center β winner of a number of other awards since its 2012 debut β and the site ' s co - designer and operator Taubman Centers for its top accolade as " the most outstanding example of shopping center design and development for 2014 - 2015 . " To William Taubman , chief operating officer for Taubman Centers , City Creek is a success for its contribution to Utah ' s capital . He said the project not only " reflects the needs and desires of Salt Lake , but also creates an anchor for continued development and improvement of downtown . " Taubman paints an intriguing picture of the company first advising the LDS Church on its options for the former ZCMI Center and Crossroads Plaza malls on Main Street , then collaborating on designing City Creek and recruiting major retail tenants such as Macy ' s and Nordstrom . In one sense , he said , the Utah mall embodies classic principles of shopping - center design , with anchor stores at either end and a layout that exploits foot traffic by giving shoppers a seamless experience . " We have a very well - lit , convenient and safe shopping environment , " the company COO said , " [ along with ] wonderful sightlines to the stores , clear organization and direction , no confusion for the customer . " But City Creek also was designed specifically for Salt Lake City , he said , particularly with its inclusion of condominiums and offices . " It required a different solution than the typical suburban mall , " Taubman said . " So the product we have , in every aspect , reflects the context of the environment the project sits in . " That ' s where some urban - planning proponents take a different view , arguing the mall is unnecessarily closed off from the rest of the city . City Creek was designed to capture customers and market share for retailers , said Stephen Goldsmith , who was Salt Lake City ' s planner when mall plans were on the drawing board . And , in that regard , he said , the designers met their goals . " But those goals , " Goldsmith said , " are different than those for a downtown which is not interested in capturing , but rather engaging , a broad , inclusive community across incomes and not a place for only those people who have an ability to participate . " Referring to past controversies over City Creek ' s taking control of a public segment of Main Street and its sky bridge , which lets pedestrians cross Main without leaving the mall , Goldsmith called it " privatizing the public way . " " It creates a we - they , " he said . Erin Silva , a prominent Salt Lake City architect , urban designer and University of Utah lecturer , called City Creek " one of the biggest mistakes we have made in the Salt Lake City urban core , ever . " " It could have been an integrated , multiuse project , open to all sides , inclusive , and aligned with best mixed - use urban practices , " Silva said , " and more accessible to pedestrian traffic in our downtown core . It is not . " But a downtown advocate countered that those opinions overlook what is happening right now in the city ' s urban heart . " Main Street is thriving and it would not be if City Creek Center had not been built , " said Jason Mathis , executive director of the Downtown Alliance , representing downtown merchants . " I attribute a lot of downtown ' s success to City Creek Center ' s development and the design . " Mathis pointed to 222 Main , an upscale office tower farther south on Main Street , which now houses major offices for the global investment firm Goldman Sachs . While similar projects stalled in other cities during the economic downturn , the developers of 222 Main , Chicago - based Hamilton Partners , were emboldened to proceed with the skyscraper " because they saw what was happening down the street . " City Creek , Mathis said , " has changed the larger system of downtown . " To Taubman ' s mind , City Creek ' s layout reflected the realities of what major retailers need . " I am a conduit for what the stores require in order to be successful , which is based on how people like to shop , " he said . " In the real world , the stores are going to face in or they are going to face out . And if they face out , you do n ' t have the same project , because you have no department stores . " tsemerad @ sltrib . com Twitter : @ TonySemerad | [
"City Creek Center"
] |
http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/food/V192e/ch03.htm | This is the old United Nations University website . Visit the new site at http : / / unu . edu Technical aspects of food fortification Abstract Introduction Definition of food fortification Effectiveness of food - fortification programmes Nutrient stability Conclusion References Moehammad Aman Wirakartakusumah and Purwiyatno Hariyadi The authors are affiliated with the Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition at Bogor Agricultural University in Bogor , Indonesia . Mention of the names of firms and commercial products does not imply endorsement by the United Nations University . Abstract The nutritional status of the population is one of the important factors determining the quality and productivity of the population , which in turn affects national productivity . In the long term , good nutritional status contributes to the intelligence and health of the population . Consequently , programmes directed at improving the nutritional status of the population will undoubtedly be a high priority in the national development scheme of any country , developed or developing . Food fortification , i.e. , the addition of nutrients to specific foods based on the dietary habits and nutritional status of the target Introduction The nutritional status of the population is one of the important factors in determining the quality and productivity of a population , which in turn will affect national productivity . In the long run , good nutritional status contributes to the social and economic development of a nation . However , many nutritional studies , particularly in developing countries , have indicated that certain segments of the population suffer from one or more nutrient deficiencies , which can have serious effects on their health and productivity . The causes are many and varied . As in many other developing countries , three major nutritional ( especially micronutrient ) deficiencies are regarded as public health problems in Indonesia : iodine - deficiency disorders , vitamin A deficiency , and iron - deficiency anaemia . The government of Indonesia has instituted programmes to cope with these three deficiencies , one of which is a food - fortification programme . Definition of food fortification Several terms besides fortification are used for the addition of nutrients to foods : restoration , enrichment , standardization , and supplementation [ 1 , 2 ] . Restoration is the addition of a nutrient to a food in order to restore the original nutrient content . Enrichments the addition of nutrients to foods in accordance with a standard of identity as defined by food regulations . Both restoration and enrichment programmes usually involve the addition of nutrients that are naturally available or present in the food product . Standardization is the addition of nutrients to foods to compensate for natural variation , so that a standard level is achieved . Standardization is an important step to ensure a consistent standardized quality of the final product . Supplementation is the addition of nutrients that are not normally present or are present in only minute quantities in the food . More than one nutrient may be added , and they may be added in high quantities . As compared with restoration and standardization , fortification has a special meaning : the nutrient added and the food chosen as a carrier have met certain criteria , so that the fortified product will become a good source of the nutrient for a targeted population . Nutrients added for food fortification may or may not have been present in the food carrier originally . Effectiveness of food - fortification programmes Food fortification differs from other programmes that involve the addition of nutrients to foods . Fortification is a nutritional intervention programme with a specifically defined target , and fortified food products are expected to become a main source of the specific added nutrient . Consequently , food fortification is expected to help prevent nutritional inadequacy in targeted populations in which a risk of nutrient deficiency has been identified . The criterion of the effectiveness of a food - fortification programme is whether the nutritional and health status of a targeted population has been improved . The effectiveness of a food - fortification programme depends on whether or not the fortified food is accepted , purchased , and consumed by the targeted population . Factors such as the quality , taste , and price of the fortified products will play important roles in determining the effectiveness of the fortification programme . Several other important factors that should be considered carefully in designing food - fortification programmes are the following : Β» The food chosen as the carrier should be consumed in sufficient quantities to make a significant contribution to the diet of the targeted population . Salt , sugar , flour , monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) , and cooking oil have been used . Other foods should be explored , especially with reference to the specific food habits and preferences of targeted populations . Β» The addition of nutrients should not create an imbalance of essential nutrients . This is especially important for doubly , triply , or multiply fortified foods , in which interaction among the added nutrients Β» The added nutrient should be stable under normal conditions of storage and use . Data on the stability of the added nutrient are also important for labelling purposes . Β» The price of the fortified food should be affordable for the targeted population . Β» Programmes of quality assurance and control of fortified food can be more easily implemented if the fortification programme is centralized and involves mass production . Β» The food should be distributed to as much of the targeted population as possible . Nutrient stability Nutrient stability under normal conditions of storage and use is one of the important factors determining the effectiveness of a food - fortification programme . From a technical standpoint , nutritional stability during formulation , preparation , and processing is very crucial in determining the effective production of fortified foods . The following factors relating to nutrient stability are important for the manufacturers of fortified foods [ 2 ] : Β» The technologist needs to know the extent to which food processes and distribution systems could affect nutrient retention ; at the same time , the technologist needs appropriate data to develop strategies for minimizing the losses caused by nutrient instability . Β» The quality , legislative , and marketing specialists need adequate information on nutrient stability , especially to enable them to make statements or claims on labels and advertising . Β» The accountant needs to be aware of the stability data to establish and justify expenditures on potential modifications of processing techniques , the cost of nutrient premixes , etc . Β» The nutritionist needs to be aware of the stability data to assess the choices and , ultimately , the supply of nutrient ( s ) for consumers . Nutrient stability is affected by physical and chemical factors . A wide range of physical and chemical factors influencing the stability of nutrients can be seen in figure 1 . Although many factors may cause serious nutrient degradation , measures can be developed to minimize losses by applying proper technology , which includes application of a protective coating for an individual nutrient ; addition of antioxidants ; control of temperature , Vitamin A Vitamin A is a critical micronutrient , essential for night vision and for the maintenance of skin and mucosal integrity . An early sign of vitamin A deficiency is night - blindness . Severe vitamin A deficiency may result in permanent blindness . Vitamin A deficiency is still a major nutritional problem in Indonesia as well as in many other parts of the world . The main intervention programmes against vitamin A deficiency administered by the Indonesian government are nutrition education , distribution of vitamin A capsules , and fortification of selected widely consumed foods . Fortification of foods with vitamin A has been shown to be a very promising strategy . A pilot project on vitamin A fortification of monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) in three provinces has resulted in reduction of the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency . Further developments are dependent on overcoming the colour changes caused by fortification of MSG with vitamin A . Other foods , such as palm oil and noodles , have also been considered as carriers for vitamin A . Vitamin A occurs in many forms , such as retinol ( alcohol ) , retinal ( aldehyde ) , retinyl acetate or retinyl palmitate ( esters ) , and provitamin A carotenoids ( b - carotene , a - carotene , etc . ) . Vitamin A is relatively unstable under normal storage conditions , particularly in harsh environments . The instability is mostly due to its chemical structure , which contains many double bonds susceptible to degradation ( fig . 2 ) . To minimize the degradation of vitamin A , several approaches have been introduced . Since vitamin A is sensitive to atmospheric oxygen ( the alcohol form of vitamin A is less stable than the esters ) , it is normally available commercially as a preparation protected by a coating that includes antioxidant ( s ) . According to Murphy [ 3 ] , there has been only one major supplier of vitamin A ( as retinyl palmitate or acetate ) for food fortification , Hoffman - La Roche of Switzerland . Table 1 lists the major formulations that are or Antioxidants that maybe added to vitamin A premixes are butylated hydroxyanisole ( BHA ) , butylated hydroxytoluene ( BHT ) , and a - tocopherols ( vitamin E ) . The use of vitamin E as an antioxidant is gaining popularity . Trace metals ( especially iron and copper ) and ultraviolet light accelerate the degradation of vitamin A . The stability of vitamin A is also affected by acidity . Below a pH of 5.0 , vitamin A is very unstable . Iron and iodine Iron deficiency is the most widespread nutritional problem in the world . In Indonesia the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women , children under five years of age , and women workers is 64 % , 55 % , and 30 % , respectively . Iron deficiency has adverse effects on resistance to infection , morbidity and mortality from infectious disease , learning processes , behaviour , physical condition , and productivity . One important factor that should be carefully assessed in the preparation of mineral premixes ( as ingredients for food fortification ) is the type of salt to be fortified . Iron is usually supplied in the form of ferric phosphate , ferric pyrophosphate , ferric sodium pyrophosphate , ferrous gluconate , ferrous lactate , ferrous sulphate , or reduced iron ( table 2 ) , whereas iodine is normally supplied in the form of potassium iodide or iodate . FIG . 1 . Factors influencing the stability of nutrients FIG . 2 . Chemical structure of vitamin A alcohol and b - carotene TABLE 1 . Commercial vitamin A preparations available from Hoffman - La Roche Type Ingredients Food application 250 CWS Retinyl palmitate , acacia , sugar , modified food starch , BHT , BHA , sodium benzoate , - tocopherol Non - fat dry milk , dehydrated foods , dry cereals , beverage powders to be reconstituted before use 250 S Retinyl palmitate , gelatin , sorbitol - modified food starch , sodium citrate , corn syrup , ascorbic acid , coconut oil , BHT , - tocopherol , silicon dioxide , BHA Dry mix and fluid milk products 250 SD Retinyl palmitate , acacia , lactose , coconut oil , BHT , sodium benzoate , sorbic acid , silicon dioxide , BHA Foods and baked products , dehydrated potato flakes , dry milk 500 Retinyl palmitate , gelatin , invert sugar , tricalcium phosphate , BHT , BHA , sodium benzoate , sorbic acid , sodium bisulphite Dry mix and fluid milk products Emulsified RP Sucrose - retinyl palmitate emulsion in water Tea leaves Oil Retinyl palmitate , BHA , BHT None Source : ref . 4 . Abbreviations : BHT , butylated hydroxytoluene ; BHA , butylated hydroxyanisole ; CWS , cold water soluble ; RP , retinyl palmitate . TABLE 2 . Selected iron sources currently used in food fortification Compound Other common name Formula Iron content ( g / kg ) RBV Ferric phosphate Ferric orthophosphate FePO 4 Γ xH 2 O 280 3 - 46 Ferric pyrophosphate Iron pyrophosphate Fe 4 ( P 2 O 7 3 Γ 9H 250 45 Ferric sodium pyrophosphate Sodium iron pyrophosphate FeNaP 3 Γ 2H 150 14 Ferric ammonium citrate Fe x NH ( C 6 H 8 7 x 170 107 Ferrous fumarate Fe ( C H 330 95 Ferrous gluconate Fe ( C 6 12 X c 120 97 Ferrous lactate 5 Γ 3H 380 Ferrous sulphate FeSO Γ 7H 320 100 C Iron Elemental iron , ferrum reductum , metallic iron 1,000 Reduced iron , H or CO process 960 34 Reduced iron , electrolytic 970 50 Reduced iron , carbonyl 980 67 Source : ref . 4 . RBV denotes relative biological value . Iron - deficient rats are cured of iron deficiency by feeding them either a test iron sample or a reference dose of ferrous sulphate . The cure is measured by haemoglobin or packed - cell volume repletion in the rats β blood , and the bioavailability of the samples is reported against a value of 100 for ferrous sulphate . Thus , any iron sample that is less available than ferrous sulphate will have an RBV of less than 100 . b . Ferric orthophosphate contains from one to four molecules of hydration . c . The precise structures of the iron salts are uncertain . The following chemical and physical factors should be checked thoroughly in the formulation for food fortification , especially for iron : Β» Solubility : ferrous salts are more soluble than ferric salts . Β» Oxidative state : ferrous salts can be utilized more efficiently than ferric salts ; however , ferrous salts are also more reactive in food systems . Β» Ability to form complexes : ferric iron generally has a greater tendency to form complexes than ferrous iron ; the formation of complexes will greatly reduce iron bioavailability . Effect of processing on the stability of added nutrients The stability of nutrients is affected by many chemical and physical factors ( fig . 1 ) . Consequently , processing parameters must be selected and controlled during the processing of fortified food to minimize nutrient losses . Compared with vitamins , minerals ( iron and iodine ) are very stable under extreme processing conditions . The primary mechanism of loss of minerals is through leaching of water - soluble materials [ 1 ] . Vitamin A , on the other hand , is very labile in the processing environment . Figure 3 illustrates the possibilities for the degradation of vitamin A ( especially in its provitamin form - carotene ) . Vitamin A is both oxygen and temperature sensitive . Borenstain [ 6 ] and Ottaway [ 7 ] have both reported that vitamin A ( and also - carotene ) added to foods is sensitive to oxidative damage . In the form of retinol , vitamin A is more labile than its ester form ; for this reason , vitamin A esters are usually used for food fortification , as illustrated by the list in table 1 . Table 3 shows the stability of vitamin A in pasteurized , multivitamin - supplemented orange juice . Vitamin A was slightly degraded during the first two months of storage . Vitamin A activity was much more stable when the vitamin was added as - carotene . The stability of vitamin A is also strongly affected by pH . At a pH of less than 5 , vitamin A is susceptible to oxidation . At low pH , vitamin A tends to isomerize from the trans to the cis configuration , which has a lower vitamin activity . The problem of low pH is encountered especially during juice processing . Fruit juices usually have a low pH ( about 3.0 ) . To compensate for low pH , carbonation , which expels oxygen , may be used to stabilize vitamin A . TABLE 3 . Degradation of vitamin A during processing and storage of pasteurized , multivitamin - supplemented orange juice Amount of vitamin A - IU / 100 ml ( % of initial value ) Form of vitamin A Added Total initial 2 mo 6 mo Retinol - Carotene 219 232 ( 100 ) 168 ( 72 ) 163 ( 70 ) 175 191 ( 100 ) 203 ( 100 ) 180 ( 94 ) FIG . 3 . Degradation pathway of - carotene [ 5 ] Effect of high - temperature treatment on nutrient ( vitamin ) stability Because high temperatures may be used in the manufacture of fortified foods , measures must be taken to minimize losses from thermal degradation . Drying is a processing method that uses high temperatures , and it has many applications in the manufacturing of fortified food . Drying is usually performed using several combinations of time and temperature , such as 9 to 12 hours at 50 Β° C , 2 to 3 hours at 95 Β° C , or 2 to 5 seconds at 140 Β° C . To minimize nutrient losses , the use of lower combinations of time Oven drying is the most common method . Pasta products , for example , may be dried in an oven for 9 to 12 hours at 50 Β° C or for 2 to 3 hours at 95 Β° C . O β Brien and Roberton [ 8 ] reported that - carotene was more stable than the ester form of vitamin A during oven drying . During the processing of macaroni , oven drying for 9 to 12 hours at 50 Β° C resulted in a 14 % loss of vitamin A . However , the same treatment caused the loss of only approximately 5 % of - carotene . Furthermore , drying for 3 to 5 hours at 95 Β° C caused the destruction of 23 % of vitamin A but only 8 % of - carotene . Drum drying is often used for manufacturing fortified food in powdered form . The advantage of drum drying over conventional oven drying is that higher temperatures can be used with a processing time of only 2 to 30 seconds . The combination of high temperature and short time ( HTST ) maximizes nutrient retention . Furthermore , the drum dryer is usually used for liquid food slurries . Hence , the material may reach a very high temperature as it forms a film over the drum surface . The formation of this film during drying may offer some protection to the nutrients from oxidative damage , especially in comparison with similar HTST processes , such as the extrusion process . Table 4 shows that the retention of nutrients is much better during drum / roller drying than extrusion processing because of the film formation [ 8 ] . Spray drying is another technique that can be used for manufacturing fortified food . Besides time - temperature combinations , other measures to prevent or minimize the contact of sprayed food products with oxygen need to be applied . During spray drying , a fine spray of food is introduced into the drying chamber where it encounters a stream of hot air , which produces rapid drying . The spraying process greatly increases the contact of the food with oxygen , thus accelerating oxidative damage . Several ways to minimize oxidative damage have been introduced , including the addition of antioxidants and the application of coating materials and capsulation . Coating material can be applied by using sucrose in a raw material formulation . Johnson et al . [ 9 ] showed that a Coating containing at least 10 % sucrose was needed to offer good protection from oxidative attack during spray drying . They also noted that , if possible , addition of 15 % to 20 % of sucrose to the raw material formulation is desirable , since it offers greater protection from oxidation TABLE 4 . Vitamin losses : extrusion vs . roller drying Losses Vitamin A Vitamin C Quantity added per 100 g dry material 2,932 IU 71.8 mg Loss with extrusion ( % ) Process loss 62.4 8.2 Storage loss 6 mo 75.0 31.1 12 mo 85.3 45.2 Loss with roller drying ( % ) Process loss 26.2 9.2 Storage loss 39.2 24.2 12 mo 60.6 37.0 Source : ref . 8 . To minimize the deterioration caused by oxidation during drying , nutrients may be added after drying . This has been done in milk fortification , in which dry premixes containing the nutrient at the desired level were used . This process ( fig . 4 ) is relatively simple and efficient , but requires extra mixing equipment . Another food - processing operation that uses high temperatures is the extrusion process . Extrusion is very popular for manufacturing snack foods and ready - to - eat breakfast cereals . Extrusion has several advantages over other methods , since it is a very versatile process that includes several operations at once : mixing , cooking , and forming . Several parameters are important in determining the quality of the final product , including temperature ( 100 Β° to 140 Β° C or higher ) , moisture content , coating system , and oxygen , as well as other parameters FIG . 4 . Fortification of spray - dried milk with vitamins Stability of nutrients and proper labelling Increased consumer awareness of healthy eating has forced food producers to disclose information about the composition of their products on the label . With fortified foods , the amount of the added nutrient declared on the label is very important . To meet label claims within a realistic shelf life , manufacturers must study the behaviour and kinetics of nutrient degradation thoroughly . To make correct claims about the nutrient content of a product on its label , the amount of the added nutrient should actually be more than that amount stated or declared on the label . The difference between the formulated and the declared levels is known as overage . Overage = ( amount of nutrient present in the product - amount declared on the label ) / amount declared on the label Γ 100 . The overage will vary according to the inherent stability of the nutrients , the conditions under which the food is prepared and packaged , and the anticipated shelf life of the product . Thus , the more labile or unstable nutrients , such as vitamin A , generally require high overages . Table 5 shows examples of vitamin A overages used in three different products . An overage of 25 % means that if the declared amount of vitamin A is , for example , 20 mg per gram of product , then the input level or the amount of The shelf life and the declared amount of a nutrient on the label ( based on the amount of the nutrient remaining at the end of a product β s shelf life ) can be determined by several methods , one of which is Arrhenius β method as described by Labuza and Riboh [ 11 ] . The kinetics of nutrient degradation can be modelled as zero or first - order kinetics [ 12 ] . Using a simple kinetic model [ 11 , 12 ] , we can predict the shelf life and the overages of a particular nutrient . Table 6 compares the nutrient losses predicted by Arrhenius β model with the actual amounts lost . Another aspect of labelling of fortified foods is the claim for nutrients . In the United Kingdom , for example , if a claim is made on the label that a food is a β rich β or β excellent β source of a particular vitamin or mineral , the daily food portion ( described as β the quantity of food that can reasonably be expected to be consumed in a day β ) must contain at least half of the recommended dietary allowance ( RDA ) for that nutrient [ 2 ] . For the requirements of other countries TABLE 5 . Vitamin A overages in three products Product Shelf life ( mo ) Overage ( % ) Milk - based fortified drink powder 12 25 Fortified meal replacement bar 45 Multivitamin tablet 30 60 Conclusion Food fortification is a nutritional intervention programme with a specifically defined target population , and its effectiveness is measured by whether or not the fortified food is accepted , purchased , and consumed by that population . The success of a food - fortification programme is measured by whether or not the nutrition and health status of the targeted population has been improved . Therefore , several important aspects should be carefully assessed in the development of a food - fortification programme , such as determining nutrient stability under normal conditions of storage and use . From the technical point Many factors may cause serious nutrient degradation . Consequently , the proper technology to minimize losses needs to be implemented . Some strategies for stabilizing nutrient content include the application of protective coating for the individual nutrient ; the addition of antioxidants ; the control of temperature , moisture , and pH ; and protection from air , light , and incompatible metals during processing and storage . The stability of nutrients and the conditions under which fortified foods are prepared , manufactured , and packaged will affect the shelf life of the product and , concomitantly , the nutrient overages . The degree of nutrient degradation in food and the length of the shelf life will govern the level of overage . The degree of nutrient degradation can be determined by several methods , one of which is the relatively simple Arrhenius method , which can be used to predict the shelf life and the overages of a particular nutrient . TABLE 6 . Vitamin losses ( % ) after six months of storage at 20 Β° C and 75 % relative humidity Vitamin Predicted from Arrhenius β model Analysed after storage Vitamin C 24.0 23.0 Vitamin A preparation 15.0 10.0 Folic acid 8.1 7.4 Vitamin B 9.2 7.7 Source : ref . 11 . References 1 . Tannenbaum SR , Young VR . Minerals . In : Tannenbaum SR , ed . Nutritional and safety aspects of food processing . New York : Marcel Dekker , 1979 : 139 - 52 . 2 . Richardson DP . Food fortification . In : Ottaway PB , ed . Technology of vitamins in foods . Glasgow , Scotland : Blackie Academic & Professional , 1993 : 233 - 45 . 3 . Murphy PA . Technology of vitamin A fortification of foods in developing countries . Food Technol 1996 ; 50 ( 9 ) : 69 - 74 . 4 . Richardson DP . Iron fortification in foods and drinks . Chem Ind 1983 ; 13 : 498 - 501 . 5 . Archer MC , Tannenbaum SR . Vitamins . In : Tannenbaum SR , ed . Nutritional and safety aspects of food processing . New York : Marcel Dekker , 1979 . 6 . Borenstain B . Technology of fortification . In : Tannenbaum SR , ed . Nutritional and safety aspects of food processing . New York : Marcel Dekker , 1979 : 217 - 31 . 7 . Ottaway PB . Stability of vitamins in food . In : Ottaway PB , ed . Technology of vitamins in foods . Glasgow , Scotland : Blackie Academic & Professional , 1993 : 90 - 113 . 8 . O β Brien A , Roberton D . Vitamin fortification of foods ( specific applications ) . In : Ottaway PB , ed . Technology of vitamins in foods . Glasgow , Scotland : Blackie Academic & Professional , 1993 : 114 - 42 . 9 . Johnson LE , Gordon HT , Borenstain B . Technology of breakfast cereal fortification . Cereal World 1988 ; 33 : 278 - 330 . 10 . Schlude M . The stability of vitamins in extrusion cooking . In : O β Connor C , ed . Extrusion technology for the food industry . London : Elsevier Applied Science , 1987 . 11 . Labuza TP , Riboh D . Theory and application of Arrhenius β kinetics to the prediction of nutrient losses in food . Food Technol 1982 ; 36 ( 2 ) : 66 - 74 . 12 . Labuza TP . Open shelf life dating of foods . Westport , Conn , USA : Food and Nutrition Press , 1982 . | [
"food fortification",
"Bogor Agricultural University",
"Indonesia"
] |
http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu21le/uu21le0g.htm | This is the old United Nations University website . Visit the new site at http : / / unu . edu The reconstruction process To some degree , the reconstruction process exhibits predictable characteristics . These include the tendency for damaged cities and industries to be rebuilt on the same sites , continuation of pre - war trends in population growth and urban expansion , continuation of predominance of certain industries , and continuation of previous social stratification patterns ( Haas , Kates , and Bowden 1977 ) . The tendency for a society to return to the status quo ante after war can be explained by two powerful forces - fear of change ( particularly in a society that has already seen so much negative transformation ) and the desire of those who control existing institutions to hold onto power . If market mechanisms are relied upon too heavily during post - war reconstruction , class cleavages may become even more pronounced than before the war . Underprivileged members of society are the most vulnerable in a disaster : they are the least likely to live in well - constructed shelters that may survive attacks , and the least likely An acceptable reconstruction process - much like an appropriate reconstruction strategy - will , of course , vary from case to case . Further research into the critically important properties of post - war reconstruction will provide societies with better information for decision - making . The following set of hypotheses is based on existing literature and the author ' s experience with disaster planning and post - war reconstruction , and is offered as a framework for further analysis . 1 . Reconstruction tends to become politicized and factionalism tends to delay the reconstruction of war - damaged areas . War simultaneously places demands on a country ' s resources and increases public expectations of post - war economic improvements . The shortages that occur generate societal tension and intensify pressure on the state to implement immediate corrective measures . Factions struggle over reconstruction strategy ( planned versus market approach ) and there is reduced political will for reconstruction of war - damaged areas . Although there is general agreement about the need to resolve economic crises , political factionalism may prevent specific measures from being implemented . Environmental disasters - including those that are connected with industries - 2 . Reconstruction is essential therapy for a wounded society . Social therapy centres on people rebuilding their communities , both physically and emotionally , and this process can succeed only if there is a national commitment to healing . Long - term habitability must become a priority and the guiding goal of the reconstruction . 3 . Enforcement of legal safety codes and provision of social insurance are essential to reconstruction . This is particularly true when industrial hazards are pervasive and environmental degradation has become threatening . The immediate post - war period generates high emotions and pressures for rapid response , and there is an understandable tendency toward quick fixes . However , quick fixes may ultimately be much more costly than more comprehensive repairs . Unsafe industrial sites and poorly reconstructed buildings pose dangerous hazards for reconstruction workers and residents , with both moral and material consequences . 4 . Just as reconstruction after natural disaster must be used to prepare for or mitigate the effects of the next disaster , so must postwar reconstruction be used to reduce the risk of another war and its consequent industrial hazards by incorporating the causes of the war into the strategy itself . In addition to war - reduction strategies , a nation must also adopt preventive strategies that reduce industrial hazard . Therefore , national and industrial security schemes , and defensive and preventive measures , become major components of the post - war reconstruction . These measures are best achieved by emphasizing peace and by renouncing war as a means to settle dispute . Several strategies can be used to operationalize this goal . First , there must be wide recognition of the fact that a good defence policy must be based on diplomacy , as well as on the 5 . War damage , industrial hazards , and reconstruction needs must be carefully determined and assessed . An assessment of war damage and industrial hazards requires an interdisciplinary approach , for damage and hazard situations differ in terms of their physical and chemical nature , the social consequences they generate , and the economic feasibility of their repair and clean - ups . Skilled professionals in all disciplines , as well as the population at large , must join together to form a consensus on rebuilding priorities . Record keeping of damage and hazards is essential . Among other things , carefully kept records of damage avoid confusion over ownership and provide help in determining compensation 6 . Existing and potential resources for reconstruction and cleanups must be quickly identified and mobilized . The mobilization of resources must begin with an identification of their type , quality , amount , distribution , costs , function , ease of use , and impact . Indigenous resources must be distinguished from external resources , and these resources must be weighed in terms of their potential to cause dependency , unwanted control over development , and uneven development . After resources are identified and analysed , they must be mobilized . Mobilization will depend largely on government action , but can effectively be augmented through the utilization of grass - roots organizations such as self 7 . Successful reconstruction and hazard reduction depend on accurate timing . Speed is essential in harnessing political will and public enthusiasm before allocation of dwindling resources induces pessimism . The first step in post - disaster planning is an analysis to determine the cause and consequences of the disaster . The optimal time for reconstruction and clean - ups is after the war , when people are returning to war - damaged areas and can be involved in the process . The best time to plan , however , is during the war so that the nation is ready to rebuild as soon as the war is over . It is 8 . Reconstruction should be defined , planned , and implemented in stages . According to existing literature about disaster planning , the main stages are emergency , restoration , replacement , and developmental reconstruction ( Amirahmadi 1990b : 268 ) . These stages are not necessarily chronological , nor are they mutually exclusive . The duration of each stage will vary according to the scale of the disaster , the level of commitment to clean - up and reconstruction , and the ability of a society to cope with the disaster and to formulate strategies . Other factors include availability of resources and the government ' s ability to mobilize them , The goal of the emergency stage is to cope with the disaster and to help victims survive . The urgency of this stage precludes any real planning ; in this case the planning must come before the disaster . It includes such activities as search , rescue , mass feeding , clearance of debris , paramedical help , and provision of shelter and other basic needs for the victim . The primary resources for the emergency stage are community emergency services and self - help , although international relief agencies often may provide assistance . The emergency stage overlaps with The goal of the replacement stage is to return the community to its predisaster state through the creation of permanent housing , the return of displaced persons , resumption of public services , revival of industries , and the creation of jobs . This stage requires substantial comprehensive planning as well as massive resources . It should be followed - or even accompanied - by a fourth stage , developmental reconstruction , in which the goal is to develop the community beyond the pre - disaster level . Combining policy and resources for the replacement and development stages may mitigate 9 . Reconstruction and hazard removal must be properly and efficiently managed . The government must , of course , assume ultimate responsibility for management , yet certain local functions could be assumed by grass - roots organizations . A comprehensive management system can be embodied in one of three forms of government bureaucracy - establishment of a specialized new ministry for reconstruction and disaster planning , creation of reconstruction and disaster - management offices within the existing ministries , or formation of a headquarters within the executive office for the jobs . 10 . Progress made toward reconstruction and clean - up must be documented and evaluated . Results should be periodically published in academic and professional , as well as popular , media . Evaluation of reconstruction and hazard - removal activities should be undertaken by independent agencies that have access to key governmental data and policies but remain outside the government ' s sphere of direct influence . Improving recovery and policy implications This chapter has analysed the relationship of war , community destruction , and industrial disaster in terms of Iran ' s experience . It has shown how particular issues of recovery from industrial disasters became caught up in broader concerns of recovery from more encompassing damage to the community , and it has highlighted the role of macroeconomic planning issues . Further , the chapter has explored interconnections among local - level reconstruction priorities and national - level goals , demonstrating how - in Iran ' s case - the latter became dominant in the course of post - war Iran ' s experience suggests that the process of planning for industrial hazards must take into consideration the context of wartime economic damage . After a war , the knowledge that destruction was the intent of an aggressor puts recovery and reconstruction initiatives in a special light . Perceptions of military and diplomatic security become crucial to the process of national rehabilitation . Demoralization that accompanies war has the potential to thwart the industrial rebuilding process , particularly if such efforts are already hampered by an absence of sufficient resources , or if the frontier of impact is subject to Moreover , because the impact of war is more complex and pervasive than that of natural disasters or peacetime industrial disasters , post - war reconstruction is an especially challenging task . For example , after an industrial disaster , affected facilities are usually either repaired and reopened with or without improvements - or are closed down , abandoned , or removed . In either case , explicit and swift decisions about the future of these facilities are generally taken by owners and governments . During wars , the same facilities may continue to operate in an impaired state for The process of maintaining a war effort and the process of post - war reconstruction are links in the same chain , and that chain is forged of materials and money . Wars cost phenomenal amounts of money , while war damage is precisely calculated to reduce an enemy ' s capacity to finance a war . The war effort often absorbs so much government revenue that there are few reserves left for reconstruction or clean - up work . Lack of funding for relief , hazard reduction , and reconstruction becomes particularly severe if the nations engaged in war Iran ' s experience provides insights about the components of a model of disaster - impact assessment and recovery for war - damaged societies , helps to specify possible obstacles to reconstruction , and suggests ways of improving implementation . However , if the conceptual framework developed in this chapter were to be applied to Iran , it would force the government to become more concerned with industrial hazards and ways of recovering from them than has been the case so far . Unfortunately , Iran ' s relative neglect of industrial hazards in the larger recovery process is not Notes 1 . Some overviews of the war provide sketchy information about the war ' s impact on Iraq ' s population and environment . See , for example , Kubba ( 1993 ) . 2 . That treaty had been based on principles of " territorial integrity , the inviolability of borders , and noninterference in internal affairs . " It was intended to settle political and territorial disputes between the two governments and to ensure shared sovereignty over the Shatt - al - Arab waterway , which provides both countries with vital access to the Persian Gulf . President Hussein proclaimed that he had ample justification for annulling the treaty because Iran had allegedly broken it by refusing to relinquish territorial rights and by interfering in Iraq ' s internal affairs . In retrospect 3 . The Persian Gulf is a long , shallow , relatively narrow , semi - enclosed sea that receives only limited freshwater inputs from rivers and possesses weak flushing currents . The entire system is readily disrupted by pollutants . The weak tidal currents prevent rapid dissipation of contaminants , which remain in the water - the non - volatile components of oil falling to the bottom and continuing to cause damage for many years . The food chain , which normally sustains 250 species of fish and approximately 140 species of migrating birds , is severely threatened . High 4 . The tally of direct economic damage may be slightly inflated because the government ' s Immediate concern was to provide compensation . Any inflation attributable to this cause is likely to be offset by the absence of some types of real economic costs , such as environmental consequences , concessions given to regional allies , increased insurance costs , and the psychological and socio - cultural costs of the war ( Amirahmadi 1992a : 69 ) . 5 . The World Bank responded by giving a few small loans to Iran for reconstruction of earthquakedamaged areas ( $ 250 million ) and for improving urban infrastructure ( $ 67 million ) . In 1993 , another loan for $ 162 million was approved for the expansion of a power - generating plant in Qum city . IMF and the Bank have helped the Iranian government to formulate an economic stabilization programme but have not as yet responded to requests for a major loan . Regional authorities , such as the Organization of Islamic Conference , the Arab League 6 . Ecological restoration should guide the other goals and take priority because it underpins human health ; in other words , restoration of human health and long - term environmental habitability are preconditions for the general revival of society . Plans and projects must be drawn up for environmental clean - up and removal of hazardous situations in various economic sectors , industries in particular , where such hazards tend to pose health problems and create obstacles for rebuilding . Achieving economic vitality is a two - part process which hinges , first , on making the most of available References Amirahmadi , Hooshang . 1987 . " Destruction and reconstruction : A strategy for the war damaged areas of Iran . " International Journal of Disaster Studies and Practice 11 ( 2 ) : 134 - 147 . Amirahmadi , Hooshang . 1990a . " Economic reconstruction of Iran : Costing the war damage . " Third World Quarterly 12 ( 1 ) : 26 - 47 . Amirahmadi , Hooshang . 1990b . Revolution and Economic Transition . Albany , New York : State University of New York Press . Amirahmadi , Hooshang . 1992a . " Economic costs of the war and the reconstruction in Iran . " In : Cyrus Bina and Hamid Zangeneh , eds . Modern Capitalism and Islamic Ideology in Iran . New York : St . Martin ' s Press . Amirahmadi , Hooshang . 1992b . " Economic destruction and imbalances in post - revolutionary Iran . " In : H . Amirahmadi and N . Entessar , eds . Reconstruction and Regional Diplomacy in the Persian Gulf . London : Routledge . Athari , Djamal . 1991 . " Revolutionary changes and post - war reconstruction in Iran . " In : Reviving War Damaged Settlements . A Report and Charter prepared in connection with the Third International York Workshop on Settlement Reconstruction Post - War , 22 - 24 July 1991 . York : University of York , Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies , Post - War Reconstruction and Development Unit , p . 14 . Cordesman , Anthony H . 1990 . The Lessons of Modern War . Boulder : Westview Press . El - Baz , Farouk , and R.M. Makharita . 1994 . The Gulf War and the Environment . New York : Gordon and Breach Science Publishers . Haas , J . Eugene , Robert W . Kates , and Martyn J . Bowden ( eds . ) . 1977 . Reconstruction Following Disaster . Cambridge , Mass . : Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press . Hawley , T.M. 1992 . Against the Fires of Hell : The Environmental Disaster of the Gulf War . New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . Jochnick , Chris A.F. , and Roger Normand . " A critical look at the law of war : Lessons from the Persian Gulf war . " Unpublished paper in file with the author . Authors of the article are Co - Editor in Chief and Executive Editor of the Harvard Human Rights Journal Kubba , Laith . 1993 . " The war ' s impact on Iraq . " In : Farhang Rajaee , ed . The Iran - Iraq War : The Politics of Aggression . Gainesville : University of Florida Press , pp . 47 - 54 . Mofid , Kamran . 1990 . " Iran : War , destruction and reconstruction . " In : Charles Davies , ed . After the War : Iran , Iraq and the Arab Gulf . Chichester : Carden Publications , pp . 117 - 141 . Plan and Budget Organization , Islamic Republic of Iran . 1991 . Final Report on the Assessment of the Economic Damages of the War Imposed by Iraq on the Islamic Republic of Iran ( 1980 - 1988 ) . Teheran : Centre for Socio - Economic Documentation and Publications . Shemirani , Taheri . 1993 . " The war of the cities . " In : Farhang Rajaee , ed . The Iran - lraq War : The Politics of Aggression . Gainesville : University of Florida Press , pp . 32 - 40 . SIPRI ( Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ) . 1977 . Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Environment . New York : Crane , Russak , and Company . SIPRI ( Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ) . 1980 . Warfare in a Fragile World : Military Impact on the Human Environment . London : Taylor and Francis . United Nations Secretary - General . 1991a . " Report on Iran ' s reconstruction efforts in the wake of the conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq . " 24 December . United Nations Secretary - General . 1991b . " Report on the scope and nature of damage inflicted on the Kuwaiti infrastructure during the Iraqi occupation . " 26 April . Walker , A.R. 1989 . " Recessional and Gulf War impacts on port development and shipping in the Gulf states in the 1980s . " GeoJournal 18 ( 3 ) : 273 - 284 . Winnefeld , James A . , and Mary E . Morris . 1994 . Where Environmental Concerns and Security Strategies Meet : Green Conflict in Asia and the Middle East . Santa Monica : Rand . Zargar , Akbar , and Mohsen Poor . 1991 . " City reconstruction : The case of Khoramshar , Iran . " In : Reviving War Damaged Settlements . A Report and Charter prepared in connection with the Third International York Workshop on Settlement Reconstruction Post - War , 22 - 24 July 1991 . York : University of York , Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies , Post - War Reconstruction and Development Unit , p . 10 . Contents Previous Next | [
"reconstruction process",
"predictable characteristics",
"policy implications"
] |
http://archive.wceruw.org/cl1/CL/question/TQ13.htm | " What ' s the difference between collaborative and cooperative learning ? " The terms collaborative learning and cooperative learning sometimes are used interchangeably . This is reasonable , as both favor small - group active student participation over passive , lecture - based teaching and each require a specific task to be completed . Each strategy inherently supports a discovery based approach to learning . The two methods assign various group roles though collaborative learning can have fewer roles assigned . In both situations , student members are required to possess group skills though cooperative learning may include this as a instructional goal . Each plan comes with a framework upon which However , practioners point out that these two terms are different . Rockwood ( Rockwood , 1995a , 1995b ) characterizes the differences between these methodologies as one of knowledge and power : Cooperative learning is the methodology of choice for foundational knowledge ( i.e . , traditional knowledge ) while collaborative learning is connected to the social constructionist ' s view that knowledge is a social construct . He further distinguishes these approaches by the instructor ' s role : In cooperative learning the instructor is the center of authority in the class , with group tasks usually more closed - ended and often having specific answers . In contrast , with collaborative learning the instructor abdicates his or her authority and empowers the small groups who are often given more open - ended , complex tasks . Rockwood uses both approaches depending on the Cooper , J . , and Robinson , P . ( 1998 ) . " Small group instruction in science , mathematics , engineering , and technology . " Journal of College Science Teaching 27 : 383 . MacGregor , J . ( 1990 ) . " Collaborative learning : Shared inquiry as a process of reform " In Svinicki , M . D . ( Ed . ) , The changing face of college teaching , New Directions for Teaching and Learning No . 42 . Rockwood , H . S . III ( 1995a ) . " Cooperative and collaborative learning " The national teaching & learning forum , 4 ( 6 ) , 8 - 9 . Rockwood , H . S . III ( 1995b ) . " Cooperative and collaborative learning " The national teaching & learning forum , 5 ( 1 ) , 8 - 10 . Smith , B . L . , and MacGregor , J . T . ( 1992 ) . " What is collaborative learning ? " In Goodsell , A . S . , Maher , M . R . , and Tinto , V . , Eds . ( 1992 ) , Collaborative Learning : A Sourcebook for Higher Education . National Center on Postsecondary Teaching , Learning , & Assessment , Syracuse University . | [
"collaborative learning",
"cooperative learning",
"difference"
] |
http://archive2.tivocommunity.com/tivo-vb/showthread.php?t=273019 | 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 03 PM 1 Print GameGuru Registered User Join Date : Dec 2003 Location : Minnesota Posts : 1,102 Arby ' s Liquid / Paste Roast Beef . . . the rumor is no longer a rumor ! As some of you might know from past posts I was recently hired as the assistant manager of a new Arby ' s coming into my town but for the last 2 months I have been working at an Arby ' s in the city getting ready for it ( and living out of a motel the entire time and that sucks ) . Anyways , I had never heard the liquid meat rumor before starting at Arby ' s and when I saw it for the first time I was in shock . It is actually a meat paste , not liquid but even that is bad . The " meat " is poured into bags and a few solid chunks of roast beef is dropped into it and then it is flash frozen . Once thawed and ready to go into the oven it is like a stiff icing on a cake . You can actually dip your finger in it and Why I am writing this here is I have been trying to find pictures of the beef on the internet to no avail but there has to be some , I ca n ' t be the only one who works there that has thought about taking a picture . I would do it myself but I am never alone in the store and I am sure this would be frowned upon . Anyone know of a site with pictures of the beef in a thawed state ? Last edited by GameGuru : 11 - 25 - 2005 at 01 : 14 PM Report Post 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 06 PM 2 Print edhara Healing Join Date : Feb 2002 Location : Rancho Santa Margarita , CA Posts : 17,401 That just sounds freakish . So you ' re saying that the " roast beef " that they chop up and stuff is actually like some kind of baked , coagulated paste ? Do n ' t make me smack you - pianoman Online gig calendar ! - updated Feb . 12th Report Post 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 07 PM 3 Neenahboy Registered User Join Date : Apr 2004 Location : Neenah , WI Posts : 8,242 Cue rhuntington ' s EWWWWWWWWWWW ! 27 days until my 18th birthday ! 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 12 PM 4 DaveBogart Join Date : Jan 2002 Location : Golden , CO Posts : 6,234 I kind of figured they were n ' t using real meat as they did many years ago . Those who never tasted Arby ' s when they were new ca n ' t understand why anybody would say that an Arby ' s roast beef sandwhich today tastes terrible and has the consistancy of rubber . 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 12 PM 5 GameGuru Join Date : Dec 2003 Location : Minnesota Posts : 1,102 Yeah , the bags are filled with a meat paste ( pureed roast beef and maybe some other stuff ) and some solid chucks of roast beef are dropped into it and settle around the middle . Then it is frozen and delivered to the stores who in turn thaw them in the cooler , that takes 2 to 3 days . We cut the top and sides of the bag and peel the top of the bag back and flip the open side on some tin foil then peel the rest of the bag off the beef and " 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 13 PM 6 waruwaru Ultrasensitive Join Date : Mar 2002 Location : California Posts : 2,383 Snopes think it ' s BS . . . You should bring a camera and take a pic / short - video . 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 14 PM 7 stujac Blue Maven Join Date : Jan 2002 Location : Glenside , PA Posts : 906 That ' s bizzare . I worked at an Arby ' s many , many moons ago ( ' 73 ) and the meat came shrink - wrapped . It looked sort - of like a roast beef . Anyway , I still love it . Here ' s a bit of trivia about things liquid - the french fries used to be a mix , added to water , sent through a press - type machine and then fried . I hated them . They were liquid . This thing about the meat being liquid is just bizzare . 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 18 PM 8 Yeah I have seen many sites in my searches of pictures claiming this is false . All I can tell you is I am not lying . There has to be other Arby ' s employess past and present on this forum , come on all and back me up . I will try to get pictures when a time becomes available to me in the future . I do n ' t think it is supposed to be a secret because they do n ' t tell anyone to keep a secret so I do n ' t know . 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 19 PM 9 rhuntington3 Howdy ! Join Date : Apr 2001 Location : Richardson , TX Posts : 17,626 If true , then EWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW ! ! ! ! My Guide to Good Thread in Happy Hour See what I see . Visit my Gallery . 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 21 PM 10 edhara Healing Join Date : Feb 2002 Location : Rancho Santa Margarita , CA Posts : 17,401 Quote : Originally Posted by stujac That ' s bizzare . I worked at an Arby ' s many , many moons ago ( ' 73 ) and the meat came shrink - wrapped . It looked sort - of like a roast beef . Anyway , I still love it . Here ' s a bit of trivia about things liquid - the french fries used to be a mix , added to water , sent through a press - type machine and then fried . I hated them . They were liquid . This thing about the meat being liquid is just bizzare . They should just save the time and effort by mixing the meat paste with the fry paste then deep frying the mix together . Pour into a cup , add straw , and serve . MMMMmmmm . . . . meatshake . Do n ' t make me smack you - pianoman Online gig calendar ! - updated Feb . 12th 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 21 PM 11 Inundated Barely Tolerated Join Date : Sep 2003 Location : Northeast Ohio Posts : 10,099 True or not , the OP working for the company , and posting this with his picture next to his messages . . .may not be the smartest idea , frankly . 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 22 PM 12 AJRitz BCLF Generalissimo Join Date : Mar 2002 Location : Overland Park , KS Posts : 7,327 Shades of the Doublemeat Palace ? TCF - The Century Foundation | TCF - The Compassionate Friends | TCF - Toronto Community Foundation TCF - Telecommunications Carriers ' Forum 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 22 PM 13 Man In Black E.V.I.L . Join Date : Aug 2005 Location : SF Bay Area Posts : 1,545 That just sounds gross . 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 23 PM 14 rog urban achiever Join Date : Jan 2005 Location : Portland , OR Posts : 795 Well , I ' ll never eat at Arby ' s again ! Not only does Snopes say it is false , but they offer the following official response from Arby ' s Quality Assurance department : Quote : Thank you for doing your part to curb the urban legend about Arby ' s Roast Beef . I ' m sure I ' m not the first to express frustration about this type of story . The answer to your question is no . Our product does not arrive as a paste , gel or liquid . Arby ' s Roast Beef consists entirely of Beef and a Self - Basting solution , which contains just enough water to keep the product juicy throughout our restaurants ' 3 - hour roasting process and during slicing β this ensures that we will deliver the quality that our customers have come to expect from our famous roast beef sandwiches . Jim Lowder Arby ' s , LLC Quality Assurance However , I would note that it appears this response came in 1997 . Perhaps things have changed in the 8 years since ? This thread is useless without pictures ! T i V o Series 2 - 229 Hour 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 25 PM 15 OOohh . . . if that ' s the case , they DEFINITELY wo n ' t want people to be taking pictures of the stuff . GameGuru , I ' d be careful . 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 26 PM 16 jrinck Certified Neurotic Join Date : Nov 2004 Location : Hollister , CA ( about 90 miles S of SF ) Posts : 3,779 Wow , I think this is true . About twenty years ago I was in an Arby ' s and some some workers pulled out what looked like some white , loaf - of - breadish thing that was supposedly the " meat " for the burgers . I did n ' t want to believe what I was seeing , but have never gone back to an Arby ' s . Looks like I was right . A wise man learns from the mistakes of others ; a fool , from his own . Oh , and wise men also religiously read The Neurotic Highway 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 29 PM 17 It is pink , not white . Ok I really need to get pictures because it seems like no one will believe me without them . I will try my hardest to get them all . If anyone does come across some on the internet link them here please . 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 34 PM 18 midas Join Date : May 2000 Location : Chicago , IL USA Posts : 3,193 I remember many years ago eating at my first Arby ' s . There was a small , but prominent sign on the counter that said their meat was , among other things , " REFORMED . " I assumed this did n ' t mean that their meat was a Jew And I do n ' t know what that quote on Snopes really means since it specifically uses the word " ARRIVE . " 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 41 PM 19 Dr . Gee Hubcap Honkey Location : The D Posts : 1,050 I dont care . It tastes good . Do all the people holding their noses eat hot dogs / sausages ? Now that ' s really gross if you think about it . " The group is part of a worldwide movement known as Santarchy " 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 43 PM 20 spartanstew Location : Wylie , Texas Posts : 6,749 It is absolutely false . I did some consulting work for Arby ' s and spent a lot of time in their stores in 2004 . I ' ve seen the beef and worked with it . It is most assuredly real beef . At one time Arby ' s used whole muscle ( 20 years ago or so ) and they no longer do that , but it ' s still real beef . I believe it ' s 98 % real beef with the other 2 % being salt , water and brine . It is chopped and formed so that they ' re " blocks " of beef , but this is mostly done for ease of transportation and storage . Here ' s a thread from the archives where this same issue was discussed : http : / / archive . tivocommunity . com / ti . . .highlight = arbys " the dream never dies , just the dreamer " The Royal Stewart Theater 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 45 PM 21 bsnelson Frustrated , Inc . Join Date : Oct 1999 Location : Allen , TX , USA Posts : 7,239 Am I the only one that gives this a " who cares " ? I love Arby ' s , no matter what it ' s made of . If I want real roast beef , I ' ll go to a good deli or something . If I want Arby ' s , I ' ll go to Arby ' s . Brad ( 1 ) Samsung SIR4040R ( 294 hours ) ( 4 ) Philips DSR7000 ( 293 , 244 , 118 and 37 hours ) ( 3 ) Hughes HDVR2 ( 244 , 198 and 198 hours ) ( 1 ) room , ( 1 ) TV , ( 1626 ) hours 11 - 25 - 2005 , 01 : 55 PM 22 pdhenry Join Date : Feb 2005 Location : PA Posts : 968 I do n ' t think the OP ' s statements and the Arby ' s rebuttal are that far apart . Ever make sausage at home ? ( well , maybe you have n ' t but I have ) 98 % meat plus 2 % basting solution would be pretty much a slurry particularly if it ' s ground very finely . Stuff it into sausage casings and roast it and it would pretty much be what is being dscribed . It ' s all natura ; , it ' s just been juicified . Arby ' s never said it was n ' t some sort of beef sausage . 11 - 25 - 2005 , 02 : 00 PM 23 Dr . Gee Hubcap Honkey Location : The D Posts : 1,050 Originally Posted by bsnelson Am I the only one that gives this a " who cares " ? I love Arby ' s , no matter what it ' s made of . If I want real roast beef , I ' ll go to a good deli or something . If I want Arby ' s , I ' ll go to Arby ' s . Brad ehm , look a few posts above yours " The group is part of a worldwide movement known as Santarchy " 11 - 25 - 2005 , 02 : 01 PM 24 pdhenry I do n ' t think the OP ' s statements and the Arby ' s rebuttal are that far apart . Ever make sausage at home ? ( well , maybe you have n ' t but I have ) 98 % meat plus 2 % basting solution would be pretty much a slurry particularly if it ' s ground very finely . Stuff it into sausage casings and roast it and it would pretty much be what is being dscribed . It ' s all natura ; , it ' s just been juicified . Arby ' s never said it was n ' t some sort of beef sausage . Ok , edit to hotdogs only . 11 - 25 - 2005 , 02 : 02 PM 25 It ' s all natura ; , it ' s just been juicified . Sounds like an advertising slogan to me : " Juicify your MEAT ! " . . . for Viagra , that is . . . 11 - 25 - 2005 , 02 : 02 PM 26 AJRitz BCLF Generalissimo Location : Overland Park , KS Posts : 7,327 The point is that Arby ' s touts itself as selling roast beef sandwiches - the one that I usually get is explicitly called the " Big Roast Beef " . But it ' s just not true . Sure , there ' s Roast Beef in there . It may even be close to 100 % meat in there . But it ' s the meat equivalent of Velveeta . It ' s " Pasteurized Process Beef Food " now , not " Roast Beef " . TCF - The Century Foundation TCF - The Compassionate Friends TCF - Toronto Community Foundation TCF - Telecommunications Carriers ' Forum 11 - 25 - 2005 , 02 : 04 PM 27 " Now featuring our meat flavored Velveeta " I think this thread is going to amuse me for the rest of the day . 11 - 25 - 2005 , 02 : 05 PM 28 dagap Location : Alpharetta , GA Posts : 1,147 OOohh . . . if that ' s the case , they DEFINITELY wo n ' t want people to be taking pictures of the stuff . GameGuru , I ' d be careful . Call Oliver Stone and offer him the movie rights before they try to hush you up for good . Hopefully Clooney and / or J . Roberts is available to play the heroic whisleblower . 11 - 25 - 2005 , 02 : 06 PM 29 Frustrated , Inc . Join Date : Oct 1999 Location : Allen , TX , USA Posts : 7,239 ehm , look a few posts above yours In fairness , I had hit reply before your post and just dallied typing in my response . Good to see that I ' m NOT the only one Brad ( 1 ) Samsung SIR4040R ( 294 hours ) ( 4 ) Philips DSR7000 ( 293 , 244 , 118 and 37 hours ) ( 3 ) Hughes HDVR2 ( 244 , 198 and 198 hours ) ( 1 ) room , ( 1 ) TV , ( 1626 ) hours 11 - 25 - 2005 , 02 : 08 PM 30 dagap Call Oliver Stone and offer him the movie rights before they try to hush you up for good . Hopefully Clooney and / or J . Roberts is available to play the heroic whisleblower . But who would play the leading lady ? A movie just is n ' t a movie without sexual tension somewhere . Or is that where the juicified Velveeta beef sausage comes into play ? | [
"Paste Roast Beef"
] |
http://archived.naccho.org/events/ | Events & Training Conferences Conferences Every year , NACCHO hosts several events and conferences designed to help local health officials sharpen their skills and improve their community β s health . NACCHO Annual is the only conference that focuses on the challenges and opportunities for local health . The conference offers an opportunity for local health department staff , partners , funders , and individuals invested in local public health to share the latest research , ideas , strategies and innovations . The Preparedness Summit is the first and longest - running national conference on public health preparedness . Since its beginning in 2006 , the National Association of County and City Health Officials ( NACCHO ) has taken a leadership role in convening a wide array of partners to participate in the Summit ; presenting new research findings , sharing tools and resources , and providing a variety of opportunities for attendees to learn how to implement model practices that enhance the nation β s capabilities to prepare for , respond to , and recover from disasters and other emergencies . The Public Health Informatics Conference ( PHI ) delivers opportunities to connect with colleagues , share new research , and discover how to navigate the increasingly connected public health enterprise . Held bi - annually , the conference aims to provide a forum for new and seasoned public health , healthcare , and information technology professionals to exchange experiences , ideas , and strategies about public health informatics that are paramount to the advancement of public health practice and health equity . Vector Control Summit convenes local health departments , mosquito abatement districts , public works departments , and mosquito control experts with the purpose of providing : technical assistance to local vector programs and partner organizations that are focused on Zika response efforts and / or serve populations affected by Zika ; opportunities to exchange successes and challenges shared by local vector control organizations ; and forums for education and networking . In 2018 , the summit supported 29 individuals from low - resource jurisdictions to attend this unique training and education opportunity . In partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , NACCHO developed and distributed an electronic survey to assess mosquito surveillance and control capacity among the nearly 2,000 local vector control programs nationwide . Through this work , we found that although mosquito - borne diseases are an ongoing public ; health concern in the United States , a large majority ( 84 % ) of local vector control programs are in need of improvement in one of ten competency areas . To bridge this gap , NACCHO hosted the 2018 Vector Control Summit : β Itching to Improve : Building Local Mosquito Control Capacity β from March 13 - 15 , 2018 , in Orlando , Florida . Contact information If you ' re interested in more information about our various events and conferences , contact meetings @ naccho . org Meetings & Events Elizabeth Ilechko Meetings & Events Specialist 202 - 796 - 2671 eilechko @ naccho . org Meetings & Events Chandra Champion Meetings & Events Manager 202 - 507 - 4245 cchampion @ naccho . org Photos from our events Check out the top photos from our various events on our Flickr account . You can also find more photos and takeaways by connecting with us on social media NACCHO Conferences 1 4 View Full Screen Preparedness Summit 2018 An attendee participates in a session at the 2018 Preparedness Summit in the Hyatt Regency Atlanta . Learn more about Preparedness Summit . Water Treatment Visit During Prep Summit 2018 On the second day of the Preparedness Summit in Atlanta , Georgia , attendees had the opportunity to get a tour of a local water treatment plant . See more photos from the Prep Summit . NACCHO Annual 2017 The opening session of NACCHO Annual was packed with attendees from around the U.S . Learn more about NACCHO Annual . Vector Control 2018 Hundreds of health officials attended the Vector Control Summit in Orlando , Florida . Learn more about Vector Control Summit . NACCHO is Social 2h @ NACCHOhq There is now less than a week left to apply for NACCHO β s Local Health Department of the Year , the Maurice " Mo " Mullet Lifetime of Service , . . . View on Facebook 1h @ NACCHOalerts Young people face barriers to STD testing including stigma , confidentiality , and privacy concerns , transportation , β¦ https : / / t . co / tcIH43B6uU View on Twitter See Full Calendar Upcoming Events Apr 16 In Person 2019 Vector Summit Build your capacity to detect , prevent , prepare for , and respond to mosquito - and tick - borne disease Apr 25 Online Local Health IT ( LHIT ) Community of Practice This is the second meeting of NACCHO β s new Community of Practice ( CoP ) for Local Health IT Staff . May 01 Online Webinar : Local / Nat ' l Approaches to Perinatal HepB Prevention Hear from CDC & a health department using innovative strategies to stop perinatal HBV transmission May 08 Webinar : Local Approaches to HiAP Capacity Building Learn how local health departments have built internal capacity for HiAP . 22 Webinar : Hidden Consequences : Opioids & Rising Hep B Rates This webinar will discuss rising rates of hepatitis B in the context of the ongoing opioid crisis . Jul 09 NACCHO Annual 2019 Learn innovative strategies to improve the nation β s health through public and private partnerships . | [
"Conferences",
"strategies and innovations"
] |
http://archives.drugabuse.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol11N5/Basics.html | The Basics of Brain Imaging This is Archived content . To view the latest NIDA Notes go here . December 01 , 1996 Robert Mathias The major neuroimaging techniques used in drug abuse research are positron emission tomography ( PET ) , single photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT ) , and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , along with electro - encephalography ( EEG ) , an earlier technique for monitoring brain activity . Advances in all these techniques are enabling scientists to produce remarkably detailed computer - screen images of brain structures and to observe neurochemical changes that occur in the brain as it processes information or responds to various stimuli such as drugs of abuse or drug abuse treatment medications . PET , SPECT , MRI , and EEG are noninvasive procedures that can measure biological activity through the skull and reveal the living human brain at work . Each technique has its own advantages and each provides different information about brain structure and function . For this reason , scientists increasingly are conducting studies that integrate two or more techniques . For example , merging a PET scan image that shows activity at brain molecular sites , or receptors , with a highly detailed MRI image of brain structure can produce a composite image that makes it possible to identify PET - Positron Emission Tomography PET measures emissions from radioactively labeled chemicals that have been injected into the bloodstream and uses the data to produce two - or three - dimensional images of the distribution of the chemicals throughout the brain and . PET studies involve use of a machine called a cyclotron to " label " specific drugs or analogues of natural compounds , such as glucose , with small amounts of radioactivity . The labeled compound , which is called a radiotracer , is then injected into the bloodstream , which carries it to the brain . Sensors in the PET scanner detect the radioactivity as the compound accumulates in different regions of the brain . A computer uses the data gathered by the sensors to construct multicolored two - or three - dimensional images that show where the compound acts Using different compounds , PET can show blood flow , oxygen and glucose metabolism , and drug concentrations in the tissues of the working brain . Blood flow and oxygen and glucose metabolism reflect the amount of brain activity indifferent regions and enable scientists to learn more about the physiology and neurochemistry of the working brain . In drug abuse research , PET scans are being used to identify the brain sites where drugs and naturally occurring neurotransmitters act , to show how quickly drugs reach and activate a neural receptor , and to determine how long drugs occupy these receptors and how long they take to leave the brain . PET is also being used to show brain changes following chronic drug abuse , during withdrawal from drugs , and while the research volunteer is experiencing drug craving . In addition , PET can be used to assess the brain effects of pharmacological and behavioral therapies SPECT - Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Similar to PET , this imaging procedure also uses radioactive tracers and a scanner to record data that a computer uses to construct two - or three - dimensional images of active brain regions . Generally , SPECT tracers are more limited than PET tracers in the kinds of brain activity they can monitor . SPECT tracers also deteriorate more slowly than many PET tracers , which means that SPECT studies require longer test and retest periods than PET studies do . However , because SPECT tracers are longer lasting , they do not require an onsite cyclotron to produce them . SPECT studies also require less technical and medical staff support thanPET studies do . While PET is more versatile than SPECT and produces more detailed images with a higher degree of resolution , MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce high - quality two - or three dimensional images of brain structures without injecting radioactive tracers . In the procedure , a large cylindrical magnet creates a magnetic field around the research volunteer ' s head , and radio waves are sent through the magnetic field . Sensors read the signals and a computer uses the information to construct an image . Using MRI , scientists can image both surface and deep brain structures with a high degree of anatomical detail , and they can detect minute changes in these structures that occur over time . Within the last few years , scientists have developed techniques that enable them to use MRI to image the brain as An fMRI scan can produce images of brain activity as fast as every second , whereas PET usually takes 40 seconds or much longer to image brain activity . Thus , with fMRI , scientists can determine with greater precision when brain regions become active and how long they remain active . As a result , they can see whether brain activity occurs simultaneously or sequentially indifferent brain regions as a patient thinks , feels , or reacts to experimental conditions . An fMRI scan can also produce high - quality images that can pinpoint exactly which areas of the brain are being activated . For example , fMRI can produce an image that distinguishes structures less than a millimeter apart , whereas the latest commercial PET scanners can resolve images of structures within4 millimeters of each other . In summary , fMRI provides superior image clarity along with the ability to assess blood flow and brain function in seconds . To date , however , PET retains the significant advantage of being able to identify which brain receptors are being activated by neurotransmitters , abused drugs , and potential treatment compounds . EEG - Electroencephalography Electroencephalography uses electrodes placed on the scalp to detect and measure patterns of electrical activity emanating from the brain . In recent years , EEG has undergone technological advances that have increased its ability to read brain activity data from the entire head simultaneously . EEG can determine the relative strengths and positions of electrical activity in different brain regions . By tracking changes in this activity during such drug abuse - related phenomena as euphoria and craving , scientists can determine brain areas and patterns of activity that mark these phenomena . The greatest advantage of EEG is speed - it can record complex patterns of neural activity occurring within fractions of a second after a stimulus has been administered . The biggest drawback to EEG is that it provides less spatial resolution than fMRI and PET do . As a result , researchers often combine EEG images of brain electrical activity with MRI scans to better pinpoint the location of the activity within the brain . Source : Aine , C.J. A conceptual overview and critique of functional neuro - imaging techniques in humans : I . MRI / fMRI and PET . Critical Reviews in Neurobiology 9 ( 2 - 3 ) : 229 - 309 , 1995 . | [
"Robert Mathias"
] |
http://archives.eternitybiblecollege.com/2014/02/03/the-devils-greatest-trick/ | The Devils Greatest Trick Kevin Spacey in The Usual Suspects The greatest trick the devil ever pulled was convincing the world he didnt exist Thats not from the Bible but it is good theology Its actually from the 1994 film The Usual Suspects and its a line that has stuck with me I say its good theology because the biblical authors had to remind us that Satan is real Paul warned even Satan disguises himself as an angel of light So it is no surprise if his servants also disguise themselves as servants of righteousness 2 Corinthians 111415 Peter had to remind us that the devil is actively prowling around like a lion 1 Pet 58 waiting to pick off those who are not on their guard I like writing about culture I like seeing the ways that God is working in the secular world the ways his glories are being proclaimed by even the most unlikely suspects But I have to remind myself as a coworker reminded me last week that Satan is in the business of deception and hes active in our naΓ―vetΓ© and ignorance I still believe that secular music for example often glorifies God But I also need to heed the biblical warnings that those things that seem innocent even those things that look like light could be placed there for malevolent purposes Mercifully Satans worst tactics still end up accomplishing Gods greater purposeslike when Joseph was sold into slavery see Gen 5020 or when Satan killed Jesus see Acts 42728 Even so we need to keep Pauls warning always in mind We do not wrestle against flesh and blood but against the rulers against the authorities against the cosmic powers over this present darkness against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places Ephesians 612 TAGS Satan Spiritual Warfare The Usual Suspects Previous article Homosexuality Class Week 1 Next article Homosexuality Class Week 2 Sodom David Jonathan Ruth andNaomi Mark Beuving Mark Beuving currently serves as Associate Pastor at Creekside Church in Rocklin CA Prior to going back into pastoral ministry Mark spent ten years on staff at Eternity Bible College as a Campus Pastor Dean of Students and then Associate Professor Mark now teaches online adjunct for Eternity He is passionate about building up the body of Christ training future leaders for the Church and writing Though he is interested in many areas of theology and philosophy Mark is most fascinated with practical theology and exploring the many ways in which the Bible can speak to and transform our world RELATED ARTICLES The Cost of True Love Commencement 2018 Victorious Martyrs My First Fight A Holy Week Reflection 2 COMMENTS Satans Greatest Weapon Why Its Worthless Theology for Real Life February 13 2014 at 239 pm that make your skin crawl like Sauron or Voldemortthese are but shadows of the true villain Satan truly embodies everything that opposes God goodness and life He is hellbent on destroying Log in to leave a comment Why Im Not Afraid of Halloween Theology for Real Life October 23 2014 at 219 pm not worshipping Satannot because I think theyre too Christian to do such a thing but because I dont think they believe in Satan or anything similarly unscientific I think theyre dressing up and sharing Log in to leave a comment LEAVE A REPLY Log in to leave a comment | [
"Eternity Bible College"
] |
http://archives.jrn.columbia.edu/2010/nyrm.org/2010/05/13/the-most-widely-read-magazine-in-the-world/index.html | The Most Widely Read Magazine in the World By Joel Meares It β s the first Saturday of March and a perfect day for Jehovah β s Witnessing . The sky is clear , the air is crisp and a fresh copy of The Watchtower , stamped March 1 , 2010 , is ready to be distributed . At least , I assume it β s a good day for Witnessing ; this is my first time . Frank and Lydia Tavolacci β from a Jehovah β s Witness congregation in Glendale , Queens β have invited me along for a morning of door - knocking in their mostly residential neighborhood . A longtime recipient of the Witnesses β famous β good news β wakeup calls , I jumped at the chance to see what it β s like on the other side of the door . The day begins at the small , red - brick Kingdom Hall on Glendale β s Myrtle Avenue , where about 40 Witnesses gather in couples and families . Some thank Jehovah for the blessed day , others thank him for the coffee that got them here by 9 a.m. A few quick hellos in the Hall β a trapezoidal room with churchlike rows of chairs , a churchlike stage but no churchlike iconography β and the Witnesses head downstairs to arm themselves . Their ammunition is The Watchtower and its companion magazine Awake ! , each sitting in piles on a bench in the beige basement - level hallway . At first glance there β s not much difference between the two β both are flimsy , pamphlet - like 31 - page monthlies , each colorfully adorned with photos of smiling faces and illustrations of Biblical happenings . But while Awake ! is an attempt at a general interest magazine β travel and science stories , with a Witness twist β is strictly Biblical , its contents a doctrinal guide to Witness beliefs . March β s cover boy β a bearded scribe writing at a desk awash with golden light β sits over the cover line : β The Bible , Is It Really God β s Inspired Word ? β Inside , a table of contents provides the answer . Page 4 : β The Bible Really Is God β s Inspired Word . β Page 8 : β Why You Can Trust the Biblical Gospels . β Frank takes six copies of the English - language Watchtower , while others select from of piles of Romanian , Italian and Polish editions . Every month , nearly 40 million copies of are printed in more than 180 languages and sent to 236 countries . There are no subscriptions and you wo n β t find it on newsstands , but it β s still hard to miss . Thanks to the efforts of Witnesses like the Tavolaccis , is the most widely distributed magazine in the world , with a circulation of more than 25 million . Last year , the world β s 7.3 million - strong Jehovah β s Witnesses spent 1.5 billion hours knocking on doors and β street Witnessing β β stopping folks in parks and on streets β to preach the β good news β with a copy of . Its closest competitors are AARP The Magazine ( circulation 24.3 million ) and Better Homes and Gardens ( 7.6 million ) . It does n β t hurt that has been free since 1990 , with the option of a small donation . Armed with their copies , Frank and the other Witnesses at the Glendale Kingdom Hall head back upstairs for a pep talk . β Elder β John Juels leads the 10 - minute session from the stage , offering tips on how the congregation might keep doors open this morning . Frank Tavolacci calls it β a little bit of rah rah rah . β β Raise a topic of interest , β suggests Juels , a short , bespectacled man in a bright orange tie . He invites a young blonde , β Sister Rachel , β up from the crowd to the stage for a role play . After a quick knock - knock and some polite doorfront introductions , Juels says the government is a hot topic right now , so Witnesses might raise the spectre of Governor Paterson to keep their bleary - eyed targets listening . β The government of Jesus Christ is coming , β he tells his mock After a prayer , the group divides into pairs to tackle a block of Queens for the morning . I join the Tavolaccis to cover the block directly next to the Kingdom Hall . The two Glendale locals have dressed for what they call β the best volunteer work there is . β Frank β s wearing a checkered beret , gray suit and orange tie , and Lydia has wrapped herself in a chic , ankle - length black coat , her long blond hair tucked under a black woolen cap . Both are 40 , gregarious and equally Their first door belongs to a large , two - story brick home on the wide and leafy Union Turnpike . Stepping up to the door , Lydia switches off her BlackBerry and tells Frank to get Psalm 104 ready in his black leatherbound Bible . Hers is a little tatty from use . Passages are highlighted , verse numbers circled and dozens of bright orange and pink sticky notes peek out from pages . Lydia is out on β field service β for at least two hours every Tuesday , Wednesday , Friday and Saturday . Ringing the bell so it is visible to whomever should open the door . Nobody does . After three minutes , she rings again . She always rings twice . Again , nobody answers . On a piece of yellow paper called a β House Call Card , β a Witness couple working in tandem with the Tavolaccis notes the address and writes β NH β next to it , for β not home . β Other codes include β CA β for people who ask Witnesses to call again , β B β for busy and β C β for when a child answers the door . And so it goes . NH , NH , NH . β It β s not a chore , β Lydia insists , as they move on to a woman who dismisses them with a curt β I β m Catholic . β β I mean , it β s not something you want to do , but it β s an important thing to do and it β s something you can do for God . You β re saving people β s lives . β Frank and Lydia get their chance at the second - to - last house on the block . Amanda , a teenager with pulled - back frizzy brown hair opens the door wearing pajama pants decorated with pictures of milkshakes and the words β Shake it baby ! β She is in the mood to talk . β Do you believe the Bible is inspired by God or just written by man ? β asks Lydia in a sweet , slow elementary school teacher β s voice . β Inspired , β answers Amanda , after taking a moment to They talk for five minutes before Lydia returns to the sidewalk and takes a purple - covered diary from her bag . On the top leaf of a pad of heart - shaped sticky notes inside , she writes down the scripture they discussed and which Watchtower edition she left behind . She promises to return next Saturday . β I want to come back with a good question , β she says , clearly excited by Amanda . β Like , β Do you think we β re living in the last days ? β β While some magazines have religious followings , few have actually started religions . did just that . Back then , it was Zion β s Watch Tower and Herald of Christ β s Presence , so named by its founder , the writer and preacher Charles T . Russell . A former assistant editor of the Second Adventist magazine The Herald of the Morning , Russell released the first edition of Zion β s Watch Tower on July 1 , 1879 . It looked much like a newspaper of the time , with two columns , simple headlines and no images . Inside , readers learned that β we are living in β the last days , β β the days of the Lord . β β Russell , a charismatic Pennsylvania preacher with a big graying beard and an even bigger bank account , amassed followers in the years leading up to 1879 through public speaking tours and writings in newspaper columns and the Adventist magazine . He began questioning Adventist doctrine when the world failed to end , as it had predicted , in 1878 . Russell used the monthly Zion β s Watch Tower to expound a new brand of Christianity to small congregations of Bible Students , as Witnesses were then known , mostly in the Northeast . The new brand , familiar to many today from television exposΓ©s and house calls , taught that Christ would return to Earth in 1914 to govern the world , destroy nonbelievers and leave Witnesses to transform the planet into Paradise . It was revised in the 1930s , when the religion adopted the name Jehovah β s Witnesses , to teach that Christ did return in 1914 β he was just invisible β and that within a generation Armageddon would finally arrive . Witnesses now take a less specific approach to the end of the world . Today , is the flagship publication produced by Jehovah β s Witnesses . The magazine and other literature is published by their not - for - profit corporation , the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania ; Witnesses also use another not - for - profit corporation in the United States , named the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York , Inc . , which is responsible for printing and distributing the magazine . The Tract Society β s catalogue includes the two magazines , a ballooning collection of books and brochures and The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures , the religion β s official Bible . As of this year , 165 million New World Translation s have been printed since it was first published in 1961 . The mammoth operation is funded by donations , mainly from Witnesses leaving anonymous contributions in boxes titled β Worldwide Work β at the back of Kingdom Halls . The money is funneled to the U.S. world headquarters to fund the publishing empire , as well as disaster relief . Just how much moolah makes that journey is unknown β as a religious organization , the Tract Society does not have to file an annual return with the IRS β but in 2001 , Newsday listed the Tract Society as one of New York City β s 40 richest corporations , with revenues of $ 951 million . Last year , a report stated that the Society had pulled in $ 125 million for the fiscal year ending in August . Manhattanites might recognize the Tract Society β s headquarters from the skyline to their east β a pair of stout beige towers nudging the base of the Brooklyn Bridge and the shore of the East River in Brooklyn Heights ; squint and you can see the word β Watchtower β stamped across their peaks . The Brooklyn Bethel , as the faithful call it , also functions as the religion β s world headquarters . Here , the nine - member governing body of Jehovah β s Witnesses pulls the sect β s doctrinal strings and steers its publishing enterprise Few non - Witnesses are allowed inside the Bethel headquarters and you β d be forgiven for conjuring fantastical reasons as to why β the anti - Witness publishing industry rivals The Tract Society β s in size and includes among its titles The Orwellian World of the Jehovah β s Witnesses and 30 Years a Watchtower Slave . But the day I visit , Brooklyn Bethel is less Airstrip One than Pan Am corporate headquarters circa 1965 . In the lobby , a dull - painted plaster globe β the size of a boulder Indiana Jones might have to outrun β spins forlornly . Along maroon - carpeted corridors , cheery men in snug dark suits apologize for being too rushed to stop and chat . Everywhere , everyone asks you to stay for lunch . Despite the absence of a masthead and bylines , is no immaculate conception . Each edition β s journey to your door begins a year ahead of publication at a meeting of the nine - member Writing Committee in the Writing Committee Conference Room , a boardroom dominated by a long polished wooden desk and two mammoth Sony flat screens on the wall ; more Vogue Living than Mother Jones James Pellechia is one of the magazine β s writers and a member of the Writing Committee . Dapper in a dark gray suit , dark gray vest and even darker gray tie β all under wispy gray hair β 66 - year - old Pellechia is a third - generation Witness . His grandparents converted in 1908 after migrating from Italy to Roseto , Pa . , and he came to Bethel in 1982 to join the Writing Department . He and his fellow committee members choose the theme of each issue and the articles it will feature . β It β s for Witnesses but also for the public , β Pellechia says of . β For people who would be interested in what the Bible would say about subjects like child - rearing and how to keep marriages united . β The magazine might focus on infidelity in May , homosexuality in June and earthquakes in July . Articles might answer questions like β Should you be honest at all times ? β and β Has God left us ? β ( Yes , and no , in case you were wondering . ) Each article is littered with scriptural references , which function like hyperlinks , directing readers to Bible pages for produced specifically for Witnesses already in the flock to study at Kingdom Halls every week . The number of study editions printed is undisclosed . then comes together like most magazines , Pellechia explains . A writer is chosen as a β Compiler , β functioning like a magazine editor , and an assignment editor distributes briefs to writers β there are about 20 on staff . Copy is fact - checked , copy - edited and rewritten as it moves through the 70 - person Writing Department . Illustrators and photographers , at a Witness training campus in Patterson , N.Y. , provide the images . Writers live with about 1500 other Bethel workers , including cooks , secretaries , cleaners and committee members , in five buildings throughout Brooklyn Heights . Meals , accommodation and an allowance are provided to keep the focus on God β s work . One Witness - occupied residential tower on Wilson Street might be the best deal in New York , housing 500 Witnesses , a library , a medical center and a dining room . Witnesses call it the β Towers Hotel . β Despite rumors to the contrary , women can write for , but not on scriptural matters . β That β s what the Bible indicates according to our concept of it , β says assignment editor John Wischuck . β If they wanted to write something about dressmaking , a sister could do that . It might be in another case that she interviews another woman and writes up her life story . That would go through an editor or a rewrite . β Before the magazine is sent to a facility known as Watchtower Farms , in Wallkill , N.Y. , and to 16 other production centers across to the world β to be printed , bound and packaged for distribution β the Writing Committee takes a final look . β All nine of us read it , β says Pellechia . β Each one sees the previous writing committee member β s marks and either adds to it , reinforces it , or , once in a while , may change it . We need to ensure it is in agreement with Of course , the magazine does not always agree with itself β or past versions of itself β on these matters . Early in its history , for example , told followers that the mischievous men of Sodom and Gomorrah would be resurrected . In 1988 , an article in reversed this position . β Our publications are not infallible , β Pellechia says . β Certain Bible texts , certain doctrine , may need adjustment as more information is researched and understanding grows . β David A . Reed , a critic and former high - ranking Witness , wrote in his book , Jehovah β s Witness Literature , that β much like a collection of White House news releases written during successive Democratic and Republican administrations , the Watchtower Society β s books and magazines reflect the sect β s changing leadership over the years . β In an e - mail to me , Reed wrote that he stopped reading the magazine in 1999 , a year before Don Alden Adams became the religion β s leader . In general , Reed says , today β s and the religion behind it are far different from their earliest incarnations . β In terms of internal organizational politics , or religious positions , they are more conservative now than in the days of founder C.T. Russell . The Witnesses are now a tightly controlled , disciplined group , which they were not under Russell . β The most tightly controlled aspect of the Witnesses β publishing arm may be the names of authors . No Tract Society publication has carried bylines since the early 1940s , because , according to assignment editor Wischuck , the β glory should go to God . β Pellechia expands on that : β There were about 40 writers of the Bible and for the most part , people who read the sacred texts may or may not have known who wrote that information . The material should stand on its own merits and attention should be focused back on the word of God rather than the individual . β This sort of fifth - person approach to writing means can read like a textbook rendering of the Bible ; big on plague and pestilance but short on the simple , beatific prose that marks its source . Former Witness Kyria Abrahams describes the magazine she read growing up in a Kingdom Hall in Pawtucket , R.I. , as β extremely boring . β β They were pretty much all on the same theme , β she says today . β β Why does God allow blah blah blah ? β β Is blank okay ? β And you know that it is n β t . For the most Abrahams , now 36 and living as a writer in New York City , parted with the Witnesses 11 years ago . She courted her own β disfellowshipping β by cheating on the husband she had married at 18 . β I wanted out of the marriage so bad that I ended up just having an affair , β she says . β I was so entrenched in the idea of the religion that it was like I was somehow playing by their rules in order to leave . β Abrahams has not spoken to her father since she left the religion , and has not heard from her mother in three years . She probably wo n β t hear from either ever again after the release of her acerbically funny account of her life as a Witness , I β m Perfect , You β re Doomed , last year . In the first chapter of the book , she reveals that her Jewish grandmother became a Witness after discovering a copy of on top of a trash can . In the third chapter , she describes her own experience with the books and magazines produced at Bethel . β My children β s books alternated between Dr . Seuss rhymes and tales of how sinners would scream and gnash their teeth at Armageddon , β she writes . Like the Tavolaccis , Abrahams did her duty , door - knocking three times a week in her teens with a close friend named Kathy . She would do anything to get out of it β only pretending to ring the bell , encouraging Kathy to take long coffee breaks β and remembers many slamming doors . But it was a man who played along that stings her memory most sorely . After Abrahams told him she β d be happy to accept a small donation , he looked at her disdainfully and said , β I bet you would Today , she sometimes sees in the back of a cab or in a doctor β s office . β I will pick it up and look at it for nostalgia , β she says . β It β s still the same as it was when I was a kid β nothing shocking , nothing weird . I would think that I β m going to get a big laugh out of it , but I just end up being sad and put it away . β No Witnesses have knocked on her door since she left her religion , husband and family behind But there are those who look forward to the familiar ring of the doorbell on a weekend . I joined Frank and Lydia Tavolacci on their fifth return call to 81 - year - old Dominic Bonura β s small one - bedroom walkup in Glendale . The couple makes several of these return visits to people they β ve met while door - knocking every week . β What took you so long ? β Bonura asks cheerily , opening the door . Bonura β s wife died 12 years ago . β She was the most gorgeous thing you ever saw , β he says as we take our seats in a small living room cluttered with portraits of grinning grandchildren . A former butcher and sometime boxer , Bonura β s thin - skinned hands have been knotted by carpal tunnel syndrome . Resting on his knees , they look like large , crushed spiders . He is dressed as if he were expecting us β polished shoes , pressed pants , a navy button - down all buttoned up β and he has a lot to say . He cuts Frank short before he can discuss the last readings he left . β This carpal tunnel is killing me , Franky , β he says huskily , stretching his arms and fingers out in angry defiance . β I tried to lift a two - pound weight the other day and it hurt so bad I wanted to go somewhere and croak . I β or an . β Frank moves over to Bonura , crouches beside him and asks him to read from a Bible page stamped with extra - large print . Bonura pulls a pair of glasses from his pocket and loudly and clearly reads from the book of Isaiah . β So do not fear , for I am with you ; do not be dismayed , for I am your God . I will strengthen you and help you ; I will uphold you with my righteous right hand . β He lowers the Bible . β When a father is holding a little boy β s hand , how does that little boy feel ? β asks Frank . β He feels safe and protected , β answers Bonura , his face softening . Reflecting on his recent tough times , he says , β Satan might have grabbed me by the shirt , but he does n β t have me by the heart . β From here , Frank talks with Bonura about his wife , his daughter and the stresses of staying cooped up in his apartment . Frank explains that β All scripture is inspired , not half , and not a quarter . God β s word can help us with any principle of life . β This is the message of the month β s cover story . Before we leave , Bonura stops Frank . β I was just thinking about that little guy in the street , Franky , holding his father β s hand . If he let go , it would n β t take a second for a car to sweep him away . β He pauses . β He ca n β t let go . β β And he has n β t let you go , β says Lydia from the couch . β Dom , we β re here . β Bonura then turns to me and tells me to write this down , word perfect , with an exclamation mark . β There β s nothing like the truth , nothing ! β he says . β These people , this organization , are beautiful . You can trust these people with your life . β He looks at Lydia . β You keep coming back like a song . β β You know who encourages us to come back , β asks Lydia . β Jehovah . β The Tavolaccis make tentative plans to return next Saturday before heading downstairs , leaving Bonura alone with his thoughts and a copy of | [
"magazine",
"New York Review"
] |
http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/4/recursion.2/index.html | Reduction Formulas Derivation Using Flash Using Java Derivation Using Flash Using Java Derivation Using Flash Using Java | [
"Reduction Formulas",
"Derivation"
] |
http://archny.org/catholic-new-york | Catholic New York News / Events Blogs & Columns Catholic New York Catholic Travel Events Calendar Submit Event Press Releases Media Contact Press Marketing Catholic New York - America ' s Largest Catholic Newspaper Catholic New York is the official newspaper of the Archdiocese of New York , and the largest Catholic newspaper of its kind in the United Sates . Founded in 1981 by His Eminence , Terence Cardinal Cooke , CNY reports on the news and activities of the Catholic Church as it occurs in the parishes and schools of the Archdiocese , as well as across the country and around the world . CNY presents the experiences of those living the faith , and shows how those experiences reflect the Gospel message . Catholic New York is one of the most honored Catholic newspapers in the United States , and is published bi - weekly . www . cny . org Tweets by @ Catholic_NY | [
"Catholic New York",
"Terence Cardinal Cooke",
"United States"
] |
http://archphila.org/parishes/8370.php | St Philomena Pastoral Planning Area 320 Deanery 1 Deanery Description Eastern Delaware County Address 41 E Baltimore Ave Lansdowne Founded January 1898 Rectory 41 E Baltimore Ave Lansdowne 19050 Phone 6106222420 Pastor Rev Paul A Castellani Email stphilomenaparishrcncom Masses Vigil Mass Saturdays 515 PM Sundays 730 830 St Cyril 10 AM Noon 1 PM Haitian at St Cyril Vigil Mass Holydays 6 PM Holydays 630 8 AM Noon 7 PM St Cyril Weekdays 8 AM Confession Schedule Saturdays 4445 PM Mondays 4155 PM School School Principal Report on the Parish School Report On The Parish School Previous 5 Years PDF Access Information Church Accessible entrances curb cuts ramps and parking near accessible entrances for churches with parking lots Sufficiently wide and level approach or gradually sloping ramp to door doorway wider than 32 inches with automatic door or one that is easily opened with minimum pressure or usher assistance parking spaces large enough to accommodate vans with access aisle for discharge on either side of van parking spaces designated with proper signage Assistive Listening Device ALD Church is equipped with ALD for sound system Ear phones or audio loops that enhance the sound are available for people who are hard of hearing Boundaries Septa R3 tracks from Lansdowne Ave to the Old R R Spur tracks to Marshall Rd to Harrison Ave excluded to Cobbs Creek to Penn Central RR to 5th St to Baily Rd to Lansdowne Ave to Providence Rd to Darby Creek to old RR to Mansfield Rd to Marshall Rd to Lansdowne Ave to Septa R3 tracks Merged with St Cyril of Alexandria East Lansdowne 2013 Worship Site St Cyril of Alexandria Church Lansdowne Report to Pastor Report To Pastor Previous 5 Years PDF Report To Pastor Prior 5 Years PDF Census | [
"Eastern Delaware County",
"Vigil Mass"
] |
http://arcrelief.org/our-work/sudan/ | Sudan Leading the field in South East Darfur In the past year an influx of fighting and instability in Darfur Sudan has caused upheaval and massive population movements These internally displaced people have lost almost everything including the community infrastructure required to navigate challenges and provide for their families ARC is helping the most marginalized people in Sudan those who would not otherwise be reached We provide them with basic lifesaving services but also peacebuilding programs designed to help people rebuild and regain control from the ground up Access to clean safe water Most of South and East Darfur is a semiarid landscape susceptible to drought with few natural surface water sources ARC first assesses the water needs of communities and then develops projects alongside them that provide clean water sanitation and hygiene education We work to rebuild and maintain lost critical infrastructure and help communities to learn and manage these resources themselves Fighting malnutrition Malnutrition particularly among children is reaching emergency levels in Sudan The most recent national survey estimates that 500000 children under 5 years of age suffer from severe malnutrition and up to two million children are underdeveloped We address this crisis head on through feeding programs educational campaigns cooking demonstrations treatment and prevention and emergency care to the most critical of cases Promoting a peaceful coexistence Lasting peace will ultimately allow for stability prosperity and development in the region Conflicts in Sudan have a long and turbulent history however making peace a formidable task In recognition of this challenge ARC provides peacebuilding activities in five villages in South Darfur encouraging communitylevel conflict resolution and cooperation amongst neighbors By encouraging collaboration rather than competition we hope to be even a small part of promoting peace in the region Prioritizing women children Sudan has a devastatingly high maternal and infant mortality rate Weve been working to turn this trend around making women and children a priority and ensuring the availability of reproductive health for all we can access Women receive comprehensive care throughout their pregnancy with prenatal and postnatal consultations often with midwives weve trained We give them the supplies they need including vitamins soap and any medications safeguarding them against harmful infections and malnutrition before and after birth Doing more than ever before Our program in Sudan has seen big changes in the past year We are now operating a total of 17 primary health care clinics in South and East Darfur 11 more than last year The new clinics have allowed us to access atrisk populations bringing them a wide range of health services in some of the most remote areas of the world Were still doing what we do best running clinics nutrition programs and water sanitation and hygiene services but in more places than ever before We are now the major international organization working in East Darfur leading the field The people of Sudan need their voices to be heard to say what they need and to take part in the actions that are meant to change their lives for the better Dula James Country Director Sudan | [
"influx of fighting"
] |
http://ardenhotyoga.com/class-schedule/ | Bringing people together through yoga barre Feel the unconditional love and support of our community here at Arden Hot Yoga Through our Bikram Vinyasa Yin and Barre Fit classes we teach authenticity compassion for the self and others and mindfulness as tools to help live an empowered and wholehearted life View our pricing See the class schedule Meet the team Heres whats new with us Purchase an AutoDebit Package and Get a Month Free For a Friend Limited time Purchase any autodebit package between Black Friday and Christmas and receive a gift certificate for one month of the same package to give to a friend Click to claim this offer Win a 50 Gift Certificate Starts Friday November 24th Complete 20 Classes before Christmas and get entered to win a 50 gift certificate to Arden Hot Yoga Subscribe and Get Email Updates Stay updated with announcements special offers events and more Daily DropIn Offers 1030am 1 hour Barre Fit Darcie Weinberg 16 1 remaining 600pm 1 hour Vinyasa All Levels Evelyn Felix 17 1 remaining View All Offers | [
"Arden Hot Yoga"
] |
http://areacodeslookup.net/state/IN.html | Indiana Area Codes Home | IN Area Codes Here is the current list of area codes in the state of Indiana . There are 480 area codes in Indiana that are currently being used . Find out all Indiana area codes below by searching each of the cities below . We have the most up - to - date list of area codes in Indiana . Area Code State City Timezone 765 Indiana Hillsboro Eastern 765 Indiana Fowler Eastern 812 Mccutchanville Eastern / Central 260 Salamonia West Lafayette 812 St Anthony Eastern / Central 317 Needham Milltown 574 Culver Laurel 260 Ft Wayne Kendallville Odon 219 Hanna Lanesville Craigville Loogootee Waveland Monroe Richmond 317 Brownsburg 219 Cedar Lake Reynolds Dale Farmland 1 2 3 4 5 . . . 19 20 next | [
"Indiana Area Codes",
"State",
"City"
] |
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] |
http://ares661.pbworks.com/w/page/24423475/Strengths%20and%20Weaknesses%20of%20Ares | Strengths and Weaknesses of Ares last edited by Alondra 8 years 9 months ago Strengths and Weaknesses of Ares Ares was the god of warfare and murder He had his strengths though he also had his weaknesses One of his strengths was decisive Another strength was determination The last one was fearless Impulsive was one of his weaknesses Bloodthirsty was another of his weaknesses The last weakness he had was raring for a fight regardless of the consequences Ares main love was war He loves to start fights or wars everywhere He takes it like a game he doesnt care what they think or say His parents think he can be good but he isnt like that You dont have permission to comment on this page Printable version | [
"Ares",
"god of warfare"
] |
http://argacontrols.com/digital.htm | DIGITAL SWITCHBOARD METERS SERIES DM25 Utility Grade These meters are specifically designed for Utility Switchgear and Power related industries as a direct replacement for 4 12 analog meters Designed for simple retrofit into existing systems standard type terminals and numbering are provided In most cases these meters will replace analog meters with no wiring changes They are extremely rugged and durable with expected product life of 20 years Many options are available for auxiliary power input currents outputs and color of display readout Analog output is available SCADA Volts Amperes Frequency Watts WattVARs Power Factor Kilowatt Hours Kilovar Hours Click here for more detailed specifications and ordering information DIGITAL METERS These RMS Sensing units are completely self contained highly accurate and suited to many applications including power monitoring equipment switch gear and generator sets Models AC Volts DC Volts AC Amps DC Amps Frequency Watts VARs Power Factor Amp Hours Kilowatt Hours Kilovar Hours Digital Meters are available with 3 12 or 4 12 digit readout in LED or LCD | [
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] |
http://arganoils.com/faq_glossary.html | FAQ ' s | GLOSSARY Frequently Asked Questions What is Argan Oils β’ Organic Argan Oil Face & Body Serum ? It is an organic face & body serum formulated with 100 % cold pressed Argan Oil free from additives , colors , or scents . It is used as a daily beauty serum to reduce wrinkles , moisturize the skin , and care for the hair and scalp . Organic Argan Oil Face & Body Serum sooths inflammation , prevents scars , and treats many skin conditions such as eczema , and psoriasis . Why Organic Argan Oil is Nature β s Anti - aging Skin Food ? Due to Argan Oil ' s unique composition of ultra - hydrating essential fatty acids ( omega β s ) , antioxidants and nourishing vitamin E and powerhouse antioxidants , Argan oil has gained an international reputation for being nature β s anti - aging skin care oil . The properties of Argan oil work individually and cooperatively to enhance the skin β s overall health , preserve its youth , and aid in the natural healing of dermatological disease . A glossary of each component is present at the end of this document . What antioxidants are present in Organic Argan Oil Carotenoids , polyphenols , ferulic acid , squalene , and vitamin E are all powerful antioxidants present in Organic Argan Oil . The best way to protect a cell from free radical damage is for an effective antioxidant to be present both inside and outside of the cell ( explanation below ) . Vitamin E is one of the most important antioxidants that can break the deadly chain reactions initiated by free radicals . Argan Oil ' s anti - aging effects are directly attributed to nature β s unique combination of these particular antioxidants . What is a free radical ? Free radicals are unstable molecules formed when cells burn oxygen . These molecules have an unpaired electron in their outer shell . These unpaired electrons cause the molecule to be volatile . Their reactions with cells cause cellular membrane , cellular protein , and DNA damage . This leads to premature aging , wrinkling , and disease . Free radical damage is associated with oxidation damage because it is the oxygen molecule that is unstable . What is an antioxidant ? How does an antioxidant fight a free radical ? Antioxidants are molecules that can take many forms including proteins , enzymes , vitamins , and metabolites . These molecules are able to combine with free radicals and stabilize them , thus rendering them harmless . The earlier this can happen , the better for the cell , since many oxidative reactions start devastating chain reactions that result in considerable damage to each part of the cell β s anatomy . What is inflammation and what properties of Organic Argan Oil sooth inflamed skin ? Any injury , infection , or allergic reaction to the skin will elicit an inflammatory response . Interestingly , all inflammatory responses will involve free radical activity . The presence of Argan Oil ' s carotenoids , polyphenols , ferulic acid , squalene , and vitamin E will neutraize free radical activity . The versatile properties of Argan Oils β sterols , vitamin E , and polyphenols are multifaceted . These elements elicit an antioxidant as well as a soothing and healing effect , and polyphenols are also anti - inflammatory and anti - allergenic agents . Vitamin E protects What components of Organic Argan Oil Face & Body Serum help protect skin from damaging UV radiation ? Argan Oil ' s essential fatty acids and antioxidant power of carotenoids , polyphenols , squalene , ferulic acid , and vitamin E protect skin cells from the sun β s harmful rays . Essential fatty acids protect the cellular membrane and DNA from UV - induced damage . Carotenoids and squalene can deactivate the free radical known as singlet oxygen . This free radical , when exposed to the sun β s radiation , becomes excited and therefore extremely destructive . Ferulic acid is unique because exposure to UV light actually increases its antioxidant potency . Additionally , it The same antioxidant properties that protect the skin from UV exposure also protect Argan oil itself from oxidizing in its glass bottle . These active properties allow Argan oil to maintain its integrity for up to 2 years . What elements present in Organic Argan Oil Face & Body Serum protect against moisture evaporation and keep the skin hydrated ? Healthy barrier function is vital to maintaining proper levels of hydration . Water loss from the skin through evaporation is increased when the skin β s barrier is disturbed by injury , environmental pollutants , UV radiation , and stress . Studies conducted in recent years have revealed that although water plays an important role in keeping skin moist and supple , the ability of the top layers of the skin to resist moisture loss depends on the presence of essential fatty acids . These essential fatty acids are water binding and enhance the barrier of the skin to reduce Argan Oils β vitamin E , squalene , and sterols are also important factors in moisture restoration and retention . Vitamin E protects the integrity of essential fatty acids and both vitamin E and squalene accumulate in the epidermis . Squalene is a nutrient rich oil and is significant because it has the unique ability to anchor itself to the cellular membrane ; therefore , protecting against moisture loss at the site of each cell . Argan Oils β sterols work synergistically with human sterols to promote excellent moisture retention and play a fundamental role in aiding and maintaining optimal How does Organic Argan Oil correct and protect against wrinkles ? Argan Oil ' s essential fatty acids , antioxidants , sterols , and high molecular weight proteins correct and protect against wrinkles . The youthful appearance of skin is directly related to the health of collagen and elastin proteins . Collagen provides strength to the skin β s structure , and elastin provides the snap , or resiliency . Wrinkles seem to start in the dermis when there is a change in the elastin structure that causes the elastin to lose its snap . Essential fatty acids maintain optimal levels of hydration and healthy function of the dermis where collagen What properties of Organic Argan Oil assist in reducing the appearance of stretch marks ? Stretch marks occur when the dermal collagen and elastin in your skin stretch beyond capacity and the fibers separate . The best defense the skin has is to maintain optimal levels of hydration and to possess effective on - site anti - inflammatory and anti - oxidant agents that protect collagen and elasin cells from free radical damage . Argan Oil ' s is abundant in powerful anti - oxidants and essentially fatty acids that are vital to moisture restoration and retention , and contribute to the flexibility of the cell β s membrane . Argan β s vitamin E and sterols are also excellent hydrators and anti - inflammatory agents . Accumulatively , each of these elements aid the skin cells in their fight not to separate during rapid periods of growth that cause stretch marks . How does Organic Argan Oil absorb so thoroughly ? Organic Argan Oil is easily absorbed by the skin because of its unique composition . Squalene can penetrate deeper and more readily than most other oils because of its compatibility with the skin β s own natural oils . In fact human sebum , your skin β s own natural oils , is comprised of 25 % squalene . Sterols found in Argan Oils β’ penetrate rapidly because their structure is very similar to human sterols and are the main component of the outermost layer of the skin . Essential fatty acids are the building blocks of the cell membrane Does Organic Argan Oil clog pores ? Organic Argan Oil does not clog pores because of its ability to be thoroughly absorbed and assimilated into the skin What components of Organic Argan Oil are known for their antiseptic properties ? Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances applied to living tissue to help reduce the possibility of infection . Argan Oil ' s polyphenols are known for their antiseptic properties , and squalene is a natural bactericide . What elements found in Organic Argan Oil remedy dermatological disorders such as eczema ( dermatitis ) and psoriasis ? Organic Argan Oil has a significant effect on the health and appearance of skin tissue afflicted by disorders such as eczema and psoriasis . The combination of Argan Oils β’ unique component successfully alleviates the inflammatory symptoms associated with these disorders by effectively treating the redness , inflammation , and moisture loss associated with dry skin . Many of Argan Oils β properties are multifaceted , eliciting hydrating , anti - oxidant , and anti - inflammatory effects . More specifically , essential fatty acids , vitamin E , squalene , and sterols are all important factors in moisture restoration and retention . The presence of carotenoids , polyphenols , ferulic acid , squalene , and vitamin E are anti - oxidants that the neutralize free radical activity caused by inflammation . Essential fatty acids are necessary for the production of prostaglandin , a lipid compound manufactured by enzymes within the cell that is a natural anti Is Face tested on animals ? Argan Oil is a fairly traded , environmentally conscious company . We do not use , support or endorse animal testing . " The antioxidants and essential fatty acids work synergistically to stop inflammation . " " Argan oil has protected the hair and skin of Morocco ' s Berber women for centuries . Recent research has proven the oil is packed with skin - beneficial compounds : hydrating essential fatty acids , potent antioxidants polyphenols , and nearly three times the amount of vitamin E in olive oil . " The Argan Fruit Glossary Acne is a chronic disorder of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands . Acne is characterized by black heads , pimples , cysts , infected abscesses , and sometimes scarring . Antioxidants are molecules that protect cells from being damaged by the destructive , reactive molecules known as free radicals . Antioxidants slow down the aging process . They combine with free radicals and in effect neutralize them . They have been shown to boost the skin β s radiance , and minimize age spots , sunspots , and fine lines . Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up on the inside of your arteries . Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen - rich blood to your heart and other parts of your body . Atherosclerosis can affect any artery in the body . Different diseases may develop based on which arteries are affected . Coronary artery disease , most commonly known as heart disease and is the leading cause of death in the United States , happens when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries of the heart . When blood flow to your heart is reduced or blocked Biosphere Reserve is an international conservation designation given by UNESCO under its Programme on Man and the Biosphere ( MAB ) . The World Network of Biosphere Reserves is the collection of 529 biosphere reserves in 105 countries . Biosphere reserves are created to promote and demonstrate a balanced relationship between humans and the biosphere . Through appropriate zoning and management , the conservation of these ecosystems and their biodiversity is sought to be maintained . The design of the reserve must include a legally protected core area , a buffer area where non - conservation activities are prohibited , and a Calendula is an herb utilized in skin care products that elicits an astringent , anti - inflammatory , hydrating , soothing , and softening effect . This botanical aids in the healing of inflammation , bruising , and burns , and can be found in Argan Oils Organic Lip Conditioner . Carotenoids are a class of natural fat - soluble pigments found in plants that serve to protect eyes and skin from UV radiation and free radical damage ; to help maintain our immune system ; to promote healthy skin and inhibit the growth of cancer cells . They have been shown to lower the risk of arthritis . The class of carotenoids detected in Argans Oil is xanthophylls . They function as an antioxidant and after absorption from food are converted to form vitamin A in the small intestine and stored in the liver . Carotenoids also protect the arteries and Collagen is a natural type of protein found in humans that forms connective tissue . It can be thought of as the glue that holds the body together . Collagen , produced by the skin , gives it strength , support , protection , and resilience . One of its main functions is to resist stretching . As people age , however , collagen degradation occurs , leading to wrinkles . Cooperative is a group of individuals voluntarily uniting to meet common economic , social , and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owed and democratically controlled business . Cooperatives are based on the values of self - help , self - responsibility , democracy and equality . Cooperative members believe in the ethical values of honesty , openness , social responsibility and caring for others . Dermatitis is a term used to describe a number of skin conditions characterized by inflammation . Dermis is the middle layer of skin , which is made up of blood vessels , lymph vessels , hair follicles , sweat glands , collagen bundles , and fibroblasts . Elastin is a fibrous protein in connective that gives skin its resiliency . Epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin . It forms the waterproof , protective over the body β s surfa Essential Fatty Acids are necessary fats that humans can not synthesize and must be obtained through diet or skin treatments such as Argan Oils β’ . They are building compounds the body needs to manufacture and repair cell membranes , enabling the cells to obtain optimum nutrition and expel harmful waste products . They are necessary for regulating healthy skin and premature aging . These acids perform an important role in the lipid management of the epidermis , sebum production , and are required for the formation of prostaglandin . They all have water - binding , moisturizing and antioxidant properties . Eczema is a general term for many types of skin inflammation , also known as dermatitis . Eczema can affect people of any age although the condition is most common in infants . While any region of the body may be affected , it typically occurs on the face , neck , and insides of the elbows , knees , and ankles . In infants , it generally occurs on the forehead , cheeks , forearms , legs , scalp and neck . It most commonly causes dry , scaly , reddened skin that itches or burns . In severe cases Fair Trade is an organized social movement and an alternative way to doing business that promotes sustainable relationships between consumers and producers . The principles of fair trade are paying fair wages in local communities ; engaging in environmentally sustainable practices ; providing healthy and safe working conditions ; and the exclusion of forced labor and exploitive child labor . These partnerships are based on relationships of mutual respect . Fair trade β s strategic intent is to deliberately work with marginalized producers and workers in order to help them move from a position of vulnerability to one of security and economic Ferulic Acid is the most abundant phenolic compound found in Argan Oils β’ . This antioxidant helps prevent damage caused by ultraviolet light . Exposure to ultraviolet light actually increases the antioxidant potency of ferulic acid . It is often added as an ingredient of anti - aging supplements . Studies have shown that ferulic acid can decrease blood glucose levels and can be of help to diabetes patients . It seems to protect against many types of caner , bone degeneration and menopausal symptoms , such as hot flashes . Like many other antioxidants , ferulic acid reduces the level of Free Radicals are unstable molecules formed when cells burn oxygen . These molecules have an unpaired electron in their outer shell . This unpaired electron causes the molecule to be volatile . Their reactions with cells cause cell membrane , cellular protein and DNA damage . This leads to premature aging , wrinkling , and disease . For most biological structures free radical damage is associated with oxidation damage . Immune system is a collection of cells and proteins that works to protect the body from potentially harmful , infectious microorganisms , such as bacteria , viruses , and fungi . Inflammation is redness , swelling , heat , and pain in a tissue due to chemical or physical injury , infection , or allergic reaction . Any inflammatory response will involve free radical formation . Lipid barrier is a protective layer of oil on the skin β s surface which functions as a protectorate against environmental impurities and helps regulate moisture loss and water retention . Polyphenols or polyphenolic compounds are natural components of a wide variety of plants and are also known as secondary plant metabolites . These active compounds are known for their antiseptic , antioxidant , anti - inflammatory , anti - allergenic , and anti - aging properties . They enhance immune response , enhance cell - to - cell communication , repair DNA damage caused by smoking and other toxic exposures , and assist the body to detoxify carcinogens through the activation of the body β s immune system . Prostaglandin is a lipid compound derived enzymatically from essential fatty acids within the cell . It serves as catalysts for a large number of processes . It helps to regulate body functions such as heart rate , blood pressure , smooth muscle contraction , circulation , and immune function . Prostaglandin is a natural anti - inflammatory and acts as a controlling factor in overall cell growth and development . Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease in which the outer layer of skin cells multiply up to 10 times faster than normal . As underlying cells reach the skin β s surface and die they pile up leaving raised red patches covered with white scales known as plaque . These patches may itch , burn , and become easily inflamed . The skin at joints may crack causing pain , bleeding , and restricted movement . It most often occurs on the elbows , knees , scalp , lower back , face , palms , and soles of the feet . Sebum is skin β s own natural oil . Its main purpose is to waterproof and protect the skin from drying out . Singlet oxygen is a free radical that becomes more damaging when exposed to UV light . The absorption of UV light elevates the energy level of the molecule causing it to become excited and more destructive . Squalene is a nutrient - rich oil . It is a fat - soluble antioxidant with the unique ability to anchor itself to the body β s cell membrane . It can deactivate the free radical known as a singlet oxygen , the free radical that is generated by exposure to the sun β s UV radiation , and can also absorb and bind fat - soluble toxins , helping to excrete them from the body . Squalene is involved in the process of cell growth . It is able to penetrate deeper and more readily than most other oils . Sterols ( Phytosterols ) are a class of lipid - like compounds that helps to prevent skin aging by improving skin metabolism and reducing inflammation . They promote excellent moisture retention and penetrate quickly . They are vital to the structural integrity of the cell membrane . They work in harmony with human skin because the chemical structure of plant sterols and human sterols is very similar . In the skin , human sterols are the main component of its outermost layer and play a fundamental role in aiding and maintaining optimal skin barrier function . Two of the families of sterols found in Vitamin E ( Tocopherol ) is a fat - soluble vitamin . It is a powerful antioxidant and excellent free - radical scavenger . Vitamin E protects essential fatty acids and vitamin A levels in the body . It accumulates in the epidermis and forms a barrier against moisture evaporation from the skin . Vitamin E prevents cellular aging due to oxidation , aids in bringing nourishment to cells , and decreases inflammation and strengthens capillary walls . It has been shown to significantly help in the reduction of scarring from wounds and the appearance of stretch marks . Vitamin E β s antioxidant properties ABOUT US | ARGAN OIL EMPOWER PROTECT PRESERVE NEWS / RESEARCH BUY / CONTACT FAQ ' s / GLOSSARY Β© 2007 - 2016 ARGAN OILS | PRIVACY POLICY | TERMS OF USE RESOURCES | [
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http://argumentsforatheism.com/history.html | HISTORY OF ATHEISM Antiquity | Middle Ages and Renaissance | Early Modern Era 20th Century Atheism in Today β s World Atheism ( or at least ideas that would be recognized today as atheistic ) has it origins in some of the oldest documented philosophies of antiquity - the Vedic period of India and classical ancient Greece - but it did not emerge as an overt and avowed belief system until late in the European Enlightenment . We will trace here its historical development down to its current position in the modern world . Antiquity Back to Top Hinduism is generally speaking a very theistic religion , but the Carvaka school that originated in India around 6th Century BC was probably the most explicitly atheistic and materialistic school of philosophy in India . Although our understanding of Carvaka philosophy is fragmentary and it is not considered part of the six orthodox schools of Hinduism , it explicitly rejected the doctrine of Vedas and denied the notion of a creationist god or an afterlife . Other Indian philosophies generally regarded as atheistic include the more orthodox Classical Samkhya and Purva Mimamsa schools of Hinduism . Both Jainism and Buddhism also reject the idea of a personal creator God , although they may not be considered explicitly atheistic . Western atheism has its roots in pre - Socratic Greek philosophy , particularly in the Milesian philosophers of the 6th Century BC : Thales , Anaximander and Anaximenes . They were the first to reject mythological explanations for rational , naturalistic ones , and introduced the then revolutionary idea that nature could be understood as a self - contained system - the rudimentary origins of science . The 5th Century BC Greek philosopher Diagoras of Melos is sometimes referred to as the " first atheist " , and he strongly criticized religion and mysticism . Critias , an Athenian statesman and uncle of Plato , viewed religion as a human invention used to frighten people into following moral order . Atomist philosophers in the 5th Century BC , such as Leucippus and Democritus , attempted to explain the world in a purely materialistic way , without reference to the spiritual or mystical . Democritus specifically explained that the indivisible atoms that he believed made up everything in Problem of Evil , and explicitly argued against the existence of life after death . Atheism in the ancient world was not always an easy path , though . Anaxagoras was banished from Athens for being an atheist . Socrates was executed at the end of the 5th Century BC for impiety for inspiring questioning of the Greek state gods . But the issue continued to recur in different guises . As to the gods , I have no means of knowing either that they exist or do not exist . - Protagoras ( c . 450 BC , quoted in Plato β s β Theatetus β c . 369 BC ) The influential school of Skepticism , founded by Pyrrho in the 4th Century BC , advised against making any truth claims at all on the grounds that it is impossible to know which of the various competing opinions are right . In the 4th / 3rd Century BC , Epicurus disputed many religious doctrines , including the existence of an afterlife or a personal deity and , while he did not rule out the existence of gods , he believed that if they did exist they were completely unconcerned with humanity . Other Greek philosophers who probably had atheistic views The Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius ( a follower of Epicurus ) argued in the 1st Century BC that , if there were gods , they were unconcerned with humanity and unable to affect the natural world , and suggested that humanity should have no fear of the supernatural . In the 1st Century AD , the influential skeptic Sextus Empiricus argued that one should suspend judgment about virtually all beliefs . The meaning of " atheist " changed over the course of classical antiquity . The early Christians were labelled atheists by non - Christians because of their disbelief in the pagan Roman gods . Then , when Christianity became the state religion of Rome under Emperor Theodosius in 381 AD , the position was reversed and heresy became a punishable offence . Middle Ages and Renaissance Back to Top During the Early Middle Ages and Middle Ages , the open espousal of atheistic views was rare in Europe , and atheism was a very uncommon , even dangerous , doctrine to hold . The charge of atheism was regularly used as way of attacking one ' s political or religious enemies , and the repercussions were severe . However , certain heterodox views were put forward by individual theologists such as Johannes Scotus Eriugena , David of Dinant , Amalric of Bena and William of Ockham , and by groups like the Brethren of the Free Spirit , and For most of the Middle Ages , religion was so universally dominant that it was not even believed possible that someone could deny the existence of God . Heterodox views were equally rare in the medieval Islamic world , although the 9th Century scholar Ibn al - Rawandi did go so far as to criticize the notion of religious prophecy ( including even that of Mohammed ) , and maintained that religious dogmas were not acceptable to reason and must be rejected . The European Renaissance of the 15th to 17th Centuries did much to expand the scope of freethought and skeptical inquiry , although criticisms of the religious establishment ( such as those of NiccolΓ² Machiavelli , Leonardo da Vinci , Bonaventure des PΓ©riers and FranΓ§ois Rabelais ) usually did not amount to actual atheism . As the scientific discoveries of Copernicus and Galileo became increasingly accepted , man ' s long - assumed privileged place in the universe appeared less and less justifiable . Progressive thinkers like Giordano Bruno , Lucilio Vanini and Galileo Galilei , bravely battling against the odds With the religious infighting during the Protestant Reformation in the 16th Century , dissent of all kinds flourished , and some sects ( such as the Anabaptists , Unitarians and Deists ) developed much more humanist and less traditionally religious variants . Criticism of Christianity became increasingly frequent in the 17th and 18th Centuries , led by independent thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes , Baruch Spinoza and David Hume . The number of outspoken refutations to atheism during this period attests to the increasing prevalence of atheist positions , with some of the strongest anti - atheist apologists even attempting Early Modern Era The first known atheist to bluntly and openly deny the existence of gods was the French priest Jean Meslier , whose radical views were only exposed after his death in 1729 . The French physician and philosopher Julien Offray de La Mettrie wrote his shockingly bold work β L ' Homme Machine β ( β Man A Machine β ) , based on consistently materialistic and quasi - atheistic principles , in 1748 . What , indeed , is an atheist ? He is one who destroys delusions which are harmful to humanity in order to lead men back to nature , to reality , to reason . He is a thinker who , having reflected on the nature of matter , its energy , properties and ways of acting , has no need of idealized powers or imaginary intelligences to explain the phenomena of the universe and the operations of nature . - Baron d β Holbach ( 1770 ) These early pioneers were followed during the Enlightenment by other openly atheistic thinkers , particularly the wealthy and influential Baron d ' Holbach , whose 1770 work " SystΓ¨me de la nature " ( β The System of Nature β ) was the first avowedly atheistic work to gain any significant circulation ( the book , sometimes called the Atheists ' Bible , was banned and even publicly burned ) . Among β La Coterie Holbachique β which met at d β Holbach β s salon were his main collaborator Jacques - AndrΓ© Naigeon and fellow Frenchmen Denis Diderot and These discussions of atheism , however , were largely confined to the French salon society of the educated and aristocratic elite . It took the French Revolution for atheism to reach out and into the public sphere in France , and at its height there was anti - clerical violence and the expulsion of many members of the clergy from the country . Some of the more militant atheists attempted to forcibly de - Christianize France , although this resulted in an equally violent reaction and the subsequent end of the so - called Reign of Terror . During the 18th and 19th Centuries , academic research began to undermine the literal truths of religion and throw doubt on the existence of God as a separate supernatural being . In 1779 , the German Protestant theologian J.G. Eichhorn suggested that the stories in the Book of Genesis , were not actual history , but were myths like the stories of Greek and Roman mythology , and cautioned against reading them as if they were the actual word of God . Further detailed literary analysis of the text of the Bible began to cast increasing doubt on its status Perhaps the first major expression of atheistic ideas published in the English language was β The Necessity of Atheism β , a work by the Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley published in 1811 , although the chemist Matthew Turner had published a pamphlet defending atheism ( β Answer to Dr . Priestley β s Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever β ) as early as 1782 . The prominent English intellectual Thomas Paine , particularly though his books " Common Sense " , " The Age of Reason " and the " The Rights of Man " , sought to open Their cause was helped somewhat by 19th Century developments in geology and paleontology , which subverted the Biblical creation story . Charles Darwin ' s " Origin of Species " , published in 1859 , further undermined the theological and social establishment , dispensing as it did with the idea of divine design , and perhaps marking the first time a scientific idea had explicitly subverted one of the principal arguments in favour of God . Despite strict laws against blasphemy in 19th Century Britain , there was a serious campaign against the Churches by the secularist movement , particularly targeting the highly privileged Church of England . George Holyoake was the last person in England to be imprisoned for being an atheist , in 1842 . The prominent and outspoken Victorian atheist Charles Bradlaugh was elected to Parliament in 1880 , but was not allowed to take his seat because he would not swear the traditional religious oath , choosing to " affirm " instead . He was however re - elected several times over After the secularization of French society during the Napoleonic era , many atheists and other anti - religious thinkers of the 19th Century devoted their efforts to political and social revolution , facilitating the upheavals of 1848 , the Risorgimento in Italy , and the growth of an international socialist movement . In the latter half of the 19th Century , atheism rose to prominence under the influence of the rationalistic and freethinking German philosophers of the era ( including Ludwig Feuerbach , Arthur Schopenhauer , Karl Marx and Friedrich Nietzsche ) , who openly denied the existence of deities 20th Century In the 20th Century , atheistic thought found recognition in a wide variety of other broader philosophies , such as existentialism , objectivism , secular humanism , nihilism , logical positivism , Marxism , feminism and the general scientific and rationalist movement . Proponents such as Bertrand Russell emphatically rejected belief in God ; Ludwig Wittgenstein and A . J . Ayer , in their different ways , asserted the unverifiability and meaninglessness of religious statements ; J . N . Findlay and J . J . C . Smart argued that the existence of God is not logically necessary The 20th Century also saw the political advancement of atheism , spurred on by interpretation of the works of Marx and Engels . In the wake of the Russian Revolution , Soviet Russia became the world ' s first avowedly atheistic state . Later , the policies of Stalinism turned towards repression of religion , often by violent means , and opposition to organized religion was made policy in all communist states , including the People ' s Republic of China , Mongolia and Cuba . In 1967 , the Albanian government under Enver Hoxha announced the closure of all Atheism in Today β s World It is hard to draw boundaries between atheism , non - religious beliefs and non - theistic religious and spiritual beliefs , and the distinction between atheism and agnosticism in many studies is often confused and unreliable . Furthermore , in certain regions atheists may not report themselves as such in order to prevent suffering from social stigma , discrimination and even persecution . However , worldwide absolute estimates for atheism ( as a primary religious preference ) range from 200 to 240 million , with β non - religious β totals up to two to three times that . The world would be astonished if it knew how great a proportion of its brightest ornaments , of those most distinguished even in popular estimation for wisdom and virtue , are complete skeptics in religion . - John Stuart Mill ( 1873 ) A 2001 study for Encyclopedia Britannica classified 2.5 % of the world ' s population as atheists , and a separate 12.7 % as non - religious ( a similiar survey five years earlier indicated that about 14.7 % of the world ' s population were non - religious , of which self - professed atheists made up around 3.8 % ) . A 2004 BBC survey in ten countries showed an average close to 17 % who β do n ' t believe in God β , varying between 0 % ( Nigeria ) and 39 % ( UK Although atheists are in the minority in most countries , they are relatively common in Europe , Australia , New Zealand , Canada , Argentina and Uruguay , in former and present Communist states , and , to a lesser extent , in the United States . Several studies have found Sweden to be one of the most atheistic countries in the world , with up to 85 % claiming to be atheists , agnostics or non - believers , followed by other Scandinavian , Northern European and South - East Asian countries . The general consensus is that the number of people not affiliated with any particular religion has been increasing in recent years . For example , census data from Canada ( a modern , industrial nation with a large and varied immigrant population ) , indicates that those claiming to have no religion rose to 24 % in 2011 , compared to 17 % in 2001 , 13 % in 1991 and 7 % in 1981 , and that the percentage is much higher among the Canadian - born , as opposed to immigrant , population . Furthermore , of those A 1996 study for the magazine β Nature β gave a percentage of 60.7 % of scientists expressing β disbelief or doubt in the existence of God β ( defined as a personal God which interacts directly with human beings ) . As many as 93 % among the members of the American National Academy of Sciences disbelieved in a personal God according to a 1998 study , and an even higher percentage of members of the UK β s equivalent Royal Society . Among the several hundred Nobel Prize laureates in science over the last hundred years , the Back to Top of Page Home | Search | Contact What is Atheism ? History of Atheism Arguments Atheism Quotes Famous Atheists References and Links Β© 2011 Luke Mastin | [
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http://argylehousing.com.au/what-naidoc-week-means-to-me/ | News What NAIDOC week means to me . July 9 , 2013 @ 10 : 07am As part of our NAIDOC week celebrations , we talk with Emma , a Client Service Officer from our Bowral Office . Emma tells us what NAIDOC week means to her and a little about her experiences with us . What does NAIDOC week mean to you ? I think NAIDOC week is an important week of the year as it is a reminder of the history of Indigenous people of Australia . The more knowledge people have about the history the more chances we have of being understanding and truly reconciling . It β s about promoting the achievements Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have had over the years and shows their history , culture , beliefs and to fight for their rights towards social justice and to teach New Australians to understand what the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have experienced . I think it β s important to celebrate NAIDOC week , as every year we celebrate this week , the more we realise we are all part of one nation and we are all one together with lots of different history and culture and I think this builds respect and knowledge for all . What is the significance of NAIDOC week to Argyle Community Housing ? By Argyle celebrating NAIDOC week it shows that Argyle respect and value the history of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people . It shows that we want Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to feel welcome within Argyle Community Housing and it shows that we want to learn from them as well . What has Argyle done well to learn about and promote the achievements of Indigenous people and culture ? From a staff point of view I think one of the major things Argyle has done well to learn about people from an Indigenous back - ground , is to encourage the staff of Argyle to attend courses on the history of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people , so staff can have a true understanding and respect of what the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have experienced and still experience . This also allows staff to have a better understanding of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people β s culture . We have also been implementing smaller What can we do more of in the future to promote the achievements of Indigenous people and culture ? The future brings many opportunities , however I think the import thing for Argyle to carry out in the future is to continue learning more about people from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander backgrounds and celebrate the achievements that are made along the way , no matter how big or small the achievements . Can you share a story about an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person who has taught you a β life lesson β or inspired you by their achievements ? An Aboriginal person that has inspired me greatly is Mandawuy Yunupingu . He demonstrated his passion for reconciliation through the music he loved so much , he also put great effort into bettering his education so he could get involved in the community and make changes , such as combining traditional aboriginal and western education and showing they can work along - side each other . Latest News The 2019 Tenant Survey Is Here March 25 , 2019 | [
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http://argyll-tech.com/en/the-adasa-system/ | The ADASA System Story behind ADASA System With a strong support from their internal group Mr Clinton Harris and Mr Deepkkumar began development of their arbitraging platform and other various mechanisms of the program Mr Clinton Harris headed the technological aspects of creating the system while Mr Deepkkumar allied up with numerous bookmakers through his huge network in the industry Working with the best specialists in around the world the powerful sports arbitraging system ADASA was commissioned The team began running a severe and inclusive constancy diagnostics test on ADASA a meticulous process which spanned over 16 months The results were absolutely impressive With their prototype the Argyll founders prepared business plans for a Round A offer so as to obtain some shareholders and capital to further develop the firm and to enhance ADASA Response was overwhelming and Round A ended with US 8 million of capital The concept of the system is to scan through more or all odds from major and minor bookmakers across the world This was enhanced and conducted by statisticians which infused sports analytics into the complex algorithms ADASA was also made to be extremely fast and precise at identifying the best odds and automatically calculating the ratio to wager With this Argyll has an operation which is low risk profitable and highly scalable Working with the best specialists in several fields ADASA System was formed Argyll Engineers and Data Scientists Worldclass experts run the daily standard operations handle all risk management protocols and maintenance work on the Adasa System They collect key data for further analysis while ensuring the fund managers receive live feeds of odds and betting algorithms from across the world Fund Managers Sports experts and top notch finance specialists work with the ADASA system to ensure the best returns proper capital allocation and efficient profitability models on every game Our fund managers grow our companys main fund together with our clients capital pool steadily and consistently ADASA Mainframe Key Features ADASA is one of Argyll Technologies Groups key competencies and main technological advantages A supercomputer mainframe system designed by Argyll specialists and top software developers over a period of 16 months with a development cost of slightly over US13 million ADASA runs its protocols 247 providing Argyll data scientists and fund managers with arbitrage opportunities instantaneously ADASA is a supercomputer mainframe system designed to run its protocol 24 hours a day and 7 days a week Extraction of odds data from sportsbook across the world Identifying events with arbitrage opportunities Calculating wager percentages and returns for all events Sorting them by highest returns on investment and reporting them to the Fund Managers for fund allocation and bet execution Data storage and consolidation Provides the Data Scientists and Fund Managers with arbitrage opportunities simultaneously Managed by a team of dedicated sports engineers and data scientists Risk free profit High performance system ADASA provides Argyll Technologies Group with a unique 100 arbitrage capability | [
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http://arh.adam.com/pages/guide/reftext/html/urin_sys_fin.html | Navigation links Introduction Kidneys : location and structure Kidneys : function Urine production Introduction After the body oxidizes nutrient substances , it must deal with excretion ( the elimination of metabolic waste products ) to prevent their accumulation and potential poisoning . The kidneys are essential to the body ' s excretory needs . They constantly filter the blood , and selectively reabsorb vital constituents for conservation . Concentrated waste products and some remaining water form urine . The kidneys are also key to the homeostatic regulation of blood volume and pressure , ion concentration , pH , and red blood cell production . Back to top Kidneys : location and structure The kidney is a reddish bean - shaped organ in the lower back near the twelfth rib . It sits within perirenal fat and renal fascia ( connective tissue ) that protect against injury . The lighter - colored outer part of the kidney is the renal cortex . The darker inner part is the renal medulla . Blood is filtered in the renal cortex and medulla to form urine . Within the kidney , urine travels through many structures before it reaches the ureter . The renal medulla contains dark triangular areas of tissue called the renal pyramids . Urine flows through a renal pyramid and exits at the renal papilla , the tip . The renal papilla has collecting ducts , small openings that allow urine to pass through . From the collecting ducts , the urine progresses to the renal pelvis , a widened area of the kidney , and exits through the ureter . The urine passes through the ureters to the urinary bladder . When the Back to top Kidneys : function The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron . It contains a glomerular ( Bowman ' s ) capsule , a cup - shaped structure that surrounds a glomerulus ( group of capillaries ) . Together , the glomerular capsule and glomerulus form a unit called the renal corpuscle . Attached to the Bowman ' s capsule is a long , twisting renal tubule that has four parts : the proximal convoluted tubule , the loop of Henle , the distal convoluted tubule , and a collecting duct . Filtration of the blood occurs in the renal corpuscle between the Bowman ' s capsule and glomerulus . In this nonselective process , fluid and tiny particles in the glomerulus pass from the blood into the Bowman ' s capsule and renal tubules . The liquid substance within the renal tubules is filtrate . Blood reaches the kidney through the renal arteries , a branch of the aorta . The path from the renal artery to the glomerulus runs as follows : lobar artery , interlobar artery , arcuate artery , interlobular artery , and afferent arterioles . " Afferent " means that the arteriole is carrying blood toward the glomerulus . Small openings called fenestrations fill the capillaries that make up the glomerulus . Fenestrations allow tiny particles and water to pass into the filtrate . Surrounding the glomerulus are cells called podocytes . The interlocking pedicels ( foot processes ) of these cells surround the capillaries to form the filtration barrier . This barrier prevents the passage of blood cells , platelets , and protein molecules into the filtrate . Seven types of matter are small enough to pass through the filtration barrier : blood plasma ( the liquid part of blood ) , glucose , amino acids , potassium Some materials in filtrate are needed to maintain homeostasis ( a stable internal environment ) ; the reabsorption process returns these materials to the bloodstream . Reabsorption begins after blood leaves the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole . " Efferent " means that the arteriole is carrying blood away from the glomerulus . The efferent arteriole forms a peritubular capillary bed that envelops the renal tubule . As the peritubular capillaries pass near the renal tubule , useful substances in the filtrate such as glucose , vitamins , amino acids , water , and ions are reabsorbed into the bloodstream Urine production Urine , the fluid that enters the collecting duct , passes to the urinary bladder through the ureters . Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) and aldosterone control how much urine the body produces . If the body becomes dehydrated , the pituitary gland releases ADH . This hormone reduces urine volume by causing the collecting tubules to allow more water to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream . If too much fluid is in the body , the pituitary gland stops releasing ADH and the excess water passes out of the body as dilute urine . Aldosterone enhances sodium reabsorption , which increases water reabsorption into the blood from the collecting tubules . Because of the effect of aldosterone on the collecting tubules , the amount of water excreted in the urine decreases and blood volume and blood pressure increase . Endocrine cells in the kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin , which controls erythrocyte production . | [
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http://ariumpinnacleridge.com/ | minutes from downtown durham nc exquisite water features experience life without limit welcome home to arium pinnacle ridge exclusive private patios minutes from downtown durham nc exquisite water features Durham NC ARIUM PINNACLE RIDGE Welcome home to ARIUM Pinnacle Ridge with the convenience of location and the lifestyle of luxury Our gated community offers 1 and 2 bedroom apartment homes with large floor plans and impeccably designed interiors Our apartment homes boast desirable features including builtin wine racks and oversized walkin closets In select homes enjoy brand new upgrades complete with stainless steel appliances and woodstyle flooring Our amenities are unbeatable Take a swim in our resort style pool with sundeck and complimentary WiFi or head to our 24hour fitness center with cardio studio or our lighted tennis court Your fourlegged family member is Explore our Community Promotion Check Our Availablity ApartmentRatingscom Top Rated Community Call today to check our availability 919 3724494 Amenities for All pet friendly living large dogs are welcome outdoor kitchen coffee bar resident clubhouse w wifi swimming pool fitness center Ready to Make a Move Our apartment homes boast desirable features including builtin wine racks and oversized walkin closets In select homes enjoy brand new upgrades complete with stainless steel appliances and woodstyle flooring Our amenities are unbeatable Take a swim in our resort style pool with sundeck and complimentary WiFi or head to our 24hour fitness center with cardio studio or our lighted tennis court Come by and se for yourself For the location you cant beat it and the staff are amazing The maintenance team are the best and Benny the Maintenance Supervisor is always so efficient I love the pool the best and cant wait for the weather to get better so we can get back to enjoying it Lizzie Pogoloff I have lived at Arium Pinnacle Ridge for 6 months and I have nothing but positive things to say The office staff is professional and helpful the maintenance staff is hardworking and gets requests turned around in 24h or less Lisa Fotenakes I love this place Weve only been here a month but its amazing The staff is super friendly maintenance is extremely helpful and I love all the amenities Theres a pool a gym a clubhouse and a small dog park Also the view from our patio is amazing Briana Riegler For the location you cant beat it and the staff are amazing The maintenance team are the best and Benny the Maintenance Supervisor is always so efficient I love the pool the best and cant wait for the weather to get better so we can get back to enjoying it Lizzie Pogoloff I have lived at Arium Pinnacle Ridge for 6 months and I have nothing but positive things to say The office staff is professional and helpful the maintenance staff is hardworking and gets requests turned around in 24h or less Lisa Fotenakes | [
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http://arizonaexperience.org/people/arizonas-water-uses-and-sources | Home People Arizona β s Water : Uses and Sources Approximately one acre - foot serves the freshwater needs of a family of five for one year . A land β s carrying capacity has always been determined by its access to usable water . Humans use water primarily for irrigation , industry , drinking water , and sanitation . Millions of non - human species depend on water for life itself . Only 1 % of the earth β s water is freshwater , to be shared among more than 7 billion people and all freshwater aquatic ecosystems in the world . It is perhaps the most precious resource on the planet . Large volumes of water are most commonly measured in acre - feet . One acre - foot is the amount of water required to cover one acre of area to the depth of one foot : 325,851 gallons . Approximately one acre - foot serves the needs of a family of five for one year . Arizona is one of the driest states in the U.S. , and one of the fastest - growing . Arizona ' s current population is over 6 million ( 2010 Census ) and is projected to grow to as many as 9.5 million people by 2025 . Encompassing four deserts , Arizona receives a statewide average of only 12.5 inches of rain per year . Our climate presents intense challenges in balancing our water needs between ourselves , our neighbors , and our riparian ecosystems Water has defined our past and will determine our future . Arizona receives a statewide average of only 12.5 inches of rain per year . All economic activity , including mining , agriculture , and urban growth , relies on a dependable water supply . But our historic overuse of water has destroyed ecosystems and is causing dangerous changes to the land . To meet these challenges , Arizona has developed one of the most advanced water management systems in the world . Networks of dams , canals , and replenishment ponds store water and move it when and where it is needed . Years of negotiations with our border states , Mexico , and users within the state have yielded a complex system of water allocation laws . Conservation initiatives strive to Water Budget : Usage and recharge How much water do we use ? Based on Arizona Department of Water Resources ( ADWR ) data from 2001 β 2005 , Arizona uses approximately 6.96 million acre - feet of water annually . A 2008 estimate by the University of Arizona Water Resources Research Center places that value as high as 8 million acre - feet . Collaborative estimates place the actual water used in Arizona at between 7.25 million and 7.75 million acre - feet annually . That β s about 2.4 β 2.5 trillion gallons a year How do we use water ? Water in Arizona is used for cultural purposes ( for and by people ) and for in - stream uses , such as for the support of fish and riparian ecosystems . Arizona ' s cultural use of water . Values based on Arizona Department of Water Resources Approximately 69 % of the available water supply in Arizona is used for agriculture . Agriculture The largest cultural use is agriculture β using approximately 69 % of the available water supply in Arizona . In the past , this percentage was as high as 90 % . Reductions have been the result of urbanization of agricultural lands , and the result of heavy investment in conservation measures β by the irrigated agriculture industry β done both on the land and in the delivery systems . Industry Industry uses about 6 % of Arizona β s water supply , or 400,000 acre - feet . Arizona β s major industrial uses come from mining and power generation . Arizona supplies over 60 % of the nation β s copper and mines substantial industrial minerals . Power , a growing industry in the southwest , uses water too . One kilowatt hour of electricity takes about 25 gallons to produce . Fortunately , power generation can use effluent , or recycled water . Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station is the only nuclear plant in the world to use recycled water in its cooling ponds . About 70 % of the water used to produce power in Arizona is effluent . Many golf courses in Arizona also take advantage of recycled water and use it for irrigation . Municipal Use Municipal use is estimated at about 25 % or 1.6 million acre - feet , and much of this is used to irrigate landscapes . While efforts are being made to transition from traditional landscaping to xeriscape ( replacing high - water use plants with native specimens ) , a growing population still means an increased use of municipal water Water Sources Arizona gets water from three major sources : surface water ( which includes Colorado River water and water from other major rivers and streams ) , groundwater , and effluent or reclaimed water . Groundwater About 43 % of the state ' s water use comes from groundwater sources . Groundwater is found beneath the earth ' s surface in natural reservoirs called aquifers . In most cases the aquifers that store water have been in place for millions of years . Throughout the 20 th and 21 st centuries , groundwater has been pumped out more rapidly than it has been replenished , creating a condition called overdraft . Though a large amount of water remains stored in Arizona ' s aquifers , its availability is limited by location , depth and quality . By continuing to overdraft the state ' s groundwater supplies , we challenge our ability to ensure a secure water supply for the future . In recognition of this threat , Arizona implemented the Groundwater Management Code in 1980 . The Groundwater Code promotes water conservation and long - range planning of our water resources Colorado River Water A separate category of surface water in Arizona is the water supplied through the Colorado River . The federal government constructed a system of reservoirs on the river to harness its supplies for use in several states . Arizona , California , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , Colorado , Wyoming , and Mexico share the river ' s resources . Rights to use Colorado River water are quantified by a string of legal authorities known as the " Law of the River . " Based on this body of law , Arizona has the right to use 2.8 million acre - feet annually of Colorado River water . Mohave , La Paz , and Yuma county water users rely on Colorado River as their principal water supply . When fully utilized , the Central Arizona Project ( CAP ) will deliver an annual average of 1.5 million acre - feet of Colorado River water to Maricopa , Pinal and Pima Counties . Other Surface Water Surface water from lakes , rivers , and streams is Arizona ' s major renewable water resource . However , because of our desert climate , the amount of surface water available can vary dramatically from year to year , season to season , and place to place . In order to make the best use of the surface water when and where it is needed , storage reservoirs and delivery systems have been constructed throughout the state . Most notable are the major reservoir storage systems located on the Salt , Verde , Gila and Agua Fria rivers . Almost all of the natural surface water in Arizona has been developed Effluent Reclaimed water , or effluent , is the one increasing water source in our state . As our population and water use grows , more treated wastewater will be available . Reclaimed water is treated to a quality that can be used for purposes such as agriculture , golf courses , parks , industrial cooling , or maintenance of wildlife areas Information made available by the and the University of Arizona Water Resources Research Center Since it is impossible to measure the exact values of water used across a state , some variance of values must be tolerated . Values based on Arizona Department of Water Resources ABC β s of Water Verde River | [
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http://ark-survival-evolved.wikia.com/wiki/Brontosaurus | in : Creatures Extinct Creatures Dinosaurs and 7 more Brontosaurus Edit Share Brontosaurus In Ark : Survival Evolved In Real Life Statistics Common Name Brontosaurus Group Dinosaurs Species Brontosaurus lazarus Time Late Jurassic Diet Herbivore Temperament Docile Egg Bronto Egg Feces Size Large Domestication Favorite Kibble Kibble ( Carbonemys Egg ) Tameable Yes Rideable Yes Saddle Bronto Saddle ( lvl 55 ) Platform Saddle Bronto Platform Saddle ( lvl 70 ) Incubation Range 28 - 31 Β° C / 82 - 88 Β° F Incubation Time 4h 59m 58s Baby Stage Time 9h 15m 33s Wild Among the largest creatures I ' ve seen on the island Brontosaurus Lazarus is larger than any sauropod I ' ve read about . In fact , the dinosaur is so massive that it ignores most other creatures . I ' ve seen a pack of Raptors tear apart smaller dinosaurs while Brontosaurus continues eating , seemingly oblivious to the hunting pack . Dometicated Because of how docile it is , Brontosaurus makes the ideal pack - animal . Peaceful tribes use it to carry incredible quantities of resources , while warring tribes use it to mobilize their army . Unfortunately , its enormity means that most attempts to tame Brontosaurus can take longer than almost any other creature on the island . Some may think this is an Apatosaurus Dreadnoughtus Argentinosaurus , or other Sauropod - but this is a strange island , and I ' m the one doing the research . I ' m convinced that this genus is Brontosaurus , and no one can tell me otherwise . My study , my rules . β The Dossier The or Bronto is a large , yet docile herbivorous dinosaur , and so far the largest creature found roaming the Ark . The Brontosaurus , meaning " thunder lizard " , is part of the Sauropod family . Wikipedia has a more detailed and comprehensive article on Contents show Appearance The Brontosaurus is the second largest dinosaur in the game ( first being Titanosaurus ) . Its head , legs , and tail are all capable of devastating attacks . It should be noted that a Bronto ' s attack is nearly always an instant kill for new to mid tier players . Behavior TBA Domestication The docile nature of the Brontosaurus makes it an ideal pack animal . Though taming a Brontosaurus is a massive investment in time and resources due to its tremendous size , ideally requiring the cooperation of multiple survivors in order to achieve . The Brontosaurus can also be used as mobile base with a special saddle . Taming Note : Taming will take SEVERAL in game days ( in some cases up to six ) and almost half a thousand narcoberries ( or their narcotics equivalent ) . The Bronto Saddle is unlocked at level 55 . The Bronto Platform Saddle is unlocked at level 70 , which allows for structures to be built on the back of a Brontosaurus . This dino is very efficient for collecting berries due to its large tail swing . Its favorite type of berry is the mejoberry . It can carry 900lb at level 1 . Breeding TBA Locations Found almost anywhere on the island . Trivia Its full name literally means " Helpful Thunder Lizard " . The dossier mistakenly places Brontosaurus ' time period as the late Cretaceous when , in fact , it actually lived in the late Jurassic . However , the dossier also acknowledges that it may be another sauropod like Argentinosaurus , which did come from the late Cretaceous . Brontosaurus are one of the endgame berry farming machines you will wish to have . Use their attacks against large groups of bushes to gather more than a hundred berries . Depending on your location , you ' ll be able to farm more than 1500 Narcoberries in one , single ingame night . Also , due to their enormous weight capacity , they make transport of large quantities slow , but effective . Brontosaurus ' tail attack is extremely wide , and reaches almost up to its head in a 180 Β° whip in the direction you are facing . Caution is advised when using tail attacks to collect berries , because you might hit a herd of Triceratops , causing all of them to attack you , which can be overwhelming for even the Brontosaurus . The Brontosaurus is so large that when it steps on smaller creatures ( such as Trilobites Meganeuras , or Dodos ) it deals damage to them and sometimes even kills them . This can be a problem , especially when navigating through swamps , as you frequently step on Meganeuras , killing them and causing a couple of them to attack you at a time . One tail sweep often kills all of them , earning you a lot of experience points . If you are on a server / single player world with a high gathering rate , your Brontosaurus can very easily become over encumbered with one - two tail sweep ( s ) , so be wary . ( Yes , that means over 900 pounds of berries , thatch and wood . ) Trivia not relevant for the game Brontosaurus was considered a junior synonym of Apatosaurus until 2015 , when an extensive study concluded that it was a valid genus of sauropod distinct from Apatosaurus . The skull of the animal shown in the dossier is not of Brontosaurus but Camarasaurus . This indicates there may have been a misnomer . Gallery Gameplay Images Add a photo to this gallery ARK : Fear Evolved Add a photo to this gallery Creatures Dinosaurs Allosaurus Ankylosaurus Baryonyx Carnotaurus Alpha ) β’ Compsognathus Dilophosaurus Diplodocus Gallimimus Giganotosaurus Iguanodon Kentrosaurus Megalosaurus Microraptor Oviraptor Pachycephalosaurus Pachyrhinosaurus Parasaurolophus Pegomastax Raptor Alpha ) β’ Stegosaurus Spinosaurus Therizinosaurus Titanosaurus Triceratops Troodon Tyrannosaurus Rex Yutyrannus Mammals and Synapsids Basilosaurus Castoroides Chalicotherium Daeodon Dimetrodon Doedicurus Direbear Direwolf Equus Human Hyaenodon Gigantopithecus Yeti Lystrosaurus Mammoth Megaloceros Megatherium Mesopithecus Moschops Onychonycteris Otter Ovis Paraceratherium Phiomia Procoptodon Purlovia Sabertooth Thylacoleo Woolly Rhino Reptiles and Amphibians Beelzebufo Carbonemys Dimorphodon Diplocaulus Ichthyosaurus Kaprosuchus Liopleurodon Megalania Mosasaurus Plesiosaur Pteranodon Quetzalcoatlus Sarcosuchus Tapejara Titanoboa Birds Archaeopteryx Argentavis Dodo Hesperornis Ichthyornis Kairuku Pelagornis Terror Bird Fish Angler Coelacanth Dunkleosteus Electrophorus Lamprey Leedsichthys Manta Megalodon Oncorhynchus Piranha Invertebrates Achatina Ammonite Araneomorphus Arthropluera Cnidaria Dung Beetle Eurypterid Giant Bee Leech Diseased Meganeura Pulmonoscorpius Titanomyrma Trilobite Tusoteuthis Bosses Broodmother Dragon Ice Worm Lava Elemental Manticore Megapithecus Rockwell Event Creatures DodoRex DodoWyvern Turkey Zomdodo BunnyDodo BunnyOviraptor Scorched Earth Death Worm Jerboa Jug Bug Lymantria Mantis Morellatops Phoenix Rock Elemental Thorny Dragon Vulture Wyvern Ragnarok Griffin Abberation Karkinos Glowbug Bulbdog Nameless Nameless Queen Roll Rat Rock Drake Glowtail Seeker Shinehorn Basilisk Reaper Ravager Categories Extinct Creatures Dinosaurs Saurischians Sauropodomorphs Herbivore Tameable Jurassic Dinosaurs Dinosaurs of North America Dinosaurs Described in the 1870s Recent Wiki Activity ARK Server Providers EternalSeddy β’ 2 days ago Ammonite Ri1eyfin β’ 2 days ago Breeding ; How to Guide SilverMoonTX β’ 13 days ago Torpor CuddleFishLeviathan β’ 20 days ago Help us grow ARK : Survival Evolved Wiki Get Started | [
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http://arlindo-correia.com/260700.html | 2672000 OLGA BROUMAS b 1949 POEMS Body and Soul Cinderella Circe Eye of Heart Innocence Leda and Her Swan Little Red Riding Hood Love Lines Maenad She Loves Stars in Your Name Leda and Her Swan You have red toenails chestnut hair on your calves oh let me love you the fathers are lingering in the background nodding assent I dream of you shedding calico from slowmotion breasts I dream of you leaving with skinny women I dream you know The fathers are nodding like overdosed lechers the fathers approve with authority Persian emperors ordering that the sun shall rise every dawn set each dusk I dream White bathroom surfaces rounded basins you stand among loosening hair arms my senses The fathers are Dresden figurines vestigial anecdotal small sculptures shaped by the hands of nuns Yours crimson tipped take not part in that crude abnegation Scarlet liturgies shake our room amaryllis blooms in your upper thighs water lilly on mine fervent delta the bed afloat sheer linen blowing on the wind Nile Amazon Mississippi Circe The Charm The fire bites the fire bites Bites to the little death Bites till she comes to nothing Bites on her own sweet tongue She goes on Biting The Anticipation They tell me a woman waits motionless till shes wooed I wait spiderlike effortless as they weave even my web for me tying the cord in knots with their courting hands Such power over them And the spell their own Who could release them Who would untie the cord with a cloven hoof The Bite What I wear in the morning pleases me green shirt skirt of wine I am wrapped in myself as the smell of night wraps round my sleep when I sleep outside By the time I get to the corner bar corner store corner construction site I become divine I turn men into swine Leave them behind me whistling grunting wild Maenad Hell has no fury like womens fury Scorned in their life by the living sons they themselves have set loose like a great gasp through a fleshy nostril Hell has no fury Hell has no fury like fury of women Scorned by their daughters who claim paternity wed lock deliverance from the pulsing apronstrings of the apron tied round their omphalos that maternal and terrible brand Hell has no fury Hell has no fury like the fury of women Scorned from birth by their mothers who must deliver the heritage signs methods artifacts whattheyremember intact to them and who have no time for sentiment only warnings Hell has no fury And hell has no fury like fury of women Scorning themselves in each others image they would deny that image even to god as she laughs at them scornfully through her cloven maw Hell has no rage like this womens rage Love lines for those islands in the Aegean whose harbors are too small for commercial lines our muffled phone the through town train tonight i fuse them in sleep as their rumble fades rhythmically anothers sound echoes a ships stack hooting desultorily past small hulled islands each port a knothole lapped shut o the water is tender green curls softly innocent a lazy noose in the sunlight i loved you i know now water swells wood lungs i loved you i go past shallows to sashaying algae to prowling kelp remote inaccessible as the harbor no phone or faith o love orbits us all night long your cock is an instrument in my palm to gauge by at breakfast you pour the coffee i hold my tongue what I keep from you keeps me from you the ship is fading like sunlit frost silver gleams on our table mugs shine red as cranberries blue as frostbite i want to hold on not back brave mornings fierce tangibility tell you o still by the dry light i grow edgy bristle defenses a pine cone in fire if i were a man or you a woman anything would be easier than this one man you me one woman lost in the shrinking summer our breakfast done Innocence the sound of one hand clapping I Manitas the Queen Love and Love lying by her one on each side I am the Jester the smallest one I roll round the bed at Manitas feet the floor tangled with castoff garments I flick my sharp tongue at Love I adore Manita the Queen at the foot of the bed each hand so deep in Loves collapsible caves Manita kneeling in the midst of Love Manita talking with God II Manita talking with God God appears among us elusive the extra hand none of us Love Love Jester Queen can quite locate fix or escape Extra hand extra pleasure A hand with the glide of a tongue a hand precise as an eyelid a hand with a sense of smell a hand that will dance to its liquid moan Gods hand Loose on the four of us like a wind on the grassy hills of the South III I take my Love to Manita Swiftboned green eyed dressed in her dark skin and hair I take my Love on fire Manita moans Manitas hands flow delicate as insects agile as fish cool as the shifting water the night quiet lake I take my Love to her hands on fire She takes my Love IV She takes my Love to her passions sweet bruises on her dark skin her nipples sucked up like pears the small hand of God inventing itself again wind on Manitas hair Neither Love moves Queen and the Jester the merging shadows on wall and ceiling the candle thick as a young tree bright with green fire Manitas Love opens herself to me my sharp Jesters tongue my cartwheels of pleasure The Queens own pearl at my fingertips and Manita pealing my Jesters bells on our four small steeples as Sunday downs clear in February and God claps and claps her one hand Cinderella the joy that isnt shared I heard dies young Anne Sexton 19281974 Apart from my sisters estranged from my mother I am a woman alone in a house of men who secretly call themselves princes alone with me usually under cover of dark I am the one allowed in to the royal chambers whose small foot conveniently fills the slipper of glass The woman writer the lady umpire the madam chairman anyones wife I know what I know And I once was glad of the chance to use it even alone in a strange castle doing overtime on my own cracking the royal code The princes spoke in their fathers language were eager to praise me my nimble tongue I am a woman in a state of siege alone as one piece of laundry strung on a windy clothesline a mile long A woman coopted by promises the lure of a job the ruse of a choice a woman forced to bear witness falsely against my own kind as each other sister was judge inadequate bitchy incompetent jealous too thin too fat I know what I know What sweet bread I make for myself in this prosperous house is dirty what good soup I boil turns in my mouth to mud Give me my ashes A cold stove a cinderblock pillow wet canvas shoes in my sisters my sisters hut Or I swear Ill die young like those favored before me handpicked each one For her joyful heart Little Red Riding Hood I grow old old without you Mother landscape of my heart No child no daughter between my bones has moved and passed out screaming dressed in her mantle of blood as I did once through your pelvic scaffold stretching it like a wishbone your tenderest skin strung on its bow and tightened against the pain I slipped out like an arrow but not before the midwife plunged to her wrist and guided my baffled head to its first mark High forceps might in that one instant have accomplished what you and that good woman failed in all these years to do cramp me between the temples hobble my baby feet Dressed in my red hood howling I went evading the white clad doctor and his fancy claims microscope stethoscope scalpel all the better to see with to hear and to eat straight from your hollowed basket into the midwifes skirts I grew up good at evading and when you said Stick to the road and forget the flowers theres wolves in those bushes mind where you got to go mind you get there I minded I kept to the road kept the hood secret kept what it sheathed more secret still I opened it only at night and with other women who might be walking the same road to their own grandmas house each with their basket of gifts her small hood safe in the same part I minded well I have no daughter to trace that road back to your lap with my laden basket of love Im growing old old without you Mother landscape of my heart architect of my body what other gesture can I conceive to make with it that would reach you alone in your house and waiting across this improbable forest peopled with wolves and our lost flowergathering sisters they feed on A comment From Beginning with O 1977 Yale University Press Body and Soul There is a joke it goes in Greece that summer there was a futbol match and the husband had lost his lady BITCH he shouted after her WHORE WOMAN HEY YOU BITCH Greece is civilized the cop said call your wife by name I cant the man said Call her name the cop said Not allowed the man said Call her name I said the cop said if you dont the man said in the Greek futbol stadium he said ELEUTHERIAAAAAAAAA Stars in Your Name All day you stare at us who may not touch your weeping on your blood HEATHER McHUGH Kind kind milk in the mind milk in the child child in the blind hormone of sleep at night supine anchored paralysand flat as a star soaked in the hopeful calcium all mammals like a prayer paging god lie down to weep out for our young mild soporific milk endure our cry issuing ineluctable and somewhat like a bird in flight out of an oil spill a black bird that had been white a brother from the cratered tit aureoled blue perennial in orbit in the buckled sky o soul on its invisible tether from the dippered water that was self now rise through the historical oceanskin that divides the dreaming anchor from its days each night a nipped rehearsal for the unrequited vessel filling filling in a childs mind since the shock unfair took it by force unfairly into concept and Justice signal star tore from its center to abide above the ferns and shelters where in dreams a life soars up to lick the fabled light from its inverted triangles paired fairly in the sky glowing from our perspective a phosphor that might nightly heal the hole in the clay flowerpot and brim the unknown nourishment that balsemed angel with open eyes untarred and gleamingfeathered lets our solace be your flight Eye of Heart Because I was whipped as a child frequently by a mother so bewildered by her passion her generous hunger she would freak as the swell of her even her love for me alone in the small house of our room by the Metropolis and fling me the frantic flap of her hand as if some power in me to say brought the unbearable also to the lips and as it didnt hurt nearly as much as her distress imagined it and set the set I grew up longing for consummation as she did beyond endurance tenderness acceptance of the large insatiable that grows so small and grateful if allowed its portion of sun so that the images that led me down the spiral of forgetting self and listing like a phenomenon in the grip of its weather dazzling or threatening but free of civilization were the links whereby her terror made good its promise to annihilate my will her will I couldnt tell the difference then as now when making love I can breathe in forever on that rise indefinite plateau whose briefness like an eye in unselfconscious and the sphere of the horizon its known line She Loves deep prolonged entry with the strong pink cock the situps is evokes from her arms fast on the climbing invisible rope to the sky clasping and unclasping the cosmic lorus Inside the long breaths of lung and cunt swell the vocal cords and a rasp a song loud sudden overdrive into disintegrate spinal melt video hologram in the belly Her tits are luminous and sway to the rhythm and I grab them and exaggerate their orbs Shoulders above like loaves of heaven nutmegflecked exuding light like violet diodes closing circuit where the wall its fuse box so stolidly stood No room for fantasy We watch ourselves transform the past with such disinterested fascination the only attitude that does not stall the song by an outburst of consciousness and still lets consciousness loved and incurable voyeur peek in I tap I slap I knee thump bellyroll Her song is hoarse and is taking me incoherent familiar path to that self we are wall cortical cells of Every o in her body beelines for her throat locked on a rising skilift up the mountain no grass no mountaintop no snow White belly folding muscular as milk Pas de deux pas de chat spotlight on the key of G clef du roman tour de force letting like the sunlight lets a sleeve worn against wind go umbilical cord From the book Perpetua in Olga Broumas Poems 1975 1999 Copper Canyon Press Port Towsend Washington 98368 1999 ISBN 1556591268 | [
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http://armageddonapparel.com/index.php?route=product/manufacturer/info&manufacturer_id=356 | Steve Weatherford Product Compare 0 Sort By Show Abolish Sleevery Premium Racerback 2399 Abolish Sleevery Tank 2399 ADHD Tee 2399 Armageddon Army Tee 2399 Armageddon Logo Scoop Tee 2999 Armageddon Tee 2399 Armageddon Womens Tee 2399 Bless Up Scoop Tee 3299 Focus Over Fatigue Tee 2399 Focused AF Dad Hat Black 2299 Focused AF Dad Hat Stone 2299 Focused AF Dad Hat White 2299 Focused AF Snapback Hat 2999 Focused AF Tank 2399 Focused AF Tee 2399 Goal Digger Tee 2399 Iron Sharpens Iron Scoop Tee 2999 Kind AF Tank 2399 Logo Dad Hat Black 2299 Logo Dad Hat White 2299 Philippians Tee 2399 Safe Sets Tee 2399 Sweat Equity Tee LIMITED EDITION 3299 Tunnel Vision Scoop Tee 3299 Abolish Sleevery Light Weight Sleeveless Hoodie Eco Grey 4999 Showing 1 to 25 of 25 1 Pages Account Forgotten Password My Account Address Books Wish List Order History Downloads Transactions Recurring payments | [
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http://armandojusto.blogspot.com/2009/04/organizational-development-od.html | Tuesday , April 14 , 2009 Organizational development ( OD ) interventions : Managing systematic change in organizations Abstract To effectively adapt and thrive in today β s business world , organizations need to implement effective OD interventions aimed at improving performance at organizational , group and individual levels . OD interventions involve respect for people , a climate of trust and support , shared power , open confrontation of issues , and the active participation of stakeholders . OD interventions are broader in scope , usually affecting the whole organization ( socio - technical systems ) . OD interventions are sponsored by the CEO and supported and β owned β by staff at the different levels of the organization . OD professionals must have a solid understanding of the different OD interventions to choose the most appropriate , or β mix and match β them - based on the expected results and a solid analysis of the organization and its environment . This blog presents a brief analysis of OD interventions using a classification proposed by M . Kormanik Major OD Interventions OD interventions aim at improving organizational performance and employees β well being . According to Robbins ( 1994 ) , OD integrates a collection of planned change interventions that relies on humanistic and democratic values , aimed at improving organizational effectiveness , and employees β well being . OD interventions rely on the following values : respect for people , trust and support , power equalization , confrontation and participation . Kormanik ( 2005 ) proposes a classification of OD interventions in 6 groups : large scale , strategic , technostructural , management and leadership development , team development and group processes , and individual and interpersonal processes . Large - scale interventions Large scale interventions typically involve a full - size group of stakeholders , working toward the definition of a future state . These interventions start from top levels of the organization , to analyze , plan , and define the intervention β s outcomes , then , people are involved in the solution , creating with this a shared commitment , and a β contagious of effect β effort , which will support the implementation of defined actions in the long term . Some examples include the following : appreciative inquiry summit , future search , open space and real time strategic change Worley ( 2001 ) describe the three step process involved in any large scale intervention : 1 ) the preparation of the large group meeting , 2 ) Conducting the meeting , and 3 ) Following on meeting outcomes . Large - scale interventions are quicker , build organizational confidence , give immediate and broad based information , promote a total organization mindset , inspire action , and sustained commitment . Strategic interventions Strategic interventions contribute to align the organization with its environment . Cummings and Worley ( 2001 ) state that these interventions β link the internal functioning of the organization to the larger environment ; transforming the organization to keep pace with changing conditions β ( p . 105 ) . Strategic intervention help organizations to gain a better understanding of their current state , and their environment , that allow them to better target strategies for competing or collaborating with other organizations . ( 2005 ) includes under the umbrella of strategic interventions , the following : mission / vision / purpose , strategic planning and goal setting , visioning / scenario planning , benchmarking , SWOT , communication audit / strategy , values clarification and commitment , climate survey , and culture change . Technostructural interventions Technostructural interventions focus on improving the organizational effectiveness and human development by focusing on technology and structure . These interventions are rooted in the fields of engineering , sociology , and psychology , combined with socio - technical systems and job analysis and design . These types of interventions rely on a deficit based approach ; the idea is to find problems to solve . According to Cummings and ( 2001 ) technostructural approaches focus on improving an organization β s technology ( for example , task methods and job design ) and structure ( for example division of labor and hierarchy ) β ( p . 104 ) . ( 2005 ) includes as interventions the following : organizational structure , organization systems , business process redesign , space and physical settings , - technical systems , change management , job design / enrichment , competency - based management , knowledge management and organizational learning . Management and Leadership Development Interventions These types of OD interventions aim to improve organizational performance by increasing effectiveness of formal and informal leaders . Their use is wide spread , and almost all organizations have programs in place to identify , measure , and improve the quality of their leaders . ( 2005 ) includes the following examples : executive and professional development , mentoring , coaching , action learning , action science , MBO , succession planning , 360 degree feedback , participative management , technical / skills training . A research study conducted by the Corporate Leadership Council ( 2001 ) revealed that organizations are focusing on the following five actions to increase their leadership bench strenght : 1 ) redefining the leadership profiles to better respond to current business needs , 2 ) targeting future leadership needs , 3 ) ensuring top management accountability for leadership development , 4 ) creating a continuous development culture , and 5 ) customizing the development opportunities to the leaders needs ( pgs . x - Team Development and Group Processes Interventions Team development and group processes interventions aim at improving different aspects of a group performance , such as goal setting , development of interpersonal relations among team members , role clarification and analysis , decision making , problem solving , and communities of practice , among other . One of the most important objective of team building interventions relies on improving interdependency of team members . The underlying premise is that the aggregated value of the team is much greater than any individual . According to Robbins ( 1994 ) , Team building is applicable where group activities are interdependent Individual / Interpersonal Process Individual / interpersonal process interventions aim at improving organizational performance by developing specific skills of individuals . Given its nature , these OD interventions are the most personalized of all , and probably the most widely used by organizations . The most common examples of this type of interventions are learning strategies , life transitions , mentoring , and interpersonal communications , among other . Measuring their impact on organizational effectiveness and employees β well being OD interventions encompass other change initiatives , that is why it is difficult to identify their impact and effectiveness in isolation , nevertheless , the 2008 ASTD State of the Industry Report revealed that organizations achieved important benefits for their investment in learning activities β Almost all BEST organizations reported improvements in employee and customer satisfaction , quality of products and services , cycle time , productivity , retention , revenue , and overall profitability . BEST organizations had clearly defined processes to link learning strategies and initiatives to increases in both individual and organizational performance " . OD interventions require visionary and participative leadership OD interventions are initiated at the top and require employee participation and commitment , therefore , visionary leaders that work as change agents , developing a vision , and providing continuous and sustained support is paramount . Kanter , Stein & Jick ( 1992 ) consider that OD interventions require a strong leader role . β An organization should not undertake something as challenging as large - scale change without a leader to guide , drive and inspire it . These change advocates , play a critical role in creating a company vision , motivating company employees to embrace that vision , and crafting an organizational structure that consistently rewards those who strive toward the realization of the vision β ( p . 384 ) Questions for reflection What is your favorite type of OD intervention ? Which one ( s ) may be more appropriate for today β s business environment / type of industry / country ? Do you have any success story to share ? I am interested to know your key insights , lessons learned , or any other question you may have . References Bridges , W . ( 1991 , 2003 ) . Managing Transitions : Making the Most of Change . Cambridge , MA : Da Capo Press . Corporate Leadership Council . ( 2001 ) . The Leadership Imperative : Strategies for Increasing Leadership Bench Strength . Washington , DC . Corporate Executive Board . Cummings , T . & , C . ( 2001 ) . Organization Development and Change , Mason , OH : South Western . Dubois , D . & Rothwell , W . ( 2004 ) . Competency - Based Human Resources Management . Palo Alto , CA : Davies Black Publishing . Green , P . ( 1999 ) . Building Robust Competencies : Linking human resource systems to organizational strategies . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . Kotter , J . & Cohen , D . ( 2002 ) , The Heart of Change : Real - Life Stories of How People Change their Organizations . Boston , MA : Harvard Business School Press . Moss Kanter , R , Stein B . & Jick T . ( 1992 ) . The Challenge of Organizational Change : How Companies Experience it and Leaders Guide It . New York : Free Press . McLagan , P . ( 2001 , 2002 ) , Change is Everybody β s Business . San Francisco , CA : Berret Koehler Publiser Inc . Robbins , S . P . ( 1994 ) . Essentials of Organizational Behavior ( 6 th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall . Schein , E . ( 1992 ) , Organizational Culture and Leadership ( 2 nd Ed . ) . San Francisco , CA : Jossey - Bass Publishers . Senge P , Kleiner A . , Roberts C . , Ross R . , & Smith B . ( 1994 ) . The fifth discipline fieldbook : Strategies and tools for building a learning organization . New York : Currency Doubleday . Paradise A . ( 2008 ) , State of the Industry : ASTD β s Annual Review of Trends in Workplace Learning and Performance . Alexandria , VA : Posted by Armando Justo at 10 : 16 PM 33 comments : circlerhythm November 9 , 2009 at 7 : 43 AM Hi Armando , I am a grad of the OD / SHR program at Hopkins . I think you spoke to my DFW class back in 2007 . I was just doing some research on large scale interventions and came across your blog . Great stuff here . Just wanted to say thanks for giving me some handy info here . All the best , Jill Nissan Reply Anonymous May 12 , 2010 at 11 : 36 AM can you tell me the reference for martin kormanik , 2005 ? ? thanks Reply lnenungi June 30 , 2010 at 3 : 55 AM Armando , Thanks for the posting , it has helped me a lot . I needed a solid OD framework that I can use to structure my thoughts in preparation for the interveiw . Your posting is excellent , very practical . Thanks Armando . Avhatakali Lazarus Ne Sathya . September 24 , 2010 at 6 : 38 PM ca you give a real life corporate example or case for the team building intervention ? Anonymous September 29 , 2010 at 9 : 39 AM can i use this information for e.g introduction of a certain tax loan tax Abhishek Kumar Sadhu April 11 , 2011 at 6 : 51 AM A very good post on OD intervention for change . . . Thanks for sharing . . . aiza April 12 , 2011 at 10 : 23 PM This kind of info . is very essential to me specially to a BSBA student . April 19 , 2011 at 2 : 24 AM Great article Sir , helped me a lot to understand OD intervention . Thank you . 360 degree feedback system July 4 , 2011 at 5 : 32 AM 360 feedback helps managers and leaders within organizations to get a better understanding of their strengths and weaknesses , to create leadership skills , 360 degree feedback system Muhammad Kashif August 2 , 2011 at 3 : 48 AM Managing and leadership development interventions is the best . Jeanne March 28 , 2012 at 6 : 22 PM I just found you blog . Nice work in outlining the types of OD interventions . I was looking for some ideas for my OD Intervention Syllabus and I found ideas in your piece . Thank you for writing ! Ashish Shandilya January 15 , 2013 at 4 : 07 AM Thanks for sharing this useful info . Keep updating same way . Regards , Ashish Leadership Development February 13 , 2013 at 4 : 36 PM can u tell me some strategies of cultural interventions in an organization . Andrea Desouja May 10 , 2013 at 5 : 52 AM Our goal is to provide services that can help addicts , and their loved ones navigate their way through the process and ultimately get the help that they need for long - term addiction recovery . Florida Intervention Services Nancy October 26 , 2013 at 6 : 14 AM Thank you , am working on OD assignment Replies subash s November 20 , 2013 at 9 : 38 PM This comment has been removed by the author . Watson Josiah April 13 , 2014 at 11 : 40 AM Honestly , when i started having the course : Organizational Change Management , it was little difficult but after reading up clear explanation by Mr . Justo , i could practically understand what OD interventions are . . thanks to you Mr . Justo , please post more of this since i wont stop looking at your blog : - ) John Smith December 11 , 2014 at 10 : 04 AM Thank you for such wonderful and interesting article about Strategic Interventions Noah Larsen September 2 , 2015 at 12 : 07 PM Imagesretouch . com is a professional Clipping Path Service Company . 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God bless Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) Followers Twitter Updates follow me on Twitter About Me Armando Justo Washington , DC , United States Armando writes here on a personal basis as an OD practitioner . The opinions expressed are entirely those of the author and should not be attributed in any manner to his current work . Armando has more than 18 years of experience in Organizational Development and Human Resources Management . He has worked for leading global organizations , global consulting firms , and international development organizations . Armando holds a Masters in Organizational Development and HR from Johns Hopkins University - Carey Business School , and a BS in Business Administration from the National University of Mexico ( UNAM ) View my complete profile My Links LinkedIn Profile Blog Archive βΊ 2010 ( 2 ) βΌ 2009 ( 11 ) βΊ December ( 1 ) September ( 1 ) July June ( 4 ) May ( 2 ) βΌ April Organizational development ( OD ) interventions : Man . . . Organizational Diagnostic Models | [
"Organizational Development",
"Managing systematic change",
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http://armedforcesjournal.com/air-powers-limits/ | Features September 1 2009 Air powers limits Airborne sensors and systems cant replace boots on the ground I read Phillip Meilingers article Lowering risk Air power can reduce civilian casualties AFJ JulyAugust with great interest I then reread it with great alarm I was floored to read that there are still theorists who ardently believe that air power can be unilaterally decisive and that somehow it is possible to fight and win an insurgency with technology from above as opposed to winning with people on the ground Meilinger contends that improvements in intelligence gathering combined with the application of precisionguided munitions mean it may well be possible to supplant the need for ground forces with aviationbased technologies Nothing could be further from the truth and I feel that I must rebut two points that were presented in the article First air power has never proven to be independently decisive It is a critical enabler and crucial enhancement for the combatant commander but it has never been the singular element that has delivered victory Coupled with an immense invasion of Europe air power was vital in crushing Hitlers Germany and as a part of a hemispherical ground naval and air strategy it was just as fundamental in engineering the fall of the Japanese empire Neither success was brought by air power alone however it was brought by a cohesive integration of air power into a cogently executed campaign Those were big wars Air power when applied to a peer competitor in such a big war is arguably at its best In smaller less clearly defined conflicts it becomes less decisive Air power did not stop the Chinese from coming within an ace of seizing the entire Korean peninsula in 1950 nor did it prove effective in interdicting the flow of supplies and personnel down the Ho Chi Minh Trail a decade and a half later The shock and awe of Desert Storm and Operation Iraqi Freedom were arguably the most significant applications of modern air power but in The great limitation of air power is that it can not take or hold ground and it can not interact with human beings be they friend or foe on the terrain in which they live The decision is made by he who plants our flag in the citadel of the enemy and then deals with the aftermath To propose that ground troops can be removed from the battlefield and replaced with sensors and airborne systems is analogous to proposing that cops can be taken off the street and detectives allowed to ensure the publics safety from the precinct station Sure the detective can get some intelligence from various systems and through good investigative work but what about the lawlessness that erupts when active police presence is removed from streets To think that everyone will behave just because the law says they are supposed to is naΓ―ve just as it is naΓ―ve to think that removing ground combat The second point concerns Meilingers discussion of how air power is employed on the battlefield particularly in troopsincontact situations The entire basis of the discussion of airground integration is fallacious and represents how aircrews supported troops on the ground circa World War II That the aviators would be notified of friendly personnel in contact with the enemy and that the aircrew according to the article does its best to identify the enemy and deploy its weapons to protect the lives of the friendly troops below That wild assertion flies in the face of nearly 60 years of dynamically developed closeair support doctrine Joint policy to which all services are signatories requires that the application of air power in close proximity to ground forces be integrated and deconflicted to reduce fratricide That integration and deconfliction is performed by the commanders tactical air control party and is executed by highly trained joint terminal attack controllers JTACs or airborne forward air controllers FACs in consonance with the mountain of rules regulations and doctrine that direct how closeair support is to be performed In virtually every case in which Unfortunately there are times when the employment of ordnance while in contact with the enemy results in noncombatant casualties It is the duty of every JTAC FAC and maneuver commander to do everything possible to mitigate such a possibility but it is impossible to expect that such things will not occur particularly in an insurgency where our enemies have no compassion or desire to protect the indigenous population In short the thesis that air power can be the singularly decisive element of combat power is not consistent with the operational reality of the world in which we live and fight The enemy gets a vote and unless we remove his ability to influence the civilian population they will vote with him If the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have taught us anything it is that it is an absolute necessity for troops on the ground to provide the security for stability to flourish and the only way to create that stability is to use an integrated strategy that Marine Corps Lt Col Mike Grice is the commanding officer of the 1st Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company The opinions expressed here are the authors own and do not necessarily represent those of the Marine Corps or the Defense Department Oldest | [
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http://armorgames.com/play/1527/jump-star | Jump Star 48 246K Upgrade Gravity Physics Space Overview Wiki Plays 245,608 Ratings 2,164 Favorites 80 Published May 9 , 2008 Description Jump Star . Fly the space boy higher and higher as you collect stars to power your rocket . Beware of alien invaders and satellite congestion ! Every now and again a comet will pass by , giving your rocket a mega thrust boost ! Controls Mouse Commenting Rules & Guidelines 48 About the Developer Profile All Games Jump Star was developed by DEL_88e7c7ac73be15fce74b98f0bdb35eb8ad7c718a6f667f Recommended Age of War 2 94 4M Horse Army Historical Cursed Treasure 94 8M Tower Defense Defense Upgrade Raze 2 96 29M Explosive Robot Alien Diggy 7 1M Achievement Quest Planet Noevo II 746K Exploration Space Survival Mighty Knight 8 4M Fighting Action Fantasy The Last Stand - Union City 96 24M Strategy Virus Crush the Castle 2 34M Action Level Editor Castle Decision 3 97 8 5M Zombie Game of the Year Survival Strike Force Heroes 27M Game of the Year War | [
"Jump Star"
] |
http://armorlp.com/faq.html | Common Questions About Lightning Protection What is lightning protection ? What gets installed ? How does lightning protection work ? What is surge suppression ? Why is it part of a lightning protection system ? Will lightning rods attract lightning to my building ? There are tall trees and higher homes near me . Wo n β t they protect my building from lightning ? Lightning never strikes the same place twice , right ? Is lightning protection proven science ? Our electrician says our home is grounded . Does that protect us from lightning damage ? Will lightning protection look unsightly on my building ? When is the best time to install lightning protection on my building ? How long will my lightning protection system last ? Can we install lightning protection ourselves ? Can our electrician or builder install it ? Will I get a discount on my homeowners or commercial insurance if I have lightning protection installed ? How do I choose a company to install my lightning protection system ? Our building has an existing lightning protection system . Can you check it for us and update it if necessary ? Is lightning protection as important today as it used to be ? Wo n β t my insurance cover any lightning damage to my building ? How do I get a quotation for a lightning protection system ? Someone told me they can install one , big lightning rod on my building and it will β deflect lightning β away from my building and provide protection for acres around . Does it work ? Do you provide references from your previous customers ? Where can I find more information about lightning in general ? I have more questions . Will you answer them ? 1 . what is lightning protection ? A lightning protection system protects your home , barn , commercial building , or other structure from lightning damage . Lightning damage can include complete or partial loss of a building and its contents due to fire and structural damage . Lightning damage can also include damage to computers , electronics , appliances , electric fences , satellite dishes , telephone systems , hot tubs , and more . back to top 2 . what gets installed ? A lightning protection system contains many elements working together to prevent lightning damage . At Armor Lightning Protection we pride ourselves on going the extra mile to install systems that are nearly invisible from the ground . We are experts at hiding cable , and at installing systems that compliment the architecture of your building . System components include : Air Terminals ( β lightning rods β ) β as narrow as your little finger and as short as 10 - inches . Decorative finials and glass balls optional decorative elements that can be substituted for or added to a lightning protection system . Finials and glass balls make your lightning protection system part of the design and architecture of your building . Conductors specialized copper or aluminum braided cables to connect the air terminals to other system components , and to serve as β down leads β to the grounds rods . Ground Rods copper clad steel rods installed 10 - feet into the ground using specialized equipment . Bonding Elements β specialized braided bonding cable or metallic tape to tie metallic bodies within and near the structure into the main lightning protection system . Surge Arrestors and Supressors β to protect the building and its contents when lightning strikes a nearby or distant utility pole or transfer station and sends high - voltage surges through incoming electric , telephone , cable , and satellite lines . back to top 3 . how does lightning protection work ? Good lightning protection is solid , straightforward science . A lightning protection system performs a simple but crucial task . Lightning contains millions of volts of electricity . When lightning strikes your building , your lightning protection system provides a specified , highly - efficient path on which the millions of volts of electricity can travel safely to the ground . On a building without lightning protection , those same millions of volts of electricity still have to get to the ground . Lightning will use your electrical wiring , your telephone or cable wiring , structural elements of your building , or anything else it can find as a β path to ground β . None of these building elements is designed to safely carry this amount of electricity . The result is a build - up of resistance , which leads to fire and explosive damage to your building . Your lightning protection system gives the lightning exactly what it needs β an easy and efficient path to ground . The result is usually no damage to your building . In fact , if you are not in the building when lightning strikes , you may not even know the building was struck . 4 . what is surge suppression ? Why is it part of a lightning protection system ? Surge suppression includes surge arrestors installed where utilities such as electrical service , telephone , and cable or satellite enter your building . When a nearby or distant utility pole or transfer station gets struck by lightning , damaging surges can come down the wires into your building . Surge arrestors stop these surges before they start electrical fires and before they cause damage to your computers , electronics , and appliances . So , surge suppression means your lightning protection system is effective even when your building does not suffer a direct lightning strike . 5 . will lightning rods attract lightning to my building ? No . A lightning protection system provides a safe and efficient β path to ground β in the event of a lightning strike . Air terminals ( β lightning rods β ) do NOT attract lightning to your building . Anyone who claims that your lightning rods attract lightning either is not telling you the truth , or does not understand the basic science of lightning protection . Please contact us if you would like to read additional scientific information about lightning protection . 6 . there are tall trees and higher homes near me . Wo n β t they protect my building from lightning ? No . Lightning is unpredictable , and will often strike a low - lying structure or even bedrock while not touching a nearby tree or higher or taller building . In addition , if lightning does strike a tree near your building , your unprotected building is often damaged by side - flashes . If you have large or historic trees near your building , these trees can receive their own lightning protection as part the installation of your lightning protection system . 7 . lightning never strikes the same place twice , right ? Wrong . In fact , a building or area that has been hit can indicate that the area is a β hot zone β for lightning strikes . Some buildings get hit so often that we install a β counter β as part of the lightning protection system to keep track of the lightning strikes . The Empire State Building gets struck by lightning , on average , over 100 times a year , yet suffers no damage due to its lightning protection system . 8 . is lightning protection proven science ? Yes . Lightning protection has been saving homes and other structures for well over 100 years . The basic science of lightning protection goes back to the days of Ben Franklin . The latest codes and regulations , including NFPA 780 , UL 96A , and LPI 175 , incorporate over 200 years of scientific study and provide the only way to reliably and consistently protect your building from lightning damage . As mentioned above , a great example is the Empire State Building , which gets struck by lightning an average of over 100 times a year , yet 9 . our electrician says our home is grounded . Does that protect us from lightning damage ? No . The electrical ground installed by your electrician is there to protect the internal workings of the electrical system in your building . It is not at all designed to protect you from lightning damage . 10 . will lightning protection look unsightly on my building ? No . Modern systems are designed to be nearly invisible from the ground . Cables can be completely concealed during new construction , or hidden in and around building elements on existing buildings . With over 20 years of experience on hundreds of fine homes and historic buildings , we are experts at hiding lightning protection . 11 . When is the best time to install lightning protection on my building ? For Existing Buildings : Lightning protection can be installed at any time . We work year - round and are always available to give you a quotation . With 20 + years experience , including many historic homes and museums , we are experts at hiding cable and making lightning protection nearly invisible from the ground . If You Are Installing a New Roof : Contact us before the new roof goes on . We will coordinate with your roofing schedule so we can hide much of the lightning protection equipment as your new roof is installed . For New Construction : It is best to involve us as early as possible . As soon as you have a roof plan and elevations , let us know . The earlier we are involved , the more β invisible β we can make your lightning protection system . If you are mid - construction already , contact us as soon as possible . Usually we can still completely conceal your system . If you are nearing the end of construction , we can still conceal many elements of your system . For example , if the ridge cap has not gone on yet , we can generally conceal the main cables . If the siding is not up yet , we can conceal many of the downleads . If the trim has not been installed , we can conceal cable behind the trim . We are experts at hiding cable , and will work with you to develop a design and plan that fits your needs . Click here to download short specifications for a properly installed lightning protection system . Click here to download long specifications for a properly installed lightning protection system . 12 . how long will my lightning protection system last ? Your lightning protection system is designed to last for the life of your building . If you make structural changes or additions , you should have your system checked and updated if needed . 13 . can we install lightning protection ourselves ? Can our electrician or builder install it ? An improperly installed lightning protection system can often be more dangerous than no lightning protection at all . Lightning protection is a specialized trade requiring trained , licensed technicians with knowledge of multiple codes and specialized equipment . Most electricians , contractors , roofers , and do - it - yourselfers are not qualified to install lightning protection . In addition , only a UL Certified Lightning Protection Installer can provide you with an independent UL Certificate of Inspection ( formerly called a UL Master Label ) . Many insurance companies require a UL Certificate of Inspection to certify your home and provide any available discounts to your insurance . 14 . will I get a discount on my homeowners or commercial insurance if I have lightning protection installed ? Policies vary by insurance company , but often the answer is yes . Many companies automatically provide a discount for lightning protection , and many other companies provide a discount if you ask for one . Armor Lightning Protection is happy to provide any paperwork requested by your insurance company . Please note that many insurance companies will require your system to have a UL Certificate of Inspection ( formerly a UL Master Label ) in order to provide a discount . Only a UL Certified installer can provide you with a UL Certificate of Inspection . Armor Lightning Protection 15 . how do I choose a company to install my lightning protection system ? An improperly installed lightning protection system can be more dangerous than no lightning protection at all . Lightning protection is a specialized trade requiring trained , licensed technicians with knowledge of multiple codes and specialized equipment . Be sure the company you select to install your lightning protection system : Is a UL ( Underwriters Laboratories Inc ) Certified Installer ( not just someone who says they will install β to UL specifications β ) . Can provide you with a UL Certificate of Inspection ( formerly called a UL Master Label ) . Installs to meet or exceed NFPA 780 , UL 96A , and LPI 175 standards for the installation of lightning protection . Uses only materials listed and labeled in accordance with UL 96 Standards . Holds a specific license for the installation of lightning protection , not just an electrician β s or contractor β s license . Is fully insured and can provide you with insurance papers at your request . Does not β sub out β their work . When you hire Armor Lightning Protection , you get us , with our 20 + years experience , not someone we β sub β the work to . Can provide you with multiple references for jobs similar to yours . In short , be sure you are hiring a reputable , professional company that will stand behind its work both today and down the line . 16 . our building has an existing lightning protection system . Can you check it for us and update it if necessary ? Yes . We do lots of inspection and recondition work . 17 . is lightning protection as important today as it used to be ? Yes . More so . Today β s building have levels of electronic sophistication that could n β t be imagined just a decade or two ago . A lightning strike to a building today , or a surge from a lightning strike to a nearby utility , can cause damage in the tens - of - thousands of dollars , even if it does n β t cause a fire or structural damage . 18 . wo n β t my insurance cover any lightning damage to my building ? Like fire alarms and security systems , a lightning protection system provides the peace of mind that comes from knowing a potential catastrophe has been dealt with proactively . While insurance companies will often cover an initial lightning strike to a building ( minus your deductible ) , policies are often non - renewed , rates hiked , or subsequent claims denied if your building is struck again . In addition , imagine the personal loss and loss of productivity when your computers , electronics , and appliances are lost due to lightning damage . And of course , the catastrophic consequences of a fire to your home go far beyond the dollar amount you may collect from your insurance company . 19 . how do I get a quotation for a lightning protection system ? Go to our Contact Us area to provide some basic information about your building , or call us at 802 - 768 - 8379 . 20 . someone told me they can install one , big lightning rod on my building and it will β deflect lightning β away from my building and provide protection for acres around . Does it work ? No ! And both the court system and scientific studies agree . These β magic lightning rods β , which go by various names including β ESE β , β Early Streamer Emmission β , β Single Mast β , or β Radioactive β lightning protection have been proven time and time again to have NO β special powers β to β deflect β lightning or provide β giant zones of protection with just one rod β . In 2005 , the manufacturers of these rods were issued a Court Ordered Permanent Injunction barring them from making any advertising claims regarding special / expanded β zones of protection β for these systems . These companies were also found by the Court to have an engaged in false advertising by making claims about their rods β without having any basis for making such a claim β . Click here to read the Injunction Click here to read the Judgement In addition , as typically specified , these β magic β systems fail to comply with United States standards for lightning protection , including those issued by UL ( Underwriters Laboratories Inc ) β UL96A , NFPA ( National Fire Protection Association β NFPA780 , and LPI ( Lightning Protection Institute ) β LPI175 . The systems have too few air terminals , too few paths to ground , lack a satisfactory roof - top network of conductors , and provide for no bonding to roof - top equipment . As such , these systems are ineligible for third - If you would like to read scientific research regarding these β non - conventional β systems , please click here . 21 . do you provide references from your previous customers ? Of course . We are happy to provide references . 22 . where can I find more information about lightning in general ? Check out our links area . 23 . i have more questions . Will you answer them ? Of course . We realize you may have many more questions than we can cover here . We are happy to talk to you by phone or you can send us your questions via the Web . Visit our contact us area to get in touch with us , or call us at 802 - 375 - 0266 . | [
"Lightning Protection",
"structural damage",
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http://armsvault.com/2015/08/brownells-big-book-catalog-68/ | 2016 USCCA Concealed Carry Expo in Atlanta Georgia Sightmark ReadyFire Pistol Laser Series Aug 04 Brownells Big Book Catalog # 68 Gun News by armsvault Brownells Big Book Catalog Brownells Releases β The Big Book β Catalog # 68 Grinnell , Iowa β ArmsVault . com ) β Brownells β famous β Big Book β β officially known as Catalog # 68 β is now available to gunsmiths , gun builders , firearm owners , enthusiasts , collectors and armorers everywhere . Laid out in Brownells β signature horizontal format , this year β s catalog spans 696 pages and is chock - full of more than 33,000 items . Those items are divided into 34 color - coded categories , making specific products easy to find . Among the more than 2,400 new items featured are dozens of Brownells - branded products including bolt / carrier groups AR - style magazines and gunsmithing tools . Other categories in the catalog featuring significant new additions include the handgun sections with dozens of new holsters , and the Emergency & Survival Gear ( ESG ) section . The ESG section now covers eight pages , with more than 30 new products making their debut , including Brownells ESG Essentials kits combining lots of survival gear into convenient , pre - assembled packages . β I β m awfully proud of our new Catalog # 68 , β said Frank Brownell , Chairman of Brownells . β It β s the first big catalog we β ve produced with our new branding and tagline , β Serious About Firearms Since 1939 . β It takes just a quick look through a few pages to see how truly serious we are about firearms . Anybody who β s into guns really needs to get their own personal copy of Catalog # 68 to check out all the goodies and gear , and stay current on Customers can request their own copy by visiting the catalog section of Brownells . com , or by calling 800 - 741 - 0015 . About Brownells Serious About Firearms Since 1939 β’ , Brownells is the world β s leading source for gun parts and accessories , ammunition , gunsmithing tools , survival gear and archery . With a large selection of both common and hard - to - find items , and an extensive collection of videos , articles , and gun schematics , Brownells is the expert for everything shooting - related . Committed to maintaining our great traditions , Brownells has more , does more and knows more β and guarantees it all , Forever . For more information or to place an YouTube Facebook Twitter and Instagram Tags : Brownells | [
"Brownells",
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http://armymilitarypolice.tpub.com/mp1008b/Part-C-Sworn-Statement-Da-From-2823-20.htm | Distribution . On initial reports , the Distribution space is left blank . On final reports , state the number of copies and where they are being sent . Distribution will normally be set by local policy in accordance with AR 190 - 45 . For Commander . Persons signing this form should be designated by local policy , and if signing for commander person must be on orders . Reports not requiring commander ' s action can signed designated individuals not on orders striking out " For Commander " line . PART C - SWORN STATEMENT ( DA FORM 2823 ) . a . DA Form 2823 is used when taking a statement from any person regardless of their relationship to a specific case . The may be an accused subject , victim , complainant , or witness . ( See Figures 1 - 5 1 - 6 . ) b . This form filled out making statement . c . Check for following : ( 1 ) Location . Local SOP will dictate an address which includes building number , street name , installation ( or city ) , state , zip code . ( 2 ) Date time . The date written day , month year . time expressed in terms of military 24 - hour clock . individual making statement must place his / her initials in " Time " block . ( 3 ) Name , social security number , grade , organization / address statement . ( 4 ) Person ' s prepared narrative ( first person ) , or in a question answer format , with help investigator , or narrative question answer format which produces best results . ( 5 ) initial bottom all pages . When corrections are made on DA Form 2823 a slash made through each letter word to be corrected correction . White - out correction tape not : be used . ( 6 ) Number total pages . number total pages written at bottom each additional page ( page 2 of 4 pages ) . When more than two pages used , back page one lined concluded on reverse side another copy DA 2823 . ( 7 ) Affidavit . Indicates has been sworn to under oath signed authority military police to administer oaths contained Article 136 ( b ) ( 4 ) UCMJ . MP1008 1 - 16 | [
"SOP",
"initial reports"
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http://aroabio.com/ | Every body has the power to heal Aroa is unlocking regenerative healing accessability and affordability Reinforced Bioscaffolds Reinforced Bioscaffolds combine the best of biologics and synthetics to address the current shortcomings in surgical ventral hernia repair solutions Read more about Reinforced Bioscaffolds on the TelaBio website better healing every day everywhere for everybody Our focus is delivering better healing everyday everywhere for everybody We strive to make a meaningful impact for patients surgeons and clinicians We deliver high quality simple to Our magic comes from the mix of people People are everything at Aroa They come to work every day with ideas and passions that fuel our business And go home at the end Latest news TELA Bio Announces Initial Data from BRAVO Study of OviTex Reinforced BioScaffolds for Ventral Hernia Repair Early outcomes from postmarket clinical study presented at Abdominal Wall Reconstruction Conference in Washington DC MALVERN Pa June 7 2018 PRNewswire TELA Bio Inc a surgical reconstruction company leading the development and commercialization of OviTex Reinforced BioScaffolds RBSs for soft tissue repair today announced that early outcomes from the companys postmarket BRAVO BioScaffold Reconstruction of Abdominal wall and Ventral hernia defects with Open or laparoscopic repair study evaluating OviTex 1S Permanent for the treatment of ventral hernias are being presented at the 2018 Abdominal Wall Reconstruction Conference taking place June 7 9 at the Grand Hyatt Washington in Washington DC TELA Bio Announces Plans to Launch OviTex Reinforced BioScaffolds in Europe MALVERN Pa May 31 2018 PRNewswire TELA Bio Inc a surgical reconstruction company leading the development and commercialization of OviTex Reinforced BioScaffolds RBSs for soft tissue repair today announced that its partner Aroa Biosurgery a softtissue repair company based in New Zealand that develops and manufactures medical products to improve healing has been granted EC Certification CE Mark allowing for the commercial launch of OviTex RBSs in the European Union EU Aroa Biosurgery and Hydrofera Team up in US MANCHESTER Conn AUCKLAND New ZealandBUSINESS WIRENew Zealand biomedical company Aroa Biosurgery and United States medical products company Hydrofera are launching Appulse in North America The two companies have recently bought back their wound care businesses from Hollister Inc | [
"Aroa",
"regenerative healing",
"accessability"
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http://aromatherapycouncil.org/ | Read the Latest Newsletter About ARC The Aromatherapy Registration Council was formed to promote the advancement of aromatherapy research and practice The council is a nonprofit organization unattached to any specific school or company to ensure an unbiased approach Apply Now Application deadlines for 2019 Make note of the dates below Your application must be received by PTC on or before the application date March 1 2019 Testing April 1327 September 20 2019 Testing Oct 19Nov 2 Update Your Contact Information If you are a Registered Aromatherapist you can update your Contact Information online Click to get started Find a Registered Aromatherapist Looking for a registered aromatherapist Look no further ARC keeps a registry of registered aromatherapists making it easy to find one near you recent arc news August 2017 Newsletter by arc on August 12 2017 in News Newsletter Please take a look at the August 2017 edition of the Aromatherapy Registration Council Newsletter This is an alldigital responsive mobile friendly newsletter no Inhalation as an Effective Administration Method for Aromatherapy A Research Update by arc on August 7 2017 in Uncategorized By Amanda Lattin BA MAT Dip Aroma MH RA There are two primary questions the aromatherapist is faced with for each formula they create which ARC Welcomes New Board Member Sylla S Hanger by arc on July 16 2017 in News The Aromatherapy Registration Council ARC is pleased to announce the appointment to the ARC Board of Directors of Ms Sylla S Hanger in the function Aromatherapy Quotes Because of their very strong local antiinflammatory action these oils clove cinnamon and thyme often reduce arthritis symptoms within moments of application Dr Kurt Schnaubelt Director of the Pacific Institute of Aromatherapy Useful Links AIA Approved Schools Alliance of International Aromatherapists AIA Candidate Handbook Herb Research Foundation NAHA Approved Schools National Association of Holistic Aromatherapy NAHA Professional Testing Corporation Subscribe to the ARC Newsletter 2018 by the Aromatherapy Registration Council powered by community driven opensource technologies and wind energy | [
"ARC"
] |
http://aroundaffton.com/ | Local Dining & Foods Local Shopping Local Services Local Resources Advertise Locally Contact Us Home Your local online community for Affton , Missouri . Affton , Missouri - a small community located in South St . Louis County , Missouri is the home of historical landmarks such as Grant ' s Farm , the Oakland House , and many businesses and services . Nestled within Affton are several terrific dining spots along with great schools and organizations throughout St . Louis . Affton is a great place to live , work and play ! Visit the Affton Chamber of Commerce for historical and demographical information about Affton , Missouri . Would you like to advertise on AroundAffton . com ? Reach out to surrounding communities with our low - cost local advertising . You can also advertise your business link on InStLouisCounty . com - all for only $ 5 a month . CONTACT US for details . CHECK OUT THE LINKS BELOW ! Get A Speeding Ticket ? We Can Fix It ! St . Louis Traffic Law Firm | [
"Affton , Missouri",
"Affton Chamber of Commerce"
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http://arrangecare.com/substance-use-disorders-older-adults-hidden-epidemic/ | Substance Use Disorders and Older Adults A Hidden Epidemic Research shows that approximately 17 of American adults age 60 and over misuse alcohol and prescription drugs but substance use disorders in this population are often undiagnosed and untreated Symptoms of substance abuse may go unrecognized because they mimic the symptoms of other medical and behavioral disorders such as diabetes depression and dementia In addition older adults who are no longer employed are perhaps socially isolated and drive less or not at all can more easily conceal the signs and symptoms of alcohol or drug dependence such as cravings blackouts physical signs of withdrawal and neglecting responsibilities Risk factors for Older adults are more apt to abuse alcohol and prescription drugs as opposed to illegal street drugs such as heroin However health problems associated with heavy drinking or prescription drug misuse can be severe and include Liver diseases such as fatty liver cirrhosis alcoholic hepatitis and fibrosis Pancreatitis Cancers of many kinds including liver mouth throat larynx breast colon and esophagus Heart problems including cardiomyopathy irregular heartbeat and high blood pressure Stroke Weakened immune system Malnutrition Psychiatric disorders including depression and anxiety Falls accidents and injuries as a result of being intoxicated There are a number of barriers to the diagnosis and treatment of substance use disorders among older adults Lack of awareness shame denial and fear of social stigma especially for women prevent many individuals and their families from acknowledging a problem in the first place Healthcare providers may lack expertise in this area and avoid asking about substance use histories Comorbid health conditions may complicate diagnoses In general older adults are less likely to be identified as having a substance use disorder during routine medical care or to be recommended for treatment Other barriers for older adults with a substance use disorder may include lack of transportation financial and insurance constraints lack of mobility or cognitive impairments and lack of suitable treatment programs Given the prevalence of substance use disorders among older adults health care providers clinicians family members and others in contact with older adults should become educated about substance use disorders and be on the lookout for signs of problems Resources SAMHSA Texas Department of State Health Services Screening assessments SMASTG and CAGE At arrangeCARE we help clients in the greater Austin Texas area handle fraud or security issues If you would like to discuss your familys needs under no pressure please contact us at infoarrangeCAREcom or 5128143228 and well be happy to help you You must be logged in to post a comment | [
"A Hidden Epidemic",
"Use Disorders",
"Older Adults"
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http://arrow.wikia.com/wiki/CC_Jitters | in : Businesses Locations Restaurants Coffee shops CC Jitters English Edit Share CC Jitters Information Location Central City United States Use ( s ) Coffee shop Source , simply known as Jitters , was a coffee shop located in Central City . The company also produced custom - made vending machines to sell its products . In an erased future , it would ' ve been known as HR Jitters Contents show History 2013 - 2014 At some point during graduate school , Iris West began working as a waitress at CC Jitters . On December 11 , 2013 , CC Jitters began selling cronuts . Iris consumed two of these pastries while stress - eating over her dissertation . 2014 - 2015 After his recovery from a coma , Barry Allen went to visit Iris at work . He also later visited her at work , whereupon he learned that she was secretly dating Eddie Thawne Iris showing CC Jitters ' Trivia Night pamphlet The coffee shop occasionally held " Trivia Night " , where the winning team were rewarded a $ 75 CC Jitters Coffee Card . After being introduced to Felicity Smoak , Iris invited Barry and Felicity to team up with Eddie and her and the four of them debuted as team E = MC HAMMER . Barry was almost robbed outside of CC Jitters . Later when Eddie was hospitalized , Iris went to the hospital hallway to buy coffee via a vending machine labeled " Gourmet Coffee Proudly Serving CC Jitters Coffee " ; it provided at least four selections , including decaffeinated coffee , cappuccino , latte , and espresso . As he was about to leave , Oliver Queen met a former lover and , unbeknownst to him , the mother of his child , where they exchanged pleasantries and parted ways . Caitlin Snow met Jason Rusch at Jitters to talk about the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M . project that he had worked on . The cafe was eventually attacked by General Wade Eiling to kidnap Ronnie Raymond and thereby gain access to Firestorm . In order to get Harrison Wells out of S.T.A.R. Labs so Cisco Ramon could run some tests , Caitlin took Dr . Wells CC Jitters , but he eventually got out of his seat when her back was turned to return to S.T.A.R. Labs and kill Cisco . 2015 - 2016 After a singularity appeared above Central City , CC Jitters was somewhat destroyed . Six months later , the city being saved , Barry Allen was attempting to rebuild it , as he did with other buildings throughout the city . Iris met him there , coercing him into attending Flash Day , before leaving . Jitters reopens . A couple weeks later , CC Jitters had their grand re - opening . In honor of The Flash saving the city and rebuilding the joint , they began serving a new beverage named after him . The beverage contained brewed coffee with a shot of espresso . During close - hours , Kendra Saunders prepared short rib , Yukon gold purΓ©e and asparagus , set it up in the shop as a dinner date with Cisco ; unfortunately Vandal Savage interrupted before they could enjoy the food , leading Cisco having to signal the Flash for help . " The Flash " - one brew coffee , one shot Espresso . Barry and Oliver went to Jitters , after everyone involved with Vandal Savage ' s attack , including members of Team Arrow and Carter Hall , decided to relocate to Central City to finish the business . Oliver noticed the shop served " The Flash " , and inquired how long it had been a thing , to which Barry answered for eight months . As they were conversing , a kid bumped into them and dropped his Flash figurine . The child met up with non other than Oliver ' s former lover after saying thanks to Oliver . 2016 - 2017 Martin Stein went to Jitters , along with Jefferson Jackson , to meet with his daughter Lily . He asked to meet because he felt she could help him with the Askaran Amulet . Lily brought out her ionic scanner and unexpectedly activated the amulet ' s compass . Stein and Jax quickly hid the amulet away before any of the people in the cafe could see before taking Lily away so they could further study it . 2017 - 2018 Barry and Iris ' rehearsal dinner was held at CC Jitters . Killer Frost got a drink resembling a latte at CC Jitters as a " winter special offer " . 2018 - 2019 Iris and her future daughter , Nora West - Allen , had coffee at CC Jitters . Iris attempted to get to know and bond with Nora , which was less than successful . Raelene Sharp bought a vanilla latte and medium Zoom at CC Jitters . Orlin Dwyer / Cicada spied on her in the shop before following her out and subsequently engaging her in a fight , killing her . Possible future In the future where Nora West - Allen is from , a cup of coffee at CC Jitters costs $ 43 . Erased future When Barry traveled to the future to learn the identity of Savitar H.R. Wells not only owns the coffee shop , but also renamed it HR Jitters . Known employees Current employees Stacy Conwell ( barista ) Tracy ( waitress ) Megan ( barista ) Carolyn Jason Former employees Kendra Saunders Iris West ( waitress ) Alternate future employees H.R. Wells ( owner ; erased timeline ) Known special beverages served Cicada The Flash Killer Frost Kid Flash XS - presso Zoom Appearances The Flash Season 1 Pilot Going Rogue Power Outage Flash vs . Arrow Revenge of the Rogues The Sound and the Fury Crazy for You The Nuclear Man Fallout Out of Time Rogue Time Tricksters All Star Team Up The Trap Rogue Air Season 2 The Man Who Saved Central City Family of Rogues The Darkness and the Light Gorilla Warfare Legends of Today Running to Stand Still Potential Energy The Reverse - Flash Returns Trajectory Back to Normal Rupture The Runaway Dinosaur ( mentioned ) Season 3 Flashpoint Paradox ( mentioned ) Shade ( logo ) Dead or Alive Untouchable The Wrath of Savitar ( coffee ) Abra Kadabra I Know Who You Are Cause and Effect Infantino Street Season 4 Mixed Signals Luck Be a Lady Elongated Journey Into Night When Harry Met Harry . . . Do n ' t Run The Elongated Knight Rises Subject 9 Enter Flashtime Run , Iris , Run Null and Annoyed ( coffee ) Therefore She Is Harry and the Harrisons We Are The Flash Season 5 Nora Blocked News Flash The Icicle Cometh Goldfaced Cause and XS King Shark vs . Gorilla Grodd Failure is an Orphan Time Bomb DC ' s Legends of Tomorrow Season 2 The Legion of Doom Season 3 Daddy Darhkest Supergirl Crisis on Earth - X , Part 1 Season 4 Elseworlds , Part 3 ( outside ) The Chronicles of Cisco Post 17 " S.W.A.K . " Post 31 " Cisco ' s Central City Sightseeing Tour " Post 46 ( named ) Post 48 " # AWholeLatteLove " Post 57 Post 91 " # DailyDibny " References β 1.0 1.1 Power Outage β 2.0 2.1 2.2 Pilot β Going Rogue β Flash vs . Arrow Revenge of the Rogues The Nuclear Man Fallout Out of Time The Man Who Saved Central City Family of Rogues 11.0 11.1 Legends of Today The Legion of Doom Crisis on Earth - X , Part 1 Do n ' t Run 15.0 15.1 Nora The Icicle Cometh The Once and Future Flash The Flash Is Born 19.0 19.1 Cause and XS Time Bomb Other versions of CC Jitters To see other versions of this location , click the Earth name below for that Earth ' s counterpart of CC Jitters . Earth : 1 β’ 2 GC Jitters SC Jitters Categories Businesses Locations Restaurants Coffee shops Languages : Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ | [
"CC Jitters",
"Central City",
"Iris West"
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http://arrow.wikia.com/wiki/Nora | in Episodes The Flash episodes Season 5 The Flash Nora English For the eponymous character see Nora WestAllen For other uses of the name Nora see Nora disambiguation My name is Nora WestAllen and Im the fastest woman alive When I was a child my father disappeared in something impossible Then I grew up and became the impossible Now Im trying to live up to the legacy he created so that one day Ill stop him from ever disappearing Im XS How schway is that Nora WestAllen Nora Episode Title card Information Season 5 Episode 1 Episode number 93 of 101 Original airdate October 9 2018 Written by Todd Helbing Sam Chalsen Directed by David McWhirter Guest stars Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally WestKid Flash special guest star Patrick Sabongui as David Singh Daniel Cudmore as William LangGridlock Chronology Preceded by We Are The Flash Followed by Blocked Images Nora is the first episode of the fifth season of The Flash and the ninetythird episode overall It aired on October 9 2018 Contents show Synopsis After an unexpected guest from the future Nora WestAllen appears at their home Barry and Iris must figure out how to get her back to the future without disrupting the timeline even more than she already has Team Flash must work together to send Nora back while simultaneously fighting off another villainous meta Trivia Daniel Cudmore previously played Jackhammer in the Arrow episode Code of Silence in addition to providing the motion capture for Grodd in the DCs Legends of Tomorrow episode Welcome to the Jungle Barry suggests that Nora could Marty McFly herself out of existence referring to the protagonist of the 1985 film Back to the Future who accidentally interferes with his parents first meeting whilst traveling back in time nearly erasing himself from existence Iris confidently recognizes the reference being from the film Terminator 2 Judgment Day before Barry begins to correct her While describing the existence of the Multiverse Ralph makes mention of an Earth without that last Indiana Jones movie referencing the 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull which was panned by audiences Cisco calls Nora Billy Pilgrim telling her that she is no longer unstuck in time both references to the Kurt Vonnegut novel SlaughterhouseFive This episode features many references to older episodes Ralph mentions the possibility of Barry creating a timeline where the former died in the particle accelerator explosion Before Barry created and undid Flashpoint Ralph did die in the particle accelerator explosion as mentioned in the first season episode Power Outage Barry teaches Nora to phase closely quoting what Harrison Wells had said to him when teaching Barry to phase in Tricksters When Barry taught Nora how to phase a clip of Thawne as Harrison Wells teaching Barry how to do the same in the aforementioned episode was shown Iris mentioned the time Barry traveled back in time and recruited Leonard Snart for help in Infantino Street Ralph mentions the possibility of a world where everyone is evil This occurred through the events of Crisis on EarthX Earth Two as seen in Welcome to Earth2 and hinted in Worlds Finest also fits this description Iris mentioned the time Barry traveled back to 2015 to get help from Eobard Thawne in Flash Back Ralph mentioned how Eddie killed himself in Fast Enough Wally and Nora mention how Wally fought the ghost of Elvis Presleys brother and how he met the actual Elvis Presley in the DCs Legends of Tomorrow episode Amazing Grace Nora mentions the time Barry ran on water to fight King Shark in King Shark The picture Nora was looking at of Team Flash was taken by Barry in The Sound and the Fury Iris mentions the time Barry tried to save her from getting killed by Savitar which happened throughout the second half of Season 3 Barry states Nora shouldnt be here which is one of the quotes he said after coming out of the Speed Force in The Flash Reborn Nora mentions the time Barry used the tachyon prototype and accidentally traveled to Earth ThirtyEight where he met Supergirl for the first time in Versus Zoom the meeting itself was shown in Supergirl s Worlds Finest At one point Iris tells Barry that Shes not worried about the science shes worried about the scientist This is a subtle reference to Barry making his official Arrowverse debut in the Arrow season 2 episode The Scientist Noras monologues at the beginning and the end of the episode are similar to the monologue given by Barry during the introduction to episodes in The Flash season 1 Barrys Flash season 1 monologue My name is Barry Allen and I am the fastest man alive When I was a child I saw my mother killed by something impossible My father went to prison for her murder Then an accident made me the impossible To the outside world Im an ordinary forensic scientist But secretly I use my speed to fight crime and find others like me And one day Ill find who killed my mother and get justice for my father I am The Flash Noras monologues At the beginning of the episode My name is Nora WestAllen and Im the fastest woman alive When Im from thirty years from now Im the guardian of Central City Im a speedster just like my dad People call me XS Every day I hope to live up to the legacy of The Flash But Ive still got a long way to go At the end of the episode My name is Nora WestAllen and I am the fastest woman alive When I was a child my father disappeared in something impossible Then I grew up and became the impossible Now Im trying to live up to the legacy he created so that one day Ill stop him from ever disappearing Im XS How schway is that Nora mentions a future battle involving King Shark and Grodd Executive producer Todd Helbing has mentioned the possibility of these two teaming up in the latter half of the season This may also be a nod to the Flash season 3 episode Attack on Central City when after Grodds defeated and mentioned to have been locked up at ARGUS Caitlin says that whatever good was in Grodd is gone and that for all she cares he can be thrown into the same cage as King Shark with Cisco stating that thats a fight hed pay money to see This episode marks the second time in the shared multiverse where a season premiere takes place immediately following the previous seasons finale The first time was the Supergirl Season 2 episode The Adventures of Supergirl which picks up exactly where Better Angels left off This is the 12th episode in the Arrowverse and the fourth episode of The Flash to be named after a character in a civilian sense after Sara The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak Who is Harrison Wells My Name Is Oliver Queen Alex Zari When Harry Met Harry Run Iris Run I Ava Schott Through the Heart and Harry and the Harrisons This is also the fourth episode in the Arrowverse to only contain the characters name after Sara Alex and Zari The Flash family phasing the crashing plane through the buildings and into the water is an adaptation of when Barry did the same thing in the third issue of his New 52 comic with the shot of the plane hitting the water a direct copy from the comic Barry and Nora mention the fictional Happy Harbor Rhode Island In the DC comics this was the location of the Justice League s first headquarters as well as the main setting of the animated series Young Justice The slang Nora often says in this episode schway originated from the TV series Batman Beyond where it is used by many of the teenage characters in the future Gotham City Nora mentions that a man named Ryan Choi made Barrys new suit In the DC comics Ryan Choi is a student of Ray Palmer and his successor as the Atom Ralph states that a nonexistent individual Cameron Mahkent signed off on Caitlins father s death certificate In the comics Cameron Mahkent is the supervillain Icicle This is also a reference to Caitlins fathers cryokineticpowered villainous alterego Icicle Goofs After Barry puts on the Flash ring a closeup is shown of the ring on his hand and its shown that hes wearing it on his middle finger When the camera angle changes and the suit comes out of the ring hes wearing the ring on his ring finger Iris mentions that Barry ran to 2020 to learn Savitars identity but Barry ran to 2024 to do this References Flash Season Premiere Description Nora FlashTVNews The Flash season 5 spoilers King Shark and Gorilla Grodd to team up Boss reveals all Express show The Flash season 5 Categories Episodes The Flash episodes Season 5 The Flash Languages Polski | [
"Nora"
] |
http://arrow.wikia.com/wiki/The_Return | in : Episodes Arrow episodes Season 3 ( Arrow ) The Return English Edit Share Slade . I told myself I was n ' t going to come down here . That I never needed to see you again . You ' ll be happy to know I was wrong . Oliver greets Slade Wilson in his prison " The Return " Episode Title card Information Season 3 Β» Episode 14 Episode number 60 of 155 Original airdate February 18 , 2015 Written by Marc Guggenheim Erik Oleson Directed by Dermott Downs Guest stars Colin Donnell as Tommy Merlyn ( special guest star ) Kelly Hu as Chien Na Wei Jamey Sheridan Robert Queen Manu Bennett Slade Wilson Cynthia Addai - Robinson Amanda Waller Karl Yune Maseo Yamashiro Roger R . Cross Lucas Hilton Eugene Byrd Andy Diggle Marc Singer Matthew Shrieve Chronology Preceded by Canaries Followed by Nanda Parbat Images The Return " is the fourteenth episode of the third season of Arrow , and the sixtieth episode overall . It aired on February 18 , 2015 . Contents show Synopsis Malcolm puts Oliver and Thea in a dangerous situation that lands them on Lian Yu with Oliver β s former enemy , Deathstroke . A flashback reveals when Oliver and Maseo returned to Starling City to retrieve the Omega bioweapon , and despite being under strict orders from Amanda Waller not to reveal himself to anyone , Oliver looks in on his family , Laurel , and Tommy Plot On Lian Yu , Oliver and Thea are sparring with sticks . Oliver is impressed that Thea got so good in nine months . Later that evening , Thea is eating something unknown . Thea gushes about being there and asks if he ever thought would see them again . In the past , Oliver wonders why Starling City and learns that it is due to the possible buyer of the drug . He is told that he ca n ' t reveal to being alive . As Oliver is easily spotted , Maseo plants a tracker on the car . Oliver walks around wearing a hat . At the same time , Laurel finds her father at the Del Mar Bar during the day as he is still upset about Sara . As Oliver and Maseo follow , they spot him go to Queen Consolidated . He is told In the present , Thea sees Oliver mutter Sara in his sleep . She wakes him up and she asks him about why he did n ' t tell her about Sara dying . Oliver reveals that Sara went back to the league after Slade and Thea asks if the League killed Sara . Oliver says he ' s going for a walk to clear his head . He heads to the grated area where A.R.G.U.S. has locked up Slade . Oliver enters and finds out that Slade has escaped and killed his guard . He rushes out remembering Slade In the past , Oliver and Maseo follow Thea around near two gravestones . Thea then has a meet with a drug . Tommy shows up breaks it up . He mentions a birthday party that night that she ca n ' t go to . In the present , Oliver takes Thea to her father ' s grave on Lian Yu to grab a gun . They both are knocked out by Slade . When Oliver wakes up , they are locked up in his cage . Slade asks Thea if she knew about Shado . Slade threatens to In the past , Oliver breaks into the Queen Consolidated and breaks into the computer using his thumbprint . He comes across a private file of his father ' s that had two videos , one for Oliver and one for Thea . Wanting to downloading them as well , he stays behind and is almost caught by Felicity as she enters and places a file on the desk . Oliver happens to hear her talk to herself as she compliments a picture of him . They head to Waller and the file is going through everything . Oliver rushes off to the party , which happens to be where Dig is the guard along with his brother . Oliver wears a hoodie and happens to overhear Tommy flirt with Laurel . Oliver thought he was spotted when Tommy said , " Queenie , " but in reality it was Thea . Oliver ends up killing her drug dealer when he spots him give her drugs again . In the present , Thea asks about how they would get out of there . Thea asks him about what Slade had said . He hedges and she asks about Sara . She mentions Tiny and Oliver comes up with a way to possibly escape but would hurt Thea . He dislocates her arm to get it to be able to reach the button to free them . It works and the gate opens . Oliver then hugs her . After leaving the cell , they discuss the plane . In the past , the party is broken up by the cops , including Quentin who insults Laurel and the others . Maseo shows up and pulls Oliver away . In another room , Quentin and Laurel are fighting about her job opportunity . He is upset with her and leaves . Maseo yells at Oliver before telling him where the meet is . Oliver tells him he ' s done with the mission , but Maseo says that he needs to start with redemption . Oliver backs out however and leaves . In the present , Thea spots a path and runs off . Oliver stops her before she could get hurt by a booby trap . However he got hurt and they wait a few minutes . Thea then asks about Sara again . Oliver then tells her about what Malcolm had done to kill Sara . He mentions the word she and he reveals that she killed Sara whilst drugged . Thea then yells and it causes Slade to show up . Thea then fights her way free , surprising Slade . Oliver then goes at Slade , knocking him In the past , Oliver breaks into his home which has all the lights on . He sits down and looks at a photo of his dad and notices a laptop . He puts the flash drive with his father ' s message and is able to watch it . His dad tells him about the men who were destroying Starling and how he needs to right his wrongs . He then removes the drive . In the old steel factory , China White meets up with the different possible buyers . Maseo is above taking pictures . Suddenly a noise erupts and A.R.G.U.S. agents are shot at and others injured . Maseo is brought forward , but then suddenly , Oliver arrives and helps Maseo , but China White leaves along with the buyers . China White then declares that Yameshiro dies that night . Oliver catches up with both China White and the man . In the present , Oliver tries to stop Thea from killing Slade . She instead of sending a killshot , injures him enough to get him locked up again . Slade then tells Oliver that his sister is lost . When Slade mentions Felicity , Oliver is pissed off . He leaves the prison and locks the door behind him . In the past , Oliver , Waller and Maseo meet with the man in charge , General Matthew Shrieve . He is then told that he needs to be debriefed in China but would be free afterwards . In the Glades , Laurel ends up bumping into Tommy after leaving CNRI , where she has decided to work . Tommy asks her to dinner , which she agrees to and they leave together . The next morning at the Queen mansion , Thea brings white roses to Robert and Oliver ' s graves . In the present , Laurel heads to the cemetery and informs Quentin that Dinah knows about Sara . He is upset and Laurel reminds him of what he had said in the past . Quentin is angry with Laurel for lying about Sara . She suggests he go to a meeting , but he refuses to attend the same one as her . Quentin leaves after giving Laurel his bottle of alcohol . Laurel pours it out . Thea and Oliver return to Starling and he wants to talk to Thea . Malcolm reveals that he is there and Thea gets upset about it . She tells him that other than working together , she wo n ' t be his daughter . Oliver looks upset for the man . Production Preparation began December 1 and ran until December 9 , 2014 . Filming began December 10 , 2014 and ran until December 19 , 2014 . Trivia The original title card from Season 1 makes a return at the beginning of this episode . The title refers to and Thea ' s return to Lian Yu as well as Oliver ' s return to Starling City in the flashbacks . This is the first episode of Arrow in which Starling City appears mostly on the flashback storyline instead of the present storyline . The second is " " . Interestingly , both these episodes feature Lian Yu as the setting for the main conflict . This is the second episode that Oliver does n ' t appear as a vigilante , the first one being " The Promise " . Unlike most episodes in the series , this episode features many of the present storyline ' s characters only in the flashback storyline ; Felicity Smoak John Diggle Laurel Lance , and Quentin Lance Tommy Merlyn also appears . This episode marks the debut of Andy Diggle , who would play a recurring role in Season 4 The video message Robert Queen made for Thea is n ' t revealed until the Season 5 episode " Honor Thy Fathers Robert ' s message explaining The List to Oliver is revealed , which was briefly mentioned in the Season 1 episode " Trust but Verify Oliver is wearing a Starling City Rockets cap during his mission in Starling City . After Maseo chastises Oliver for risking being seen at Tommy ' s party , Oliver explains that he pulled his hoodie over his face , to which Maseo remarks that this trick would n ' t work even if he smeared grease paint over his face . This is exactly what Oliver did when he first became a vigilante in Starling City before receiving the Arrow mask from Barry Allen The grave on Lian Yu where Oliver took the gun from is unknown at time of the episode because the name is not shown ( it ' s not Yao Fei Gulong ' s because his grave is located near Robert ' s ) . In the Season 4 Schism " , it is revealed to be the grave of Taiana Venediktov The booby trap on the island which was created by Oliver makes its first appearance in a flashback in " Behind the scenes In the flashbacks , Laurel is contemplating a job offer from a corporate law firm , Weathersby Posner . The firm ' s name is likely an amalgamation of the two law firms , Weathersby & Stone and Posner & Klein , from the series Eli Stone , which was also produced by Greg Berlanti Marc Guggenheim The scene with Slade threatening to leave Oliver and Thea imprisoned in his cell on Lian Yu is a reference to Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , with the quote I shall leave you as you left me , as you left her . . . marooned for all eternity . . . Gallery Variant title card Videos Arrow 3x14 Promo " The Return " ( HD ) Promo Arrow 3x14 Extended Promo " The Return " ( HD ) Extended promo Arrow - Episode 3x14 The Return Sneak Peek 1 ( HD ) Arrow Sneak Peak # 1 Arrow 3x14 Inside " The Return " ( TR AltyazΔ±lΔ± ) References β ' Deathstroke ' Is Back ! ARROW Season 3 , Episode 14 Description ; " The Return " - ComicBookMovie β Marc Guggenheim ( @ mguggenheim ) - Twitter season 3 The Calm Sara Corto Maltese The Magician The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak Guilty Draw Back Your Bow The Brave and the Bold The Climb Left Behind Midnight City Uprising Canaries Nanda Parbat The Offer Suicidal Tendencies Public Enemy Broken Arrow The Fallen Al Sah - him This Is Your Sword My Name Is Oliver Queen Categories Episodes Arrow episodes Season 3 ( Arrow ) Languages : EspaΓ±ol FranΓ§ais Polski Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ | [
"\" The Return",
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] |
http://arshilegorkyfoundation.org/gorkys-life/chronology | Chronology by Melissa Kerr Author ' s Note Adapted and revised , with permission , from Arshile Gorky : A Retrospective , edited by Michael Taylor ( Philadelphia : Philadelphia Museum of Art , 2009 ) , pp . 354 - 69 . Unless otherwise indicated , the catalogue numbers cited throughout the chronology refer to the paintings published in Jim Jordan and Robert Goldwater , The Paintings of Arshile Gorky : A Critical Catalogue ( New York and London New York University Press , 1982 ) . c . 1902 Vosdanig Adoian ( Arshile Gorky ) is born in the village of Khorkom , within the Armenian province of Van , on the eastern border of Ottoman Turkey . [ 1 ] Likely named after his mother β s hometown of Vosdan , he is later called Manoog to honor his paternal grandfather . [ 2 ] He is the first son of Setrag Adoian , a trader and sometime carpenter , and Shushanig ( Shushan ) der Marderosian , a descendent of priests of the Armenian Apostolic Church . Setrag and Shushan , who were both married previously and widowed in 1896 , are already parents . [ 3 ] Setrag has a son , Hagop , and a daughter , Oughaper , and Shushan has two daughters , Sima and Akabi ( called Ahko ) . [ 4 ] The couple already have one child together , a daughter named Satenig , born in 1901 . [ 5 ] 1904 / 1906 27 September : Vosdanig β s sister Vartoosh is born . [ 6 ] 1908 During his early childhood Vosdanig begins to draw and carve but is late in speaking . His sister Akabi will later recall : β He used to draw in his sleep . You could see his hand moving . β [ 7 ] Setrag Adoian immigrates to the United States , arriving on 28 December at the Port of New York aboard the Saint Laurent . He moves to Providence , Rhode Island , where his son Hagop , who had arrived some months earlier , has settled . [ 8 ] Setrag Adoian , Gorky ' s father , Providence , RI , 1910 . Unknown Photographer . 1909 β 10 Vosdanig studies writing , vernacular Armenian , and drawing in a one - room school attached to the village church of Saint Vardan in Khorkom . [ 9 ] 1910 10 February : His half sister Akabi marries Mkrdich ( Muggerdich ) Amerian , and the couple move to the city of Van shortly thereafter . Summer : Hamaspiur der Marderosian , his maternal grandmother , dies . Memories of her funeral will later inform his painting The Orators ( 1947 ; Private Collection ; Jordan and Goldwater 328 ) . September : Shushan β s relationship with her in - laws worsens in Setrag β s absence , and she moves to Vosdanig and Vartooshto Van city , where they rent a one - room apartment in an Armenian home on Galjunts Street . Vosdanig and Satenig attend the Husisian ( Husisayeen ) School , affiliated with the Armenian Apostolic Church . The curriculum includes religion , literature , math , science , geography , history , and the Armenian , Turkish , and French languages . Two months after relocating to Van , Shushan moves her family to the suburb of Aikesdan , where they rent a house on Chaghli Street . Vartoosh will later describe the street as β very pretty . There were poplar trees and willows . . . . There were streams everywhere in the streets . β [ 10 ] Vosdanig and Vartoosh attend the American Mission School , where they are instructed in the English language for the first time . 1912 In Van , Vosdanig poses with his mother for a photograph to send to Setrag in Providence . This picture will later inspire The Artist and His Mother paintings and drawings . 1914 1 August : Germany declares war on Russia , marking the beginning of World War I . The Turkish government intensifies its persecution of its Armenian population and readies its campaign of genocide . Late October : Turkey officially enters the war as an ally of Germany . The following month , robbery and looting are reported in Van province . 1915 20 April : The Turkish army begins a siege of Van City . Armenians living in proximity to Turkish quarters or in mixed neighborhoods evacuate their homes and move to the center of Aikesdan , which is protected by an Armenian defense line . Between four and six thousand Armenians find shelter at the American Mission , including the Adoians . May : Russian forces push back the siege on Van but withdraw from the city in late July , at which time General Nicolaieff orders β all the Armenians of the Van province , also the Americans and other foreigners , to flee for their lives . β [ 11 ] Summer : The Adoians join more than a quarter million refugees on an eight - day , one - hundred - mile journey on foot to Russian Armenia . There are many deaths along the way from exhaustion , starvation , disease , and plundering by the Kurds . The family stops in Idgir and Ejmiadzin before reaching Erevan ( present - day Yerevan ) . [ 12 ] November : Having lived in temporary lodging since their arrival , the Adoians are finally able to rent a room in Yerevan on the first floor of a house at 18 Kaganovsky Street . [ 13 ] Vosdanig attends the Temagan Boys School , a parish school attached to Saint Sarkis Church . To help support the family , he carves combs and also works at an orphanage , a carpentry shop , and a printing press . 1916 October : Mkrdich Amerian , who had previously immigrated to the United States , returns to Yerevan to collect his wife , Akabi , and their son , Gurken ( later Jimmy ) . He also brings money from Setrag Adoian , which is to be used to bring Shushan and her three children to the United States , but the amount is enough for only one ticket . Shushan decides to send her oldest daughter , Satenig , with the Amerians . The four leave Yerevan for the States on the ninth and will eventually settle in Watertown , Massachusetts . [ 14 ] 1918 28 May : The short - lived independent Republic of Armenia is established . August : The threat of civil war causes the Adoians to flee Yerevan for Tiflis ( present - day Tbilisi ) , Russia . Traveling by foot , they are forced to stop just eight miles outside Yerevan in the village of Shahab when Shushan becomes too weak from malnutrition to continue . 1918 β 19 Winter : Brutal weather conditions and a severe food shortage cruelly tax the Armenian refugee community , and Shusan β s condition worsens . December : Vosdanig , Vartoosh , and their mother return to Yerevan , where they find shelter in an abandoned room with a partial roof . [ 15 ] 1919 20 March : Shushan dies of starvation at the age of thirty - nine . Family legend has it that Satenig marries Sarkis Avedisian in Watertown , Massachussetts , on this same day . May : Vosdanig and Vartoosh begin what they hope will be a journey to the United States , traveling by train to Tiflis with a family friend , Kerza ( Kertso ) Dikran . [ 16 ] July β August : The siblings arrive in the port city of Batum , where they remain for three weeks . The following month they sail to Constantinople , finding shelter in a refugee camp near the Haidar Pasha railroad station , located within the Uskudar district on the Asian side of the city . A wealthy doctor , Vergine ( Verzhinay ) Kelekian , and her husband , Setrag , later assist them with lodging , and their son Hambartzum , who works for a shipping company , eventually helps them secure tickets to the United States . [ 17 ] 1920 25 January : The two sail to Athens , staying for fifteen days in the port city of Patras . 9 February : They board the Italian liner S.S . Presidente Wilson , stopping en route for one day in Naples before continuing on to the States by mid - month , where they arrive at Ellis Island on 26 February . The ship manifest of alien passengers submitted to the United States Immigration Officer at Port of Arrival includes β Manouk β and β Vartanouche β Adoian as students . [ 18 ] After being detained for several days , they are officially admitted to the United States and are met by Akabi and Mkrdich Amerian , a family friend from Van named Vosgian , and Hagop Adoian . [ 19 ] The S.S . Presidente Wilson , the Italian ocean liner that brought Gorky and his sister Vartoosh to the United States in 1920 . Photo courtesy The Statue of Liberty - Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . 1 March : They travel to Watertown , Massachusetts , to stay with Akabi and Mkrdich at their home on Coolidge Hill Avenue . After living in Watertown for about a month , Vosdanig goes to Providence to live with Setrag and Hagop and his family at 207 Pond Street and later at 22 Cranston Street . He works with his father and stepbrother at the Universal Winding Company , which specializes in making winding machines for the textile and electrical coil industries , on Elmwood Avenue in nearby Cranston and also attends the Old Beacon Street School in Providence . 1921 January β June : Attends Samuel Bridgham Middle School in Providence , though he is much older than the other students . Summer : Returns to Watertown to live with Akabi and her extended family at their new home on Dexter Avenue and begins working with Vartoosh and Satenig at the Hood Rubber Company , which employs a large number of Armenians , but he is fired after only two months for drawing on factory equipment . [ 20 ] On his return to Providence in the fall , he attends the Technical High School , a preparatory school for Brown University β s School of Engineering . [ 21 ] Although most of the curriculum does not interest him , he is able to take art classes . 1922 Gorky briefly attends the Scott Carbee School of Art in Boston sometime this year . [ 22 ] 1922 β 23 Winter : He enrolls at the New School of Design and Illustration , located at 248 Boylston Street in Boston . Directed by Douglas John Connah , the school offers courses in drawing , painting , and design . Ethel Cooke , an instructor , later recalls that he β was very well equipped in drawing β and that his renderings β were as good as any of [ John Singer ] Sargeant β s even then when he was 18 . β [ 23 ] He frequents museums in Boston and finds employment washing dishes at a restaurant and drawing one - minute pictures of presidents between acts at the Majestic Theatre at 219 Tremont Street . He is most likely living on his own during this time . 1923 8 June : Vartoosh marries Moorad Mooradian , a friend of Vosdanig β s from Aikesdan . 1924 He becomes an assistant instructor for the New School of Design β s life - drawing class , his first teaching position . During noon recess one day , he executes a modest painting in a Post - Impressionist style , Park Street Church , Boston ( Lowell Art Association / Whistler House Museum of Art , Lowell , MA ; Jordan and Goldwater 3 ) , signing the work β Gorky , Arshele , β the first known use of the pseudonym he will adopt for the remainder of his career . [ 24 ] He will try out a number of variations of the two names , including Archele , Archel , and Gorki , before settling on Arshile Gorky in about 1932 . Late in the year , he moves to New York City after accepting a teaching job at a branch of the New School of Design opened by Douglas John Connah in 1923 at 1680 Broadway . According to Mark Rothko , one of his students there , he copies paintings by Franz Hals at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and is fond of the work of the French painter Adolphe Monticelli . [ 25 ] 1925 9 January : Enrolls at the National Academy of Design at 109th Street and Amsterdam Avenue in a life - drawing class taught by Charles Hawthorne , but leaves after one month for unknown reasons . [ 26 ] October : Registers at the Grand Central School of Art , which is directed by Edmund Greacen and located within the Grand Central Terminal on Forty - second Street . There he takes classes with Nicolay Ivanovich Feshin and soon begins teaching an evening antique class , which consists of making drawings after plaster casts . By the end of this year , he likely has a rooftop studio at 19 West 50 th Street . [ 27 ] 1926 September : Becomes a full faculty member of the School of Painting and Drawing at the Grand Central School of Art , where he will remain until 1931 . His biography printed in a 1926 school catalogue is almost entirely fabricated : β Born Nizhin Novgorod , Russia . Studied , School of Nizhin Novgorod , Julian Academia , Paris , under Albert Paul Laurens , also in New York and Boston . Member : Allied Artists of America . Represented in many exhibitions . β [ 28 ] His appointment to the Grand Central faculty generates an article in the New York Evening Post , in which he is said to be the cousin of the writer Maxim Gorky , is reported to have a studio on West Fiftieth Street , and is quoted saying , β CΓ©zanne is the greatest artist . . . that has lived . β [ 29 ] His work will exhibit the influence of CΓ©zanne for several years , as seen in various still lifes , portraits , and landscapes . His extensive knowledge of CΓ©zanne comes not only from direct experience of his work in museums and galleries but also through reproductions of CΓ©zanne β s paintings in his treasured collection of books , including Julius Meier - Graefe β s critical study CΓ©zanne und sein Kreis ( 1922 ) . [ 30 ] Painting ( c . 1927 - 1928 ) , Gorky ' s CΓ©zannesque version of a PietΓ . Reproduced in a catalogue of the Grand Central School of Art , New York , 1929 - 1930 . Collection Arshile Gorky Foundation Archives . November : Publishes a poem in the Grand Central School of Art Quarterly titled β Thirst , β whose wording is taken from a work by the Armenian poet Siamanto ( Atom Yarjanian ) , who was killed during the Armenian Genocide . [ 31 ] Around this time , he has a portrait and a still life in a traveling exhibition of art by the faculty of Grand Central , perhaps the first time his work is exhibited . [ 32 ] Possibly begins his two versions of the painting The Artist and His Mother ( National Gallery of Art , Washington , DC ; Whitney Museum of American Art , New York ; Jordan and Goldwater 114 and 115 ) . He will rework the canvases in the years to come by sanding down the surfaces to attain a brushstroke - free porcelain - like finish derived from the paintings of Jean - Auguste - Dominique Ingres , an artist he reveres . He studies the works of Ingres firsthand at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and visits the Frick Collection β s Comtesse d β Haussonville ( 1845 ) after its purchase in 1927 . [ 33 ] By the end of this year , Gorky moved to a studio at Sixth Avenue and Fifty - seventh Street , which he shares with fellow artist Stergis M . Stergis . [ 34 ] Late 1920s Looks to Henri Matisse , Joan MirΓ³ , and the Synthetic Cubism of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque as new sources of inspiration , becoming particularly fascinated with the work of Picasso for the next several years , examining his paintings in New York museums and galleries and also in illustrations in books and periodicals such as Cahiers d β art [ 35 ] 1927 Moves to a new studio at 47a Sullivan Street at Washington Square South . [ 36 ] From this location he is within walking distance of the recently opened Gallery of Living Art at New York University , which houses A . E . Gallatin β s collection of works by living or recently deceased artists , including Picasso , MirΓ³ , Giorgio de Chirico , and Fernand LΓ©ger . The collection makes a profound impact on him . [ 37 ] Meets the artist Saul Schary , who will become a lifelong friend . 1928 Hans Burkhardt enrolls in one of Gorky β s classes at Grand Central , and the next year will begin taking private lessons with him . [ 38 ] Gorky also meets Ethel Schwabacher , who will later become his student , patron , and first biographer . 1929 Begins a tumultuous romance with Sirun Mussikian ( Ruth March French ) , an Armenian model from Van . She lives with him for a short time but ultimately choses to end the relationship . [ 39 ] Gorky with his sister Vartoosh Mooradian ( left ) and his girlfriend Sirun Mussikian ( right ) , Watertown , MA , c . 1929 - 30 . Unknown photographer . His artistic circle expands . He is now a friend of John Graham ( born Ivan Dabrowsky ) and , through Graham or Paul Gaulois , meets Stuart Davis . Graham will later write of the trio : β Stuart Davis , Gorky and myself have formed a group and something original , purely american [ sic ] is coming out from under our brushes . β [ 40 ] He also becomes acquainted with Willem de Kooning , possibly at the opening of Graham β s 1929 exhibition at Dudensing Galleries , or at a party at the apartment of the Russian painter Mischa Reznikoff , and also meets the future dealer Sidney Janis , whose art advisor he will become . [ 41 ] And it is probably this year that he first meets the sculptor Isamu Noguchi , although the two will not become good friends until the latter half of the following decade . [ 42 ] Gorky is renowned in this group for his deep knowledge and love of art and for his technical abilities . As de Kooning will later report : β He knew lots more about painting and art β he just knew it by nature β things I was supposed to know and feel and understand . . . . He had an extraordinary gift for hitting the nail on the head . β [ 43 ] The Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA ) is founded in New York City by Miss Lillie P . Bliss , Mrs . Cornelius J . Sullivan , and Mrs . John D . Rockefeller , Jr . Alfred H . Barr , Jr . , is appointed director . 1930 12 β 26 April : Shows three still lifes in An Exhibition of Work of 46 Painters and Sculptors under 35 Years of Age at MoMA , his first major museum exhibition in New York . His erroneous biography in the accompanying catalogue states that he was born in 1903 in Nizhni - Novgorod and studied with Vasily Kandinsky for three months in 1920 . One of the still lifes in the catalogue is listed courtesy of the J . B . Neumann Gallery . Neumann , perhaps through an introduction by Max Weber , becomes his dealer for a short time this year , Gorky β s first professional relationship with a gallery . Moves to a large studio at 36 Union Square in Greenwich Village , which he will keep for the remainder of his life . [ 44 ] 1931 1 January β 10 February : Presents a work titled Improvisation at the SociΓ©tΓ© Anonyme , founded by Katherine S . Dreier and Marcel Duchamp in 1920 , for an exhibition organized to celebrate the opening of the new building of the New School for Social Research . Over the course of the year , he sends the Downtown Gallery in New York a group of works ranging in price from $ 100 to $ 450 . The exact nature of their relationship is unknown . April : Mrs . John D . Rockefeller ( Abby Aldrich Rockefeller ) purchases from the Downtown Gallery a CΓ©zannesque still life by Gorky titled Fruit ( c . 1928 β 29 ; Private Collection ; Jordan and Goldwater 55 ) for $ 250 . [ 45 ] In an evaluation of Stuart Davis β s work for the magazine Creative Art , Gorky reveals his reverence for Cubism : β The twentieth century β what intensity , what activity , what restles nervous energy ! Has there in six centuries been better art than Cubism ? No . β [ 46 ] 18 November : The Whitney Museum of American Art opens in New York City . It will become a major supporter of Gorky β s work . Fall : Meets Dorothy Miller and Holger Cahill , who study with him for a short time and who will both prove instrumental to his career , Miller as a curator at MoMA , and Cahill as head of the Federal Art Project of the Works Progress Administration ( hereafter FAP / WPA ) . Begins work on the Nighttime , Enigma , and Nostalgia series , his largest . Making variations on this theme through the mid - 1930s , he will create more than fifty drawings and one painting . 1932 The New York gallery owner Julien Levy examines a portfolio of his drawings at the suggestion of John Graham . During this meeting Gorky explains : β I was with CΓ©zanne for a long time . . . and now naturally I am with Picasso . β Levy replies that he will give him an exhibition β someday , when you are Gorky . β [ 47 ] 3 March : With Frank Jewett Mather , Jr . , the Marquand Professor of Art at Princeton University , he debates β Two Views on Modern Art β at Wells College in Aurora , New York . [ 48 ] 10 May : Vartoosh and Moorad return to Armenia , which is now part of the Soviet Union . Gorky in his studio at 36 Union Square , New York , c . 1932 . Photo by Alexander Sandow . Courtesy Estate of Alexander Sandow , Greg Sandow & Lisa Sandow Lyons , executors . 1933 20 December : Joins the federal government β s Public Works of Art Project ( PWAP ) at a salary of about $ 37 a week . Shortly after being accepted into the program , he submits a proposal for a mural , describing his abstract work in a way that will suit the PWAP β s requirement that the piece capture the β American Scene β : β In the middle of my picture stands a column which symbolizes the determination of the American nation . . . . My intention is to create objectivity of the articles which I have detached [ 49 ] 1934 Early in the year , the artist meets the painter Jacob Kainen , who sits several times for a portrait . Unable to pay Kainen for his time , Gorky gives him two drawings . January : Ethel Schwabacher and Mina Metzger begin private lessons with him three days a week , three hours a day , which they will continue through the summer of 1935 . As a part of their studies , Gorky takes them to the Metropolitan Museum of Art , where they make drawings after artists such as Nicolas Poussin and Γdouard Manet . [ 50 ] 17 January : He informs the PWAP that the subject of his mural will be β 1934 β and that the work will be appropriate for installation in a technical university , a building for engineering purposes , or the New York Port Authority . [ 51 ] He will be dropped from the PWAP roster on 29 April , however , and the mural never realized . Existing studies combine the motifs found within his drawings made around this time β such as Nighttime , Enigma , and Nostalgia Column with Objects , and his abstract anatomical studies β revealing that the design may have been too abstract for the taste of PWAP administrators Juliana Force and Lloyd Goodrich . 2 β 15 February : His first solo exhibition opens at the Mellon Galleries in Philadelphia with thirty - seven untitled paintings dating from 1926 to 1930 . The exhibition is likely arranged with the help of Gorky β s friend and patron Bernard Davis , later the director and founder of Philadelphia β s Philatelic Museum , who may have introduced him to the director of the Mellon Galleries , C . Philip Boyer . [ 52 ] The review in the Philadelphia Inquirer is mixed , calling the work β brilliant of pigmentation β but derivative in nature . [ 53 ] Shortly after the show opens , he learns that water damage from extinguishing a fire in Akabi β s house in Watertown has destroyed a group of his early paintings , including portraits of Vartoosh and Sirun Mussikian . [ 54 ] 28 February : At the opening of the First Municipal Art Exhibition at the Forum Gallery in New York he meets the art student Marny George , and they are married after a brief courtship . Their stormy relationship ends soon afterward , however . As Marny will later recall : β It seems the very moment we were married the battle began . . . . We loved and hated with equal violence . β [ 55 ] Gorky gives a still life painting to an attorney , Herman A . Greenberg , in payment for preparing the paperwork to annul their marriage . [ 56 ] 27 October : Designs and builds a large float β a tower of painted cardboard over a wooden framework , the whole having a Cubist effect β with the artist George McNeil for a demonstration organized by the Artists β Committee of Action to demand a place for artists to show their work . He also attends meetings of the newly formed Artists β Union during this time but never becomes a member . Stuart Davis later claims that it was Gorky β s lack of political commitment that caused their friendship to end this year . [ 57 ] 25 December : Vartoosh and Moorad return from Soviet Armenia after Vartoosh becomes ill . They stay with Gorky in his studio for several weeks before going back to Watertown to live with Akabi . Around this time he begins a series of stylized portraits of himself and family members that are quite melancholy in tone . 1935 Early in the year , Gorky takes in a lodger named Lorenzo Santillo . 12 February β 22 March : He is included for the first time in one of the Whitney β s exhibitions , Abstract Painting in America . The catalogue includes an essay by Ethel Schwabacher and an introduction by Stuart Davis . He exchanges letters in Armenian with his cousin Ado Adoian in Yerevan during this year and the next . [ 58 ] March : Lorenzo Santillo takes Corinne Michael West , a student of Hans Hofmann β s , to meet Gorky one evening at 36 Union Square . The two quickly begin a romance and later maintain a long - distance relationship through letters and visits after West moves to Rochester , New York , the following year . [ 59 ] 25 March : Vartoosh gives birth to a son whom they name Karlen , a contraction of the names of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin . Later this year , the Mooradians return to New York , where they stay with Gorky until the fall of 1936 . July : Gorky applies to the Emergency Relief Bureau , then a city program , for work and housing relief and begins receiving $ 24 a month . His status with the bureau qualifies him for a position with the FAP / WPA when it is established one month later under the directorship of his friend Holger Cahill . He is assigned to the mural division , earning a monthly salary starting at $ 103.40 , and begins designing a series of murals titled Aviation for Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn , which are to incorporate photographs of airplanes and airports taken by Wyatt Davis , Stuart Davis β s brother . [ 60 ] A selection of his drawings is on view at Philadelphia β s Boyer Galleries . Corinne West borrows her father β s car , and she , Gorky , Lorenzo Santillo , and a woman named Geraldine drive to Philadelphia to see the show . Gorky also gives a lecture on abstract art while there , which a local reporter sardonically states β made everything quite clear . β [ 61 ] The Guild Art Gallery opens at 37 West Fifty - seventh Street , New York . Although Gorky β s name is not included on the inaugural exhibition announcement , according to a review in the New York Times he is among those represented in the show , where , they report , his β handsome abstract decoration . . . may be said to dominate . β [ 62 ] 12 November : Signs a three - year contract with the Guild Art Gallery . 24 November : Delivers a lecture , β Methods , Purposes , and Significance of Abstract Art , β at the Guild in response to the interest arroused by Fernand LΓ©ger β s current exhibition at MoMA . [ 63 ] 16 December : Presents eighteen works in Abstract Drawings by Arshile Gorky at the Guild , his first solo exhibition in New York . Holger Cahill writes a paragraph for the catalogue , citing Gorky β s β extraordinary inventiveness and fertility in creating special arrangments both precise and harmonious , . . . [ which contribute ] to contemporary American expression a note of intellectual fantasy . β Reviews are mixed , however , with Howard Devree commenting in the New York Times on Gorky β s β serious attempts to express certain spatial and linear relationships , β and Carlyle Burrows , in the Herald Tribune , opining : β His is a difficult expression to disentagle from its sources in Picasso , Braque and others , and to tell where originality begins and where inspiration leaves off . β [ 64 ] Katherine S . Dreier of the SociΓ©tΓ© Anonyme buys one of his Nighttime , Enigma , and Nostalgia drawings for $ 85 . [ 65 ] 27 December : A sketch for his airport mural is presented in Murals for Public Buildings , an exhibition celebrating the opening of the Federal Art Project Gallery . Mayor Fiorella H . La Guardia , who attends the opening and is photographed speaking with Gorky , is quoted in the paper as saying about the sketch : β I am conservative in my art , as I am a progressive in my politics . That β s why I perhaps can not understand it . β [ 66 ] 1936 Spring : During a lecture at the Artists β Union , he chastises the Social Realists , calling their propagandistic illustrations β poor art for poor people . β [ 67 ] May β September : The New York Art Commission gives preliminary approval to his aviation murals , but by this time the focus of the project has changed . [ 68 ] The murals are now intended for the Newark Airport Administration Building , and the design excludes the photographs of Wyatt Davis . For the final project , Gorky paints ten panels in the seventh - floor workshop of the Federal Art Project Building at 6 East Thirty - ninth Street . Gorky at work on Activities on the Field , 1936 . New York Federal Art Project Photo ; Collection : Estate of Arshile Gorky . 14 September β 12 October : One of his Newark panels , Activities on the Field , is shown in MoMA β s exhibition New Horizons in American Art , which highlights the first year β s work done under the FAP / WPA . The exhibition catalogue gives the title of the full mural cycle as Aviation : Evolution of Forms under Aerodynamic Limitations [ 69 ] 10 November β 10 December : Gorky β s painting Organization ( National Gallery of Art , Washington , DC ; Jordan and Goldwater 146 ) is shown in the Third Biennial Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting at the Whitney . Hereafter he will regularly be included in the Whitney β s painting and drawing annuals . [ 70 ] Sometime during November , the Mooradians move to Chicago . 11 December : He submits an essay about his Newark Airport murals to the Washington office of the FAP / WPA . The text is intended to be one of a number of essays to be included in a national illustrated report ( never realized ) . [ 71 ] Besides giving a formal analysis of his panels , Gorky β s essay discusses the educational purpose of mural painting : β Since many workers , school children , or patients in hospitals ( as the case may be , depending on the type of institution ) have little or no opportunity to visit museums , mural painting could and would open up new vistas to their neglected knowledge of a far too - little popularized Art . β [ 72 ] 18 December : The architect and stage designer Frederick Kiesler publishes β Murals without Walls : Relating to Gorky β s Newark Project , β the first magazine article on the artist , in Art Front In response to a perceived lack of respect for modernist artists , American Abstract Artists is founded by a group that includes Josef Albers and A . E . Gallatin . Gorky attends several meetings but never joins . [ 73 ] Julien Levy publishes his book Surrealism . According to his later recollections , Gorky immediately reads the entire book in the back room of his gallery . [ 74 ] 1937 12 May : Gorky writes to Vartoosh from the Wardman Park Hotel in Washington , D.C. , mentioning that he is in the nation β s capital to give a speech before the American Federation of Arts . According to Vartoosh , the subject of the lecture is camouflage . [ 75 ] 9 June : The Newark Airport murals are unveiled . The following day , an article by Gerard Sullivan in the Newark Ledger cites the public β s reactions , including the assessment that they look β like a hangover after an Atlantic City convention ! β [ 76 ] Despite the negative reception , the murals are officially accepted by the Newark Art Commission on 24 June . During the remainder of the summer , and through the summer of 1941 , Gorky continues as an employee of the FAP / WPA Mural Division , although he is never assigned to another FAP mural project , instead being permitted to make easel paintings in his studio . August : Begins working on sketches for murals for the 1939 β 40 New York World β s Fair Marine Transportation Building and Aviation Building . By October , his Aviation proposal is accepted , but his project for the Marine Building is rejected in favor of a mural by Lyonel Feininger . [ 77 ] 10 November β 12 December : After his inclusion in their fall painting annual , one of Gorky β s works , titled simply Painting ( 1936 - 37 ; Jordan and Goldwater 173 ) , is purchased by the Whitney , his first sale to a museum . John Graham publishes System and Dialectics of Art , mentioning Gorky in a section called β Good Taste , β along with AndrΓ© Breton , Paul Γluard , Tristan Tzara , and Christian Zervos . 1938 Early in the year , Gorky begins a relationship with the violinist Leonore Gallet ( later Portnoff ) , who becomes the subject of several drawings . [ 78 ] Takes a trip to Provincetown , Massachusetts , with the artists Rosaline Bengelsdorf and Byron Browne . [ 79 ] May β July : The Whitney lends Gorky β s Painting to an exhibition in Paris titled Trois SiΓ¨cles d β Art AmΓ©ricain ( Three Centuries of American Art ) . Organized by MoMA , this large survey is installed at the MusΓ©e du Jeu de Paume . Painting is also reproduced in James Johnson Sweeney β s article β L β art contemporain aux Etats - Unis β for the 1938 issue of Cahiers d β art 1939 16 January : He temporarily leaves the FAP / WPA to work on his project for William Lescaze β s Aviation Building at the New York World β s Fair . The finished mural , Man β s Conquest of the Air ( now destroyed ) , is unveiled for the fair β s opening on April 30 . 5 β 27 May : Picasso β s Guernica ( now in the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia , Madrid ) is displayed for the first time in the United States at the Valentine Gallery , New York . Gorky takes part in a panel discussion there with fellow artists Leo Katz and Walter Pach . Dorothea Tanning is in the audience and later recalls that β the controlled passion in his voice . . . illumined the painting with a sustained flash of new light . β [ 80 ] 20 May : Gorky becomes a U.S. citizen . 9 June : He is reinstated on the FAP / WPA . World War II begins with Germany β s invasion of Poland . Many European artists subsequently flee to the United States . The Chilean artist Roberto Matta arrives from Europe this year , meeting Gorky shortly thereafter , possibly at an exhibition of his work at the Julien Levy Gallery in the spring of 1940 . [ 81 ] Late in the year , Gorky applies for a John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship , which includes the following plan : β To attempt to evolve a form of abstract painting free from foreign influences ; to reveal in new designs , form and color the sources of American cultural traditions ; to interpret in abstract form the art and customs of the American Indian , the pioneer , the ranch , farm and folk - life in this country . β Alfred H . Barr , Holger Cahill , A . Conger Goodyear , Juliana Force , and William [ 82 ] 1940 Begins the series of works titled Garden in Sochi 3 September : In a letter to the Mooradians , he mentions a request he has made to teach a class on camouflage at the Grand Central School of Art . Because of the draft , he is told to wait several months to see how many students will be available before offering the class . [ 83 ] Fall : With the help of Isamu Noguchi and the architect Willie Muschenheim , he receives a commission to paint murals ( now destroyed ) on the curved walls that flank the stage at the Riviera Club in Fort Lee , New Jersey , owned by Ben Marden . The murals are finished the following summer and are discussed in an article in the New York Sun in which Gorky explains : β I call these murals non - objective art , but if labels are needed this art may be termed surrealistic . β [ 84 ] 9 December : In response to the institution of a new rule , he resigns from the WPA because he has been employed for eighteen months . He reapplies and is back on the project by 17 December . Abby Aldrich Rockefeller gives Gorky β s lithograph Mannikin ( c . 1931 ; see http : / / www . moma . org ) to MoMA , their first acquisition of his work . During Gorky β s lifetime , the museum will also acquire Argula ( 1938 ; Jordan and Goldwater 218 ) and Objects ( 1932 ; see http : / / www . moma . org ) in 1941 , and Garden in Sochi ( 1941 ; Jordan and Goldwater 248 ) in 1942 . [ 85 ] 1941 January : Through the coaxing of Elaine Fried ( later de Kooning ) , he meets the woman who will become his second wife , nineteen - year - old Agnes Magruder , at a party . [ 86 ] He soon nicknames her Mougouch , an Armenian term of endearment . Agnes Magruder ( Mougouch ) , c . 1939 . Photograph by Essie or John H . Magruder . Collection : Estate of Arshile Gorky . January β February : Attends the Surrealist painter Gordon Onslow Ford β s lecture series at the New School for Social Research , also visiting Ford β s apartment several times to learn more about Surrealism . [ 87 ] 19 β 27 April : His painting Argula , now owned by MoMA , is included in the Metropolitan Museum of Art β s Special Exhibition of Contemporary Painting in the United States , which in June begins traveling in South America as La pintura contemporana norteamericana , co - organized by MoMA , the Met , the Brooklyn Museum , the Whitney , and the Coordinator of Commercial and Cultural Relations between American Republics . July : After his friend Jeanne Reynal arranges to have his work exhibited in San Francisco , Gorky resigns from the WPA on 2 July to drive across the country with Mougouch , Isamu Noguchi , Noguchi β s sister , and two other friends , arriving on 17 July . 9 β 24 August : His first solo exhibitionat a museum opens at the San Francisco Museum of Art with twenty - one works , including a painting from Reynal β s collection , Enigmatic Combat ( 1936 β 37 ; Jordan and Goldwater 176 ) , which she will give to the museum later this year . Late in the year , Edmund Greacen approves Gorky β s class on camouflage at the Grand Central School of Art . The course announcement reads : β An epidemic of destruction sweeps the world today . The mind of civilized man is set to stop it . What the enemy would destroy , however , he must first see . To confuse and paralyze this vision is the role of camouflage . Here the artist and more particularly the modern artist can fulfill a vital function for , opposed to this vision of destruction is the vision of creation [ 88 ] The gallery owner Betty Parsons , who is enrolled in the class , later recalls that Gorky β was witty and brilliant as a camouflage teacher . . . I think Gorky probably knew more about aesthetics than anybody I ever met in my life , then and now . β [ 89 ] 15 September : On the return trip he and Mougouch are married in Virginia City , Nevada . [ 90 ] They visit the Mooradians in Chicago on 26 September , returning to New York in early October . 12 November β 30 December : Exhibits two works in the Whitney β s exhibition Paintings by Artists under Forty . 28 December : Writes to Vartoosh about camouflage and his possible role in the ensuing war : β It seems I too shall be called to do camouflage painting . We artists are getting organized so that if called we shall serve as painters and not as soldiers . β [ 91 ] However , the draft board later rejects him as too old . 1942 He and Mougouch spend time at Saul Schary β s home in New Milford , Connecticut . Mougouch will write in a letter the next year : β Last summer we spent 2 weeks in the country away from N.Y. and during those two weeks Gorky did some very inspiring drawings from nature which have given him great impetus in his work and something quite new and miraculous is resulting . β [ 92 ] June : In response to a request from Dorothy Miller , he writes a free - form poem on his Garden in Sochi paintings , one of which is acquired by MoMA on 1 July . In the poem he describes β an enormous tree β from his childhood , a β Holy tree β on which people hung strips of their clothing that they had torn off . [ 93 ] 30 June β 9 August : Shows Bull in Sun , a rug woven for him by the New York company V β Soske , and two related preliminary studies and a design in gouache in MoMA β s exhibition New Rugs by American Artists December : One of his paintings of his sister Akabi ( Jordan and Goldwater 179 ) is included in MoMA β s exhibition Twentieth Century Portraits . Titled in the catalogue β My Sister Ahko , β its date is erroneously given as 1917 . 1942 β 43 Visits relatives in Watertown for what will turn out to be the last time . 1943 February : He and Mougouch host a dinner for Fernand LΓ©ger , who maintains a studio on West Fortieth Street during this time . Mary Burliuk , wife of the painter David Burliuk , will later report that Gorky was β overwhelmed with emotion β to have the great artist in his studio . [ 94 ] 20 March : Joseph H . Hirshhorn buys seventeen of Gorky β s paintings and will add thirteen more to his collection in the following years . [ 95 ] 5 April : Gorky β s first daughter , Maro , is born . 17 June β 25 July : His painting Garden in Sochi ( 1941 ) is included in MoMA β s exhibition Recent Acquisitions : The Work of Young Americans . Summer : Travels to Lincoln , Virginia , with his family to stay at Crooked Run Farm , recently acquired by Mougouch β s parents , Admiral and Mrs . John H . Magruder II . There he creates more than one hundred drawings before returning to New York in November . [ 96 ] 1944 Early in the year , Noguchi introduces him to AndrΓ© Breton , the chief proponent of Surrealism , who becomes a good friend and major supporter of his work . April : James Johnson Sweeney β s article β Five American Painters β is published in Harper ' s Bazaar , discussing Milton Avery , Morris Graves , Roberto Matta , Jackson Pollock , and Gorky , whose latest work , Sweeney writes , β shows his realization of the value of literally returning to the earth . β [ 97 ] Also in April , Gorky finishes his masterpiece The Liver is the Cock β s Comb ( Albright - Knox Art Gallery , Buffalo , NY ; Jordan and Goldwater 281 ) , which is based on a drawing executed during the previous summer at Crooked Run Farm . Jeanne Reynal writes to Mougouch shortly after its completion : β Did Arshile feel satisfied when he painted that great canvas . God knows he well might . I β m glad it β s so successful . Did he really finish it in a week ? β [ 98 ] Sidney Janis will include a reproduction of the work in his book Abstract and Surrealist Art in America , published later this year , in which he cites Gorky β s description of the painting , couched in the Surrealist β automatic β style : β The song of a cardinal , liver , mirrors that have not caught reflection , the aggressively heraldic branches , the saliva of the hungry man whose face is painted with white chalk . β [ 99 ] Spring : Returns to Crooked Run Farm with his family , where he draws and paints prolifically for nine months . Following his return to New York late in the year , Peggy Guggenheim buys from him another work , titled Painting ( Peggy Guggenheim Collection , Venice . The Solomon R . Guggenheim Foundation ; Jordan and Goldwater 285 ) , which was executed during this time . Gorky drawing in a field at Crooked Run Farm , summer 1944 . Photograph by Agnes Magruder Gorky . Reaches an arrangment with Julien Levy ( formalized in a letter from Levy on 20 December ) to give the gallery twelve paintings and thirty drawings a year in return for a monthly stipend of $ 175 . Levy also agrees to give him a one - man show , which he will do annually until Gorky β s death . [ 100 ] 1945 The Gorkys move to Roxbury , Connecticut , where they stay in David Hare β s house for the next nine months while he is away . Their neighbors include the sculptor Alexander Calder and the French Surrealist painters Yves Tanguy and AndrΓ© Masson and their wives Kay Sage , an American Surrealist , and Rose Masson . 6 March : The exhibition Arshile Gorky opens at the Julien Levy Gallery , featuring paintings created during the previous year , including The Leaf of the Artichoke is an Owl ( Museum of Modern Art , New York ; Jordan and Goldwater 287 ) , One Year the Milkweed ( National Gallery of Art , Washington , DC ; Jordan and Goldwater 279 ) , Water of the Flowery Mill ( Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York ; Jordan and Goldwater 292 ) , and How My Mother β s Embroidered Apron Unfolds in My Life ( Seattle Art Museum , WA ; Jordan and Goldwater 296 ) . AndrΓ© Breton , who before the show had helped Gorky title the paintings , writes a foreword for the catalogue titled β The Eye - Spring : Arshile Gorky , β in which he describes the artist as β the first painter to whom the secret has been completely revealed ! . . . Here is an art entirely new . . . a leap beyond the ordinary and the known to indicate , with an impeccable arrow of light , a real feeling of liberty . [ 101 ] Because Levy had forgotten to mail out the announcements on time , almost no one attends the opening . 24 March : Clement Greenberg β s review of Gorky β s exhibition in The Nation unconstructively focuses on what is seen as the derivative nature of his early work : β Until a short while ago he struggled under the influences of Picasso and MirΓ³ . That he fell under such influences was ten years ago enough proof of his seriousness and alertness β but that he remained under them so long was disheartening . β [ 102 ] Breton β s essay β The Eye - Spring : Arshile Gorky β is included in a new edition of his book SurrΓ©alisme et la peinture ( Surrealism and Painting ) , first published in 1928 . 14 May β 7 July : Gorky is included in the exhibition A Problem for Critics at 67 Gallery , New York , along with Adolph Gottlieb , Lee Krasner , Pollock , Rothko , and others . In a statement accompanying the exhibition , the gallery owner Howard Putzel , Peggy Guggenheim β s former assistant and advisor , declares : β I believe we see real American painting beginning now . β [ 103 ] 4 July : He writes to Vartoosh from Roxbury noting that this is the first year he is working without any financial worries . [ 104 ] 8 August : His second daughter , Yalda , is born . She is renamed Natasha some months later . When David Hare returns to Roxbury , Gorky moves with his family to Sherman , Connecticut , where they live with their friends the architect Henry Hebbeln and his wife , Jean , who convert a barn on the property into a studio for him . 11 October β 9 December : How My Mother β s Embroidered Apron Unfolds in My Life is exhibited in the Carnegie International in Pittsburgh . Late November : Travels with Mougouch to New York for the opening on the twenty - seventh of the Whitney annual , which includes his painting Diary of a Seducer ( Museum of Modern Art , New York ; Jordan and Goldwater 300 ) , and to attend a dinner honoring Breton , who is about to leave on a cultural tour of Haiti . Enrico Donati , Marcel Duchamp , Max Ernst , Esteve FrancΓ©s , and Frederick Kiesler are among the other artists at the dinner . 1946 26 January : A fire in Gorky β s Sherman studio destroys more than twenty paintings , including two on the theme of The Plow and the Song , several portraits of Mougouch , and works similar in style to They Will Take My Island ( Art Gallery of Ontario , Toronto ; Jordan and Goldwater 288 ) . Many of his drawings and cherished books are also lost . [ 105 ] 5 March : Following a diagnosis of rectal cancer , he undergoes a colostomy at Mount Sinai Hospital , New York . Gorky with his daughter Maro in Washington Square , New York , early 1946 , shortly before his operation for cancer . Photograph by Agnes Magruder Gorky . Collection : Estate of Arshile Gorky . 19 March : Receives an art fellowship of $ 1,000 from the New - Land Foundation in New York . Wolfgang Schwabacher , the foundation β s president and Gorky β s patron , helps secure the grant . [ 106 ] 9 April β 4 May : Paintings by Arshile Gorky opens at the Julien Levy Gallery . The exhibition includes Charred Beloved II ( 1946 ; National Gallery of Canada , Ottawa ; Jordan and Goldwater 306 ) , a painting that memorializes the works lost in the studio fire earlier in the year , and other recent paintings , such as The Unattainable ( 1945 ; Baltimore Museum of Art ; Jordan and Goldwater 302 ) and Nude ( 1946 ; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden , Washington , DC ; Jordan and Goldwater 307 ) . Clement Greenberg has a change of heart , writing in his review in The Nation : β Gorky β s present show of eleven oils . . . provides not only reassurance but also some of the best modern painting ever turned out by an American . β [ 107 ] Summer β November : The family again spends the season at Crooked Run Farm . Shortly before they return to New York , Gorky writes to Vartoosh : β This summer I completed a lot of drawings β 292 of them . Never have I been able to do so much work , and they are good too . β [ 108 ] 10 September β 8 December : Dorothy Miller β s exhibition Fourteen Americans opens at MoMA . A room devoted to Gorky includes his early masterpiece The Artist and His Mother ( 1926 - 1936 ; Whitney Museum of American Art , New York ) , as well as paintings from the previous year , such as Diary of a Seducer ( Museum of Modern Art , New York ) , The Unattainable ( Baltimore Museum of Art ) , and Landscape Table ( MusΓ©e national d β art moderne , Centre Georges Pompidou , Paris ; Jordan and Goldwater 299 ) . Among the other artists represented are David Hare , Robert Motherwell , Isamu Noguchi , Theodore Roszak , Saul Steinberg , and Mark Tobey . AndrΓ© Breton publishes a book of poems in English and French titled Young Cherry Trees Secured against Hares / Jeunes cerisiers garantis contre les liΓ¨vres , which includes reproductions of drawings by Gorky and a cover illustration by Marcel Duchamp ; a small deluxe edition is also issued , with each of the twenty - five copies including two original drawings by Gorky . 1947 15 β 28 February : He is included in the exhibition Bloodflames at the Hugo Gallery , New York . Organized by the Surrealist poet and art critic Nicolas Calas , the show also features works by David Hare , Wifredo Lam , Roberto Matta , and Isamu Noguchi , among others . 18 February β 8 March : Arshile Gorky : Colored Drawings opens at the Julien Levy Gallery . A review in ARTnews is less than glowing , declaring : β As he is in no sense a draftsman , they must be appraised as doodlings , for psychological rather than formal interest . β [ 109 ] Joan MirΓ³ arrives in New York during the month of February to work on a mural commissioned for the Terrace Plaza Hotel in Cincinnati , Ohio , and the Gorkys host a dinner party in his honor at 36 Union Square . Mougouch and the children spend the season in Castine , Maine , with her great - aunt . Except for a short visit to see them in August , Gorky remains in New York , producing such masterpieces as The Betrothal ( Yale University Art Gallery , New Haven , CT ; Jordan and Goldwater 340 ) , Agony ( Museum of Modern Art , New York ; Jordan and Goldwater 323 ) , and the large drawing Summation ( Museum of Modern Art , New York ; see ) . Gorky and his daughter Natasha , Castine , ME , summer 1947 . Photograph by John H . Magruder II . Collection : Estate of Arshile Gorky . The family returns to Sherman , Connecticut , to stay at the Hebbelns β remodeled farmhouse , known as the Glass House . Gorky shows serious signs of depression after the move and begins speaking of suicide . [ 110 ] Late December : His father dies in Providence . He does not attend the funeral . [ 111 ] 1948 February : The renovation of the Glass House is the subject of an article in Life magazine titled β Old House Made New , β which includes photographs of the Gorky and his family in the interior . [ 112 ] 29 February β 20 March : His fourth solo exhibition at the Julien Levy Gallery includes paintings from the previous year , such as Soft Night ( Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , DC ; Jordan and Goldwater 350 ) , Making the Calendar ( Munson - Williams - Proctor Arts Institute , Utica , New York ; Jordan and Goldwater 319 ) , and The Limit ( Private Collection ; Jordan and Goldwater 318 ) . Greenberg writes in The Nation : β Gorky at last arrives at himself and takes his place . . . among the very few contemporary American painters whose work is of more than national importance . β [ 113 ] 17 June : Under pressure from increasing marital difficulties , Mougouch arranges to have a babysitter watch the children and leaves Sherman for a few days , during which time she has a brief affair with Matta . Shortly after her return , she takes Maro and Natasha to Crooked Run Farm for their grandfather β s birthday . 26 June : Gorky spends the day with Julien Levy and his wife . While Levy is driving him home in the rain , he loses control of the car , which skids down a hill , turning over onto its side . Gorky breaks his neck and collarbone , after which he spends more than a week in traction in the hospital , in pain and uncomfortable because of his previous colostomy and the lack of privacy . The Glass House , Sherman , CT , late 1940s . Photo : Anne Dickey 5 July : Still in pain and troubled by fears that he will not be able to paint again , he is released from the hospital wearing a leather and metal collar that leaves his painting arm immobilized . After a short time alone with Mougouch , convalescing , the children return . Mid - July : His depression deepens and his rages and marital troubles worsen , and on 16 July , while they are in New York together , Mougouch leaves him , taking the children with her to Crooked Run Farm . She writes to Ethel and Wolf Schwabacher on 18 July , explaining : β The situation looks untenable & I know I can no longer hold on . β [ 114 ] 21 July : After removing his neck brace , Gorky hangs himself in a shed near the Glass House . A note written on a wooden crate nearby reads , β Goodbye My Loveds . β [ 115 ] He is buried in a small cemetery on a grassy hill next to a church in Sherman . [ 1 ] Gorky β s birth date , like that of the rest of his siblings , is uncertain due to the absence of formal birth and baptismal records . It is often cited as 15 April 1904 , which is what he declared on his citizenship papers . In a letter to his sister Vartoosh , he reported : β Sweet one , today I received the two letters you had sent in which you had asked what age I have put down in my American citizenship papers . I have written that I was born on April 15 , 1904 Arshile Gorky Adoian ( Chicago : Gilgamesh Press , 1978 ) , p . 265 . ( This letter was misdated by Mooradian to 28 October 1940 , which is too early . Gorky goes on to discuss a camouflage course he is about to teach at the Grand Central School of Art , something he did in late 1941 . ) A letter from Vartoosh to Gorky β s patron Mina Metzger on 26 December 1948 , however , cites his birth date as 1905 ; Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Frances Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American www . ellisislandrecords . org ( accessed 4 January 2008 ) . Gorky worsened the confusion by providing galleries and museums with various birth dates and birth places throughout his lifetime . Those that he provided to the Museum of Modern Art , New York , for instance , and that were printed in its exhibition catalogue Fourteen Americans , were 25 October 1904 ( likely an homage to Picasso , who was born 25 October 1881 ) , and Tiflis ( Tbilisi ) , Russia . See Dorothy Miller , ed . , Fourteen Americans ( New York : Museum of Modern Art , 1946 ) , p . 23 . Nouritza Matossian reports that his older sisters maintained that he was born in 1902 or 1903 ( Vartoosh continued to insist on 1904 ) and that the date of 1902 is corroborated by other boys his age ; Matossian , Black Angel : The Life of Arshile Gorky ( New York : The Overlook Press , 2000 ) , p . 8 . Hayden Herrera believes he was probably born β at the turn of the century , β though this seems too early ; Herrera , Arshile Gorky : His Life and Work ( New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 2003 ) , pp . 20 β 21 . Since Shushanig married Setrag in 1899 and the couple had one baby together before Gorky , the 1902 birth date seems most plausible . [ 2 ] As Vartoosh recalled : β Though Gorky β s baptismal name was Vosdanig our paternal grandfather β s name was Manoog , and when he died they called Gorky Manoog after him . β Vartoosh Mooradian to Ethel Schwabacher , 8 February 1955 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . [ 3 ] During the years 1894 β 96 , Sultan Abdul Hamid II ordered the annihilation of Turkey β s Armenian population . Somewhere between 100,000 and 300,000 Armenians were killed during this time and almost half a million left homeless . Along with relatives on both sides of Gorky β s family , Setrag β s and Shushan β s first spouses were killed . [ 4 ] When Shushan married Setrag in 1899 , she was forced to give up one of her daughters as part of the arranged marriage . She kept Akabi and sent Sima to an orphanage in Van , where she may have been killed or abducted during one of the raids by Turkish soldiers ; see Matossian , Black Angel , pp . 20 β 21 . [ 5 ] Satenig gave her birth date as 1901 , but she may have been born earlier . Armenian village wives were inclined to have children shortly after marriage , as it improved their status with their husband β s extended family . See Herrera , Arshile Gorky : His Life and Work , p . 638 . [ 6 ] Like Gorky β s , Vartoosh β s birth date is uncertain due to a lack of official documentation . Although her son Karlen Mooradian cites her birthday as 27 September 1906 , in his publications on Gorky ( see Bibliography ) , the manifest from the ship that brought her to the United States in 1920 records that she was sixteen , which would make her birth date 1904 ; The Statue of Liberty β Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . , http : / / www . ellisislandrecords . org ( accessed 4 January 2008 ) . [ 7 ] Matossian , Black Angel , p . 23 . It is often said that Gorky began drawing at the age of three , but since his birth date is unknown , it is difficult to pinpoint what year he began to draw . [ 8 ] The ship manifest lists Setrag β s last residence as Batsuni [ Batumi ] , Russia , and his age as thirty - five ; The Statue of Liberty β Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . , http : / / www . ellisislandrecords . org ( accessed 4 January 2008 ) . [ 9 ] For Gorky β s time at Saint Vardan , I am relying on the dates assigned in Karlen Mooradian β s books on the artist ( see Bibliography ) . The reader should treat this information cautiously . Gorky β s sister Satenig recalled that he did not speak until he was six years old , and thus he may have started school later than most boys his age . See Satenig Avedisian to Mina Metzger , 31 March 1949 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New [ 10 ] Matossian , Black Angel , pp . 46 β 47 . The quotation and the information regarding Gorky β s schooling were taken from an interview Matossian conducted with Vartoosh Mooradian in 1990 . [ 11 ] Viscount James Bryce , The Treatment of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire , 1915 β 16 : Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Fallodon , Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs , ed . Arnold Toynbee ( London : H . M . Stationery Office , Sir J . Causton , 1916 ) , p . 43 . This quotation is taken from the contemporary account of Grace Higley Knapp , a teacher at the American School in Van who was present during the siege and evacuation . According to Knapp , the evacuation order was issued on 30 July . [ 12 ] Vartoosh later reported that they left Van on 15 June , stopped in Igdir on 23 June , and on 25 June reached Ejmiadzin , where they stayed for three weeks before arriving in Yerevan on 16 July . See Karlen Mooradian , β A Sister Recalls : An Interview with Vartoosh Mooradian , β in β A Special Edition on Arshile Gorky , β Ararat 12 ( Fall 1971 ) , pp . 10 β 11 . Hayden Herrera has pointed out that they likely departed in early August , which seems accurate , since the mass evacuation was not ordered until late July ; Herrera , Arshile Gorky : His Life and Work , pp . 83 β 86 , 649 . [ 13 ] Vartoosh recalled that they lived at 14 Milyonulitz Street until 30 July , and then stayed at 39 Vagzalsky Street until November ; Mooradian , β A Sister Recalls , β p . 11 . [ 14 ] Karlen Mooradian states that the sisters left on 9 October ; Mooradian , Arshile Gorky Adoian , p . 7 , and Mooradian , β Chronology of Vosdanik Adoian ( Arshile Gorky ) , β in β A Special Issue on Arshile Gorky , β p . 4 . But Vartoosh remembered only that they left in October ; Mooradian , β A Sister Recalls , β p . 11 . [ 15 ] Vartoosh reported : β Mother could not work . There was no food and she was starving and her stomach swelled up and she was very weak . And when the winter got worse the ceiling of our room began to leak , and so each morning before Gorky and I went to work we would lift mother up and put her in the window so that she would not get wet from the leaking roof . By evening we would return and mother was the same way β ; Mooradian , β A Sister Recalls , β p . [ 16 ] My source for the timeline of Vosdanig and Vartoosh β s journey from Yerevan to Patras is the chronology provided in Mooradian , Arshile Gorky Adoian , pp . 7 , 10 β 11 , and Mooradian , β Chronology of Vosdanik Adoian ( Arshile Gorky ) , β p . 4 . To my knowledge , there are no existing official documents to pinpoint the exact dates of their journey until their arrival at the Port of New York . [ 17 ] See Mooradian , β A Sister Recalls , β p . 14 . Vartoosh stayed in the Kelekian β s home in Bebek , but Gorky preferred to stay in the tents outside with his comrades . Vartoosh remembers that after several months he finally came to stay with her in Bebek . [ 18 ] Their names are on the second and third lines of the passenger manifest ; The Statue of Liberty β Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . , ( accessed 4 January 2008 ) . The manifest lists the arrival date as 26 February , which is one day earlier than the date listed in the New York Times ' β Shipping and Mails β reports for 25 - 28 February 1920 . The Presidente Wilson is listed as having left Naples on both 11 and 14 February , which I have generalized as mid - month in the text . [ 19 ] Karlen Mooradian states that they were held for three days upon their arrival , but Vartoosh recalled that they β stayed there three or four days . β See Mooradian , Arshile Gorky Adoian , p . 11 , and β Chronology of Vosdanik Adoian ( Arshile Gorky ) , β p . 4 ; also Mooradian , The Many Worlds of Arshile Gorky ( Chicago : Gilgamesh Press , 1980 ) , p . 35 . [ 20 ] According to Vartoosh , Gorky was fired after being caught drawing on the frames used to transport shoe soles . He also angered his employers by drawing on the factory roof . See Mooradian , β A Sister Recalls , β p . 15 . [ 21 ] Ethel K . Schwabacher , Arshile Gorky ( New York : Macmillan for the Whitney Museum of American Art , 1957 ) , p . 28 . [ 22 ] Herrera , , pp . 116 , 652 ( Herrera is citing an interview she conducted with Will Barnet ) . According to fellow student Norris C . Baker , Gorky left the class after he was chastised for not adhering to Carbee β s methods . [ 23 ] Mooradian , The Many Worlds of Arshile Gorky , p . 60 , n . 23 . [ 24 ] Katherine Murphy to Elaine de Kooning , 29 July 1951 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . Murphy recalled that a parishioner from the church offered Gorky five dollars for Park Street Church if he would make the figures more distinct and looking less like peasants . He was furious and refused . Murphy purchased the painting for ten dollars . [ 25 ] See Mooradian , The Many Worlds of Arshile Gorky , p . 197 . Rothko was a student in a class for which Gorky served as the monitor . As of 1925 , the Metropolitan Museum Art owned several works by Hals : Young Man and Woman in an Inn ( 1623 ) , Merrymakers at Shrovetide ( c . 1615 ) , Portrait of a Man ( early 1650s ) , The Smoker ( c . 1623 β 25 ) , and Portrait of a Woman ( c . 1650 ) . A painting in the style of Hals titled Malle Babbe , acquired by the Met in 1871 and originally thought to be by Hals , was likely the source for Gorky β s Copy after Frans Hals β β Lady in the Window β ( Private Collection ; Jordan and Goldwater 5 ) . [ 26 ] Herrera , , pp . 129 , 654 . When he applied to the National Academy , Gorky used the address of the New School of Design as his residential address and gave his date and place of birth as April 1902 in Kazan , Russia . The date on which he left the academy comes from his file card there , which reads , in red ink , β 2 / 9 left . β A questionairre filled out by Gorky in 1945 for the Museum of Modern Art sheds further light on his departure : β Dismissed from National Academy Arshile Gorky , Goats on the Roof : A Life in Letters and Documents ( London : Ridinghouse , 2009 ) , p . 274 ) . As Michael Taylor has pointed out , Hawthorne may have provided a crucial stepping - stone in Gorky β s growth as an artist . Hawthorne had participated in the exhibition program at the Grand Central School of Art in the mid 1920s , and would have been well aware of the school β s curriculum . Because Gorky was already proficient at what was being taught in the life class at the National Academy , it is plausible that Hawthorne recommended study at Grand Central . CΓ©zanne and Beyond , ed . Joseph Rishel and Katherine Sachs , exh . cat . ( Philadelphia : Philadelphia Museum of Art in association with Yale University Press , 2009 ) , p . 558 , n . 21 . [ 27 ] Gorky β s early pupil Mrs . Helen [ Nat ] Austin recalled that in 1921 the artist β had a rooftop studio loaned him [ sic ] by Sigurd Skou ; β see Jordan and Goldwater , The Paintings of Arshile Gorky , p . 94 , n . 2 . Although the date given by Mrs . Austin is too early , Gorky likely knew Skou by late 1925 . A Norwegian - born American artist who painted in the Impressionist manner , Skou was an instructor and founding member of the Grand Central School of Art . His residence - - 19 West 50 th Street - - corresponds to the address Gorky would later cite in a September 1926 interview in the New York Evening Post ( see note 29 ) . Skou β s address was confirmed in a 1927 article in the New York Times , which sadly reports the untimely death of his 10 - year - old son ; see β Artist , Back on Liner , Told of Son β s Death , β New York Times , 27 October 1927 , p . 25 . [ 28 ] Grand Central School of Art catalogue for the school year 1926 β 27 , p . 19 , The Arshile Gorky Foundation Archives . The birthplace that Gorky cites could refer to the writer Maxim Gorky , who was born in Nizhni Novgorod in 1868 . As it is now well known , the artist likely adopted the surname Gorky because he admired the Russian writer , even claiming to be both his nephew and cousin on separate occasions . [ 29 ] β Fetish of Antique Stifles Art Here , Says Gorky Kin , β New York Evening Post , 15 September 1926 ; reproduced in Harold Rosenberg , Arshile Gorky : The Man , the Time , the Idea ( New York : Grove Press , 1962 ) , p . 125 and Matthew Spender , Arshile Gorky , Goats on the Roof , pp . 46 - 48 . [ 30 ] For Gorky β s interest in CΓ©zanne and a discussion of the availability of works by CΓ©zanne in New York at that time , see Michael Taylor , β Learning from β Papa CΓ©zanne β : Arshile Gorky and the ( Self - ) Invention of the Modern Artist , β in CΓ©zanne and Beyond , pp . 407 β 31 . Julius Meier - Graefe published two works on CΓ©zanne in the early 1920s : CΓ©zanne und sein Kreis : Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschicte ( Munich : R . Piper and Co . , 1922 ) and Paul CΓ©zanne ( Munich : R . Piper and Co . , 1923 ) . A list of books in Gorky β s library , compiled by Matthew Spender and now in the Archives of American Art , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , D.C. ( Research material regarding Arshile Gorky , 1957 β 1999 , Reel 4982 ) , includes the first study ( no . 58 in the list ) . Gorky acquired this book by 1927 , if not earlier , according to Revington Arthur , one of his students at Grand Central : β I had at that time ] , the German critic who wrote on CΓ©zanne . β See Matossian , Black Angel , p . 151 . [ 31 ] Schwabacher , Arshile Gorky , p . 21 ; also Spender , From a High Place : A Life of Arshile Gorky ( New York : A.A. Knopf , 1999 ) , p . 73 . [ 32 ] β Grand Central Faculty Show , β ARTnews 25 , no . 20 ( 19 February 1927 ) , p . 4 . This announcement states that β Archole Gorky β exhibited β a portrait and a study in still life . β The tour of the exhibition included stops at the Manchester Institute of Arts and Science , Manchester , N.H. ; Bowdoin College , Brunswick , Maine ; The Art Institute of Chicago ; Memorial Art Gallery , Rochester , N.Y. ; Dayton Art Institute , Dayton , Ohio ; Cincinnati Museum Association , Columbus , Ohio ; Gallery of Fine Arts , St . Petersburg [ 33 ] The Metropolitan Museum acquired two paintings by Ingres in 1918 : Jacques - Louis Leblanc ( 1823 ) and Madame Jacques - Louis Leblanc ( 1823 ) . Joseph - Antoine Moltedo ( c . 1810 ) was bequethed in 1929 . Gorky would have also had the opportunity to see a number of drawings by the artist , most notably the 1929 acquisition of Madame Guillaume Guillon LethiΓ©re , nΓ©e Marie - Joseph Vanzenne , and her son Lucien LethiΓ©re ( 1808 ) . A copy of this drawing can be found within a Gorky sketchbook that is now in the Met β s collection . [ 34 ] Nathan I . Bijur , a student and early patron , began taking lessons from Gorky in 1926 and obtained one of his paintings during a class at the Fifty - seventh Street studio ; Nathan I . Bijur to Mrs . David Metzger , November 1949 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . [ 35 ] Gorky β s options for viewing Picasso β s work in New York were numerous . For a comprehensive record of the exhibitions that included works by Picasso during this time , see Julia May Boddewyn , β Selected Chronology of Exhibitions , Auctions , and Magazine Reproductions , 1910 β 1957 , β in Michael FitzGerald , Picasso and American Art , exh . cat . ( New York : Whitney Museum of American Art in association with Yale University Press , 2006 ) , pp . 328 β 77 . Gorky likely also saw books and magazines containing reproductions of Picasso β s work during his regular visits to Erhard Weyhe β s art bookstore on Lexington Avenue in New York , where he sometimes traded art for books ; see Mooradian , The Many Worlds of Arshile Gorky , p . 215 . [ 36 ] According to Saul Schary , Gorky had moved to the Sullivan Street studio by 1927 , the year they met ; Mooradian , p . 203 . However , Gorky β s pupil Helen Austin recalled that he had this studio β around 1928 β ; Jordan and Goldwater , The Paintings of Arshile Gorky , p . 94 n . 2 . [ 37 ] For example , Giorgio de Chirico β s The Fatal Temple of 1914 was probably a source for Gorky β s Nighttime , Enigma , and Nostalgia series of the 1930s . Picasso β s Still Life of 1914 was the likely source for Gorky β s Still Life ( Private Collection , on permanent loan to the Whistler House Museum of Art , Lowell , MA ; Jordan and Goldwater 62 ) . Albert E . Gallatin ultimately gave his collection to the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1952 . De Chirico β s The Fatal Temple ( Acc . # 1947 - 88 - 14 ) , Picasso β s ( Acc . # 1952 - 61 - 95 ) and other works from the Gallatin Collection are availablefor viewing at http : / / www . philamuseum . org / collections / search . html [ 38 ] See the Hans Burkhardt interviews , by Paul J . Karlstrom , Los Angeles , 25 November 1974 , Archives of American Art , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , D.C. , http : / / www . aaa . si . edu / collections / oralhistories / transcripts / burkha74 . htm ( accessed 1 May 2008 ) . Burkhardt β s letter to Ethel Schwabacher on 10 May 1949 reveals a different timeline : β I therefore enrolled at the Grand Central School of Arts [ ] , where Gorky was teaching . This was the semester of 1926 β 27 ; β Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . Burkhardt studied with Gorky on and off until 1937 , when he moved to California . [ 39 ] See Karlen Mooradian β s extracts from an interview with Mussikian on 10 December 1972 , in p . 223 n . 42 , p . 224 n . 49 . [ 40 ] John D . Graham to Duncan Phillips , 28 December 1931 , The Phillips Collection Records , 1920 β 1960 , Archives of American Art , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , DC ; cited in Spender , From a High Place , p . 84 . [ 41 ] For Janis β s memories of meeting Gorky , see John Gruen , The Party β s Over Now : Reminiscences of the Fifties β New York Artists , Writers , Musicians , and Their Friends ( New York : Viking Press , 1972 ) , p . 244 . [ 42 ] Noguchi told Maro Gorky that he met her father just before the stock - market crash of 1929 ; Spender , From A High Place , p . 79 . But on another occasion he recalled that he met him β around 1933 or 1934 , β when he was having β an exhibition at the Marie Harriman gallery on 57th street ; β Mooradian , pp . 180 β 81 . This exhibition of Noguchi β s work actually took place somewhat later , from 29 January to 16 February 1935 . [ 43 ] See Barbara Hess , Willem de Kooning , 1904 β 1997 : Content as Glimpse ( Los Angeles : Taschen , 1959 ) , p . 14 . [ 44 ] The date of Gorky β s move to the Union Square studio was initially published in Schwabacher , Arshile Gorky , p . 48 . Some sources give a slightly earlier date , but this does not appear to be correct . Gorky β s student H . C . Klinger remembered that he obtained drawings from Gorky between 1927 and 1930 , and that his studio was then still on Sullivan Street . See H . C . Klinger to Lloyd Goodrich , 9 March 1978 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . Stuart Davis remembered that Gorky still lived at Sullivan Street when they Magazine of Art 44 , no . 2 ( February 1951 ) , p . 56 . Dorothy Miller , who met Gorky in the fall of 1931 , also recalled that the studio was β quite new to him then for he had just earlier obtained it β ; Mooradian , p . 170 . [ 45 ] Gorky β s short - lived relationship with the Downtown Gallery , in 1931 , likely came about through Stuart Davis , who regularly exhibited there . The records for the gallery are located in the Archives of American Art , Smithsonian Insitution , Washington , D.C. , and the Gorky inventory can be viewed on their website under Downtown Gallery Records , 1824 β 1974 bulk 1926 β 1969 , Series 4 : Business Records , 1925 β 1974 , Stock Books , Stock , A β N ( 3 of 5 ) , 1926 β 1940 ( Reel [ 46 ] Arshile Gorky , β Stuart Davis , β Creative Art 9 , no . 3 ( September 1931 ) , pp . 213 β 17 ; reproduced in Rosenberg , Arshile Gorky , pp . 128 β 29 . [ 47 ] Julien Levy , foreword to Arshile Gorky : Paintings , Drawings , Studies , by William C . Seitz ( New York : Museum of Modern Art , 1962 ) , p . 7 . [ 48 ] The debate was likely organized with the assistance of John Graham , who taught at Wells College from 1931 through 1933 . [ 49 ] Project Card , 22 December 1933 , PWAP , Record Group 121 , box 4 , entry no . 117 , National Archives and Records Administration , College Park , Md . ; cited in Francis V . O β Connor , β Arshile Gorky β s Newark Airport Murals : The History of Their Making , β in Ruth Bowman , Murals without Walls : Arshile Gorky β s Aviation Murals Rediscovered ( Newark , N.J. : Newark Museum , 1978 ) , p . 22 . [ 50 ] β Notes on a conversation between Lloyd Goodrich and Ethel Schwabacher , β 14 February 1957 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . [ 51 ] Public Works of Art Project , selected administrative and business records , roll DC 113 , frames 287 β 98 , Archives of American Art , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , D.C. ; cited in O β Connor , β Arshile Gorky β s Newark Airport Murals , β p . 22 . [ 52 ] Boyer would later include Gorky β s work in exhibitions at the Philadelphia and New York locations of the Boyer Galleries . He would also represent the artist for several years and , according to Dorothy Miller , was an unscrupulous businessman : β That awful man named Boyer stole a great may drawings from him . β See Herrera , Arshile Gorky : His Life and Work , p . 220 . [ 53 ] C . H . Bonte , β In Gallery and Studio , β Philadelphia Inquirer , 11 February 1934 . [ 54 ] pp . 220 β 21 . [ 55 ] Marny George to James Thrall Soby , 15 March 1951 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . [ 56 ] See Jordan and Goldwater , The Paintings of Arshile Gorky , p . 256 . As Marny was a minor , the marriage was annulled ; Herrera , , p . 234 . [ 57 ] Although Davis was insistent that their friendship ended in the early part of 1934 , they may have fallen out with one another later . Corinne Michael West , who became involved with Gorky in 1935 , later wrote in a notebook dedicated to their relationship that he β was constantly meeting Stuart Davis at Romany Marie β s at 12 o β clock at night . β More specifically , she recalled that Gorky met Davis after he had returned with West from seeing his September 1935 exhibition at the Boyer Galleries in Philadelphia : β Finally we reached ] hurried to Romany Maries to meet Stuart Davis ! β I am indebted to Roberta and Stuart Friedman , who shared this notebook with me ; Corinne Michael West Archives , Collection of Roberta and Stuart Friedman , NY School Art Gallery , Yorktown Heights . [ 58 ] See Adoian β s description of their correspondence in Mooradian , pp . 89 β 92 . [ 59 ] See Corinne Michael West β s notes dated August 1978 , Corinne Michael West Archives , Collection of Roberta and Stuart Friedman , NY School Art Gallery , Yorktown Heights . According to the existing correspondence and telegrams in the West archive , it appears that West moved to Rochester in the summer of 1936 . This seems likely , as Gorky began an affair in the summer or fall of this year with the painter Mercedes Carles ( later Matter ) , daughter of the Philadelphia painter Arthur B . Carles . Although Gorky and West eventually parted ways [ 60 ] Gorky β s salary was reduced in November 1938 and again in August 1939 , leaving him with a final wage of $ 87.60 a month . [ 61 ] C.H. Bonte , β In the Gallery and Studio , β Philadelphia Inquirer , 29 September 1935 . [ 62 ] The exhibition announcement , which can be found in the Guild Art Gallery Records , ca . 1935 β 1939 , Archives of American Art , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , D.C. , lists the following artists : Boris Aronson , Don Forbes , Henry Major , Rosa Newman , Philip Reisman , Ben - Shmuel , and Ary Stillman . For Gorky β s inclusion in this exhibition , see Edward Allen Jewell , β Pop Hart , the Artist and the Man , New York Times , 13 October 1935 , sec . X . [ 63 ] See the undated press release , Guild Art Gallery Records , ca . 1935 β 1939 , Archives of American Art , Smithsonian Institution , Washington D.C. The following month , at the invitation of the Guild β s co - owner Anna Walinska , LΓ©ger viewed Gorky β s show of drawings at the Guild and also visited his studio . Walinska later asked Gorky about the visit , and he admitted that he panicked and hid his paintings at the last moment . See Spender , From a High Place , pp . 138 β 39 . [ 64 ] Guild Art Gallery Records , ca . 1935 β 1939 , Archives of American Art , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , D.C. ; Howard Devree , β Abstractions , β , 22 December 1935 ; Carlyle Burrows , β Abstract Drawings , β New York Herald Tribune , 22 December 1935 . James W . Lane , in a review in Parnassus 8 ( March 1936 ) , p . 27 , proclaimed : β He is an abstractionist in the style of Miro , but his better - knit compositions have more rhythm and harmony than the Spaniard β s . β [ 65 ] Guild Art Gallery records , ca . 1935 β 1939 , Archives of American Art , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , D.C. Gorky did not stay with the gallery for three years . A note on the contract by Margaret Lefranc ( co - founder of the Guild Art Gallery ; also known as Margaret Schoonover ) , dated 1 May 1981 , states : β The Julian Levy Gallery offered Gorky a contract with a stipend of abt . $ 25.00 weekly , as we could not match that + we knew Gorky had financial difficulties , we released , pp . 151 β 52 . [ 66 ] β W.P.A. Murals Are Too Much for La Guardia , β New York Herald Tribune , 28 December 1935 . [ 67 ] See Herrera , , p . 258 . [ 68 ] In fact , the Bennett Field commission was given to Eugene Chodorow , whose more conservative proposal was favored by Mayor La Guardia . [ 69 ] Holger Cahill , New Horizons in American Art ( New York : The Museum of Modern Art , 1936 ) , p . 139 . [ 70 ] For a list of the works that Gorky included in the painting and drawing annuals and biennials , see Peter Hastings Falk , ed . , The Annual and Biennial Exhibition Record of the Whitney Museum of American Art ( Madison , CT : Sound View Press , 1991 ) , pp . 184 β 85 . [ 71 ] By September 1939 , the FAP / WPA had suffered a rigorous administrative reorganization , and the book project was eventually liquidated . The manuscript was later resurrected by Francis V . O β Connor in a volume titled Art for the Millions ( Greenwich , CT : New York Graphic Society , 1973 ) , which includes a history of the planned publication . [ 72 ] Besides appearing in O β Connor β s 1973 study ( ibid . ) , this essay is reproduced in Bowman , Murals without Walls , pp . 13 β 16 . [ 73 ] For Gorky β s involvement with this group , see Mooradian , pp . 109 β 10 , and George McNeil , β American Abstractionists Venerable at Twenty , β ARTnews 55 , no . 3 ( May 1956 ) , pp . 64 β 65 . [ 74 ] See Julien Levy , Memoir of an Art Gallery ( New York : G . P . Putnam β s Sons , 1977 ) , p . 284 , and Levy β s forward to Seitz , Arshile Gorky : Paintings , Drawings , Studies , p . 8 . [ 75 ] This letter was first published in Mooradian , pp . 251 β 52 . [ 76 ] See Gerard Sullivan , β Mr . Gorky β s Murals the Airport They Puzzle ! β Newark Ledger , 10 June 1937 ; reproduced in Bowman , Murals without Walls , p . 39 . [ 77 ] Gorky to Vartoosh Mooradian , 12 October 1938 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Frances Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . Regarding the project , he wrote : β I am beginning on the sketches as soon as my studio is done . I believe they will be acceptable and worth about $ 3000 . These are the murals in the Aviation Building . β [ 78 ] When Gallet later sold some of the works by Gorky in her collection , she provided signed typed statements that read : β I was a student and friend of Arshile Gorky in the years 1938 β 40 , and bought this drawing during that period , β The Arshile Gorky Foundation Archives . Their relationship must have begun early in 1938 , as Gorky gave Gallet an inscribed painting as a Valentine in February of that year . See Graham , Gorky , Smith , and Davis in the Thirties , exh . cat . ( Providence , RI : The Bell Gallery , Brown University , 1977 ) , p . 17 . [ 79 ] Mooradian , p . 113 . [ 80 ] See Herrera , , p . 308 . [ 81 ] Peter Busa recollected that Gorky and Matta met at a small gathering and not at a gallery opening . See Provincetown Art Association and Museum , Life Colors Art : Fifty Years of Painting by Peter Busa , exh . cat . ( Provincetown , MA : Provincetown Art Association and Museum , 1992 ) , p . 51 . [ 82 ] John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Archives . Gorky also asked Max Weber to write a letter of recommendation , which is reproduced in Matthew Spender , Arshile Gorky , Goats on the Roof , p . 147 . [ 83 ] Gorky to the Mooradians , 3 September 1940 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Frances Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . β The other day , β he wrote , β I went to see Mr . Green [ Greacen ] , [ to ask ] if he would put a classroom at the Grand Central School at my disposal . He said he would be glad to , but since there is a draft going on , he advised me to wait a few months , until he can tell [ 84 ] Malcolm Johnson , β CafΓ© Life in New York , β New York Sun , 22 August 1941 ; reproduced in Spender , Arshile Gorky , Goats on the Roof , p . 172 . [ 85 ] entered the collection in exchange for Khorkom ( Private Collection ; Jordan cat . # 212 ) , a painting donated a year earlier by Ethel and Wolfgang Schwabacher . For a reproduction of Objects ( 1932 ) , see Janie C . Lee and Melvin P . Lader , Arshile Gorky : A Retrospective of Drawings , exh . cat . ( New York : Whitney Museum of American Art , 2003 ) , no . 11 . [ 86 ] Author β s phone conversation with Agnes Gorky Fielding , 14 October 2008 . [ 87 ] See Martica Sawin , Surrealism in Exile and the Beginning of the New York School ( Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 1995 ) , p . 158 . This information was confirmed by Hayden Herrera in a telephone conversation with Ford ; Herrera , , pp . 382 , 696 . [ 88 ] Brochure for Gorky β s camouflage course , 1942 , Grand Central School of Art , New York , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . The biography within the brochure includes the usual falsehoods : β Born in Russia : Studied art at Julian Academy , also at various schools in Paris , Providence , Boston , New York , etc . Studied engineering at Polytechnic Institute , Tiflis , Russia . β [ 89 ] Parsons , quoted in Mooradian , p . 188 . [ 90 ] Arshile and Agnes Gorky to Vartoosh and Moorad Mooradian , 15 September 1941 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . The telegram , on a card from the Storey County Courthouse , reads : β We just got married and are sending our love to you . β [ 91 ] Arshile and Agnes Gorky to Vartoosh , Moorad , and Karlen Mooradian , 28 December 1941 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . [ 92 ] In her 1957 biography of the artist , Schwabacher writes that Gorky spent three weeks at Schary β s home ( Arshile Gorky , p . 93 ) , but the trip was probably shorter . Besides Mougouch β s recollection , which we have in a letter she sent to Nathalie Campbell in February 1943 ( reproduced in Spender , Arshile Gorky , Goats on the Roof , p . 213 ) , there is Gorky β s letter to Vartoosh , dated 17 February 1943 , which mentions a similar duration : β Last summer Agnes and I spent two weeks outdoors , in the sun , and it worked wonders for us ; β Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . [ 93 ] See Schwabacher , Arshile Gorky , p . 66 ; also Ethel Schwabacher Papers , roll N69 - 64 , Archives of American Art , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , D.C . [ 94 ] See Schwabacher , , p . 102 ; also Ethel Schwabacher Papers , roll N69 - 64 , Archives of American Art , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , D.C . [ 95 ] Phyllis Rosenzweig , Arshile Gorky : The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Collection , Smithsonian Institution , exh . cat . ( Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press , 1979 ) , p . 8 . A list in the archives of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden , Washington , D.C. , indicates that Hirshhorn purchased the works on 20 March 1943 . This list was included in a letter from Wolfgang Schwabacher to Joseph Hirshhorn on 24 December 1948 ( also in the Hirshhorn archives ) , and was presumably made by Agnes Gorky Fielding . Mougouch recalled seeing Gorky date a number of works in 1942 , immediately before Joseph Hirshhorn purchased , cat . 70 , p . 196 n . 1 . [ 96 ] Mougouch recalled about this time : β He β d never seen fireflies before . He β d never seen milkweed before . We were there until late November . We had a change of seasons β the ripening in the fields . . . . He made well over 100 drawings . This summer was the real release of Gorky . β See Herrera , , p . 414 . [ 97 ] James Johnson Sweeney , β Five American Painters , β Harper ' s Bazaar 78 , no . 4 ( April 1944 ) , p . 122 ; reproduced in Spender , , p . 220 . [ 98 ] Jeanne Reynal to Mougouch , April 28 , [ 1944 ] , Jeanne Reynal Papers , 1942 β 1968 , roll N69 - 66 , Archives of American Art , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , DC . This letter was typed and dated 28 April by Reynal , but the year β 1943 β is handwritten , perhaps by another hand . The subject of the letter , the painting The Liver Is the Cock β s Comb , indicates that it was written in 1944 . [ 99 ] Sidney Janis , Abstract and Surrealist Art in America ( New York : Reynal & Hitchcock , 1944 ) , p . 120 . This book was published in conjunction with the exhibition Abstract and Surrealist Art in the United States , which traveled in 1944 to the Cincinnati Art Museum , the Denver Art Museum , the Santa Barbara Museum of Art , and the San Francisco Museum of Art . A separate , shorter exhibition catalogue , with the same name as the exhibition and also by Janis , was published as well ( San Francisco : San Francisco Museum of Modern Art , 1944 ) . [ 100 ] The contract is reproduced in Spender , Arshile Gorky , Goats on the Roof , pp . 252 - 253 . [ 101 ] Only a small number of exhibition catalogues were printed , but a copy of the catalogue can be found within the Julien Levy Archives , Philadelphia Museum of Art . For a reproduction , see Spender , pp . 257 - 258 . [ 102 ] Clement Greenberg , β Art , β The Nation 160 ( 24 March 1945 ) , pp . 342 β 43 . After Gorky β s death , Greenberg wrote to Wolf Schwabacher on 17 December 1948 , about this review : β I did not review Gorky β s 1947 show of drawings , but I did cover his 1945 show , in the Nation of March 24 , 1945 β and now regret a good many of the things I said , largely out of pedantry . β Earlier that year , in a letter to H . B . Bradbury on 25 August , Greenberg wrote [ 103 ] Sawin , Surrealism in Exile and the Beginning of the New York School , p . 368 . [ 104 ] Gorky to Vartoosh Mooradian , 4 July 1945 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . [ 105 ] Gorky β s letter to Vartoosh Mooradian on 5 February indicates that the fire occurred ten days earlier , or on 26 January ; Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . But Mougouch wrote to Jeanne Reynal in January 1946 that it happened on Wednesday , 16 January , and that Gorky lost β all the drawings of these past 3 yrs except for some few at Juliens β [ and ] about 20 canvases . β See Spender , , pp . 289 - 292 . As Spender has noted , it is likely that the losses were exaggerated , as Gorky would not have taken his entire cache of drawings to Sherman ; Spender , From A High Place , pp . 303 β 4 . [ 106 ] W . S . Schwabacher to Arshile Gorky , 19 March 1946 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . The New - Land Foundation was originally founded to assist refugees from Nazi countries . [ 107 ] Clement Greenberg , β Art , β The Nation 162 ( 4 May 1946 ) , p . 552 . [ 108 ] Gorky to Vartoosh Mooradian , 17 November 1946 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . Gorky wrote that the family would return to New York City the β day after tomorrow , β or on 19 November . The slightly different translation of β not tomorrow but the day after β appears in Spender , p . 316 . [ 109 ] β Reviews and Previews , β 46 , no . 1 ( March 1947 ) , p . 43 . [ 110 ] Spender , From a High Place , p . 352 . Spender interviewed Elena Calas , wife of the Surrealist poet Nicolas Calas , who took a walk with Gorky and his daughters one day after lunch during this time . Gorky , who had brought a rope with him , apparently asked Maro to choose an appropriate tree from which to hang himself . See also Herrera , , p . 557 . [ 111 ] Regarding Setrag β s death , Vartoosh recalled : β Our father died about 6 months before Gorky did , but Gorky never learned of this since I did n β t want to tell him because of Gorky β s condition β ; Vartoosh Mooradian to Ethel Schwabacher , 8 February 1955 , Arshile Gorky Research Collection , Francis Mulhall Achilles Library , Archives , Whitney Museum of American Art , New York . George Adoian , however , recalled that it was Satenig β s job to inform the family , and that she contacted Gorky with the , p . 398 n . 337 . [ 112 ] β Old House Made New , β Life 24 ( 16 February 1948 ) , pp . 90 β 92 . [ 113 ] The Nation 166 ( 20 March 1948 ) , p . 331 . [ 114 ] Schwabacher , p . 144 ( emphasis in original ) . [ 115 ] Peter Blume and Malcolm Cowley found Gorky β s body , and each had a different recollection of the note he left . Cowley remembered that the wording was β Goodby all my loved , β with the idea being that Gorky intended on writing β Goodby all my loved ones , β but the chalk had broken . Blume recalled the phrase as being β Goodby my loves . β See Mooradian , The Many Worlds of Arshile Gorky , pp . 104 , 121 . In his foreword to the 1962 exhibition catalogue Arshile Gorky : Paintings , Drawings , Studies , Julien Levy wrote ( p . 9 ) that Gorky β s words in the note were β Goodbye My Loveds , β and this has become the form most often quoted . | [
"Chronology",
"Arshile Gorky",
"Robert Goldwater"
] |
http://art-educ4kids.weebly.com/line-and-texture-and-value-oh-my.html | Vincent Van Gogh Vincent Van Gogh is a Dutch painter from the Netherlands . Van Gogh ' s early painting style was percieved as dark and ominous , which was not a popular style in his time ; in 1886 he moved to Paris to study and learn from the popular French Impressionist painters . Vincent Van Gogh is one of the most well - known artists of our time . However , he was n ' t always so famous . In fact , throughout his life , he had painted over 2000 paintings and only one of those paintings was ever sold , until after his death . Van Gogh ' s Starry Night is perhaps his most famous painting , regarded for the post - impressionist technique and style ( enhancing the same techniques Impressionist Painters ; such as Monet , Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec , and Paul Gauguin ) . Impressionism : looking at common subject matter with an emphasis on the characteristics of natural light seen within its natural setting through thin lines , vivid colours , open composition , and the inclusion of movement that was percieved by the human eye , ( Capturing one single moment in time ) . Monet Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec Paul Gauguin Post - Impressionism : extending on impressionist theory , technique and style of using vivid colours , thick application of paint , distinctive brush strokes , and real - life subject matter , however post - impressionists began to emphasize geometric forms , to change and distort forms to create the abstract illusion of expression whilst using colours not particularily found in nature , or colours that have been manipulated . Van Gogh uses circular and energetic lines to create his work , varying the thick and thinness of line to create absracted elements of nature , by using large amounts of paint to create a very textured look as if the brushstrokes and paint are coming right off the canvas . This technique creates the principle of movement within his works of art . http : / / artsmarts4kids . blogspot . co . uk / 2007 / 10 / vincent - van - gogh . html Works of Art By Vincent Van Gogh : Post - Impressionist Lesson Objective Can I re - create the various lines in a Vincent Van Gogh Painting , Using Mixed Media ? Key Term : Exploring Texture , Pattern and Value : Van Gogh Line Inspirations Year 7 Step One : Divide a blank sheet of paper into four equal parts ( one line horizantally , one line vertically ) Step Two : Choose one of the above Vincent Van Gogh paintings to draw Step Three : Draw in the OUTLINES of the different features and objects within the drawing over the entire blank page . Step Four : Each of your four equal squares will be completed in a different medium , ( pastel , paint , pencil , tissue paper ) . Step Four ( a ) Four a ) Beginning with your first equal part in the top left corner , begin to add in the various thick or thin lines as Van Gogh has executed within that particular section of his painting using the same colour paint as Van Gogh in his works . ( Remember your colour wheel and blending skills ) . Step Four ( b ) Four b ) In the second equal part of your work ( top right ) , begin using the skills you learned about value , tints and shades to create different lines within your pencil . ( Be sure to vary the thickness and thinness of your lines while you are shading , use the light source shown in the work by Van Gogh ) . Step Four ( c ) In the third equal part , complete the lines using the same coloured tissue paper , rolled up into different thick and thin lines to paste onto your work . Step Four ( d ) In your fourth and final box in the lower right corner , you will use the same colour pastel to complete the rest of the lines within the work * Remember , you are creating your own copy of the one whole painting by Van Gogh . Your lines and work should be presented NEATLY and your lines should all connect and flow , as you are creating the same painting using different textured and patterned , divided sections * A JOB WELL DONE IS HALF BEGUN * - Mary Poppins Year 7s , Work in Progress ! What are some ways we can improve this workto create a more balanced and fluid composition ? Which elements of art are present within your works of art ? How do you know ? Overlapping Patterns ; Form and Line Work 1 . Begin with a blank sheet of sketchbook paper and a loose sheet of blank paper . 2 . On the loose sheet of blank paper , create a series of shapes . They should alter in size and can be the same shape or different shapes ; whichever you prefer . 3 . Cut out the various shapes and place them one at a time on your blank sheet of sketchbook paper to trace . Use pencil first , allow your shapes to overlap . * Think about your composition or design . Where should you place the different shapes so that your canvas shows balance and unity 4 . Complete your tracing of each shape . * Think about the five different types of lines , what different patterns and repetitive effects could be created using different types of lines ? 5 . Be creative ! Within the sections of the shapes , create different patterns and designs . As the shapes overlap , include a different pattern . Draw lightly in pencil first and complete your designs in ink pen . 6 . Using felt tips , choose either primary or secondary colours only to colour and complete your designs . Discovering Negative and Positive Space Create a square , 15cm by 15cm in the center of your sketchbook page . On the inside of your square , draw in different shapes and designs of your choice . * In either black and white felt - tips or two complimentary colour felt - tips , colour in the background of your designs within the square . On the outside of the square , draw the symmetrical shape of your designs to look as though the designs are coming out of the page . Colour these designs in the opposite colour from your square . * Be sure to colour in your work solidly and neatly . | [
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http://artbistro.monster.com/benefits/articles/9623-what-if-the-client-cancels-the-contract | Print Become an Artist > > Browse Articles > > Contracts & Agreements Become an Artist Browse Articles Dealing with Clients + 5 What If The Client Cancels The Contract ? Tweet 3 Comments Featured Author : Mike Lenhart After spending almost 15 years in the corporate , sales and marketing area of the hospitality industry , Mike Lenhart decided to pursue his passion for visual creativity and make a jump to graphic design and visual communications . Founder and Principal of ML Designs , a freelance - based and outsourced graphic design company and also Founder and Director of Creative Core , a graphic design collaborative , Mike can now use his business and marketing acumen in solving design problems for his clients . He also likes to write about the interesting , unusual , and sometimes irritating More articles from this author : Show Appreciation While Promoting Your Art Are You Stealing or Just Doing Your Job ? How To Deal with Slacker Clients Mike Lenhart This article is part of a larger series . Click here to read the entire β The Nitty Gritty on Contracts β series . So far , we talked about the overall sections that should be included in design contracts and what to offer . Of course , all of the items in a contract should be catered to the job and client at hand and customized to their needs . A template contract can be used at times when the job is a simple one , like a quick business card , or when a consistent client is present . It β s always a good idea to add a clause or two that keeps the contract in line with what the job is . There are other kinds of clauses that need to be kept in certain contracts regardless of whether they β re considered β simple β jobs or not . Just What If The Client Cancels The Contract ? Even though it is n β t pleasant , there are times when the client may cancel the agreement . There may be many reasons for this , but it β s really of no importance to the designer . If the contract is canceled shortly after the agreement is signed and no work has begun , it β s probably okay to just let it go . However , if the client cancels the contract after work has started , that β s a different story . All contractors deserve to be paid . Usually , there is a deposit that is paid with the signed agreement . The amount of the deposit is up to the designer , but is customarily 50 % of the total fee . If the client ends the agreement , or β kills β it , then there needs to be some compensation paid . Kill fees , as they β re called , may vary , but are usually calculated from the deposit or from what work has actually been done . If the contract is signed , the deposit is received , and the contract is killed before work has started , then the deposit is usually returned . In the event that the signed contract and deposit are received , work has begun , and then the client kills the job , then a β kill fee β needs to be applied . The fee is up to negotiation , but is usually a percentage of the deposit that comes in line with the actual time spent on work done . Hourly rates are taken into consideration here . The client usually should pay for what has been done and , if the deposit is more than the calculated fee , then the remainder of the deposit is returned . If much of the project has been completed and the project killed , then the fee charged will most likely be higher than the deposit . The client will pay the difference . the original agreement . Other than a client killing the project , what happens if the client rejects the design work that has been done ? What if the client does n β t like any of the concepts presented and an impasse is reached on how to proceed ? In this event , a β rejection β fee needs to be assessed . Just because the client does n β t like the work done does n β t mean that no payment is due . Again , an hourly rate based on time spent on the design should be processed . The client will most likely have a fit over this because they may feel that since they β re not getting anything , nothing should be paid . A designer β s time is valuable and work is not done for free , even if the client rejects it . It β s a good idea to offer alternatives on what else can be done to save the project , such as additional concepts , but remember , a designer β s work is to be compensated . Other Standard Clauses Other clauses that should be included in contracts include confidentiality agreements , time - line and deliverables clauses , and project scope clauses . Time - line clauses refer to sticking to the time - line so the client and designer keeps up with the agreed upon time - line . A project scope clause refers to the notion of project β creep β . At times , a client may want to add little things to the project that are n β t in the original agreement ; this causes the project to β creep β , and never seem to end . The designer needs to stick to the original contract and communicate to the client if the project is starting to creep just to keep the project under control . Other items for the project can be done , but will need to be addressed , and paid for , separately . The bottom line on all of this is to communicate to the client . A Last Word Some of the clauses and fees mentioned above may seem somewhat harsh , but they β re really not . All contracts for anyone completing a service need to have clauses and other agreements on how the job should be done and should cover those other instances that may come up . A vague contract is a recipe for trouble . It β s better to include more in a contract than less . Next Time The last of this series on contracts will talk about what to charge and how to come up with an hourly rate for services . This will also cover when to be paid so the client and designer can be in agreement from the start . Money can be a sticky issue , but it does n β t have to be . Next : Details to Remember When Making / Signing a Contract β β Last : What to Include ( and Not ) in Client Contracts Scare Off Design Clients With Your Contract Protect Yourself with a Beefy Client Contract Remember this Making / Signing a Contract | [
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http://arteamericas.blogspot.com/2018/08/inolvidable-unforgettable-day-of-dead.html | INOLVIDABLE UNFORGETTABLE The 31st Annual Exhibition and Gala Celebrating El DΓa de los Muertos For the last thirtyone years Arte AmΓ©ricas has presented annual exhibitions showcasing altars and artwork inspired by the ancient indigenous holiday El DΓa de los Muertos The Day of the Dead Guests will interact with altars murals artwork and larger than life 3D sculptures that are both spellbinding and educational in nature This year the tradition continues with a collection of breathtaking works honoring the memories of the deceased A grouping of grandiose altarmuralinstallations is on view in the Ruiz Gallery and incorporates a multicultural selection of diverse individuals whose lives impacted the San Joaquin Valley community and beyond ARTISTS Rosita Arenas Cecelia Aranaydo Kuta Cakes Steven Camacho Danny DeMeza Maureen Duffy Jose ElΓas Jason Esquivel Chris Janzen Selina Lopez Aydee Lopez Martinez La Rosa Ruben Sanchez Andrea Torres Serena Vargas ALTARS HONORING Maya Angelou Anthony Bourdain Corky Gonzalez Stephen Hawking Armando O Rodriguez Phillip Sanchez FranCisco Vargas Dick Wolk SPECIAL THANKS TO AZ HME Home Medical Equipment for their generous loan of a wheelchair used proudly in the Stephen Hawking altar 7464 N Blackstone Fresno CA Located in Riverpark next to BuyBuy Baby wwwazhmecom 559 4352960 | [
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http://arthistory.about.com/cs/arthistory10one/a/gen_ren.htm | Arts , Music , and Recreation Visual Arts The Renaissance What Was It , Really ? Stuart Dee / Getty Images by Shelley Esaak Updated January 31 , 2019 We all know what the Renaissance was , correct ? Michelangelo , Leonardo , Raphael , and company created some fabulous paintings and sculptures that we continue to marvel over many centuries later and so on and so forth . ( Hope you are nodding your head right now and thinking " Yes , yes - please get on with it ! " ) While these were vitally important artists , and their collective work is what usually comes to mind when one hears the word " Renaissance " , as so often happens in life things are n ' that simple . The Renaissance ( a word which literally means " born anew " ) is a name we ' ve given to a period in Western history during which the arts - so important in Classic cultures - were revived . The arts had quite a difficult time remaining important during the Middle Ages , given all of the territorial struggles that were occurring throughout Europe . People living then had enough to do merely figuring out how to stay in the good graces of whoever was ruling them , while the rulers were preoccupied with maintaining or expanding control . With the large exception of the Roman Catholic Church , no one had much time or thought left over to devote toward the luxury of art . It will come as no surprise , then , to hear that " the Renaissance " had no clear - cut beginning date , started first in those areas which had the highest relative levels of political stability and spread , not like wildfire , but in a series of different phases which occurred between the years c . 1150 and c . 1600 . What were the different phases of the Renaissance ? In the interest of time , let ' s break this topic down into four broad categories . The Pre - ( or " Proto " - ) Renaissance began in a northern enclave of present - day Italy sometime around 1150 or so . It did n ' t , at least initially , represent a wild divergence from any other Medieval art . What made the Proto - Renaissance important was that the area in which it began was stable enough to allow explorations in art to develop Fifteenth - century Italian Art , often ( and not incorrectly ) referred to as the " Early Renaissance " , generally means artistic goings - on in the Republic of Florence between the years 1417 and 1494 . ( This does n ' t mean nothing happened prior to 1417 , by the way . The Proto - Renaissance explorations had spread to include artists throughout northern Italy . ) Florence was the spot , for a number of factors , that the Renaissance period really caught hold and stuck . Sixteenth - century Italian Art is a category which contains three separate topics . What we now call the " High Renaissance " was a relatively brief period which lasted from roughly 1495 to 1527 . ( This is the little window of time referred to when one speaks of Leonardo , Michelangelo , and Raphael . ) The " Late Renaissance " took place between 1527 and 1600 ( again , this is a rough time table ) and included the artistic school known as Mannerism . Additionally , The Renaissance thrived in Venice , an area so unique ( and supremely disinterested with Mannerism ) that an artistic " school " has been named in its honor . Northern European Renaissance The Renaissance in Northern Europe struggled to come into being , mostly due to the stranglehold Gothic art maintained for centuries and the fact that this geographical region was slower to gain political stability than was northern Italy . Nonetheless , the Renaissance did occur here , beginning around the middle of the fourteenth century and lasting until the Baroque movement ( c . 1600 ) . Now let ' s explore these " Renaissances " to get an idea of which artists did what ( and why we still care ) , as well as learning the new techniques , mediums and terms that came from each . You can follow any of the hyperlinked words ( they ' re blue and are underlined ) in this article to go to the part of the Renaissance that interests you most . Continue Reading | [
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http://arthistory.about.com/cs/arthistory10one/a/ven_ren.htm | Arts , Music , and Recreation Visual Arts Art During The Renaissance in Venice The Venetian School 1450 - 1600 Fine Art Images / Getty Images by Shelley Esaak Updated July 15 , 2018 Just as with Florence , Venice was a Republic during the Renaissance . Actually , Venice was an empire that controlled land in modern day Italy , a whole lot of sea coast down the Adriatic and countless islands . It enjoyed a stable political climate and thriving trade economy , both of which survived outbreaks of the Black Death and the fall of Constantinople ( a major trading partner ) . Venice was , in fact , so prosperous and healthy that it took someone named Napoleon to undo its empire status . . .but , that was quite a while after the Renaissance had faded away and had nothing to do with art . The important part is , Venice ( again , like Florence ) had the economy to support art and artists , and did so in a big way . As a major port of trade , Venice was able to find ready markets for whatever decorative arts Venetian craftsmen could produce . The whole Republic was crawling with ceramists , glassworkers , woodworkers , lace makers and sculptors ( in addition to painters ) , all of whom made entirely satisfactory livings . The state and religious communities of Venice sponsored massive amounts of building and decorating , not to mention public statuary . Many private residences ( palaces , really ) had to have grand facades on at least two sides since they can be seen from the water as well as land . To the present day , Venice is one of the most beautiful cities on earth because of this building campaign . Artisan guilds - - wood carvers , stone carvers , painters , etc . - - helped ensure that artists and craftsmen were properly compensated . When we speak of the Venetian " School " of painting , it ' s not just a handy descriptive phrase . There were actual schools ( " Scuola " ) and they were highly selective about who could ( or could n ' t ) belong to each . Collectively , they guarded the Venetian art market zealously , to the point that one did not purchase paintings produced outside of the schools Venice ' s geographic location made it less susceptible to outside influences - - another factor which contributed to its unique artistic style . Something about the light in Venice , too , made a difference . This was an intangible variable , to be sure , but it had an enormous impact . For all of these reasons , during the Renaissance Venice gave birth to a distinct school of painting . The key characteristics of the Venetian School The main word here is " light " . Four hundred years prior to Impressionism , the Venetian painters were keenly interested in the relationship between light and color . All of their canvases clearly explore this interplay . Additionally , the Venetian painters had a distinct method of brushwork . It ' s rather smooth and makes for a velvety surface texture . It seems , too , that Venice ' s geographic isolation allowed for a somewhat relaxed attitude toward the subject matter . A great deal of painting dealt with religious themes ; there was no getting around that . Certain wealthy Venetian patrons , however , created quite a market for what we refer to as " Venus " scenes . The Venetian School had a brief fling with Mannerism , but mostly resisted depicting the contorted bodies and torturous emotion Mannerism is known for . Instead , Venetian Mannerism relied on vividly painted light and color to achieve its drama . Venice , more than any other location , helped make oil paint popular as a medium . The city is , as you know , constructed on a lagoon which makes for a built - in dampness factor . Venetian painters needed something durable ! The Venetian School is not known for its frescoes , however . When did the Venetian School arise ? The Venetian School arose in the mid to late 15th century . Pioneers of the Venetian School were the Bellini and Vivarini ( descendants of those marvelous Murano glassworkers ) families . The Bellini were of particular importance , for it is they who are credited with bringing the Renaissance " style " to Venetian painting . The important artists Well , there were the Bellini and Vivarini families , as mentioned . They got the ball rolling . Andrea Mantegna , though from nearby Padua was an influential member of the Venetian School during the 15th - century . Giorgione ushered in 16th - century Venetian painting , and is rightly known as its first really big name . He inspired notable followers such as Titian , Tintoretto , Paolo Veronese and Lorenzo Lotto . Additionally , a lot of famous artists traveled to Venice , thanks to its reputation , and spent time in the workshops there . Antonello da Messina , El Greco and even Albrecht DΓΌrer - - to name but a few - - all studied in Venice during the 15th and 16th centuries Continue Reading | [
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http://arthistory.about.com/cs/reference/f/elements.htm | Arts , Music , and Recreation Visual Arts The 7 Elements of Art and Why Knowing Them Is Important Manipulate these elements and mix them with principles of design to form art Petra SchrambAhmer / Getty Images by Shelley Esaak Updated February 16 , 2018 The elements of art are sort of like atoms in that both serve as " building blocks " for creating something . You know that atoms combine and form other things . Sometimes they ' ll casually make a simple molecule , as when hydrogen and oxygen form water ( H 2 O ) . If hydrogen and oxygen take a more aggressive career path and bring carbon along as a co - worker , together they might form something more complex , like a molecule of sucrose ( C 12 H 22 O 11 ) . The 7 Elements of Art A similar activity happens when the elements of art are combined . Instead of elements such as hydrogen , oxygen , carbon , in art you have these building blocks : Line Shape Form Space Texture Value Color Artists manipulate these seven elements , mix them in with principles of design , and compose a piece of art . Not every work of art contains every one of these elements , but at least two are always present . For example , a sculptor , by default , has to have both form and space in a sculpture , because these elements are three - dimensional . They can also be made to appear in two - dimensional works through the use of perspective and shading . Art would be sunk without line , sometimes known as " a moving point . " While line is n ' t something found in nature , it is absolutely essential as a concept to depicting objects and symbols , and defining shapes . Texture is another element , like form or space , that can be real ( run your fingers over an Oriental rug , or hold an unglazed pot ) , created ( think of van Gogh ' s lumpy , impasto - ed canvases ) or implied ( through clever use of shading ) . Color is often the whole point for people who are visual learners and thinkers . Why Are the Elements of Art Important ? The elements of art are important for several reasons . First , and most importantly , a person ca n ' t create art without utilizing at least a few of them . No elements , no art β end of story . And we would n ' t even be talking about any of this , would we ? Secondly , knowing what the elements of art are enables us to ( 1 ) describe what an artist has done , ( 2 ) analyze what is going on in a particular piece and ( 3 ) communicate our thoughts and findings using a common language . Musicians can talk about the key of " A , " and they all know it means " a pitch relating to 440 oscillations per second of vibration . " Mathematicians may use the very basic word " algorithm " and feel confident that most people know they mean " a step - by - step procedure for carrying out computation . " Botanists world - wide will employ the name " rosa rugosa , " rather than the much longer " that old - fashioned shrub rose - you know , the one that leaves hips in the fall - with the five - petaled flowers that can be yellow , white , red or pink . " These are all specific examples So it is with the elements of art . Once you know what the elements are , you can trot them out , time after time , and never put a wrong foot forward in the art world . Does your instructor want you to write a few words and / or pages on a painting of your choice ? Choose wisely , and then wax euphoric on form , lines , and color . Have you found an unidentified work in your great - aunt ' s attic / toolshed / outhouse ? It is helpful when describing the piece to someone who may be able to supply you with further information , to throw in some of the piece ' s elements of art along with : " It ' s an etching . It ' s on paper . " Stumped for conversation at a gallery show ? Try " The artist ' s use of ________ ( insert element here ) is interesting . " This is a much safer course than attempting to psychoanalyze the artist ( after all , you may be standing in a clump of people that includes his or her mother ) or using words which leave you a bit uncertain of exact meanings and / or pronunciations . The elements of art are both fun and useful . Remember line , shape , form , space , texture , value and color . Knowing these elements will allow you to analyze , appreciate , write and chat about art , as well as being of help should you create art yourself . Continue Reading | [
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http://arthistory.about.com/od/glossary_p/a/p-portrait-portraiture.htm | Arts , Music , and Recreation Visual Arts Defining Portraits and Portraiture in Art Portraiture Is a Strong Category in Art Neue Galerie New York / Wikimedia Commons / CC by 1.0 by Beth Gersh - Nesic Updated March 25 , 2019 Portraits are works of art that record the likenesses of humans or animals that are alive or have been alive . The word portraiture is used to describe this category of art . The purpose of a portrait is to memorialize an image of someone for the future . It can be done with painting , photography , sculpture , or almost any other medium . Some portraiture is also created by artists purely for the sake of creating art , rather than working on commission . The human body and face are fascinating subjects that many artists like to study in their personal work . Types of Portraits in Art One could speculate that the majority of portraits are created while the subject is still alive . It may be a single person or a group , such as a family . Portrait paintings go beyond simple documentation , it is the artist ' s interpretation of the subject . Portraits can be realistic , abstract , or representational . Thanks to photography , we can easily capture records of what people look like throughout their life . This was not possible prior to the invention of the medium in the mid - 1800s , so people relied on painters to create their portrait . A painted portrait today is often seen as a luxury , even more than it was in previous centuries . They tend to be painted for special occasions , important people , or simply as artwork . Due to the cost involved , many people choose to go with photography instead of hiring a painter . A " posthumous portrait " is one that is rendered after the death of the subject . It can be achieved by either copying another portrait or following instructions of the person who commissions the work . Single images of the Virgin Mary Jesus Christ , or any saints are not considered portraits . They are called " devotional images . " Many artists also choose to do a " self - portrait . " It is a work of art depicting the artist created by their own hand . These are typically made from a reference photo or by looking in a mirror . Self - portraits can give you a good sense of how an artist views themselves and , quite often , it is rather introspective . Some artists will regularly create self - portraits , some just one in their lifetime , and others will not produce any . Portraiture as Sculpture While we tend to think of a portrait as a two - dimensional piece of artwork , the term can also apply to sculpture . When a sculptor focuses on just the head or the head and neck , it is called a portrait . The word bust is used when the sculpture includes part of the shoulder and breast . Portraiture and Appropriation Usually , a portrait records the subject ' s features , though it often also tells something about them . A portrait of the art historian Robert Rosenblum ( 1927 β 2006 ) by Kathleen Gilje captures the sitter ' s face . It also celebrates his outstanding Ingres scholarship through the appropriation of Jean - Auguste - Domonique Ingres ' portrait of the Comte de Pastoret ( 1791 β 1857 ) . Ingres ' portrait was completed in 1826 and Gilje ' s portrait was completed in 2006 , several months before Rosenblum ' s death in December . Robert Rosenblum collaborated on the choice of appropriation . Representative Portraiture Sometimes a portrait includes inanimate objects that represent the subject ' s identity . It does n ' t necessarily have to include the subject itself . Francis Picabia ' s portrait of Alfred Stieglitz " Ici , C ' est Ici Stieglitz " ( " Here is Stieglitz , " 1915 , Stieglitz Collection , Metropolitan Museum of Art ) depicts only a broken bellows camera . Stieglitz was a famous photographer , dealer , and Georgia O ' Keeffe ' s husband . The early twentieth - century Modernists loved machines and Picabia ' s affection for both the machine and Stieglitz is expressed in this work . The Size of Portraits Portraiture can come in any size . When a painting was the only way to capture a person ' s likeness , many well - to - do families chose to memorialize people in " portrait miniatures . " These paintings were often done in enamel , gouache , or watercolor on animal skin , ivory , velum , or a similar support . The details of these tiny portraits β often just a couple of inches β are amazing and created by extremely talented artists . Portraits can also be very large . We often think of paintings of royalty and world leaders hanging in enormous halls . The canvas itself can , at times , be larger than the person was in real life . However , the majority of painted portraiture falls in between these two extremes . Leonardo da Vinci ' s " Mona Lisa " ( ca . 1503 ) is probably the most famous portrait in the world and it was painted on a 2 - foot , 6 - inch by 1 - foot , 9 - inch poplar panel . Many people do not realize how small it is until they see it in person . Continue Reading | [
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http://arthistorysummerize.info/ancient-persian-art/ | The Ancient Persian Art Posted on June 5 , 2012 12 : 18 pm by Elena 2 Comments The ancient Persian Art The ancient Persian culture awarded a preponderant importance to the decorative aspect in their art ; which they used as resource and vehicle of expression with a deep philosophical meaning about life . This decorative aspect shows the daily events of the man in his perennial struggle for survival . Although in other articles we will detail their artistic manifestation ; is important to begin with general aspects of their history and idiosyncrasy in order to understand better why the produced their art in the way they did it . The profuse decorative symbolism express their desires and aspirations as well as its particular way of seeing life with security , self - confidence and great inner power . Their art It is an attractive form of express their poetic way to see life , doing that with a refined show of and detail exquisite decoration ; aimed directly at the heart of the viewer through the emotions that communicates . They designed these objects using figurative patterns ; where the images of the original objects in real life as well as the human figure in it are easily recognized . The slow process of finding and establishing an ideal formula for a decoration to express their emotions and concepts about life ; began since the first artists , the primitive painters of ceramics made the conventions of great clarity and expressive power in which laid the foundations for the type of decorative design so characteristic of the imagination of the Persian β s . They opened the doors to endless possibilities of illustrations , techniques and ways of development their art ; evolving since them though thousands of years . Achaemenid dynasty gold and silver work Persian art has a close relationship with poetry as well as the religious and philosophical thinking . Thousand years of literary developments corroborate that the Persians are about other cultures the most poets and imaginative . This feature of desbordable imagination translate as well to their works of art in all its artistic manifestations . Persian artisans and artists certainly achieve in their designs to express emotional strength , they are not just limited to represent the purely intrinsic character of the object , because in their hands ; these works of art come to life , they achieve to represent expressions such as joy or sadness , as well as a wide range of deep and intense sensations in a way comparable to the sensations we feel when we listen to music . Broughted by the overriding need to show emotional expression , so specific of the culture and tradition of Persian people , the artist explore a wide range of possibilities of expressing the beauty using a lot of resources in which are not ruled out even elements of other people culture . Persian art slowly mature and developed their own specific canons proving to be so effective ; that passed the test of time and the borders they influenced . Fantastic legends , stories of fairy or even the way they delineated the monsters features always had a realistic and convincing air with a dramatic and emotional load where it is perceived that they rejected the dark , confused and irrational aspects . Persians Miniature painting The Persians were skilled masters in the development of miniatures ; which they executed with exquisite detail , but were also able to develop monumental works with astonishing ingenuity and amazing technical fanfare . This emphasis on the enlightenment does not produce a cold or abstract art ; because they manage the way of expressing movement in lines , expressiveness and bold colors . They obtain definition of the forms ; with the use of contrasts between the figure and the background . Although ; It is true that sometimes seems a little calculated or excessively conscious and fussy in search of consistent , concentration and balance . Those elements at the end , help to achieve expressiveness in their work and the successful communication of feelings ; rather than detract from the effectiveness The Persian designers were able to achieve balance , even in works with intricate motifs . They proved to have a peculiar ability in reducing images to its simplest terms without losing the expressiveness . They could achieve in those miniaturized works a perfect communication with the viewer , even with just silhouettes . They knew how to represent facts or abstract ideas ; without violating the terms of coherent visual appreciation , eliminating the frustration that ambiguity can produce in the viewers . Persian art tendencies and evolution in their style In the explorations to find and develop their own identity throughout so long time , in certain moments we can see some compulsion occurs towards either the realism or naturalism . They were also influenced by the art of Rome or Greece . But their style did not satisfy the Persians , it seemed relatively superficial , particular and individual . They favored more towards a universal and timeless presentation . Although the formulas that they were developed in Persian art were numerous and many of them efficient and rational too ; often they became standardized models executed with reiteration . Nevertheless , this culture must be acknowledged as one who occupies a predominant place ; in terms of the amount of artistic formulas implemented in their art , the achieved supremacy in many ways in which stand out the frescoes , showing universally valid forms of artistic expression that go along with the rest of the Persian works , certainly been a precious heritage for current and future generations . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Please visit the other articles about this interesting culture in which can be appreciate more particular aspects of their art like ; architecture and other manifestations of their poetic , ingenious and particular art . Link to this post ! This entry was posted in Main Persian History Elements that Influence Art The Ancient Persian Art and tagged expressiveness . Fantastic Persian legends Persian Miniature Architecture of the Ancient Egypt Persian art . Main History Elements | [
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http://arthritis.about.com/cs/diagnostic/a/crp.htm | Arthritis Diagnosis What Is a C - Reactive Protein ( CRP ) Test ? The Test That Can Detect Inflammation Print By Carol Eustice | Medically reviewed by a board - certified physician Updated March 27 , 2019 Article Table of Contents For Infection For Inflammatory Disease For Heart Disease Risk Risks of Test Before the Test During the Test After the Test Interpreting Results Other Considerations Back To Top The C - reactive protein ( CRP ) test measures the concentration of CRP , a protein that ' s produced in your liver , in your blood . During episodes of acute inflammation or infection , or with chronic inflammation , your liver responds by releasing CRP into the bloodstream . CRP interacts with your body ' s complement system , a part of your immune system ' s defense mechanism that helps eliminate pathogens such as bacteria and viruses . Illustration by Emily Roberts , Verywell Purpose of Test You may have a CRP test to check for inflammation in your body due to an infection or a chronic inflammatory disease or to assess your risk of developing heart disease . Though this test can detect inflammation , it does n ' t show where the inflammation occurs or what ' s causing it . Because of this , it ' s considered a general indicator , not a specific test . Another blood test that ' s often ordered together with a CRP test is known as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR or sed rate ) , which also looks for inflammation . Both CRP and ESR yield non - specific information about inflammation , but one notable difference between the two tests is that changes are reflected more quickly with CRP compared to ESR . For example , your CRP level may drop to normal following successful treatment of an infection more quickly , while ESR remains elevated for a longer period . Infection You may have a CRP test if your doctor suspects you have a fungal infection or a severe bacterial infection like tuberculosis , sepsis , or pneumonia . Again , the test wo n ' t show where the infection is or what ' s causing it , but if your CRP level is high , this tells your doctor that his or her suspicion of a severe infection is likely correct and that more testing may be necessary to find the source . You may also have a CRP test done when you ' ve finished treatment for an infection to make sure that inflammation is n ' t still present in your body and the treatment has been successful . Chronic Inflammatory Disease In cases of chronic inflammatory diseases , such as rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) , inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) , and lupus , your doctor can utilize the CRP test to assess how effective a specific treatment is and monitor any periods of disease flare - up . With inflammatory disease , a low CRP level is possible but does n ' t necessarily indicate that there is no inflammation present . CRP levels may not be increased in some people diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis or lupus , but the reason for this is unclear . This test may also be used if one of these or another inflammatory disease is suspected , perhaps because you ' re presenting with symptoms such as fatigue , fever , and weight loss . While results alone can not determine a diagnosis , they can be a piece of the puzzle that helps your doctor get to the bottom of why you feel the way you do . In cases where rheumatoid arthritis is suspected in particular , your doctor may order additional blood tests that look at your rheumatoid factor ( RF ) and anti - cyclic citrullinated peptide ( anti - CCP ) antibodies . In people with RA , these antibodies are often elevated . If your doctor suspects lupus , she may order other blood tests as well such as an antinuclear antibody ( ANA ) test and a kidney and liver function test . Heart Disease Risk There is a high - sensitivity CRP test ( hs - CRP ) in addition to the regular CRP test . The hs - CRP measures very low amounts of CRP in your blood and is typically used to assess your risk for developing coronary artery disease , a condition that ' s caused by atherosclerosis ( hardening of the arteries ) . Your doctor will likely order a cholesterol test along with a CRP test since the same blood sample can be used and they can both assess heart disease risk . Studies have indicated that having a high CRP level may be linked to an increased risk of heart attack . In fact , considering that only around 50 percent of people who have a heart attack have high LDL cholesterol ( the " bad " cholesterol ) , the CRP test can catch heart attack risk in people who have normal cholesterol and would n ' t otherwise have been flagged . That said , the American Heart Association is n ' t recommending that everyone gets an hs - CRP test ; it ' s most helpful for people who have an intermediate risk of heart disease , which is defined as a 5 percent to 10 percent chance of having a heart attack within the next 10 years . This risk is calculated by factoring in your family history , current health conditions , and your lifestyle habits . Having an elevated CRP level does n ' t necessarily mean that your risk of heart disease is higher , however . Remember , this test does n ' t show where the inflammation is , just that there is inflammation somewhere in your body . Your doctor may also use the hs - CRP to monitor inflammation when you ' ve already had a heart attack . If your CRP level remains high , your chance of having another heart attack is higher than in someone with a normal CRP level . Risks There are very few risks with blood tests . You may experience bruising , swelling , or a hematoma ( a solid swelling of pooled blood under your skin ) after you have your blood drawn , or you may feel dizzy , lightheaded , or faint during the procedure . As with any entrance wound , there is a slight risk of infection from the needle puncture . Before the Test Let your doctor know about any medications you ' re taking since some kinds can increase or decrease your CRP level . Timing : A blood draw usually takes less than five minutes . You may have to wait a bit for your turn beforehand , but you will be able to leave as soon as the test is complete , as long as you ' re not feeling faint or sick . Location : The location of your test will depend on your doctor . You may have it in the lab at your doctor ' s office , at a local hospital lab , or somewhere else your doctor indicates . You may even have your blood drawn in the same room in which you had your exam soon after you see your doctor . What to Wear : You do n ' t need to wear anything in particular but avoid tight sleeves since you will need to push or roll one up for the test . It ' s helpful to wear a short - sleeved shirt . Food and Drink : A CRP or hs - CRP test does n ' t require any fasting beforehand , so you may be able to have it right away after you see your doctor . An ESR test does n ' t require fasting either . However , many cholesterol tests do , so if your doctor is having your levels tested too , you may need to avoid food and drink for a specific period of time before your test . Your doctor will give you specific instructions on what to do in the event that you ' re having other tests Cost and Health Insurance : A CRP test is inexpensive ( around $ 12 to $ 16 ) . If you have health insurance , it should cover this test . But if you ' re unsure or you have any questions , call the number provided on the back of your insurance card . What to Bring : If you think you may need to wait for your test , you can bring along some activities to pass the time . You may want to have your health insurance card along , especially if you ' re having your test done at a different facility than your doctor ' s office . During the Test A lab technician , nurse , or phlebotomist , a person who ' s trained to draw blood , will perform your CRP test . Pre - Test : You may have to fill out some routine paperwork before your test . The receptionist will let you know once you check in . Throughout the Test : The test normally takes just a few minutes . Once you ' re called into the lab , you ' ll sit in a chair or on an exam table . The technician will ask you which arm you want to use and have you roll up your sleeve , if necessary . After the technician finds a vein from which to draw , typically on the inside of your arm in the crease of your elbow , you ' ll have a band tied around your arm above it to help push the blood down into your vein . The technician will clean the area with alcohol to get rid of any germs that might be on your skin . This is the point at which you may want to look away , especially if you ' re squeamish or tend to feel lightheaded , dizzy , or faint around blood and / or needles . The technician will then insert a small needle into your vein . This may feel like a sharp pinch or poke , but the sensation is very brief . Your blood will then be drawn into a tube , the band will be taken off , and when enough blood has been collected , the needle will be removed . The technician will use Be sure to tell the technician if you have a history of fainting during medical procedures or if you begin to feel like you ' re going to pass out while your blood is being drawn . The technician may have you lie down to prevent you from falling . Post - Test : Once your bleeding has stopped or you have a bandage placed , as long as you are n ' t feeling dizzy or faint , you will be able to leave . You may need to sit for a while after the procedure if you experienced lightheadedness or you fainted . After the Test When you ' re finished having your blood drawn , you can resume your normal activities right away . Managing Side Effects : Though you may experience some swelling , bruising , pain , or a hematoma ( pooling of blood in the skin ) in the area in which your blood was drawn , these side effects should be minor and usually go away within a few days . If they do n ' t go away or they get worse , be sure to call your doctor . Interpreting Results Depending on where your blood is sent , the results of your CRP test may take a day or two to come back . CRP Test : As a general rule , there is very little CRP detectable in normal blood , though the levels tend to go up slightly with age and be a little higher in females and African Americans . For the regular CRP test , a normal reading is under 10 mg / L . If your results are over 10 mg / L , this usually indicates that you have a severe infection or an inflammatory disease . Chronic inflammatory disease : If you have been diagnosed with a chronic inflammatory disease , your CRP test result can help your doctor determine how you ' re doing . For example , if your CRP level is high , you may be having a flare - up , or it could mean that your treatment is n ' t working as well as expected and thus needs to be tweaked . If your CRP level is low but was previously high , this indicates that your treatment is working and inflammation is subsiding . Additionally , if your doctor suspects that you have a chronic inflammatory disease like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus but you have n ' t been diagnosed with one , your CRP test results can help rule this out if they ' re negative or confirm that your doctor may need to do some more tests if they ' re positive . Infection : When your doctor suspects an infection and your CRP test result is positive , this warrants further exploration to determine what ' s causing your infection and where it is ( assuming it ' s not obvious ) . If your CRP level has gone down after treatment for an infection , this shows that you ' re responding to the treatment . Other causes : Your doctor may do some additional testing if your CRP test was positive to look for other causes of inflammation if the cause is n ' t obvious . Other conditions that can cause elevated CRP levels include : Rheumatic fever Cancer Heart attack Pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID ) Connective tissue disease Pregnancy ( specifically the last half of gestation ) Using oral contraception ( birth control pills ) or hormone replacement therapy hs - CRP Test : The hs - CRP test is used to measure your risk of developing heart disease , which the American Heart Association classifies as follows : Low risk : Lower than 1.0 mg / L Average risk : 1.0 and 3.0 mg / L High risk : Above 3.0 mg / L The hs - CRP accurately detects lower , more specific levels of CRP than the regular test can , which is why it ' s used to evaluate heart disease risk . Follow - Up CRP test : If you have a chronic inflammatory disease , your doctor will likely do CRP tests regularly to monitor your progress , flare - ups , and treatment success . You may have another test done when you have an infection as well to make sure the treatment is working . If you have another medical condition that ' s causing a positive CRP test result , like one listed above , your doctor will work with you to diagnose and treat it . You may have additional CRP tests to monitor the amount of inflammation in your body . hs - CRP test : Because your CRP levels can fluctuate , your doctor may want to repeat the hs - CRP in two weeks to come up with an average level between the two . This can give a clearer picture of your heart disease risk . If your CRP level is high , you may have other tests done to look at your risk further . You may also have repeat hs - CRP tests done in the future to monitor inflammation levels if you ' re at an increased risk for heart disease since you can get your CRP levels down through lifestyle changes and / or medications . Other Considerations Be sure to let your doctor know if you have any questions or concerns about your CRP test results . If you want to get another CRP test done , talk to your doctor about how to do so . A Word From Verywell Medical tests often come with some amount of anxiety . Thankfully , CRP test results should n ' t take too long , so your waiting time will likely be minimal . Keep in mind that this test simply indicates inflammation , but not what ' s causing the inflammation or where it is . This means that further testing may need to be done , depending on any underlying medical conditions and the reasons for your test . Was this page helpful ? Article Sources | [
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http://arthritis.emedtv.com/osteoarthritis/osteoarthritis-statistics.html | Osteoarthritis Statistics Osteoarthritis Statistics : An Overview Osteoarthritis is one of the most frequent causes of physical disability among adults . More than 40 million people in the United States have the disease . By 2030 , an estimated 20 percent of Americans - - about 70 million people - - will have passed their 65th birthday and will be at risk of developing osteoarthritis . Although some younger people get osteoarthritis from joint injuries , the disease most often occurs in older people . In fact , more than half of the population ages 65 and older would likely show x - ray evidence of osteoarthritis in at least one joint . Both men and women have the disease . Before age 45 , more men than women have osteoarthritis . After age 45 , however , it is more common in women . Specific Statistics on Osteoarthritis The following osteoarthritis statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) provide a breakdown of the people receiving care for the disease . Home Healthcare The following statistics pertain to people with osteoarthritis who are under home healthcare : Number of current patients with osteoarthritis as primary diagnosis : 118,700 ( as of 2000 ) Percentage of current patients with osteoarthritis as primary diagnosis : 3.1 percent ( as of 2000 ) . Nursing Home Care The following statistics pertain to people with osteoarthritis who are under nursing home care : Number of residents with osteoarthritis and other disorders : 186,700 ( as of 2000 ) Percentage of residents with osteoarthritis and other disorders : 11 percent ( as of 2000 ) . eMedTV ' s free HealthSavvy service can help you stay up - to - date on this topic . Sign up for HealthSavvy now . | [
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http://arthur-ransome.wikia.com/wiki/Wild_Cat_Island | in : Locations Wild Cat Island Edit Share Mike Field ' s drawing of Wild Cat Island Wild Cat Island is a small wooded island located in the south east of The Lake and somewhat separate from other islands . Its main features are : a tall pine , a clearing where tents can be pitched , a landing place ( a small beach ) and a Secret Harbour Name Edit Nancy said " It is called Wild Cat Island . Uncle Jim called it that , because it belonged to us . That shows you whose island it is " SA 10 ) . In the winter , the island becomes Spitzbergen : Titty says β " It ' s Spitzbergen . . . just for now , but you can see what a splendid place it is when it β s Wild Cat Island " WH13 ) . The island is called Yamaneko - jima in the Japanese translations . See also wikipedia : wildcat Native prototypes Wild Cat Island appears to be a combination of several actual islands in both Coniston Water and Windermere Peel Island is the location of the Secret Harbour and also has a small campground and rocky edges . Ransome wrote that he had taken features from Peel Island and Blakeholme on Windermere . He also suggested that Ramp Holme had contributed features to his composite island . He wrote in his Autobiography of a trip with the Collingwood girls to : Peel Island , the island that had mattered so much to me as a small boy , was in the distant future to play its part in some of my books , and is still , in my old age , a crystallising point for happy memories . See also Wild Cat , the schooner in Peter Duck and Missee Lee Wild Cat Island ( song ) Categories Locations Add category | [
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http://arthur.wikia.com/wiki/So_Long,_Spanky | in : Arthur episodes Season 1 episodes Pages needing attention 1996 So Long , Spanky " So Long , Spanky " Season / Series : 1 Number in season : 13a Original Airdate : October 23 , 1996 December 28 , 2001 Credits Written by : Peter Hirsch Storyboard by : Jean Lajeunesse Episodes Previous Arthur ' s Lost Dog Next Buster ' s New Friend Read transcript So Long , Spanky " is the first half of the thirteenth episode in the first season of Arthur Contents show Summary D.W . suffers through the death of her beloved bird , then has to decide whether to risk her heart again by adopting a lonely toad . Plot The episode begins with Arthur quietly introducing D.W. ' s pet bird , Spanky who is sleeping . Arthur also reveals Spanky ' s past as a pet of D.W. , from meeting him at the pet shop ( where Spanky bites Arthur ' s finger ) , to taking Arthur ' s shoelace ( in which Arthur would wish Spanky would go south for the winter and stay there ) . Though , Arthur does feel sorry for him at times ( especially when D.W. dresses him up ) . Arthur also admits that he ' sorta ' likes him , when his beak is closed of course , and when he is After the title card , the next scene starts off with a nest of baby birds chirping , then shifts to a sickly Spanky looking out the window . D.W. , seeing this , decides to get Spanky a nice cup of tea . While she is gone , Spanky passes away unexpectedly . When D.W. sees this , she does n ' t know what has happened . D.W. takes Spanky to her dad , who is cooking pastries . D.W. ' s dad decides that Spanky has passed away . D.W. , not knowing what dead means , asks when Spanky will stop being dead . Arthur enters , asking both of them if something has died . D.W. replies to him that Spanky is sleeping and wo n ' t wake up , and asks if Spanky will ever wake up . Her dad tells her that he wo n ' t wake up , but suggests that they can give him a nice funeral . The scene cuts to Spanky ' s funeral , with the Read family remembering the times with Spanky . After this , D.W. tells the rest of the family that she would like to spend some time with Spanky , but Arthur hides behind a tree , watching D.W. take a can and put the flowers the Read family put on Spanky ' s grave . Though , the can shakes , making D.W. very angry D.W. then gets the toad to leave , but Arthur introduces her to a number of pet animals at the pet store , ranging from birds ( who look like Spanky ) to a parrot ( who D.W. says speaks good English ) . D.W. returns to the grave of Spanky with more flowers . She told him that some of the birds were cute , but not as cute as Spanky and not even the parrot but she said that its English was good . Before she can put the flowers in the can , it encounters the same Ms . Morgan . Coming home from school , the toad saves D.W. ' s purse when it falls into the storm drain , but instead gets scolded instead of praise because she thought it was stealing it . The same toad enters D.W. ' s room , eventually wrecking her room until D.W. can not find it . She then goes to sleep , saying that there will be trouble the next morning . Though the next morning , D.W. can not find the toad , eventually figuring out that the toad must be in the washing machine , prompting her to cry . Then , Toady ( as D.W. calls it ) enters the room , making D.W. chase her throughout the house , where the toad jumps out the living room window , and runs toward Characters Major D.W. Read Spanky ( debut ) Toady ( debut ) Arthur Read David Read Jane Read Minor Kate Read Ms . Morgan Kyle Billy and Bobby Bittles Maryann Mr . Sipple Jack Weasel Cameo 3rd Grade Male Rabbit 3rd Grade Female Cat ( Number 2 ) Mary 3rd Grade Female Aardvark Tommy Tibble Amanda Hulser Edwin Emily Mentioned Buster Baxter Bionic Bunny Trivia Toady was initially adopted as D.W. ' s pet toad in the episode , but is no longer a pet in the following episodes . However , she is still seen in the title card D.W. Chases the Toad . Toady was referred to as a male in this episode , but in her later appearance in " The Great Sock Mystery " where she lives in the Read family ' s yard , she was revealed to be a female . This episode is where Maryann and Amanda ' s names are revealed . Although the title is not read on BBC Kids ' The Spot , Francine says the title when it aired on PBS Kids D.W . keeps calling a male toad , but she β s actually a female toad . Errors The door frames on the doors that go between the hallway and D.W. and Kate ' s room and for the closet in their room are brown ; although in other episodes , they are white . After Jane starts the washing machine , the washing machine tumbles ; but washing machines actually tumble when they ' re on the spin cycle where the water drains out . When D.W. tears her room apart in an effort to get to leave , Kate is not seen . It is possible that David and Jane decided to keep her in their room to give D.W. space in her grieving or if she got sick whereas she was seen at Spanky ' s funeral . When D.W. picks Toady up at the end , her sleeves are white like her regular dress , even though she ' s in her pink pajamas . Home Video VHS : Arthur ' s Pet Follies DVD : Arthur ' s Pet Follies Arthur : The Complete Series One Gallery Show / Hide gallery Screenshots Show / Hide gallery References β https : / / web . archive . org / web / 19970723021343 / http : / / www . ket . org / Visions / Oct96 / VL961023 . html β https : / / www . fernsehserien . de / erdferkel - arthur - und - seine - freunde / episodenguide / staffel - 1 / 3906 / 2 v d e Episodes Season 1 Arthur ' s Eyes Francine ' s Bad Hair Day Arthur and the Real Mr . Ratburn Arthur ' s Spelling Trubble D.W. All Wet Buster ' s Dino Dilemma D.W. ' s Imaginary Friend Arthur ' s Lost Library Book Arthur ' s Pet Business D.W. the Copycat Locked in the Library ! Arthur Accused ! Arthur Goes to Camp Buster Makes the Grade Arthur ' s New Puppy Arthur Bounces Back Arthur Babysits Arthur ' s Cousin Catastrophe Arthur ' s Birthday Francine Frensky , Superstar Arthur ' s Baby D.W. ' s Baby Arthur Writes a Story Arthur ' s Lost Dog Buster ' s New Friend Arthur the Wrecker Arthur and the True Francine Arthur ' s Family Vacation Grandpa Dave ' s Old Country Farm Arthur and the Crunch Cereal Contest D.W. Flips Meek for a Week Arthur , World ' s Greatest Gleeper Arthur ' s Chicken Pox Sick as a Dog D.W. Rides Again Arthur Makes the Team Arthur ' s Almost Boring Day The Half - Baked Sale Sue Ellen Moves In The Perfect Brother D.W. ' s Snow Mystery Team Trouble Bully for Binky Misfortune Teller Arthur ' s Tooth D.W. Gets Lost D.W. Thinks Big Arthur Cleans Up My Dad , the Garbage Man Poor Muffy D.W. ' s Blankie Arthur ' s Substitute Teacher Trouble I ' m a Poet The Scare - Your - Pants - Off Club My Club Rules Stolen Bike Arthur ' s First Sleepover Arthur ' s New Year ' s Eve Full list Categories Arthur episodes Season 1 episodes Pages needing attention 1996 | [
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http://articlebio.com/anita-sarkeesian | Home Biography Anita Sarkeesian Anita Sarkeesian Biography Biography by Clarence Published on 08 Feb , 2016 Updated on 08 Feb , 2016 Facts of Anita Sarkeesian Birth Nation : United States of America Name Anita Sarkeesian Nationality Canadian Birth Place / City Ontario Ethnicity Armenian Profession YouTube personality , Critic Net Worth $ 3 million Eye Color Dark - Brown Hair Color Brown - Dark Weight in KG N / A Married Yes Married to N / A Education California State University , Northridge , York University Awards National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers View more / View Less Facts of Anita Sarkeesian Anita Sarkeesian was born in the year around 1983 / 1984 who is now 31 - 32 years old by her age . Belonging from the Canadian - American nationality she he with her ethnicity Armenian . Anita is by her profession a media critic who is a feminist . Additionally , she is also a public speaker as well as a blogger with her amazing articles . From the past few years her activeness was seen within the media being as critical public speaker . Anita β s family background basically belongs from Iraq but later she along with Anita completed her education with her major subject in communication studies and she completed her bachelor β s degree . Her education of graduation was completed from California State University of Northridge . Later she also joined York University for her master β s degree . Her degree of masters was pursued in the subject of social and political thought and her education was completed in the year 2010 with her graduation degree . Right after her education her frequency being feminist started from the year 2009 and it was the very early time by when she was studying with Anita and her personal secrecy are very high . Going towards her bio , it can be seen that she is not very open regarding her personal circle within the people along with her spouse as well as married life . There are many of the information within her bio related with her career that can be easily seen and visible within Wikipedia and IMDb but there is no any exact information about her personal likes and interest . Anita is not easy with her public mentioning β s and her actions are very genuine . Her abilities are remarkable Anita looking her pictures can be seen tall in her height . Similarly , her appearances are very attractive and her presentation styles with perfect body structure makes her look more dashing . This is also the reason that made her to earn the net worth of amount that is around 3 million American dollars that is all from her salary earned with the bio of her career . Blogger Critic feminist media critic | [
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http://articlebio.com/armand-assante | Home Biography Armand Assante Armand Assante Biography Biography by Clarence Published on 27 Nov , 2015 Updated on 20 Aug , 2018 Facts of Armand Assante Date of Birth : 1949 October - 4 Age : 69 years old Birth Nation : United States of America Height : 5 Feet 10 Inch View more / View Less Facts of Armand Assante Armand Assante is an American actor . He is widely recognized for his notable role as mobster John Gotti in the 1996 HBO miniseries named Gotti . He won an Emmy Award for his role in that series . Early Life And Education Of Armand Assante Assante was born in New York City , New York United States , on October 4 , 1949 . He is an American by nationality belonging to the mixed ethnicity . Assante is a popular American actor . His father was Italian - American and his mother was an Irish - American . He grew up in Cornwall , New York . He was highly influenced and brought up by a Roman Catholic Family . Assante was born to Armand Anthony Assante Sr . ( his father ) and Katherine Assante ( his mother ) . His father was a professional artist and painter whereas his mother is a poet and music teacher . Assante was very popular as tough - guy heroes . He graduated his study from Cornwall Centre High School . He also has his training for the dramatic roles in the movies in American Academy of Dramatic Arts . Armand Assante ' s Career Assante played the role as a wedding guest for the very first time in the film The Lords of Flatbush that was a minor cult film in the year 1974 . He also appeared as a guest appearance within various types of soaps operas . He played a role as Sylvester Stallone who was a wealthy Frenchman in the movie Paradise Alley . Assante has the talent of acting made him collect a large number of his fans . He made a strong performance in many of the films that lead him to attract many directors and producers . He never remained passive as speed up his career on screen with a number of appearances . Assante was very impressive when he was on screen . He also portrayed a large number of characters from a number of ethnic backgrounds . This was conducted both within the screen and the theatre . He was also declared as a handsome American actor by his fans . Armand Assante ' s Net Worth , Height , And Salary Armand Assante ' s net worth of this actor is around $ 10 million American dollars . With his appearance in Cuban band leader this actor got higher appreciation and with the jaw - dropping net worth of this actor , it is also stated that he is the most successful star . He stands at the height of 5 feet 10 inches . This actor is n β t found to be more active on the social networking sites like Facebook , Twitter , and Instagram . There are few accounts made by his fans where his pictures and videos are uploaded . Armand Assante ' s Personal Life Assante married Karen McArn in the middle of the year 1982 to 1994 . This couple has two children named , Alesandra and Anya . Assante is also dictated by a family oriented person who always made a serious division within the upbringing of his daughters . The couple divorced , as there was a number of problems raised within their relationship . Still , as according to the wiki , he does n β t have a perfect personal life comparing to his career and himself . With the proper support of his wife and family , he got succeed within his career hence , was awarded several awards and nominations . He has his great friendship with Jennifer Blanc from the year 2005 when they played the film The Third Wish together . American Gangster Gotti | [
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http://articlebio.com/emily-vancamp | Home Biography Emily VanCamp Emily VanCamp Biography Biography by Clarence Published on 24 Jan , 2016 Updated on 06 Aug , 2018 Facts of Emily VanCamp Date of Birth : 1986 May - 12 Age : 32 years old Birth Nation : Canada Height : 5 Feet 8 Inch View more / View Less Facts of Emily VanCamp Emily Irene VanCamp is best known for portraying the female lead character as Nicolette " Nic " Nevin in Fox medical drama series The Resident , which debuted in January 2018 as a midseason entry in the 2017 β 18 US television season . She has played lead roles in other series such as The WB ' s Everwood and ABC ' s Brothers & Sisters . She played the role of Sharon Carter / Agent 13 in Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) and Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) . Emily VanCamp ' s net worth is $ 8 million at present . Her net worth in the year 2015 was around $ 4 million . She has earned a good sum of salary from her career . She earns $ 55 thousand per episode . She currently stars on the television series , " Revenge " , as Emily Thorne / Amanda Clarke . She has been dating Revenge co - star Josh Bowman since late 2011 . They became engaged in May 2017 . Early Life Of Emily VanCamp Emily Irene VanCamp was born on May 12 , 1986 . VanCamp is a Canadian actress who is working in the Canadian film industry from the year 2000 and she is now 29 years old at her age . Van Camp was born in Port Perry , Ontario of Canada and she is known with her movies land series like , Everwood that came in the year 2002 till 2006 as well as Brother and Sisters which was an ABC series that came in the year 2007 till the year 2010 . Emily is the 3rd child out of the children of her parents and her father was an animal nutritionist . She was belonging with 4 daughters of her father and mother and during the very early time , she used to work with her father . During the very time , she used to provide food towards the client and used to roam around her hometown for her work . Emily VanCamp ' s Career Emily was highly interested in dancing that started from the very early age of her life . At the age of 3 , she used to make her best presentation within the school programs and she desired to be a professional dancer in the future . Therefore , at the age of 11 , she also attended the dance training program that was in Montreal . During the year 1999 , she gained interest also in the acting and she also visited towards her sister Katie during the time she was doing the film named Ladies Room and from the very time she planned to step her foot towards the acting industry as well . Later she was approached to the drama Lost and Delicious that was a lesbian drama and her progress was noticed by the producer as well as her fans . Emily VanCamp ' s Net Worth And Salary Emily VanCamp ' s net worth is $ 8 million at present . Her net worth in the year 2015 was around $ 4 million . She has earned a good sum of salary from her career . She earns $ 55 thousand per episode . She currently stars on the television series , " Revenge " , as Emily Thorne / Amanda Clarke . Emily is 5 feet 8 inch tall in her height and her body measurement seems so perfect of her with sexy long legs and attractive curves that can be visible in the pictures . Emily VanCamp ' s Personal Life The personal life of Emily is fully depended with her up growth with sisters and highly attached to them . Her sisters Katie and Alison , as well as Molly who is the youngest one , made her comfort her in the professional life . Her love circle from the very long time is also stable as she is mentioned having an affair with Josh Bowman as a boyfriend who is the co - star of her in Revenge . From the year 2011 , they started falling in the affair but not married yet . There is neither any past calculation of her divorce with a guy nor any spouse in her life . Emily is very passionate in her career and similar to it focused and appropriate in her personal living . Her personal life is satisfied with her salary she earned looking at her bio . Revenge Everwood Brothers & Sisters | [
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http://articlebio.com/gabriel-iglesias | Home Biography Gabriel Iglesias Gabriel Iglesias Biography Biography by Sahra Mishra Published on 25 Sep , 2014 Updated on 01 Jan , 2018 Contents : Synopsis Early Life Career Personal Life and Affairs Body Measurements , Net Worth and Salary Social Media Facts of Gabriel Iglesias Date of Birth : 1976 July - 15 Age : 42 years old Birth Nation : United States of America Height : 5 Feet 10 Inch View more / View Less Facts of Gabriel Iglesias Synopsis Gabriel Jesus Iglesias is a very popular and renowned name of a comedian , actor , writer , producer and voice actor . He is known as Gabriel Iglesias and in the comedy world as Fluffy . He is best known for his shows I β m Not Far β¦ I β m Fluffy and Hot & Fluffy . Early Life Iglesias was born in the year July 15 , 1976 , in San Diego , California , U.S. He was born to a single mother as a youngest of six children . He holds an American nationality and belongs to Mexican heritage . Iglesias grew up in Riverside , Corona , Santa Ana , Baldwin Park and Compton before settling in Section 8 . His childhood and most of his youth were spent there in a low - income , housing Long Beach . the Iglesias had worked in a cell phone company in Los Angeles before entering in the comedy sector . His family had urged him to remain in his job because of their financial condition , but he insisted in working in comedy arena . Career Iglesias entered in the comedy world using the 1940s popular saying amongst the overweight as β Oh , I β m not fat , I β m fluffy . β This has been his identity . He used several of the references in his act relating the obesity and many people liked him . Iglesias has appeared and has given his voice in several of the television series and different filmographies . He has appeared in the movies like El Matador , Days of Santiago , The Surfer King , Magic Mike , A Haunted House 2 , and The Fluffy Movie . He has given his voice in movies Planes , The Nut Job and upcoming movies The Book of Life and El Americano : The Movie . Besides , Iglesias has also appeared on the television screen in different series and their episodes starting from All That , in 2000 . Later he played in Premium Blend , My Wife and Kids , Comedy Central Presents , Last Comic Standing , The Emperor β s New School , Live at Gotham , Hot , and Fluffy , Family Guy , Just for Laughs , I β m not fat β¦ I β m Fluffy , Gabriel Iglesias Presents Stand - Up Revolution , The High Fructose Adventure of Annoying Orage and Aloha Fluffy : Part 1 and He was disqualified from the Last Comic Standing as he was using the cell phone to call his girlfriend , which was against the rule of the show . Personal Life and Affairs Iglesias , age 40 , is not married yet . He currently resides in San Diego , California . He is the master in giving affected voice and sound effects in his acts . Besides , he is a quality storyteller in his performance . His body weight and use of Hawaiian shirts is his trademark . He was even called as a β comedy genius β by Hector Saldana who works for San Antonio Express - News . Iglesias has been active in this entertainment world since 1997 . He performs in the observational comedy , Impressionist , Documentary and satire genres including the topics of daily life , obesity jokes , racial relations and Mexican American Culture . He is an avid fan of actors Paul Rodriguez , Eddie Murphy , Robin Williams and Bill Cosby Talking about the personal life of Gabriel , he is not married yet . He might have dated several girls in the past , but he has not confirmed about the relation . He is currently dating with his girlfriend , Claudia Valdez . She has a son named Frankie but from Gabriel . He is taking care of her as well as her son . Iglesias is the inspiration and idol in the overweight community . One who is possessed with obesity , He has lost 100 pounds for the movie , " The Fluffy Movie . " Comparing to his old picture and a recent one , he looks more handsome now . Body Measurements , Net Worth and Salary Iglesias stands an incredible height of 1.73 meters ( 5 feet 8 inches ) and weighs 118 pounds . His current net worth is $ 30 million . He is one of the highest paid comedians . In 2016 - 17 , he earned $ 9.5 million from his over 100 stand - up shows . In 2013 , he earned $ 11 milion and $ 8.5 million in 2015 . He has a lavish house at Signal Hill , CA . He bought this house back in 2006 for $ 1.4 million . He has a lavish car manufactured by Range Rover ( $ 70K ) . Social Media Iglesias is active on social networking sites like Facebook , Twitter , and Instagram and has huge followers on his account . His videos are viral on YouTube , which helped him a lot to gain more popularity . Gabriel also owns his personal site where his fans can get more information on him . Besides , the internet sites are the best locators to find information on him . Comedian producer Writer | [
"Gabriel Iglesias",
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http://articlebio.com/jeanine-pirro | Home Biography Jeanine Pirro Jeanine Pirro Biography Biography by Bartley Published on 12 Oct , 2015 Updated on 03 Jul , 2018 Facts of Jeanine Pirro Date of Birth : 1951 June - 2 Age : 67 years old Birth Nation : United States of America Height : 5 Feet 6 Inch Name Jeanine Pirro Birth Name Jeanine Ferris Pirro Father Nasser Ferris Mother Esther Ferris Nationality American Birth Place / City Elmira , New York Religion Roman Catholic Ethnicity Mixed : Arabian - American Profession Prosecutor / Attorney / TV personality Working For Fox News Channel Net Worth $ 12 million Body Measurements 37 - 26 - 37 inches Breast Size 37 in Waist size 26 in Hip Size 37 in Weight in KG 57 kg Married NA Married to Albert Pirro ( m . 1975 - 2013 ) Children Alexander Pirro , Christi Pirro Divorce Albert Pirro in 2013 Education University of Buffalo Awards Daytime Emmy Award 2011 TV Show Judge Jeanine Pirro Books Liars , Leakers and Liberals , View more / View Less Facts of Jeanine Pirro Jeanine Pirro is a successful judge , prosecutor , legal Analyst and TV personality . She hosts a legal show Justice with Judge Jeanine on the Fox News Channel . The show premiered on the Fox News Channel in January 2011 . She has appeared on various TV shows to analyze difficult legal situations . A Republican started her career as an assistant attorney at the Westchester County Court in 1975 . A J.D. graduate then became a judge of the Court in 1990 and served next three years . She may have dropped out from the race , but her extraordinary work made her influential and more powerful . In the year 1997 , she was appointed by George Pataki , who was the governor at that time , to chair the New York State Commission on Domestic Violence Fatalities and it was one of the biggest achievements in her life . She even ran a nomination in the senator race in 2006 from New York . Early Life And Education Of Jeanine Pirro Jeanine Pirro was born on 2 June 1951 , in Elmira , New York , United States of America . Her nationality is American and belongs to mix descent . She was born to father Nasser Ferris and Esther Ferris . Her father was a mobile - home salesman and her mother was a model . She was interested to be an attorney from the age of six . She completed her high school diploma from the Notre Dame High School . During she was in high school , she interned in the Chemung County District Attorney β s office . Pirro the enrolled at the University of Buffalo from there , she earned a B.A. degree with magna cum laude . She then joined the Albany Law School to earn her J.D degree . During law school , she was an editor of the law review . She follows Roman Catholic practices . Jeannie Pirro ' s Career Attorney Career In 1975 , she joined as an Assistant District Attorney at the Westchester County Court . Her major tasks were writing appeals and handling minor cases . She proved herself as a successful prosecutor with an almost 100 % conviction rate . Pirro created a cell for crimes against children and women . She became a judge of the court in November 1990 . She served in the office for three years . She then elected as the District Attorney ; which she retained till 2005 . She became the first female President of the New York State District Attorneys Association . She also chaired the NY State Commission on Domestic Violence Fatalities from January 1997 - December 2005 . In 2005 , Pirro announced that she would seek the Republican nomination to challenge the first - term incumbent Senator Hillary Clinton , a Democrat , in the 2006 election for US Senator from New York . Other Republicans also nominated for the post and they were John Spencer William Brenner and Edward Cox . But , she dropped out of the Senate race after facing pressure from the party chiefs in December 2005 . Republican Party later announced John Spencer was the nominee for the Senate race . In 2016 , Presidential election race , she supported Donald Trump . She is a good friend of POTUS Donald Trump and wishes to be an Attorney General of the Trump administration . Media Career Former judge Jeannie Pirro has been a regular contributor to several shows including The Morning Show with Mike and Juliet . She is a legal analyst for Fox News and appears on various shows and also makes guest appearances in other shows . In May 2008 , Pirro started a new TV show Judge Jeannie Pirro on The CW . Thr show was the network β s daytime lineup and aired two episodes daily . It was distributed by Warner Bros . Domestic Television . In May 2010 , she won first Emmy nomination and in 2011 , received the Daytime Emmy Award . Unfortunately , the show was canceled in September 2011 due to low ratings . Pirro hosts the Fox News Channel show Justice with Judge Jeannie , as of June 2018 . The first episode of the show premiered in January 2011 . Since then , the show is airing at Fox News on weekends and it focuses on the big legal stories of the week . Jeannie Pirro ' s Net Worth , Salary , House Judge Jeannie Pirro β s net worth is $ 5 million , as of June 2018 , as per the Richest . But , the Celebrity Net Worth claims her net worth is $ 12 million , as of June 2018 . She has mostly earned her income from her successful attorney as well as television career . According to a source , Fox News attorney earns $ 80K - $ 250K annually for hosting their shows . So , her salary is in somewhere in the above range . She has also released four nonfiction books which are available on Amazon . In 2015 , she listed her custom - built mansion in Harrison , New York for $ 4.995 million . But , she could not sell the property and re - listed a year later with a new price of $ 4.75 million , Variety reported . The home was built in 1988 and it cost just $ 425K to have built it . The custom house features 12 rooms including a family room with a fireplace , a library and a two - story entry hall . She resides in a lavish home in West Palm Beach house , Florida with her children . Jeannie Pirro ' s Personal Life , Married , Husband , Divorce Jeannie Pirro is possible single . She has not been linked to anyone romantically following her divorce with former husband Albert Pirro in 2013 In the year 2000 , her husband was found guilty of federal tax evasion and conspiracy . The amount of the tax evasion was close to $ 1 million . She dated Albert Pirro for sometimes . The couple wed in the year 1975 . But after a long - married life , they decided to go their separate ways in 2007 . After six years , they finalized their divorce in 2013 . She has two children with her former husband ; Alexander Pirro and Christi Pirro . Children Her daughter Christi Pirro is also following her mother β s footprints . She has been working as a law - clerk for few years . After completing her law degree , she worked as a law clerk to Chief Jude Arthur , J . Gonzalez at Bankruptcy Court , SDNY . She then worked with Weil Gotshal and Manges . As of June 2018 , she is working as a restructuring associate with another law firm Kirkland and Ellis LLP . Pirro is an avid animal lover . She has adopted pet dogs and pet pigs . She has kept pigs for several years . She once owned a pig house and a pig pool . She also got traveling regularly for her show and give speeches . She is active on social sites like Facebook , Instagram . She mostly shares her daily lives via her Instagram . Body Measurement : Height : She is five feet six inches tall . Weight : She weighs 57 kg ( 129 pounds ) . Body Measurement : She has a perfect body measurement size of 37 - 26 - 37 inches . Workout : She regularly does workout to maintain her physical fitness . She focuses on Soul Cycle and spinning at least three times a week . Here are the interesting facts about her you should know . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . American Divorce Married TV personality children Attorney Judge Net Worth career Husband | [
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http://articlebio.com/katherine-langford | Home Biography Katherine Langford Katherine Langford Biography Biography by Saburo Published on 24 Oct , 2017 Updated on 24 Oct , 2017 Facts of Katherine Langford Date of Birth : 1996 April - 29 Age : 22 years old Birth Nation : Australia Name Katherine Langford Father Stephen Langford Mother Elizabeth Langford Nationality American Birth Place / City Perth Ethnicity White Profession Actress Net Worth $ 4.6 million Eye Color Blue Hair Color Brown Face Color White Body Measurements 35 - 26 - 36 Breast Size 35B Waist size 26 Hip Size 36 Weight in KG 55 kg Affair with N / A Boyfriend N / A Movies Love , Simon View more / View Less Facts of Katherine Langford Synopsis Katherine Langford , 21 , is a well - recognized actress . She is known for her portrayal as Hannah Baker in the Netflix series , 13 Reasons Why . Made her debut appearing in several independent movies , she portrayed the lead role of Scarlett in 2016 short drama , Daughter . Early life and education Born on April 29 , 1996 , in Perth , Australia , Katherine Langford is the daughter of Elizabeth and Stephen Langford . She is an Australian by nationality belonging to the White ethnicity . Langford ' s mother is a doctor and father is a director at Royal Flying Doctor Service . She grew up in Applecross , a riverside suburb of Perth . She has an elder sister named Josephine Langford . Langford joined the Penrhos College and later attends the St Hilda ' s for her secondary schooling . Later , Langford went a public school , Perth Modern School where she was an averagely ranked swimmer . Since her early days , she was interested in politics . She learned classical , jazz and contemporary vocal training since 2005 . At the age 16 , Langford attended many concerts , which made her focus towards singing . After completing her schooling , she enrolled in acting classes and workshops in Perth . Later , she completed her graduation in musical theater . Langford was one of the participants of National Institute of Dramatic Arts ( NIDA ) in 2015 . Moreover , she was offered a spot at the Western Australian Academy of Programming . Career Langford began her career with various small independent films like - Misguided and Imperfect Quadrant . In 2016 , she made her debut with the short movie , Daughter portraying the lead character , Scarlett . The movie debuted at Cannes Film Festival . Langford rose to the fame after she was selected for the Netflix series , 13 Reasons Why . She was cast for the lead role of Hannah Baker , the American high school student who gave the 13 reason for her suicide . Her performance over series was appreciated by critics and audiences . In 2016 , she was signed by William Morris Endeavor agency and was offered with a novel adoption movie , Simon vs . Homo Sapiens Agenda as Leah by Beck Alberta which will schedule to release in 2018 . Personal Life Langford , 21 , is not married yet . She currently resides in Alamo , California , U.S . Langford was once linked up with her 13 reasons Why co - actor , Dylan Minnette but the rumors end with the season - ending . The duo portrayed the love interest of one another as Hannah and Clay . Langford is at the beginning of her career , and right now she is focused on her career . She has not mentioned of having an affair or boyfriend in the past . Net Worth and Salary Langford has earned a decent amount of salary from her career . As per some online sources , her average annual income of $ 1 million . She has her personal investments of $ 1.5 million . Langford has a cars collection as well . Her collections include best luxury cars like Mini Cooper & Cadillac worth $ 290,000 . In 2017 , she bought an apartment in Australia cost around $ 0.6 million . Her net worth as per the online sources is $ 4.6 million . Netflix 13 reasons why Dylan Minnette Cannes Film Festival | [
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http://articlebio.com/kelly-o-donnell | Home Biography Kelly O ' Donnell Kelly O ' Donnell Biography Biography by Clarence Published on 03 Mar , 2017 Updated on 29 Nov , 2017 Facts of Kelly O ' Donnell Date of Birth : 1965 May - 17 Age : 53 years old Birth Nation : United States of America Height : 5 Feet 10 Inch Name Kelly O ' Donnell Birth Name Nick Name Kelly Nationality American , Irish Birth Place / City Westlake Ethnicity White Profession Journalist Working For NBC Nightly News , MSNBC Net Worth $ 8 million Eye Color Brown eyes Hair Color Brown Face Color White Body Measurements 32 - 26 - 34 Breast Size 32B Waist size 26 Hip Size 34 Famous for NBC News Married Yes Married to J . David Ake TV Show NBC Nightly News , Today , NBC News Special , NBC News Decision 2010 View more / View Less Facts of Kelly O ' Donnell Synopsis ABC News Capitol Hill correspondent , Kelly O β Donnell , is an Irish - American journalist and political reporter . Kelly appears on NBC Nightly News , Today , Meet The Press , and MSNBC . Early life and Education Kelly was born on May 17 , 1965 , in Westlake , Ohio , United States of America . Kelly O β Donnell raised up in Westlake , Ohio . Kelly belongs to American nationality and her ethnicity is White American . In 1987 , she attended the Northwestern University , where she earned a degree in Bachelor of Science in Education . She was honored with Alumnae Award at Northwestern University in 2014 . She was wanted to become a journalist since she was very young . Professional career Kelly O β Donnell first served to NBC News as a correspondent in 1994 . Before that , she anchored and reported for WJW - TV and the CBS . She started her broadcasting career at WJW - TV as an associate producer and reporter . Kelly O β Donnell traveled with Sen . Bob Dole during his White House run in 1996 . Prior to Iraq war , she was embedded with the Third Infantry Division during operations in Fallujah in the year of 2003 . At the end of 2007 , Kelly O β Donnell was appointed as Capitol Hill Correspondent . She previously served as White House Correspondent for NBC News covering the second term President George W . Bush from 2005 to end of 2007 . Kelly O β Donnell followed a broad range of stories as an NBC News correspondent in New York City and Los Angeles . She has also worked as a news anchor for the weekend edition of Today and as another NBC News broadcasts . Kelly O β Donnell β s reporting has taken her to all 50 states and to 47 countries . In 2008 , she also covered the race for the White House following Republican candidates . Personal life Kelly is a married woman . She has been married to J . David Ake , for a long time . Her husband is a professional photographer . David is an Assistant Chief of Bureau for Photos a The Associated Press in Washington . Kelly O β Donnell seems to have been able to balance her professional responsibilities and personal life . As Kelly has kept her personal life relatively quiet , which can neither be assumed that she is sharing an amazing relationship with her husband or not . She has not revealed about her past affairs and boyfriend . An award winner reporter , Kelly O β Donnell was inducted into the Ohio Radio / Television Broadcasters Hall of Fame in September 2004 . She was honored with a regional Emmy Award for outstanding live reporting of an Ohio prison riot . She has also received many national Emmy nominations . Net worth , Salary , and Body measurement Kelly O β Donnell has an estimated net worth of $ 8 million . She stands the height of five feet ten inches . Kelly looks like a very pretty and beautiful with the classic hourglass shape . She has a very attractive body with measurement of 32 - 26 - 34 inches . NBC CBS Today | [
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http://articlebio.com/manu-bennett | Home Biography Manu Bennett Manu Bennett Biography Biography by Bartley Published on 19 Jan , 2016 Updated on 21 Feb , 2019 Facts of Manu Bennett Date of Birth : 1969 October - 10 Age : 49 years old Birth Nation : New Zealand Height : 5 Feet 11 Inch Name Manu Bennett Birth Name Jonathan Manu Bennett Father Ted Bennett Mother Jean Bennett Nationality Australian - New Zealand Birth Place / City Rotorua Ethnicity White Profession Actor Net Worth $ 1.5 million Eye Color Dark - Brown Hair Color Dark - Brown Weight in KG 84 kg Affair with Israeli Karin Girlfriend Israeli Karin Married Yes Married to No Children Huia Bennett , Pania Bennett , Mokoia Bennett Education Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute Awards Not Yet Movies Beta Test TV Show The Shannara Chronicles View more / View Less Facts of Manu Bennett Manu Bennett , a Kiwi actor , is best known for his role of Azog the Defiler in the Hobbit film trilogy . He has enacted in various films and TV series including The Strip , American Dad , All Saints and Death Race 2050 . From 2013 - 17 , he was a cast in the CW series Arrow Early Life , Bio , And Education Of Manu Bennett Manu Bennett was born as Jonathan Manu Bennett on October 10 , 1969 , in New - Zealand . Manu was born in Rotorua , New Zealand and he is 48 - year - old . He is active in the field of the television industry since 1993 . Manu β s mother was a popular Bikini model of Australia and father was a singer belonging from the country Australia . Right after the birth of Manu this family shifted in Australia from New Zealand as the existence of permanent residence of his father and settled over the same country . Bennett completed his education and schooling from the Merewether High School . For his further education , he later , shifted to New Zealand to attend his schooling in Te Aute College and as his father was belonging from the Irish descent he spent his most of the time in Sydney , New castle as well as in New Zealand . Manu Bennett ' s Professional Career In 1993 , Bennett started his professional career in the field of acting . He made his excellent presence in the Paradise beach which was a teen soap . From the very moment , he was offered with his lead role within many featured films like Tomoko that came in the year 1999 and his journey in acting got started . Bennett was not so open to the people and the public later she started making interaction among the people . His deep gravelly voice is the trademark of himself that made him get known . From 2013 - 17 , he played the role in the CW series Arrow alongside Stephen Amell David Ramsey Willa Holland Paul Blackthorne , and Emily Bett Rickards The actor is also credited for his work in Arrow , The Shannara Chronicles . Manu Bennett ' s Net Worth , Salary , And Earnings Manu Bennett has an estimated net worth of around $ 1.5 million , in 2019 . He gained a major role in the Hobbit film trilogy all of them became the quite hit at the box office grossing over $ 2.93 billion worldwide . For his performance in the film series , he was also paid a whopping amount of salary . Manu Bennett ' s Wife , Relationship , And Dating Manu Bennett is not married yet and is also not dating anyone at present . The actor was in a long and serious relationship with . The actor started dating with his previous partner Karin in early 2007 . But the two could not last long split up at the in Dec 2016 . They are also the parents of 3 children and are haring parenting responsibilities for their three young daughters . his affair was very stable from the very early stage . Therefore , he is having a wonderful time with his spouse after getting married and no status to divorce at the present time . Manu is also creative in his mind in terms of design and decoration so , he decorated and made the internal planning β s of his hometown by himself . Additionally , he is also spotted in the public events with his wife and children that can clearly see the perfect bounding and attention that they are getting from each other with the love and affection towards each other . Manu Bennett ' s Height , Age , And Other Facts Manu Bennett ' s height : she has a height of 5 ' 11 " ( 1.8 m ) . Bennett ' s age as of 2019 : 10 October 1969 ( age 49 ) . The weight of Manu is much gained than comparing to his pictures of the last years . Arrow Spartacus : Blood and Sand relationship Net Worth Stephen Amell Emily Bett Rickards Willa Holland David Ramsey Paul Blackthorne | [
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http://articlebio.com/morgan-fairchild | Home Biography Morgan Fairchild Morgan Fairchild Biography Biography by Clarence Published on 26 Oct , 2016 Updated on 20 Nov , 2017 Facts of Morgan Fairchild Date of Birth : 1950 February - 3 Age : 69 years old Birth Nation : United States of America Height : 5 Feet 4 Inch Name Morgan Fairchild Father Edward Milton McClenny Mother Martha Jane McClenny Nationality American Birth Place / City Dallas , Texas , United States Ethnicity White Profession Actress Net Worth $ 10 Million Eye Color Blue Hair Color Blonde Body Measurements 40 - 28 - 40 Shoe Size 10 US Weight in KG 63 kg Divorce Jack Calmes ( 1973 ) Education Lake Highlands High School Sisters Cathryn Hartt View more / View Less Facts of Morgan Fairchild Synopsis Morgan Fairchild was born on February 3 , 1950 , in Dallas , Texas , United States . She is the eldest daughter of Martha Jane , a high school English teacher and Edward Milton McClenny . She has a younger sister , Cathryn Hartt who is also an actress . Her nationality is American and ethnicity is white . As she was born in February her birth sign is Aquarius . Early Life and Education Morgan Fairchild began acting on stage when she was just 12 years of age . Her first acting job was for the film Bonnie and Clyde where she worked as a double for Faye Dunaway in 1967 . In 1973 , she was able to gain her first onscreen role in the daytime soap opera , Search for Tomorrow playing the role of Jennifer Pace . Her talent was then recognized by many people all around the world . She began to make various appearances in many television series in the mid - 1970s . Career In 1978 , Fairchild made the TV film The Initiation of Sarah furthermore had a repeating part on the sitcom Mork and Mindy . In 1980 , she scored her first consistent primetime part as Constance Weldon Carlyle on the cleanser musical show Flamingo Road . Despite the fact that the arrangement had a great starting , the evaluations soon dropped and it was crossed out after two seasons . She continued to make a guest appearance in many television series like Hotel , Simon & Simon , P.I , Magnum and The Love Boat . Rather than just acting , she also co - hosted the ABC TV special Blondes vs . Brunettes alongside Joan Collins . She appeared in an ad campaign for clothing retailer called Old Navy along with Joan Collins . In 1995 , Fairchild came back to daytime cleanser musical dramas as the catty Sydney Chase on The City . She assumed the part for a year , after which she went ahead to show up at General Hospital . She additionally showed up on the hit sitcom Friends assuming the part of Chandler Bing ' s mom , Nora . She was additionally a repeating visitor star on the sitcom Cybill as Andrea , an opponent of Cybill Shepherd ' s character . Morgan Fairchild also appeared in various theater productions . She played the role of Mrs . Robinson in the film , The Graduate in 2004 . She was thrown in yet another of her " rich bitch " parts in the My Network TV arrangement Fashion House , playing Sophia Blakely , an adversary to Bo Derek ' s character , Maria Gianni in 2006 . She has additionally shown up on the TV arrangement Chuck as Dr . Nectar Woodcomb , the mother of Captain Awesome . In 2009 , she made another arrival to cleanser musical shows when she had a visitor part in the daytime arrangement The Bold and the Beautiful . She acted as Lacie Wood in the 2014 film , Christian Mingle . Morgan is presently busy hosting many kinds of shows and acting in different television series as well as movies . Personal Life Morgan Fairchild was a beautiful woman with great looks and personality . She began dating her boyfriend , Jack Calmes in the year 1967 subsequent to dating for quite a while and began to live as husband and wife . The couple was running great with their relationship yet tragically some difficult issues broke it and the couple needed to experience the procedure of divorce . After that , she began dating Mark Seiler who is a film company executive . The couple has been married for more than 35 years and there seems no chance of divorce . Net Worth and Body Measurements Morgan Fairchild is a beautiful woman with attractive body figures . She is 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighs 60 kg which suits her height perfectly . Because of her regular workouts and balanced diet , she has impressive body measurements of 34 - 25 - 31 . With her successful career , she has managed to earn huge amount of salary and impressive net worth of $ 10 million . | [
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http://articlebio.com/prince-ea | Home Biography Prince Ea Prince Ea Biography Biography by Clarence Published on 04 Dec , 2016 Updated on 28 Jun , 2018 Facts of Prince Ea Date of Birth : 1988 September - 16 Age : 30 years old Birth Nation : United States of America Height : 5 Feet 11 Inch View more / View Less Facts of Prince Ea Richard Williams aka Prince Ea is an American spoken word artist , poet and filmmaker . He is one of the awardees of 2018 Forbes 30 under 30 community . A graduate of Anthropology began his career as a hip - hop artist and later became a spoken word artist / poet and filmmaker . Since 2014 , he β s been focusing to create motivational and inspirational spoken word films and content . He owns his YouTube channel Prince Ea where he uploads varieties of videos including environmentalism , race , work - life balance and spirituality . As of June 2018 , his channel has 2.2 million plus subscribers and 1.5 billion - plus video views . Early Life And Education Of Prince Ea Richard Williams aka Prince Ea was born on September 16 , 1988 , in St . Louis , Missouri , USA . His birth name is Richard Williams . He grew up in St . Louis and resided there with his family . He is the youngest of the three children of his parents . He completed his high school from a local high school in his native place . He is an American and belongs to Afro - American ethnicity . Prince Ea graduated with a magna cum laude in Anthropology from the University of Missouri - St . Louis . After graduating from the University , he started his career as a hip - hop artist . He released his first mixtape The Adolescence on the internet in 2008 . That was kept for free download on the internet . Prince Ea ' s Career Music Career Soon , after releasing it , he entered into a Vibe magazine contest by recording an amateur video of himself rapping . He won the contest and was awarded $ 5000 . In music recording equipment along with a full - page article in Vibe Magazine , which held a total value of $ 50K . Prince Ea is also known for his initiative : The β Make β SMART β Cool β movement . He decided to form this movement in 2009 because he was upset with the music industry . This movement was started to promote free thought , intelligence , unity and creativity in hip - hop music industry and hip - hop culture . CAPTION : Filmmaker / poet and YouTuber Prince Ea SOURCE : Opera Super Soul In the same year , he won a Funk Volume competition too . The win stemmed from his success on YouTube . After that , he was declared as the first hip - hop artist to have a feature on the magazine Discover . Prince Ea developed few videos until 2011 . His video gained attention from one of his inspirations , Black Thought . Consequently , they collaborated . YouTube Career Prince Ea shifted his focus from music to creation of motivational and inspirational spoken words content and film . It took place in 2014 . Since then he has gained wide popularity on YouTube through his videos . His videos seemingly cover a wide range of affairs such as race , work - life balance , spirituality , and environmentalism . He is popular among millions of youth worldwide who are frustrated from their life . As of June 2018 , his channel Prince EA has 2.2 million plus subscribers and 1.5 billion - plus video views . His work has been featured in numerous magazines and news sources . Prince Ea ' s Net Worth , Income Sources The talented artist Prince Ea β s net worth is $ 2 million , as of 2018 . He mostly earns this amount of figure from his coaching career . According to a source , His channel garners around $ 180 per day ( 66K per annum ) from monetized videos . YouTubers normally get $ 2 - $ 5 per 1000 ad views . Monetized views range from 40 % - 60 % of the total views . He also charges a huge fee for his conference and programs . He charges $ 30K - $ 50K for a conference and speech programs . He lives in a lavish home in San Francisco , California . Prince Ea ' s Awards In 2008 , he won the Vibe Verses contest . 2009 , he won Funk Volume β s ( Do n β t F * * K Up our Beasts . In 2011 , he won Magnum Trojan Live Large Contest . In 2018 , one of the members of Forbes 30 under 30 . Prince Ea ' s Personal Life Prince Ea is an unmarried man . He is not dating anyone as of 2018 . He is active on Instagram . He frequently shares his quotation and updates about his life . He regularly posts he and his friends β pictures on his Instagram . He also travels in different parts of the world . prince_ea Verified 1.8m followers View Profile prince_ea Verified 706 posts Β· 1.8m followers View More on Instagram Comment Save 17,797 likes Add a comment . . . Instagram He is also interested in philosophy , spirituality and deeper aspects of life . He credits ancient wisdom texts such as the Bhagwat Gita and the Tao Te Ching . Controversy In 2016 , Prince Ea received criticism from other YouTube channels including Nerd City and English YouTuber Boyinaband . Boyinaband commented Prince Ea for spreading misinformation regarding mental illness , not citing sources for studies he quoted in his videos . He also said that he posted numbers of clickbait articles on his Facebook . But , Prince Ea did not respond to any of Boyinaband ' s other claims , instead of criticizing him for not trying to have a more positive impact . Body Measurements : Height : He is 5 feet 11 inches tall . Weight : He weighs about 165 lbs . Zodiac sign : His zodiac sign is Virgo . Workout : He is physically fit and active , he exercises for 30 - 45 minute on a daily basis . Here is one of his popular motivational videos , you must watch . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Artist Rapper poet film maker YouTube Star Motivational Speaker Net Worth | [
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http://articlebio.com/robert-de-niro | Home Biography Robert De Niro Robert De Niro Biography Biography by Clarence Published on 11 Jan , 2016 Updated on 11 Jan , 2019 Facts of Robert De Niro Date of Birth : 1943 August - 17 Age : 75 years old Birth Nation : United States of America Height : 5 Feet 9 Inch Name Robert De Niro Birth Name Robert Anthony De Niro Jr . Father Robert De Niro , Sr . Mother Virginia Admiral Nationality Ameriacn Birth Place / City Greenwich Village , New York City , New York Ethnicity White Profession Actor Net Worth $ 300 million Eye Color Dark - Brown Hair Color Balad Body Measurements N / A Weight in KG 68 KG Married Yes Married to Grace Hightower ( m . 1997 ) , Diahnne Abbott ( m . 1976 ) Children Drena De Niro , Aaron Kendrick De Niro , Julian Henry De Niro , Raphael De Niro , Helen Grace De Niro , Elliot De Niro Divorce Diahnne Abbott ( m . 1988 ) Education Rhodes Preparatory School Awards Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Movies The Intern 2015 View more / View Less Facts of Robert De Niro Robert De Niro , an American actor / director , is known for portraying gangster characters . He is an award - winning celebrity who has been nominated for various prestigious awards including Oscar , Golden Globe , and Emmy awards . The actor has won two Academy award for the best actor and best supporting actor categories from films The Godfather Part II ( 1975 ) and Raging Bull ( 1981 ) . The legendary Oscar - winning actor has played has numerous major roles in several hit movies like Awakenings and The Intern De Niro is married to Grace Hightower since 1997 . Early Life , Bio , And Education Of Robert De Niro Robert De Niro was born on August 17 , 1943 , in Manhattan , New York , United States . He was born as the son of mother Virginia Admiral and father Robert De Niro Sr . His mother was a painter and poet and his father was an abstract expressionist painter and sculptor . His father was half Irish and Italian and his mother belonged to German descent . De Niro ' s parents divorced when he was three and he was raised by her mother . He his ethnicity is White American . His nationality is American . Robert De Niro attended a public elementary school in PS 41 , in Manhattan . Later , then he went to the private upper school of the Little Red School House Elisabeth Irwin High School . De Niro was accepted into the High School of Music and Art for the ninth grade . De Niro joined the high school at the private McBurney School ; he also joined the private Rhodes Preparatory School . Robert De Niro ' s Professional Career De Niro made his debut at the age of 10 , where he played the Cowardly Lion in a school production of The Wizard of Oz . He made his debut in the movie from 1963 film The Wedding Party at the age of 20 . But the movie released on in 1969 . In 1970 , he appeared in Bloody Mama . In 1973 , he gained popularity in Bang the Drum Slowly with his role as dying Major League Baseball player . CAPTION : Robert De Niro SOURCE : cosmo . ru In 1974 , De Niro appeared in The Godfather Part II as young Vito Corleone . His performance was very brilliant and for which he was nominated in a different awards ceremony . He also made his powerful performances in Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) , Raging Bull ( 1980 ) , and The King of Comedy ( 1983 ) . From the 1980s to 2000 , De Niro was one of the most successful actors with numerous hit movies like Brazil ( 1985 ) , Midnight Run ( 1988 ) , ) . Other films include True Confessions ( 1981 ) , Once Upon a Time in America ( 1984 ) , Angel Heart ( 1987 ) , The Untouchables ( 1987 ) . In 2000 , Niro appeared in comedy movie Meet the Parents and he made his presence in comedy movie of 2004 , Meet the Fockers Robert De Niro ' s Net Worth And Salary Robert De Niro has earned a good amount of money from his successful career . A legendary Oscar - winning actor has also played a number of iconic roles in several successful movies for which he also received a hefty paycheque . What ' s Robert De Niro Net Worth ? De Niro ' s estimated net worth according to Celebrity net worth is around $ 300 million , as of 2018 . Some of his successful movies are listed below with his earning in a movie Movie Role Salary Cast Members Little Fockers ( 2010 ) Jack Byrnes $ 20,000,000 Ben Stiller Owen Wilson Blythe Danner Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) Jack Byrnes $ 20,000,000 Dustin Hoffman Barbra Streisand The Score ( 2001 ) $ 15,000,000 Edward Norton Angela Bassett Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) $ 13,500,000 Jon Abrahams Owen Wilson The actor also played the role in a 2000 comedy Meet the Parents which became the quite hit at the box office becoming one of the highest - grossing films of 2000 , earning over $ 160 million in North America and over $ 330 million worldwide . De Niro bought a penthouse loft for $ 2.85 million in the West Village . In May 2015 , the actor also took his penthouse on the market for a whopping $ 39.8 million on Perry Street . The house had been rented for two years . It boasts five bedrooms , four bathrooms , outdoor terraces with views over the Hudson River and Manhattan , and a private seven - car garage . In July 2011 , De Niro also listed his townhouse on the market for $ 14 million . It is located at 14 Saint Luke ' s Place . He sold his own , a 2,500 - square - foot 3BR for around $ 3.4 million in the Winka Dubbledam - designed 497 Greenwich Street . He was originally bought for $ 2.9 million , in 2009 . Robert De Niro ' s Personal Life , Married , Wife , Children Robert De Niro is a married man . He has been married twice . In 1976 , De Niro was married to his girlfriend Diahnne Abbott . He has a son with her named Raphael De Nero , who was a former actor and also works in New York real estate . De Niro also adopted Abbott ' s daughter . In 1988 , they divorced with huge misunderstanding in a relationship . De Niro had affair with former supermodel Toukie Smith , and also has twin sons conceived by in - vitro fertilization and delivered by a surrogate mother . CAPTION : Robert De Niro SOURCE : thegrio . com He married for the second time in 1997 , with actress Grace Hightower , at their Marbletown home . He and his wife Grace separated in 1999 . And finally , in 2004 , they renewed their vows . He also has a daughter named Helen Grace via surrogate . He has six children and four grandchildren . Besides acting she is active in many charity works and social works . De Niro ' s second wife Grace Hightower is an American philanthropist , actress , and singer . She is of African - American and Blackfoot descent and grew up in Kilmichael , Mississippi . Despite their loving relationship and long marriage journey , the power couple did not last long and the two separated in November 2018 . They could not last long and parted ways after nearly two decades Hightower launched Grace Hightower & Coffees of Rwanda in 2013 with the mission of improving Rwandan livelihoods by marketing their products internationally . Hightower is also a board member of the New York Women β s Foundation as well as a member of the Ronald Perelman ' s Women Health Advisory Council and the International Women β s Coffee Alliance . Her works have honored by numerous institutions including the American Cancer Society of New York City . She also appeared in a few films like Precious , The Paperboy ( 2012 ) , NYPD Blue and many others . She also recorded a few singles to date . In 2009 , she recorded the Somethin β s Comin My Way track written by Dan Monjovi for the Precious movie soundtrack . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Robert De Niro ' s Body Measurement Robert De Niro ' s height : she stands at the height of 5ft 9 inch ( 1.75m ) . Weight : 75 kg in Pounds - 175 lbs Age : August 17 , 1943 ( age 75 ) Birth Name : Robert Anthony De Niro Jr . Hair Color : Blonde Eye Color : Brown Age : August 17 , 1943 ( age 75 ) The Intern Taxi Driver Raging Bull Goodfellas Net Worth Grace Hightower Angela Bassett Raphael De Nero Diahnne Abbott Jon Abrahams Edward Norton Ben Stiller | [
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http://articlefirm.com/biography/kyra-sedgwick.html | Home Biography Kyra Sedgwick Kyra Sedgwick Published Date : 2nd January , 2014 @ 06 : 01 PM 15420 Quick Facts Date of Birth August 19 , 1965 Nationality American Profession Actress Working for Movies , TV Shows Ethnicity White Marital Status Married Spouse Kevin Bacon ( husband ) Married on 1988 Children ( s ) Travis Sedgwick Bacon ( son ) , Sosie Ruth Bacon ( daughter ) Qualification Graduation Education at University of Southern California Net Worth ( s ) $ 15 million Name on Birth Kyra Minturn Sedgwick ( Real Name ) Divorce Not Yet Height 1.65 m Weight 54 kg ( approx . ) Religion Jewish Eye Color Brown , Blue Hair Color Gray Brown Twitter @ kyrasedgwick Body Measurements 32 - 23 - 33 inches ( sexy figure ) Age 53 Years Kyra Minturn Sedgwick is an American actress and is best known for her starring role as Deputy Chief Brenda Leigh Johnson on the TNT crime drama The Closer . Born / Birth Beautiful and stunning American actress Kyra Minturn Sedgwick was born on August 19 , 1965 in New York City . Childhood She was born to Mr . Henry Dwight Sedgwick and Patricia Sedgwick . Her father was capital venture whereas her mother was speech teacher . .Sedgwick ' s parents separated when she was four and divorced when she was six . Her mother re - married Ben Heller , an art dealer . Then after she started living with her mother . She was very excited about theatre and acting since her childhood . School College Sedgwick graduated from Friends Seminary . She also attended Sarah Lawrence College . She transferred from Sarah Lawrence to the University of Southern California . She graduated with a theater degree . Father , Mother , brother and sister She is the daughter of Patricia , a speech teacher and educational / family therapist , and Henry Dwight Sedgwick V , a venture capitalist . Her father was Episcopalian and of English heritage , and her mother was Jewish . Sedgwick is also a sister of actor Robert Sedgwick , half - sister of jazz guitarist Mike Stern , and a niece of the writer John Sedgwick . Career and struggle Sedgwick rose to household name status as Deputy Chief Brenda Leigh Johnson on the crime drama series " The Closer " ( TNT , 2005 - 2012 ) . Prior to that Emmy - winning role , Sedgwick made her mark primarily in features like " Born on the Fourth of July " ( 1989 ) , " Mr . and Mrs . Bridge " ( 1990 ) , and " Pyrates " ( 1991 ) , which co - starred husband Kevin Bacon , whom she had married in 1988 and remained one of the rare lasting unions in Husband , Marriage and Divorce Sedgwick married actor Kevin Bacon on September 4 , 1988 . They have two children , Travis Sedgwick Bacon born on June 23 , 1989 , and Sosie Ruth Bacon born on March 15 , 1992 . Hot , legs , feet and pictures She is hot and attractive even in this age . Forty eight year old Kyra Sedgwick looks very hot and sexy with a maintained attractive body . She has dark brown hair with brown hair and charming smile . She has beautiful feet and legs . Her pictures can be found all over the internet and are widely searched by internet users . Height , weight and age She is pretty tall with sexy , hot legs and feet . She is five feet five inches tall , which is a nice height for a nice and attractive personality . She has also maintained a good height - weight balance . Body Measurements She has an amazingly astounding body figure of 32 - 23 - 33 inches . She looks very attractive even after giving birth twice . Nationality and Religion She is an American citizen . She follows Jewish religion . Net Worth , Salary and income She has a net worth of about 15 million dollars . She has made this fortune by her acting career . Award and Achievement Over the life of the series β The Closer β , she was nominated for and won several awards for her starring role as Deputy Chief Brenda Leigh Johnson . She received a Golden Globe award in 2007 for her performance as lead actress and won a Primetime Emmy Award in 2010 . In 2009 , Sedgwick was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television . She is a pet lover actress who has numerous fans and followers . We can find and follow her in the internet . One can find Information about her in wiki and her personal sites . Talented actress has long way to go with the blessings of her well wishers . Job and future The Closer ended on August 13 , 2012 , following the completion of its seventh season . The series β broadcaster said that the decision to retire the series was made by Sedgwick . She is post - producing β Reach Me β , a movie as of 2013 . She certainly has a bright future and a promising career ahead . article biography entertainment Get regular gossips in your inbox Previous Post Krystal Ball Next Post Maury Povich | [
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http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1994-04-14/news/1994104029_1_state-hospitals-mentally-ill-mental-hospitals | Closing State Mental Hospitals THE BALTIMORE SUN For too many years , society ignored state psychiatric hospitals and their patients . Often tucked away in rural areas , the hospitals were easy to avoid , and many patients were locked up and forgotten . As a result , the public paid little , if any , attention to state mental health programs or institutions . People no longer seem so bent on keeping these mental hospitals out of sight and out of mind . Unexpectedly large crowds turned out this month for the first two public hearings on the fate of three central Maryland state hospitals for the mentally ill that are being considered for closure - - Spring Grove in Baltimore County , Springfield in Carroll County and Crownsville in Anne Arundel County . A hearing scheduled a week ago at Carroll Community College never got started because an overflow crowd of 200 - plus people created safety concerns . That meeting is being rescheduled . Then this week , 75 people attended a Baltimore County hearing . Admittedly , concern for the mentally ill is not the sole reason many of these citizens are showing up for these public hearings . Other agendas are at play , too . The public employee unions are concerned about their members losing jobs as the role of state hospitals continues to decline . Some people who live near these facilities - - particularly those near South Carroll ' s Springfield - - are worried that the state will transform the vacant grounds into a prison or juvenile detention facility . Some people are also questioning whether reducing the number of state hospitals is in the long - run interest of the state ' s mentally ill residents . Rather than basing treatment for the mentally ill in hospitals , Maryland - - like many states - - is increasingly treating them in the community . Closing hospitals is but a small part of the solution and should happen only after a comprehensive and coordinated network of services is in place to handle the needs of the seriously mentally ill . As the state Mental Hygiene Administration transforms a traditional hospital - based system into a community - based one , the focus must be on the needs of the mentally ill . State officials should welcome this community participation and be cognizant of such issues as jobs and the community impact of their decisions . But at the forefront of myriad concerns must be the evolution of a health - care system that is responsive and accessible to those needing psychiatric treatment . Copyright Β© 2019 , The Baltimore Sun , a Baltimore Sun Media Group publication | Place an Ad Mental Health | [
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http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2002-01-13/business/0201110333_1_cedar-shake-roofs-cedar-shake-new-shake | News Construction methods change life span of cedar - shake roofs Dean Uhler THE BALTIMORE SUN Cedar shakes undoubtedly make one of the most appealing roof surfaces you can install . They are attractively rustic , historically accurate and reliable . But you pay a high price for those good looks compared with even premium quality asphalt shingles , and you are n ' t guaranteed a longer - lasting roof . Putting a cedar - shake roof on a house is , therefore , an aesthetic choice , not an economic one . However , innovations in the manner of installation of cedar shakes may help extend the life of new shake roofs . During several recent inspections of houses with cedar shake roofs , real estate agents have expressed surprise upon hearing me say that the life expectancy of those shake roofs was around 20 years from when they were installed . They had heard of life expectancies more like 40 years . I used to hear the 40 - year prediction frequently during the 1980s and well into the ' 90s , often from roofers who were installing shakes . But during the 1990s , as typical shake roofs approached the 20 - year mark , it became apparent that most were The major reason that expectations were higher than reality was the manner of installation of the shakes . Traditionally , cedar - shake roofs were installed over spaced sheathing . That is , the boards that the shakes were nailed to had spaces between them , allowing air from the attic to circulate under the shakes . The circulation allowed the shakes to dry evenly , from the bottom and the top , after getting wet from precipitation . The more recent practice of installing cedar shakes over solid , plywood sheathing prevents air circulation , curtailing life expectancy of this type of roof . Rarely have I seen a shake roof installed in the past 25 years using any other method . Shake roofs installed in this fashion can have life spans of as little as 15 years . Infrequently , I ' ve seen cedar shakes installed over wood furring - strips of wood applied to the plywood sheathing as spacers under the shakes . This provides some air circulation to the shakes , but is labor intensive and increases the roofer ' s costs . A more cost - effective innovation that may go a long way to increase the life of new shake roofs is a " breather " layer between the shakes and the plywood sheathing , designed to allow some air circulation under the shakes . A typical breather is an inch - thick polymer mat that is nailed to the plywood sheathing after the roofing felt is applied . The shakes are nailed right through the breather . Hopes are high that this material , now widely used in cedar shake installations , will return cedar shake life spans to something like the historical norm . Inspector ' s Eye , Dean Uhler has been a home inspector for more than 12 years and is president of Baltimore - based Boswell Building Surveys Inc . Uhler is a member of the American Society of Home Inspectors ( ASHI ) and is the treasurer of the Greater Baltimore Chapter of ASHI . Questions , with name , address and daytime telephone number , about homes and home inspections can be faxed to 410 - 783 - 2517 , e - mailed to real . estate @ baltsun . com or mailed to Inspector ' s Eye , Second Floor , 501 N . Calvert St . , Baltimore , Md . 21278 - 0001 . Copyright Β© 2019 , The Baltimore Sun , a Baltimore Sun Media Group publication | Place an Ad | [
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http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2008-10-19/business/0810190058_1_vanden-heuvel-fireside-chats-roosevelt-served | News FDR ' S fireside chats went a long way toward calming fears during dire times Eileen Ambrose The Baltimore Sun You hear lots of comparisons between our current economic troubles and the Great Depression . One big difference : Back then , a worried nation had President Franklin D . Roosevelt and his fireside chats . In these radio broadcasts , Roosevelt explained the crisis of the moment and what steps he and Congress were taking to fix it . He encouraged Americans to play their part , whether it was to have patience or make sacrifices . Roosevelt ' s words guided the country through its worst economic days and a war . And their calming effect still works today . Author and history buff Sarah Vowell recently said on The Daily Show that she was so disturbed by today ' s headlines that she went back and read the fireside chats . " I decided to go back to the ' 30s to be reassured , " she said . The chats , about 30 in all , ran from 1933 to 1944 . FDR did n ' t sugarcoat problems . He told listeners the country in early 1933 " was dying by inches . " He warned upfront that the government might make mistakes along the way . So why were these chats so comforting ? " His message was to give hope and confidence and do n ' t be afraid , " says William J . vanden Heuvel , founder and chairman emeritus of the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute in Hyde Park , N.Y. " He defined the challenge and invited [ listeners ] to share in resolving it . It was n ' t ' us against the government . ' " Vanden Heuvel was 3 years old when Roosevelt gave his first fireside chat . The 78 - year - old recalls gathering around the radio with his parents , immigrants from Holland and Belgium who did n ' t speak English well . " They understood , " vanden Heuvel says . " Roosevelt ' s voice in its eloquence and confidence conveyed all sorts of things . " FDR also was a hero to the vanden Heuvel family . His moratorium on mortgage foreclosures saved the family ' s house after vanden Heuvel ' s father lost his factory job . And as a teenager , vanden Heuvel hitchhiked from his home in upstate New York to attend Roosevelt ' s funeral in Hyde Park . Elvin Lim , an assistant professor of government at Wesleyan University in Connecticut , says it was n ' t the coziness or simplicity of Roosevelt ' s words that made his chats so effective . In fact , given the length of words and sentences Roosevelt used , he was speaking at a near - college level compared with the eighth - grade level of speech used by modern - day presidents , Lim says . The chats worked because they were instructive , he says . Lim says he has read thousands of letters to Roosevelt , and the bulk of them thanked FDR for the information he provided and for helping them understand the complexity of the crisis . Roosevelt served as an instructor and even invited listeners to take out maps as he walked them through progress on the war , Lim notes . Another reason that the chats succeeded , experts say , was the medium Roosevelt used - radio . " You got to think of this world without television , without the Internet . . . . It is a world in which everyday life revolved around the radio , " says Jeffrey Hyson , an assistant professor of history at Saint Joseph ' s University in Philadelphia . " What he did was exploit the intimacy of connection that radio provided , the sense that the person inside that box was speaking to you directly . " When Roosevelt asked listeners to tell him their troubles , millions did just that , Hyson says . The White House today is still digging out from under the mail , he says jokingly . IN HIS WORDS May 7 , 1933 Discussing the New Deal " I know that the people of this country will understand this and will also understand the spirit in which we are undertaking this policy . I do not deny that we may make mistakes of procedure as we carry out the policy . I have no expectation of making a hit every time I come to bat . What I seek is the highest possible batting average , not only for myself but for the team . " July 24 , 1933 , On the recovery " On the basis of this simple principle of everybody doing things together , we are starting out on this nationwide attack on unemployment . It will succeed if our people understand it - in the big industries , in the little shops , in the great cities and in the small villages . There is nothing complicated about it , and there is nothing particularly new in the principle . It goes back to the basic idea of society and of the nation itself that people acting in a group can accomplish things which no individual acting alone could April 28 , 1935 On Works Relief " This is a great national crusade to destroy enforced idleness , which is an enemy of the human spirit generated by this depression . Our attack upon these enemies must be without stint and without discrimination . " in his words March 12 , 1933 Addressing the bank crisis " It is possible that when the banks resume , a very few people who have not recovered from their fear may again begin withdrawals . Let me make it clear that the banks will take care of all needs - and it is my belief that hoarding during the past week has become an exceedingly unfashionable pastime . It needs no prophet to tell you that when the people find that they can get their money - that they can get it when they want it for all legitimate purposes - the phantom of fear will soon be laid September 30 , 1934 On moving forward to greater freedom and greater security " The second step we have taken in the restoration of normal business enterprise has been to clean up thoroughly unwholesome conditions in the field of investment . In this we have had assistance from many bankers and businessmen , most of whom recognize the past evils in the banking system , in the sale of securities , in the deliberate encouragement of stock gambling , in the sale of unsound mortgages and in many other ways in which the public lost billions of dollars . They saw that without changes in the policies and methods of investment there could April 14 , 1938 On economic conditions " In these great problems of government , I try not to forget that what really counts at the bottom of it all is that the men and women willing to work can have a decent job - a decent job to take care of themselves and their homes and their children adequately ; that the farmer , the factory worker , the storekeeper , the gas station man , the manufacturer , the merchant - big and small - the banker who takes pride in the help that he can give to the building of his community - that April 28 , 1942 On the national economic policy " But there is one front and one battle where everyone in the United States - every man , woman , and child - is in action , and will be privileged to remain in action throughout this war . That front is right here at home , in our daily lives , [ and ] in our daily tasks . Here at home , everyone will have the privilege of making whatever self - denial is necessary , not only to supply our fighting men , but to keep the economic structure of our country fortified and secure during Source : Franklin D . Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum More excerpts from Roosevelt ' s fireside chats PG 4 Copyright Β© 2019 , The Baltimore Sun , a Baltimore Sun Media Group publication | Place an Ad | [
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http://articles.best4drugtest.com/synthetic-urine.html | Synthetic Urine : Does It Work , How To Use , Best Brand and Where To Buy What Is Synthetic Urine ? Does Synthetic Urine Work For Drug Test ? How Much You Need How To Use Synthetic Urine How To Keep It Warm Storage The Best Brand Of Synthetic Urine Where To Buy Is It Legal To Use ? Where It Is Used Chemical Composition What Is Synthetic Urine ? Synthetic urine is a liquid artificially created to imitate the physical and chemical properties of human urine in order to calibrate urine testing equipment in labs . But also , it is widely used for passing drug test by replacing the tested person ' s sample with fake one . Does Synthetic Urine Work For Drug Test ? Yes , synthetic urine works Drug testing laboratories in the United States usually do not perform genetic tests on urine specimens . Standard laboratory equipment just checks sample for certain drugs and toxins and whether it has been diluted or adulterated . If you use synthetic urine , you can check its integrity just by buying drug adulteration test strips that can check specific gravity as well as pH and creatinine levels and other substances that labs check . If your urine sample passes standard integrity test and has temperature between 90 Β° F and 100 Β° F , you will pass drug test for sure But this answer is not complete . Now labs are informed about synthetic urine and they can perform an additional analysis on the sample if they have reasonable suspicion that it was used . Also , you should know that use of synthetic urine is a felony in some states Read more : Does Synthetic Urine Really Work For Drug Test ? How Much You Need In most cases 2 oz is enough , because according to the United States Department of Health & Human Services regulations collector must accept this volume if the donor is not able to provide any more . But sometimes more synthetic urine required , for example in case of spill or if you do n β t want to attract too much attention while arguing with collector . This is why 3 oz bottles exist also . How To Use Synthetic Urine For passing urine drug test you should substitute your sample with the synthetic urine without being noticed . If you do everything right and do n β t draw any unwanted attention to yourself and your specimen , nobody will check your urine for identity . Just few simple steps required for this . First of all , you must ensure your sample has normal urine temperature , because this is what collectors check in the first place . As it was mentioned before , the temperature must be between 90 and 100F ( or between 32C and 38C for places where metric system is used ) . You can warm up your synthetic urine either by microwaving it , if you need to do it fast , or by using hand warmers or own body heat if you β re not in hurry and have hours before test . You can check the temperature with the special temperature strip usually located on every bottle of the product . After that you just have to pour fake pee into collection cup and relax . Sounds easy , but nowadays most of tests are supervised and sample substitution requires some preparations . The easiest way is to buy synthetic urine belt with plastic bag and tube . You will have to pour liquid into the bag first , and then release it through the tube with the help if switch during the sample collection procedure . In difficult cases , when you are supervised too close , you will need a device called Peepack , which acts similar to synthetic urine belt but has a prosthetic device that simulates appearance of a penis with pressure release valve inside . This device is more expensive , but it guarantees your trick will not be disclosed . After filling the collection cup you should give it to the sample collector as soon as possible until the liquid has cooled down . How To Keep It Warm If you have few hours before the test after you have heated the bottle with synthetic urine at home , you need a way to keep the required temperature stable . Usually it is done by using special heat packs that provided with the most well - known commercial products . Such packs can save the temperature for up to 8 hours . Another simple method is using own body heat . You can attach the bottle to your body with the help of elastic band or just put it under clothing . Inner thighs , armpits , underwear and bras ( for ladies ) are best for this . This method is good because you will be ready to go to testing facility at any moment , but the obvious disadvantage is that wearing the bottle under your clothes during all day can be quite uncomfortable . Storage Unlike real urine , the artificial one can be stored for years . Most products have 2 - 3 years of shelf life and do not even require any special maintenance like freezing or cooling . Also , another great thing about this product is that it can be reheated the unlimited number of times , so if you prepared for drug test once , but for some reason did not use your fake pee - you can put it back in your storage and use later . The Best Brand Of Synthetic Urine There are a number of brands on the market right now , among them are : Ultra Pure , UPass , Synthetix5 , Magnum , Sub - Solution , TestClear , Golden Shower , Monkey Dong etc . The most popular brand now is Quick Fix , which received a lot of positive reviews from consumers , so can be definitely recommended to everyone who want to pass a drug test . Where To Buy Unfortunately our store does not sell synthetic urine anymore due to the legislative restrictions of our state , but you can still buy it in other online stores . Read more : Where To Buy Synthetic Urine ? Is It Legal To Use ? Firs of all , this question is about legality of drug testing . There is no the only opinion about it . Officially drug test became legal in 1986 when president Reagan signed the special executive order . But many lawyers consider it unconstitutional , because of 4th Amendment to the Constitution of the US that guarantees The right of the people to be secure in their persons , houses , papers , and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution Many federal and state courts in the US ruled drug testing unconstitutional . From this point of view using synthetic urine in drug test is protection of your privacy , guaranteed by Constitution . In most states you can buy synthetic urine and use it legally . As of 2015 it is officially prohibited in AR , NC , OK , MD , IL , VA , SC , KY , NJ , NE , TX , FL , PA . Where It Is Used Synthetic urine was designed for laboratory use . Organizations such as drug testing laboratories , institutions and researchers use it to calibrate their drug testing equipment . Staff checks the accuracy of equipment by testing urine samples that were intentionally mixed with some toxins or chemicals . They can not use real human urine for several reasons : it smells bad , foams and must be kept frozen during shipping , as decays fast if not cooled . Also , before taking human sample , donor has to be checked thoroughly for drugs or diseases , that can spoil sample Now synthetic urine is used for next , sometimes specific , purposes : Drug Testing The lab produced synthetic urine is used for the calibration of urine testing equipment , as well as for sample substitution in drug test in order to pass it . Science and education It is also widely used in labs for research and development purposes , as well as for training medical students . Industrial Use Diapers industry uses synthetic urine for testing diapers . Marketing The sellers of pet urine stain cleaners have also found it useful for the demonstrating of the effectiveness of their products . Urine Therapy SYNTHETIC URINE IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR INTERNAL USE , but some people believe that urine has a curative power . Some cultures , for example Indian , have traditionally used it for a medicine purposes . But using a real urine is unpleasant for hygienic reasons , so some people use a synthetic product as an alternative substitute , as it has most substances the real pee has . Fetish Another possible use is for fetish purposes . Fetish community uses synthetic urine instead of real because of health reasons . Real human urine can contain harmful impurities , but synthetic one is clear and looks real thus providing a healthy way to play . Pranks Some people consider it to be funny when dousing friend β s bed or clothing with urine . The synthetic product can help to avoid problems with resentful people . Unlike real pee , the synthetic one is absolutely healthy and hygienic , and does not contain the nasty substances . Chemical Composition Human urine contains a lot of different organic and inorganic substances . All of the components are either products of cellular metabolism or have been derived directly from food that people eat . The normal ratio of organic to inorganic components is about 3.5 / 2.5 , although usually it varies from subject to subject . The main organic components are urea , creatinine and uric acid . The main substance is urea that contains about 95 % of the nitrogen of urine , so usually it is not necessary to integrate uric acid into synthetic urine . The second important substance is creatinine , that is a hydrated form of creatine . Usually approximately normal level of creatinine is included in the synthetic urine . The basic inorganic components are chlorides , sulfates , phosphates and ammonia . Sodium chloride is about a half of all inorganic substances . Normally , there is very little of ammonia in fresh pee , because of its toxicity . But eventually , if urine stands at room temperature for some hours , the level of ammonia grows because of the breakdown of urea by bacterial action . So , a small amount of ammonia may be included ( but not necessarily ) in the synthetic urine to simulate the ammonia present in not fresh human urine . Synthetic urine must have a temperature about 90 - 100 Β° F to be an acceptable specimen . Usual synthetic urine formulation has a specific gravity about 1.00 - 1.035 , a pH about 4 - 9 and a total solids content about 1.5 - 6 % by weight . It necessarily contains urea , creatinine and water , and optionally includes a uric acid , a buffer , such as a phosphate buffer , phosphorus , potassium , calcium and a source of sodium . In one of the variations , the synthetic urine consists of approximately 60 - 90 mg / dl of urea and 37 - 300 mg / dl of creatinine ( this is the usual levels in real human urine ) . Also it contains about 0.5 g / l of magnesium chloride , 0.25 g / l of calcium chloride , 0.85 g / l of ammonium diphosphate , 0.85 g / l of ammonium phosphate , 2 g / l of sodium sulfate and 2 g / l of potassium chloride . Synthetic Urine Patent Urea and creatinine have to be present in an appropriate range for a real human urine . Optional components can include an appropriate amounts of estrogen or testosterone and an appropriate coloring agent , like vitamin B12 , beta carotene or yellow dyes to look like human urine . The synthetic urine , that is created to calibrate the drug testing equipment , can contain a suitable amount of a drug substance , that equipment is intended to identify . Such mix helps to make sure that the equipment is functioning in the proper way . Mostly , this substance is Cannabis or its active component TetraHydroCannabinolic Acid . Sometimes this is Cocaine or its main metabolite Benzoylecgonine , opiates such as Morphine or Heroin , Amphetamine , PCP , Acetaldehyde , Ethanol etc . Sometimes such substances as Acetyl Salicylic Acid or Acetominophen can be mistaken for drug Synthetic urine can have not only normal concentration . Also , it can be in powdered and concentrated form . The concentrated product can have the form of a liquid or gel , and sometimes even paste , and can contain some carrier , for example a water - dissolvable pectin matrix . The concentrated and normal synthetic urines are usually stored separately from the heat activator , that is added only when needed to heat the compound to the required temperature . The powdered product sometimes can be mixed with the heat activator and sometimes can be provided separately | [
"Synthetic Urine",
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http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-08-30/news/8801260586_1_mobile-classrooms-controversial-school-official-public-schools | BENJAMIN C . WILLIS , EX - CITY SCHOOLS CHIEF Benjamin C . Willis , 86 , served as superintendent of Chicago s public schools from 1953 to 1966 . He was known as a builder and innovator but also for an intransigent position on integration in the city s public schools . Memorial services for Dr . Willis , who had retired to Plantation , Fla . , will be held at 3 p.m. Friday in St . Elisabeth Episcopal Church , 556 Vernon Ave . , Glencoe . He died Saturday at home in Plantation after a heart attack . Dr . Willis was born on a Baltimore farm in 1901 . He began his career as a principal of a four - room country school , eventually becoming the highest paid and most controversial school official in the nation . His first eight years as superintendent of Chicago schools were filled with the problems of an expanding school system , but he enjoyed widespread public backing . His last five years were steeped in controversy , primarily on the issue of student desegregation . Civil rights groups charged that he intentionally kept black children in crowded , segregated schools , and they pressed for his resignation . Dr . Willis was regarded as the chief upholder of the neighborhood school policy and had the solid backing of many white communities . Although civil rights groups looked at the schools as the cutting edge for social change and racial integration , Dr . Willis insisted that the schools should be colorblind and not take race into consideration . In his early years in Chicago , he was nicknamed ' ' Big Ben the Builder ' ' for building more than 100 schools . Enrollment , especially the number of black children , was growing . Many schools were on double shifts because of crowding , but this practice ended during his administration . But Dr . Willis began to add mobile classrooms to increase the capacity of crowded schools , which invariably were in black neighborhoods . Civil rights groups and some school board members urged him to reassign black children to white schools with space , but he refused . Civil rights organizations made mobile classrooms the focal point of their charge that Dr . Willis was trying to keep schools segregated . Mobile classrooms were dubbed ' ' Willis Wagons , ' ' and protests were staged at some schools when mobile classrooms were added . The issue was the subject of a brief legal challenge in 1963 , when 20 parents of black schoolchildren filed suit in federal court . It never came to trial . Instead , the school board agreed in an out - of - court settlement to commission a study to recommend integration measures . The study was approved in principle in 1964 but never implemented . In 1979 , 13 years after Dr . Willis left the Chicago school system , the U.S. Office for Civil Rights charged that the Chicago Board of Education had systematically contained black students in overcrowded , segregated schools , primarily through the use of mobile classrooms . Dr . Willis fought off attempts by school board members to intrude on what he believed were his administrative prerogatives . When the board changed details of a student transfer plan in 1963 , he resigned in protest . The board backed off and rehired him three weeks later . His stormy battles with some board members came to a head in 1965 over whether to renew his contract . He wanted another full four - year term as superintendent , but several board members did not want him to continue . A compromise was reached to give him one more year with the understanding that he would retire on his 65th birthday , which he did . Dr . Willis received his bachelor s degree from George Washington University , a master s degree from the University of Maryland and a doctorate from Columbia University . He was a principal and county superintendent for 25 years in Maryland . He was named school superintendent in Yonkers , N.Y. , in 1947 and in Buffalo in 1950 . He came to Chicago three years later . A Tribune writer in 1966 described a side of Dr . Willis not often seen publicly : ' ' He could be utterly charming , ' ' James Yuenger wrote . ' ' To see him take a few top staff members and move in on a group of the city s most influential businessmen to generate good will was to see a field general in perfect command of a situation . He did it often . ' ' In contrast , union leader John Fewkes , after a particularly bitter bargaining session with Willis , said , ' ' The superintendent is never happy , he s only triumphant . ' ' After leaving Chicago in 1966 , Dr . Willis established an educational consultant firm . From 1970 to 1972 , he was school superintendent in Broward County , Fla . , which includes Ft . Lauderdale . He did other educational consultant work later while continuing to live in Ft . Lauderdale . ' ' All the children in Chicago were his first concern in any and all the decisions he made , ' ' his daughter , Rachel Bischoff , said . Survivors , besides his daughter , include his wife , Rachel ; three grandchildren ; nine great - grandchildren ; and two brothers . | [
"BENJAMIN C . WILLIS",
"SCHOOLS CHIEF",
"Chicago"
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http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-03-02/entertainment/8903230478_1_breakfast-cereals-convenience-foods-bht | MOST COMMON FOOD ADDITIVES Bill Stokes CHICAGO TRIBUNE Following is a list of a baker s dozen of common additives you are likely to find in your packaged and processed food : - BHA and BHT are butyl compounds used to prolong shelf life of foods containing fat and oil . They are added to breakfast cereals , enriched rice and many convenience foods . There has been pressure for further testing of their effect on the liver . - Caffeine occurs naturally in some beverages and is added to some soft drinks . It is not added to any food . Caffeine , a drug , is a stimulant to the nervous system and is mildly addictive . - Caramel , produced by cooking sugar , is one of the most common additives . In one form , manufactured with ammonia as a chemical agent , tests have shown caramel may cause health problems . - EDTA ( ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid ) is considered a safe additive and is used to trap metal impurities that cause clouding in beverages ; in other foods , it is used to retard staling and discoloration . - Lactic acid is used to boost or adjust acid in cheese and olives and to add tartness to ice creams and beverages . Nonacidic lactates prevent discoloration of fruits and vegetables . It is considered safe . - Monosodium glutamate , a flavor enhancer , may cause temporary allergic discomfort to some adults and has been banned in baby food . It should be avoided by pregnant women and those on a low sodium diet . - Niacin , or vitamin B - 3 , is added to many processed foods , particularly cereals . It is safe , and is often cited by food companies in nutritional claims . - Polysorbates are emulsifiers used to preserve texture and freshness in such things as bread , rolls and doughnuts . They are generally considered safe , but the FDA placed limits on the amount of contamination with dioxane after this known carcinogen was found in polysorbates . - Sodium , listed on food labels as salt ( sodium chloride ) and other sodium compounds , is widely used in processed and fast foods and is a factor in high blood pressure . - Sodium nitrite is used to treat billions of pounds of meat annually to preserve color and prevent spoilage and bacterial growth . Some research shows bacon containing nitrites , if cooked at high temperatures , can produce cancer - causing nitrosamines . - Sugar , from the standpoint of consumption , tops the list of food additives by a wide margin . Some breakfast cereals , for example , get nearly half their calories from added sugar and it is the main ingredient in many soft drinks . Refined sugar , from which the nutrients have been removed , makes up 10 to 20 percent of the American diet . Sugar is linked to dental cavities . - Sulfites , often found as sodium bisulfite , are commonly used to retain color and prevent bacterial growth in foods and beverages . Some - Yellow dye No . 5 , widely used in processed foods , is known to cause allergic reactions in some people . - The Notre Dame Cathedral fire : What we know so far Today is April 15 . If you ca n ' t file ( or pay ) taxes by midnight , here ' s what to do . | [
"FOOD ADDITIVES",
"BHA"
] |
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-06-07/features/8902070449_1_war-hero-audie-murphy-spam | AUDIE MURPHY TALE STILL TOUCHES NERVE Bob Greene CHICAGO TRIBUNE You ca n t predict what will touch a nerve . A few weeks ago I devoted a column to Audie Murphy , the most - decorated soldier of World War II . Murphy , who died in the crash of a small plane in 1971 , just may have been the greatest combat hero in American history ; he killed 240 enemy soldiers and was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor , along with 36 other medals . In the late 40s Murphy was the object of the kind of adulation and adoration reserved for rock singers and movie stars today . But the country was entering an era in which combat soldiers would not be regarded as heroes . Murphy moved to California , he became an actor in cowboy movies , he got hooked on prescription drugs and became a compulsive gambler . I wrote the column because his story , to me , is one of the most complex and fascinating of our times . Frankly , I did n t think the column would interest too many people . I was wrong . Those of you who remember Murphy were touched ; those of you who had never heard of him were intrigued . Today , reactions from two readers with very different perspectives : - ' ' Audie Murphy was our neighbor in the late 40s , ' ' said Jane Carter , 72 . Mrs . Carter and her husband , Gordon , now 87 , were living in California at the time . Audie Murphy , according to Mrs . Carter , had an apartment in the same small complex . ' ' He was still helping out his brothers and sisters back in Texas , ' ' Mrs . Carter said . Murphy , the supreme war hero of his time , had emerged from a life of poverty and desperation in rural Texas ; his mother had been ill most of his life , his father had deserted the family and Audie had been in charge of his brothers and sisters . ' ' Audie had a very sweet nature , and he was determined to succeed in Hollywood so he could keep sending money home , ' ' Mrs . Carter said . ' ' One weekend I found a recipe in the Ladies Home Journal - it was about how to extend ham to get more servings out of the meat . So I took the meat and I pounded , chopped , seasoned and molded it - I wound up with several meat - loaf - looking things , and took them over to Audie and a friend of his . ' ' The next morning their was a soft tap at our door . It was Audie , with the meat . He said , Jane , we love your cooking - but I ca n t eat this . Do you realize that you ve just made Spam ? Spam was the canned meat that the soldiers ate overseas , and a lot of them could n t stand the taste of it once they got home . Audie thought that what I d made was basically homemade Spam . ' ' He would often baby - sit with our son , Garrett . If we were going out , we would ask Audie to come over . Even though Garrett was only 4 years old , they got along wonderfully . I do n t know if it was because Garrett was a 4 - year - old who liked to play war hero , or because Audie was a war hero who liked to act like a 4 - year - old . ' ' But when we moved to Illinois later , Garrett s class in school was assigned to write essays about My Favorite Baby - sitter . We got a call from the school . They were worried - they said Garrett s essay was very good , but they were concerned that he was indulging in some vivid , unexplainable fantasy . The school people said , Your son says that his favorite baby - sitter was Audie Murphy . He goes into some detail . We finally persuaded them that it was true . ' ' - Thomas B . Morgan , now 62 , is a journalist who in 1967 was assigned by a national magazine to do a profile of Audie Murphy . ' ' I think the assignment was based on the fact that there had been stories that he was going to make some terrible movie in North Africa or something , ' ' Morgan said . ' ' It was an ironic thing - Hey , here s Audie Murphy , and he s going off to act in some third - rate Western so bad that they re shooting it in North Africa to save money . The story was supposed to be kind of a What ever happened to Audie Murphy ? piece . ' ' Morgan flew to California and spent much of a week with Murphy . Yes , Murphy was in bad shape ; yes , Murphy s life had fallen apart . Thomas Morgan talked with Murphy for all those hours , and listened to him , and watched him . At the end of the week Murphy said , ' ' Well , thanks for being so nice . ' ' Morgan went back to New York - and could not write the story . He simply would not let himself do it . ' ' I could not forget that this guy had done a wonderful thing , ' ' Morgan said . ' ' He was a great soldier who , in a very real sense , gave his life for our country in one of the few just wars ever fought on this planet . What would have been gained by me writing an article saying that now he was wasted ? ' ' When people think of Audie Murphy , they should consider that none of the sad things that happened to him after he won the Congressional Medal of Honor should be ignored - but neither should those things prevent Americans from appreciating his personal triumphs over the most formidable obstacles . In a way , Audie Murphy was a casualty of war - but he was a great hero , and when we remember him , we should remember that first . ' ' Here ' s what was saved β and what was lost β in the Notre Dame fire Ask Amy : Engaged couple ' s relationship is in escrow | [
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"Audie Murphy",
"combat soldiers"
] |
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-02-03/news/9303175264_1_ganges-river-fires-crackling-world-bank-reports | FOR HINDUS , GANGES RIVER IS VERY SACRED , BUT ALSO VERY POLLUTED Loretta Tofani , Knight - Ridder Tribune News CHICAGO TRIBUNE By 6 : 30 a.m. , six bodies were burning on high beds of logs on the bank of the Ganges River , fires crackling , ashes flying . Families gathered around the burning pyres . When the fires died , workers threw the ashes into the river . Just downstream , people brushed their teeth in the river . Men lathered their chests with soap , their heads with shampoo . Others soaped and washed copper pots . Still others washed clothes . They did not worry , they said , about pollution from ashes - or about the bodies , of both humans and animals , that were deposited daily into the river . " This water cleans the mouth well , " said Santos Kumar Singh , 18 , holding a toothbrush . " It ' s better than tap water because it ' s not processed . It ' s also better in taste . " Even farther downstream , Dipak Kumar Kanojia , 35 , stood in the river and rubbed soap onto clothes . " This water gets clothes more clean than any other water , " he said . Hindus believe the Ganges is the world ' s most sacred river and those who bathe in its waters achieve purity . Similarly , those whose bodies are deposited in the Ganges - whether as ashes or corpses - are believed to break the cycle of reincarnation . They become one with God . But the World Bank reports the Ganges is severely polluted . In addition to the ashes and numerous corpses that each day find their final rest there , industrial waste and raw sewage foul the water . The Indian government has been trying to clean the river , spending $ 14 million on a project known as the Ganga Action Plan . Electric crematoria and sewage - treatment plants have been built . Waste - dumping industries have been fined . But the government has not fined or punished those who deposit bodies , ashes or soap into the river - and that is the story of the vast power of religion in India . " People believe they will go directly to heaven if their bodies are placed in the Ganges , " said G.S. Randhawa , spokesman for the Ministry of Environment and Forests . " We can not stop them from acting on these essential beliefs . It ' s part of the Hindu religion and part of the culture . " On a recent Thursday , the mourning relatives of Aparna Davie stood beside the Ganges and watched her body , covered with orange cloth , as it burned . A family member took out a jar and sprinkled ghee , a type of butter , onto the body in an attempt to prevent air pollution . The family had traveled 500 miles to give Davie a funeral in Varanasi . " We believe that if you come to Varanasi , you ' ll go straight to heaven , " said Nagendra Pathak , the woman ' s grandson . " So we have done our duty . " Pathak said the family never seriously considered using the electric crematorium down the river . " Her body must be finished in wood , with natural fire , not electricty , " Pathak said . " Only then will her ashes flow properly in the Ganges . " Within yards of the burning ghat , overlooking the river , is a rent - free three - story yellow house where people from out of town can wait to die . In a courtyard , Siuku Marie Davie , 90 , lay under a blanket . The blanket also covered her face , as though she were already dead . Nearby , preparing lunch over a fire , was Davie ' s daughter , Gura Davie , 60 , no relation to the Davie whose funeral was occurring outside . " For a long time , my mother wanted to come here to die , " said Gura Davie , whose father had died in this same house . The manager of the house , Siku Mar Dubey , said Davie was the only resident waiting to die . " But sometimes we have five , six or seven people here . " Individuals are allowed to wait for death in the house for three months . Then they must leave - although they can come back later . Back along the river , a family of seven men burned an orange - and - gold cloth over a small pyre . It was in memory of their mother and grandmother , Dulari , 95 , of Varanasi . " My grandmother died of leprosy , so we did n ' t burn her body ; yesterday we put it into the river , " said Narayan , 30 , her grandson . " But some family members want a burning as a type of memorial , so we ' re burning chapati powder . " Chapati is a type of bread . In Hinduism , victims of leprosy , as well as dead children and animals , are not cremated . Those bodies are thrown into the river . Farther downstream , the sacred river seemed more like a beach . Sunbathers under straw umbrellas rubbed suntan oil onto their skin . Boys flew kites . Children played ball . Vendors sold incense and tea . But the bigger picture was of a mingling - of the sacred and worldly , of death and life , of animals and people , of filth and purity . | [
"GANGES RIVER",
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http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-03-21/news/9703210060_1_sam-sianis-goat-into-wrigley-field-jackie-robinson | Weather Alert in Will , McHenry , Lake , Kendall , Kankakee , Kane , Grundy , DuPage and Cook counties . January 21 News IT WAS WRIGLEY , NOT SOME GOAT , WHO CURSED CUBS Mike Royko CHICAGO TRIBUNE It ' s about time that we stopped blaming the failings of the Cubs on a poor , dumb creature that is a billy goat . This has been going on for years , and it has reached the point where some people actually believe it . Now a beer company , the Cubs and Sam Sianis , who owns Billy Goat ' s Tavern and the accused goat , have banded together to lift the alleged curse that was supposedly placed on the Cubs in 1945 - - the last time they were in the World Series As the story goes , the late Bill Sianis , founder of the old tavern , tried to bring his pet goat into Wrigley Field and was turned away because the goat smelled . That ' s when the curse was placed on the Cubs , and they have n ' t been in a World Series since . It ' s an entertaining story , but is only partly true . Yes , blame for many of the Cubs ' failings since 1945 can be placed on a dumb creature . Not a poor , dumb creature but a rich one . I ' m talking about P.K. Wrigley , head of the chewing gum company and the owner of the Cubs until he died in 1977 . In many ways , Wrigley was a nice man - - shy , modest and very good at selling chewing gum . He was a lucky man , inheriting the thriving gum company and a fine baseball team from his more aggressive father . In baseball , what P.K. Wrigley was best known for was preserving day baseball long after all other franchises were playing most of their games at night . A myth grew that Wrigley believed baseball was meant to be played in sunshine and , as a matter of principal , kept lights out of his park . The truth was that he planned on lights very early . But when World War II began , materials needed for lights were needed in the war effort . So he shelved plans for the lights , and when the war ended , he did n ' t bother . The only other baseball feat he was known for was running the worst franchise in baseball . And a big part of that can be blamed on racism . If not Wrigley ' s , then that of the stiffs he hired to run his baseball operation . After World War II ended , the best players available were being discharged from the military and returning to the teams they had starred for a few years earlier . But Wrigley had a unique manpower problem . His best players had remained home during the war because they were 4F for one physical defect or another or too old to have served . So as other teams quickly got better , all the Cubs ' 4F team did was get older and more enfeebled . Because he had a second - rate minor - league system , there were few good young prospects moving up . But all of that could have been overcome in 1947 - - two years after the Cubs ' last World Series and the end of the war . That was when Branch Rickey of the Brooklyn Dodgers knocked down the racial wall in baseball by signing ex - Army officer Jackie Robinson Although he went on to a fabulous career , Robinson was not nearly the best available black ballplayer at the time . Rickey chose him because Robinson had the education and character to endure the racial abuse heaped on him by fans , press , some of his own teammates and opposing players . The old Negro League was loaded with outstanding players . When they played off - season exhibition games against white all - star teams , the blacks won as often as they lost . By 1947 , the year Robinson broke in , the Cubs were already pathetic doormats . Had Wrigley followed Rickey ' s lead , he could instantly have had a competitive team . And depending on how many black players he could have tolerated , maybe a great team . He did n ' t . His players had made their feelings clear , voting not to play if the other teams boycotted Robinson . And his team ' s front office would n ' t listen to those who urged them to sign black players . It was n ' t a momentary hesitation . It was not until September 1953 - - nearly seven full seasons after Robinson arrived - - that Wrigley signed two black players . By then , the Dodgers , with Robinson , Roy Campanella , Junior Gilliam , Don Newcombe and Joe Black , and the New York Giants , with the amazing Willie Mays and clutch - hitting Monte Irvin , had become dominant teams . Who did Wrigley ignore ? Besides some of the names above , there was Larry Doby , who became an American League home run leader ; slugger Luke Easter ; Minnie Minoso ; the great Satchel Paige ; and Hank Aaron , who broke Babe Ruth ' s lifetime home run record . During the years Wrigley snubbed black players , the black players who were in their late 20s or early 30s when Robinson broke in had aged past their primes . By the time Cubs management got over their racial fears , the black league was getting ready to fold . Fewer players were available and better teams competed for them . Other sports , college and pro , began going after black athletes . So what might have been was n ' t . It had nothing to do with a goat ' s curse . Not unless the goat wore a gabardine suit and sat behind a desk in an executive suite . Yes , I know , so do n ' t grab your phone : The corporation that owns this paper has owned the Cubs since 1981 . So why , you ask , have n ' t they made it to the World Series ? Because they have n ' t been good enough . But I do know that if they thought a three - legged green creature from another planet could hit home runs or throw a 95 - m.p.h. fastball , they ' d sign it . And we ' d cheer . Police say one killed , another injured , in Orland Park mall shooting ; search continues for gunman It started when he could n β t grasp a pen . Diagnosed with ALS at 37 , former Obama staffer hopes to use campaign skills to raise funds for a cure . | [
"WRIGLEY",
"CUBS"
] |
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-10-16/news/9910160182_1_violin-roberta-guaspari-meryl-streep | STREEP TAKES VIOLIN IMMERSION COURSE FOR ROLE IN MUSIC OF THE HEART ' Bonnie Churchill , Entertainment News Service CHICAGO TRIBUNE Meryl Streep placed the violin in its case as caringly as putting a newborn to bed . She drew a sigh as she regarded her slender fingers . The nails were cut short and blunt , while the fingertips were hard as erasers . Sandy Park , an esteemed violinist with the New York Philharmonic , had just finished another five - hour violin lesson with the Oscar - winning actress . Park was giving Streep an accelerated course for her role of a violin teacher in " Music of the Heart . " As the late - afternoon sunshine filled the room of Streep ' s New York home , the actress slumped into a chair . Her neck was stiff from holding the violin for hours under her chin . Her husband , sculptor Donald Gummer , walked into the room and , without a word , began to massage her neck . " What made me think I could do this ? " Streep asked . " Who can learn the violin in weeks ? It takes years ! " Before he could speak , she answered her own question : " Because I want to play Roberta Guaspari , a real person , exactly my age , contending with things a single mom has to handle , making a livelihood , always being strapped for money . I ' m in awe of this story - - teaching elementary school kids in the inner city to play the violin . This is a story worth telling . " It ' s been quite a challenge . Streep had less than two months to learn to play the violin for her role in " Music of the Heart . " Her character has her husband leave her for her best friend - - and leave her to raise two young sons . The only thing she knows is the violin . Guaspari talks the principal ( Angela Bassett ) at an East Harlem Elementary School into letting her teach the instrument to inner - city youngsters . Gloria Estefan makes her film debut as Streep ' s fellow teacher and confidant . To familiarize Streep with her character ' s teaching methods , director Wes Craven parked a video camera high in the corner of Guaspari ' s classroom . And , Streep said , " Susan and Arthur Miller did a 90 - minute documentary , showing Roberta ' s work in the inner - city schools . Craven , who is on the Academy Award Documentary Committee , saw it and decided he wanted to make a full - length film about this remarkable woman . " The first time Wes Craven offered me this role , " the actress said , " I turned it down . I had just made two films back - to - back , and I was tired . I wanted a chance to be with my husband , to attend school events with my three girls , and to help my son get situated in college . " Streep was doing just that when she received a handwritten letter from Craven . He was desperate . Madonna had agreed to do the role , spent 10 weeks learning the violin - - then bowed out . Production was at a standstill . Craven sat down and wrote Streep . " He let his passion for the project spill onto the pages . He explained who he was as a man , as a filmmaker , how he worked 20 years to achieve credibility in the business , how as a former teacher this film meant so much to him . He basically seduced me with his passion for the project . " Craven has written , produced or directed many box - office successes , but they were all horror films : " Nightmare on Elm Street , " " Scream , " " Scream 2 , " " Vampire in Brooklyn . " " Music of the Heart " was to be his first move into drama . Streep continued : " I had to do this role . His dream of keeping the arts alive in the public schools , since the budgets had been cut , was dear to my heart too . " I ' ve always loved music , " Streep said . " Ever since I did my first high school play as Marian the librarian in The Music Man , ' I sang and played the piano . " Streep was eager to have her first child take piano lessons . But he did n ' t like it , and she did n ' t persist . Now 19 , her son recently confessed to his mom that his one regret in life was not learning the piano . " That ' s not going to happen to our youngest child . This child has got to be musical . She found her first piano lesson boring . I told her , You ca n ' t quit just because it ' s hard . On the other side of what ' s difficult is a door which will open and enrich your life forever . ' I ' m not sure if she believed me , but she did continue the lessons . Now , she loves playing and looks forward to her lessons . " I ' m hooked on the violin , and I , too , am going back to learn the basics . Now that I ' ve played Carnegie Hall with Isaac Stern and Itzhak Perlman in the film , do n ' t you think it ' s wise I learn to read music ? " In defense of Bruce Pearl : No one in college basketball plays the game better Campaign 2020 : The list of Democratic presidential candidates who want to topple Trump | [
"STREEP",
"VIOLIN IMMERSION"
] |
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-12-26/features/0412260416_1_temporal-arteries-pain | Swollen arteries can be pain in neck and head Allen Douma , M.D. , Tribune Media Services CHICAGO TRIBUNE Q . My husband has been having terrible pain shooting up the side of his left temple , and the vein swells as big as your little finger . The pain comes and goes , but it is becoming unbearable . He has asked doctors about it , but unless they see him with the pain they ca n ' t give any answers about the problem . It scares me because he has a bad heart , and he always says that he can feel his heart beat really bad with the pain . I sure hope you can give me some advice . - - L . A . Although it ' s often unwise to make a diagnosis without seeing someone while he is having symptoms , in cases like your husband it may be the only approach . I ' ll provide you with information about a condition that could explain the symptoms , so that you can have better discussions with a specialist . Temporal arteritis is one form of inflammation of blood vessels ( " - itis " means inflammation ) . Temporal arteritis is a chronic inflammation of large arteries , primarily in the head , and typically affects people over 50 . The cause is unknown . Classic symptoms include headaches , scalp tenderness , visual problems , fever , throat pain and difficulty chewing and talking , all depending on which arteries in the head are affected . It is often one - sided . It gets its name from affecting the temporal arteries - - the large ones in the temple . However , this disorder can affect other medium - sized to large arteries , especially branches of the carotid artery that carry blood to the brain . Most of the pain is thought to be due to swelling in and around the affected artery . This swelling in turn puts pressure on the nerves and vein that run through that area . This is similar in a way to other forms of headache that involve blood vessels and nerves . Diagnosis is based on symptoms and examination . It may be confirmed by an examination of a biopsy specimen from the temporal artery tissue . When symptoms or lab test results suggest temporal arteritis , prednisone ( as much as 60 milligrams per day ) should be started immediately and a temporal artery biopsy promptly obtained for confirmation . The prednisone probably should be continued at least for a month or so before tapering off as the inflammation ceases . There are side effects to taking prednisone for long periods . Anyone diagnosed with temporal arteritis should stay in close contact with his or her doctor regarding symptoms caused by the disease and treatment . There are many kinds of head and neck pain that can benefit from treatment tailored to the exact cause . Given the specific nature of treatment for temporal arteritis , it ' s important that your husband gets advice from a neurologist to determine if this is his problem . And he does not need to be having the pain at the time to get good advice . Lung cancer update Treating lung cancer is often a frustrating experience in which a person experiences severe side effects in return for only a slight increase in life span . A newly approved drug called Tarceva adds only slightly to this situation . This medication recently was approved for people with non - small cell lung cancer , the most common form . It was tested in people whose disease was still progressing despite other treatments . Although Tarceva extended the length of life on average only by about five to seven months , about half the people got better results . Further study is needed to better select patients who benefit the most from this new drug . Like all medications used to treat cancer , Tarceva has significant side effects , so it ' s particularly important to try to balance the benefits and risks in deciding which treatments to try . - - - - - - - - - - Write to Allen Douma in care of Tribune Media Services , 2225 Kenmore Ave . , Suite 114 , Buffalo , NY 14207 ; or contact him at DRFamily @ aol . com . This column is not intended to take the place of consultation with a health - care provider . Demoted Ian Happ and Carl Edwards Jr . will get a close look β but their return to the Cubs is not imminent Actress Felicity Huffman , 12 other parents agree to plead guilty in college admissions cheating scam | [
"Swollen arteries",
"neck",
"terrible pain"
] |
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-10-02/news/0810020498_1_volunteer-work-learning-teens | Should students be required to do community service to graduate ? CHICAGO TRIBUNE Nadia Amirah Khan SENN PRO Service learning does teens , communities good In a high school student ' s life , there are many obstacles that can keep teens from doing what they love and enjoy - - an after - school job , baby - sitting and homework . All of these may keep students from taking a look at their own communities . Some may never realize how much their neighborhood may need help - - until they become the ones with the helping hands . That ' s where service learning comes in . Forty hours of volunteer work are needed for CPS teens to graduate , and I feel that service - learning hours really help . Service learning improves students ' awareness of their community - - and even their futures . Through service learning , a teen might realize that the type of work they ' re doing is something they want to pursue as a career . Volunteering gives students a chance to give back . This summer , I worked with After School Matters , and it was an unbelievable experience - - the work there involved projects commissioned by Mayor Richard Daley ' s wife , Maggie Daley . Our main goal was to create art for the city . Getting the chance to work for the city as a high school student was exciting for me , and I ' ve made plans to work more with After School Matters doing video production . Volunteer work can be just as rewarding no matter where you put in your hours . Many students may think that finding opportunities to complete service learning hours is difficult . But you often never have to look much further than a local business or clinic in your neighborhood . There are more opportunities than you think . And in the end , you are making a difference . JA Alonzo Walter payton CON 40 hours ca n ' t force - feed the spirit of giving Who would n ' t like to believe the benefits of service learning ? Potentially , it leads students to build character and social awareness . In return , communities get volunteers . Everyone wins . . .right ? Not exactly . Sign up . Drop in . Later , whine a bit while writing a post - service reflection . From teens with 400 service hours to those who just meet the required 40 hours , we ' re all familiar with the process . However , service learning promotes short - term , drop - in volunteerism more than genuine involvement in social issues . Sure , we can get our hours at the nearby retirement home or animal shelter - - but we can just as easily get one or two hours at a band concert , a soup kitchen , a library , a park . . . Part of the problem lies in integrating actual learning into service learning . Few of our programs seem to care about the relationship between service and the classroom . Until then , the relevance is null - - it becomes another assignment , compulsory and at risk of being completed half - heartedly . The focus is on the hours spent serving , not the service itself . As attractive as it may seem , service learning is n ' t the most effective way of prompting students to become civic - minded . When volunteering becomes mandatory , students can lose the motivation that sparks pure voluntary service . Having students volunteer their time is hardly a new idea . If given the time to freely pursue our own interests , surely , many of us would still volunteer . Still , doing good ca n ' t be force - fed . Hundreds of texts , emails about Jussie Smollett probe made public by State ' s Attorney Kim Foxx ' s office Naperville native , ' Jeopardy ! ' contestant James Holzhauer nearly breaks his record one - day winnings total ; extends victory streak to nine days | [
"community service",
"students ' awareness",
"voluntary service"
] |
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-02-27/news/0902260729_1_mentally-ill-inmates-illinois-department-controversial-prison | A LOOK INSIDE ILLINOIS ' ONLY SUPER - MAX PRISON Gary Marx , Tribune reporter CHICAGO TRIBUNE Every once in a while , Joseph Dole stands in a back corner of the walled - in outdoor recreation area at Tamms Correctional Center straining to catch a ray of sunlight . " About 4 square feet gets sun , " said Dole , a rail - thin convicted murderer who is serving a life sentence . " You can stand there . . . . You feel refreshed . But you can only get it if they call yard between 11 and 1 . " Another murderer , Adolfo Rosario , said he has n ' t shaken anyone ' s hand since he was transferred to Tamms 11 years ago . " There is no contact at all , none , " he said . Tyrone Dorn , serving time for carjacking , has n ' t had a visitor or made a phone call in five years at Tamms . " The hardest part is the isolation , " he said . " It ' s like being buried alive . " Situated amid rolling hills and farms in the southern tip of Illinois , the state ' s only " super - max " prison was built during the get - tough - on - crime wave that swept the nation in the 1990s . It was designed to house the state ' s most dangerous inmates . Conditions are harsh - - and meant to be . For at least 23 hours a day , prisoners sit in solitary confinement in 7 - by - 12 - foot cells . There is no mess hall - - meals are shoved through a chuckhole in cell doors . Contact with the outside world is sharply restricted . For a rare visit from relatives or friends , inmates are strip - searched , chained to a concrete stool and separated from visitors by a thick glass wall . There are no jobs and limited educational opportunities . For the first time in years , the Illinois Department of Corrections opened up this closed world to a Tribune reporter and photographer , allowing them a glimpse at life for its 245 inmates . Among the snapshot views from the daylong visit : * Inmates in a psychiatric unit being rewarded for good behavior by watching TV from locked cages about the size of phone booths . * Hallways barren of foot traffic and eerily quiet except for the occasional clang of metal doors shutting . * Desperate cries for help shouted by inmates on realizing a reporter was visiting . * Inmates who spoke of their ingenuity at coping with the isolation by using " fishing lines " fashioned from string in blankets to pass notes to other inmates and developing a sign language to communicate . The controversial prison , compared by some experts to the U.S. detention facility at Guantanamo Bay , has been the target of persistent criticism from human - rights activists . Opponents say Tamms and many other super - max prisons around the country warehouse mentally ill inmates and isolate others for so long that they develop psychological problems . Legislation introduced last week in Springfield would prohibit seriously mentally ill inmates from being sent to Tamms and make it more difficult to keep inmates there indefinitely . But Illinois prison officials hail Tamms as a success , saying assaults against inmates and staff at other prisons have dropped by placing the most disruptive prisoners there . They insist they have been selective in who is housed in Tamms and note it has been at just half its capacity throughout its 11 - year history . The prison is expensive , costing $ 27 million a year to run , or about $ 64,000 for each inmate , almost triple the state average . " What price do you put on staff safety ? " Sergio Molina , executive assistant to the state prison director , said in defending the expense at a time of economic crisis . " You earn your way here . . . . It ' s a management tool . " The most severely mentally ill inmates are housed in a section of the prison called J - Pod , one of the first stops on the visit . While one of every 10 prisoners in Tamms is given psychotropic drugs , only a dozen inmates are incarcerated in J - Pod for treatment for schizophrenia , manic depression and other ills . A TV blared loudly as four inmates watched the sitcom " One on One " in the phone booth - size cages behind thick glass , a scene reminiscent of the Academy Award - winning film " The Silence of the Lambs . " " They love Rachael Ray , " said Rita Lehkar , an activity therapist . " She has a real bubbly personality . " In one cage , John Spires , a convicted child rapist who is serving a 240 - year sentence , said he hears voices telling him to hurt himself and others . He is prepared to spend the rest of his life at Tamms . " I ' m OK with that , " Spires said . " That way I know I wo n ' t hurt anyone . I get tired of hurting people . " Even critics praise the care at J - Pod , but they contend that mentally ill inmates should n ' t be at Tamms because the isolation is harmful . One inmate attempted suicide several months ago . Another prisoner , Marcus Chapman , hanged himself in 2004 by braiding together torn pieces of his jumpsuit . " Tell all the guys on J - Pod I ' m sorry ! " Chapman wrote in a suicide note , court records show . " I just could n ' t take it anymore . I ' m now free . Next , Molina walked upstairs along a catwalk into the G - Pod control tower , where Correctional Officer Patrick Trokey manned an electronic board controlling 60 cell doors from his catbird seat . While many prisons resemble small towns as inmates hustle to jobs or classes , play hoops in the yard or head to the chow hall , Tamms ' corridors were desolate . For security reasons , movement is sharply limited . When inmates are moved , they are restrained in leg chains and handcuffs and guarded by two officers . " When I worked [ at Pontiac ] , I was scared , " Trokey said of the maximum - security prison . " Here , these guys are secure . They ca n ' t do anything . " But critics said a dearth of educational programs and jobs should be a concern to the public . More than one - fourth of the inmates at Tamms are scheduled to be freed in the next decade , prison officials confirmed . While acknowledging that a few inmates need to be held in the strictest conditions because they are so dangerous , critics contend that most prisoners could be safely housed at one of the state ' s three maximum - security prisons . Yet more than a quarter of the inmates have been at Tamms since its opening in 1998 . Even George Welborn , its first warden , said Tamms has abandoned its original goal to keep most inmates for no more than a couple of years . Before he retired several years ago , Welborn said , superiors sometimes did n ' t follow his recommendation to transfer out inmates who had passed muster . " And that policy has been maintained since I left , " he said . Prison officials said even well - behaved inmates need to remain at Tamms if they continue to hold sway over a street gang or pose a threat . Molina contended that officials regularly review whether inmates should remain at Tamms . Since 2005 , officials said , 66 inmates have been moved to less restrictive prisons . For longtime inmates at Tamms , the biggest challenge is to stay busy and avoid " bugging out " - - losing touch with reality . Tyrone Dorn , who was transferred to Tamms after prison assaults , passes the time reading the Quran and playing chess with an inmate housed upstairs in the same wing . They shout out moves to each other . " This place takes a toll on your entire body from a mental and physical standpoint , " he said . - - - A look at some of the faces inside Tamms The 500 - bed closed maximum - security facility at Tamms Correctional Center houses some of Illinois ' most dangerous inmates . Henry Brisbon " The I - 57 killer " sentenced to 1,000 to 3,000 years for the 1973 murders of a Chicago couple , Brisbon received the death sentence for fatally stabbing a fellow inmate at Stateville prison Oct . 19 , 1978 . His sentence was commuted to life by former Illinois Gov . George Ryan . William Cabrera A top Latin King enforcer , Cabrera was already serving a 60 - year sentence for murder when he helped plan the fatal beating of Correctional Officer Lawrence Kush at Stateville in 1989 . Cabrera is serving a life sentence . Ike Easley While an inmate at Pontiac prison , Easley and another inmate fatally beat and stabbed prison Supt . Robert Taylor in 1987 in retaliation for the death of another prisoner who swallowed a bag of cocaine during a struggle with guards . Easley ' s death sentence also was later commuted by Ryan . Corey Fox While serving a life term for murder , Fox strangled his cellmate at Menard Correctional Center in 2004 . He is serving a life sentence . Victor Ganus Ganus was serving a life sentence for murder when he strangled and stabbed a fellow inmate at Menard in 1988 . He was sent to Death Row for the inmate homicide , but his sentence also was commuted by Ryan . Fernando Zayas The reputed leader of the Maniac Latin Disciples street gang , Zayas is serving a life sentence for shooting to death three men in 1983 to avenge the murder of a friend . - - - - - - - - - - gmarx @ tribune . com Ticket to jail - - and back Photographer John Smierciak takes you behind Tamms ' bars : chicagotribune . com / tamms Kim Foxx and the cops : As the killing season begins , this Smollett spat is n β t helping Naperville native sets new ' Jeopardy ! ' record for 1 - day winnings with $ 110,914 ; 4 - day streak continues | [
"ILLINOIS '",
"SUPER-MAX PRISON"
] |
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-01-13/news/sc-health-0112-pain-reliever-differen20110113_1_alcohol-warning-chronic-pain-tylenol | Pain relievers : What are the differences ? Acetaminophen Brand name : Tylenol Best for : Excellent for pain relief and fever reduction . Commonly used long - term for osteoarthritis , chronic back pain and headaches . Side effects : Very few if taken as directed , which makes it our experts ' first choice for over - the - counter ( OTC ) pain relievers . If not taken as directed , risk of liver failure . Take this with : You do not need to take on a full stomach or with food / milk . Alcohol warning : Anything that may be toxic to or interfere with liver function should be minimized or avoided when using Tylenol , alcohol specifically . Who should n ' t take it : Be cautious if taking prescription medications that contain acetaminophen , such as Vicodin , Percocet and Lorcet , or nonprescription products like Midol Complete , Excedrin or Nyquil , because you can unintentionally overdose and cause liver damage or failure . Kid warning : Use the child - specific product with children . Use dosing cup or dropper that comes with product ; household teaspoons are n ' t uniform and you can overdose or underdose your child . Warnings : You may take 4,000 milligrams daily up to 10 days for pain . Taking more puts you at risk for liver failure . " We see unintentional overdoses when people combine multiple products with acetaminophen , such as Nyquil and Tylenol , " says Dr . Jan Engle , past president , American Pharmacists Association . If you ' re taking it long - term for chronic pain , consider having liver function tests done once or twice a year . Ibuprofen Brand names : Motrin , Advil Best for : This nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drug ( NSAID ) is effective for pain relief and fever reduction . It does n ' t have much of an anti - inflammatory effect at the recommended dose . Popular for dental pain , menstrual cramps . Side effects : Most common side effect is stomach bleeding / ulcers , usually caused by long - term ( three months or longer ) use . Increased blood pressure , fluid retention and reduced kidney function are also concerns in long - term usage and short - term at higher doses . Take this with : Take on a full stomach or with food / milk . Alcohol warning : Do not take if you ' ve consumed three or more drinks because alcohol is a stomach irritant and the combination can cause gastro - intestinal bleeding . Who should n ' t take it : If you are older than 60 , or if you take oral steroids or blood thinners . If you have ulcers , heartburn or congestive heart failure , talk to your doctor or pharmacist first before taking ibuprofen . Kid warning : Ibuprofen is OK for children only in the kid form ( drops , chewable tablets ) . Do n ' t give adult ibuprofen to children . Use dosing cup or dropper that comes with product ; household teaspoons are n ' t uniform and you might overdose or underdose . Warnings : Do not mix with other pain relievers . Check with doctor or pharmacist for potential drug interactions . Do not take more than 10 days without consulting your physician . Naproxen sodium Brand name : Aleve This long - acting , nonsteroidal , anti - inflammatory drug ( NSAID ) is effective for pain relief and fever reduction . It does n ' t have much of an anti - inflammatory effect at the recommended dose . Popular for menstrual cramps . It is longer - acting than ibuprofen , so it needs to be taken less frequently . Side effects : Same as ibuprofen . Most common side effect is stomach bleeding / ulcers , usually caused by long - term ( three months or longer ) use . Increased blood pressure , fluid retention and reduced kidney function are also concerns in long - term usage and short - term at higher doses . Take on a full stomach or with food / milk . Do not take if you ' ve consumed three or more drinks because alcohol is a stomach irritant and the combination can cause gastro - intestinal bleeding . Children . Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking Naproxen if you are older than 60 , take oral steroids or blood thinners , have ulcers , heartburn or congestive heart failure . Kid warning : Do not give to children . : Do not mix with other pain relievers . Check with your doctor or pharmacist for potential drug interactions . Do not take more than 10 days without consulting your physician . Sources : Dr . Jan Engle , past president of the American Pharmacists Association ; Dr . Randolph E . Regal of the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy | [
"Pain relievers",
"acetaminophen",
"Tylenol"
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http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-30/health/sc-health-0509-eyesight-lasik-20120530_1_cataract-surgery-lasik-surgery-replacement-lens | Cataract surgery is possible for most who ' ve had Lasik Dr . Sanjay Patel , Mayo Clinic Q : Is it true that I ca n ' t have cataract surgery because I once had Lasik ? I ' m only 57 and am worried about losing my eyesight . A : No , that ' s not true . Successful cataract surgery is possible for most people who have had laser - assisted in - situ keratomileusis ( lasik surgery ) or other types of refractive surgery that reshape the cornea to correct vision . There is one important caveat , though . To ensure the most predictable vision outcome following cataract surgery , you need to provide your cataract surgeon with specific information about your eyes and eyesight from before and after your Lasik surgery . To understand why cataract surgery is possible after you have had Lasik surgery , it is helpful to know some basics about the eye . Lasik surgery and some other procedures used to correct vision are performed on the cornea β the dome - shaped transparent tissue at the front of the eye . Think of the cornea as your eye ' s front window . During Lasik surgery , a laser is used to reshape the cornea so it will bend , or refract , light rays to focus more precisely on your retina β the light - sensitive Cataract surgery , on the other hand , is performed on the natural lens inside your eye . The lens , where a cataract forms , is positioned just behind the colored part of your eye , called the iris . The lens focuses light that passes into your eye , producing clear , sharp images on the retina . Normally , the eye ' s lens is transparent and clear . When the lens becomes cloudy , it is called a cataract . Cataract surgery involves removing the clouded lens and replacing it with a plastic lens implant . The artificial lens placed during cataract surgery is designed to provide vision correction to replace eyeglasses as well as the removed cataract . For people who have not had Lasik or other types of corneal refractive surgery , vision correction with cataract surgery is usually straightforward , and the outcome is quite predictable . The surgeon takes measurements of the eye before surgery to help determine the correct lens power to implant . After cataract surgery , many people have clear distance vision without glasses , although most still need glasses for close - up work or reading . For people like you who have had Lasik surgery , providing the appropriate lens implant for cataract surgery takes additional calculations to determine the correct lens power . In addition to taking measurements of the eye , the surgeon also needs an accurate record of your prescription before and after Lasik surgery , as well as an accurate measurement of the curvature of your cornea before Lasik . The records from your Lasik surgery should contain this information . If you do not have your records , request them from the health care provider who performed your Lasik surgery . If you can not obtain copies of your records , you can still have cataract surgery . The outcome for your vision correction , however , may not be as predictable as it would normally be following cataract surgery . Dr . Sanjay Patel is an ophthalmologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester , Minn . Distributed by Tribune Media Services Copyright Β© 2019 , Chicago Tribune Mayo Clinic | [
"Cataract surgery",
"Lasik",
"refractive surgery"
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http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-07-17/features/ct-food-0717-msg-20130717_1_msg-chinese-restaurant-syndrome-kikunae-ikeda | Has MSG gotten a bad rap ? MSG has long been the food world ' s bad boy . Also known as monosodium glutamate , it has been demonized for at least two generations by food purists convinced MSG dumbs down flavor and quality , and by habitues of Asian restaurants worried they ' ll fall victim to " Chinese restaurant syndrome , " the onset of headaches , nausea or other symptoms often blamed on eating foods thought to be high in MSG . ( That explains all those " No MSG " signs you see ; whether that ' s always true is another story But MSG is " generally recognized as safe " by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration , and it ' s still out there in the nation ' s foods , notably in processed products . Monosodium glutamate looms so large on the culinary landscape that when Michael Pollan speculated on an American " flavor principle " in his new book , " Cooked , " he was left with two choices : Heinz ketchup β used " to domesticate every imaginable kind of food " β or the " familiar " taste of fast food , which he describes as " salt , soy oil and MSG . " MSG is a form of glutamic acid , which is one of the protein - building amino acids . It was born out of research conducted by a Japanese chemistry professor named Kikunae Ikeda . In 1908 , he extracted glutamates from a seaweed stock and claimed it offered a unique " fifth taste , " or " umami . " Ikeda patented his discovery , and commercial production of MSG began the next year under the brand name Aji - no - moto , or " essence of taste " in English . Seaweed is not used to make MSG anymore . Today , MSG is made by fermenting " starch , sugar beets , sugar cane or molasses , " according to the FDA , in a process the agency says is similar to what is used in making yogurt , vinegar and wine . MSG , a white powder , is sold at most supermarkets under various brand names . You can use it like a seasoning , sprinkling it into foods as you cook . Food manufacturers who use MSG in their products must list it on the label . MSG has yet to recover from the onus of Chinese restaurant syndrome . Leslie Stein , science communications director for the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia , an independent institute that studies taste and smell , is somewhat surprised at the lingering taint on MSG . " There really is no evidence it has a deleterious effect , ' ' she says , dismissing the " syndrome " as an " old wives ' tale . " In his " A Short History of MSG : Good Science , Bad Science and Taste Cultures " published in the fall 2005 issue of " Gastronomica , " Jordan Sand traced the century - old arc of MSG from a symbol of Japanese innovation β and imperialism β to a " vegetarian substitute for meat stock " in mainland Chinese kitchens to a substance linked to a " syndrome " that many Americans seek to avoid . Perhaps , he theorized , MSG might be poised for some sort of redemption , thanks to savvy marketing campaigns by manufacturers " Only time will tell whether this latest turn in the story will lead consumers back to an open appreciation of the powdered additive , or perhaps some new form of it dressed in the garb of nature and accompanied by new promises , " wrote Sand , who is associate professor of Japanese history and culture at Georgetown University in Washington . β Bill Daley wdaley @ tribune . com Chicago ' s best burger β from dive bars to fancy hotels , one reporter tries 71 in search of excellence KFC recipe challenge : Tribune kitchen puts the 11 herbs and spices to the test | [
"monosodium glutamate ,",
"Chinese restaurant syndrome"
] |
http://articles.courant.com/1996-03-13/sports/9603130368_1_john-calipari-umass-coach-bob-hill/3 | JOHN CALIPARI WAS 29 YEARS OLD AND HAD NO ALAN GREENBERG ; Courant Staff Writer THE HARTFORD COURANT John Calipari was 29 years old and had no head coaching experience when he was hired to be the men ' s basketball coach at the University of Massachusetts eight years ago . The team had n ' t had a winning season in 10 years . There were no championship banners in the ancient gym rafters , just birds and squirrels . The phones in the basketball office were rotary dial . Today , UMass ( 31 - 1 ) is again ranked No . 1 , and led by Hartford Public High School ' s Marcus Camby , is perhaps the most feared team in America . The Minutemen held the No . 1 ranking for nine consecutive weeks earlier this season - - the longest time atop the polls since Duke in 1992 - - and are six victories from a national title . Calipari , 37 , who assembled this team , is one of the game ' s most admired - - and resented - - coaches . He has built a dynamic basketball program out of nothing . Strapped to a second - tier conference like the Atlantic 10 - - which UMass has won an unprecedented five consecutive times - - UMass made a national name for itself because of Calipari ' s willingness to play anyone , anytime , anywhere . Calipari also built the program quickly . He used the quick - fix method , recruiting players other colleges backed away from because they were academic risks . Recruiting analyst Bob Gibbons called Calipari ' s methods shrewd . San Antonio Spurs coach Bob Hill has known Calipari 20 years . They met when the UMass coach was a high school freshman point guard in Moon , Pa . , a working class suburb north of Pittsburgh , and Hill was a Pitt assistant . Hill tenderly terms Calipari " the little brother I never had . " Talking about their friendly one - on - one competitions , Hill smiles broadly and said Calipari " will do whatever it takes to win . " Hill did n ' t hesitate when told that ' s exactly how some perceive Calipari ' s recruiting methods . " What ' s wrong with that ? Is n ' t that how most of the successful people in this country have made it ? Is n ' t that how some of the most famous families built their fortunes ? Most people have stopped at nothing to get what they want . That ' s the American way . " It ' s also the American way to cut those people down . " No standard rejections Many of Calipari ' s peers are quick to praise him as one of the game ' s best motivators and recruiters . Even his critics ackowledge that his teams win because they play smart and they play hard . And former UMass player Lou Roe , now a rookie with the Detroit Pistons , calls Calipari " the most inspirational person I ' ve ever been around . " Still , some coaches were privately pleased by last season ' s Boston Globe story reporting that seven of Calipari ' s players , including four starters , were on academic warning or probation for having less than a " C " average . Two of the starters on probation were Camby , then a sophomore , and former Weaver star Michael Williams , then a senior . Calipari declined to be interviewed for this story . When Calipari turned down The Courant ' s initial request via UMass sports information director Bill Strickland - - " He thinks you ' re going to do a hatchet job on him " - - Strickland asked if The Courant would be willing to submit a list of sample questions . The Courant faxed 16 questions ranging from things Calipari had learned from his parents to his reasons for declining to reinstate Williams , whom Calipari had suspended last season . Calipari declined to answer any of the questions . Michael Hooker , who resigned as UMass president last summer to become president of the University of North Carolina , termed the academic situation of the team " embarrassing . " To play , practice , and receive an athletic scholarship as a freshman , a prospective recruit must have a 2.0 ( C ) in his core courses and a 700 SAT . If he lacks either or both , he can be admitted to the school but is ineligible to compete or practice as a freshman . In NCAA parlance , these athletes are known as Proposition 48s . But ultimately each school sets its own admissions and academic boundaries . UMass admissions director Arlene Cash said she has never rejected an applicant whom the basketball program wanted . What , Cash was asked , might make an applicant unacceptable to UMass ? " A 1.5 GPA , 450 SATs , bottom 2 percent of the [ high school ] class , " she said . A perfect SAT is 1,600 and you get 400 just for signing your name . At UConn , which is also a state university that competes at the highest levels of Division I basketball , recruits are held to a different standard . " If he ' s not in the top half of the class , with a 700 SAT and a C [ 2.0 ] average , do n ' t come in my door , " said UConn admissions director Ann Huckenbeck , " and I ' ll be backed up all the way up the line . " UMass Chancellor David Scott makes no apologies for UMass ' liberal admissions standards or the course selections of its men ' s basketball players . Camby was on academic probation with a 1.8 grade point average and needed a 2.2 to finish the 1994 - 95 season . He took 13 credit hours that semester . His courses were Human Development ( child development ) , Afro - American Music I , Public Health , an independent study course in Afro - American History and Golf I . " If you go to a place like Harvard , they probably have a 95 percent graduation rate , but they ' re more selective , " Scott said . " Part of the quality of education is n ' t just your student body going in , but your ability to create winners as opposed to selecting predetermined winners . " Now , the basketball team is successful in the classroom as well as on the court , according to the school . Having beefed up the team ' s academic support system since the Globe ' s revelations , UMass said eight of 13 players had a 3.0 or above on a 4.0 scale during the last two semesters . One of the players , junior Tyrone Weeks , on probation a year ago , made the Dean ' s List with a 3.5 , though the school would not reveal his courses . UMass also said that former Philadelphia " These supposedly academically at - risk kids , " Strickland said , " are not only getting by , they ' re thriving . " Of seniors who played at least one year for Calipari , 70 percent went on to graduate . The school ' s graduation rate is 65 percent . Scott said that many men ' s basketball players are like 10 percent of the student body inasmuch as they come from inferior schools and inadequate support systems . Scott , 55 , said there is no pressure exerted on Calipari to win . Nor does he believe that Calipari ' s program " is out of proportion here . " Recognizing a potential problem Bob Gibbons , whose North Carolina - based publication , All Star Sports , is one of the country ' s most respected scouting services of high school athletes , said Calipari " knew from the get - go that he was n ' t going to beat the established programs for players . " He took the road less traveled . He ' s a smart basketball coach who beat the system with guys who would n ' t be admitted into other schools . " In 1992 , Gibbons raised questionsin his newsletter about Calipari ' s relationship with AAU coach Wayne Simone of Southington because so many of Simone ' s players went to UMass . There were seven . Roe , Camby , Williams , Edgar Padilla and Derek Kellogg were key players on the 1994 - 95 UMass team . Simone also coached these players in summer tournaments not affiliated with the AAU . Roe was Calipari ' s first real star , and he was eligible as a freshman , to the surprise of many schools , including UConn , which coveted him but backed off because it believed Roe would not qualify for an NCAA Division I scholarship . After several failures , Roe said he scored 700 when he took the SAT in May of his senior year . By that late date , Roe said , many big - time progams lost interest but UMass did not . " They were big - time schools , " Roe said , " and UMass was n ' t . Simple as that . " Said Simone : " Other schools were backing off the kids because they did n ' t think they were going to qualify . With Lou Roe , UMass said , We ' re going to take you if you qualify . We ' re going to take you if you do n ' t qualify . We love you . ' UConn was n ' t doing that . BC was n ' t doing that . Syracuse was n ' t doing that . Calipari is n ' t going to miss a trick . " Roe said the youth of Calipari and under - 30 assistants Bill Bayno and James " Bruiser " Flint was key . " Those guys felt like brothers to me , " Roe said . " I felt I could tell them anything . It was like hanging out with your friends . " Calipari has since distanced himself from Simone . Last season , Simone ' s complimentary tickets for Roe ' s and Kellogg ' s last regular season home game were withdrawn . The summer tournaments , some underwritten by major sneaker companies , are events in which college recruiters flock to see the best of the blue - chip talent play . But they are bothersome to the NCAA . " [ These tournaments are ] something that ' s creeping over the college landscape , " said David Berst , who heads the NCAA ' s enforcement division . " For some time , we had it isolated to New York , Los Angeles and Chicago . That is n ' t the case any longer . " A number of these people [ coaches of teams in summer tournaments ] are not the kind of people I would like to have a drink with . Their involvement only seems to be for their own personal gain , or seeking to exploit the celebrity of the prospect for job , money or other recognition . " Simone said that " people are pushing the kids to go to certain schools , and maybe something changes hands there . " But he said that was not the case between him and UMass . " People think there ' s obviously something there , that I got something for kids to go there , " Simone said . " The program was bad . The program stunk . They did n ' t have anybody . They had playing time [ to offer ] . They recruited the heck out of those kids . " Recruiting questions did n ' t end once Calipari and Simone parted . The case of Ketner , the 6 - 10 center , caused LaSalle to complain to the Atlantic - 10 office . Ketner , after orally committing to his hometown school of LaSalle , signed with UMass . Ketner took official paid recruiting visits to LaSalle and Maryland after he had committed to UMass . LaSalle did n ' t find out about Ketner ' s signing until UMass athletic director Bob Marcum mentioned it to Explorers athletic director Robert Mullen . Ever the entrepreneur In the days when UMass basketball was lower than a sunken ship , Calipari never met a microphone or notepad he did n ' t like . He ' s always been a salesman , whether it was as a youngster , a coach selling the UMass program or convincing a recruit Amherst was the place to play . Part of Calipari ' s charm , friends say , is that he never forgets . " I can introduce him to 1,000 people , " boasts Calipari ' s high school coach , Bill Sacco , " and he ' d remember 1,000 people ' s names . I really thought he ' d be a salesman , because he was a great motivator , a great leader . " He always had a great presence with people , but he never seemed to be under pressure . I ' ve seen how he talks to kids . You would fight to go [ to UMass ] because he never says the wrong thing . And if he says the wrong thing , he says it in a way that you do n ' t take it as the wrong thing . " Even as a kid , Calipari was a mover and shaker . His midget league football coach remembers him as a kid " who could talk you ear off without ticking you off . " Calipari ' s father , Vince , was a fueler at the Pittsburgh International Airport , who never made more than $ 16,000 a year while John and his two older sisters were growing up . Their mother , Donna , sold ice cream at the school cafeteria to help the family finances . Young John was resourceful , irrepressible , and of course , basketball - crazy . While in elementary school , he served as the ballboy for the Moon High varsity , sitting on the bench handing out towels , dressed in his little red V - neck sweater and tie . He was the quintessential gym rat , using a comb to open the door and sneak in after - hours . He was varsity captain and president of the class of 1978 . Naturally , he addressed them on graduation day . Calipari wanted to play Division I basketball , and enrolled at North Carolina - Wilmington , one of the few schools to offer him a Division I scholarship . But he hardly played there , and as a sophomore transferred close to home , to Division II Clarion . He was feisty . He broke his cheekbone but played wearing a wrestler ' s mask . But it was his Michael J . Fox entrepreneurial skills , more than his basketball , that caught people ' s attention . Calipari ran a basketball camp at his old high school and " He was money - hungry , " Hill said , " but not in a bad way . John always has a way figured to make extra money . And he never lacked for confidence . " To the surprise of no one , Calipari majored in marketing . He spent summers marketing himself , schmoozing and networking at Howie Garfinkel ' s renowned Five Star basketball camp , where he met Rick Pitino , a UMass alum who later would persuade him to take his current job . Calipari always seemed to have a knack for doing the right thing . Joe DeGregorio , who coached at Conard and Coventry in the 1960s and was later Calipari ' s college coach at Clarion ( Pa . ) State , recalled how when he and his wife had the Clarion team over for dinner , Calipari was one of the few who always wrote a thank - you note . Calipari had a year of eligibility left , but bid Clarion goodbye . Those summers at Five Star , impressing the basketball professors while angling for an invitation to the big time , had paid off . At 22 , the original eager beaver - - Calipari grew up at 888 Beaver Grade Rd . - - became Larry Brown ' s volunteer assistant at Kansas , where he finished his degree . He coached the junior varsity and organized the " Little Jayhawks " ball - handling squad that entertained at halftime . At the beginning , he served the varsity players their meals . And he helped recruit . He stayed three seasons , leaving for Pitt in 1985 . Calipari came away with a bride , Ellen Higgins , a secretary in the KU athletic business office . She had formerly been married to Kansas and Los Angeles Rams football star Nolan Cromwell . " He chased her , " said Hill , who was also a KU assistant . " He ' d come into the office every morning and sit there figuring out an excuse to go over there . " Calipari has n ' t forgotten the folks back home . He stays in touch with his former coaches , inviting them on his radio show or joining them for dinner when he returns to the Pittsburgh area , enjoying that they can bask in his reflected glory . But now that Calipari spends as much time on Good Morning , America as he does in Moon Township , Hill cautions him about " false friends and true enemies . " And Calipari ' s rapid rise , combined with his youth , quick tongue and sideline behavior that , not unlike some of his peers , often resembles that of an overtired 2 year old , has only served to ratchet up the resentment . Temple coach John Chaney , later saying that he was incensed over Calipari ' s attempts to lobby the officials , was involved in one of the more public and uglier coaching confrontations on Feb . 13 , 1994 . After the Minutemen had defeated his Owls , Chaney burst into Calipari ' s postgame press conference shouting , " I ' ll kill you , I ' ll kick your butt . " Chaney had to be restrained . Along with the resentment from outsiders comes affection from his players . " He was the type of guy , by the time he finished talking to you , you wanted to get up and work your butt off , " Roe said . " He ' s the main reason I became the player I was at UMass . When I had doubts , he made me believe . He made dreams seem like reality . " Success benefits the university College basketball is big business , because a winning program can mean millions of dollars to a school in ticket sales , NCAA Tournament money and alumni donations . Scott , the UMass chancellor , said private fund - raising increased from $ 12 million in 1994 to $ 14 million in 1995 . Even more dramatic was the growth of UMass alumni clubs , from eight in 1994 to 59 today . Scott ascribes much of the growth to the success of men ' s basketball . Ultimately , it can even raise admission standards , as the national publicity from a winning program encourages more and better students to apply . Scott said out - of - state applications have increased by more than 40 percent in the past two years . " There is no doubt being ranked No . 1 has brought enormous visibility to UMass , " Hooker said by phone from North Carolina . " And that ' s what UMass needed . Student applications had fallen off , as had fund - raising . Basketball has been of incalculable value to UMass . " It has also made the coach rich . Calipari , who signed on for a $ 63,000 base salary in 1988 , now makes nearly $ 1 million a year , all things considered . Besides big - time coaching staples such as his TV and radio shows , sneaker contract and summer basketball camp , Calipari also has a clothing store , Coach Cal ' s Closet . He also is guaranteed a percentage of UMass ' gate receipts from any regular season game of his choice each season , a highly unusual perk . This season Calipari chose Calipari ' s first UMass team went 10 - 18 and lost by 19 to Florida Tech . Two of his players were arrested for breaking and entering . Calipari dismissed them , but soon came Jim McCoy from Pittsburgh , Tony Barbee from Indianapolis and Harper Williams from Bridgeport . Then came the Camby crew , and the 1993 opening of the 9,493 seat Mullins Center . Instead of birds and squirrels , those rafters hold NCAA banners . Now the Minutemen play tough games for a national ranking , not just acceptance . And now , they win those games . They began the 1994 - 95 season by crushing defending national champion Arkansas at Springfield in the Tip - Off Classic . Arkansas went on to lose to UCLA in the 1995 NCAA final and UMass went to the Final Eight , before losing to Bryant " Big Country " Reeves and Oklahoma State . Critics may sneer at the Atlantic 10 , but nobody sneers at Kentucky , Florida , Wake Forest Georgia Tech , Syracuse , Memphis State and Louisville , non - conference opponents UMass has beaten this season . Donta Bright , a senior from Baltimore , was a consensus first - team high school All - American . But except for Bright , whose failure to be eligible as a freshman because of a sub - 700 SAT score forced some schools to stop recruiting him - - the Atlantic Coast Conference , for example , does not recruit Prop 48s - - Calipari has won without landing the bluest of blue - chip recruits . But that is changing . Besides Ketner , who should be Camby ' s replacement assuming the junior turns pro after this season , more help is on the way . According to Gibbons , UMass ' latest recruiting class is its deepest . It also may be one of the best in the country . It includes Ajmal Basit , a 6 - 9 power forward from New York City who played for Bobby Hurley ' s father at St . Anthony ' s ; Mike Babul , a 6 - 6 small forward from North Attleboro , Mass . who was coveted by UConn and North Carolina ; Chris Kirkland , a 6 - 6 forward from McKees Rocks , Pa . ; Winston Smith , a 6 - 5 swingman from Elizabeth , N.J. ; and Monte Mack , a 6 - 1 guard from Boston . Their academic status will not be Calipari and UMass may not have the reputation of basketball ' s royals , the Kentuckys , North Carolinas and UCLAs , but they ' re not just a regional story any more . Six years ago , in a game against George Washington , when his program was still a lot closer to nowheresville than the Final Four , Calipari ripped off his suitcoat and unbuttoned half his shirt before the officials called a technical foul . On Feb . 24 against GW , UMass ' only loss of the season , the coach of the nation ' s No . 1 team had only to raise his voice and arms to get two quick technicals and be ejected for the first time in his career . Even when his gestures are small , John Calipari has gotten too big to ignore . He dresses for success . Coat - and - tie when UMass appears on ESPN , turtleneck and slacks when it ' s on ESPN2 . Calipari , a millionaire , donated $ 20,000 to the UMass library , which Hooker , his former boss , was quick and proud to point out during a brief interview . " That shows his commitment , " Hooker said . Simone is more cynical . " Like a lot of things John does , it ' s a good public relations move , " Simone said . " There ' s no one more aware of what perception they ' re trying to give . There is no one who can promote themselves to a T like John Calipari . That ' s part of why he has gotten to where he is . " | [
"JOHN CALIPARI",
"University of Massachusetts"
] |
http://articles.courant.com/2014-01-06/business/hc-bottom-line-comcast-cable-modem-20140106_1_american-airlines-harrie-schmidt-bottom-line | Weather Alert in Middlesex and Hartford counties . April 15 Business Kevin Hunt : Comcast Says Recycle Old Modem , Then Charges $ 110 As ' Unreturned ' Kevin Hunt - The Bottom Line When a modem ca n ' t keep up with the faster speeds of new technology , it ' s time to get an updated modem . Michael Carter of Haddam did n ' t know he needed a new one until Comcast sent him a letter last year offering a replacement that could keep up with " the full range of speeds available with Xfinity Internet . " The deal was impossible to refuse . Comcast offered a free replacement with a self - installation kit . " I was n ' t really interested , " says Carter , " because I did n ' t want to be responsible for returning the older modem . " But Comcast ' s letter left no doubt that subscribers were not obligated to return the old modem : " To protect our environment , please properly recycle your older modem . You may return it to the front counter of any Comcast Service Center or you can check with your waste hauler or local municipality to learn about recycling programs instead of disposing it with the household trash . Please note that there is no unreturned equipment charge for your older modem . " Now let ' s move forward at high - speed modem rates a few months to Carter ' s bill due in early December . Carter could n ' t believe it when he saw a $ 110 charge for unreturned equipment . The bill noted that " all equipment must be returned to Comcast in order to have unreturned charges removed from your account . " Must have been a mistake , Carter assumed , so he called Comcast and spoke with a supervisor . " She said there is no way Comcast would refund my $ 110 until I returned the old modem , " he says . " I read the paragraph [ from the letter ] to her again and she did n ' t care . End of discussion . " When Carter contacted The Bottom Line , he provided a copy of the bill and Comcast ' s letter . TBL then asked Comcast about it . " Mr . Carter should not have been charged for this piece of equipment , " says Laura Brubaker Crisco , a Comcast spokeswoman , " and we have already reached out to him to apologize and assure him we ' ve credited his account appropriately . This was an unusual and isolated incident where the old equipment should have been removed from his account as soon as he activated the new modem . " The Bottom Line : Always check your bills and do n ' t hesitate to question them . " I ' m sure there are people out there that just pay their bills and accept [ the company ' s numbers ] , " says Carter . " In this case , those folks would be , and quite possible are , out $ 110 . " ' Three Months Of Love ' Harrie Schmidt , 67 , died New Year ' s Eve at a Cromwell nursing home , three months after his struggles to return to Greater Hartford from Seattle were the subject of a Bottom Line column . Schmidt , a Plainville native , returned to the state after being told by doctors he had only months to live . His sister , Barbara Alex of Windsor , contacted TBL after American Airlines charged $ 400 in rebooking fees when Schmidt was too ill to fly with a caregiver . American Airlines eventually waived the fees and issued eVouchers for the flight home . " After his memorable trip from Seattle to Connecticut on Sept . 21 , " says Alex , " he had three months of laughter , love , and caring from family and friends at Aurora Senior Living in Cromwell . He definitely felt appreciative , and viewed each visitor and each day as a beautiful gift . " Stop & Shop stores across Connecticut reopen Friday as employees walk picket lines and company offers to resume negotiations Democrats join Stop & Shop strikers as negotiations continue | [
"Kevin Hunt",
"Comcast",
"Modem"
] |
http://articles.extension.org/pages/27264/porcine-reproductive-and-respiratory-syndrome-prrs | Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome ( PRRS ) Agricultural Disaster Preparedness and Recovery September 30 , 2015 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome ( PRRS ) Authors : Jeff Zimmerman , Iowa State University ; David Benfield , The Ohio State University ; Jane Christopher - Hennings , South Dakota State University ; Scott Dee , University of Minnesota ; Greg Stevenson , Purdue University Introduction In 1987 , a new reproductive and respiratory disease of pigs was recognized in the United States . A specific causal agent could not be identified at the time , so the syndrome was called β Mystery Swine Disease . β The disease appeared in Europe in 1990 and investigators in the Netherlands succeeded in isolating a previously unrecognized virus in 1991 . European workers introduced the term β porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome β ( PRRS ) , but because of its taxonomic classification the agent is also sometimes identified as β swine arterivirus . β At present , Objectives Review the cause , clinical signs and pathology Explain techniques of diagnosis Describe methods for immunity , control and eradication The cause PRRS virus is an enveloped RNA virus classified in the family Arteriviridae within the order Nidovirales . Continual genetic mutation and recombination , a requirement for replication in macrophages , and persistent infection ( carrier animals ) despite an active immune response are characteristics shared by viruses in this family . These characteristics drive the clinical expression and epidemiology of the virus . The presence of an β envelope β on the exterior of PRRS virus is important because it increases the virus β susceptibility to inactivation by quaternary ammonium , chlorine - based , and gluteraldehyde - based disinfectants As a consequence of mutation and recombination , new genetic variants of the PRRS virus appear frequently . Constant genetic change in PRRS virus may explain : 1 ) the wide variation in clinical disease observed in the field ; 2 ) why prior exposure to one PRRS virus variant may not provide protective immunity against other variants ; and 3 ) why certain vaccines may not be protective in some herds or under certain circumstances . Research has produced a great deal of information concerning the PRRS virus genome and viral proteins , but a genetic basis for the One of the most important characteristics of PRRS virus is its requirement for replication in macrophages . Present in a variety of tissues , macrophages are specialized immune cells that play a key role in the pigs β defense against infectious agents . Viruses that replicate in macrophages weaken the host β s immune response to secondary pathogens . This is why pigs infected with PRRS virus often have severe secondary infections with any of a variety of bacterial or viral pathogens including , Mycoplasma hyopneumonia , Salmonella choleraesuis , Haemophilus parasuis , Streptococcus suis , Pasteurella multocida , influenza Another characteristic of viruses that infect macrophages is their ability to replicate in the host for an extended time despite an active immune response . Thus , PRRS virus - infected pigs are able to transmit the virus for several months . In the environment , PRRS virus is inactivated by heat , drying , and low pH . The virus survives best in cold , moist environments , and almost indefinitely when frozen . PRRS virus remains infectious for 1 to 6 days at 68 Β° F , 3 to 24 hours at 98 Β° F and 6 to 20 minutes at 132 Β° F . The ability of the virus to survive in cold temperatures may partially explain why the virus seems to be more easily transmitted in winter months in cold climates . Infectivity is rapidly lost when pH Clinical signs PRRS exists in two distinct forms , reproductive and respiratory , and infected farms may experience one or both . A variety of factors , including swine genetics , the specific PRRS virus variants in the herd , health status of the herd , ages of the animals involved , and pregnancy status , may influence the clinical signs . Gilts and sows . Gilts and sows infected with PRRS virus may show may show inappetence ( off feed ) and fever , or may show no clinical signs . β Rolling inappetence β and fever ( 104 F to105 F ) are often observed and may involve up to 30 % of the infected animals . During this acute stage , abortions may occur in 1 to 3 % of pregnant animals , with abortion most common in females infected during the last trimester of pregnancy . An increase in the number of open sows , irregular returns to heat , and reduction The acute infection enters a second phase approximately one week after the onset of clinical signs . As a result of PRRS virus infection of the fetuses , late - term reproductive failure occurs ; both in pregnant females with and those without previous clinical signs . This phase typically lasts 1 to 4 months and causes 5 to 80 % reproductive failure in pregnant females at 100 to 118 days of gestation . Most affected sows abort or farrow prematurely , but some farrow at full term . The number of premature farrowings may increase 1 to 4 weeks Boars . In general , few clinical signs are observed in boars infected with PRRS virus . If present , signs include fever , lethargy , inappetence , decreased libido , and occasionally , respiratory signs . Infrequently , boar deaths have been attributed to highly virulent PRRS virus variants . Some field and experimental studies report a decline in semen quality ( reduced motility and proximal and distal cytoplasmic droplets ) 2 to 10 weeks after infection . PRRS virus in semen from infected boars can be transmitted to susceptible females by natural mating or artificial insemination , so producers need Suckling pigs . Symptoms of acute PRRS virus infection in pigs infected in utero or shortly after birth include severe dyspnea ( labored breathing or thumping ) , lethargy , inappetence , fever , edema or swelling of the eyelids , and a blue or red discoloration of the ears or hindquarters . Pre - weaning mortality may approach 100 % . Weaned and grow - finish pigs . The most consistent clinical signs in weaned and grow - finish pigs include inappetence , lethargy , dyspnea ( labored breathing and thumping ) , and blue or red discoloration of the skin on the ears or hindquarters . Many of these pigs are visibly unthrifty and have rough hair coats . Commonly , the presence of secondary bacterial and viral infections increases the severity of the clinical disease , i.e. , porcine respiratory disease complex ( PRDC ) . The economic impact of infection in these animals results from lower average daily gain and feed efficiency . Pathogenesis and pathology Lesions of PRRS virus most often occur in lung and lymphoid tissues where macrophages , the primary target of PRRS viral replication , are concentrated . The severity of lesions and clinical disease depends on the relative virulence of the PRRS virus involved . Thus , both clinical disease and lesions range from negligible to severe . Infection of pregnant females with PRRS virus often causes them to be off feed for a few days , but is usually not fatal and gross lesions are usually mild or absent . PRRS virus crosses the placenta most efficiently in the third trimester of pregnancy and infects a proportion of fetuses . Fetuses may die , grow slowly in utero , or continue to thrive . Most PRRS virus - infected litters are aborted at over 100 days of gestation or are delivered at full - term . Infected litters are composed of variable proportions of 1 ) normal Infection of young pigs most often occurs when maternal antibody wanes in nursery - age pigs or when pigs from multiple sources are mixed in the grower - finisher . Lesions are the same in all ages . Pneumonia is observed from 3 to 28 days after infection and is most severe at 10 days post infection . Lungs are slightly firm and non - collapsing ( like a wet sponge ) and are mottled grey - tan in color , rather than the normal pink . Lesions may affect the entire lung , but are often most severe in Diagnosis PRRS virus should be included in the differential diagnosis when a herd shows clinical signs of respiratory disease at any production stage , respiratory signs in conjunction with reproductive failure , or when herd performance is suboptimal . Analysis of herd production records can reveal changes in production parameters suggestive of active PRRS virus infection : an increase in abortions or early farrowings , decreased numbers of live - born pigs , increased preweaning mortality , reduced fertility , and increased nonproductive sow days , including increased and delayed returns to estrus . Many PRRS virus variants produce mild or The laboratory diagnosis of PRRS virus infection relies on one or more of the following : 1 ) the demonstration of infectious virus by virus isolation ; 2 ) evidence of viral replication in cells by detection of viral antigens using immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry ; 3 ) evidence of PRRS virus - specific antibodies ; and 4 ) evidence of the viral nucleic acid . As noted in the previous section , the presence of gross or microscopic lesions in certain tissues may contribute to the diagnosis , but are frequently nonspecific and non - diagnostic . Diagnostic tests . The most common method used to determine if a herd has become infected or to monitor infection in endemically - infected herds , is detection of serum antibodies using the commercial PRRS ELISA ( enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ) . It is a rapid and inexpensive method of detecting and monitoring of PRRS virus infections on a herd basis . The test detects the presence of antibodies in serum as early as 7 days after infection , but more commonly by 14 days . The ELISA reports results in the form of a sample - to - positive ( The polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) is a test that detects and amplifies a small , specific segment of the PRRS virus genome . PCR is more sensitive than virus isolation and results are available in a shorter period of time . Samples suitable for analysis by PCR include serum , semen , and tissue . Once collected , samples should be kept cool and shipped to the diagnostic laboratory over night on ice . Chilling ( refrigeration ) is preferable to freezing . DNA obtained from the PCR reaction can be sequenced to differentiate infection with field virus Immunohistochemistry ( IHC ) can be used for directly visualizing PRRS virus antigens in tissues . IHC is less sensitive than other tests and lung , lymph nodes and tonsil are usually the preferred specimens because these tissues contain higher amounts of virus . Samples . In respiratory cases in which PRRS virus is suspected , serum , lung , and lymphoid tissues from pigs with clinical signs or increased body temperatures should be submitted for testing . In cases of abortion , live weak - born pigs should be submitted , rather than stillborn and mummified fetuses , because the virus is rapidly inactivated in necrotic tissues . In suckling , weaned , or growing pigs , virus may be isolated from serum for 4 to 6 weeks post infection ; 1 to 2 weeks in sows and boars . In adults , virus can Early after infection , PRRS virus is present in most tissues of young pigs and sows . As the infection progresses , virus becomes limited to lymph nodes and tonsils . Tonsil scrapings and tonsil biopsies collected during the persistence phase of infection are excellent ante mortem samples for detecting PRRS virus in breeding animals . These samples can be used for virus isolation to demonstrate infectious virus and for detection of viral nucleic acid by PCR . Diagnosis of PRRS virus in boars . Diagnosis of PRRS virus in boars is important because of the risk of transmission through semen and the frequency with which AI is used in breeding programs . PCR has been used extensively to detect PRRS virus in semen . PCR amplifies the PRRS virus genome exponentially so that even small amounts of the virus can be detected . Traditional diagnostic techniques , such as virus isolation , are not performed on boar semen samples because semen is toxic to the cells on which the virus is grown . β Swine bioassay β has also been utilized to detect PRRS virus in semen , but is impractical outside of the research setting . Previous work comparing PCR and swine bioassay showed a high correlation between the two tests In the later stages of PRRS virus infection , most boars produce PCR - positive semen , but serum is PCR and virus isolation negative . By this time , however , the boar has developed serum antibodies so the ELISA test is positive . Importantly , the absence of infectious PRRS virus and / or nucleic acid in serum or semen does not mean that an infected boar has cleared the virus or is not shedding virus through other secretions . It is known that boars can carry virus in tonsils for extended periods of time and may shed Due to the possible presence of infectious PRRS virus in boars that test PRRS virus negative in ante mortem samples ( serum and semen ) , controlling the spread of PRRS virus in boars may be difficult . Quarantine and strict biosecurity procedures are very important in this regard . One field study in a PRRS virus seropositive boar study found that only 12 of 131 boars ( 9.1 % ) were positive for PRRS virus in semen by PCR when quarantine was 25 days or greater and only 7 of 440 boars ( 1.6 % ) were positive for Epidemiology Entry into domestic swine . PRRS virus recently entered the domestic swine population and spread rapidly , thereafter . Based on the detection of PRRS virus - specific serum antibodies , it is known that the virus was present in domestic swine in Canada by 1979 , in the United States ( Iowa ) by 1985 , and in Europe ( Germany ) by 1987 . The original source of the virus and the circumstances that led to its entry into the domestic swine population are not known . Feral swine were probably not the original source of the virus Prevalence and geographic distribution . PRRS virus is endemic in all major swine producing areas of the world . Countries considered free of PRRS virus ( Argentina , Australia , Cuba , Finland , New Caledonia , New Zealand , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland ) have relatively small swine stocks , use more traditional and / or less intensive methods of production , and conduct less trade in live animals and by - products of swine origin . Accurate estimates of the prevalence of infection with wild - type virus in specific countries or regions are not generally available . Published surveys are usually limited in scope and / or not based on statistically valid population sampling procedures . A larger problem is the fact that , beginning in the mid - 1990 β s , the widespread use of non - differential vaccines limited the use of serologic assays for determining infection status . In the United States , the best prevalence estimates are based on a 1995 National Animal Health Monitoring System ( NAHMS ) study Infection and shedding . Swine can be infected with PRRS virus by oral , intranasal , intramuscular , or vaginal exposure , but the probability of transmission varies by route and dose . Transmission by parenteral exposure is particularly efficient . That is , exposure to 10 or fewer PRRS virus particles through breaks in the skin is sufficient to transmit infection . Contamination of instruments and medications with body fluids from PRRS virus - infected animals can result in transmission . For example , instruments used for ear notching , tail docking , teeth clipping , or tattooing , as well as needles Infected animals shed virus from multiple sites and for a long time . Virus has been detected in saliva at 42 days post infection ( PI ) , nasal secretions at 21 days PI , urine at 28 days PI , semen at 92 days PI , tonsil at 157 days PI , and in the colostrum and milk of susceptible females infected in the last trimester of gestation . Following the acute phase of infection , virus is shed at low levels or perhaps is shed intermittently . For that reason , as discussed in the previous section , Shedding of virus by infected animals results in environmental contamination and creates the potential for transmission via fomites . PRRS virus is fragile and quickly inactivated by drying . In addition , the virus has a narrow range of tolerance in fluids and is quickly inactivated in solutions such as urine or fecal slurry . However , PRRS virus suspended in β clean β aqueous solutions at neutral pH under cool - to - frozen conditions can remain infectious for a long time . For example , the half - life ( inactivation of 1 / 2 of the virus Carrier animals . PRRS virus produces a chronic , persistent infection in pigs ( carrier animals ) . That is , virus continues to replicates in infected individuals for several months . Virus can be recovered from approximately 85 % of pigs at 100 days post infection . Beyond 100 days the data is sparse , but researchers have isolated virus from experimentally infected pigs 132 days post infection ( University of South Dakota ) , 2 of 5 pigs at day 150 post - inoculation ( University of Nebraska - Lincon ) , and one of 4 pigs at 157 days post Persistence is the single most significant epidemiological feature of PRRS virus . Carrier animals represent the constant threat of transmission to susceptible herd mates and the initiation of a PRRS outbreak . At present , we do not have the technology to accurately , rapidly , and cheaply identify carriers . Neither the absence of viremia nor serum antibody levels are indicators of carrier status . In fact , some carrier animals have low serum antibody levels , e.g. , < 0.40 S / P on the commercial ELISA . Thus , the existence of carrier animals profoundly complicate all Transmission between pigs . Transmission most commonly occurs by close contact between pigs or by exposure to contaminated body fluids ( semen , virus - contaminated blood , secretions , contaminated needles , coveralls , and boots ) . Social behavior and pig - to - pig interactions are important in direct transmission , particular the agonistic behavior associated with establishing social order . Typically , such behavior involves scrapes or bites in the shoulders , neck , and head and results in the exchange of blood and saliva . If contaminated with virus , such exchanges result in infection . Other behaviors that Transmission within herds . Once infected , PRRS virus tends to circulate within a herd indefinitely . Spontaneous elimination of PRRS virus from commercial herds has been reported , but rarely . The virus is perpetuated by transmission from carrier animals to susceptible animals introduced into the herd through birth or purchase . Maternal antibodies may provide some immunologic resistance to infection in neonatal pigs , but the protection is incomplete and of short duration . Under conditions in which susceptible and infectious pigs are mixed , such as at weaning , a large proportion of the population may quickly become infected . In Transmission between herds . Herd - to - herd transmission occurs , but is frequently recognized too long after the fact to make it possible to accurately determine the source of the virus . The primary source of herd - to - herd transmission is the introduction of infected animals . Following outbreaks of PRRS in late 1990 , Dr . Scott Dee ( University of Minnesota ) reported that of 10 farms surveyed , 8 had purchased breeding stock from the same source . In France , it was reported that 56 % of herds acquired PRRS virus through introduction of infected pigs β Area spread , β meaning transmission in the absence of any apparent animal or human source , occurs relatively frequently in swine dense areas . In France , 45 % of herds infected through area spread were located within 500 meters ( 0.3 miles ) of an infected herd and only 2 % were 1 kilometer ( 0.6miles ) or more from the initial outbreak . The mechanism ( s ) of area spread are not clearly identified . Airborne virus was once thought to be the primary means of area spread , but extensive work with aerosols has Transmission by non - porcine species . The role of non - porcine species in the epidemiology of PRRS virus is uncertain . Studies indicate that dogs , cats , skunks , raccoons , opossums , rats , mice , guinea pigs , house sparrows , and starlings are not susceptible to infection . Conflicting evidence exists regarding the susceptibility of avian species to PRRS virus . PRRS virus has been recovered from mosquitoes and house flies captured in swine facilities , but the role of insects in the epidemiology of PRRS virus remains to be determined . Overall , infected pigs and virus - contaminated semen Immunity - how are pigs protected against PRRS virus infections ? Protective immunity to PRRS virus is a complex and unresolved issue . It is clear that PRRS virus is able to modulate the immune response in such a way that conventional antibody and cell mediated responses are not sufficient to eliminate the virus . Infection with PRRS virus progresses from acute , to persistent , to convalescent and most pigs eventually clear the virus . However , the mechanism ( s ) for elimination of PRRS virus by the pig is unknown . Previously , it was believed that neutralizing antibodies ( humoral immunity ) eliminated PRRS virus viremia during acute infection and that these antibodies , in concert with interferon gamma , eventually cleared persistent PRRS virus infection . However , recent studies suggest that neutralizing antibody is not the primary factor acting to eliminate viremia . The persistence of virus in tonsils Overall , these observations suggest that protection against PRRS virus may be related to something other than immunity . One possibility is that the infection is eliminated because macrophages become less permissive to PRRS virus . Under this hypothetical scenario , the immune response may actually be secondary in helping to eliminate the virus . While it is known that pigs resist future infection with homologous strains of PRRS virus , there is much debate on whether this protection extends to all strains of PRRS virus . Overall , significant challenges remain in understanding immunity and developing second generation vaccines Control and eradication A variety of management strategies have been used to reduce clinical PRRS or stop the circulation of virus in susceptible populations of pigs . Constant genetic change in the virus combined with a long - term carrier state and ambivalent immunity in the pig frequently confound attempts to control or eradication PRRS . Genetically diverse variants of PRRS virus often co - exist within the same farm and complicate the picture . These factors work together to complicate long - term control measures . The lack of consistent success in controlling PRRS and the costs of the disease has led The most important component of a control program is the proper use of diagnostic tests to accurately determine the pattern of virus transmission within an infected production system . Serum samples for serologic profiling should be collected from the breeding herd across all parities , recently weaned pigs , 8 - to 10 - week old nursery pigs , and 5 - to 6 - month old finishers . Testing by parity may indicate whether programs need to focus on a specific subpopulation within the herd , such as gilts . It is important to use clinical observations and production www . pork . org ) . Methods of achieving controlled PRRS virus infection are frequently based on increasing the level of herd immunity through vaccination , exposure of susceptible animals to infectious animals , or exposure of susceptible animals to virus - contaminated material collected from infected animals . Gilt development . Gilt development is an important component of a PRRS control program . Direct introduction of either susceptible or actively infected replacement stock into the breeding herd will result in clinical PRRS . Therefore , a gilt development program should be established to properly prepare replacement stock for entry into the breeding herd . Essentially , gilt development consists of quarantine and acclimatization periods . Gilt development strategies may involve the introduction of gilts as weaners or 25kg piglets , housing them in designated developer facilities , and establishing vaccination and / or acclimation protocols to equilibrate the health level of If PRRS virus positive sources are employed , it is important to ensure that a change in source does not occur and that actively infected animals do not directly enter the recipient herd . Generally , quarantine periods of 90 days or more are considered adequate . Quarantine facilities should function on an all in - all out basis . The purchase of gilts from PRRS virus - negative sources increases the importance of establishing immunity to PRRS virus prior to herd entry . Several approaches are used : Transmission of PRRS virus to gilts in development by natural exposure to cull sows and / or infected nursery pigs is usually inconsistent , particularly in chronically infected herds , because of lack of active circulation of field virus . The use of vaccination in gilt developer protocols is one approach to reducing the risk of developing PRRS virus - naΓ―ve subpopulations . Commercially available PRRS vaccines include modified - live virus ( MLV ) and inactivated virus ( killed ) products . Duration of immunity studies indicate that modified - live preparations are protective for up to at least 4 months . Diagnostic profiling is critical when vaccination is employed to avoid immunizing pigs concurrently infected with field virus . Farm - specific vaccination programs should be developed in collaboration with the herd veterinarian and based on individual farm β Planned exposure β involves inoculating susceptible animals with virus - contaminated material collected from infected animals in the herd . Most frequently , serum from PRRS virus - infected young pigs is used as the source of the virus . The theory behind this approach is that exposure to the PRRS virus variant ( s ) endemic in the herd provides the maximum protection against clinical disease . Planned exposure may possess some value for use in gilt acclimatization protocols . In all cases , the risks inherent in planned exposure should be recognized and discussed . Its use Nursery depopulation . Nursery depopulation consists of emptying all nursery rooms , washing and disinfecting , and allowing the facility to remain empty for 1 to 2 days . This strategy also can be applied to PRRS virus - infected finishing populations . Nursery depopulation ( ND ) is a cost - effective means to interrupt transmission of PRRS virus from older , infected pigs to those recently weaned . Significant improvements in nursery pig daily gain , mortality , treatment cost , and profitability have been observed following implementation of ND . Despite such improvement , re - infection of nurseries McREBEL . McREBEL stands for β Management Changes to Reduce Exposure to Bacteria to Eliminate Losses β and consists of a series of steps to reduce the spread of PRRS virus among piglets . McREBEL has been most frequently applied to herds undergoing acute outbreaks . The advantages of the protocol are its simplicity and low cost . McREBEL has not yet been quantitatively evaluated over a wide range of farms . In some cases , producers and / or employees may resist the elimination of cross fostering and the euthanasia of poor - doing piglets . Eradication . Elimination of PRRS virus is possible through a number of methods , including whole herd depopulation - repopulation , test - and - removal and herd closure . All methods are of equal efficacy in eliminating the current PRRS virus variant from the infected population ; however , re - infection with a unrelated variant is a frequent event . Therefore , the implementation of strict biosecurity measures based on reported routes of PRRS virus transmission is essential . Summary Steps are being made in the understanding and control of PRRS . The ability of PRRS to produce variants and remain as a persistent infection makes total eradication extremely difficult . However , temporary eradication is possible by implementing management procedures such as whole herd depopulation - repopulation , test - and - removal , and herd closure . The use of diagnostic tests to accurately determine the pattern of virus transmission within an infected production system may be the best method currently available for combating PRRS . Though a great deal of knowledge has been gained from research done Acknowledgements The information presented in this report would not have been possible without the generous financial support of various State Pork Producer Councils , the National Pork Producers Council , the National Pork Board , USDA : ARS , USDA : CSREES , USDA : NRICGP program and State Agricultural Experiment Stations . Literature Cited 1 . NAHMS 2 . Univ . South Dakota 3 . Nebraska 4 . Iowa State 5 . Minnesota Additional and extensive information on PRRS may be found in The 2003 PRRS Compendium ( 2nd edition ) available through the National Pork Board ( Des Moines , Iowa 50306 or http : / / www . pork . org Back to Top Browse related by Tag disasters agrosecurity swine pigs prrs swine health agrosecurity : animals agrosecurity : disease porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome pig disease Share this post Have a Question ? Try asking one of our Experts | [
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http://articles.extension.org/pages/65460/strategies-for-success-in-heat-detection-and-artificial-insemination | Strategies for Success in Heat Detection and Artificial Insemination Dairy September 24 , 2012 Introduction The failure to detect heat is a common and costly problem of artificial insemination ( AI ) programs and a major limiting factor of reproductive performance on many dairies ( Nebel and Jobst , 1998 ) . Consequently , a successful AI program must begin with efficient and accurate heat detection . Other critical factors related to a successful AI program include appropriate semen handling , site of semen deposition in the female reproductive tract , and timely AI relative to ovulation . Please check this link first if you are interested in organic or specialty dairy production What Causes Dairy Cattle to Show Signs of Heat ? The length of the estrous cycle in dairy cattle is 18 to 24 days , with an average of approximately 21 days . As the nonpregnant cow nears the end of one estrous cycle , the preovulatory follicle ( which contains the ovum , or egg ) grows larger and produces increasingly more estradiol . Estradiol ( a steroid hormone belonging to the estrogen family ) plays an important role in reproduction , as it acts on the brain to induce behavioral estrus ( heat ) and sets into motion the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone ( LH ) from The primary sign of heat is when a cow stands to allow a herdmate to mount . Secondary signs include attempting to mount other animals , chin resting , increased activity , clear mucous discharge from the vulva , and swelling and redness of the vulva . Environmental conditions may influence whether cows show standing heat . Less estrous behavior occurs when cows are eating or contained in holding pens ( Stevenson , 2001 ) . Footing surface is also important , as cows show less activity when housed on slippery concrete or frozen ground ( Britt et al . , 1986 ) . Lastly , lameness plays a role as animals with foot problems show less mounting and standing activity regardless of whether the problem is structural , subclinical , or clinical ( Leonard et al . , 1994 ) . Consequently , to enhance the Heat Detection A successful AI program must include efficient and accurate heat detection and timely AI relative to ovulation . The failure to detect heat is the most common and costly problem of AI programs and the major limiting factor of reproductive performance on many dairies ( Nebel and Jobst , 1998 ) . This is evidenced by the reality that heat detection efficiency ( defined as the proportion of possible heat periods detected during a period of time ) is less than 50 % in many herds . Nebel ( 2003 ) argues that skilled managers achieve 65 to 75 % Progesterone concentration in milk and blood is associated with events of the estrous cycle as concentration is low ( ~ 1.0 ng / mL or less ) for 2 d prior to heat and remains low for approximately 2 to 3 d after heat ( Senger , 1999 ; Hopkins , 1989 ; Nebel et al . , 1987 ) . Low milk or blood progesterone alone is not an indicator of heat ; however , high milk or blood progesterone is considered a confirmation that a cow is not in heat . Consequently , heat detection accuracy may be Importance of Heat Detection Relative to Ovulation Using HeatWatch ( Cow Chips , LLC , Manalapan , NJ , USA ) to determine the onset of heat and ultrasonography to detect ovulation , Walker et al . ( 1996 ) determined the interval from the onset of standing activity to ovulation to be approximately 28 h in lactating dairy cattle . The physiological relationship linking ovulation to the onset of standing activity underscores the importance of accurate heat detection : There is a limited window of opportunity in which to maximize conception to AI . Many biological events occur within the limited window of opportunity ( Figure the transport time required of viable sperm from the site of deposition to the site of fertilization the functional viable lifespan of sperm and ova the timing of ovulation in relation to AI Figure 1 . Biological events contributing to the optimization of AI . The estimated time required for sustained transport of viable sperm to the site of fertilization is between 6 to 12 h ( Hawk , 1987 ; Hunter and Wilmut , 1983 ; Wilmut and Hunter , 1984 ) . The functional viable lifespan of sperm in the female reproductive tract has been estimated at 24 h ( Trimberger , 1948 ) , whereas the optimal window for fertilization of the ovum ( egg ) is estimated to be less than 10 h ( Brackett et al . , 1980 ) ( Figure 1 ) . Dransfield et al . ( 1998 ) used HeatWatch on 17 commercial dairies to determine the onset of standing heat relative to the 24 - h clock . Dransfield et al . ( 1998 ) reported that the distribution of first and last standing events ( standing to be mounted by a herdmate ) was nearly equal when the 24 - h clock was divided into four 6 - h periods ( Table 1 ) . Xu and coworkers ( 1998 ) reported similar results with dairy cattle grazing on pasture in New Zealand . The average duration of heat described by Dransfield et al . ( 1998 ) using HeatWatch is much shorter than originally reported by Hammond ( 1927 ) and Trimberger ( 1948 ) ( Table 2 ) . Furthermore , Lopez et al . ( 2004 ) used HeatWatch and reported that milk yield affected the number of standing events and duration of heat ( Table 3 ) . According to Dransfield et al . ( 1998 ) and Lopez et al . ( 2004 ) , the average number of standing events range between 6 to 9 per heat . Table 1 . The distribution of first and last standing events of heat as identified by HeatWatch 1 Event Time period 12 : 01 AM to 6 : 00 AM 6 : 01 AM to 12 : 00 PM 12 : 01 PM to 6 : 00 PM 6 : 01 PM to 12 : 00 AM Onset of first standing event , ( % ) 24.5 28.4 19.8 27.3 Termination of last standing event , ( % ) 24.8 27.8 23.4 24.0 1 2,055 heat periods ; Adapted from Dransfield et al . ( 1998 ) . Table 2 . The duration of heat in dairy cattle . Reference Average duration of heat ( h ) Hammond ( 1927 ) 19.3 Trimberger ( 1948 ) 17.8 Dransfield et al . ( 1998 ) 7.1 Table 3 . The effect of milk yield on duration of heat and number of standing events in dairy cattle Item Low milk ( n = 177 ) High milk ( n = 146 ) Milk production , kg / d 33.5 Β± 0.3 46.4 Β± 0.4 Duration of heat , h 10.9 Β± 0.7 6.2 Β± 0.5 Number of standing events 8.8 Β± 0.6 6.3 Β± 0.4 Adapted from Lopez et al . ( 2004 ) . The mechanism by which high milk production may alter the expression of heat is not completely understood . Sangsritavong et al . ( 2002 ) reported the plane of nutrition necessary for high milk production increases liver blood flow and metabolic clearance of progesterone and estradiol . According to Wiltbank ( 2003 ) , this would lead to lower circulating concentrations of progesterone and estradiol in high producing cows . Therefore , increased metabolic clearance of estradiol after the onset of heat may contribute to the altered expression of heat in high producing cows , resulting in increased difficulty in A variety of automated systems ( HeatWatch , CowChips , LLC , Manalapan , NJ , USA ; Select Detect , Select Sires , Inc , Plain City , OH , USA ; ai24 , Semex Alliance , Guelph , ON , Canada ; Heatime , Micro Dairy Logic , Amarillo , TX , USA ; Smart Bolus , TenXsys , Eagle , ID , USA ) and heat detection aids such as tail paint or chalk , and heat mount detectors ( Kamar , Kamar Products , Inc . , Zionsville , IN , USA ; Bovine Beacon , Time of AI Dalton and coworkers ( 2001 ) conducted an experiment to determine the effect of insemination time on fertilization status and embryo quality in single - ovulating cows . All cows were continuously monitored by HeatWatch and received AI with one 0.5 - mL straw ( 25 Γ 10 6 sperm ) of semen from one of three bulls at 0 , 12 , or 24 h after the onset of standing heat . Although fertilization rates were greatest in embryos recovered following the 24 - h AI treatment ( Figure 2 ) , embryo quality declined with increasing intervals after the onset of standing heat , from high quality embryos ( 0 - h AI ) to low quality embryos ( 24 - h AI ; Dalton et al . , 2001 ) . Embryo quality at the late insemination ( 24 - h AI ) may be impaired due to an aging ovum at the time of fertilization ( Figures 2 and 3 ) . In this scenario , 24 - h AI would result in sperm reaching the site of fertilization at 30 + h after the onset of standing heat , accounting for the time required for sustained sperm transport ( 6 to 12 h ; Hawk , 1987 ; Hunter and Wilmut , 1983 ; Wilmut and Hunter , 1984 ) . Consequently , fertilization of an aging ovum would Figure 2 . Effect of time of AI after onset of standing heat ( as determined by the first standing event in cattle continuously monitored by HeatWatch ) on fertilization status and embryo quality . ( Adapted from Dalton et al . , 2001 ) . Artificial insemination at approximately 12 h after onset of standing heat may provide a compromise between the potentially lower fertilization rate of 0 - h AI and the lowered embryo quality ( due to increased degenerate embryos ) of 24 - h AI ( Figures 2 and 3 ) . From these data , fertility would be expected to be optimized following the 12 - h AI ( Figure 3 ) . This agrees with Dransfield et al . ( 1998 ) , in which the optimal time of AI for lactating cows identified in estrus by HeatWatch was 4 Figure 3 . Artificial insemination at 12 h after onset of standing heat appears to be a compromise between the low fertilization rate and high embryo quality of early inseminations and the high fertilization rate and low embryo quality of late inseminations . ( Adaptation of data from Dransfield et al . , 1998 , and Dalton et al . , 2001 , originally published by Saacke et al . , 2000 ) . In management schemes that allow for visual observation of cows for signs of heat , observation periods should occur at least three times daily ( Nebel , 2003 ) . This recommendation stems from classic research ( Trimberger and Davis , 1943 ; Trimberger , 1948 ) in which visual observation conducted three times daily led to the development of the A.M. - P.M. guideline where : 1 ) cows observed in heat during the A.M. should receive AI during the P.M. , and 2 ) cows observed in heat during the P.M. should receive AI during the next A.M . In various management schemes , it is unrealistic to expect heat detection and AI to occur more than once daily . In this management strategy AI should occur as soon after detection as possible , as the short lifespan of the ovum must be considered the limiting factor . Heat detection and AI studies , however , have reported similar fertility results for once - daily AI and AI following the A.M. - P.M. guideline ( Foote , 1978 ; Nebel et al . , 1994 ) . Semen Storage and Handling To attain the maximal potential fertility within straws of frozen semen , the liquid nitrogen tank must be managed properly . The liquid nitrogen tank consists of a β tank within a tank , β with insulation under vacuum between the inner and outer tanks . Liquid nitrogen tanks should be stored in a clean , dry area and preferably on a wood stand to avoid possible corrosion ( due to contact with wet or damp concrete ) . The liquid nitrogen tank should be securely fastened during transportation to avoid tipping the tank over and damaging the tank , Regardless of whether the liquid nitrogen tank is stored in an office or transported in a vehicle to a location closer to the cows to be serviced , a detailed inventory of semen should be easily accessible so that straws may be located and removed from the tank quickly to avoid exposure of semen to ambient temperature . When removing a straw from a liquid nitrogen tank , it is imperative that the technician keep the canister , cane , and unused semen straws as low as possible in the neck of the tank . A best management practice is Prior to thawing semen for AI , the water bath temperature should be checked with a thermometer . Most semen packaged in 0.25 - or 0.5 - mL straws should be thawed in water at 35 to 37 Β° C . Research has shown that warm water thawing of semen straws results in greater sperm survival as compared to ice water and air thawing . Generally , ice water and air thawing occurs too slowly , exposing sperm to extended thawing which allows ample time for sperm to be damaged . Warm water thawing rapidly transforms sperm , thus minimizing When numerous cows must be inseminated on a given day , AI technicians routinely thaw multiple straws of semen simultaneously to facilitate AI in a timely manner . In 2004 , a field trial was conducted ( Dalton et al . , 2004 ) to answer the following questions : What is the effect of simultaneous thawing of multiple straws of semen and sequence of insemination ( 1st , 2nd , 3rd , or 4th ) on CR ? Is the CR achieved following AI by professional AI technicians ( PAI ) and herdsman - inseminators ( HI ) different ? What is the effect of elapsed time from initiation of thawing straws of semen to seminal deposition on CR ? Although the average CR differed between PAI and HI ( 45 % vs . 27 % , respectively ) , simultaneous thawing and sequence of insemination ( 1st , 2nd , 3rd , or 4th ) , and elapsed time from initial thaw to completion of fourth AI had no effect on CR within inseminator group ( Dalton et al . , 2004 ) . Nevertheless , a general recommendation as to the number of straws that may be thawed simultaneously detracts from the overall importance of proper semen handling for successful AI . Conception to AI is most likely accurately identify cows in heat follow the AI stud β s recommendations for thawing semen prevent direct straw - to - straw contact during thawing to avoid decreased post - thaw sperm viability as a result of straws freezing together ( Brown et al . , 1991 ) use appropriate hygienic procedures maintain thermal protection of straws during AI gun assembly and transport to the cow deposit semen in the uterus of the cow within approximately 10 to 15 minutes after thawing Inseminator Skill ( Site of Semen Deposition ) Many studies have compared semen deposition near the greater curvature of the uterine horns with conventional deposition into the uterine body . Although Senger et al . ( 1988 ) , LΓ³pez - Gatius ( 1996 ) , and Pursley ( 2004 ) reported increased fertility when semen was deposited in the uterine horns rather than the uterine body , Hawk and Tanabe ( 1986 ) , Williams et al . ( 1988 ) , and McKenna et al . ( 1990 ) found no difference in fertility when comparing uterine body and uterine horn inseminations . Furthermore , Diskin Unfortunately , it is not clear why a few studies have shown a fertility advantage following uterine horn insemination while others have not . A possible explanation for the positive effect of uterine horn inseminations may be related to the minimization or elimination of cervical semen deposition . Cervical insemination errors account for approximately 20 % of attempted uterine body depositions ( Peters et al . , 1984 ) . Macpherson ( 1968 ) reported that cervical insemination resulted in a 10 % decrease in fertility when compared with deposition of semen in the uterine body . To maximize CR Timed AI Programs Timed AI programs provide an organized and efficient approach to administering first AI and the improvement of reproductive performance ( Santos , 2007 ) . Resources are available ( http : / / www . extension . org and www . dcrcouncil . org ) that describe the vast array of timed AI programs for dairy cattle . Conception to AI resulting from these protocols varies . Nevertheless , there are common β compliance β factors among all protocols that must be followed , including accurate cow identification ; appropriate drug dosage ; time , day , and route of administration ; and time of insemination . With the advent of timed AI protocols , more cows are inseminated in a short period of time and , it is hoped , more cows will become pregnant earlier in lactation . Nevertheless , it is Summary A successful AI program must include efficient and accurate heat detection and timely AI relative to ovulation . Although the average duration of heat in dairy cattle is approximately 7 h , high producing dairy cows exhibit a shorter duration of heat , resulting in increased difficulty in identifying these cows in heat . A variety of automated heat detection systems and heat detection aids are available to assist in the identification of cows in heat . Regardless of the heat detection aids or automated heat detection system used , producers and technicians should use common sense and search for Acknowledgment Mention of specific products is for informational purposes only and does not imply endorsement of products over similar products not mentioned . Author Information Joseph C . Dalton , Ph . D . University of Idaho 1904 E . Chicago St . Suite AB Caldwell , ID , USA 83605 jdalton @ uidaho . edu References Bean , B.H. , B.W. Pickett , and R.C. Martig . 1963 . Influence of freezing methods , extenders and storage temperatures on motility and pH of frozen bovine semen . J . Dairy Sci . 46 : 145 - 149 . Berndtson , W.E. , B.W. Pickett , and C.D. Rugg . 1976 . Procedures for field handling of bovine semen in plastic straws . In : Proc . Nat β l . Assn . Anim . Breeders 6th Tech . Conf . AI and Reprod . , Columbia , MO , pp . 51 - 60 . Brackett , B.G. , Y.K. Oh , J.F. Evans , and W.J. Donawick . 1980 . Fertilization and development of cow ova . Biol . Reprod . 23 : 189 - 205 . Britt , J.H. , R.G. Scott , J.D. Armstrong , and M.D. Whitacre . 1986 . Determinants of estrous behavior in lactating Holstein cows . J . Dairy . Sci . 69 : 2195 - 2202 . Brown , D.W. , P.L. Senger , and W.C. Becker . 1991 . Effect of group thawing on post - thaw viability of bovine spermatozoa packaged in 0.5 milliliter French straws . J . Anim . Sci . 69 : 2303 - 2309 . Dalton , J.C. , S . Nadir , J.H. Bame , M . Noftsinger , R.L. Nebel , and R.G. Saacke . 2001 . Effect of time of insemination on number of accessory sperm , fertilization rate , and embryo quality in nonlactating dairy cattle . J . Dairy Sci . 84 : 2413 - 2418 . Dalton , J.C. , A . Ahmadzadeh , B . Shafii , W.J. Price , and J.M. DeJarnette . 2004 . Effect of thawing multiple 0.5 - ml semen straws and sequential insemination number on conception rates in dairy cattle . J . Dairy Sci . 87 : 972 - 975 . DeJarnette , J.M. , D.A. Barnes , and C.E. Marshall . 1999 . Effects of pre - and post - thaw thermal insults on viability characteristics of cryopreserved bovine semen . Theriogenology . 53 : 1225 - 1238 . Diskin , M.G. , J.R. Pursley , D.A. Kenny , J.F. Mee , and J.M. Sreenan . 2004 . The effect of deep intrauterine placement of semen on conception rate in dairy cows . J . Dairy Sci . 87 : ( Suppl . 1 ) : 257 ( Abstr . ) . Dransfield , M.B.G. , R.L. Nebel , R.E. Pearson , and L.D. Warnick . 1998 . Timing of insemination for dairy cows identified in estrus by a radiotelemetric estrus detection system . J . Dairy Sci . 81 : 1874 - 1882 . Etgen , W . M . , J.M. Ludwick , H.E. Rickard , E.A. Hess , and F . Ely . 1957 . Use of mechanical refrigeration in preservation of bull semen . J . Dairy Sci . 40 : 774 - 778 . Foote , R.H. 1978 . Time of artificial insemination and fertility in dairy cattle . J . Dairy Sci . 62 : 355 - 358 . Hammond , J . 1927 . The physiology of reproduction in the cow . University Press , Cambridge , England , pp . 9 - 49 . Hawk , H.W. , and T.Y. Tanabe . 1986 . Effect of unilateral cornual insemination upon fertilization rate in superovulating and single - ovulating cattle . J . Anim . Sci . 63 : 551 - 560 . Hawk , H.W. 1987 . Transport and fate of spermatozoa after insemination of cattle . J . Dairy Sci . 70 : 1487 - 1503 . Hopkins , S.M. 1989 . Reproductive patterns of cattle . In : Veterinary Endocrinology and Reproduction , Ed . L.E. McDonald , Lea and Fibiger , Philadelphia , PA , pp . 399 - 415 . Hunter , R.H.F. , and I . Wilmut . 1983 . The rate of functional sperm transport into the oviducts of mated cows . Anim . Reprod . Sci . 5 : 167 - 173 . Leonard , F.C. , J . O β Connell , and K . O β Farrell . 1994 . Effect of different housing conditions on behaviour and foot lesions in Friesian heifers . Vet . Rec . 134 : 490 - 494 . Lopez , H . , L.D. Satter , and M.C. Wiltbank . 2004 . Relationship between level of milk production and estrous behavior of lactating dairy cows . Anim . Reprod . Sci . 81 : 209 - 223 . LΓ³pez - Gatius , F . 1996 . Side of gestation in dairy heifers affects subsequent sperm transport and pregnancy rates after deep insemination into one uterine horn . Theriogenology . 45 : 417 - 425 . Maatje , K . , S.H. Loeffler , and B . Engel . 1997 . Predicting optimal time of insemination in cows that show visual signs of estrus by estimating onset of estrus with pedometers . J . Dairy Sci . 80 : 1098 - 1105 . Macpherson , J.W. 1968 . Semen placement effects on fertility in bovines . J . Dairy Sci . 51 : 807 - 808 . McKenna , T . , R.W. Lenz , S.E. Fenton , and R.L. Ax . 1990 . Nonreturn rates of dairy cattle following uterine body or cornual insemination . J . Dairy Sci . 73 : 1779 - 1783 . Nebel , R.L. , W.D. Whittier , B.G. Cassell , and J.H. Britt . 1987 . Comparison of on - farm and laboratory milk progesterone assays for identifying errors in detection of estrus and diagnosis of pregnancy . J . Dairy Sci . 70 : 1471 - 1476 . Nebel , R.L. , W.L. Walker , M.L. McGilliard , C.H. Allen , and G.S. Heckman . 1994 . Timing of insemination of dairy cows : fixed time once daily versus morning and afternoon . J . Dairy Sci . 77 : 3185 - 3191 . Nebel , R.L. and S.M. Jobst , 1998 . Evaluation of systematic breeding programs for lactating dairy cows : A review . J . Dairy Sci . 81 : 1169 - 1174 . Nebel , R.L. 2003 . Components of a successful heat detection program . Adv . Dairy Technol . 15 : 191 - 203 . Peralta , O.A. , R.E. Pearson , and R.L. Nebel . 2005 . Comparison of three estrus detection systems during summer in a large commercial dairy herd . Anim . Reprod . Sci . 87 : 59 - 72 . Peters , J.L. , P.L. Senger , J.L. Rosenberger , and M.L. O β Connor . 1984 . Radiographic evaluation of bovine artificial inseminating technique among professional and herdsman - inseminators using 0.5 - and 0.25 - mL French straws . J . Anim . Sci . 59 : 1671 - 1683 . Pursley , J.R. 2004 . Deep uterine horn AI improves fertility of lactating dairy cows . J . Dairy Sci . 87 : ( Suppl . 1 ) : 372 ( Abstr . ) . Pursley , J.R. 2007 . Strategies and rationale for resynchronization of ovulation in lactating dairy cows . In : Proc . Dairy Cattle Reprod . Council Annual Meeting , Denver , CO , pp . 37 - 43 . Reimers , T.J. , R.D. Smith , and S.K. Newman . 1985 . Management factors affecting reproductive performance of dairy cows in the northeast United States . J . Dairy Sci . 68 : 963 - 977 . Saacke , R.G. , J.A. Lineweaver , and E.P. Aalseth . 1978 . Procedures for handling frozen semen . In : Proc . Nat β l . Assn . Anim . Breeders 12th Tech . Conf . AI and Reprod . , Columbia , MO , pp . 46 - 61 . Saacke , R.G. , J.C. Dalton , S . Nadir , R.L. Nebel , and J.H. Bame . 2000 . Relationship of seminal traits and insemination time to fertilization rate and embryo quality . Anim . Reprod . Sci . 60 - 61 : 663 - 677 . Sangsritavong , S . , D.K. Combs , R . Sartori , L.E. Armentano , and M.C. Wiltbank . 2002 . High feed intake increases liver blood flow and metabolism of progesterone and estradiol - 17Ξ² in dairy cattle . J . Dairy Sci . 85 : 2831 - 2842 . Santos , J.E.P. 2007 . Optimization tips and alternatives for timed insemination at first service . In : Proc . Dairy Cattle Reprod . Council Annual Meeting , Denver , CO , pp . 23 - 35 . Senger , P.L. , W.C. Becker , S.T. Davidge , J.K. Hillers , and J.J. Reeves . 1988 . Influence of cornual insemination on conception in dairy cattle . J . Anim . Sci . 66 : 3010 - 3016 . Senger , P.L. 1999 . The luteal phase of the estrous cycle . In : Pathways to Pregnancy and Parturition , Current Conceptions , Inc . , Pullman , WA , pp . 149 - 166 . Stevenson , J.S. 2001 . Reproductive management of dairy cows in high milk - producing herds . J . Dairy Sci . 84 ( E . Suppl . ) : E128 - E143 . Trimberger , G.W. and H.P. Davis . 1943 . Conception rate in dairy cattle from artificial insemination at various stages of estrus . Neb . Agric . Exp . Sta . Res . Bull . 129 : 1 - 14 . Trimberger , G.W. 1948 . Breeding efficiency in dairy cattle from artificial insemination at various intervals before and after ovulation . Neb . Agric . Exp . Sta . Res . Bull . 153 : 1 - 26 . Walker , W.L. , R.L. Nebel , and M.L. McGilliard . 1996 . Time of ovulation relative to mounting activity in dairy cattle . J . Dairy Sci . 79 : 1555 - 1561 . Williams , B.L. , F.C. Gwazdauskas , W.D. Whittier , R.E. Pearson , and R.L. Nebel . 1988 . Impact of site of inseminate deposition and environmental factors that influence reproduction of dairy cattle . J . Dairy Sci . 71 : 2278 - 2283 . Wilmut , I . and R.H.F. Hunter . 1984 . Sperm transport into the oviducts of heifers mated early in oestrus . Reprod . Nutr . Develop . 24 : 461 - 465 . Wiltbank , M.C. 2003 . Novel nutritional effects on reproduction . In : Proc . 5th Ann . Intermountain Nutrition Conference , Salt Lake City , UT , pp . 127 - 140 . Xu , Z . Z . , D.J. McKnight , R . Vishwanath , C.J. Pitt , and L.J. Burton . 1998 . Estrus detection using radiotelemetry or visual observation and tail painting for dairy cows on pasture . J . Dairy Sci . 81 : 2890 - 2896 . Back to Top Browse related by Tag dairy cattle dairy cattle : reproduction Share this post Have a Question ? Try asking one of our Experts | [
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http://articles.latimes.com/1985-04-08/sports/sp-18615_1_vin-scully/6 | Vin Scully : In 36 Years as Voice of the Dodgers , He ' s Never Been at Loss for Words RICK REILLY Times Staff Writer The Vin Scully Show , now embarking on its 36th year with the Dodgers , rolls on and on , with each new reviewer gushing more than the last . Fifty - seven summers are n ' t much betrayed in his ruddy - red Irish face . Neither is the sadness when he smiles , which , by nature and by design , is practically always . Yeah , even Vin Scully , master - weaver of high drama and happy endings , has his sadnesses . But sorrow makes for lousy theater - - on the air and off - - and if there is one thing Scully ca n ' t stand it ' s lousy theater . " I ' m the great cover - up , " Scully says . " I do n ' t talk about my sadness . I guess the psychiatrists might say that I need to purge myself of that . But I ca n ' t . I ' d rather tell them a joke . I have to do it my way . I ca n ' t allow the sadness to lead me on . " And so , the show leads him on . The most transfixing , regaling , entertaining show in baseball carries elegantly on . For that , baseball fans must be forever indebted . Not , of course , as forever indebted as Dodger President Peter O ' Malley , who shells out an estimated $ 750,000 per year for a man who is , essentially , a part - time employee . O ' Malley at least has company . The bookkeeper at NBC pays Scully approximately the same size stipend to work the " Game of the Week " and six golf tournaments a year . That ' s $ 1.5 million a year , with winters off and no heavy lifting After 36 years , Vinnie has become everybody ' s friend . Does Los Angeles love Vinnie ? Does Lasorda bleed white clam sauce ? Or , as a Mr . G.G. Gundry of Malibu writes in : " If Vin Scully announced lawn bowing , I would listen . " No , Vinnie does n ' t do the Dodgers . Vinnie is the Dodgers - - more than Lasorda or Sax or , yeah , even Mr . Potato Head . Vinnie has that certain papal infallibility about him . As Lasorda himself once put it : " Davey Lopes hits a line drive off the wall , comes flying around second and slides head - first into third and not one person in the stadium believes it until Vinnie tells them it ' s true . " This is not much of an exaggeration , even for Lasorda . Scully may be the single - largest influence on transistor radio sales in Los Angeles . In fact , so many people pack a radio to Dodger games that KABC engineers often have to adjust for the noise of Vinnie ' s voice cascading up from the stands into the booth . All those people hanging on every word can be intimidating . " It ' s strange knowing that thousands of people are listening to you describe a play they are watching , " Scully says , but Scully says he ' s never had a letter from somebody who was there saying he got it wrong . And transistor power can be good for kicks , too . Once , during a particularly dull game in 1960 , Scully noticed in the press guide that one of the day ' s umpires , Frank Secory , was celebrating a birthday . Vinnie thought it would be fun if everybody listening in the stands paid the man in blue a tribute . " I ' ll count to three , " Scully said , " and everybody yell , ' Happy Birthday , Frank ! ' " One , two , three . . . counted Scully . " HAPPY BIRTHDAY , FRANK ! " roared thousands . Secory ' s face looked as if he ' d just been buzzed by a 727 . The crowd giggled with delight , eminently pleased with their little game and its instigator , Scully . All of which goes to show you that Dodger Stadium is Vinnie ' s . Even players from visiting teams worship at Scully ' s Shrine . One was Cincinnati Reds ' reliever George Culver , who would no sooner take his seat in the bullpen without his transistor than he would without his glove . One night , the Reds had a pitcher warming up in the bullpen but Scully ' s view was blocked . Scully knew George listened , so he said over the air , " Hey , George , if that ' s Granger warming up , give us a wave . " Culver waved . " Thanks , George , " Scully said . Scully can get away with that stuff . He is as comfortable as your favorite college sweat shirt . Flip on the car radio and you can almost see him riding shotgun , swapping stories , affecting no pretensions or style except the simple feel of himself . It is for that reason Scully never - - never - - listens to other broadcasters . Scully does n ' t want to be Marv Albert or Lindsey Nelson or Joe Piscopo . Scully just wants to be Scully . Scully appeals to the truck driver and the English lit professor alike . He knows his way around homers and Homer , Shakespeare and stickball . If Scully says an errant shortstop is like " The Ancient Mariner - - he stoppeth one of three , " one minute , then the next he ' s describing a change - up that " squirts out like a wet bar of soap . " Los Angeles has lapped it up since 1958 , when the Dodgers came to town with Scully running interference . He turned Los Angeles into a transistor town , first and forever . Forget video , from April to October for 27 years , Scully ' s mellifluous musings have drifted up from every traffic jam and outdoor cafe , every limousine and ice cream truck . The portable Vinnie . Unless , of course , he ' s doing the TV broadcast on Channel 11 . Then it ' s VinnieVision . Fans respect Vinnie , because Vinnie respects the fans . Vinnie does not scream at you . Vinnie does not numb you with numbers . Vinnie does not try to impress you . You ' ll never hear Vinnie giving it the big Hollywood High Five in the booth , as in : Well , what do you know ? Look who just dropped by the old homestead If it is n ' t Bobby . Folks , say hello to Bobby De Niro . Nor will Vinnie rail at umpires , root for the home team ( Cub fans shudder here ) , or rag the visitors . And , most of all , Vinnie will give you nothing when nothing will do just fine . When Henry Aaron was one home run away from hitting his 715th and breaking Babe Ruth ' s record , it so happened that the Dodgers were in Atlanta for the game . Al Downing was on the mound for the Dodgers and Scully was at the mike . When that most celebrated of fly balls cleared the fence , Scully barked , " It ' s gone ! , " then did a curious thing . He motioned for the engineer to open up the crowd microphone , rose from his chair , walked to the back of the broadcasting booth , poured himself a glass of water and drank it . Slowly . The roar lasted more than two minutes and those two minutes got along just fine without anybody having to add insightful commentary such as : I ca n ' t believe it ! I ca n ' t believe it ! I ca n ' t believe it ! To some , Scully ' s call , or lack thereof , was pure genius , but to Scully it was child ' s play . " I remember , when I was growing up , we had one of those huge , old radios at home that sat high enough off the ground so that I was able to crawl up under it , actually under it , " Scully says . " I ' d sit under there for hours with a box of Saltines and a carton of milk and listen to guys like Ted Husing and Bill Stern do college football . Games like Georgia Tech - Navy , Mississippi - Mississippi State , which I should not have cared the least about , but was enthralled with . It did n ' t matter to me . I used to just love to hear the roar of the crowd wash over me . And I knew if I ever got the chance to broadcast , I ' d When the Dodgers won the 1959 pennant , Scully ' s classy line is remembered , perhaps even more than the feat he described : " We go to Chicago . " When Scully ' s favorite Dodger team won the first and last pennant for Flatbush in 1955 and then went on to win the World Series , Scully still kept his cool : " Ladies and gentlemen , the Brooklyn Dodgers are the champions of the world . " Later , people would ask Scully how he remained so calm . " If I ' d said another word , I ' d have broken down crying , " he would say . If knowing when to swallow words is an art , knowing how to release them is a gift . They say radio is like skywriting . The words , once spoken , merely float away to the winds , lost forever . But only Scully can still the sky . Like this : Three times in his sensational career has Sandy Koufax walked out to the mound to pitch a fateful ninth when he turned in a no - hitter . But tonight , September 9th , 1965 , he made the toughest walk of his career , I ' m sure , because through eight innings he has pitched a perfect game . He has struck out 11 , has retired 24 consecutive batters . And the first man he will look at is catcher Chris Krug - - big , right - handed hitter - - flied to center , grounded plate . Tracewski is over to his right to fill up the middle . Kennedy is deep to guard the line . The strike - two pitch on the way : fastball outside , ball one . Krug started to go after it but held up , and Torborg held the ball high in the air trying to convince Vargo , but Eddy said : ' No , sir . ' One - and - two the count to Chris Krug . It is 9 : 41 P.M. on September the 9th . The 1 - 2 pitch on the way : tough to be a teammate and sit in the dugout and have to watch . Sandy back of the rubber now , toes it . All the boys in the bullpen straining to get a better look as they look through the wire fence in left field . One - and - two the count to Chris Krug . Koufax , feet together , now to his windup , and the 1 - 2 pitch - - ball , outside , ball two . ( The crowd boos . ) A lot of people in the ball park now are starting to see the pitches with their hearts . The pitch was outside . Torborg tried to pull it in over the plate , but Vargo , an experienced umpire , would n ' t go for it . Two - and - two the count to Chris Krug . Sandy reading signs . Into his windup , 2 - 2 pitch : fastball got him swinging ! Sandy Koufax has struck out 12 . He is two outs away from a perfect game . Here is Joe Amalfitano to and Amalfitano walks away and shakes himself a little bit , and swings the bat . And Koufax , with a new ball , takes a hitch at his belt and walks behind the mound . I would think that the mound at Dodger Stadium right now is the loneliest place in the world . Sandy , fussing , looks in to get his sign ; 0 - and - 2 to Amalfitano - - the strike - two pitch to Joe : fast ball , swung on and missed , strike three ! He is one out away from the promised land , and Harvey Kuenn is coming up . So Harvey Kuenn is batting for Bob Hendley fell off . He took an extremely long stride toward the plate , and Torborg had to go up to get it . One - and - one to Harvey Kuenn . Now he ' s ready : fastball high , ball two . You ca n ' t blame the man for pushing just a little bit now . Sandy backs off , mops his forehead , runs his left index finger along his forehead , dries it off on his left pants - leg . All the while , Kuenn just waiting . Now Sandy looks in . Into his windup , and the 2 - 1 pitch to Kuenn : swung on and missed , strike two . ( Long wait as crowd noise takes over . ) On the scoreboard in right field it is 9 : 46 p.m. in the city of the angels , Los Angeles , California , and a crowd of 29,139 just sitting in to see the only pitcher in baseball history to hurl four no - hit , no - run games . He has done it four straight years , and now he capped it : On his fourth no - hitter , he made it a perfect game . And Sandy Koufax , whose name will always remind you of strikeouts , did it with a flourish . He - - Vin Scully ' s call of Sandy Koufax ' s perfect game , Sept . 9 , 1965 ( From The Baseball Reader , Edited by Charles Einstein , McGraw - Hill Paperbacks ) And now we take time out for a quickie Dodger quiz : Q : This Dodger was voted Most Memorable of all time in a 1976 poll of fans . He was born to immigrant parents in a poor section of a big city , worked his way to national fame , pals around with the President , is usually whistling something or other , is in perpetual mid - story and can sometimes be found saying something like , " Only in a country as great as ours , could a kid from ( your hometown here ) make it big . . . . " Can you name him ? If you said Tommy Lasorda , go directly home and watch six straight hours of Chicago Brothers pizza commercials . If you said Vin Scully , may all your skies be Dodger Blue . Hard to believe , but Scully , the son of a silk salesman , was born in the Bronx , New York , to humble surroundings . When Scully was seven years old , his father died of pneumonia and the family moved to a fifth - floor walk - up apartment house in Brooklyn , near the George Washington Bridge . It ' s the 181st Street stop if you ' re on the subway . His mother later married a reserved , pipe - smoking Englishman who worked as a doorman near Central Park in Manhattan . " We were n ' t real poor , but we were n ' t quite middle class , either , " Scully remembers . " I remember my stepfather used to come home sometimes with a pair of pants . One of the tenants at the apartment where he worked would hand him a pair and say , ' Hey , Al , do n ' t you have a son these might fit ? ' And he ' d bring them home to me . " On Scully ' s most lavish Christmas he received a bicycle . " It was stolen in two days , " he said . When Scully eventually made his television debut , his family had to walk down to the neighborhood saloon to witness it . They did n ' t own a television . Ironically , the loquacious Scully almost turned out to be a stutterer . The sisters at his Catholic elementary school believed left - handedness to be a vice cured best by a ruler rap across the knuckles . Scully was a natural left - hander . The strain caused when a natural left - hander is forced to use nothing but his right hand was starting to show up in Scully ' s speech pattern - - he was starting to stutter . Eventually , Scully ' s mother asked a doctor for help . The doctor sent a note to the sisters explaining to them that if God had wanted young Vincent to favor his right hand , God would have made him right - handed . But since young Vincent most definitely wanted to use his left hand , the sisters must not mess with God ' s work . And from that point on , they did n ' t . Scully was never without employment , inglorious as it sometimes was . He delivered the Bronx Home News . He pushed garment racks through Manhattan . He delivered mail . He delivered milk . And , of course , he worked the Silver Room at the Stadler Hotel . The Silver Room ? One day a man walked up to a group of teen - agers and inquired as to who among them would like to work the Silver Room at the hotel . That sounded pretty glamorous to Scully , so he raised his hand . The Silver Room ! Scully could see himself now . Dressed in tails at the maitre d ' stand of the Silver Room . Table for two ? Right this way . " Come with me , " the man said . He took Scully back to a hot , steamy little room where , cascading through a hole in the ceiling , came dirty silverware from the hotel restaurant . The lucky young gentlemen in the Silver Room were granted the distinct privilege to wash it . Scully eventually went to Fordham Prep , then to Fordham University , where he worked on the school paper , ran the school radio station , wrote stringer stories for the New York Times and played for the Fordham baseball team , for which he contributed a decent center field , swung a fickle bat , but exhibited the best adenoids on the team . " I remember I ' d stand out there and broadcast the games - - to myself , although sometimes the priests sitting behind me in the stands would hear me and laugh , " he said . " But I kept right on . " Which gives us pause . What if Scully the Voice had to introduce Scully the Player ? Now stepping in there , Vince Scully , about a .270 hitter , bats right . A skinny , carrot - topped kid . Appears to be hosting a freckle convention on his face . Just a punch hitter , he likes to whittle away at you . He ' s the kind of kid you chuckle at when he comes to the plate , but you look at the box score the next day and you find out he went 2 for 4 against you . On the base paths , he ' s nettlesome . Not necessarily fast Which is exactly right . Scully did n ' t . He spent two years in the Navy , then came back to Fordham and graduated in 1949 . His number was not retired . That summer Scully got his break . Pressed for a warm body , Red Barber of CBS Radio told his aide to call " that red - haired fellow " he ' d met once upon a time to help fill in on the Boston University - Maryland game . Scully , 21 , was glad to do it , but because of a mix - up , Scully was n ' t going to do it from a broadcasting booth . Instead , he had to work from the roof of the stadium on a cold and wind - " Yet not once did that boy complain about how cold he was or how he could n ' t see , " remembers Barber , now living in Tallahassee , Fla . In fact , Scully did n ' t even complain the following Monday when he saw Barber in the CBS offices . Scully ' s misfortunes were retold to Barber later that week . " I was very impressed about that , " Barber says . By 1950 , Barber had offered Scully the job of replacing Ernie Harwell on the Dodger broadcasts , to be the No . 3 man behind Barber and Connie Desmond . But when Desmond left , Scully moved up to No . 2 . By the beginning of the 1954 season , Barber had jumped to the New York Yankees and the Dodgers had themselves a brand - new No . 1 golden - throat , Vince Scully , age 26 . The show has not stopped since . And now for the mortal side of Vinnie . Scully has been criticized for cherishing good theater at the expense of reporting the news . The night before the baseball strike was to begin in 1981 , he failed to tell his listeners that the strike would begin the next day . Instead , he hyped the game the next night , even though it most obviously would not be played . " The people were sick of hearing about the strike , " Scully says in defense today . When Times columnist Scott Ostler chastised him for it and for other examples of protecting the Dodger image , mail ran 10 to 1 in favor of Scully , all of which proved one thing : Given a choice , the people would rather have Vinnie than the truth . Not that Vinnie does n ' t tell the truth ; it ' s just that Vinnie , like any good master of ceremonies , sometimes fails to mention that the lead singer will perform tonight with a doozy of a hangover . " If you knew something lousy about your managing editor , would you print it ? " Scully asks a writer . " I work for the Dodgers . They sign my check . " Some think Scully an egotist because he insists that the Dodgers operate on the one man / one mike theory . That is , though there are three members of the Dodger radio and TV broadcast team - - Scully , Jerry Doggett and Ross Porter - - you will never hear any two voices on the same broadcast at the same time . But there was a time , when Porter first arrived , in 1976 , that O ' Malley allowed Porter and Doggett to try two on the air at once . " That was the way I ' d been used to , " Porter says . " But after about a week , Peter said , ' It ' s working OK , but let ' s go back to the old way . ' " When Scully jumped from CBS to NBC two years ago and was paired with Joe Garagiola , " people said it would be two giant egos clashing , two guys fighting for the mike , " Garagiola says . " But the first time Vin and I talked , we decided , ' Hey , we ' re professionals . Let ' s work it out . ' And we did . " Where Scully takes cheap shots is when people , hunting for chinks in the armor , hit a wall and begin picking nits , such as the rap that Scully sells too much stuff on the air . One , Scully can out - sell Ed McMahon . Two , if you ' re Peter O ' Malley , you like to stretch every dollar out of your part - time help . And then there was a magazine writer who complained that Scully started too many sentences with " So . . . " as in " So , on a shimmering summer night , the tension runs so taut that even the moon peeks out from behind a cloud to get a look . " To this , Scully fans say , " So what ? " Scully can order breakfast with so for all they care as long as what follows gives them goose bumps . ( Come to think of it , Scully probably could do just that : " So , on a maaaaaaaaarvelous day for French Toast , I am reminded of Moliere , who said . . . . " ) The other thing is , if you ' re out looking for flaws , Scully will gladly save you the trouble . Nobody likes to tell a joke on himself more than Vinnie . Such as the time he and his wife , Sandy , were taking a trip . Scully packed the luggage in the trunk of the car and off they went . All along the freeway , an inordinate number of citizens were waving and pointing , honking horns and flashing lights . Naturally , Scully thought they were fans , who really do honk and wave and flash lights at him , though even this seemed a bit much . But , as Scully says , " I thought I was just having an especially good day with my public That humility runs deep . When Scully was inducted into the broadcaster ' s wing of the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982 , the Dodgers saluted him with a Vin Scully Night at Dodger Stadium . When he was introduced , the faithful gave him a huge and lengthy standing ovation . When the roar finally subsided , Scully stepped to the microphone , looked up at the people and said , " It ' s only me . " Scully knows from whence he came . For all his dulcet tones he has his sorrows . Her name was Joan Crawford , not a movie star but with the mystique of one - - rich in beauty , dark eyes , dark hair , a model ' s face . Reared in Massachusetts , she was working as a model in New York in 1957 when an advertising buddy of Scully ' s set her up with Vinnie on a blind date . As things will happen , they were married the next year . That was 1958 , a most eventful one for Scully , since the Dodgers moved west that year . The Scullys and the Dodgers began life anew in Los Angeles . Joan and Vinnie had three kids - - Michael , Kevin and Erin - - and his love for those four began to make him rue life on the road with the Dodgers . " I hate to see days and nights go by without seeing the family , " he said in 1969 . " Time is the most precious thing of all , and I hate to squander it . " But he had made it through another season , 1971 , and was bracing himself for another when , at 3 : 30 a.m. on Jan . 26 , 1972 , he was awakened by the barking of a dog . When he turned to check on Joan , she was dead . The coroner ' s report said that Joan Scully had taken an accidental overdose of medication prescribed to her to help her rest from a severe cold and bronchitis . Scully immersed his sorrow in his work . As always , he did not miss an assignment with the Dodgers . He flew to Vero Beach in February and carried on . Scully always carries on . Two years later , he remarried , and today the Scully family counts eight , more than enough . They are Vin and Sandy , his new wife , Sandy ' s two kids from a previous marriage ( Todd , 20 and Kelly , 16 ) , Scully ' s three from Joan , and one of their own , 10 - year - old Catherine . But it is in Erin , 16 , his last daughter by Joan , that Vin is faced with a laughing , dancing , giggling reminder of his Joan . For Erin , dark and handsome , looks strikingly like her late mother . " I see Joan in everything Erin does , " Scully says . " I love that . For that , I will cherish her forever . " In the 13 years since Joan ' s death , Scully has rarely talked of it , even with Sandy . " I guess I m a pretty good actor , " he says . " I can be down and make myself cheerful . Lasorda always says to me : ' You ' re always happy . ' Well , I ' m not always happy , but I try to act like I am . " I just refuse to allow my feelings to show . . . . I ' m the great coverup . Why ? I do n ' t know . It ' s not like I ' m trying to spare everybody else the burden . It ' s just that I was taught not to show my emotions . . . . " My mother was an unemotional person . She was not the type to put her arms around me . And my stepfather was very much the contented , quiet Englishman . That ' s why it ' s hard for me . I ca n ' t go all the way . I ca n ' t reveal all my feelings . I could never bare my soul . " Maybe I ' ve kept it in too much , but I ca n ' t look back . I do n ' t need a catharsis . I do n ' t need a cleansing . I ' ve handled it in my own way . That ' s just me . I have to do it my way . I ca n ' t allow the sadness to lead me on . " On his way to Vero Beach in mid - March for the 36th time , Scully , heavy - hearted and looking into the teeth of another eight - month season , plunked down in his seat in the first - class cabin and looked , for once , almost unhappy . " You get to thinking , ' Well , here I go for two more weeks on the road . ' I figured it all out once and I realized that in my career , I ' ve been away from home for something like three full years . Three years . That gets to you . That gets depressing . " When Scully gets depressed , he plunges himself into his work and so it was that he reached up to the overhead bin and pulled down his briefcase to do some . When he opened it , he found a Snickers candy bar . Yes , ladies and gentlemen , here was Vin Scully , millionaire businessman , baseball ' s storyteller , distinguished journalist , Peabody Award Winner and Hall of Fame resident , sitting in the first - class cabin of an airplane with a Snickers bar . He took it out . There was a note attached . It read : Dear Daddy , We ' ll Miss You , Love , Us . As Scully looked up , anybody could see in his eyes that , for at least this one moment , the show did not go on . FO Forget what William Barr wrote about collusion . Listen to Adam Schiff instead GM squeezed $ 118 million from its workers , then shut their factory | [
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"Voice of the Dodgers"
] |
http://articles.latimes.com/1988-08-16/news/mn-724_1_roy-buchanan | Obituaries : Jail Cell Death for Innovative Musician : Guitarist Roy Buchanan Found Hanged From Times Wire Services Roy Buchanan , whose work stretched the limits of the electric guitar and had an influence on musicians from blues to country - western , hanged himself in a jail cell , officials said Monday . He was 48 . Buchanan , of Reston , Va . , had been arrested on a charge of public drunkenness and placed alone in a receiving cell at the Fairfax County Adult Detention Center , said the county ' s chief deputy sheriff , Carl Peed . The guitarist was placed in the cell at about 10 : 55 p.m. Sunday and checked 10 minutes later . But when deputies made a second check at 11 : 16 p.m. , Buchanan was found hanging by his shirt from a window grate , Peed said . " Roy was known for making the guitar squeal and snarl , playing harmonics , a lot of innovative techniques , " said Ken Morton , spokesman for Buchanan ' s recording label , the Chicago - based Alligator Records . " People like Robbie Robertson and Jeff Beck owe him a debt of gratitude . " Buchanan began playing in the early 1950s . An early influence was note - bending guitarist Jimmy Nolan , who would go on to play with soul singer James Brown . Buchanan had his own band in Los Angeles at 15 . He went to Oklahoma , where he met rockabilly legend Dale Hawkins , who wrote and performed the hit single , " Suzy Q . " Buchanan toured and recorded with Hawkins the next two years and in 1960 , joined a Canadian group that included Ronnie Hawkins , Robertson , Rick Danko and Garth Hudson and was the forerunner for The Band . He spent the next few years in a studio , backing singers as diverse as pop star Freddie Cannon and country - western singer Merle Kilgore . He left that work , formed another group and started playing the Washington , D.C. , area , where he became an underground favorite . Rolling Stone magazine discovered him in 1971 , and its review of one of his performances said , " Roy Buchanan provides what may well be the best rock - guitar picking in the world . " A public television documentary titled " The Best Unknown Guitarist in the World , " debuted soon afterward and Buchanan was signed to a contract with Polydor . He produced five albums , one of which , " Roy Buchanan ' s Second Album , " went gold . He moved to Atlantic Records and put out three albums , including his second gold . Between 1978 and 1985 , Buchanan was largely a musical recluse . He released only one album during that stretch but moved back into the recording studio on a regular basis in 1985 . Notre Dame Cathedral : Relief turns to action as millions pour in for rebuilding California hits back as Trump threatens to β dump β immigrants in β sanctuary cities β | [
"Jail Cell",
"Guitarist",
"Roy Buchanan"
] |
http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-21/news/vw-4449_1_sound-nutrition | Summer Replacements : Sweating causes potassium , sodium and glucose depletion . But sound nutrition can take care of that . JULIE BAWDEN DAVIS SPECIAL TO THE TIMES If you ' ve just returned from a day at the beach or an afternoon bicycle ride , stop in the kitchen . Even though you may not feel hungry , it ' s important to replenish your body after all that sweating and activity . " Even though we tend not to feel hungry during the summer months , sound nutrition is more important than ever , " says registered dietitian Becky Posada of St . Joseph Hospital in Orange . Sweating causes losses in potassium and sodium and can deplete glucose stores , which give us energy . " The good news is these losses can easily be replaced through a sound ' summer ' diet , " says Cindy Daversa , a registered dietitian at St . Jude Medical Center in Fullerton . " Sweating causes electrolyte losses of sodium and potassium , " says Daversa . " These minerals are easily replaced through proper nutrition . " Though sodium loss does occur during a day at the beach , both say there ' s no need to take salt tablets or eat anything unusually salty . " During exercise , the concentration of sodium in the blood actually increases because you lose more water than sodium , " says Posada . Replace the losses with water or diluted fruit juice and your body will balance itself . Potassium loss also occurs when you sweat . " Replace potassium after a day at the beach by drinking a glass of orange juice or apricot nectar or by eating a banana , raisins , potatoes , yogurt or any milk product , " says Posada . Berries , melons , cantaloupe , oranges and peaches are other good choices . At times , magnesium is also lost during sweating . This can be replaced by eating whole - grain breads and cereals . During exercise , glucose stores , which give us energy , are also depleted . They too can be replaced through food . Follow a nutritionally savvy summer meal plan , and you can replenish your body with vital nutrients lost during summer activities . Just keep in mind the following tips : * Stick to carbohydrate - rich foods . During and after an active summer day , replenish your glucose stores by snacking on carbohydrates . " Within the first two hours after an active day at the beach , eat about 300 calories worth of carbohydrates , " says Posada . Snacks she suggests include a cup of orange juice and a bagel ; a bowl of cereal with a banana ; two cups of cranberry juice and eight ounces of yogurt ; 1 1 / 2 cups of pasta topped with tomato sauce ; a turkey sandwich and large piece of fruit ; a hamburger and fruit , and a bean burrito with tomato and carrot sticks on the side . * Stay away from nutrition - poor snacks . " Because the weather is hot and our schedules often change , we tend to graze in the summer rather than sitting down to balanced meals , " says Posada . " Many people will snack on potato chips or sugary items like Popsicles , which have little nutritional value . " Eating such foods is fine in moderation as part of a balanced diet , but they should n ' t make up the bulk of what you eat during the day , " she says . " You ' ll lose out on nutrition and will probably feel tired . " * Remember the four basic food groups . " During summertime we often forget to eat a well - balanced diet , " says Posada . " At each meal or snack , make sure you eat two or three items from the four basic food groups . From the milk group , adults should have two servings and children three to four servings a day ; the grain group , five to 11 servings ; the fruit and vegetable group , five to nine servings and the meat / fish / poultry / eggs / nuts group , two servings . " Each of the food groups provide us with essential nutrients , " says Posada . " The vegetable and fruit group gives us Vitamins A and C and fiber ; the milk group calcium , riboflavin and protein ; the meat / fish / poultry / eggs / nuts group , protein and iron , and the grain group thiamine , niacin , iron and riboflavin . " Examples of snacks and meals that include two to three of the four basic food groups are a piece of fruit , bagel and yogurt ; carrot sticks and half a turkey sandwich ; whole - wheat crackers with low - fat cheese and low - salt tomato juice ; a tuna salad sandwich with low - fat or nonfat mayonnaise ; a bowl of whole grain or bran cereal with low - fat or nonfat milk ; fruit with cottage cheese ; a slice of cold pizza ; pretzels with a bowl of soup ( cold or hot ) * Do n ' t be afraid of starch . " Foods such as potatoes , rice , pasta and breads have really gotten a bad rap , " says Daversa . " Many people think you get fat eating those foods , but the truth is they contain no fat . They are a rich source of carbohydrates and an important part of any diet . What makes these foods fattening is what you put on top of them , such as margarine on toast , sour cream on baked potato and rich cheesy sauces on pasta . " There are many topping alternatives , says Daversa . " Buy seasoning packets and add them to nonfat or low - fat cottage cheese , nonfat yogurt or soft curd tofu , and you ' ve got some great low - fat toppings for potatoes , " she says . " For pasta and rice , try vegetable sauces , marinara and vegetable stir fries . " The latter is great with a little fresh Parmesan cheese sprinkled on top . For bread , use nonfat mayonnaise , nonfat salad dressings and fruit spreads . * Create healthy summer alternatives . Granted , hamburgers and hot dogs are common summer barbecue fare and it is possible to still enjoy these foods in a more nutritional way . " They now have very lean hamburger and hot dogs on the market , " says Posada . " You could also grill chicken or fish . " If it ' s Mexican food you want , try a bean burrito with low - fat cheese or a taco salad made with oil - free tortilla chips and low - fat cheese . * Opt for fresh fruits and vegetables . " Take advantage of the wonderful fresh fruits and vegetables available during the summer months , " says Posada . " Choose vegetables that are deep and dark in color because they contain the most vitamins and minerals . For instance , eat romaine lettuce or spinach instead of iceberg lettuce . Other good choices are broccoli , green peppers and carrots . " When fresh produce is n ' t available , use frozen instead of canned whenever possible . * Watch your fluid choices . Replacing lost fluids is critical in the summer heat , but be careful of what you drink . " Stay away from sugary drinks because your body has to break the sugar down into glucose before it can be used , and this takes energy , " says Daversa . " Also avoid caffeine and alcohol ; they are diuretics and will only make you lose more water . " * Remember that food comes first . " Some people think that vitamins can take the place of food , but that ' s not true , " says Daversa . " First of all , vitamins and minerals do not provide energy , because they do n ' t yield glucose . Glucose can only be obtained through food . " Secondly , if you take too many vitamins , you are in danger . . . . Vitamins A , D and K are stored in fat and can not be excreted from your kidneys . Treat vitamins as drugs . If you feel that your diet is lacking , take a well - rounded supplement that meets 100 % or less of the RDA . " UCLA hires Mick Cronin as its new basketball coach Mueller report to be released within a week , Attorney General William Barr tells Congress | [
"sound nutrition",
"Sweating",
"St . Joseph Hospital"
] |
http://articles.latimes.com/1994-05-10/news/mn-55914_1_george-peppard | George Peppard , Versatile Actor , Dies at 65 MYRNA OLIVER TIMES STAFF WRITER George Peppard , the actor who first achieved prominence opposite Audrey Hepburn in the film " Breakfast at Tiffany ' s " and was better known to modern audiences as the tough , cigar - chomping mercenary Hannibal Smith , leader of television ' s " The A - Team , " has died . He was 65 . Peppard , who underwent successful surgery for lung cancer two years ago , died Sunday night of pneumonia at UCLA Medical Center . Publicist Cheryl Kagan said that Peppard ' s cancer had been in remission since a tumor was removed from his right lung , but that he entered the hospital Thursday with breathing problems that developed into pneumonia . A longtime heavy drinker and smoker , Peppard abandoned alcohol in 1978 and kicked his two - pack - a - day cigarette habit after the lung surgery in 1992 . Known as difficult in his professional and personal life , the versatile actor suffered long periods of unemployment and four divorces , two from actress Elizabeth Ashley , whom he met while filming " The Carpetbaggers . " " Getting married and having a bad divorce is just like breaking your leg . The same leg , in the same place , " joked the tall , ruggedly handsome Peppard a few years ago . " I ' m lucky I do n ' t walk with a cane . " Peppard proved as pragmatic as he was outspoken . Although he originally disparaged the small screen in favor of films , he achieved his widest success and perhaps greatest pleasure starring in three NBC television series - - as the Polish American detective " Banacek " from 1972 to 1974 , as a neurosurgeon on " Doctors ' Hospital " from 1975 to 1976 , and as the Vietnam veteran colonel on " The A - Team " from 1983 to 1987 . " I ' m concentrating on big - screen roles . . . . ( I ) turned down two television series , " he told The Times in 1961 . " In a series you do n ' t have time to develop a character . There ' s no buildup ; in the first segment you ' re already established , with absolutely no background . " Peppard appeared in more than 25 films after making his debut in " The Strange One " in 1957 . But his first were the best - - " Pork Chop Hill " in 1959 , " Home From the Hill " in 1960 , his role as the writer supporting Hepburn ' s Holly Golightly in " Tiffany ' s " in 1961 , " How the West Was Won " in 1962 and " The Carpetbaggers " in 1964 . Although he appeared with the superstars - - Gregory Peck , Robert Mitchum , James Stewart , John " I do n ' t know of one good actor who has n ' t gone to hell when he got big enough , " he raged to syndicated columnist Hedda Hopper in 1962 , although he later conceded that he admired Stewart , Wayne and others when he got to know them . " When they start getting the million - dollar salary and the percentage , they start doing everything except what they ' re equipped for - - they start producing and directing . " But a decade later , Peppard ate those words , telling a Santa Monica court he was giving up acting in favor of directing and producing in order to make enough money for alimony payments . His greatest effort proved to be the 1979 film " Five Days From Home , " which he wrote , produced , directed and starred in . Peppard employed family members , including his third wife , actress Sherry Boucher , and managed to market the film independently to some critical praise but little financial success . Conceding that television was n ' t so bad after all , he made the pilot for " Dynasty " in the role of the patriarch - - only to be ousted in favor of John Forsythe . Peppard went through several years in which he joked that he " could n ' t get arrested , " much less find work . Then , with the tough - guy stereotype he always attributed to his role as a megalomaniacal tycoon in " Carpetbaggers , " Peppard was tapped for leader of " The A - Team , " which he came to rate as the best role of his career . " I thought the pilot was terrific , " he told The Times shortly after the series debuted in 1983 . " I realized the role would give me the chance to do the sort of thing I ' ve never been allowed to do in movies . I mean , I get to disguise myself as a Chinese person , a Skid Row drunk , a gay hairdresser - - I wanted to change from leading man to character actor for years now but have never been given the chance before . " He remained delighted with the series , which spawned a popular live - action show at Universal Studios amusement park , well after it ended . " It ' s the first time I ever had money in the bank , " he said in 1990 . " It was a giant boost to my career , and made me a viable actor for other roles . " Among those roles was that of a World War II British secret service agent in the 1990 television miniseries " Night of the Fox . " He also returned to the stage , appearing in " Love Letters " in London and " The Lion in Winter " in West Palm Beach , Fla . , where he met his fifth wife , Laura . Most recently , he appeared in the March 3 episode of the television series " Matlock . " Born in Detroit , Peppard was educated at Purdue University and the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh , then studied at the Actors Studio in New York . In the 1950s , he worked in the Oregon Shakespeare Festival , summer stock in New England , New York - based television dramas and such Broadway plays as " The Pleasure of His Company . " Peppard earned a star on Hollywood ' s Walk of Fame and served as grand marshal for the annual Hollywood Christmas Parade in 1983 . In addition to his wife , he is survived by three children , Brad , Julie and Christian , and three grandchildren . The family has asked that any memorial donations be made to the Lord ' s Place , P.O. Box 7117 , West Palm Beach , Fla . 33405 , which aids the homeless . American flag will stay on police cars in Laguna Beach Teen molested by Catholic school teacher gets record $ 8 million from L.A. archdiocese | [
"George Peppard",
"Versatile Actor"
] |
http://articles.latimes.com/1995-02-24/sports/sp-35769_1_greg-louganis | Did Louganis Act Properly ? : Diving : Some wonder whether he should have revealed he was HIV - positive during ' 88 Games . JULIE CART TIMES STAFF WRITER When Greg Louganis hit his head on the diving board and spilled his blood into the pool at the 1988 Olympic Games , did he have an obligation to disclose to doctors who treated him and to other athletes using the pool that he was HIV - positive ? It is a question being asked since Louganis , who won four gold medals in two Olympics , revealed this week that he has AIDS and was HIV - positive at the Seoul Olympics when he hit his head and bled during the preliminaries of the three - meter springboard competition . The story of Louganis ' overcoming the accident and coming back to win the gold medal is part of diving lore . Until now , only a very few knew the untold portion of the story : That Louganis failed to tell the doctor who applied stitches to the back of his head that he carried the AIDS virus . The doctor , James Puffer , did not wear gloves when he sutured the wound . The doctor had been hurriedly called in to administer the two large , figure - eight stitches that the two - inch gash required . Puffer , who had little time to treat Louganis before the diver ' s next turn , did n ' t immediately find latex gloves in his medical bag . Pressed for time and with no apparent medical need for the gloves , Puffer went without . Two others on the scene were exposed when they helped Louganis after the mishap : Louganis ' coach , Ron O ' Brien , who knew the diver was HIV - positive , and Dr . Ben Rubin , chairman of the sports medicine committee for United States Diving , Inc . Rubin came out of the stands to assist Puffer . The two physicians were unaware of Louganis ' condition . Louganis writes in his just - published book , " Breaking the Surface , " that he debated telling Puffer about his condition : " It was irresponsible for me not to , but I did n ' t want him to have the burden of keeping such a difficult secret . " But Louganis did tell Puffer about a year ago that he was infected with the AIDS virus . Puffer was tested and found negative . Puffer , who is on the staff at the UCLA Medical Center , was unavailable for comment Thursday . Olympic athletes are tested for an array of performance - enhancing drugs , but they are not required to reveal their HIV status . Mike Moran , spokesman for the U.S. Olympic Committee , said that policy was not likely to change . " It is an entirely private matter between the athlete and whoever he or she chooses to tell , " Moran said . " We have no intention of requiring tests for HIV or requiring disclosure . People have got to realize that the athletes on the U.S. Olympic team represent America . It represents diversity and every aspect of America . It ' s an aspect of our teams that we do n ' t intend to regulate in any way , shape or form . " Regarding the blood that spilled into Seoul ' s Chamshil Pool , the International Olympic Committee and FINA , swimming and diving ' s world governing body , issued statements Thursday saying that a minuscule amount of blood in chlorinated water posed no threat to anyone . But Gunnar Werner , secretary of FINA , said Louganis should have spoken up if he thought there was a real risk to others . " I do n ' t know what knowledge he had about risk of HIV in the water , " Werner said . " If he knew there was no risk , I can see no real danger in not saying anything . If he was scared and did n ' t know anything , I think he took a very serious chance by not saying anything . " None of the other athletes were aware that a potential risk existed , however small . U.S. Olympian Wendy Lucero was sixth in the women ' s springboard competition , which immediately followed the men ' s . " At the time , we did n ' t give any thought at all to getting in the water , " Lucero said from her home in Phoenix . " With what we know now , if someone is HIV - positive in the Olympic arena , we know the precautions to take . . . . " Looking back on it now , we ( other divers ) were not in danger . But I believe in testing all Olympic athletes . I think Greg had the right to not tell anyone that he was HIV - positive , but ( he should ) be honest and fair with the doctor who treated him . The doctor was in jeopardy . He should have told him . " Said Steve McFarland , president of United States Diving , Inc . : " I think it ' s impossible for us to go back to 1988 and forget everything we ' ve learned about the AIDS virus and make some kind of moral judgment about what Greg did . You have to look at the context of what happened . This rarely happens : A world - class diver hits his head on the board . He never would have thought about how to deal with it , the blood , because it hardly ever happens . Never . Should Louganis have been expected to disclose his HIV status to Olympic officials when he never envisioned a situation at the Seoul Games where he might put others at risk ? " No , " McFarland said . " We live in a country that prizes the right of privacy and individual freedom . I ca n ' t imagine a scenario where we would require all athletes to provide complete medical histories in order to compete . I just ca n ' t see it . " Nipsey Hussle shooting : Woman who drove getaway car faces anger , questions in South L.A . An unhappy Marriott rewards points customer is leading a revolt | [
"Greg Louganis",
"AIDS",
"Olympics"
] |
http://articles.latimes.com/1995-03-08/business/fi-40252_1_average-cost | Average Cost of Making , Marketing Movie Soars : Hollywood : Figure hit $ 50.4 million , ' a beast of a number , ' says MPAA President Jack Valenti . CLAUDIA ELLER TIMES MOVIE EDITOR Movie box office receipts and attendance reached new highs in 1994 , but the industry ' s chief trade group said Tuesday that the average cost of making and marketing a studio picture has skyrocketed to $ 50.4 million , squeezing profit margins in an already - risky business . The average production cost last year mushroomed to $ 34.3 million , up 14 % from 1993 ' s $ 29.9 million , based on the 168 films released by member companies of the Motion Picture Assn . of America . Advertising , marketing and print costs increased to an average of $ 16.1 million per film , from 1993 ' s $ 14 million . " Where is the industry version of the balanced budget amendment ? " MPAA President Jack Valenti asked in his state of the industry speech , delivered Tuesday to a record crowd of more than 8,000 exhibitors and distributors at the 1995 National Assn . of Theater Owners ' NATO / ShoWest convention . Valenti called the $ 50.4 million - - the investment a movie must make just to break even - - " a beast of a number . " Referring to bloated star salaries , Valenti said , " People are demanding more money for their services , so the fact is costs are going up . " Rising costs , he said , " must be reckoned with . Tough judgment calls have to be made . " According to a survey of a couple of years ago , only two out of 10 U.S. movies recouped their cost from the domestic market , Valenti said . The real growth area , he and others at the convention stressed , is the foreign marketplace , which now accounts for 41 % of all revenues , including theatrical , video and television . For the first time , international theatrical revenues eclipsed domestic revenues in 1994 , with the split 52 % to 48 % . " We ' d be dead without the international marketplace , " Valenti said . Valenit , an eternal optimist and industry cheerleader who says it gives him a " Maalox moment " to think and talk about spiraling costs , was quick to trumpet the fact that domestic box office last year reached a record $ 5.4 billion , up 5 % from the previous high . But with a downturn in moviegoing in the first quarter of 1995 - - off about $ 90 million from the pace of early 1994 - - distributors and theater owners are hoping for an about - face this summer , with such potential big earners as " Batman 3 , " " Crimson Tide " and " Pocahontas . " Valenti cautioned that quarterly estimates can be misleading . " In 1992 , the first quarter was down 8.2 % and we wound up 1.4 % above the previous year , " he said , adding that the first quarter of 1993 was off 5 % but that the year ended up 5.8 % . Last year set a record for blockbusters - - films grossing more than $ 100 million at the box office , or more than $ 50 million in film rentals ( the portion of the box office take returned to the distributor ) . For the first time , Valenti said , nine films reached that rental plateau in one year , with two - - " Forrest Gump " and " The Lion King " - - topping $ 100 million . But all of this big business says little about the overall profitability of movies last year . Estimates of what studios earned from ticket sales relative to their costs are almost impossible to determine because those figures are so closely guarded and often misrepresented in Hollywood . Rising costs notwithstanding , Valenti pointed out that the good news for the industry is that despite competition from TV , cable and video , theatrical attendance reached a high of 1.29 billion last year - - up 5 % over 1993 and the highest level since 1960 ' s 1.30 billion . The all - time high was in the pre - TV days of 1946 , with 4.06 billion . Bill Kartozian , president of the theater owners group , said he is encouraged by the increase . The organization hopes to increase movie attendance to 1.5 billion by the year 2000 . The average admission price last year was $ 4.17 , an increase of less than 1 % over 1993 ' s $ 4.14 , he said . Other upbeat news for the industry is that the number of people who go to the cinema once or more a year is at the highest level in five years , reaching almost 160 million , up 20 % since 1989 . Frequent moviegoers , who go once a month or more and who represent 30 % of all moviegoers , account for 81 % of all ticket sales . But those moviegoers are going less frequently and all moviegoers are purchasing fewer tickets , Valenti said . The increased attendance is coming from the over - 40 crowd , whose share of total admissions climbed to 36 % from 23 % in 1993 . According to MPAA studies , Latinos are the fastest - growing moviegoing segment . The ethnic group , which represents 9 % of the U.S. population , accounted for 12 % of attendance last year , compared to 1990 , when Latinos were 7 % of the population and accounted for 11 % of attendance . Fewer blacks went to the movies last year . Representing 11 % of the population in 1994 , they accounted for 12 % of attendance in 1994 , down three percentage points from 1990 . As Lori Loughlin β s legal problems mount , she faces a fateful choice in college admissions scandal Former Lakers coach Luke Walton might be the big winner in this debacle | [
"Movie Soars",
"Average Cost",
"President Jack Valenti"
] |
http://articles.latimes.com/1995-09-15/entertainment/ca-46085_1_frances-fisher | How ' s Life After Clint ? Look at Frances Fisher ' s Schedule : Movies : The actress has been so busy with a TV series and film projects she barely has time to come up for air . LAURIE K . SCHENDEN TIMES STAFF WRITER Frances Fisher pops open a bottle of wine for a toast to her new Los Angeles home . It ' s her first day in the first house she can actually call her own , and she ' s stoked . It does n ' t matter that the place is bare from its hardwood floors to its off - white ceilings - - that is , except for two tot - sized chairs that belong to 2 - year - old Francesca . The actress is putting down roots for her daughter . To this single mother who spent It ' ll be a few days before the furniture is moved from the Bel - Air home of Francesca ' s father , Clint Eastwood . Although the six - year Fisher - Eastwood relationship ended about eight months ago , Fisher has been so busy with a television series and back - to - back movies that she ' s just now making the move to her new digs . The task is being crammed into a week and also allows Francesca to spend time with her father . Fisher and Francesca are in Los Angeles while on a break from their part - time home in Vancouver , Canada , where Fisher is filming the new Fox series " Strange Luck , " which premieres tonight . The show stars D.B. Sweeney as a photographer who lives above the all - night diner where Fisher ' s character waitresses . Today also marks the premiere of the first of Fisher ' s four upcoming films , " The Stars " I do n ' t quite understand it , " Fisher says , laughing . " It is interesting that I ' ve been working so much just in this past year . I guess God has his plan . " Fisher , 43 , perhaps best known for the Eastwood film " Unforgiven " and for playing Lucille Ball in TV ' s " Lucy and Desi : Before the Laughter , " was certain the birth of Francesca Ruth Fisher - Eastwood would slow her career to a crawl . But jobs started coming her way last winter , about the same time she realized her relationship with Eastwood was over . " With relationships , with people , you ' re attracted to somebody for a reason , " she says in explaining her breakup . " You follow it through , and if you ca n ' t get past the honeymoon stage and get into the deeper meanings of why you ' re together . . . you ' re doomed to just stop when things start getting tough . " Partnership , fidelity and family are all important to Fisher , who is as down - to - earth as many of the characters she ' s played . She seems to prefer approaching life ' s pills philosophically : " I ' m not bitter , I ' m not jaded , " she says . " I think we all make choices in our lives that we need to work out . We always do things for a reason . Sometimes they work out and sometimes they do n ' t . I do n ' t look Once on her own again , Fisher did n ' t rush to phone her agent for work . It was merely a matter of leaving herself open to things , she says . She shifted her focus away from trying to make her relationship work , and toward her daughter and her acting . Maybe she became better known because of her connection to Eastwood , but it appears the changes in her life since then left her open to the recent landslide of opportunities . " I ' ve always pursued my own thing , " Fisher says . " I had the good fortune to work in a couple of [ Eastwood ' s ] productions , but still , I did ' Pink Cadillac , ' then I did a ' Roseanne . ' After I did ' Unforgiven , ' I did a television movie with Jane Seymour and James Keach . " It was an ensuing friendship with Keach that led to Fisher ' s involvement with " The Stars Fell on Henrietta , " a story based on Keach ' s own family in Texas . Robert Duvall plays a somewhat shady but sincere oilman in a simple story set in a Texas dust bowl . Keach approached Fisher with the script to give to Eastwood , who ended up producing the film . Fisher , who was breast - feeding at the time , was n ' t looking for a role , but the part of Quinn ' s Being able to work and keep the toddler by her side has been " the best of both worlds , " Fisher says . " I always wanted to have kids , " says the actress , who at 15 took care of her younger brother when their mother died . She was married briefly at age 18 to her high school sweetheart , in what she now believes was an attempt to recover a sense of family . Fisher moved East to act , and her ascent to film and television occurred only because she was trying to support her New York theater habit . She took a role on the soap " The Edge of Night " in 1976 , which she did during the day for four years , spreading her acting wings in 99 - seat theaters at night . The money from the TV job enabled Fisher and her boyfriend at the time to go from a room and a shared bathroom " with a bunch of rooming - house guys , " to With long , silky red hair , porcelain skin and a delicately petite figure , Fisher appears fragile in person . But her strength surfaces with resolve on - screen , " Henrietta " being a perfect example . She rarely chooses acting roles for the money - - or the medium . And the less makeup involved , the better . " I do n ' t see it as whether it ' s theater or film or television , " she says , " it ' s whether the material is good and the role is something I want to play . . . . The spirit of low - budget independent is the same thing as Off Off Broadway to me , everybody ' s pulling together . " And so emerges the motivation behind her upcoming films , " Waiting for Guffman , " a low - budget " improvisational comedy " directed by and starring Christopher Guest ( with whom she worked on " The Attack of the 50 - Ft . Woman " ) ; " The Whiskey Heir , " a 30 - minute film , and " Female Perversions , " a " journey into a woman ' s erotic mind from a woman ' s point of view , " in which she plays a stripper . Fisher says she expects one or all of the films to make the festival circuit . And between " Strange Luck " and her next film , " Striptease " with Demi Moore , there is little time contemplate a relationship . " Right now , obviously , I ' m not thinking about it , " she says drolly . Asked if she will ever do a film with Eastwood again , she says : " I do n ' t know who I ' m going to work with . " But she does n ' t believe she will work less without their association . " I ' ve always wanted a partnership , that ' s very important to me , " she says . " I ' m certainly not going to get involved with someone who does n ' t have time to have a relationship . It ' s all about partnering , traveling the world together . Otherwise , you ' re just surfing through life . . . and I ' m more of a deep - sea diver . " * " Strange Luck " premieres tonight at 8 p.m. on Fox . One of California β s last black enclaves threatened by Inglewood β s stadium deal A new Nipsey Hussle shooting mystery : Gunman injured 2 women at memorial vigil | [
"Frances Fisher 's Schedule",
"film projects",
"Los Angeles home ."
] |
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