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http://consciouscat.net/2014/09/30/tortitude-unique-personality-tortoiseshell-cats-fact-fiction/ | 1,277 Comments September 30 , 2014 “ Tortitude ” – The Unique Personality of Tortoiseshell Cats : Fact or Fiction ? Categories : Feline Lifestyle Five years ago , I wrote a post titled Tortitude : The Unique Personality of Tortoiseshell Cats . The post describes some of the unique traits that many of these beautifully colored cats seem to share : they tend to be strong - willed , a bit hot - tempered , and they can be very possessive of their human . Other words used to describe torties are fiercely independent , feisty and unpredictable . They ’ re usually very talkative and make their presence and needs known with anything from a hiss to a meow to a strong purr . The post gets 200 - 300 views every single day , and has generated close to 14,000 comments to date . It ’ s become a place for people to share stories about the torties in their lives . As someone who has been owned by four torties at this point , not counting my first office cat at the animal hospital I managed , who was also a tortie , I feel that I ’ m somewhat of an expert on these special cats . And while Virginia , Amber , Buckley , Allegra and Ruby all had or have some degree of tortitude , their personalities were and are also very different . This appears to be true for the torties whose guardians have commented on the post as well . What is a tortoiseshell cat ? Contrary to what some people think , tortoiseshell cats are not a breed . They are named for their distinctive coloring – a combination of patches of black , brown , amber , red , cinnamon and chocolate . The size of the patches can range from a speckled pattern to large splotches of color . Tortoiseshell cats have have very few or no white markings , as opposed to calicos , who are tri - colored cats with larger areas of white fur . Sometimes , the colors are more muted . These torties are known as dilute torties The unique genetics of tortoiseshell cats In addition to their unique personalities , torties also have unique genetics . The vast majority of tortoiseshell cats are female , because two X chromosomes are required to produce black , gold and orange coloring . Male cats only have one X and one Y chromosome , so technically it ’ s genetically almost impossible for a male to inherit the tortoiseshell coloring . A male tortoiseshell has an extra X chromosome , making it an XXY . According to a study by the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Missouri , only 1 in 3000 tortoiseshell Are tortoiseshell cats really different from other cats ? Speaking from personal experience , it appears that no two tortoiseshell cats display the exact same amount of tortitude . Virginia had definitely read the book on tortitude . The first time I met her , during my interview for the hospital manager position , she greeted me by walking over to me , looking up at me , and then digging her claws into my legs to use them as a scratching post . Amber was the “ anti - tortie ” – she was a gentle , calm , almost shy cat , but she was a bit headstrong . Buckley ’ s tortitude manifested in her exuberance . She loved everything and everybody . Allegra is highly sensitive to the world around her , and often quick to react to something that she perceives as a threat . Ruby is the most high - spirited cat I ’ ve ever had . Of all my cats , she is the one with the highest dose of tortitude . The experts weigh in on tortitude I decided to check with some other experts to get their thoughts on tortitude . “ I often tell clients that torties are the redheads of the cat world , ” says feline veterinarian Dr . Fern Crist , who practices at Just Cats Clinic in Reston , VA . “ They are beautiful , but short - tempered and quick to wrath . Of course they are not all like that , any more than every redhead is – but I always approach a tortie with a tad more circumspection than any other coat color . ” While Crist takes a cautious approach to her tortie patients , she adds “ I ’ ve always thought that the price you pay in tortitude , you get back tenfold in love . ” “ There is no evidence that there is a link between color gene and personality , ” says Dr . Elizabeth Colleran , a former president of the American Association of Feline Practitioners and owner of two cat hospitals , Chico Hospital for Cats in Chico , CA and the Cat Hospital of Portland in Portland , OR . “ It is true though , that almost all tortoiseshell cats are females , and some people perceive females as being more headstrong than male cats . However , the real determination of personality is naturally a combination of genetics and environment . ” Jackson Galaxy has worked with his share of tortoiseshell cats in his decades of helping cats with behavioral challenges . “ In my experience , tortitude is a very real thing , ” says Jackson . “ And now that there is a a study correlating coat pattern with behavior , our characterizations have been validated . Of course , anyone who knows me , knows I try not to talk about cats in generalities . ” Jackson feels that torties and calicos are more energetically sensitive . “ I think that ’ s part of the reason why their personalities are Tortoiseshell cats are special Those of us who love torties embrace their unique personalities . It is important to remember that every cat , regardless of coat color , is an individual . Not every tortie will exhibit the traits attributed to these beautifully colored cats , but the majority seem to live up to their reputation . As far as I ’ m concerned , tortitude is real . And while torties may , at times , seem like they have split personalities , going from purring away in your lap to suddenly racing around the house like a crazy kitten , those Tags : tortitude tortoiseshell cat tortoiseshell cat personality Why Cats Hate Going to the Vet , and What to Do About It Cat Photography Tips from a Pro | [
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http://conservationtools.org/guides/48-urban-growth-boundary | Share Log in / Create Account Home Guides » Urban Growth Boundary Urban Growth Boundary Contents Display to header level Information About UGBs Pennsylvania Examples - hide table of contents - Urban growth boundaries are used to demarcate where government intends to encourage and discourage land development . This guide provides links to resources about urban growth boundaries , as well as examples from Pennsylvania municipalities . Governments use urban growth boundaries ( UGBs ) to demarcate where they intend to encourage and discourage land development through their public - infrastructure investments , land - use regulations , land acquisitions , and other actions . Within the urban growth boundary — called the designated growth area or urban growth area — government policy encourages relatively high - density development . Outside the UGB , government policy encourages conservation of agricultural lands and working forests and the protection of natural areas . UGBs are designed to accommodate growth for a specific period of time ( often 20 – Below are links to resources that provide more detailed information about UGBs , as well as examples from Pennsylvania municipalities . Information About UGBs Urban Growth Boundaries Overview ” ( South Carolina Department of Environmental Control ) Explains the basics of UGBs , answers common questions , and includes a model UGB ordinance . Urban Growth Boundaries ” ( PlannersWeb ) Analyzes the effect of a regional UGB network in the Portland metro area that has been in place since the 1970s . Building Invisible Walls : Urban Growth Boundaries ” ( PlannersWeb ) Outlines key elements in effectively planning for and implementing UGBs and includes several examples of UGB use from across the United States . Do Urban Growth Boundaries Work ? ” ( American Society of Landscape Architects ) Studies UGBs in three different cities to understand what makes them effective . Pennsylvania Examples Lancaster County Comprehensive Plan The section “ Roadmap to the Future ” includes maps and descriptions of urban growth areas . Pequea Township Comprehensive Plan Amendment Amendment to the township ' s comprehensive plan that includes an expansion of its urban growth boundary . Hanover Urbanized Area Boundary Map Map of UGB with both original and expanded boundary lines . Williamsport Designated Growth Area Map Map of current and potential future designated growth areas in Williamsport . West Manchester Township Zoning Map Map shows how various zoning districts interface with a UGB . Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari | [
"Urban Growth Boundary"
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http://conservativetribune.com/massive-huma-terror-connection/ | Commentary Politics BREAKING : Massive Huma Terror - Connection Uncovered … Clinton Team in Panic Mode By V Saxena July 1 , 2016 at 6 : 13am Seven years ago , then - Secretary of State Hillary Clinton entered into discussions with Saudi Arabia about the Muslim World League ceasing to fund Islamic terrorism . What Clinton either did not know or purposefully chose to ignore at the time was that her closest aide , Huma Abedin , held direct ties to the MWL . An investigation by Breitbart revealed that the Institute for Muslim Minority Affairs operated out of the league ’ s London - based office — and that Abedin used to work for the institute . Moreover , Vanity Fair classified the institute as an ostensible “ Abedin family business , ” because the aide ’ s brother and sister have both also worked there . According to a State Department cable obtained by WikiLeaks , Clinton ’ s office explicitly designated the Muslim World League a terrorist organization in 2009 . Advertisement - story continues below The cable also listed talking points to be used in diplomatic negotiations with Saudi Arabia — talking points that Abedin could have easily funneled right back to the Muslim World League , which had close ties with the Saudi government . In short , Clinton tried to put a halt to the Muslim World League ’ s sponsorship of terrorism at the same time that her aide ’ s “ family business ” was operating out of the MWL ’ s office . Do you see a problem with this ? TRENDING : First Global Warming , Then Climate Change . Now Libs Have New Term To Trick People Into Believing Same Old Lies Either the former secretary of state ’ s glaring incompetence prevented her from realizing the link , or she simply ignored it altogether , which in essence would make her an indirect accomplice to corruption of the highest level . Now imagine if Clinton were to become president . How many putative terror sympathizers and supporters do you suppose she would place in her administration ? Advertisement - story continues below Do you even want to take the risk of finding out ? Please share this story on Facebook and Twitter and let us know what you think about this bombshell link that showed Huma Abedin was directly tied to an organization that funded radical Islamic terrorism ! Does this make Hillary Clinton a traitor ? Scroll down to comment below . Submit a Correction V Saxena Summary Recent Posts Contact Vivek Saxena is a former contributor to Conservative Tribune , a publication of the Western Journal . Tags : corruption Hillary Clinton Huma Abedin investigation Islamic terrorism Saudi Arabia secretary of state State Department terrorism | [
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http://consordini.com/best-violin-bows-a-review-and-guide-for-beginners/ | Best Violin Bows : A Review and Guide for Beginners Last Updated on March 13 , 2017 By Austin A bow is arguably the most important tool for producing a beautiful sound on the violin . Whereas many professionals will often have multiple violins that they use , most will have just one bow , or a definite favourite bow that they use most often . Some people even say that playing the violin is 90 % bow ( or right hand ) and only 10 % violin ( or left hand ) . This is because many elements of playing like articulation , dynamics , rhythm , timbre , and tempo are controlled by the bow hand — and by extension — the bow itself ! That said , as a beginner , you should not get too hung up on bows before you know how to use them ! The best violin bow in this case will be one that can help you get to the next level of playing . Once you are more skilled then you may want to consider that advice to purchase a violin bow that is worth a higher fraction of the cost of your instrument . This article has two parts . The first part contains six variables you should consider when buying a bow . The second part is a list of several of the top beginner violin bows for you to consider before you make a purchase . Buying a Bow There are a few important things you should consider before buying a bow : 1 . Price As with many things in life , a more expensive bow may not be better . Since there are so many variables in a violin set up , if you have the opportunity make sure to try out several bows . You may find that a less expensive bow is a better fit for you . Also , you may find that many people will suggest that you should spend a quarter to a half of your violin ’ s value on a bow . Of course , this all depends on the level of your playing . If you are a beginner , it is not so important to have a very valuable bow ; you will only need something that will support your development . 2 . Material There are four main materials that are used for the stick of violin bows . These are brazilwood , pernambuco , carbon fibre , and synthetic materials Brazilwood is actually a name for several types of wood from tropical areas in Brazil . These types of wood are generally inexpensive and thus are used for student bows . Pernambuco is the best wood for violin bows . It is both lightweight and strong , allowing for the wide rang of motions necessary to play the violin . It is from the Caesalpinia echinata tree in Brazil . Unfortunately this spices is in danger due to extreme deforestation . Thankfully , there are several important efforts underway to save this tree for specialised use in violin family bows . Carbon fibre is a material that has gained popularity in the past decade for use in violin family bows . These bows are typically sturdier than wood bows , and react very little to changes in temperature or humidity . Many people swear by these bows and higher quality models have been said to be comparable to pernambuco bows . Carbon fibre has the added benefit of not warping like organic materials . Synthetic materials used for bows are either fibreglass or composites . These are often of lower quality than carbon fibre and pernambuco bows , but they are very durable . This makes this type of bow well suited for students and beginners . 3 . Flexibility This is a measure of how the bow reacts when under tension . When you tighten your bow , it will ideally still have some give and bounce when used . This will make many different types of articulation more easily attainable by the player . 4 . Weight and Balance Every bow has a slightly different weight and balance , especially if it is made out of organic materials . A heavier bow can create a bigger sound , while a lighter bow can make different bow strokes more facile . A bow is generally weighted more heavily at the frog than the tip , though there should still be some weight at the tip in order to draw out a bigger sound from your instrument . Make sure that any bow you buy is not warped , as this can negatively affect the balance . You can check for this by holding the bow in front of one eye and looking down the stick from frog to tip . Do not buy the bow if there is any bending or twisting near the tip ! 5 . Shape There are two shapes for violin bows , round and octagonal . Traditionally , the great French bow makers would only produce round bows Round bows are less stiff than octagonal bows , allowing for greater control . However , this is all dependent on the player ; some people prefer the stiffness of octagonal bows . 6 . Size This is , of course , a no - brainer . Make sure that the size of the violin bow you buy corresponds to the size of the instrument . Best Violin Bows for Beginners Model Price Materials Short description Schmidt Brazilwood Violin Bow Click Here for Pricing , Pictures and Reviews on Amazon Brazilwood stick These are typically very good bows for beginners for the price . Glasser Fibreglass Violin Bow Click Here for Pricing , Pictures and Reviews on Amazon Fibreglass stick Glasser patented the first fibreglass bow and they have developed a synthetic model that works very well for beginners . Their more expensive premium models come in a variety of colours . Meinel Pernambuco Violin Bow Pernambuco stick This is a very good beginner bow made out of pernambuco for a relatively low cost . Presto Carbon Fiber Violin Bow Carbon fibre stick This is a relatively good quality and value for a student model of a carbon fibre bow . It is also available in several colours . Carbon Fiber Violin Bow Carbon Fibre This is another relatively inexpensive student model carbon fibre bow . G . Werner Violin Bows Brazilwood stick Although more expensive then some bows on this list , the expert German craftsmanship of these bows and relatively low cost make them a good advanced - beginner model . Howard Core Brazilwood Violin Bow This is a great low - cost option for beginners , and is available in most sizes . Glasser X - Series Carbon Fibre X - Bow Carbon fibre stick The Glasser X - Series is part of their lower - end carbon fibre violin bows , but they still offer the same qualities of a carbon fibre bow at a fraction of the cost . | [
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http://conspiracy.wikia.com/wiki/Project_MKULTRA | in : Mind Control / Brainwash Government Projects MKUltra Project MKUltra English Edit Share Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency Project MKUltra is an illegal CIA mind control program that began in the early 1950s . It oversaw the Monarch Project , the Silva Mind Control program , and black sites such as Montauk Point Contents show Investigation Edit Project MKULTRA was first brought to wide public attention in 1975 by the U.S. Congress , through investigations by the Church Committee , and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission . Investigative efforts were hampered by the fact that CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MKULTRA files destroyed in 1973 ; the Church Committee and Rockefeller Commission investigations relied on the sworn testimony of direct participants and on the relatively small number of documents that survived Helms ' destruction order . The published evidence indicates that Project MKULTRA involved the use of many methodologies to manipulate individual mental states and alter brain functions , including the surreptitious administration of drugs and other chemicals , sensory deprivation , isolation , and both verbal and sexual abuse . Although the CIA insists that MKULTRA - type experiments have been abandoned , 14 - year CIA veteran Victor Marchetti has stated in various interviews that the CIA routinely conducts disinformation campaigns and that CIA mind control research continued . In a 1977 interview , Marchetti specifically called the CIA claim that MKULTRA was abandoned a " cover story . " Scope of research In 1977 , a FOIA request uncovered a cache of 20,000 documents relating to project MKULTRA , which led to the Senate Hearings of 1977 . In recent times most information regarding MKULTRA has been officially declassified . One 1955 MKULTRA document gives an indication of the size and range of the effort ; this document refers to the study of an assortment of mind - altering substances described as follows : Substances which will promote illogical thinking and impulsiveness to the point where the recipient would be discredited in public . Substances which increase the efficiency of mentation and perception . Materials which will prevent or counteract the intoxicating effect of alcohol . Materials which will promote the intoxicating effect of alcohol . Materials which will produce the signs and symptoms of recognized diseases in a reversible way so that they may be used for malingering , etc . Materials which will render the induction of hypnosis easier or otherwise enhance its usefulness . Substances which will enhance the ability of individuals to withstand privation , torture , and coercion during interrogation and so - called " brain - washing " . Materials and physical methods which will produce amnesia for events preceding and during their use . Physical methods of producing shock and confusion over extended periods of time and capable of surreptitious use . Substances which produce physical disablement such as paralysis of the legs , acute anemia , etc . Substances which will produce " pure " euphoria with no subsequent let - down . Substances which alter personality structure in such a way that the tendency of the recipient to become dependent upon another person is enhanced . A material which will cause mental confusion of such a type that the individual under its influence will find it difficult to maintain a fabrication under questioning . Substances which will lower the ambition and general working efficiency of men when administered in undetectable amounts . Substances which promote weakness or distortion of the eyesight or hearing faculties , preferably without permanent effects . A knockout pill which can surreptitiously be administered in drinks , food , cigarettes , as an aerosol , etc . , which will be safe to use , provide a maximum of amnesia , and be suitable for use by agent types on an ad hoc basis . A material which can be surreptitiously administered by the above routes and which in very small amounts will make it impossible for a person to perform physical activity . Disclosure On the Senate floor in 1977 , Senator Ted Kennedy said : The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over thirty universities and institutions were involved in an " extensive testing and experimentation " program which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens " at all social levels , high and low , native Americans and foreign . " Several of these tests involved the administration of LSD to " unwitting subjects in social situations . " At least one death , that of Dr . Olson , resulted from these activities . The Agency itself acknowledged that these tests made little scientific sense . The agents doing the monitoring were See also Frank Olson Monarch Mind Control Pont - Saint - Esprit Montauk Project External links The Hidden Hand Q&A Pt . 2 , with Richard Dolan on " disclosure " Categories Mind Control / Brainwash Government Projects MKUltra Add category Languages : Deutsch | [
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http://constantine.wikia.com/wiki/Zed_Martin | in Females Humans TV Series Characters TV Series Main Characters Zed Martin Zed Martin General Information Gender Female Hair color Brunette Eye color Brown Status Alive Species Human Affiliations Herself Allies Enemies Allies John Constantine Chas Chandler Manny Series Information Seasons 1 First episode Non Est Asylum Minor Last episode Waiting for the Man Portrayer Angélica Celaya Mary Zed Martin is an artist with the ability of clairsentience After bumping into John Constantine in Heddwich Zed has been following and tracking him in search of answers She is portrayed by Angélica Celaya Contents show Biography Zed has a very dark past Before meeting John Constantine Zed had dreams and visions about him for months and would constantly draw portraits of him in her apartment Her real name is Mary Her father is the leader of a cult called the Ressurection Crusade who believe that her visions are essentials for their future Because of that she spend most of her childhood locked up in a room Shes now on the run from her father and his cult The Darkness Beneath Zed bumps into John in Heddwich Pennsylvania while the latter is investigating an unusual death Zed is surprised to finally meet John and explains how shes been having dreams about him John accuses her of being a stalker observing him from afar He manages to slip away however Zed manages to steal his wallet Later Zed breaks into Johns hotel room When John arrives Zed further explains her situation she believes that it was destiny that brought them both together She tells him that she has visions and even feelings that she can not control John doesnt believe her so Zed leaves to the pub where she meets a former priest Ellis She hears his story and leaves to her apartment where she finds John sleeping on her couch John warns her of the accompanying danger in his adventures however she remains unfazed and joins him They both hear a siren signalling a mine collapse and rush towards it Zed helps the miners evacuate When John and the mines manager are being drowned in slurry inside an SUV Zed comes and saves John by breaking open the door Afterwards they go back to the pub At the pub Zed mentions how Ellis the former priest could be the one conjuring the evil in the mine John once again uses Zeds clairsentience to locate Ellis whereabouts Zed manages to locate him in a creek and they head towards him There John gives her a broom to ward off evil After John realizes that Ellis isnt the one conjuring the evil they both head to the mine There John and Zed ward off a Coblynau attacking the owner of the coal company and his son They manage to save the son but not the boss and blow up the mine Later After John had dealt with the gypsy witch Beth he finds Zed in his bedroom Zed wants to know more about her powers but John dozes off The Devils Vinyl Zed helps John investigate the death of his friend A Feast of Friends Zed finds herself meeting one of Johns oldest friends who had accidentally released a hunger demon Danse Vaudou Blessed Are The Damned Powers and Abilities Zed has several unmanifested psychic abilities Clairsentience Zed has extrasensory perception which grants her psychic knowledge She can not yet control this ability yet John Constantine can use it to help him with his investigations Clairtangence The ability to handle an object and perceive psychic information using touch Precognition John mentions to Zed that she has this ability Precognition allows the person to see into the future to an extent Retrocognition Reversed Precognition John mentions to Zed that she has this ability Retrocognition allows the person to see into the past Trivia Zed replaced Liv Aberdine as the female lead Zed doesnt like champagne Zed doesnt like anyone called her by her first name Mary In the episode Angels and ministers of grace Zed discover that she has a benign brain tumor that could be the cause of her visions She decide for the time being to not remove it even if it caused her great pain References Official 20 21 22 The Darkness Beneath Categories Females Humans TV Series Characters TV Series Main Characters | [
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http://constitution.findlaw.com/amendment18.html | < < 17th Amendment 19th Amendment > > Eighteenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution Eighteenth Amendment - Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquors Amendment Text | Annotations Section 1 . After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture , sale , or transportation of intoxicating liquors within , the importation thereof into , or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited . Section 2 . The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation . Section 3 . This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States , as provided in the Constitution , within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress . 18th Amendment Annotations Validity of Adoption Cases relating to this question are presented and discussed under Article V . Enforcement Cases produced by enforcement and arising under the Fourth and Fifth Amendment s are considered in the discussion appearing under the those Amendments . Repeal This Amendment was repealed by the Twenty - first Amendment , and titles I and II of the National Prohibition Act 1 were subsequently specifically repealed by the act of August 27 , 1935 , 2 federal prohibition laws effective in various Districts and Territories were repealed as follows : District of Columbia - - April 5 , 1933 , and January 24 , 1934 ; 3 Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands - - March 2 , 1934 ; 4 Hawaii - - March 26 , 1934 ; 5 and Panama Canal Zone - - June 19 , 1934 . 6 Taking judicial notice of the fact that ratification of the Twenty - first Amendment was consummated on December 5 , 1933 , the Supreme Court held that the National Prohibition Act , insofar as it rested upon a grant of authority to Congress by the Eighteenth Amendment , thereupon become inoperative , with the result that prosecutions for violations of the National Prohibition Act , including proceedings on appeal , pending on , or begun after , the date of repeal , had to be dismissed for want of jurisdiction . Only final judgments of conviction rendered while the National 7 Likewise a heavy ' ' special excise tax , ' ' insofar as it could be construed as part of the machinery for enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment , was deemed to have become inapplicable automatically upon the latter ' s repeal . 8 However , liability on a bond conditioned upon the return on the day of trial of a vessel seized for illegal transportation of liquor was held not to have been extinguished by repeal when the facts disclosed that the trial took place in 1931 and had resulted in conviction of the crew . The liability became complete upon occurrence of the breach of the express contractual condition and a civil action for recovery was viewed as unaffected by the loss of penal sanctions . 9 Footnotes [ Footnote 1 ] Ch . 85 , 41 Stat . 305 . [ Footnote 2 ] Ch . 740 , 49 Stat . 872 . [ Footnote 3 ] Ch . 19 , 48 Stat . 25 ; ch . 4 , 48 Stat . 319 . [ Footnote 4 ] Ch . 37 , 48 Stat . 361 . [ Footnote 5 ] Ch . 88 , 48 Stat . 467 . [ Footnote 6 ] Ch . 657 , 48 Stat . 1116 . [ Footnote 7 ] United States v . Chambers , 291 U.S. 217 , 222 - 26 ( 1934 ) . See also Ellerbee v . Aderhold , 5 F . Supp . 1022 ( N.D. Ga . 1934 ) ; United States ex rel . Randall v . United States Marshal for Eastern Dist . of New York , 143 F . 2d 830 ( 2d Cir . 1944 ) . The Twenty - first Amendment containing ' ' no saving clause as to prosecutions for offenses therefore committed , ' ' these holdings were rendered unavoidable by virtue of the well - established principle that after ' ' the expiration or repeal of 9 U.S. ( 5 Cr . ) 281 , 283 ( 1809 ) , quoted in United States v . Chambers , supra , 291 U.S. at 223 [ Footnote 8 ] United States v . Constantine , 296 U.S. 287 ( 1935 ) . The Court also took the position that even if the statute embodying this ' ' tax ' ' had not been ' ' adopted to penalize violations of the Amendment , ' ' but merely to obtain a penalty for violations of State liquor laws , ' ' it ceased to be enforceable at the date of repeal , ' ' for with the lapse of the unusual enforcement powers contained in the Eighteenth Amendment , Congress could not , without infringing upon powers reserved to the States by the Tenth Amendment , ' ' impose 256 U.S. 450 , 462 ( 1921 ) ; United States v . Stafoff , 260 U.S. 477 ( 1923 ) ; United States v . Rizzo , 297 U.S. 530 ( 1936 ) . [ Footnote 9 ] United States v . Mack , 295 U.S. 480 ( 1935 ) . « Previous Next » | [
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http://constitution.laws.com/ | Constitution Kumbaya Company Names Important Links Laws Find an Attorney Guide To Lawyers Find Laws Legal Forms State Laws Latest Category Posts More Articles How Many Amendments to the Constitution ? Read Full Article An Overview of the 22nd Amendment Read Full Article An Overview of the 23rd Amendment An Overview of the 25th Amendment An Overview of the 26th Amendment What are the Constitutional Amendments ? An Overview of the 19th Amendment An Overview of the 20th Amendment An Overview of the 27th Amendment An Overview of the 16th Amendment An Overview of the 17th Amendment An Overview of the 18th Amendment A Complete Overview of Amendments An Overview of the 14th Amendment An Overview of the 21st Amendment An Overview of the 13th Amendment An Overview of the 8th Amendment An Overview of the 9th Amendment An Overview of the 10th Amendment An Overview of the 11th Amendment Categories Amendments ( 67 ) American History ( 9 ) Article 1 ( 10 ) Article 2 ( 17 ) Article 3 ( 10 ) Article 4 ( 7 ) Article 5 ( 4 ) Article 6 ( 4 ) Article 7 ( 3 ) Articles of Confederation ( 5 ) Articles of the Constitution ( 2 ) Bill of Rights ( 17 ) Constitution ( 47 ) Constitutional Amendments ( 29 ) Constitutional Convention Constitutional Government ( 5 ) Constitutional Law ( 16 ) Continental Congress Declaration of Independence ( 15 ) Department of State ( 1 ) Federalist Papers ( 13 ) History ( 1 ) House of Representatives ( 13 ) Preamble ( 8 ) Senate ( 14 ) Supreme Court Chief Justices ( 11 ) Supreme Court Criticisms ( 7 ) Supreme Court Decisions ( 26 ) Supreme Court Justices ( 6 ) The Founding Fathers ( 14 ) The Supreme Court ( 66 ) US Constitution ( 8 ) | [
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http://constitution.laws.com/21st-amendment | An Overview of the 21st Amendment An Overview of the 21st Amendment Share What is the 21st Amendment ? “ Section 1 . The eighteenth article of amendment to theConstitution of the United States is hereby repealed . Section 2 . The transportation or importation into every State , Territory , or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors , in violation of the laws thereof , is hereby prohibited . Section 3 . This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States , as provided in the Constitution , within seven years from the date of the submission here of to the States by the Congress . ” The 21st Amendment Defined Date Proposed The 21st Amendment was proposed on February 20th , 1933 Date Passed The 21st Amendment was passed on December 5th , 1933 President of the United States Franklin D . Roosevelt was the President of the United States during the ratification of the 21st Amendment Stipulations of the 21st Amendment The 21st Amendment was a direct response to the preexisting 18th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States , which mandated the sale , possession , consumption , and transport of alcoholic beverages as illegal In addition to this amendment overturning statutes deeming alcoholic beverages to be illegal , the 21st Amendment allowed individual states to regulate all applicable legislature with regard to the commercial availability of alcoholic beverages The 21st Amendment instituted the legal instrument currently known as liquor licenses 21st Amendment Facts As of 2011 , the 21st Amendment is the only Constitutional Amendment facilitated to directly repeal a preexisting amendment – in this case , that amendment is the 18th Amendment The 18th Amendment – which included the prohibition of alcoholic beverages – was a direct response to ethics committees existing within the United States that credited alcohol with lascivious and criminal behavior States Ratifying the 21st Amendment 1 . Alabama 2 . Arizona 3 . Arkansas 4 . California 5 . Colorado 6 . Connecticut 7 . Delaware 8 . Florida 9 . Idaho 10 . Illinois 11 . Indiana 12 . Iowa 13 . Kentucky 14 . Maine 15 . Maryland 16 . Massachusetts 17 . Michigan 18 . Minnesota 19 . Missouri 20 . Montana 21 . Nevada 22 . New Hampshire 23 . New Jersey 24 . New Mexico 25 . New York 26 . North Carolina 27 . Ohio 28 . Oregon 29 . Pennsylvania 30 . Rhode Island 31 . South Carolina 32 . Tennessee 33 . Texas 34 . Utah 35 . Vermont 36 . Virginia 37 . Washington 38 . West Virginia 39 . Wisconsin 40 . Wyoming States Not Participatory in the Ratification of the 21st Amendment 1 . Georgia 2 . Kansas 3 . Louisiana 4 . Mississippi 5 . Nebraska 6 . North Dakota 7 . Oklahoma 8 . South Dakota Court Cases Associated with the 21st Amendment Craig v . Boren ( 1976 ) – this court case addressed proposed legislation differentiating the legal age of alcohol consumption imposed with regard to males and females within the state of Oklahoma ; the motion was overturned as a result of a presumed violation of the 14th Amendment Comments comments No related posts . Share Kumbaya Company Names Important Links Laws Find an Attorney Guide To Lawyers Find Laws Legal Forms State Laws Categories Amendments ( 67 ) American History ( 9 ) Article 1 ( 10 ) Article 2 ( 17 ) Article 3 ( 10 ) Article 4 ( 7 ) Article 5 ( 4 ) Article 6 ( 4 ) Article 7 ( 3 ) Articles of Confederation ( 5 ) Articles of the Constitution ( 2 ) Bill of Rights ( 17 ) Constitution ( 47 ) Constitutional Amendments ( 29 ) Constitutional Convention Constitutional Government ( 5 ) Constitutional Law ( 16 ) Continental Congress Declaration of Independence ( 15 ) Department of State ( 1 ) Federalist Papers ( 13 ) History ( 1 ) House of Representatives ( 13 ) Preamble ( 8 ) Senate ( 14 ) Supreme Court Chief Justices ( 11 ) Supreme Court Criticisms ( 7 ) Supreme Court Decisions ( 26 ) Supreme Court Justices ( 6 ) The Founding Fathers ( 14 ) The Supreme Court ( 66 ) US Constitution ( 8 ) | [
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http://constitution.laws.com/preamble/the-preamble | A Complete Overview of the Preamble A Complete Overview of the Preamble Share The Preamble to the United States Constitution is one of the most well - known and oft - quoted parts of the entire Constitution , if only for the opening quote of " We the People … " It is , based purely on length , a relatively insignificant part of the Constitution as a whole and yet , based on meaning , it is highly significant . The Preamble helps scholars , lawyers , and lawmakers to understand the Constitution as a whole , in its intent , its basic meaning , and its fundamental tenets . While the Preamble is not critical to the function of the Constitution for establishing the Government of the United States , it has come up time and again in court proceedings and will likely continue to arise long into the future . Background The Preamble was not actually written with the rest of the Constitution . The Constitution was submitted to a Style Committee after a first draft and that Committee finalized the Constitution ' s writing and also added the Preamble to the Constitution ' s beginning . As such , the Preamble does not add any definitive legal powers to the nature of the Constitution . The importance of the Preamble comes , instead , from what it adds to interpretations of the Constitution as a whole . The Preamble has been an oft - debated bit of the Constitution , even though it is so short , because it uses several terms , each of which might be understood in multiple ways . Again , the Preamble does not offer up a concrete , definitive set of legal provisions , but it does influence the way in which the terms and legal definitions offered up elsewhere in the Constitution might apply . If " The United States of America " is interpreted to mean different things based on the nature of the Preamble , then those differing interpretations would have major ramifications in any given party ' s understanding of the Constitution as a whole . For example , the phrase " to form a more perfect Union " was debated often and actually came into great relevance with regard to the Civil War when states were attempting to secede from the Union . The nature of the phrase , then , greatly influenced lawmakers ' understanding of whether or not such Importance of " We the People " The phrase " We the People " at the very beginning of the Preamble and the entire Constitution is one of the most well - known phrases of the Constitution . It bears special significance to the Preamble and to the Constitution as a whole for its implications and its uniqueness . " We the People " establishes firmly that the Constitution is not a document dictating regulation of states by some larger Federal Government . It is a document establishing a government which deals with the people directly , and therefore , would overrule any state dealings with the " We the People " thus immediately sets apart the Constitution from many of its forebears , including the Articles of Confederation in America and even other constitutional documents throughout history . The phrase is also one of the primary links between the Constitution and the other document which is known by almost every American : the Declaration of Independence . The Declaration of Independence has no legal bearing in modern day America ; for all that it is a significant historical document , it is not an important legal document . But one of the primary ideas of the Declaration of Independence was that the people had the right to rise up against an oppressive government , as that government gained its power from the people . This concept was carried over into the Constitution through the " We the People " phrase in the Preamble , thus strongly exhibiting the intent behind the Constitution . For more information about Jacobson v . Massachusetts ( 1905 ) Jacobson v . Massachusetts was an important case in American case law for a number of reasons . It significantly affected American understanding of what states could force citizens to do in the name of the public good . It affected American understanding of health care and the reasons for its importance . But it also affected American understanding of the Preamble , codifying one of the more important elements of interpreting that document . Jacobson v . Massachusetts was a case in which one man , Jacobson , refused to be vaccinated under a Massachusetts statute requiring vaccination , and furthermore refused to pay the fine that came with a refusal to get vaccinated . He took Massachusetts to court , claiming that the statute violated his rights . He argued , among other points , that the laws implemented by Massachusetts actually violated certain rights which were granted to him in the Preamble of the Constitution , and furthermore , that those laws subverted the purposes of the Constitution as a whole . In the end , the Supreme Court determined that the Preamble did not have any legal significance and could not be used as an argument based on rights that it supposedly granted to a citizen . On the other hand , the Preamble did provide an interpretation of the intent of the Constitution , such that the actions taken by Massachusetts in implementing that law actually seemed acceptable . To find out more about this case and how it was influenced by , and influenced in turn , interpretations of the Preamble of the Constitution , follow the link . Comments comments No related posts . Share Related Articles The Background Behind What Preamble to the US Constitution | [
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http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xxv | Amendment XXV Presidential Disability and Succession Common Interpretation The Twenty - Fifth Amendment The Twenty - Fifth Amendment By Brian C . Kalt and David Pozen The Twenty - Fifth Amendment seeks to answer a series of questions raised by the original Constitution ’ s treatment of presidential and vice - presidential vacancies and presidential disability . First , what happens when a presidential vacancy arises ? Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 of the Constitution states that in “ case of the removal of the President from office , or of his death , resignation , or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President . ” The line of succession from President to Vice President is clear , but what exactly “ devolves ” on the Vice President ? Is it the “ office ” of President or just its “ Second , what should happen when a vice - presidential vacancy arises ? The original Constitution did not provide for filling such a vacancy . Prior to the adoption of the Twenty - Fifth Amendment , one Vice President resigned , seven died in office , and eight took over for Presidents who died in office : all in all , the vice presidency was unoccupied more than 20 percent of the time . This was less of a problem when the office was held in low regard , which it mostly was until the mid - twentieth century . Third , what happens if the President becomes unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office ? Several Presidents suffered debilitating illnesses and injuries . For weeks and months at a time , the country was left without effective or accountable presidential leadership . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 provided for the Vice President to step in when the President had an “ inability to discharge [ his ] powers and duties , ” but it provided no decision - maker , no procedures , and no definition of “ inability . ” Nor did The assassination of President John F . Kennedy on November 22 , 1963 brought renewed attention to these questions . Led by Senator Birch Bayh , Congress gave them focused consideration and , in July of 1965 , sent the Twenty - Fifth Amendment to the states for ratification . Less than two years later , the necessary thirty - eighth state legislature ratified it . In response to the first question , regarding presidential vacancies , Section 1 of the Twenty - Fifth Amendment formalizes the Tyler precedent . It confirms that when the President is removed from office , dies , or resigns , the Vice President becomes President . When President Nixon resigned in 1974 , Vice President Gerald Ford became President under Section 1 . In response to the second question , regarding vice - presidential vacancies , Section 2 of the Twenty - Fifth Amendment requires the President to nominate a replacement Vice President when that office becomes vacant , subject to confirmation by a majority of both the House and Senate . In 1973 , Gerald Ford became Vice President through Section 2 after Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned . When Ford took over the presidency the following year , he promptly invoked Section 2 to nominate Nelson Rockefeller to fill the resulting vice - presidential vacancy . In response to the third question , regarding presidential inability , Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty - Fifth Amendment establish two procedures for transferring authority to the Vice President as Acting President . Building on the Eisenhower - Nixon precedent , Section 3 allows the President to transfer authority temporarily , by submitting a written declaration that he is “ unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office . ” The President can reclaim those powers and duties later by submitting a second declaration “ to the contrary . ” President Ronald Reagan ( once ) Section 4 addresses the dramatic case of a President who may be unable to fulfill his constitutional role but who can not or will not step aside . It provides both a decision - maker and a procedure . The initial deciding group is the Vice President and a majority of either the Cabinet or some other body that Congress may designate ( though Congress has never done so ) . If this group declares a President “ unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office , ” the Vice President immediately becomes Acting President . If and Section 3 and ( especially ) Section 4 are long and complicated by constitutional standards . Nevertheless , they leave a number of issues unsettled — most significantly , what counts as presidential “ inability . ” At the Constitutional Convention in 1787 , delegate John Dickinson asked , “ What is the extent of the term ‘ disability ’ ” in the proposed presidential succession clause , “ and who is to be the judge of it ? ” No response is recorded . By giving the President , Vice President , and Congress important and distinct roles , Matters of Debate Brian C . Kalt Professor of Law and The Harold Norris Faculty Scholar at Michigan State University College Of Law The Unusual , Imperfect , Excellent Twenty - Fifth Amendment By Brian C . Kalt The Twenty - Fifth Amendment is unusual . Most amendments are about individual rights or governmental powers ; the Twenty - Fifth is one of a small number of amendments about technical procedures . Full Text David Pozen Professor of Law at Columbia Law School The Deceptively Clear Twenty - Fifth Amendment By David Pozen The Twenty - Fifth Amendment may look like a model of constitutional clarity . It lays out a series of technical solutions to problems that had emerged over the years in the area of presidential and vice - presidential succession . Full Text | [
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http://constitutioncenter.org/timeline/html/cw06_12101.html | National Constitution Center Home Constitutional Timeline Home Era Overviews 1765 - 1786 1787 - 1790 1791 - 1824 1825 - 1849 1850 - 1865 1866 - 1885 > 1886 - 1906 1907 - 1930 1931 - 1946 1947 - 1954 1955 - 1969 1970 - 1987 1987 - Help Credits Timeline search : < Previous Event | Back to Timeline | Next Event > You are viewing the low - bandwidth version of the Constitutional Timeline . View the broadband version 1866 - 1885 : We rebuild the Union and amend the Constitution June 13 , 1866 States ratify 14th Amendment , granting former slaves citizenship and promising “ equal protection of the laws ” National Archives and Records Administration Passed by Congress June 13 , 1866 . Ratified July 9 , 1868 . Note : Article I , section 2 , of the Constitution was modified by section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment . Section 1 . All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside . No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws . Section 2 . Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers , counting the whole number of persons in each State , excluding Indians not taxed . But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice - President of the United States , Representatives in Congress , the Executive and Judicial officers of a State , or the members of the Legislature thereof , is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State , being twenty - one years of age , * and citizens of the Section 3 . No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress , or elector of President and Vice - President , or hold any office , civil or military , under the United States , or under any State , who , having previously taken an oath , as a member of Congress , or as an officer of the United States , or as a member of any State legislature , or as an executive or judicial officer of any State , to support the Constitution of the United States , shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the Section 4 . The validity of the public debt of the United States , authorized by law , including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion , shall not be questioned . But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States , or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts , obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void . Section 5 . The Congress shall have the power to enforce , by appropriate legislation , the provisions of this article . * Changed by section 1 of the Twenty - Sixth Amendment . < Previous Event | Back to Timeline | Next Event > You are viewing the low - bandwidth version . View the broadband version ( Flash plug - in and broadband connection required ) | [
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http://constitutiondecoded.com/us-constitution-article-iv.html | Article IV of the US Constitution : States , and Federal - State Interactions Article 4 : This article discusses the states , interactions between states , interactions between the states and the federal government , and the duties owed by the federal government to the states . It also reinforces the dual - sovereignty principle , and underscores the strong belief of the Founders that we are primarily citizens of our states , which are themselves joined in a confederation . We make reference to specific wordings in the various sections , therefore for your reading ease we append the entire text of Article IV at the end . Section 1 , the “ full faith and credit ” clause , is one long sentence that came ( with some adjustments in wording ) from the Articles of Confederation . It says that each state will respect the laws and judgments of other states , and that Congress may enact laws detailing how that requirement will be enforced . Since it was from the Articles of Confederation , there was very little discussion of this first section in the Federalist papers . According to the provisions this section , a contract made in one state must be considered valid in the This clause also implies ( and has been upheld in many court cases ) that the actions of state courts are to be recognized by any court under US jurisdiction – which includes federal courts plus courts in US territories . In federal courts where the state law in question conflicts with federal law , the federal court is not required to enforce that conflicting state law ( this comes under the auspices of Article VI ) . Section 2 has three clauses . The first clause ensures that citizens of each state will be treated as citizens of the other states , while they are there . Since each state considered itself a separate entity ( under the umbrella of the confederation ) , this clause ensures that a citizen of Utah is not treated as a foreign national while visiting ( or temporarily living in ) Louisiana . Of course , this applies equally to any other combination of states . The next clause provides for extradition of accused persons who flee to another state to the state in which they have been accused of crime – regardless of what state they fled from or in which they tried to hide . The fugitive who flees to another state also is not protected by having arrived in the new state before an indictment is issued . The third clause of Section 2 was tucked into this Article towards the very end of the Constitutional Convention by two convention members from South Carolina ; it is the Fugitive Slave Clause . While utterly abhorrent to us today , this clause is based in very old historic law , which provided that chattels adhere to the person of their owner even when located elsewhere . According to Madison ’ s notes on the Convention , a minor adjustment in the wording of this clause ( “ person held to service or labor in one state , under the Before moving on , let ’ s go back to the first clause of Section 2 , and briefly address the treatment of corporations . We address it here , rather than in the paragraph above on that clause , because for now it is a side - note . It will , however , lay essential groundwork for when we look , later , at the 14th Amendment – and see how perversions of that amendment lead directly to some of the problems we face today . “ Corporation ” is defined in the Merriam - Webster Dictionary as as though it were a “ natural ” ( flesh - and - blood ) person . Section 3 has two clauses that address the formation of new states and jurisdiction over non - state territories . The first clause gives the rules for admittance of new states . Congress may admit new states . If a state wishes to partition itself , or if two ( or more ) states wish to conjoin into one ( or each carve off some territory to donate to a new state ) , the legislatures of all the states involved AND Congress must approve . New states have an equal basis with pre - existing states , and the same privileges The second clause in this section grants Congress the power to make “ needful ” rules and regulations in US territories or other property . In addition to places like Puerto Rico , American Samoa , and Guam , this includes national parks and forests , wildlife refuges , Bureau of Land Management areas , Indian reservations , and other types of land . We should all be aware of this especially with the Federal land takeovers ( especially in the western states ) in recent years . At the time the Constitution was written , several states had claims Section 4 of Article IV should be center stage in a couple of large issues today . It is called the “ Guarantee Clause , ” because its terms require the federal government to make specific provisions to all the states . In only one sentence , this section addresses three separate and important issues affecting every state , and so it is included here verbatim ( as well as appended below ) . “ The United States shall guarantee to every State in the Union a Republican form of Government , and shall protect each of them against Invasion ; and Let ’ s split this long sentence into its component parts . “ A Republican form of government ” expresses the Founders disgust for and disdain of “ democracy . ” Unfettered democracy is mob rule , with no protection for the rights and interests of individuals or minority groups . As Madison says so beautifully in Federalist # 10 , democracies “ . . .have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property ; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths . ” This “ Shall protect each of them against Invasion , ” at the time of its writing the Founders were thinking of Great Britain , Spain , French - Canadian , and Indian incursions – yet they knew full well that time would bring new threats . This clause works with Article I , Section 8 , clause 15 , where Congress is granted the power to call forth the militia to “ repel Invasions . ” Madison writes in Federalist # 43 “ . . .protection against invasion is due from every society to the parts composing it . . It is obvious to anyone willing to observe disinterested fact that the Federal government has absolutely , unequivocally , and utterly abrogated its duty to the states by refusing to secure our borders against those entering this country illegally . Whether the purpose is “ a better life , ” “ escape from oppression , ” or the intention to carry out nefarious attacks against our citizens , states , country , and sovereignty , does not matter . It is the duty of the Federal government to protect the states against invasion . ( It is the duty of legally ; see Article 1 , Section 8 , clause 4 . ) The current administration has even gone to the ridiculous lengths of bringing lawsuit in Federal courts to stop actions taken by states to protect themselves . They also show their utter lack of knowledge of the Constitution by bringing these suits in Federal District Courts , even though the Constitution clearly states in Article III , Section 2 , 2nd paragraph that “ [ i ] n all cases . . . in which a State shall be Party , the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction . This leaves us with the issue of states suffering from repeated invasion that the federal government refuses to address . Are the states required just to sit there and be overrun ? NO ! Remember , the states retain sovereignty and have the right ( and the duty ! ) to call out their militias to protect themselves . Article 1 , Section 10 , last clause , states , “ [ n ] o state shall . . . keep troops . . . or engage in war , unless actually invaded . . . ” demonstrating very clearly against states endeavoring to require the federal government to do its duty , and to protect themselves in the absence of federal aid . As for the very last clause in this section , it establishes limits for when the federal government may come in to a state to protect it against domestic violence . The federal government is not allowed to send troops into a state on its own estimation that domestic violence is occurring ( or about to occur ) . It must wait until the state legislature requests federal assistance . If that legislature is not in session and can not be quickly called into session , then the governor of that state may make the request . We ’ ve seen a recent example of this clause in action recently – during and immediately after Hurricane Katrina . Then - President Bush was widely vilified for his delay in sending the National Guard to assist Louisiana with he could not legally act until the request for assistance was made ( he even called both officials on 8 / 28 , asking them to request federal aid – they refused ) ! There was certainly plenty of incompetence and blame to spread in the aftermath of that storm ( especially FEMA ’ s poor efforts ) – but let us at least be honest that this was not a dastardly attempt on the part of President Bush to drown the Ninth Ward . Katrina was one of the largest , most powerful ( Category 5 ) , most long - lasting storms ever all those same fronts : local , state , and federal . Yet the fact remains , federal aid could be sent in until it was requested by the state of Louisiana . References : * Constitution of the United States of America * Badnarik , Michael “ Good To Be King ” 2004 The Writer ’ s Collective * Skousen , W . Cleon “ The 5,000 Year Leap ” 2006 National Center for Constitutional Studies * Hamilton , Madison , Jay “ The Federalist Papers ” 2001 Dover * Heritage Guide to the Constitution www . heritage . org * Justia US Law law . justia . com * Publius Huldah ’ s blog at http : / / publiushuldah . wordpress . com * McGarity & Kysar “ Did NEPA Drown New Orleans ? The Levees , The Blame Game , and the Hazards of Hindsight . ” 2006 Cornell Law Faculty Publications © 2012 by the author Article IV : Article IV Section 1 Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts , Records , and judicial Proceedings of every other State . And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts , Records and Proceedings shall be proved , and the Effect thereof . Section 2 Cl 1 : The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States . Cl 2 : A Person charged in any State with Treason , Felony , or other Crime , who shall flee from Justice , and be found in another State , shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled , be delivered up , to be removed to the State havingJurisdiction of the Crime . Cl 3 : No Person held to Service or Labour in one State , under the Laws thereof , escaping into another , shall , in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein , be discharged from such Service or Labour , but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due . ( Changed by 13th Amendment , Section 1 ) Section 3 Cl 1 : New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States , or Parts of States , without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress . Cl 2 : The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States , or of any particular State . Section 4 The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government , and shall protect each of them against Invasion ; and on Application of the Legislature , or of the Executive ( when the Legislature can not be convened ) against domestic Violence . | [
"US Constitution",
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http://construction.about.com/od/Thermal-And-Moisture-Protectio/a/House-Wrap-Pros-Cons-And-Installation-Tips.htm | Materials Thermal & Moisture House Wrap Types and Installation Tips The Basics of Water - Resistive Barriers • • • By Juan Rodriguez Updated September 28 , 2018 House wrap is a fabric , paper , or board material that covers the exterior sheathing of house walls to protect the wall framing . Most siding materials are not totally effective at repelling water , particularly wind - driven rain . When water gets behind the siding , house wrap is there to shed the water and keep it from entering the wall cavity . House wrap also permits the transfer of water vapor to the outside of the protected structure because water vapor can pass through it . There are several types of house wrap , and each Why Do You Need House Wrap ? House wrap technically is a type of water - resistive barrier , or WRB . The purpose of using house wrap is to prevent the entry of moisture into the wall cavity from outside . While house wrap is water - resistant , it typically is not water impermeable or waterproof , with good reason . Just as rain and moist air can enter a wall cavity from outside the house , moisture - laded air can also enter a wall from inside the house . If a house wrap is impermeable , it can trap this indoor moisture in Most WRBs have a permeability rating between 5 and 60 ; a minimum of 5 is required by most building codes . Contrary to many claims , house wrap usually does not serve as an air barrier to prevent cold air from entering wall cavities . Only a few special types of WRBs are designed to perform this function , and they must be installed meticulously to create a reliable air barrier . House wrap is intended to be installed over the sheathing and behind the siding , no matter what siding you are using : wood , fiber cement , vinyl , brick , stucco , and others . Siding manufacturers may recommend specific types of WRB to use with their products . House Wrap Types The original WRB was asphalt - impregnated felt paper , or " tar paper , " the same material commonly used as underlayment under roof shingles . More recently , the term " house wrap " is usually used to describe plastic fabric WRBs such as Tyvek . Asphalt felt ( tar paper ) — The standard requirement is Type 1 felt meeting ASTM D 226 standards . Grade D building paper — Made of asphalt - impregnated kraft paper , this house wrap is commonly used under stucco siding . Polyolefin fabric — " Plastic " house wraps typically are made of woven polyethylene or polypropylene fibers . Liquid WRB — These tar - like liquids are applied with a paint roller or spray equipment and can serve as an air barrier . Rigid foam — Some types of rigid foam insulation board can serve as a WRB if they are properly sealed . WRB sheathing — Sheathing panels made of oriented strandboard ( OSB ) with special coatings can serve as both sheathing and WRB ; installation includes sealing all panel joints with the manufacturer ' s tape . House Wrap Installation Tips Always follow the manufacturer ' s installation instructions , and use only approved fasteners and sealers , as applicable . General recommendations that usually apply to fabric - type house wrap include : Seal all seams with a special tape provided by the house wrap manufacturer . Work from the bottom up , overlapping the lower courses . Install house wrap before doors and windows . Wrap the fabric around the edges of windows and doors to the inside of the frame . Install the house wrap between the double top wall plates . Prevent chemicals from coming in contact with the fabric , as they can adversely affect the house wrap ’ s water - resistance . Extend the house wrap over the footing top at least 2 inches . Install a drainage provision at the bottom of the external siding material , if recommended . Use staples or nails specifically designed to hold down house wrap material . Nails should be at least 1 inch long and spaced 12 to 18 inches on - center . Overlap horizontal joints of wrap by at least 6 inches . Overlap vertical joints by at least 6 inches and no more than 12 inches , depending on the severity of the area ' s weather conditions . Lap house wrap over the entire top of any step - flashed areas . Install a protective rain screen to control moisture movement when porous siding is being installed . Continue Reading + | [
"House Wrap",
"Installation Tips",
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http://consumer.georgia.gov/consumer-topics/tanning | Home > Consumer Services > A to Z Consumer Topics > Tanning Text Size Print Tanning For many of us , a suntan conveys an instant illusion of glowing health . Indeed , a certain amount of exposure to sunlight is both necessary and healthful . However , overexposure may cause immediate long - term damage due to the ultraviolet ( UV ) light the sun emits . UV ray exposure is suspected to increase one ’ s chances of skin cancer , including the deadly malignant melanoma , as well as damage to the eyes and to the immune system . Ads that claim indoor tanning devices are a safe alternative to outdoor tanning may be untrue , as these also emit UV rays . In addition to federal statutes , provisions of state law ( O.C.G.A . Sections 31 - 38 - 1 through 31 - 38 - 12 ) regulate tanning facilities . Within three feet of each tanning booth , a clearly visible sign must advise you of the implications of tanning . The sign should include the following warnings and instructions : DANGER - - ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION Follow instructions . Avoid overexposure . As with natural sunlight , overexposure can cause eye and skin injury and allergic reactions . Repeated exposure may cause premature aging of the skin and skin cancer . Wear protective eyewear . FAILURE TO USE PROTECTIVE EYEWEAR MAY RESULT IN SEVERE BURNS OR LONG - TERM INJURY TO THE EYES . Medications or cosmetics may increase your sensitivity to the ultraviolet radiation . Consult a physician before using sunlamp or tanning equipment if you are using medications or have a history of skin problems or believe yourself to be especially sensitive to sunlight . If you do not tan in the sun , you are unlikely to tan from the use of this product . MAXIMUM EXPOSURE AT ANY ONE SESSION SHOULD NEVER EXCEED 15 MINUTES . According to the research and clinical experience of the American Academy of Dermatology , excessive or improper exposure to ultraviolet light can cause harmful changes in the skin and other organs , including skin cancer , cataracts , impairment of the immune system , premature aging , and photosensitivity . These are virtually the same risks associated with outdoor tanning . Tanning facilities must comply with a number of other guidelines to ensure your safety : You must wear goggles . The Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) requires tanning salons to direct all customers to wear protective eye goggles . Closing your eyes , wearing ordinary sunglasses or using cotton wads does not protect the cornea of the eye from the intensity of UV radiation from tanning devices . UV rays do not kill bacteria and germs , so the protective goggles must be sanitized before use . Tanning equipment must include physical barriers to prevent injury from touching or breaking the lamps . Stand - up tanning booths must have different barriers for your protection . Tanning equipment must have ground fault protection on the electrical circuit to prevent a fire from starting . The tanning facility owner or operator must compile a written report of any actual or alleged injuries from use of tanning equipment within five working days after occurrence or notice thereof . The report must be maintained for at least three years . A copy of any report must be supplied to you upon your request . Children under 14 years of age are not permitted to use tanning equipment . If you are at least 14 years of age but less than 18 years old you may not use tanning equipment unless your parent or legal guardian signs a consent form . Georgia law ( O.C.G.A . 31 - 38 - 4.1 ) requires any person establishing , maintaining or operating a tanning facility in Georgia to first register with the Department of Public Health Complaints About Tanning Facilities If you believe that you have been the victim of false or deceptive advertising by a tanning facility or the promoter of a sun protection product in Georgia , the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) would be interested in your experience . The agency monitors advertising claims made by tanning facilities and sun protection product manufacturers . The FTC does not generally resolve individual cases but will accept complaints to be used in the event of a larger investigation . Any such complaints received by the Georgia Department of Law ' s Consumer Protection Division would also be referred directly to the FTC . There are many lotions and sprays on the market that will give you a temporary tan . Most self - tanners of this type are approved by the FDA . However , you should verify that any oral medications or herbs promoted to help you tan are actually FDA - approved . If you find they are not approved when they claim to be , you can file a complaint with the FDA . Get Our Free Military Consumer App ! Our new " Basic Training " app helps service members , veterans and their families navigate car buying , personal finances , credit , debt , scams and identity theft . Clark Howard and AG Carr discuss new resource for seniors | [
"Tanning",
"long-term damage",
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http://consumereview.org/turmeric/is-your-turmeric-effective/ | Is Your Turmeric Effective ? How To Pick A Turmeric ( Curcumin ) Extract That Works And Get It At A Great Price With all the media craze surrounding turmeric , we decided it was time to write an in depth analysis of its benefits and what you want to look out for when buying an effective turmeric extract . Since its first feature on the world ’ s most famous TV doctor ’ s show , supplement manufacturers have been crawling out of the woodwork to create their ‘ version ’ of turmeric , with wild claims as to its actual benefits . As each new company bursts into the market with their own ‘ proprietary formula ’ , it becomes harder to separate fact from fiction , premium product from worthless imitation . We decided it was time to analyze them ourselves to find out which products were sub - par , which were flat - out lying about what was even in their pills , and which , if any , might actually be worth a try . As we rounded up all of the big brands in the industry , we could see straight off the bat which companies were only there to make a quick buck . Most turmeric extracts do not contain what ’ s actually on the label . In addition , we found that most companies who claim to have a standard of 95 % curcuminoids actually have much less . This is disheartening and makes it difficult for the consumer to know what manufacturers are lying and which are telling the truth . It ’ s hard to believe , but most companies slap on a label that says ‘ Turmeric ’ , often without even mentioning how much turmeric extract is in each pill or without actually including the amount they claim . What Did We Research ? With hundreds of manufacturers out there , we wanted to figure out what to look for and how to overcome our concerns regarding dietary supplements . We started the process by making a list of the main concerns we have over buying a good turmeric product . It ’ s not going to be effective . The truth is , there are a lot of products that do n ’ t work at all . Typically , this is because they do n ’ t contain the right ingredients or the right proportions . A lot of interested consumers do n ’ t realize how exact a science creating an effective supplement really is . It ’ s going to be too expensive to afford . As we conducted our research , we found that a lot of companies sell turmeric supplements for $ 100 or more ! Who wants to risk that kind of money on what could just be snake oil salesmanship ? The company I buy from might just be exploiting another fad . How can you tell when a manufacturer is just trying to cash in on the latest diet ? Most of those companies are all gimmick and no substance . How do you know that the company you choose to buy from is giving you the real deal ? Finding High Quality Turmeric Extracts So , how can you identify the legitimate products through all the smoke ? There are a few key factors to look for that can all but guarantee the product is genuine . 1 . Third Party Monitoring : Independent monitoring companies track each company ’ s reputation and customer satisfaction . One of the most important qualities for a supplement manufacturer is their reputation . Look for a company with a solid reputation backed by third party monitoring . 2 . Risk Free Money Back Guarantee : Go with a company that guarantees their product and offers your money back if you are n ’ t satisfied . If the company is not willing to put their money where their mouth is , that means they do n ’ t believe in their own product . 3 . Third Party Testing : Different than third party monitoring , third party testing verifies the quality of each company ’ s products . Third party testing is really expensive for manufacturers , since it can actually disqualify entire shipments of pills . But when companies do n ’ t have independent quality control , there is no guarantee that their products are what they claim to be . Turmeric Brands Research Your time and money is valuable and we do n ’ t want you to waste either one . So we did the research on most of the top turmeric products available . We studied each product to determine which consistently had not only the right ingredients , but also the right proportions . We disqualified the ones with unnecessary , synthetic fillers and those whose contents differed drastically from pill to pill . But we did n ’ t stop there . After all , numbers and percentages are only part of the story . We went on to seek out real customers who had used the products we tested . We asked them for testimonials and compared them with our notes , and then compiled this information to give you a list of the best products on the market . What our Research Uncovered A good turmeric extract should contain at least 95 % standardized curcumin , a 1000 mg daily dose , and no additional ingredients . Most brands did not pass the above criteria . Some of the turmeric companies included the right ingredients , but had too little standardized curcuminoids , which is the key compound in turmeric . They use much less than what was used in the clinical studies that led to optimum health improvement . Other companies filled their supplements with cheap fillers , binders , and other synthetic ingredients . Almost all of them avoided quality control testing . The brands we did pick , we stand by . We are confident that these products can help you achieve your goals . Our Turmeric Top Pick : We are excited about our final pick and we think you ’ ll agree . This company has a solid reputation , a high quality product , third party monitoring and testing . It also has a solid return policy and stands by its products . Rating : Excellent High Quality Ingredients The Right Proportions Risk Free Trial Affordable Price Powerful Testimonials Reputable History # 1 Top Pick Research Verified Turmeric ™ If you want to try turmeric , then Research Verified ® should be your first choice . If any turmeric supplement is going to work for you , this is it . It has the highest quality turmeric extract , in the right dose , does n ’ t have any binders or fillers , and is 100 % safe to use . Quality : They have the recommended daily serving of 1000 mg , containing turmeric ( curcumin ) standardized to contain the optimal 95 % curcuminoids PLUS it contains a 20 mg serving of Bioperine ® ( Piperine ) . Piperine is the main alkaloid contained within black pepper and has been shown to substantially increase the bio availability of the nutrients in foods and supplements . Bioperine ® is a patented concentrated , clinically proven form of Piperine , included to aid absorption of the nutrients found in turmeric for increased benefits . Reputation : Their reputation is top notch . They have several third party monitoring services , including buySAFE , Norton , and Trustee , as well as an A+ rating from the quality monitoring company QualityTrusted . Guarantee : All purchases of Research Verified Turmeric ™ are backed by a 365 day Risk Free 100 % Money Back Guarantee . That is the best guarantee that we have seen from any manufacturer . This 1 year guarantee shows how confident they are in their product . Perhaps most importantly , they ’ re an established company that offers excellent customer service , safe checkout and on - time delivery . They clearly have a commitment to quality as well , and guarantee that their supplements are made in an FDA registered laboratory that is cGMP certified . So , if you ’ re looking for the best turmeric product available from a reputable company with a rock solid 365 day money back guarantee , I ’ d say this is the product to try . The only issue with Research Verified ® is that due to the demand they are often sold out . To avoid having to put yourself on a waiting list , take advantage of the benefits while they ’ re in stock . Find Out More > > Rating : Good # 2 Pick Life Extension Super Bio - Curcumin Falling just short of our top selection is Life Extension Super Bio - Curcumin . This product contains the pure turmeric extract with 95 % curcumin which was recommended in clinical studies . However , it does have additional ingredients in its formula and does not provide the recommended 1000 mg daily dosage . It is important to consider that additional ingredients can sometimes greatly affect your results . Despite falling short of the recommended dosage , our research showed that the extract it does contain is of good quality . Since the company itself has a good track record and most consumers I spoke to were pretty satisfied with it , I still consider this to be a solid product . Just remember that it has a few slight disadvantages . If you do n ’ t mind taking a pill containing additional ingredients and a slightly lower dosage , and without Piperine , then this product could be right for you . Keep in mind that their website often shows that they are in short supply or out of stock . Take a closer look and decide for yourself … OK # 3 Pick Solaray Turmeric One Daily This product is made by a company called Solaray , and they are also offering a turmeric extract product . However , there is one very important category in which they fall short – the active ingredient . This product does not provide the full recommended daily dosage of 1000 mg which was recommended by the clinical studies . There are also not very many reviews for this product . The bottle itself will definitely catch your eye , but without consistent positive consumer reviews on the website , purchasing this product might be a bit risky . Our own tests showed that it was a good product , but we all know that supplements do n ’ t always work the same way for everyone . We would recommend choosing a product that offers you the full recommended daily amount of 1000 mg pure turmeric extract . Even though Solaray Turmeric One Daily does seem to be a good quality extract , the fact that it does not contain the full recommended daily dosage of turmeric extract as its active ingredient , and relatively few customer reviews knocked it down to the # 3 spot . That said , if you do n ’ t mind taking a chance , this product might work for you . Take a better look at the actual product … | [
"Turmeric",
"dietary supplements",
"Third Party Monitoring"
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http://consumerguide.com/used/1990-93-toyota-celica/ | 1990 - 93 Toyota Celica Sporty / performance car ; Built in Japan 2 - door convertible 2 - door coupe 2 - door hatchback transverse front - engine / front - or all - wheel drive Good condition price range : $ 1,000 – $ 2,600 1990 Toyota Celica All - Trac 2 - door hatchback 1990 Toyota Celica interior 1991 Toyota Celica GT 2 - door convertible 1992 Toyota Celica 2 - door hatchback 1993 Toyota Celica GT 2 - door convertible Pros : Acceleration ( exc . ST ) Optional antilock brakes Fuel economy Handling / roadholding Cons : Acceleration ( ST automatic ) Cargo room Engine noise Entry / exit Rear - seat room Rear visibility Like most Toyotas , Celicas are well - built . They ’ re also reliable , and serve as models of ergonomic intelligence . Overview Curvaceously restyled for 1990 , Toyota ’ s sports coupe rode the same front - drive wheelbase as the prior Celica generation . A 2 - door coupe and 2 - door hatchback went on sale . Two new engines debuted , and a driver - side airbag went into all Celicas . The base engine was a twin - cam 1.6 - liter 4 cylinder . The Celica GT and GT - S carried a new 130 - horsepower , 2.2 - liter 4 - cylinder engine . Most Celica models were front - wheel drive , with either Yearly Updates 1991 Celica Coupes and hatchbacks were joined by a convertible for 1991 , offered in GT trim with a power - operated top that was covered by a soft tonneau when folded down . 1992 Celica Celicas earned a modest facelift this year , including a reshaped nose , new taillamps , and larger wheels / tires for ST and GT models . Availability of antilock braking expanded to the GT coupe . Both GT models had a standard rear spoiler . 1993 Celica Antilock brakes became standard on the top - line Celica All - Track , and optional on the GT convertible . Few other changes were evident in what would be the Celica ’ s final season in this form . Engines transverse front - engine / front - or all - wheel drive Celicas came with a choice of three engines , depending on model : a 1.6 - liter 4 - cylinder in the ST ; a 2.2 - liter four in the GT and GT - S ; and a turbocharged 2.0 - liter 4 - cylinder in the All - Trac . All except the All Trac might have either 5 - speed manual shift or an optional 4 - speed automatic transmission . dohc I4 Engine Size ( liters / cubic inches ) 1.6 / 97 Engine HP 103 Engine Torque ( lb - ft ) 102 Avail . Trans . EPA MPG ( city / hwy ) MPG avg . as tested 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic 25 / 32 24 / 31 22.3 dohc I4 Engine Size ( liters / cubic inches ) 2.2 / 132 Engine HP 130 - 135 Engine Torque ( lb - ft ) 140 Avail . Trans . EPA MPG ( city / hwy ) MPG avg . as tested 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic 22 / 28 20 / 27 25.3 Turbocharged dohc I4 2.0 / 122 200 200 19 / 24 Road Test Handling and roadholding are decent with an ST and quite sporty with a GT or GT - S . Those two stick to the road tautly and respond well in changes of direction . Each model offers refined road manners and a solid “ feel . ” The ST ’ s suspension has the softest damping , therefore , ride quality is somewhat smoother . Other Celica models do n ’ t absorb bumps quite as well , but suffer minimal cornering lean and crisper steering response . An All - Trac not only hugs the road tenaciously , but delivers a mighty blast of power . Refined road manners and an impressively solid bearing are particularly borne out by the convertible , which suffers only minimal body shake of the sort that ’ s all too common in drop - tops . Base - engine performance is adequate with a 5 - speed , but automatic drains away its strength . Manual shift is also the best performance bet with the 2.2 - liter engine , though acceleration and gas mileage are impressive with either transmission . Few cars in this category isolate their occupants better from engine and wind noise , but tire roar and exhaust sounds grow intrusive . Low - set seats mix with a high - waisted profile to impair outward visibility . Space is okay up front , but tall drivers ( and front passengers ) might have to recline the front seatbacks to get adequate head room . The backseat is limited to youngsters , while cargo space is marginal in size and suffers from a high liftover . Ratings Model Tested : 1992 Toyota Celica GT automatic Ratings values are on a 1 - 10 scale , with 10 being the best . With the exception of Value , these numbers reflect how the vehicle compares against the universe of vehicles , not just against rivals in its class . Performance Acceleration - 5 Fuel Economy - 6 Ride Quality - 3 Steering / Handling - 5 Quietness - 2 Accommodations Controls / Materials - 4 Room / Comfort Front - 4 Room / Comfort Rear - 2 Cargo Room - 3 Other Value - 5 Total : 39 Specifications 2 - door convertible Wheelbase ( in . ) Length ( in . ) Width ( in . ) Height ( in . ) Weight ( lbs ) 99.4 176.0 67.1 50.6 Cargo Volume ( cu / ft ) Payload Capacity ( cu / ft ) Fuel Capacity ( gal . ) Seating Capacity 12.6 15.9 4 Headroom Legroom Front Rear Front Rear 37.7 33.0 42.9 26.8 2 - door coupe Wheelbase ( in . ) Length ( in . ) Width ( in . ) Height ( in . ) Weight ( lbs ) 99.4 176.0 67.1 50.6 Cargo Volume ( cu / ft ) Payload Capacity ( cu / ft ) Fuel Capacity ( gal . ) Seating Capacity 12.6 15.9 4 Headroom Legroom 37.7 33.0 42.9 26.8 2 - door hatchback 173.6 24.7 Safety Ratings Model Tested : 1993 Celica 2 - door coupe NHTSA ( 5 is the highest rating ) Front Impact Test Driver Injury - 3 Front Passenger Injury - 4 Side Impact Test Driver Injury - N / A Rear Passenger Injury - N / A HLDI ( A score of 100 is average . Lower is better ) Collision 153 Injury 119 Theft 105 Trouble Spots Air conditioner Description : Expansion - valve failure may lead to ineffective air - conditioner operation . ( 1992 - 93 ) Doors Description : The fuel door may rattle . ( 1990 - 93 ) Engine misfire Description : Poor engine performance under light throttle may be corrected with a new EGR vacuum modulator . ( 1990 - 93 ) Audio system Description : Panasonic CD players may skip , fail to play , or show “ ERR ” ( 1992 - 93 ) while Fujitsu 10 CD players may not load or eject . ( 1990 - 92 ) Seat Description : The headrests rattle , and dealers were repairing the supports by wrapping them with self - adhesive felt tape . ( 1990 ) Water pump Description : The original water - pump seal was prone to leaking requiring water pump replacement . ( 1990 - 93 ) Recall History 1990 Description : Airbag inflator might be defective . Equipment Lists Click on year to see equipment lists for all models offered for that model year . 1990 1991 1992 1993 Pricing Used - car pricing varies widely depending on local market conditions . Therefore , we recommend visiting websites that list used cars for sale to get a better idea of what a specific model is selling for in your area . 1990 1991 1992 1993 Coupe Hatchback Toyota Used | [
"Toyota Celica"
] |
http://consumerlawohio.blogspot.com/ | Ohio Consumer Law Monday March 26 2018 Have you been sued by Autovest on a debt from buying a car I would like to talk to you Gregory S Reichenbach Attorney at Law PO Box 711 Perrysburg OH 435520711 Phone 419 5298300 Fax 419 5298310 GregReichenbachLawcom wwwReichenbachLawcom Twitter gsreichenbach Facebook httpwwwfacebookcomReichenbachLaw Blog httpconsumerlawohioblogspotcom Protecting people from unfair and deceptive business practices including abusive debt collection and automobile sales fraud Posted by Greg Reichenbach at 1048 AM No comments Links to this post Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Saturday April 9 2016 Successful Resolution of a Used Car Case against Taylor Cadillac dba Taylor Kia Id like to share an example of a case that we got resolved recently against a car dealer The dealer was Toledobased Taylor Cadillac Inc They operate a dealership in Findlay Ohio under the name Taylor Kia My client who bought a car at the Findlay Taylor dealership alleged the following Taylor had bought a certain 2013 Hyundai Elantra at an auction in Michigan The Hyundai had previously been owned and operated by a rental car company and used as a daily rental The Hyundai had previously been crashed Taylor obtained a vehicle history report that showed the Hyundais prior rental use When my client went to the Taylor dealership she asked about another car but was directed by a salesman to a different Taylor lot and specifically to the Hyundai Even though Taylor knew about the cars history at least the rental history no one from Taylor told my client about it even though there is a box on the contract labeled Rental Vehicle Without any clue about the cars history my client bought the Hyundai with the Rental Vehicle box not checked There were other details of our complaint but the gist of it was that Taylor was required by law to tell my client about the prior rental history because it knew about it Later my client found out about the history and wanted to unwind the deal We filed suit against Taylor and the finance company involved for unfair and deceptive acts and for fraud Shortly after the law suit was filed Taylor made a twopart offer 1 my client could either give the car back get all her money back including all her payments to the finance company and the value of her trade in and Taylor would pay off all the money owed to the finance company and would pay 2500 for her attorneys fees and court costs or 2 my client could accept a slightly higher amount of cash for herself and keep the Hyundai but would still have to pay the finance company on her installment contract What would you do Considering the cars history my client did not want to take the chance that something major would go wrong So we accepted the first offer and my client can buy another car somewhere else of course If you want to read the details the Complaint in our lawsuit is here Complaint The details of how the case was resolved are here in our Notice of Acceptance of Defendant Taylor Cadillac Incs Cure Offer Taylor did not admit any wrongdoing And to be clear the finance company was sued only because we alleged that the law makes it responsible to a certain degree for Taylors alleged fraud and deceptive acts The Court did not get to the point of deciding who was right or wrong If you think you have a case against a car dealer keep in mind that every case is different Although sometimes I do see some patterns in he behavior of certain car dealers Also Ill use this opportunity to remind my readers not to sign an arbitration agreement You might lose important rights to sue in court More on arbitration here Greg Reichenbach Attorney at Law PO Box 256 Bluffton OH 45817 Phone 419 5298300 Email GregReichenbachLawcom Website wwwreichenbachlawcom Twitter gsreichenbach Facebook httpwwwfacebookcomReichenbachLaw Posted by Greg Reichenbach at 458 PM 1 comment Links to this post Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels arbitration cadillac car crash dealer findlay fraud kia Ohio rental settlement Taylor toledo unfair used car Sunday November 29 2015 Robocalls Robocalls are a constant problem Check out my new web page explaining the basics httpwwwreichenbachlawcomrobocallshtm Greg Reichenbach Attorney at Law PO Box 256 Bluffton OH 45817 Phone 419 5298300 Email GregReichenbachLawcom Website wwwreichenbachlawcom Twitter gsreichenbach Facebook httpwwwfacebookcomReichenbachLaw Posted by Greg Reichenbach at 555 PM No comments Links to this post Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels consumer harassment robocalls tcpa telephone Sunday September 6 2015 Arrested for failing to pay a debt Ive talked to a number of people lately who have been arrested in connection with an alleged debt In one case the client was sued by her former lawyers for failing to reimburse them for a filing fee Even though it appeared that they knew she had moved the law firm had her served with a motion for a bench warrant at her old address That case has been resolved to the clients satisfaction In another case a taxpayer was charged with the crime of failing to file a tax return by a city in Ohio She didnt actually owe any taxes she worked but had taxes taken out of her check by her employer Even after she paid the 2500 late fee she was still arrested apparently for failing to pay court costs and for failing to appear at trial This case is still under investigation If you have been arrested in connection with an alleged debt other than child support or spousal support I dont handle those matters feel free to contact me for a nocost consultation In appropriate cases clients dont have to pay my fees out of pocket Greg Reichenbach Attorney at Law PO Box 256 Bluffton OH 45817 Phone 419 5298300 Email GregReichenbachLawcom Website wwwreichenbachlawcom Twitter gsreichenbach Facebook httpwwwfacebookcomReichenbachLaw Posted by Greg Reichenbach at 840 PM No comments Links to this post Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels arrest arrested consumer debt debtors prison tax Thursday June 4 2015 Good Bloomberg article on bogus student loan collection law suits httpwwwbloombergcomnewsarticles20150604thestudentdebtcollectionmess This great article by Natalie Kitroeff exposes bogus student loan collection law suits filed by National Collegiate Student Loan Trusts It uses one of my cases as an example UPDATE Oct 19 2015 Im happy to report that both of these collection cases have been dismissed Greg Reichenbach Attorney at Law PO Box 256 Bluffton OH 45817 Phone 419 5298300 Email GregReichenbachLawcom Website wwwreichenbachlawcom Twitter gsreichenbach Facebook httpwwwfacebookcomReichenbachLaw Posted by Greg Reichenbach at 1024 AM No comments Links to this post Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels bloomberg collection Collegiate law lawsuit Loan National Student suit Friday May 29 2015 Ohio Health Care survey calls Have you received calls to your cell phone for a State of Ohio health care survey Im interested in hearing about it The calls may violate consumers privacy rights Greg Reichenbach Attorney at Law PO Box 256 Bluffton OH 45817 Phone 419 5298300 Email GregReichenbachLawcom Website wwwreichenbachlawcom Twitter gsreichenbach Facebook httpwwwfacebookcomReichenbachLaw Posted by Greg Reichenbach at 1017 AM No comments Links to this post Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels care health Ohio survey tcpa Friday April 12 2013 Be Kind to Lawyers Day This past Tuesday was be kind to lawyers day Heres how my day started I got a call from the family of a man who suffers from a variety of mental illnesses He struggles and is doing reasonably well with medication This is his story A few days before he got a flyer in the mail advertising a giveaway at a car dealership one of those that has a key taped to it and says you won one of three prizes He took the flyer in to see what he had won What happened next is shocking In order to even find out what he won he had to sit through a sales presentation Despite his telling the salesman that he did not want to buy a vehicle he was convinced to give him the key to his current car supposedly to find out what the exact mileage was The salesman did not give the key back to him Over the next few hours he is given a highpressure sales talk They show him a big fancy expensive 4door pickup truck He repeatedly says he does not want to buy it But the salesman takes the license I agreed to try to convince the dealer to unwind the deal at no charge to my client pro bono if it could be done without a law suit So I faxed a letter to the dealer and the finance company involved The owner of the dealership called At first he was polite and actually agreed to cancel the deal So far so good Then it became clear that he also wanted my client to recant his story and to tell the finance company that the story didnt happen that way We said no Thats when I got called an Thankfully the dealers lawyer had more sense than his client We unwound the deal The client got his car back and the contract was canceled And then I got something I have never received from a car dealer in nine years of consumer protection cases an apology Greg Reichenbach Attorney at Law Bluffton Ohio Email GregReichenbachLawcom Website wwwreichenbachlawcom Twitter gsreichenbach Facebook httpwwwfacebookcomReichenbachLaw Posted by Greg Reichenbach at 857 PM No comments Links to this post Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels cars cspa dealer lawyer mental illness unfair Subscribe to Posts Atom | [
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http://consumerrecoverynetwork.com/question/can-old-collection-accounts-come-back-to-haunt-me-on-my-credit-report-and-lower-my-credit-score-le/ | Can old collection accounts be re - aged and lower my credit score ? I had spoken to you on the phone a few weeks back and you suggested I order that book about surviving debt , I did , thank you ! Lots of great info in there I will be using as I work on cleaning up my credit report / score . I do have one question for you though , and I only ask because I am not sure if this is what is called " re - aging " on an account . This past week I received a note from a collection bureau for an account that had dropped off my credit report eons ago . It does not appear on my report , any of the three reports actually , so , can they do that . . . REACTIVATE something that has already dropped off ? I thought that was a No - No . Can old collection accounts come back to haunt me on my credit report and lower my credit score ? — LE I always like hearing back from people about their progress with debt collection and credit reporting concerns that remain after having consulted with is . I am happy to hear you were able to consult with a CRN professional and that you found value in following the advice to purchase the “ Guide to Surviving Debt ” which is published by the National Consumer Law Center Reaging can have several meanings when applied to credit card debt . The two ways the term is generally applied are : 1 . Payment on an account with your original creditor is late by 30 - 60 - 90 days and you are given the opportunity to bring the account current either immediately or over a brief period of time , and the creditor , as a courtesy , updates your credit report to remove the late pay history thereby “ re - aging ” the account . This type of reaging is only available on accounts that are not charged off and typically only if the account is less than 90 days past due and / or prior to the credit grantor closing the account . Not all creditors will offer this courtesy and those that do only offer this once during the life of the account . 2 . When payments on accounts are in advanced stages of delinquency ( many months or years of consecutive nonpayment ) , “ re - aging ” can occur if you make a partial payment , full payment , admit to the debt etc … You may be resetting the statute of limitations ( SOL ) that has tolled for being legitimately sued in court as part of any collection effort , or you may find your credit report will reflect recent payment activity affecting your credit score negatively due to an old trade line previously considered “ stale ” , is now “ fresh ” with recent activity . Given your comment that the account in question has long fallen off of your credit report tends to suggest the account has remained unpaid for more than 7.5 years . This would also suggest that the SOL in order to legitimately sue you in an effort to collect has passed as well ( depends on your state of residency , whether you have moved etc … ) . The debt does not go away after the SOL expires , or after the legal reporting period for the trade line to stay on your credit report expires . Receiving a collection letter after this long is not unheard of . Collection efforts can and do continue after bad accounts fall off your credit report . You are being contacted in an attempt to collect “ zombie debt ” ; debt that is for all intents and purposes – Dead . It has fake life being breathed into it by a debt buyer who hopes to get you to pay . If you do pay , there is a chance that you re - age the account and potentially defeat your efforts to restore your credit to a small degree . I think that unlikely at this point though . You may want to consider sending the collection company a cease communication letter at this point . Be sure to send certified mail return receipt and keep a copy of all communications and return receipts for your own records in case there is a need for them in the future . If the negative trade line is indeed past the reporting period allowing it to stay on your credit report then “ reactivating ” in the way you described is indeed a no - no . That does not mean it could not happen though . If it does , you have the ability to dispute that entry with the credit reporting agencies and with the furnisher of the bad information . Here again , you would send any dispute using certified mail return receipt . If the no - no behavior were to persist after that , I would encourage you to let us know so that we could then connect you with a consumer law attorney who has experience sending debt I hope this answered your question . You are welcome to post in the comments below to ask additional questions and certainly to provide updates about your progress in reaching your credit goals . Anyone worried about a debt collector re - aging derogatory credit reporting can post in the comments below for feedback . Get a Settlement Estimate If you ’ ve fallen behind on your payments , then we can help you settle them with your creditor directly through our platform . Get Estimate Start Your Debt Relief Profile Getting out of debt is confusing . Signup today to get a free debt consultation and we ’ ll show you your best path out of debt and help you get there . Get Started Have a Quick Question ? We have experts standing by to answer any questions you have about debt settlements , lawsuits and judgements . Ask a Question | [
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http://consumers.ofcom.org.uk/phone/numbering/what-are-03-numbers/ | Return to main menu Phones , telecoms and internet Advice for consumers Complain about phones or internet services Information for industry Coverage Return to main menu Tell us about your experience of Ofcom . org . uk We want to know about your experience of using our website . Take part in our website survey ( opens new window ) . What are 03 numbers ? 13 September 2016 You have probably seen them around but what are 03 numbers and how much do they cost ? Ofcom introduced UK - wide 03 numbers as an alternative to chargeable 08 numbers , such as 0870 . These numbers allow organisations to have a single national point of contact without consumers having to pay extra to call them . Revenue sharing Calls to 03 numbers cost no more than a national rate call to an 01 or 02 number and must count towards any inclusive minutes in the same way as 01 and 02 calls . These rules apply to calls from any type of line including mobile , BT , other fixed line or payphone . Revenue sharing – where the dialled party can receive a share of what the consumer pays to make a call – is also not allowed on calls to 03 numbers . Read Ofcom ' s guide to call costs Ofcom numbers At Ofcom we have a range of 03 numbers which you can call if you need to get in touch with us . Ofcom 03 numbers Ofcom licensing centre 0300 123 1000 Ofcom switchboard 0300 123 3000 Ofcom advisory team 0300 123 3333 Ofcom Welsh language line 0300 123 2023 | [
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http://consumerwiki.dca.ca.gov/wiki/index.php/Brake_and_Lamp_Adjuster | Brake and Lamp Adjuster Page Log in Search go to Main page A to Z list Consumer Affairs Home Page Verify a License File a Complaint Find Product Recalls Obtain Legal Help Find a Government Office Protect My Identity Check out a Charity Visit the Community Services Center Contact Us Toolbox Special pages | [
"brake adjuster licenses",
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http://contactnumber7.com/energy-star-contact-contact-number-156595 | Energy Star Contact Phone Number Service Support , Email & Address ( 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest , Washington , DC 20460 , United States ) Representation of Main Phone Number of Energy Star Contact : Dial Tel : + 1 ( 888 ) - 782 - 7937 , + 1 ( 703 ) - 412 - 3086 to make a call . The Corporate Office Address of Energy Star Contact is Provided as : 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest , Washington , DC 20460 , United States What is the Driving Directions of Energy Star Contact ? Follow the link to find the driving directions of Energy Star Contact . You may Need to Contact Energy Star Contact through Email Address : The given email address and contact phone number of Energy Star Contact can be invalid , if so , report us HERE Explore For More in Detail : www . energystar . gov After making call to Energy Star Contact , You can share your calling experience to us HERE What are the Main Services and Operations of Energy Star Contact ? Energy Star is a global standard that gives the ratings of Energy efficiency to consumer products . It was first started in the United States of America . It was established by two US government departments the Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency . Available initially in America , the program was later adopted by New Zealand , Australia , Japan , Taiwan , Canada and the European Union . Energy Star covers a number of products including kitchen items , computer technology products , heating and cooling systems , home electronics , imaging equipment , lighting products To Keep In Touch With Energy Star With the determination to provide sufficient information , the undertaking has configured exclusive helplines for customers to maintain a constant connection with representatives . Energy Star is vast in providing strong assistance to explore perception of it ' s assets and gradually recommends to get connected with officials through the below mentioned numbers : Customer Support : Call + 1 ( 888 ) - 782 - 7937 For Other Assistance : Call + 1 ( 703 ) - 412 - 3086 Email Address : Visit HomePerformance @ EnergyStar . gov . Service Alternatives of products are radiant provided to save energy without sacrificing features and functionality . is intended to save more energy by providing effective solution , gradually enables customers to decline the ratio of energy expanses . Still Need to have More Contact Information of Energy Star Contact ? : You can search in Google like Energy Star Contact Facebook Page , Energy Star Contact Google Plus Page , Energy Star Contact Twitter Page or just the Energy Star Contact Contact Information . For Toll Free or Tooled Number Confirmation of Energy Star Contact You can ask tele executive for the call charges of Energy Star Contact phone number . It may or may not be a toll free . Mention Us To Energy Star Contact : While calling to Energy Star Contact , please tell them that you have found this number at contactnumber7 . com . How To Contact Energy Star Contact Via Message ? You can write a text message to Energy Star Contact for any issue through the contact us page . Can you share your discussion with Energy Star Contact over the phone | [
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http://contactnumbers.guru/adobe/ | Quick Call Connection Service Adobe : 0843 504 3736 Calls cost 7p / min + your network ' s access charge . We are not affiliated with Adobe . Phone Adobe customer services on 0843 504 3736 ( calls cost 7p per minute plus network access charge ) for all non - technical enquiries . Find technical support and purchasing contact details listed at the bottom of this page . Adobe is one of the most successful commercial software companies in the world . The firm owns some of the most prominent and recognisable online video and eBook tools . Established in 1982 , Adobe has existed since the humble beginnings of home computing . It has long presided over the popular Acrobat Reader , a program of huge commercial significance worldwide . Adobe ’ s acquiring of Macromedia ’ s Flash program in 2005 pushed the company to the forefront of online video provision . With their programs employed by hundreds of millions of people worldwide , Adobe today stands as one of the largest computing conglomerates in existence . Adobe Telephone Numbers If you ’ re unsure whether to contact Adobe ’ s Customer Service or Technical Support in the first instance , try their Customer Service team first on 020 7365 0733 at 7p per minute plus operator access charge . Customer Service ( Non - Technical ) UK : 020 7365 0733 ( standard rate ) Ireland : 01 2421 552 Technical Support UK : 020 7365 0735 Ireland : 01 2421 553 Alternatively , email customer services on : english - custserv @ adobe . com Purchasing by phone Adobe Creative Cloud , desktop , and consumer products 0800 028 0148 Adobe Marketing Cloud products 01628 590 300 Creative Solutions for Enterprise Customers Creative Cloud for Enterprise , Digital Publishing Suite , Document Solutions and Volume Licensing 01628 590 135 | [
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http://contactnumbers.guru/aol/ | Quick Call Connection Service AOL : 0843 903 3231 Calls cost 7p / min + your network ' s access charge . We are not affiliated with AOL . Call AOL Broadband on 0843 903 3231 ( £ 0.07 per minute + your operator ’ s access charge ) or 0844 499 5555 ( £ 0.07 per minute + your operator ’ s access charge ) ; and for AOL Mail , software and web services , phone 0808 234 9279 ( free to call ) . AOL is one of the world ’ s leading Internet service providers . Born in the United States , it stands for America Online as it was originally an American internet provider and has since grown to become a leading global media conglomerate supplying broadband to the UK and various countries around the world , meanwhile also publishing software packages and distributing news via its high - profile websites . Formed in 1989 as Quantum Computer Services , AOL was among the first firms in history to offer an instant messaging program on the early Internet – this was known as AIM ( AOL Instant Messenger ) . This revolutionary communicative method propelled the firm to prominence : by 2001 AOL had become one of the biggest online companies in existence . Its broadband was famous for having a dynamic IP address , its software was famous for being hard to remove from ‘ infected ’ PCs , and its core website network was popular enough to make AOL one Holding both print and online media outlets in its portfolio , AOL ’ s investments over the past 15 years have had visible , wide - ranging effects on the progression of the internet in general . AOL Contact Details AOL UK phonelines are open 8am to midnight , 7 days a week . AOL Broadband Phone number 0844 499 5555 ( charged at 7p per minute plus operator access charge ) Lines open 8am to midnight , 7 days . Call this number for general enquiries , technical support , billing , cancellations , complaints , basically anything . Calls to 0844 numbers generally cost only 7p per minute from a UK landline plus your operator ’ s access charge , but are a lot more pricey to call from a mobile phone . Postal address TalkTalk Telecom Limited ( trading as AOL Broadband ) 11 Evesham Street London W11 4AR AOL Software and Web Services Phone number 0808 234 9279 Call this number for help with AOL Mail , McAfee , System Mechanic , AOL Computer Checkup , basically any software or web service by AOL for people in the UK . This number is free to call from a UK landline , but far from cheap to call from a mobile . AOL Press Office 0207 492 1000 This is a localised London number , so it ’ s quite cheap to call by both landlines and mobile phones . | [
"AOL Broadband",
"CALL CONNECTION SERVICE"
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http://containmentbreach.wikia.com/wiki/SCP-173 | in SCPs Euclid Hostile Harmful SCP173 SCP173 Info Object Class Euclid Animate Yes Doesnt actually move Harmful Yes Snaps your neck SCP Link SCP173 Containment Chamber SCP173 also known as The Sculpture The BabyFetus or Peanut is the main antagonist of SCP Containment Breach and the first SCP ever contained by the Foundation Description SCP173 is constructed from concrete and rebar with traces of Krylon brand spray paint SCP173 is animate and extremely hostile though the object can not move while within a direct line of sight Line of sight must not be broken at any time with SCP173 Personnel assigned to enter container are instructed to alert one another before blinking Object is reported to attack by snapping the neck at the base of the skull or by strangulation In the event of an attack personnel are to observe Class 4 hazardous object containment procedures SCP173 species is Euclid as said before personnel are to observe Class 4 hazardous object containment procedures Personnel report sounds of scraping stone originating from within the container when no one is present inside This is considered normal and any change in this behaviour should be reported to the acting HMCL supervisor on duty While in containment SCP173 has been known to produce a reddish brown substance on the floor which later was identified as a combination of feces and blood Origin of these materials is unknown The enclosure must be cleaned on a biweekly basis Ingame SCP Containment Breach v064 SCP173 The Sculpture A demonstration of SCP173 as of v064 SCP173 is the first SCP object that the player encounters After the intro cutscene SCP173 will escape into a large ventilation system After the containment breach SCP173 appears in the following room next to his containment chamber A guard and another person probably a scientist will slowly back off from it maintaining eye contact and escaping from the only opened door Also in another room as soon as the lights in said room go out SCP173 will drop down from another large vent and kill a scientist and a janitor attempting to escape Throughout the game SCP173 will follow and attempt to snap the players neck Unless the player blinks or looks away from it SCP173 can not move If the player blinks or looks away SCP173 will either move significantly closer to them or open any doors that are blocking its way if it can SCP173 often spawns in lockrooms catwalks the small control room and sometimes in the metal corridors As of update v08 SCP173 can spawn in the electrical room along with SCP106 Because SCP173 uses the ventilation system to travel most of its spawn locations have a broken vent If the MTF operatives encounter SCP173 they will proceed to recontain it completely ignoring the player if present When an operative needs to blink they will announce it before doing so in order to prevent SCP173 from moving The operatives will then use a large cage to capture SCP173 and return it to its containment chamber Trivia Even if the players line of sight is obstructed by a wall SCP173 will not move when the player looks in its direction The Weeping Angels from the Doctor Who series are similar to SCP173 in that they are statues that can only move when eye contact is broken SCP173 is the only SCP that does not have any animations and is a static model SCP173s behavior is similar to that of the Boos from Super Mario Bros in that it does not move when being watched Hes also like the Shy Guys form the Mario universe On the other hand Boos only move if they see who is viewing them One of his neck snapping sounds is sampled from old rotting wood breaking SCP173 will not enter SCP914s chamber so it is advised to hide there when SCP173 is in hot pursuit after you SCP173 is always moving even if youre looking in its direction if its in another room Start a Discussion Discussions about SCP173 Amnesia Suitor Concealed Cavern Suitors sound file Idle 05 sounds similar to when SCP173 attacks or kills you has anyone noticed that 20181228T204332Z heh heh peanut Eseer1337 who originally came up with that name anyway 20181222T200454Z See more discussions Categories SCPs Euclid Hostile Harmful | [
"The Sculpture",
"Peanut"
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/plant-propagation-by-stem-cuttings-instructions-for-the-home-gardener | Plant Propagation by Stem Cuttings Instructions for the Home Gardener Introduction Propagation by stem cuttings is the most commonly used method to propagate many woody ornamental plants . Stem cuttings of many favorite shrubs are quite easy to root . Typically , stem cuttings of tree species are more difficult to root . However , cuttings from trees such as crape myrtles , some elms , and birches can be rooted . A greenhouse is not necessary for successful propagation by stem cuttings ; however , maintaining high humidity around the cutting is critical . If rooting only a few cuttings , you can use a flower pot ( Figure 1 ) . Maintain high humidity by covering the pot with a bottomless milk jug or by placing the pot into a clear plastic bag . Cuttings can also be placed in plastic trays covered with clear plastic stretched over a wire frame ( Figure 2 ) . Trays must have holes in the bottoms for drainage . The plastic will help keep the humidity high and reduce water loss from the cuttings . If you need more elaborate facilities , you can construct a small hoop frame and / or use an intermittent mist system . HIL - 404 , Low Investment Propagation / Winter Protection Structure , and HIL - 405 , A Simple Intermittent Mist System For Propagation , describe how this can be accomplished . Another publication that may be helpful is AG - 426 , A Small Backyard Greenhouse for the Home Gardener Figure 1 . Flowering pot . Figure 2 . Plastic trays covered with clear plastic stretched over a wire frame . Types of Stem Cuttings The four main types of stem cuttings are herbaceous , softwood , semi - hardwood , and hardwood . These terms reflect the growth stage of the stock plant , which is one of the most important factors influencing whether or not cuttings will root . Calendar dates are useful only as guidelines . Refer to Table 1 for more information on the best time to root stem cuttings of particular ornamental plants . Table 1 . Optimum stage of tissue ( wood ) maturity for rooting stem cuttings of selected woody ornamentals . Common Name Scientific Name Type of Cutting ( SW = softwood , SH = semi - hardwood , HW = hardwood ) Evergreen Plants Abelia Abelia spp . SH , HW Arborvitae , American Thuja occidentalis SH , HW Arborvitae , Oriental Platycladus orientalis SW Azalea ( evergreen & semi - evergreen ) Rhododendron spp . SH Barberry , Mentor Berberis x mentorensis SH Barberry , Japanese Berberis thunbergii Barberry , wintergreen Berberis julianae Boxwood , littleleaf Buxus microphylla Boxwood , common Buxus sempervirens Camelia Camelia spp . SW , SH , HW Ceanothus Ceanothus spp . SW , SH , HW Cedar Cedrus spp . Chamaecyparis ; False cypress Chamaecyparis spp . Cotoneaster Cotoneaster spp . SW , SH Cryptomeria , Japanese Cryptomeria japonica Daphne Daphne spp . Elaeagnus , thorny Elaeagnus pungens English ivy Hedera helix Euonymus Euonymus spp . Fir Abies spp . SW , HW Gardenia ; Cape jasmine Gardenia jasminoides SW , SH Heath Erica spp . Hemlock Tsuga spp . Holly , Chinese Ilex cornuta Holly , Foster ' s Ilex x attenuata ' Fosteri ' Holly , American Ilex opaca Holly , Yaupon Ilex vomitoria Holly , English Ilex aquifolium Holly , Japanese Ilex crenata Jasmine Jasminum spp . Juniper , creeping Juniperus horizontalis Juniper , Chinese Juniperus Chinensis Juniper , shore Juniperus conferta Leyland cypress x Cupressocyparis leylandii Magnolia Mahonia spp . Oleander Nerium oleander Osmanthus , holly Osmanthus heterophyllus Sh , HW Photinia Photinia spp . Pine , Mugo Pinus mugo Pine , Eastern white Pinus strobus HW Pittosporum Pittosporum spp . Podocarpus Podocarpus spp . Privet Ligustrunum spp . Pyracantha ; Firethorn Pyracantha spp . Rhododendron Rhododendron spp . Spruce Picea spp . SW , HW Viburnum Viburnum spp . Yew Taxus spp . Common Name Scientific Name Type of Cutting ( SW = softwood , SH = semi - hardwood , HW = hardwood ) Deciduous Trees Azalea ( deciduous ) SW Basswood ; American linden Tilia americana Birch Betula spp . Bittersweet Celastrus spp . Blueberry Vaccinium spp . Broom Cytisus spp . Callery pear Pyrus calleryana Catalpa Catalpa spp . Clematis Clematis spp . Crabapple Malus app . Crape myrtle Lagerstroemia indica Cherry , flowering Prunus spp . Dawn redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboides Deutzia Deutzia spp . Dogwood Cornus spp . Elderberry Sambucus spp . Elm Ulmus spp . Euonymus Euonymus spp . HW Forsythia Forsythia spp . Fringe tree Chioanthus spp . Ginkgo , Maidenhair tree Ginkgo biloba Goldenrain tree Koelreuteria spp . Hibiscus , Chinese Hibiscus rosa - sinensis Honey locust Gleditsia triacanthos Honeysuckle Lonicera spp . Hydrangea Hydrangea spp . Ivy , Boston Parthenocussus tricuspidata Larch Larix spp . Lilac Syringa spp . Maple Acer spp . Mock orange Philadelphus spp . Mulberry Morus spp . Poplar ; Aspen ; Cottonwood Populus spp . Poplar , Yellow ; Tulip tree ; Tulip poplar Liriodendron tulipfera Quince , flowering Chaenomeles spp . Redbud Cercis spp . Rose of Sharon ; Shrub - althea Hibiscus syriacus Rose Rosa spp . Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia Serviceberry Amelanchier spp . Smoke tree Cotinus coggygria Spirea Spiraea spp . St . Johnswort Hypericum spp . Sumac Rhus spp . Sweet gum Liquidambar styraciflua Trumpet creeper Campsis spp . Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia Weigela Weigela spp . Willow Salix app . Wisteria Wisteria spp . Herbaceous cuttings are made from non - woody , herbaceous plants such as coleus , chrysanthemums , and dahlia . A 3 - to 5 - inch piece of stem is cut from the parent plant . The leaves on the lower one - third to one - half of the stem are removed . A high percentage of the cuttings root , and they do so quickly . Softwood cuttings are prepared from soft , succulent , new growth of woody plants , just as it begins to harden ( mature ) . Shoots are suitable for making softwood cuttings when they can be snapped easily when bent and when they still have a gradation of leaf size ( oldest leaves are mature while newest leaves are still small ) . For most woody plants , this stage occurs in May , June , or July . The soft shoots are quite tender , and extra care must be taken to keep them from drying out . The extra effort Semi - hardwood cuttings are usually prepared from partially mature wood of the current season ’ s growth , just after a flush of growth . This type of cutting normally is made from mid - July to early fall . The wood is reasonably firm and the leaves of mature size . Many broadleaf evergreen shrubs and some conifers are propagated by this method . Hardwood cuttings are taken from dormant , mature stems in late fall , winter , or early spring . Plants generally are fully dormant with no obvious signs of active growth . The wood is firm and does not bend easily . Hardwood cuttings are used most often for deciduous shrubs but can be used for many evergreens . Examples of plants propagated at the hardwood stage include forsythia , privet , fig , grape , and spirea . The three types of hardwood cuttings are straight , mallet , and heel ( Figure 3 ) . A straight cutting is the most commonly used stem cutting . Mallet and heel cuttings are used for plants that might otherwise be more difficult to root . For the heel cutting , a small section of older wood is included at the base of the cutting . For the mallet cutting , an entire section of older stem wood is included . Figure 3 . The three types of hardwood cuttings are straight , mallet , and heel . Procedures for Rooting Stem Cuttings Cuttings should generally consist of the current or past season ’ s growth . Avoid material with flower buds if possible . Remove any flowers and flower buds when preparing cuttings so the cutting ’ s energy can be used in producing new roots rather than flowers . Take cuttings from healthy , disease - free plants , preferably from the upper part of the plant . The fertility status of the stock ( parent ) plant can influence rooting . Avoid taking cuttings from plants that show symptoms of mineral nutrient deficiency . Conversely , plants that have been fertilized heavily , particularly with nitrogen , may not root well . The stock plant should not be under moisture stress . In general , cuttings taken from young plants root in higher percentages than cuttings taken from older , more mature plants . Cuttings from lateral shoots often root better than cuttings from terminal shoots . Early morning is the best time to take cuttings , because the plant is fully turgid . It is important to keep the cuttings cool and moist until they are stuck . An ice chest or dark plastic bag with wet paper towels may be used to store cuttings . If there will be a delay in sticking cuttings , store them in a plastic bag in a refrigerator . While terminal parts of the stem are best , a long shoot can be divided into several cuttings . Cuttings are generally 4 to 6 inches long . Use a sharp , thin - bladed pocket knife or sharp pruning shears . If necessary , dip the cutting tool in rubbing alcohol or a mixture of 1 part bleach to 9 parts water to prevent transmitting diseases from infected plant parts to healthy ones . Remove the leaves from the lower one - third to one - half of the cutting ( Figure 4 ) . On large - leafed plants , the remaining leaves may be cut in half to reduce water loss and conserve space . Species difficult to root should be wounded . Treating cuttings with root - promoting compounds can be a valuable tool in stimulating rooting of some plants that might otherwise be difficult to root . Prevent possible contamination of the entire supply of rooting hormone by putting some in a separate container before treating cuttings . Any material that remains after treatment should be discarded and not returned to the original container . Be sure to tap the cuttings to remove excess hormone when using a powder formulation . The rooting medium should be sterile , low in fertility , and well - drained to provide sufficient aeration . It should also retain enough moisture so that watering does not have to be done too frequently . Materials commonly used are coarse sand , a mixture of one part peat and one part perlite ( by volume ) , or one part peat and one part sand ( by volume ) . Vermiculite by itself is not recommended , because it compacts and tends to hold too much moisture . Media should be watered while being used . Insert the cuttings one - third to one - half their length into the medium . Maintain the vertical orientation of the stem ( do not insert the cuttings upside down ) . Make sure the buds are pointed up . Space cuttings just far enough apart to allow all leaves to receive sunlight . Water again after inserting the cuttings if the containers or frames are 3 or more inches in depth . Cover the cuttings with plastic and place in indirect light . Avoid direct sun . Keep the medium moist until the cuttings have rooted . Rooting Rooting time varies with the type of cutting , the species being rooted , and environmental conditions . Conifers require more time than broadleaf plants . Late fall or early winter is a good time to root conifers . Once rooted , they may be left in the rooting structure until spring . Newly rooted cuttings should not be transplanted directly into the landscape . Instead , transplant them into containers or into a bed . Growing them to a larger size before transplanting to a permanent location will increase the chances for survival . Figure 4 . Remove the leaves from the lower one - third to one - half of the cutting . For Further Reading Bryant , G . 1995 . Propagation Handbook . Stackpole Books : Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania . Dirr , M . A . and C . W . Heuser , Jr . 1987 . The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation : From Seed to Tissue Culture . Varsity Press : Athens , Georgia . Hartmann , H . T . , D . E . Kester , F . T . Davies and R . L . Geneve . 1996 . Plant Propagation , Principles and Practices . 6th ed . Prentice Hall : Upper Saddle River , New Jersey . McMillan Browse , P . D . A . 1978 . Plant Propagation . Simon and Schuster : New York . Toogood , A . 1993 . Plant Propagation Made Easy . Timber Press : Portland , Oregon . Authors Ervin Evans Extension Associate ( Consumer Horticulture ) Horticultural Science Frank Blazich Professor Horticultural Science Keywords : Gardening Plant Propagation Publication date : Jan . 31 , 1999 North Carolina State University and North Carolina A&T State University commit themselves to positive action to secure equal opportunity regardless of race , color , creed , national origin , religion , sex , age , veteran status or disability . In addition , the two Universities welcome all persons without regard to sexual orientation . Receive Email Notifications for New Publications | [
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http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/23/4/124.full | Research Article Health Affairs Vol . 23 , No . 4 : Medical Liability : Beyond Caps Measuring Patients ’ Trust In Physicians When Assessing Quality Of Care David H . Thom Mark A . Hall , and L . Gregory Pawlson PUBLISHED : July / August 2004 Free Access https : / / doi . org / 10.1377 / hlthaff . 23 . 4 . 124 Sections View Article Permissions Share Tools Abstract Trust is a fundamentally important aspect of medical treatment relationships . Studies have established that patient trust predicts instrumental variables such as use of preventive services , adherence , and continued enrollment at least as well as satisfaction does , and is more salient for measuring the quality of ongoing relationships . Measuring trust would help to inform public policy deliberations and balance market forces that threaten the doctor - patient relationship . Several validated measures could be easily included in surveys . While further studies to evaluate the cost - effectiveness of measuring trust and test interventions to improve TOPICS Physician - patient relationship Physician reporting Quality of care Patient satisfaction Health care providers Communications Patient testing Preventive care Patient care Government programs and policies Trust is widely recognized as being central to the doctor - patient relationship . It is a concept that resonates strongly with both doctors and patients , is highly valued by both , and is distinct from satisfaction . Given these qualities , the question arises , Should health care organizations be measuring patients ’ trust in their physicians ? Interest in patient trust has increased dramatically since 1979 , when Russell Caterinicchio published the first study measuring patients ’ trust in their physicians . 1 Since then , several measures of patient trust have been developed , and qualitative research studies using patient interviews or focus groups have expanded and solidified our understanding . 2 In this paper we review this burgeoning literature to address the argument for incorporating measures of patient trust more widely into the evaluation of quality of care . We first assess reasons for measuring trust and then evaluate the current status of trust measurement . What Is Patient Trust ? Although a variety of definitions of interpersonal trust have been proposed , a core concept is that trust is the acceptance of a vulnerable situation in which the truster believes that the trustee will act in the truster ’ s best interests . For purposes of measurement , physician attributes identified by patients as engendering trust may be grouped into domains of technical competency , interpersonal competency , and agency ( also called fidelity , loyalty , or fiduciary duty ) . The attribute of technical competency is fairly self - evident , although the physician behavior used by patients to judge technical competency may be quite different from behavior that would be judged by a colleague . Interpersonal competency refers primarily to communication and relationship - building skills — listening , understanding , providing complete and honest information , and expressing caring . The third domain , agency , is more specific to trust . It refers to acting in the patient ’ s interest — for example , putting the patient ’ s welfare ahead of costs or other considerations 3 Despite several attempts to develop separate subscales for each of these domains , all trust measures to date have a single - factor structure , indicating that these domains are all part of a single “ global ” concept . One way to understand this close relationship between the three principal domains is that all three are aspects of trust , but none are independent from the other domains or from trust more generally . To correctly apply technical competency to the patient ’ s problem also requires interpersonal competency — to understand the patient ’ s needs and preferences Should We Value Patient Trust ? Focus groups with patients reveal that trust is often a defining characteristic of their relationships with physicians and other care providers . 4 Because these relationships are deeply personal and can be profoundly life - altering , a case can be made that the essential quality of these relationships is a fundamental good worth pursuing , regardless of the demonstrable connection with hard , measurable health outcomes . This is borne out by the importance that medical ethics and law place on maintaining and justifying trust between doctors and their patients . Patient trust can be considered a collective good , similar to “ social capital , ” that is necessary for an effective health care system . 5 Links to treatment adherence . In addition to its intrinsic value , there is increasing evidence that patient trust is linked to intended or reported patient adherence to treatment recommendations . In a 1999 study by David Thom and colleagues , 62 percent of patients in the highest quartile of trust reported that they always took prescribed medication and followed their doctor ’ s recommendation , compared with just 14 percent of patients in the lowest trust quartile . 6 Similarly , Dana Safran and colleagues found that patients with higher trust in their physician were significantly more likely to report engaging in eight recommended health behaviors , including exercise , smoking cessation , and safe sexual practices . 7 Trust in the physician was also found to be one of the strongest predictors of patients ’ decision to enroll in a study of a new treatment for cancer . 8 A predictor of continuity . Trust is also a strong predictor of continuity with providers . For example , the 1999 study by Thom and colleagues found that after six months , only 3 percent of patients in the highest trust quartile had left their physician , compared with 24 percent of patients in the lowest quartile . 9 Other studies have found a similar , strong association between trust and actual or intended change in providers . 10 Implications of lack of trust . Several researchers have suggested that lower levels of trust among people of color , particularly among African Americans , may help to explain their lower rates of care seeking , preventive services , and surgical treatment compared with whites . 11 Most studies that have compared levels of trust among white patients and patients of color have found lower levels of trust among the latter groups . 12 Studies have found that lower interpersonal trust is associated with poorer care among patients of color . For example , in a large community study by Ann O ’ Malley and colleagues , trust in a personal physician was the strongest predictor of willingness to initiate antiretroviral treatment for HIV infection in a population of primarily African American and Hispanic inmates and was a strong predictor of preventive services use among African Americans . 13 Trust versus satisfaction . Patient trust is related to , but conceptually distinct from , the more familiar concept of satisfaction with the physician . Satisfaction looks backward , based on past experience , while trust looks forward , an expectation of future behavior . Although satisfaction refers to the patient ’ s opinions of the physician ’ s actions , trust refers to the relationship between the physician and patient that is based largely on perceptions about the physician ’ s motivations . Trust also has a strong emotional component not present in satisfaction . In focus groups , patients readily differentiate trust from satisfaction , describing trust as a reflection of a commitment to an ongoing relationship . Patients may report being satisfied with each visit but still not feeling they have established a sense of trust . Conversely , trust in a physician may be maintained even if a particular visit is not satisfactory . 14 The case for monitoring satisfaction as a performance measure has been built primarily on instrumental grounds : Satisfaction has been shown to predict important health - related behavior , such as adhering to treatment recommendations and maintaining continuity of care . However , at least one study found that compared with satisfaction , trust is more strongly associated with adherence and continuity of enrollment ; when trust and satisfaction were placed in the same multivariate model , only trust remained independently associated with these two factors . 15 These findings suggest that increasing trust may be even more important than increasing satisfaction for improving these outcomes . Impact on costs , use , and efficacy . The relationship of trust to overall costs and use of services has not been studied . In theory , greater patient trust may lead to more efficient care in at least two ways . First , patients with higher trust may be more willing to disclose sensitive information to a physician , which may help the physician provide more appropriate care . Second , trust may reduce the costs associated with verifying physicians ’ opinions and recommendations . This could translate into fewer unnecessary referrals or diagnostic tests than patients would otherwise request . It has also been suggested that trust can improve therapeutic response , either through better adherence to treatment or by mechanisms similar to the action of placebos . In the words of Galen , one of the founders of modern medicine , “ He cures most in whom most are confident . ” 16 In support of this position , one study found a modest but significant association between patient trust and reported improvement of symptoms two weeks after the visit , even after controlling for multiple patient , physician , and visit characteristics . 17 It can be argued that in some circumstances , patient trust in the physician could actually lead to poorer care , as patients would be less likely to seek a second opinion or question inappropriate medical advice . This possibility has not been studied , but it merits investigation . Should We Measure Patient Trust ? If we accept that trust is important , should it be measured and potentially publicly reported , or , perhaps more like trust in intimate relationships , is it better left to individuals to discern and monitor on their own ? We make the case for measurement , based first on the aphorism in public policy that what is not measured can easily be ignored and can never be adequately understood . There is widespread concern that patient trust is declining under various threats to the doctor - patient relationship , including aspects of managed care . 18 Others , however , remark on how high trust remains and how resilient it is to various imagined threats . 19 These differing accounts of reality are used to argue for various legal , ethical , and public policy positions regarding trust , such as managed care patient protections . But without measuring trust , we will not know if such actions are necessary , effective , or counterproductive . Measuring trust would also be an important complement to market forces . It could help focus market forces on sustaining or improving trust as an aspect of health care quality . Trust is often implicitly or explicitly used in marketing hospitals , health plans , and physician groups . However , if patient trust is not measured , it is unlikely to be valued sufficiently to balance the economic forces believed to reduce the strength and quality of medical relationships . Measures of patients ’ trust in particular physicians and other providers can be aggregated to create a measure of In short , every reason that exists for measuring other aspects of quality applies with equal force to measuring trust . Indeed , for some purposes , trust may be a more encompassing and revealing measure than any of the others , either alone or combined . One would undoubtedly still want to measure physicians ’ behavior that is believed to be related to trust , in part to assess whether physicians deserve the level of trust they are receiving . However , knowing about this behavior is not the same as knowing the level of patient trust . Despite its seminal importance , trust remains neglected in the array of current performance evaluations . This may be due to a belief that it is not feasible to measure trust or that even if it were measured , it is not feasible to improve trust . Therefore , we review the existing literature on these two remaining questions : ( 1 ) Is it feasible to measure patient trust ? ( 2 ) Can patient trust be changed ? Feasibility . A recent review of the literature located five measures of patient trust in physicians , ranging from eight to eleven items in length . 20 All scales have a single - factor structure and high internal reliability . All scales have also been shown to have good construct validity in that they show expected associations with other measures , such as being positively correlated with length of the relationships , and are separate from related measures such as patient satisfaction . Several scales have been found to have good predictive validity for outcomes expected to be sensitive to trust , such as adherence and continuity . The single - factor structure common to all measures suggests that a shorter scale , or even a few individual questions , can be used to characterize trust . A shortened version of the Wake Forest Trust Scale , with only five items , performs similarly to the full ten - item scale . 21 While short , even single - item measures of trust may be appropriate for some purposes , multi - item measures are useful for identifying specific areas for improvement by delivery systems or individual physicians . Specific items can also provide insight into changes in important aspects of the patient - physician relationship . For example , surveys of more than 2,000 Massachusetts adults seeing the same physician in 1996 and 1999 found a significant decline in patient - physician trust despite the increase in the length of the patient - physician relationship . This decline was driven by an 22 Changeability . Evidence from qualitative studies suggests that patient trust is a “ state , ” not a “ trait , ” and is therefore subject to change . In focus groups and interviews , patients readily recall events that they felt greatly increased or decreased their trust in a physician . Patient trust also appears to be specific to the particular physician , correlating only weakly with patients ’ trust in people in general . Moreover , there is much variation in the mean level of trust reported by patients of different physicians . 23 This provides evidence for the commonsense view that trust is influenced by patients ’ experience with their physician and that patients can have different levels of trust in different physicians . Levels of patient trust vary by type of delivery system , being somewhat lower among patients of health maintenance organizations , even after adjustment for other factors , and can change over time . 24 Physicians ’ behavior and trust . Research has identified physician behavior associated with increased or decreased trust , based on patient focus groups and interviews , patient surveys , and psychological theory . 25 Physician behavior identified by patients as increasing trust generally falls into the categories of competency , communication , caring , honesty , and partnering . In addition , investigators in psychology and sociology have identified factors that promote interpersonal trust in experimental settings . 26 These include ( 1 ) greater perceived mutual interests ; ( 2 ) clear communication ; ( 3 ) a history of fulfilled trust ; ( 4 ) less perceived difference in power with the person being trusted ; ( 5 ) acceptance of personal disclosures ; and ( 6 ) an expectation of a longer - term relationship . All of these associations suggest approaches that would be expected to increase patient trust , such as emphasizing mutual interests ( the patient ’ s health ) ; checking patients ’ understanding of communication ; taking opportunities to fulfill trust Impact of organizational factors . Organizational factors are also important in establishing and maintaining patient trust . 27 These include allowing and encouraging patients to choose their physician ; giving patients sufficient continuity with the same physician to allow for the establishment of an ongoing relationship ; giving physicians control over decisions affecting their patients ’ care ; and ensuring that physicians are not under economic or other pressures to act other than in their patients ’ best interests ( although one study failed to confirm this ) . 28 In addition , organizational structures that allow better communication between physicians and patients — for example , reporting test results or answering questions outside of the office visit — may help build trust as well . Testing the strategies . Although our knowledge about trust suggests multiple strategies for increasing trust , there have been few attempts to test them . One study that attempted to change patient trust , using a half - day workshop for physicians , found no effect . 29 However , another study found that trust by Spanish - speaking parents of children seeing five pediatricians increased after the physicians completed a two - week Spanish language immersion course . 30 For an intervention to be successful , it would likely require more than a single workshop and would ideally include changes to increase organizational support for and reinforcement of trust - building behavior . Is Measuring Trust Likely To Be Cost - Effective ? Measuring trust imposes an additional burden on organizations , requiring resources that could be applied elsewhere . Thus , it is important to consider the likely costs and benefits of incorporating trust measures into the evaluation of health care quality . The direct cost of measuring patient trust depends on the specific context . At a minimum , it would mean adding one question to an existing patient survey . Adding a validated trust scale would mean an additional five to ten questions , possibly replacing existing questions related to patients ’ satisfaction with their physician . Thus , simply Establishing a new physician training program and organizational strategy to increase patient trust would incur sizable additional costs . However , to the extent that this training could be incorporated into related existing or planned training programs ( for example , programs to improve physician communication or cultural competence ) , the additional costs could be modest . The potential for cost savings through increased efficiency , fewer demands for tests or referrals , better adherence to treatment , increased use of preventive services , and greater continuity has been outlined above . Whether measuring and improving trust will be cost - effective is a question that will need to be answered empirically . Although we believe that trust is an important social good , the motivation to measure trust will come only if there is a return on investment to the organizations conducting the measure . Such a return is by no means certain , but the Support for the research leading to this paper was provided to Mark Hall by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation ’ s Initiative to Strengthen the Patient - Provider Relationship . NOTES 1 R.P . Caterinicchio , “ Testing Plausible Path Models of Interpersonal Trust in Patient - Physician Treatment Relationships , ” Social Science in Medicine 13A , no . 1 ( 1979 ) : 81 – 99 . Author did not include the measure used . Google Scholar 2 S.E . Thorne and C.A. Robinson , “ Reciprocal Trust in Health Care Relationships , ” Journal of Advanced Nursing 13 , no . 6 ( 1988 ) : 782 – 789 Crossref Medline D.H . Thom and B . Campbell , “ Patient - Physician Trust : An Exploratory Study , ” Journal of Family Practice 44 , no . 2 ( 1997 ) : 169 – 176 Crossref Medline D . Mechanic and S . Meyer , “ Concepts of Trust among Patients with Serious Illness , ” Social Science in Medicine 51 , no . 2 ( 2002 ) : 657 – 668 S.D . Goold and G . Klipp , “ Managed Care Members Talk about Trust , ” 51 , no . 6 ( 2002 ) : 879 – 888 D . Mechanic , “ The Functions and Limitations of Trust in the Provision of Medical Care , ” Journal of Health Politics , Policy and Law 23 , no . 4 ( 1998 ) : 661 – 684 ; and M.A . Hall et al . , “ Trust in Physicians and Medical Institutions : What Is It , Can It Be Measured , and Does It Matter ? ” Milbank Quarterly 79 , no . 4 ( 2001 ) : 613 – 639 . Google Scholar 3 D.H . Thom et al . , “ Validation of a Measure of Patients ’ Trust in Their Physician : The Trust in Physician Scale , ” Medical Care 137 , no . 5 ( 1999 ) : 510 – 517 ; and M.A . Hall et al . , “ Measuring Patients ’ Trust in Their Primary Care Providers , ” Medical Care Research 59 , no . 3 ( ) : 293 – 318 . 4 and Campbell , “ Patient - Physician Trust ” ; Mechanic and Meyer , “ Concepts of Trust ” ; and Goold and Klipp , “ Managed Care Members Talk about Trust . ” 5 A view of trust as capital is nicely expressed by the following quote from a physician during a focus group : “ I often feel like I ’ m spending a lot of saved up goodwill with my patients . Making little withdrawals and spending it … so the trust is there . ” See also E.D. Pellegrino , R.M. Veatch , and J.P. Langan , eds . , Ethics , Trust , and the Professions : Philisophical and Cultural Aspects ( Washington : Georgetown University Press , 1991 , “ Law , Medicine , and Trust , ” Stanford Law Review 55 ) : 101 – 163 P . Illingworth , “ Trust : The Scarcest of Medical Resources , ” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 27 , no . 1 ( ) : 31 – 46 . 6 et al . , “ Validation of a Measure of Patients ’ Trust . ” 7 D.G . Safran et al . , “ Linking Primary Care Performance to Outcomes of Care , ” Journal of Family Practice 47 , no . 3 ( 1998 ) : 213 – 220 . 8 D.T . Penman et al . , “ Informed Consent for Investigational Chemotherapy : Patients ’ and Physicians ’ Perceptions , ” Journal of Clinical Oncology 2 , no . 7 ( 1984 ) : 849 – 855 . 9 et al . , “ Validation of a Measure of Patients ’ Trust . ” 10 D.G . Safran et al . , “ Switching Doctors : Predictors of Voluntary Disenrollment from a Primary Physician ’ s Practice , ” 50 2001 ) : 130 – 136 et al . , “ Measuring Patients ’ Trust . ” 11 T.A . LaVeist et al . , “ Attitudes about Racism , Medical Mistrust , and Satisfaction with Care among African American and White Cardiac Patients , ” Medical Care Research and Review 57 , supp . 1 ( 2000 ) : 146 – 161 W.D . King , “ Examining African Americans ’ Mistrust of the Health Care System : Expanding the Research Question , ” Public Health Reports 118 2003 ) : 366 – 367 . 12 L.E . Boulware et al . , “ Race and Trust in the Health Care System , ” Public Health Reports 118 2003 ) : 358 – 365 D.A . Taira et al . , “ Do Patient Assessments of Primary Care Differ by Patient Ethnicity ? ” Health Services Research 36 ) : 1059 – 1071 M.P . Doescher et al . , “ Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Perceptions of Physician Style and Trust , ” Archives of Family Medicine 9 , no . 10 ( 2000 ) : 1156 – 1163 . 13 F.L . Altice et al . , “ Trust and the Acceptance of and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy , ” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 28 ) : 47 – 58 A.S . O ’ Malley et al . , “ The Role of Trust in Use of Preventive Services among Low - Income African - American Women , ” Preventive Medicine ( forthcoming ) . 14 and Campbell , “ Patient - Physician Trust . ” 15 16 As quoted in William Osler Aequanimitas with Other Addresses ( Philadelphia : Blakiston , 1906 ) , 259 . 17 et al . , “ Patient Trust in the Physician : Relation to Patient Requests and Request Fulfillment , ” Family Practice 19 , no . 5 ( ) : 476 – 483 . 18 and M . Schlesinger , “ The Impact of Managed Care on Patients ’ Trust in Medical Care and Their Physicians , ” Journal of the American Medical Association 275 , no . 21 ( 1996 ) : 1693 – 1697 H.T . Davies and T.G. Rundall , “ Managing Patient Trust in Managed Care , ” Milbank Quarterly 78 ) : 609 – 612 . 19 , “ Law , Medicine , and Trust . ” 20 L.A . Anderson and R.F. Dedrick , “ Development of the Trust in Physician Scale : A Measure to Assess Interpersonal Trust in Patient - Physician Relationships , ” Psychological Reports 67 1990 ) : 1091 – 1100 A.C . Kao et al . , “ The Relationship between Method of Physician Payment and Patient Trust , ” Journal of the American Medical Association 280 , no . 19 ( ) : 1708 – 1714 et al . , “ The Primary Care Assessment Survey : Tests of Data Quality and Measurement Performance , ” Medical Care 36 ) : 728 – 739 et al . , “ Validation of a Measure of Patients ’ Trust ” et al . , “ Measuring Patients ’ Trust ” et al . , “ Patient Trust in the Physician . ” 21 E . Dugan et al . , “ Short Forms to Measure Trust : Feasibility , Factor Structure , Validity , and Reliability ” ( Unpublished manuscript , Wake Forest University , 2004 ) . 22 J . Murphy et al . , “ The Quality of Physician - Patient Relationships : Patients ’ Experiences 1996 – 1999 , ” 50 ) : 123 – 129 , “ Patients ’ Trust in Their Doctors : Are We Losing Ground ? ” ( Presented at Harvard School of Public Health , 15 November ) . 23 24 et al . , “ Patient Trust in the Physician ” et al . , “ Measuring Patients ’ Trust ” T . Lake , “ Do HMOs Make a Difference ? Consumer Assessments of Health Care , ” Inquiry 1999 – 00 ) : 411 – 418 Murphy et al . , “ The Quality of Physician - Patient Relationships . ” 25 , “ Training Physicians to Increase Patient Trust , ” Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 6 ) : 245 – 253 . 26 M . Deutsch , “ Cooperation and Trust : Some Theoretical Notes , ” in Nebraska Symposium on Motivation , 1962 , ed . M.R. Jones ( Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1962 ) , 275 – 319 D.W . Johnson and M.P. Noonan , “ Effects of Acceptance and Reciprocation of Self - Disclosures on the Development of Trust , ” Journal of Counseling Psychology 1972 ) : 411 – 416 . 27 and M . Rosenthal , “ Response of HMO Medical Directors to Trust Building in Managed Care , ” 77 1999 ) : 283 – 303 Go to the article B.H . Gray , “ Trust and Trustworthy Care in the Managed Care Era , ” Health Affairs 16 1997 ) : 34 – 49 . Go to the article 28 et al . , “ How Disclosing HMO Physician Incentives Affects Trust , ” 21 ) : 197 – 206 . 29 , “ Training Physicians . ” 30 S . Barkin et al . , “ Faculty Development Project : Results of a Language Immersion Intervention Pilot Study , ” North Carolina Medical Journal 64 ) : 258 – 262 . | [
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http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1937562,00.html | Q&A Kathryn Stockett , Author of The Help By Claire Suddath Wednesday , Nov . 11 , 2009 Steve Marcus / Reuters / Corbis Email Print Share Reprints Follow @ TIME Kathryn Stockett never intended to write a best - selling novel . In fact , when she started writing her debut novel , The Help , she did n ' t think anyone would ever read it . But since coming out in February , her story about the complicated relationships between African - American domestic servants and the white women who employed them in pre - civil rights Mississippi has spent over 30 weeks on the New York Times ' best - seller list . Stockett talked to TIME about growing up in Mississippi and what it ' s like being a white woman from the South writing from the perspective of African - American maids . ( See pictures of the last days of Martin Luther King Jr . ) Why did you decide to write I started writing it the day after Sept . 11 . I was living in New York City . We did n ' t have any phone service and we did n ' t have any mail . Like a lot of writers do , I started to write in a voice that I missed . I was really homesick — I could n ' t even call my family and tell them I was fine . So I started writing in the voice of Demetrie , the maid I had growing up . She later became the character of ] . I sent the story to my mother and she was sort of like , " Hmm , that ' s good . " As I wrote , I found that Aibileen had some things to say that really were n ' t in her character . She was older , soft - spoken , and she started showing some attitude . That ' s [ how another character ] Minny came to be . After a while longer , I decided to make it a book . You spent five years trying to get a literary agent . How many rejection letters did you get ? I have a record of 45 rejections , but there was one despondent summer where I blasted out about 15 letters without keeping records . I thought , What ' s the use ? I ' m just going to get a big fat no . So the official record is 45 , but really it ' s probably more like 60 rejections . And then finally Susan Ramer at Don Congdon agreed to take it on . I could n ' t even believe she was excited about the book . We ironed out a few wrinkles and then When did you realize the book was taking off ? I was driving from Mississippi to Atlanta with some friends of mine and there was this tornado that literally tore across the highway . We had to pull over , so we went to this truck stop and were drinking beers when [ my publisher ] Amy Einhorn called me and said , " You ' re on the New York Times best - seller list . " I thought the best - seller list was just 1 through 10 ; I did n ' t realize it was so extensive . I think we landed at No . 16 or so . And then we were on it again and again . It just has n ' t fallen off . I do n ' t understand it . What were the relationships between black servants and their white employers like in the 1960s ? Well , I can only talk about my experience . I grew up in the 1970s , but I do n ' t think a whole lot had changed from the ' 60s . Oh , it had changed in the law books — but not in the kitchens of white homes . As children , we looked up to our maids and our nannies , who were playing in some ways the role of our mothers . They were paid to be nice to us , to look after us , teach us things and take time out of For the adults employing them , the relationship is different . You hire someone to clean your house and do your laundry . But in many cases , these women worked for the same white family for generation after generation . That , to me , is the difference between an employee and someone you feel close to . They ' re an important cog in the wheel of your family . Some readers tell me , " We always treated our maid like she was a member of the family . " You know , that ' s interesting Did you talk to any African - American women who lived through that time period ? I did get to interview a white woman and her maid who were together in the 1960s . It was so interesting to compare their perspectives . The white woman ' s strongest memory of her maid was of the delicious pralines she made . When I went to speak to the maid , she [ remembered ] working for this woman when [ civil rights activist ] Medgar Evers had just been assassinated . Her children were walking down the street in a protest and she was so afraid her employer would turn on the TV and see them Did you worry about the implications of being a young , white author writing in the thick dialect of African Americans ? I ' m still worried about that . On the one hand I wonder , Was this really my story to tell ? On the other hand , I just wanted the story to be told . But the truth is that I did n ' t think anybody was going to read it . Had I known it was going to be so widely disseminated I probably would n ' t have written it in the type of language that I did . How ' s the second book going ? It ' s a scary process . I sit in my little office and I feel like I ' ve got all my readers staring at me . The first book you write because of the way it makes you feel . The second one you ca n ' t help but wonder how it ' s going to make the reader feel . That ' s something I ' d never thought about before . Read " A Dose of the Delta Blues . " See TIME ' s Pictures of the Week . | [
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http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,321312,00.html | The Original ' Road to Perdition ' By Andrew D . Arnold Tuesday , July 16 , 2002 Email Print Share Reprints Follow @ TIME The Depression - era gangster picture " Road to Perdition " earned over $ 20 million during its opening weekend , continuing the trend of successful movie adaptations of non - superhero graphic novels . Last year ' s quirky " Ghost World , " based on the Dan Clowes book , and " From Hell , " the Jack - the - Ripper story by Alan Moore , both became box - office hits . Originally published in 1998 by the DC Comics imprint Paradox Press , " Road to Perdition " ( 304 pp . ; $ 13.95 A former writer for the " Dick Tracy " comic strip and the author of historical crime novels , Max Collins has a talent for both comix writing and verisimilitude . Aided by Rayner ' s photo - based drawings , " Road , " the book , combines great action with believable atmosphere . Michael O ' Sullivan ( changed to Sullivan for the movie ) , a lieutenant to real - life Midwestern crime boss John Looney ( re - named Rooney in the film ) , provides for his wife and two sons as a killer nicknamed Like the movie , the book has its own comix origins . " Lone Wolf and Cub , " the seminal late - 1960s Japanese comic series about a wandering Samurai and his child has been brilliantly transplanted by Collins to the American gangster genre . Compared to his character in the film , O ' Sullivan Sr . has many more scenes of ruthless killing . He comes off as a one - man army , using a multitude of weapons to rampage through dozens of men at a time . At one point he rides down the banister Conner Looney nearly kills Michael O ' Sullivan Jr . in " Road to Perdition " But the most surprising and satisfying difference between the book and movie comes from discovering how the same story yields two different , but equally fascinating themes . Collins ' heavily Catholic graphic novel deals more with the nature of sin and redemption . O ' Sullivan Sr . lights a church candle for each of the men he kills , and goes to confession diligently . Tom Hanks ' movie version has clearly resigned himself to damnation . Taking a more Protestant approach to salvation , he strives to keep Michael Jr . from following his father ' s Collins and Rayner ' s original " Road to Perdition " has more to recommend it than just the source material for the movie . It turns out to be a neglected work of smart , tense , hard - boiled crime comix with more going on than just the usual violence . " Road to Perdition , " the graphic novel , can be found at any comicbook store , and also regular bookstores . Be aware that Max Collins has also done a non - graphic novelization of the movie . | [
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http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1866680,00.html | A Brief History Of Ponzi Schemes l to r Bettmann Corbis Ruby Washington The New York Times l to r Charles Ponzi and Bernard Madoff The 50 billion Ponzi scheme allegedly masterminded by former Nasdaq chairman Bernard Madoff punctuated a miserable year for Wall Street in the worst possible way by underlining yet again that savvy marketmakers can harness arcane financial instruments as weapons of mass destruction Left in Madoffs wake are bankrupt investors mortified regulators and a raft of unnoticed red flags Madoffs methods previously had been investigated by the SEC and in 2001 a prescient article raised questions about his inscrutable strategies Madoffs investors rave about his performance even though they dont understand how he does it wrote Barrons Erin Arvedlund who quoted a very satisfied investor as conceding Even knowledgeable people cant really tell you what hes doing But for investors pocketing windfalls the lure of easy money outstripped suspicions raised by Madoffs shroud of secrecy When that shroud was lifted however Madoffs investment fund stood revealed as a classic Ponzi scheme a con game in which the illusion of solvency was created by paying off early investors with capital raised from later entrants As long as new investment continued to come in the door the earlier adopters reaped fat rewards once markets tumbled and investors withdrew however Though a Boston businessman named Charles Ponzi was the scams namesake he wasnt its original practitioner According to Mitchell Zuckoff a Ponzi biographer the reigning king of the rob Peter to pay Paul scam was a New York grifter named William Miller who bilked investors out of 1 million nearly 25 million in todays dollars in 1899 After drumming up interest by claiming to have an inside window into the way profitable companies operated Miller who earned the nickname 520 percent due to the astonishing rate of return he promised investors over the course of a year salted his scam See the top 10 scandals of 2008 Ponzi was a charismatic Italian immigrant who in 1919 and 1920 coaxed thousands of people into shelling out millions of dollars including a staggering 1 million in a single threehour period to buy postage stamps using international reply coupons This strategy Ponzi promised enabled one to purchase postage at European currencies lower fixed rates before redeeming them in US dollars at higher values For instance Zuckoff explained in a Dec 15 article for FORTUNE a person could buy 66 International Reply Coupons in Rome for the equivalent of 1 Those same 66 coupons would cost 330 in Boston where Ponzi was based But there werent enough coupons in circulation to make the plan workable The ploy bore the hallmarks of both Millers scheme and others to follow it it trumpeted the possibility of massive gains Ponzi promised a 50 return in just 90 days parried questions about its legitimacy by paying out the first few investors and collapsed when Ponzi couldnt rustle up enough fresh marks to keep up with the money going out Ponzi who was released from prison and deported back to Italy in 1934 set the standard in the genre But the golden age of Ponzi and pyramid schemes didnt arrive for decades The two highly similar cons are often conflated though in Ponzi schemes a ringleader facilitates the entire enterprise in a pyramid scheme rungs of collaborators recruit new investors In the boom years of the 1980s and 90s as traders developed increasingly sophisticated investment vehicles the cons cropped up with increasing regularity In 1985 a San Diego currency trader named David Dominelli was revealed to have fleeced more than This ignominious group has had some highprofile recent entrants including Democratic fundraiser Norman Hsu who was charged in October with operating a 60 million Ponzi fraud and former boyband impresario Lou Pearlman who in addition to foisting NSync on an unsuspecting public also stole 300 million in investor capital over two decades Earlier this month Minnesota businessman Tom Petters was indicted by a federal grand jury on 20 counts of fraud conspiracy and money laundering stemming from his alleged role in a 13year 35 billion Ponzi ring Still the 50 billion fraud Madoff allegedly perpetrated is the most egregious Ponzi wrote on her company website The largest Ponzi scheme in the history of the capital markets is the relationship between failed mortgage lenders and investment banks that securitized the risky overpriced loans and sold these packages to other investorsa Ponzi scheme by every definition applied to Madoff By comparison she wrote the fallen fund manager is just a piker | [
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http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1907493,00.html | Coming Soon : A Breathalyzer in Every Car ? By Joseph R . Szczesny Wednesday , July 01 , 2009 Jane Sobel Klonsky / Yellowdog Productions / Getty Nearly 13,000 Americans die in traffic accidents every year . Now Mothers Against Drunk Driving ( MADD ) is opening a new front in its war on drunk drivers , and it ' s getting help from the Alliance for Automobile Manufacturers and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . A new highway bill pending before Congress would instruct all 50 states to require all motorists convicted of driving under the influence to equip their cars with interlock systems that shut down a vehicle when a measured amount of alcohol is detected . ( See the most important cars of all time . ) There are already about 150,000 interlock systems now in cars in the U.S. , placed there for drivers with multiple DUI convictions . But the proposed mandate would expand the use of interlock systems exponentially ; MADD ' s statistics indicate that nearly 1.5 million Americans are arrested annually on DUI charges , making it the No . 1 crime for which Americans are arrested . States would n ' t have to abide by the ruling , but there would be heavy pressure to conform , since states that do n ' t adopt the mandate could lose their highway funds . " The national 21 minimum drinking age and the .08 % law [ for allowable alcohol in the bloodstream ] both resulted from federal highway sanctions . History tells us that this approach works , " says Laura Dean - Mooney of MADD . So far only 11 states require interlocks for anyone with one conviction who is currently driving on a DUI Opponents of the MADD push for stricter laws warn that a federal interlock requirement would serve as a Trojan horse , opening the way for even more sophisticated interlock technology that would be required on every car sold in the U.S. , according to Sarah Longwell , managing director of the American Beverage Institute , which lobbies on behalf of taverns and restaurants . " If you go to the ball game and happen to have a beer you would n ' t be able drive home , " she says . ( Watch TIME ' s video : " Beer Pong Strikes Back . " ) Like those " Objects may be closer . . . " warnings on outside car mirrors , opponents warn that brave new technology may be nearer than it appears . Nissan is now testing various systems that do n ' t even require a Breathalyzer to detect drinking . One system uses a tiny camera to observe facial expressions , another system being tested checks blood alcohol levels though sensors when the driver grasps the shift control and a third system uses the car ' s internal computer to calculate if a motorist is steering erratically . Ford already has ( Watch an interview with Ford CEO Alan Mulally . ) MADD president Chuck Hurley does n ' t deny he would like to see such systems put into service , but says wider use of such technology is 10 years off , and MADD is n ' t calling for automakers to install it now . Current Breathalyzer technology , he said , would make a big difference almost immediately . In New Mexico , for example , DUI fatalities have been reduced 35 % since the state began requiring all convicted DUI offenders to use an ignition interlock device . " Studies have shown alcohol ignition interlocks to be In continuing to look for ways to curb drunk driving , MADD is emphasizing its negative economic impact . MADD estimates that drunk driving now accounts for 18 % of the nation ' s auto - insurance bill and 20 % of all emergency - room costs that are never reimbursed , as well as 16 % of all probation costs and 6 % of all jail cells used in the U.S . See the 50 worst cars of all time . See the best cars from the 2009 Detroit Auto Show . | [
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http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2099480,00.html | Going Green Does the U.S. Spend Too Much on Green Energy — or Not Enough ? By Bryan Walsh Tuesday , Nov . 15 , 2011 Paul Morris / Bloomberg / Getty Images Savant Automation Inc . guided vehicles sit on display to be auctioned off at the Solyndra LLC building in Fremont , Calif . , on Nov . 2 , 2011 The controversy over the failed solar company Solyndra — which received $ 535 million in federal aid before it went bankrupt earlier this year — has reignited the debate on how much , if at all , Washington should be subsidizing clean - energy research and development . Critics of federal clean - energy aid were given new ammunition this past weekend , as a pair of articles in the New York Times and the Washington Post made the case that much of the public ' s money was essentially being wasted . The Times story , by Eric Lipton and Clifford Krauss , examined the " gold rush of subsidies " now available to developers of large - scale clean - energy projects , thanks in part to stimulus spending by the Obama Administration . The article revolved around the California Valley Solar Ranch , a 250 - megawatt utility project being built by NRG Energy on more than 4,000 acres of dry , sun - drenched land in San Luis Obispo County , northwest of Los Angeles . The ranch ' s 1 million solar panels will provide enough power for 100,000 homes , Times , will be paid for by government subsidies . ( Read about the Solyndra syndrome . ) The Post piece , by Steven Mufson , noted that from 1961 to 2008 the federal government spent $ 172 billion on basic research and development of advanced energy — and suggested that we had n ' t gotten anywhere near our money ' s worth . Experimental nuclear plants , synthetic fuels , hydrogen - powered cars — on the long list of government bets on new energy technology , Mufson found few clean winners . As former Obama economic adviser and Clinton - era Treasury Secretary Larry Summers put it in an e - mail to other White House staff about All this , plus the lingering fallout from Solyndra — a poster child for the Obama Administration ' s green - investment plans before its spectacular failure in September — would seem to put the final nails in the coffin for government green investment . Or does it ? First , it ' s important to note that subsidies for clean energy still lag far behind the public money that goes toward oil , coal and natural gas projects . According to the International Energy Agency , fossil fuels received $ 409 billion in subsidies globally in 2010 , compared with $ 66 billion for renewable power . Of course , fossil fuels supply far more energy than renewable sources — about 80 % of global energy consumption — and thus give a better return on investment , on a megawatt - by - megawatt Furthermore , the price tag on green - energy subsidies may be overstated . NRG Energy pushed back on the story , arguing that much of the government money it was receiving for the California project was in the form of loans that would need to be repaid — not as part of a simple Washington giveaway . And as Michael Levi of the Council on Foreign Relations noted , that $ 172 billion of government spending on clean - energy research cited in the Post is just pennies compared with the $ 30 trillion spent on primary fuels and electricity infrastructure from 1970 to 2009 . ( Actually less than pennies : 0.5 % . ) " It ' s not hard to imagine ways that government spending could have paid off at least this much , whether through technologies that made cars more efficient , natural gas extraction more feasible or nuclear power safer , " he writes . " Government would need to be spectacularly ineffective to not have generated a positive return on its investment . " ( Read about why you should n ' t be fooled by the fallout of Solyndra . ) Indeed , as the staff of the energy - policy think tank Breakthrough Institute point out , it ' s easy to see the benefits of government spending on advanced energy — even on projects deemed to be total failures . President Jimmy Carter launched the synthetic - fuels campaign in the 1970s as an effort to wean the U.S. from foreign oil ; the government would spend billions figuring out how to create liquid fuel from coal , only to watch synfuels fail after the price of oil collapsed in the 1980s . The effort became a byword for government fallacy on energy , yet the research helped lead to coal gasification and carbon - Finally , it ' s not as if the private sector necessarily has a better track record than the government when it comes to energy investments . Silicon Valley venture capitalists like to boast about their willingness to fail multiple times on the way to their one big success , and while VC funds do n ' t have to make their investment records as public as , say , the Department of Energy ' s budget , a little trip to the Web 1.0 graveyard — hi , Pets . com ! — would show more than a few Of course , that argument does n ' t hold much water with conservatives , who believe that the government has a role in ensuring national defense — and should freely spend lots and lots of money to do so — but not necessarily in promoting clean energy . " I do not think it is the federal government ' s business to be picking winners and losers in frankly any of our energy sources , " GOP presidential candidate Rick Perry said at a recent campaign stop . That ' s easy to say , though in practice even Republican politicians tend to favor government spending on energy when the fruits are flowing to their constituents . But let ' s have some real talk : if we want to avoid extremely dangerous climate change — and if we want to finally kick our dependency on foreign oil and reduce pollution at home — we need to make pretty major changes to our energy system . And I mean changes in the trillions - of - dollars range . That simply will not happen without significant public investment , anymore than the U.S. could have won World War II by relying only on investments from the private sector . As we develop our renewable - energy infrastructure , there will be mistakes like Solyndra along the way — probably lots more — and there will be politically motivated waste as well , just as in every other form of public and private spending . We have to do it anyway . Anything else will leave us with a status - quo energy system — and we know the status Read about how GE is pushing into the solar market . See the top 20 green - tech ideas . | [
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http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2022636,00.html | The Secret World of Extreme Militias Ty Cacek for TIME ODF militiamen Frank Delollis right signals for a patrol party to turn around while searching the Old Roseville Prison property in Roseville Ohio for enemy combatants during the Ohio Defense Forces annual FTX on Aug 21 2010 Camouflaged and silent the assault team inched toward a walled stone compound for more than five hours bellycrawling the last 200 yards The target was an old state prison in eastern Ohio and every handpicked member of Red Team 2 knew what was at stake The year is 2014 and a new breed of neoIslamic terrorism is rampant in Michigan Illinois Indiana and Ohio The current White House Administration is proMuslim and has ordered a standdown against Islamic groups The mission Destroy the terrorist command post or die trying The fighters must go in sterilewithout name tags or other identifying At nightfall the raiders launched their attack Short sharp bursts from their M16s cut down the perimeter guards Once past the rear gate the raiders fanned out and emptied clip after clip in a barrage of diversionary fire As defenders rushed to repel the small team the main assault force struck from the opposite flank Red Team 1 burst through a chainlink fence enveloping the defense in lethal cross fire The shooting was over in minutes Thick grenade smoke bloomed over the command post The defenders were routed headquarters ablaze Watch TIMEs video Homeland Security Tradeshow This August weekend of grueling mock combat which left some of the men prostrate and bloodybooted capped a yearlong training regimen of the Ohio Defense Force a private militia that claims 300 active members statewide The fighters shot blanks the better to learn to maneuver in squads but they buy live ammunition in bulk Their trainingno game they stressexpends thousands of rounds a year from a bringyourown armory of deer rifles assault weapons and when the owner turns up a beltfed M60 machine gun The militia trains for ambushes sniper missions closequarters battle and other infantry staples What distinguishes groups like this one from a shooting club or reenactment society is the prospect of actual bloodshed which many Ohio Defense Force members see as real Their unit seal depicts a man with a musket and tricorn hat over the motto Todays Minutemen The symbol invites a question Who are todays redcoats On that point the group takes no official position but many of those interviewed over two days of recent training in and around the abandoned Roseville State Prison near Zanesville voiced grim suspicions about President Obama and the federal government in general See Obamas first troubled year I dont know who the redcoats are says Brian Vandersall 37 who designed the exercise and tried to tamp down talk of politics among the men It could be UN troops It could be federal troops It could be Blackwater which was used in Katrina It could be Mexican troops who are crossing the border Or it could be as it was for this years exercise an Islamic army marauding unchecked because a hypothetical proMuslim President has ordered US forces to leave them alone But as the drill played out the designated opponents bore little resemblance to terrorists The scenario described them as a platoonsize unit in uniform with militarygrade hardware communications encryption capability and vehicle support The militia was training for combat against the spitting image of a tactical force from the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives ATF FBI or National Guard Whoever they are Vandersall says we have to be ready As militias go the Ohio Defense Force is on the moderate side Scores of armed antigovernment groups some of them far more radical have formed or been revived during the Obama years according to lawenforcement agencies and outside watchdogs A sixmonth TIME investigation reveals that recruiting planning training and explicit calls for a shooting war are on the rise as are criminal investigations by the FBI and state authorities Readier for bloodshed than at any time since at least the confrontations in the 1990s in Ruby Ridge Idaho and Waco Texas the radical right has raised the threat level against Read The Threat from the Patriot Movement Twisted Patriots Within a complex web of ideologies most of todays armed radicals are linked by selfdescribed Patriot beliefs which emphasize resistance to tyranny by force of arms and reject the idea that elections can fix what ails the country Among the most common convictions is that the Second Amendmentthe right to keep and bear armsis the Constitutions cornerstone because only a wellarmed populace can enforce its rights Any form of gun regulation therefore is a sure sign of intent to crush other freedoms The federal government is often said in militia circles to have made wholesale seizures of power at times Read The New Patriotism 1 2 3 4 5 6 | [
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http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1820023,00.html | A Brief History of the Flag Lapel Pin By Gilbert Cruz Thursday , July 03 , 2008 Jae C . Hong / AP Presidential hopeful Barack Obama tours the Chrysler Stamping Plant in Sterling Height , Michigan , on Wednesday , May 14 . Email Print Share Reprints Follow @ TIME Are you currently wearing a flag pin ? Yes ? Then you love America . No ? Hmm . That ' s gonna be a problem . Such was the false dichotomy that faced Barack Obama during his April 16 debate against Hillary Clinton , when Charlie Gibson asked Obama a voter question about why he did not wear a flag pin on his lapel . The previous October , an Iowa ABC reporter had asked him a similar question , to which Obama replied that he had worn one after 9 / 11 , but soon noticed , " people wearing a lapel pin but not acting very patriotic . " He went on to explain , " I decided I wo n ' t wear that pin on my chest . Instead I ' m going to try to tell the American Obama now wears a flag pin on his lapel . Every day . Short of wearing a stars and stripes onesie , the flag lapel pin is the quickest sartorial method for a politician to telegraph his or her patriotism . The origin of the flag lapel pin is murky , though it is by necessity linked the history of the American flag as a commonly used symbol . According to Marc Leepson ' s Flag : An American Biography , the " near religious reverence many Americans have " for our national symbol dates only to the Civil War era ( not back to the Revolutionary War , as many assume ) . Prior to that , few private citizens possessed or flew their own flags — it was limited to military and federal facilities . When the Confederates started winning battles early on in the War Between the States , Northerners began to fly the flag as a sign of pride . Since then , flag imagery has been intricately tied to moments of crisis or conflict . Over the past four decades , Kit Hinrichs , one of the nation ' s top graphic designers , has collected more than 5,000 pieces of stars and stripes – related memorabilia . He says the flag lapel pins in his collection do n ' t really date back before mid - century . " I do n ' t think it was a common thing for men and women to wear before the Second World War , " he says . " I certainly have jewelry from before then with flags on it — cufflinks and stick pins and tuxedo buttons and brooches — but not [ many flag pins ] before the ' 50s . " It was during the culture wars of the late ' 60s and early ' 70s that the flag lapel pin truly took off and became the simultaneously uniting and divisive symbol that it is today . Republican candidates in the 1970 congressional race wore them as a symbol of patriotic solidarity against anti - Vietnam protesters like Abbie Hoffman — who donned a shirt made of the flag — or others who stitched the flag onto the seat of their pants . But it was Richard Nixon who brought the pin to national attention . According to Stephen E . Nixon , the President got the idea for sporting a lapel pin from his chief of staff , H.R. Haldeman , who had noticed a similar gesture in the Robert Redford film The Candidate . Nixon commanded all of his aides to go and do likewise . The flag pins were noticed by the public , and many in Nixon ' s supposed " silent majority " began to similarly sport flags on their lapels . Over the next few decades , the pin sporadically surged in popularity . During the Gulf War , they sold briskly alongside flag patches and yellow ribbons . Then came 9 / 11 . Taking a page from the Nixon Administration , George W . Bush and his aides all donned pins . So did many anchors on Fox News , though not Bill O ' Reilly , who said at the time " I ' m just a regular guy . Watch me and you ' ll know what I think without wearing a pin . " ABC News , on the other hand , prohibited its on - air reporters from pinning on the red , white , and blue , citing a desire to maintain As befits a tradition that reached its height during the Nixon years , flag lapel pins have — fairly or not — become to many a shibboleth of America ' s War on Terror , and a symbol of the " either you ' re with us or against us " ethos that has often prevailed since September 11 , 2001 . And while the country has n ' t yet reached anything close to a consensus on what a flag pin says about its wearer , Barack Obama seems to have discovered that symbols matter — even if one | [
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http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2086522_2086523_2086581,00.html | Top 10 Tallest Structures in the World Prev 3 of 10 Such Great Heights The Worlds Tallest Clock Tower By Claire Suddath Wednesday Aug 03 2011 Mustafa Ozer AFP Getty Images Meccas Abraj alBait Towers arent so much towers as they are a multibuilding skyscraper complex that includes a hotel residential apartments and a shopping mall The architectural monstrosity isnt finished yet but when its completed it will be the largest building in Saudi Arabia and it will boast the tallest clock tower in the world The 3 billion complex is located directly across from the alHaram Mosque which houses Islams most sacred site the black cubelike Kaaba Abraj alBaits foursided clock similar in design to the Westminster Clock in London is reportedly visible for more than 15 miles 25 km See TIMEs photos of the hajj The Worlds Tallest Ferris Wheel | [
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http://content.time.com/time/travel/cityguide/article/0,31489,1897812_1897772_1897742,00.html | Timecom City Guides Tokyo 10 Things to Do Tokyo 10 Things to Do By Maryanne Murray Buechner 7 Shibuya Crossing Back 8 of 11 Photo Sven Hagolani Getty City Guide Tokyo 10 Things to Do 5 Places to Stay Finding the Perfect Souvenir Side Trips Need to Know It would be a shame to come to Tokyo and not take a walk across the famous intersection outside Shibuya Station On sunny afternoons or clear evenings the surrounding area is packed with shoppers students young couples and commuters When the lights turn red at this busy junction they all turn red at the same time in every direction Traffic stops completely and pedestrians surge into the intersection from all sides like marbles spilling out of a box You can observe this moment of organized chaos from the secondstory window of the Starbucks in the Tsutaya building on the crossings After experiencing the scramble follow the trendy teens into Shibuya 109 a big shiny mall with more than 100 boutiques for a look at the latest in disposable fashion Or duck back into Shibuya Station and down to the bustling Tokyu Food Show for an elegant array of gourmet eats and an education in local tastes grilled eel fried pork tiny fish salad octopus on a stick seafoodandrice seaweed wraps and much more The prepared dishes and grocery items are all sold from immaculate counters amid a chorus of Irashaimasen Welcome There are aisles full of beautifully packaged treats rice Take the JR Yamanote line to Shibuya station Hachiko exit 1 Starbucks at Shibuya Crossing 216 Udagawacho Shibuya Tokyo 810337702301 2 Tokyu Food Show Tokyu Department Store B1 Flo 2241 Shibuya Shibuyaku Shibuya Station Tokyo 810334773111 3 Shibuya 109 2291 Dogenzaka Shibuyaku Tokyo 810334775111 Back 8 of 11 More in Travel Five Reasons to Visit Santa Fe Show and Tel Singapores Duxton Hill Where to Eat Get the Latest News from TIMEcom Sign up to get the latest news and headlines delivered straight to your inbox | [
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http://content.time.com/time/travel/cityguide/article/0,31489,1925375_1925379_1925400,00.html | Time . com > Travel > City Guides Miami Need to Know Miami : Need to Know By Carolina A . Miranda City Basics Next Back 1 of 1 City Guide : Miami 10 Things to Do 5 Places to Stay Finding the Perfect Souvenir Side Trips Need to Know Arriving . Miami International Airport ( MIA ) is located about five miles north of Downtown and 13 miles west of Miami Beach . A taxi to Downtown costs about $ 22 ; to South Beach , $ 32 . Also convenient , especially for domestic U.S. travelers , is the Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood International Airport ( FLL ) , located about 25 miles to the north . From here , a taxi to Downtown Miami will cost about $ 62 . Getting Around . Unless you can afford a private driver , or better yet , a helicopter , rent a car at the airport — this is the only real way to get around the Miami . Traffic . Now that you ' ve got that car , expect to never get out of it . Between the clogged causeways , drawbridges , never - ending road " improvement " projects and ill - planned residential developments , Miami is often one big traffic jam . There are three general rules you can follow , however , for a better driving experience . 1 . Within the city of Miami , never , for any reason , get on Biscayne Boulevard during rush hour , which I ' ve discovered means " parking lot " in the local language . 2 . The same goes for Collins Avenue or Ocean Drive in South Beach — unless , of course , you do n ' t have to be anywhere . Ever . 3 . No matter what Google Maps says about driving time , always give yourself at least an extra 20 to 30 minutes to get there . Because even if you arrive on time , you ' ll still have to hustle for parking . Which brings me to . . . Parking . Boy , does it suck . Especially in South Beach — most of which was built in the 1920s when cars were a novelty . So , plan on giving all of your available $ 1 bills to parking structure attendants and valets . Nota bene : If you valet park in South Beach , expect significant waits when retrieving your vehicle . All of the major hotels and restaurants store their cars in remote lots , requiring the valet to make his way through all kinds of gnarly traffic to get back to you . Tipping . In restaurants , the standard tip is 15 % to 20 % . At upscale bars and restaurants , $ 2 per drink is customary , and $ 2 for the car valets is standard . But if you ' re at some high - falutin ' spot in South Beach on a Saturday night , slipping the valet a fiver ( at least ) is recommended — especially if you ' d like to see your car in less than 40 minutes . Beaches . The entire Miami Beach coastline is divine as far as beaches go : the sand is white , and the water , clear and tepid . If you ' re looking for something a little more out - of - the - way , however , head north to Haulover Park . Only a 20 - minute drive from South Beach , Haulover has acre upon acre of undulating dunes — and , if you ' re ready to get nekkid , a nude beach tucked far on its northern end . What to Wear . Miami is generally a casual city , but if you are going to be hitting SoBe ' s trendy night spots plan on getting decked out to the max ( think of - the - moment designer duds and cleavage - enhancing animal prints ) or you wo n ' t get in . 1 . Miami International Airport Miami , FL 305 - 876 - 7000 miami - airport . com 2 . Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood International Airport Fort Lauderdale , FL 866 - 435 - 9355 broward . org / airport 3 . Haulover Park 10800 Collins Avenue Miami Beach 33154 305 - 947 - 3525 More Info Next Back of Connect to this TIME Story From our partners Find the right hotels at the right price with Yahoo ! Travel Guide : Find travel deals , hotels and more ! Get the Latest News from TIME . com Sign up to get the latest news and headlines delivered straight to your inbox . | [
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http://content.time.com/time/travel/cityguide/article/0,31489,1977548_1977464_1977463,00.html | Time . com > Travel > City Guides Lima 10 Things to Do Lima : 10 Things to Do By Lucien Chauvin 10 . Magic Water Circuit Next Back 11 of 11 Photo Map View ERNESTO BENAVIDES / AFP / Getty Images City Guide : Lima 10 Things to Do 5 Places to Stay Finding the Perfect Souvenir Side Trips Need to Know The Lima municipal government has transformed a dusty park on the edge of the downtown area into a delightful tour of dancing water and lights — more than a dozen fountains send water shooting into the air , choreographed to music and light . The Magic Water Circuit ( Circuito Mágico del Agua ) is the city ' s newest attraction , and locals and tourists agree it ' s surprisingly awesome . Check it out for yourself . The fountains are open Wednesday through Sunday , from 4 p.m. to 10 p.m. , but go after the sun has set to see the light show ; admission is $ 1.50 . 1 . Magic Water Circuit Parque de la Reserva , Block 5 of Av . Petit Thouars Peru Next Back of Connect to this TIME Story From our partners Find the right hotels at the right price with Yahoo ! Travel Guide : Find travel deals , hotels and more ! Get the Latest News from TIME . com Sign up to get the latest news and headlines delivered straight to your inbox . | [
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http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1971010,00.html | The Violence in Nigeria : What ' s Behind the Conflict ? By Meg Handley Wednesday , Mar . 10 , 2010 STR / AFP / Getty Images Residents of the Nigerian village of Dogo Nahawa stand by a mass grave on March 8 , 2010 , as health officials cover bodies of people killed during a religious clash with the Hausa - Fulani The machete killings of hundreds of villagers near the central Nigerian city of Jos on Sunday have thrown the sectarian problems of Africa ' s most populous nation into the spotlight again . Nigerian officials claim the latest bloodshed — most victims were Christians , many of them women and children — was retaliation for clashes in the same city in January . In that massacre , Christian attackers killed 300 Muslims . Nigeria has been wracked by periodic episodes of violence for decades . The country ' s 150 million people are divided about equally between Christians and Muslims and further splintered into about 250 tribes . Jos , some 300 miles north of Nigeria ' s largest city , Lagos , sits smack - dab in the center of Nigeria ' s tumultuous " middle belt , " a so - called cultural fault line that divides the country ' s Muslim north from the Christian south . The " middle belt " is a melting pot where the major ethnic ( See pictures of the two sides of Nigeria . ) Many Nigerians argue that the real reason for the violence is n ' t ethnic or religious differences but the scramble for land , scarce resources and political clout . Poverty , joblessness and corrupt politics drive extremists from both sides to commit horrendous atrocities . Although the nation rakes in billions of dollars in oil revenue annually , the majority of Nigerians scrape by on less than a dollar a day . In Plateau State , where Jos is located , Muslim cattle herders from the north and Christian farmers from the south vie for control of the fertile That poor distribution of wealth has also sparked conflict in Nigeria ' s oil - rich southern Delta region , where militants lobbying for a greater share of oil revenue regularly blow up pipelines and kidnap foreign oil workers . Andrew Kakabadse , professor of international management development at the U.K. - based Cranfield School of Management , says oil companies have at various times pitted ethnic factions against one another for economic gain . ( See pictures of Lagos . ) Kakabadse blames a lethal combination of outside oil interests , long - standing local conflicts and poverty for the sectarian strife . " In Nigeria the Christian - Muslim thing is the tip of the iceberg , " he says . " What ' s underneath the water is a much more complex sociopolitical situation , which can not be explained just in terms of the religious divide . You have a recipe ripe for conflict , and it just so happens to be Christian - Muslim . " Sectarian conflict erupted most profoundly in 1967 , when three primarily Igbo eastern states seceded under the name Republic of Biafra , sparking a bloody three - year civil war . The attempt to break away ultimately failed , and Nigeria reintegrated the Igbo majority region in 1970 . ( See a TIME cover story on Nigeria . ) Violence among Muslim and Christian ethnic groups was largely kept in check by a succession of military regimes until 1999 , when Nigeria returned to civilian rule . While democracy permits greater freedom of religious expression in Nigeria , it has also intensified the political and economic friction between ethnic groups . Rioting in 2001 killed more than 1,000 people , and subsequent outbreaks in 2004 and 2008 killed another thousand . Smaller but no less vicious attacks in 2009 claimed dozens of lives . ( See " Is Goodluck Jonathan the Answer to Nigeria ' s Woes ? " ) Police have arrested more than 90 people for their alleged roles in this week ' s massacre . Washington and international human - rights groups are calling on Nigeria to prosecute and punish those responsible . " It ' s time to draw a line in the sand , " Human Rights Watch researcher Corinne Dufka said in a statement . " The authorities need to protect these communities , bring the perpetrators to book and address the root causes of violence . " But even if that happens , the violence is unlikely to end altogether . See TIME ' s Pictures of the Week . See the Cartoons of the Week . | [
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http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2023140,00.html | If You Must Know Why Did World War I Just End ? By Claire Suddath Monday , Oct . 04 , 2010 US ARMY SIGNAL CORPS / TIME - LIFE Pictures Front row , from left : Italian premier Vittorio Orlando , British PM David Lloyd George , French premier Georges Clemenceau and U.S. President Woodrow Wilson meet at Wilson ' s Paris home before the signing of the Versailles Treaty Email Print Share Reprints Follow @ TIME World War I ended over the weekend . Germany made its final reparations - related payment for the Great War on Oct . 3 , nearly 92 years after the country ' s defeat by the Allies . That ' s not to say that Germany has been paying its dues consistently over the decades ; the country defaulted on its loans many times and the current payouts have only been happening since the 1990s . What took Germany so long to pay for the war ? Did n ' t World War I end long ago ? Does this Not quite . Germany ' s last $ 94 million payment issued on Sunday is n ' t a direct reparations settlement but rather the final sum owed on bonds that were issued between 1924 and 1930 and sold to foreign ( mostly American ) investors but then never paid . The story of German reparations involves several payment plans , years of inflation , broken promises , canceled debts and a man named Adolf Hitler who flat out refused to give anyone anything . ( See pictures of Hitler ' s rise to power . ) Signed at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference , the Treaty of Versailles — the formal agreement that ended World War I — stripped Germany of its colonies overseas and the region of Alsace - Lorraine ( now part of France ) , placed restrictions on its military and levied punitive damages for supposedly starting what was , at the time , the most destructive war the world had ever seen . " Large parts of Belgium and France were so destroyed by trench warfare that they looked desolate , like moonscapes , just huge areas of land where nothing remained American " Reparations " to Germany , 1919 - 33 . " They needed money to help rebuild the area . " But how do you put a price on war ? Is it the property value of destroyed buildings ? Rounds of ammunition shot ? The cost in human life ? It took two years for the international Reparations Commission to assess damages in relation to Germany ' s national wealth — after all , the payment plan needed to be affordable — and decide how much the government owed . The first reparation demands were 266 gold marks , which amounted to roughly $ 63 billion then ( close to $ 768 billion today ) , although this was later That ' s a lot of money . So much money , in fact , that British economist John Maynard Keynes famously stormed out of the Paris Peace Conference and penned The Economic Consequences of Peace , arguing that reparations would cripple Germany ' s economy . At the time , Keynes ' opinion was largely supported , though many historians today believe that while burdensome , the fines could have been paid . ( See the top 10 national apologies . ) When it came time for Germany to make its first payment of $ 500 million in August 1921 , it " just literally printed the paper money , " says Schuker . " They gave it to the Reparations Commission saying essentially , ' O.K. , here you go . ' " In fact , Germany began printing money for everything . They printed so much money , knowingly devaluing their currency , that within a few years it " literally took a wheelbarrow of money to buy a loaf of bread , " as Shucker puts it . By ( Read TIME ' s 1923 article on the Ruhr occupation . ) In 1924 , an American banker named Charles Dawes outlined what came to be known as the Dawes Plan — a new reparations agreement under which U.S. banks such as J.P. Morgan issued bonds to private investors on behalf of Germany , which agreed to pay them back when the money became due . Dawes won the 1925 Nobel Peace Prize for his work on this plan . But when the first batch of bonds came due in 1928 , Germany again defaulted . So in June 1929 , a new plan was enacted , floating more U.S. - backed When Adolf Hitler rose to power in 1933 , he cancelled all reparations . " So there are all these bonds out there , held by private individuals , that instantly become worthless , " says Schuker . " American citizens lost a lot of money . " But as David Andelman , World Policy Journal editor and author of A Shattered Peace : Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today , points out , " refusing to pay does n ' t make an agreement null and void . The bonds , the agreement , still existed . " In June 1953 , at an international meeting that came to be known as the London Agreement , a fractured West Germany offered to slowly pay back some of the bonds on which it had defaulted back in the 1920s , but said that it would n ' t pay everything until the country was one day reunified . In 1995 , no longer divided , Germany took up the task of settling all its debts . " The Germans just agreed to do the right thing , as it were , " says Andelman , although he is quick paid off the last installment of interest , finally settling its World War I accounts . See pictures of World War I . See TIME ' s Pictures of the Week . | [
"World War I"
] |
http://contests.about.com/od/conttestscams/f/Are-Publishers-Clearing-House-Sweepstakes-Scams.htm | Contests Scams Are Publishers Clearing House Sweepstakes Scams ? How PCH Works and How to Know If You ' ve Really Won • • • By Sandra Grauschopf Updated March 30 , 2019 Everyone ' s heard of the million - dollar sweepstakes SuperPrizes from PCH , but can you trust them ? Are they worth the effort of entering ? Are PCH Sweepstakes real or scams ? Has Anyone Ever Really Won ? Some people worry that because they do n ' t know anyone who ' s ever won , the prizes are never awarded and that PCH sweepstakes are frauds . Others ca n ' t imagine how a company could legitimately give away such big prizes on a regular basis and still stay in business . But neither of these issues mean that PCH is a scam . If it would make you feel better to have at least one winner identified , meet Natalie Bostelman . She was skeptical at first , too . " I was a little suspicious because I ' d received the letter from Publishers Clearing House , but I was trying not to get too excited , " Bostelman told us . " So they arrived at my business and surprised me with the big check , the champagne , the flowers , and the balloons . I fell down on the ground and screamed like a fool . " Still in doubt ? The Publishers Clearing House Winner ' s Circle lists recent winners and you can watch PCH winners ' videos on YouTube . People Really Do Win Prizes From PCH Sweepstakes The good news is that Publishers Clearing House ' s sweepstakes really are legitimate . The bad news is that it is extremely hard to win their mega prizes . It ' s really , really , really hard . PCH runs a variety of big creative presentation sweepstakes that give away millions of dollars every year . Those prizes are fairly awarded as advertised . But the PCH giveaways are so famous and so many people enter them that the odds of winning are exceptionally long — about 2.4 billion to one to win the SuperPrize . Your odds of winning a Powerball jackpot are better . You are also significantly more likely to die in an asteroid strike , become a movie star , or be drafted by the NBA . PCH receives millions upon millions of entries . The best sweepstakes to enter are usually the ones with very little advertising . Beware of PCH Imposter Scams Although PCH ' s sweepstakes are legitimate , you ' ll want to be very cautious if you receive a prize notification claiming from PCH . There are people who counterfeit PCH letters to scam people out of money . Imposter scammers try to convince their victims that they are legitimate by sending letters or emails that claim to come from Publishers Clearing House . These scams can look official , but they do n ' t really come from PCH . If you receive a " win " notification from Publishers Clearing House , ask yourself a few important questions . Do you remember entering this giveaway ? Is the sender really Publishers Clearing House ? Check the email address , telephone numbers , and names to see if they look legitimate , then double - check them against the PCH information that ' s available online . Is the sender asking for money , a credit card number , or a bank account number ? Some seemingly odd things are normal when you win sweepstakes , but others are not . Does the prize have a high value ? PCH does n ' t contact winners of prizes worth more than a couple of hundred dollars by email or by telephone . They appear in person or send a certified letter . If you ' re still unsure , Publishers Clearing House has a toll - free number that you can call to verify any win letter you receive from them . Call 1 - 877 - 3SWEEPS ( 1 - 877 - 379 - 3377 ) Monday through Friday , 8 : 30 a.m. to 5 : 30 p.m. to check if you ' ve really won . If you ' ve received a sweepstakes spam phone call claiming to be from Publishers Clearing House , the Federal Trade Commission advises that you hang up immediately and report the scam to them . Is It Worth Your Time to Enter PCH Sweepstakes ? There are some good reasons to add PCH ' s giveaways to your daily sweepstakes routine . PCH offers truly life - changing prizes that are fun to dream about winning . And although the odds are extremely long , at least you do n ' t have to pay to enter the way you must with lotteries And remember that you do n ' t have to win a SuperPrize to benefit from PCH giveaways . Aside from their multi - million - dollar giveaways , Publishers Clearing House also offers several other drawings and many of them have better odds . PCH Search and Win gives away prizes every few minutes , and PCH Games lets you win prizes and tokens just for playing online games . On the downside , PCH sweepstakes take quite some time to enter , and you might receive unwanted email or postal mail . You ' ll have to take even more time to unsubscribe from them . Weigh whether a slim chance of winning an enormous prize is worth the trouble of entering and managing unwanted marketing contact . How Do You Enter Publishers Clearing House ' s Sweepstakes ? There are three different ways to enter PCH sweepstakes : online , by mail , or by telephone . To enter online , you can find the entry details for the current PCH SuperPrize Sweepstakes here . You can visit PCH . com directly , and you can also enter through other PCH properties like Search and Win or PCH Games . See the Top Ways to Win with PCH for more details . To enter by mail , you can respond to a PCH mailing that they have sent to you , or you can send your entry to Publishers Clearing House , 101 Winners Circle Jericho , NY 11753 . To enter by telephone , call 1 - 800 - 566 - 4724 with your PCH Customer ID . If you ' d like more information about how to get in touch with PCH , how to unsubscribe from unwanted emails , and how to get more answers to your questions , Publishers Clearing House has a whole list of contact numbers Continue Reading + | [
"House Sweepstakes",
"Scams"
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http://contextures.com/xlPivot13.html | Pivot Table Grand Totals Workaround to show a grand total at the top of a pivot table , or show multiple grand totals . Change grand total headings . Show Grand Total at Top Video : Grand Total at Top Show Grand Totals at Left Show Multiple Grand Totals Grand Total Headings Download the Sample Files Pivot Table Tools Pivot Table Tutorial List Show Grand Total at Top There ' s no setting that allows you to display the grand total at the top of an Excel pivot table . However , with the technique in this tutorial you can use another field that acts as the grand total , and display it at the top . This short video shows the steps for creating a grand total at the top of the pivot table , and the written instructions are below the video . . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Create the fake " Grand Total " field In the source data , add a column with the heading GT , or use a space character as the column heading . Note : If your source data is in a named Excel table , you can not enter a formula in the heading row . If you are not using a named table , use a formula to create a blank space , as shown in the screen shot below : = " " In every row of the source data , for the GT field , enter : Grand Total , or leave the column blank , except for the heading . Refresh the pivot table , and add the grand total field , as the first field in the Row area Change the Field Settings After you add the Grand Total ( GT ) field , change its settings so the amounts show at the top . In Excel 2007 and Excel 2010 : Select a cell in the pivot table , and in the Excel Ribbon , under PivotTable Tools , click the Design tab . Click Report Layout , and select Compact Form or Outline Form . ( In Tabular Form , subtotals are only shown at the bottom . ) Click Subtotals , and click Show all Subtotals at Top of Group In Excel 2003 : In the pivot table , right - click on the GT field button , and click Field Settings Click the Layout button , and click Show Items in Outline Form . ( In Tabular Form , subtotals are only shown at the bottom . ) Add a check mark to Display Subtotals at Top of Group Click OK , twice . Hide the original Grand Total With the new Grand Total at the top , you can turn off the default grand total at the bottom . In Excel 2007 and Excel 2010 : Select a cell in the pivot table , and in the Excel Ribbon , under PivotTable Tools , click the Design tab . Click Grand Totals , and click On for Rows Only In Excel 2003 : Right - click on a cell in the Pivot Table , and click Table Options Remove the check mark for Grand Totals for Columns Click OK Show Grand Totals at Left There ' s no setting that allows you to display the grand total at the left side of an Excel pivot table , before all the other totals . However , you could use the following workaround , if you : use Slicers to filter the pivot table do not need to change the pivot table layout after setting it up . In this technique , you ' ll create another copy of the pivot table , then hide columns in both pivot tables , so simulate grand totals at the left of the data . To set up the grand totals at the left : Add Slicers to the pivot table , to filter the fields that you want filtered . Add a few columns to the left of the existing pivot table ( enough columns for all the row fields and grand totals ) Copy the existing pivot table , and paste it onto a blank sheet In the copy , remove any column fields , and leave just the row fields and grand totals . Move the copy to the pivot table sheet , to the left of the current pivot table . In the current pivot table , remove the Grand totals , and hde the column with the Row items . Leave one very narrow blank column between the two pivot tables , and hide or delete any other blank columns . Then , when you filter with a Slicer , both pivot tables will change , and you will see the grand totals at the left . Show Multiple Grand Totals In a pivot table , you can show multiple subtotals per field , but there ' s no setting that allows you to show multiple grand totals in a pivot table . As a workaround , you can use another field that acts as the grand total , and display multiple Grand Totals , such as the Sum and Average overall . To create this workaround , follow the steps below , to : add a new field to the source data , put it into the pivot table , and remove the existing Grand Total . Add a " Grand Total " field In this example , the source data is a formatted Excel table , on another sheet in the pivot table ' s workbook . In the source data , insert a new column , and change the column heading to " Grand Total " Leave the column blank , except for the heading . Refresh the pivot table , so the new field appears in the Field List Add the Grand Total field to the pivot table , as the first field in the Row area . The field label shows " ( blank ) " , so select the label cell , and type a space character . Show Subtotals for New Field In the pivot table , right - click on the new field ' s label cell , and click Subtotal " Grand Totals " To show the subtotals at the bottom of the pivot table , click the Design tab on the Ribbon . Then , click the Subtotals button , and click Show all Subtotals at Bottom of Group Select Multiple Functions In the pivot table , right - click on the new field ' s label cell , and click Field Settings Under Subtotals , click Custom , and then select the summary functions that you want for the multiple subtotals , e.g. Sum and Average . Click OK Hide the original Grand Total Right - click on the Grand Total label cell at the bottom of the Pivot Table Click Remove Grand Total Video : Show Multiple Grand Totals Use a workaround to show multiple grand totals in a pivot table . Watch this video to see the steps , and written instructions are above . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Grand Total Headings If Grand Totals are showing in a pivot table , Excel creates default labels as headings for those totals . You can change some of these headings , but not all of them . Headings - One Value Field Headings - Multiple Value Fields Change the Grand Total Headings Can not Change Total Field Headings This video shows the different types of grand totals , and how to change some of the headings . Written instructions are below the video , and you can download the free workbook to follow along . Headings - One Value Field If there is only one Value field , the default heading is Grand Total , for both the Row and Column Grand Total headings . Headings - Multiple Value Fields If there are multiple Value fields , a Values button appears in the Pivot Table Field List , and a Values heading is added to the pivot table . If the Values button is in the Columns area , the column grand total headings are shown as Total [ Field Name ] . In the pivot table shown below , the grand totals for the Columns are Total Qty and Total Orders . The area without the Values button shows the normal " Grand Total " heading . In the pivot table shown below , Row area still shows Grand Total . Change the Grand Total Headings To change the Row or Column " Grand Total " text , follow these steps : Select either of the Grand Total heading cells Then , to change the text : Type a new heading , to replace the existing heading OR Press F2 , then edit in the text in the cell OR Click in the Formula bar , and edit the text there NOTE : You ca n ' t double - click the cell to edit the text . The other Grand Total will automatically change , and will show the same text as the heading that you edited . Can not Change Total Field Headings If the grand total heading is a " Total Field " heading , instead of " Grand Total " , you wo n ' t be able to change the text . If you try to edit a Total Field heading , an slightly misleading error message will appear : " Can not edit subtotal , block total , or grand total names . " Despite the warning in that error message , you can still edit the " Grand Total " heading in that pivot table , if there is one . In the pivot table shown below , the Row grand total can be changed , without any warning message . That change does not affect the Column grand totals . Download the Sample Files 1 . For the Grand Totals at the Top tutorial , download the zipped sample file in xlsx file format . The file does not contain macros . The sample file is also available in Excel 2003 format ( xls ) . 2 . For the Multiple Grand Totals tutorial , download the zipped sample file in xlsx file format . The file does not contain macros . 3 . To follow the tutorial , download the zipped sample file , in xlsx format . The file does not contain macros . Pivot Table Tools To save time when building , formatting and modifying your pivot tables , use the tools in my Pivot Power Premium add - in . With just a few clicks , you can : copy the formatting from one pivot table , and apply it to another pivot table . change all the values from Count to Sum remove the " Sum of " from all the headings and much more ! More Pivot Table Resources Pivot Table Blog Pivot Table Article Index Pivot Table Video Index Add - In : PivotPower Premium Beginning Pivot Tables Book Pivot Tables Recipe Book Tutorials : FAQs - Pivot Tables Pivot Table Introduction Grouping Data Multiple Consolidation Ranges Running Totals Summary Functions Clear Old Items in Pivot Table | [
"Pivot Table",
"Grand Totals",
"Excel"
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http://continental-lighting.com/lighting-basics/artificial-light-sources.php | Types of Artificial Light Sources Incandescent : An incandescent bulb consists of a filament that glows when electricity is passed through it . Incandescent Bulb A halogen lamp is a type of incandescent lamp where high - pressure halogen gas is inside the bulb allowing the filament to burn hotter and longer . Halogen Lamp Gaseous Discharge This technology passes electricity through a gas , which excites the gas and causes it to glow . Fluorescent , high - intensity discharge lights ( HID ) and low - pressure sodium lights use this technology . HID lamps use different gases to produce light : Mercury Vapor Metal Halide High Pressure Sodium Metal Halide Fluorescent Tube Compact Fluorescent Light These types of lights require a ballast , which is a device that starts the lamp and regulates its operation . A Ballast LED LED ’ s are the newest type of artificial light and were born out of the electronics and computer industry . An LED is a tiny electronic device that emits light . Red LED Green LED Blue LED RGB LED White LED Continue to What Kind of Light Do I Want ? | [
"Artificial Light",
"incandescent bulb",
"halogen lamp"
] |
http://continentaldividetrail.org/ | Support Our 2019 Trail Crews Donate $ 50 or more to receive a free gift ! 1 2 3 " One of the largest conservation efforts in the history of the United States " The Continental Divide National Scenic Trail ( CDT ) is much more than just a line on a map : it is a living museum of the American West , a place to reconnect with nature , and a unifying force bringing people of all walks of life together . Explore the Trail Volunteer Donate About the CDTC The Continental Divide Trail Coalition ( CDTC ) is the 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) national non - profit working in partnership with the US Forest Service , National Park Service , and Bureau of Land Management to complete , promote and protect the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail . Founded in 2012 by a passionate group of volunteers and recreationists , CDTC is a membership organization working to building a strong community of supporters who want to see the CDT protected not just for today ’ s users , but for generations to come . Learn more about the CDTC Featured CDTC Store Items : 5Point Adventure Film Festival Ticket – CDTC Trail Days $ 15.00 The Continental Divide Trail – Exploring America ’ s Ridgeline Trail $ 50.00 CDTC Membership 5.00 1,000.00 | [
"Continental Divide National Scenic Trail",
"living museum",
"American West"
] |
http://continuouswave.com/ubb/Forum4/HTML/006716.html | Author Topic : Mixing of 2 stroke oil brands bikingart posted 06 - 03 - 2009 08 : 05 AM ET ( US ) Is it advisable to mix brands of oil such as Yamaha , Mercury or BRP if they all meet the engine manufacturers specs ? Art Smithsm posted 06 - 03 - 2009 09 : 11 AM ET ( US ) I can not speak with any specific knowledge or experience for outboard two stroke oil on this topic . But I can speak about 4 stroke automotive applications and in that case the answer is DO NOT MIX . Each oil contains a long list of additives THAT ARE DESIGNED TO WORK TOGETHER , IN SOMEWHAT OF A TEAM APPROACH , TO DELIEVER the performance the manufacturer designed them to deliver . The COMBINATION of additives and how they work TOGETHER is very relevant . When you mix different oils you are making your own custom blend of additives that may or may not work well together . Oil formulators have unlimited options to develop their owne mix based on certain base combinations of additives and how they work in different operating environments - there is certainly more than one successful combination . Mixing automotive oils means you are making your own unique combination of additives that may or may not work well together . Is it possible they might be unstable if mixed - perhaps - who knows - and the oil formulation companies are not about to share this critical proprietary information . My understanding , based on a relationship with a Chem Engineer who works in the formulation department of a major brand oil company - is that they have multipe " strains " of competing formulations that work well together - but do n ' t mix them - sort of like using either yeast or baking soda to make a baked prodcut rise - you pick one but do n ' t use both as they just do n ' t work well together . Will you have a near term catastropic breakdown due to mixing - almost certainly not . Will you be able to measure any POTENTIAL problems - almost certainly not . People who use K - mart $ 12 a gallon oil also report no problems - but mechanics can often " read " the impact on the cylinder walls if the engine is opened . My question is " why mix when you can run one out then switch at a later time " ? I have an inventory of both OMC oil and Amsoil HP Injector . My plan is to use up all of one before I switch to the other - and never to mix . jimh posted 06 - 03 - 2009 09 : 12 AM ET ( US ) My understanding is that oils with a TCW - 3 rating can be used together without harm . I believe one of the initial purposes of the TCW - 3 specification for two - cycle oil is to indicate that oils with this specification are compatible and can be used in combination with each other . However , in a quick read of some documents on the National Marine Manufacturer Association website , I could not find this notion to be explicitly stated in their literature regarding the TCW - 3 rating standard . Cf : http : / / www . nmma . org / certification / local / downloads / documents / TCW3_RatingManual . pdf Buckda posted 06 - 03 - 2009 09 : 46 AM ET ( US ) I do n ' t think it matters for a classic 2 - stroke that will quickly burn the oil with the gas . I currently have a tank of fuel in a boat powered by a classic 2 - stroke Mercury motor that is burning a combination of Evinrude xd - 100 , Evinrude xd - 50 and Mercury Premium Plus at a 45 : 1 mixture ratio . The reason for this strange combination is simple : It is a combination of pre - mixed fuel I already had on hand , a oil I had handy when I added some fuel , and oil purchased specifically for use in the future . I know a history of this motor and know that it burned whatever TCW - 3 oil was cheapest and could be bought by the gallon for many years , as I used to help my father pre - mix the fuel that was burned in this and 5 other outboards that we owned at the time . I am running the mixture rich right now because this motor has been stored unused for the past 3 years in my possession , and received nominal use the 8 years preceeding that . Before that time , it was used on a daily basis for two and a half months and then stored for the winter . That treatment lasted for approximately 12 years . The compression on this motor is even at 130 on all cylinders , as verified last fall by a mechanic . Tohsgib posted 06 - 03 - 2009 10 : 12 AM ET ( US ) Mix it but try and keep it constant going forward . Smithsm posted 06 - 04 - 2009 08 : 45 AM ET ( US ) Here are some oil related comments I hope are helpful . 1 . There is a huge amount of information on oil ' s performance in 4 strokes for several reasons . As any single engine aircraft owner knows , oil should be sent out for metalurgical analysis to see if the engine is showing excess wear ( for some reasons those guys really seem to care about an engine going boom while being used ) . Aircraft oil analysis services have been used by the Corvette club to sort out which oils provide the most protection for mint and classic cars where maintenance of origial engine is vital to long term valuation . Of interest is the high quality oils show no increase in engine wear for a huge amount of miles - I think over 20,000 . Research in the operations department of prior employer showed similar results - debunking the " change oil every 3000 miles " myth FOR HIGH GRADE SYNTHETICS . Studies of 4 stroke oils shows very large variations in peformance with Amsoil and Mobile 1 doing very well while cheaper " approved " oils that meet MINUMUM INDUSTRY STANDARDS can be very weak . The key issue is that standards are MINIMUMS and there is a huge difference between minimum standards , average performance and " best in class " . We have customers at our Auto Shop who got 600,000 miles on their first engine . Our last two family cars both did 285,000 on the first engine . We use amsoil . Our amsoil product is rated for 25,000 miles but we change it at 15,000 miles ( corvette club research not withstanding ) . Four strokes are not two strokes . We all know that . 2 . Two strokes provide a very difficult environment for comparison of oil performance for one obvious reason - there is no USED oil to analyse - it is all burned . The primary item to measure and analyse for two stroke oil performance is engine wear - which is also impacted by multiple other factors . Mechanics who pull apart high performance two stroke engines oftens say they can tell you what quality oil was used upon inspection of even a good running engine . My local evinrude dealer claims he can tell who uses K Mart Oil and 3 . TCW - 3 is a MINIMUM standard that was established a long time ago with " time " measured in terms of technological development . Since then every major outboard manufacturer has spent a ton of money to develop and introduce new , beter oils . IMHO TCW - 3 is now an irrelevant , outdated standard . The cheapest oil available that almost every two stroke mechanic will tell you to avoid meets the TCW - 3 standard . If TCW - 3 oil worked fine then the outboard companies sure wasted a lot of time and 4 . Outboard manufacturers have ALL formulated better oils to much higher standards for the new crop of two strokes - and they have no desire to define that new standard . Each manufacturer has come out with new oils intended to meet the REAL NEEDS of these engines . From what I read , each has gone in slightly different directions to maximize engine life . My contacts in auto oil R&D and published interviews with key individuals in the outbaord industry confirm this . 5 . It is very much to the outboard engine manufaturers advantage to NOT define a new standard ( if they even setteled on what it should be . ) Lack of a new objective standard causes customers to be more brand loyal to the outboard companies proprietary oil . They would much rather provide a branded product that is much superior to K Mart cheap stuff and not allow you to objectively compare it to other premium products using independent standards . ( This is the strategy food companies used before mandatory labeling law was established ) . The 6 . Big outboards cost as much as some new cars and can only be economically justified if they last . Outboard manufacturers understand very well they ca n ' t sell outboards at these prices unless they last - hence the R&D into oil improvement for the newer engines . Oil and fuel quality are two big controlable factors . OUTBOARD COMPANIES ARE SAYING AS LOUD AS THEY CAN , WITHOUT TRASHING THIER OWN INDUSTRY STANDARD , TCW - 3 , THAT YOU REALLY NEED TO USE THE NEWER BETTER OILS . 7 . I say follow the lead of the high performance two stroke guys who see the inside of lots of engines and usually use the best synthetic OIL money can buy . ( They also often say " put as much of the best quality oil throught he engine that you can without fouling the plugs " - but I will let others debate that one . ) 8 Unfortunately it is hard to figure out which oil is the best available as the manufacturers provide almost no information on formulation , testing data , or any other information that could be used to compare . This leaves us right back in the " trust my brand " territory - which is where they want us to be . Some companies who produce high quality oil products , like amsoil , wo n ' t even bother to go through certain oil certification as they say they are far ahead of the standards and constantly improve their formulation And that is what I know . I hope it is of some help . And yes , your brother - in - law will still insist he runs K - Mart oil in his high tech engine with " no problems " . Buckda posted 06 - 04 - 2009 09 : 10 AM ET ( US ) Well , for a 1974 Mercury motor , if it blows up tomorrow , it does n ' t owe me a single dime . I got it for a song and short tap dance , and it does n ' t seem to mind the cheap stuff . I would not use the cheap stuff on my brand new outboard , nor would I use it in my slightly used E - TEC engines , which receive the premium XD - 100 product from Evinrude . But like in a car , there is a certain point where it does n ' t matter . Did it ever really matter ? I do n ' t know , but most people treat their vehicles based on emotional connection . A new car is babied , washed and waxed . . .but as she ages , we switch to discount fuel , car washes are reduced and wax becomes a twice a year occurrence . It all depends on how passionate you are about your boat . I suspect that if the Original Poster were fanatical about the care and feeding of his classic whaler and engine , this question would not have been asked in this way - it would have been framed : Which oil is BEST for my engine ? Just an observation . Believe it or not , there are Whaler owners here who just use their Whalers . . . .they do n ' t share the zealous fanaticism of other participants . We get all kinds . . . jimh posted 06 - 04 - 2009 09 : 16 AM ET ( US ) In terms of mixing two - cycle oil and creating a home brew of additives , people do this all the time when they add their own additives to the gasoline which is then mixed with the oil . There are many who swear by low cost oils but then recommend mixing additives like Ring - Free , QuicKleen , or similar products to them on a routine basis . They create their own blend in the process . posted 06 - 04 - 2009 10 : 06 AM ET ( US ) Here are Amsoil ' s comments on mixing oil - " mixing 2 - cycle Oil should be minimized " AMSOIL HP 2 - cycle Injector Oil is recommended for use in all 2 - cycle outboard motors including , but not limited to , Mercury EFI " Optimax , Johnson and Evinrude FICHT and E - TECâ „ ¢ , Yamaha HPDI , Nissan and Tohatsu TLDI , Suzuki , Mariner and Force . Compatible with mineral and synthetic TC - W3 type 2 - cycle Oil , however , mixing 2 - cycle Oil should be minimized . posted 06 - 04 - 2009 10 : 32 AM ET ( US ) this is news to me . . . . I dont ' know if it is totally legit or not . http : / / www . outboardmotoroilblog . com / evinrude - oil / 553 - switching - from - conventional - to - synthetic - 2 / When switching from conventional oil to synthetic oil in your outboard motor , there is one central precaution of which to be aware : you canâ € ™ t switch back . Synthetic oils , like the Evinrude XD100 oil , offer increased performance and are friendlier to the environment . However , synthetic oils also cost more than conventional mineral oil , and itâ € ™ s important to note that the switch , if made , is permanent . The additives in synthetic oil replace all of those in conventional motor oil , but synthetic oil also contains Itâ € ™ s important to make sure you can consistently use synthetic oil if you switch to it , otherwise , you risk permanent engine damage and ultimately , buying a new outboard motor . posted 06 - 04 - 2009 07 : 51 PM ET ( US ) I ca n ' t find any reference or citation of authority that clearly warns that changing to synthetic oil is an irreversible decision . I suspect this is something of an urban legend . seahorse posted 06 - 05 - 2009 07 : 37 AM ET ( US ) That reference is just someone ' s website and does not have any data supporting the theory . If changing back to a petroleum lubricant after using a synthetic was a problem , both Merc and BRP would have warnings on their respective synthetic oils . BQUICK posted 06 - 05 - 2009 11 : 18 AM ET ( US ) What specifically are these " molecules " you are referring to ? pcrussell50 posted 06 - 05 - 2009 01 : 22 PM ET ( US ) Put me in the column of folks who say , " Go ahead and mix them " . Not because mixing is n ' t sub - optimal , but because any negative effects are virtually certain to be second - order at worst . Scientists and engineers will know what I mean by second - order . One of my reliable old Johnsons says to use ordinary 30 weight automotive oil . I do n ' t of course , but I would n ' t hesitate for a second to run a small tankful of it rather than A similar line of reasoning would be that one cigarette wo n ' t give you lung cancer , and one big mac wo n ' t give you heart disease . Heck , one tank of leaded gas in your car wo n ' t wreck your catalytic converter , even though the manual says not to . ( In fact , several tanks of leaded gas wo n ' t ruin it , either ) . Ask me how I know . ; ) - Peter pcrussell50 posted 06 - 06 - 2009 02 : 11 AM ET ( US ) Obviously somewhat moot for 2 - stroke engines , BUT not entirely , is the idea of sending your oil out to a lab to be tested . Let me explain . . . If while it ' s true that most of the oil samples that get sent out for testing are used oil from a 4 - stroke ' s crank case , to determine the health of the ENGINE , there is no reason you could n ' t send out a sample of the oil you intend to use in your 2 - stroke to test You do n ' t have to be a Corvette owner to send your car ' s oil out to be tested , either . In fact , BMW / / / M car engines are even more " finely tuned and high - strung thoroughbreds " , fwiw . It ' s only about $ 25 for Blackstone Labs to test it and they give you hand - written commentary in addition to the spectrometer results . As an amateur sports car racer , I build my own automotive race engines , and oil testing is definitely part of - Peter deepwater posted 06 - 06 - 2009 06 : 12 AM ET ( US ) When using oil weather its in my boat or car i only use one brand at a time , , 5 Qts in the car are all the same but the next time it may be diffrent brand , , I buy in case lots and look at price and its the same for the whaler except i run most of the gas oil mix way down and drain the rest for the weed - eater and chainsaw than start over with a full tank and the same brand oil , , I have read the mixing instructions on the seahorse posted 06 - 06 - 2009 07 : 31 AM ET ( US ) quote : there is no reason you could n ' t send out a sample of the oil you intend to use in your 2 - stroke to test the health of the OIL . Better yet , send out a sample of each oil you are contemplating using , and see which one the lab thinks might be best . The problem with testing 2 - stroke oils is that labs only test for certain items , not every element or compound is analyzed Many 2 - stroke oils use organic ( nitrogen ) based compounds and they do not show up in automotive type tests . Some brands use metallic compounds and those show up in small concentrations ( those leave hardened carbon deposits ) . The different formulas that oil blenders use , are designed for specific purposes ( and prices ) so there is no way to tell if one recipe is better than another by looking at a piece of paper . posted 09 - 30 - 2009 10 : 24 AM ET ( US ) here is a low cost source of XD100 oil http : / / www . domo - online . com / evinrudexd100 L H G posted 09 - 30 - 2009 07 : 44 PM ET ( US ) Here ' s an interesting idea for you guys . I would be curious as to what others think . Using readily available Pennzoil outboard oil products as an example . In my conventional 2 - stroke engines , I have been using Pennzoil Premium Plus , which I believe is 20 % synthetic , 80 % oil . I have found the following Pennzoil TCW - 3 rated pricing , all in their yellow bottles : 1 . pure oil , $ 10 / gal 2 . Pennzoil Premium Plus , $ 20 / gal 3 . Pennzoil 100 % synthetic , $ 26 / gal Suppose you mix your own , by buying 4 gallons of pure oil at $ 10 / ea , and a gallon of 100 % synthetic , at $ 26 . This will give you 5 gallons of 20 % synthetic " Premium Plus " This would normally cost $ 100 @ $ 20 / gal , but if you mix your own you ' re only paying $ 13.20 / gallon for the same stuff . This seems to work for me , and makes sense , and you ' re still using low smoke oil with better lubrication characteristics . Comments ? modenacart posted 10 - 05 - 2009 08 : 24 PM ET ( US ) Some oils can be mixed but only should be done at the levels recommend by the OEM , otherwise you are playing engineer , or chemist without much information . capedave posted 10 - 14 - 2009 09 : 01 AM ET ( US ) Here is one for the crew to stew on ! At a yard sale I picked up a case of Yamalube 2w not not realizing it was 2 stroke semi synthetic injector or premix oil for water crafts and jet ski ' s . Why would you not use it in a outboard and why would Yamaha make two 2 stroke oils ? ? ? ? ? ? 2w watercraft 2m outboard Dave number9 posted 10 - 14 - 2009 12 : 52 PM ET ( US ) Dave , this is what Yamaha has to say . Apparently not on the NMMA list of TC - W3 oils . Will it work ? Bill http : / / www . yamaha - motor . com / waverunner / apparel / apscitemdetail / 3 / 121 / all / 1 / 9048 / detail . aspx [ / url } http : / / www . yamaha - motor . com / outboard / apparel / apscitemdetail / 3 / 121 / all / 1 / 4039 / detail . aspx [ / url ] http : / / www . nmma . org / certification / programs / oils / registeredoil . asp ? y = TCW32008&s = OilName | [
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http://contract-law.laws.com/contracts/objective-theory-of-contracts | What are the Objective Theory of Contracts What are the Objective Theory of Contracts Share Reasonable outside observer would adhere . The law of contract prohibits the enforcement of contracts that appear to be too good to be true . Business contract law serves to prevent outrageous claims from being enforced . This interpretation of the law of contracts is known as the Objective Theory of Contracts . The Objective Theory prevents the interpretations of any law of contract from enforcing ridiculously out - sized claims in advertisements as the offer of a contract . The most famous example of this in business contract law is the Pepsi Harrier Jet case . In a 1995 TV commercial Pepsi offered a Harrier jet as a reward for its Pepsi points customer give away . The ad said that the jet could be obtained for 7 million points . While the main method of obtaining Pepsi points was to drink Pepsi brand soda and redeem points from bottle caps , the company also allowed points to be purchased for ten cents each . John Leonard thought he saw a brilliant business opportunity . The normal cost to obtain a Harrier jet was in excess of $ 23 million dollars . If Leonard bought all the points he would have needed to redeem for the jet it would cost him just $ 700,000 . After raising money from friends and family , Leonard bought 7 million Pepsi points . Attempting to enforce what he thought was a valid law of contract , he sent the 7 million points he had purchased , as well as 15 Points he had obtained from other means , and an order form on which he demanded that Pepsi supply him with a Harrier jet . In response , the company wrote him a letter giving him free coupons and a letter which claimed that business contract law did not oblige the company to provide the jet because it was obviously an outlandish claim , meant to be humorous and entertaining . Leonard took Pepsi to court , claiming that the advertisement of a Harrier jet for the 7 million Pepsi points he had purchased was a valid offer . Leonard said that when Pepsi did not reward him with the jet it had violated the law of contract . He claimed that by mailing in the points he had accepted their offer , the 7 million points were his consideration , and that the jet constituted Pepsi ' s consideration . In rejecting Leonard ' s claim , the judge laid out the Objective Theory of Contracts succinctly . The judge ruled that business contract law had not been violated because " no objective person " could have believed in good faith that the offer was serious . Due to the outrageous nature of the advertisement , the law of contract was determined to not have been violated . Business contract law is bound by a reasonable person test , that is , would a reasonable person examining the contract determine that the terms of the contract were realistic . comments No related posts . Share | [
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http://contractfurniture.solutions/ | Hotel Furniture - Restaurant Furniture - Office Furniture SPECIALIZING IN FURNITURE FOR COMMERCIAL PROJECTS ACROSS CANADA Contract Furniture Solutions specializes in the supply of contract furniture for commercial projects . Our professional executive team brings over 15 years of diverse experience in the furniture industry to our clients . We understand what is important to our customers and have developed systems in our company to ensure success . Anything we deliver is made to commercial standards and we emphasize quality in all our work . At the same time , we understand that value is essential in any size of project and aim to be one of the most competitive furniture suppliers in Western Canada … without sacrificing quality ! Beyond a wide range of standard designs you can order , Contract Furniture Solutions can CUSTOM manufacture exactly what you want for your next project . We often work with designers , contractors and property owners to provide custom solutions based on their own needs , ideas and designs . Samples are often provided for approval prior to commencing production , and we guarantee our finished product will meet or exceed the quality of your samples . Work with our team , and we will bring your project to completion in a professional manner that is sure to impress ! Choose CONTRACT FURNITURE SOLUTIONS . ~ BROWSE OUR FAVOURITES ~ Outdoor Chairs Custom Furniture FLAT - TECH Table Bases Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Ask our clients about Contract Furniture Solutions “ I would recommend Contract Furniture Solutions for quality furniture and competitive pricing ” – WHG Interior Design “ The product we received was of great quality and the client was very impressed with their service and price point ” – Andrea Greenway Interior Design “ They have been flexible on customizing and ensuring the quality of product as well as prompt and efficient with their service ” – Tap & Barrel Banquet Furniture Lobby & Lounge Furniture 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hotel Furniture Seating Outdoor Office Furniture Why choose Contract Furniture Solutions ? Delivered on Time We understand how important it is to stay on schedule . When receiving a quotation from Contract Furniture Solutions , we will give accurate lead times and delivery dates . You can be rest assured that we take top priority to deliver on time or even ahead of schedule . Custom projects are ready for delivery in 10 weeks from order deposit . Value Pricing We offer great value in our quality furniture . You may be pleasantly surprised at just how competitive our pricing can be . Our global partners help us deliver extremely competitive prices that bring cost savings to most clients . We also offer help and guidance with value engineering to have your costly designs manufactured at a fair price . Commercial Quality Before even considering price , we ensure that all our furniture is top quality and approved for commercial use . Our standard fabric and vinyl collections are all rated above 100,000 double rubs while most competitors sell products with 20,000 or less . Wood solids are used in wood frame chairs and metal tubing is reinforced for optimal structural integrity . Get a quotation for your project today ! We pride ourselves in great customer service and will get back to you promptly with an accurate and detailed quotation . CONTACT US | [
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http://contractingbusiness.com/refrigeration/txv-installation-troubleshooting-0810 | Refrigeration Recent RectorSeal Acquires MSD Research Apr 09 , 2019 RenewAire Named a Top Wisconsin Workplace Apr 05 , 2019 Tampa College Begins Refrigeration , Electrical Training Apr 05 , 2019 Who Does the Real Work in the HVAC Industry ? LED Disinfection for Ductless AC Apr 03 , 2019 education Sign up for Contracting Business ' Digital Magazine Featured Use the Air Changes Calculation to Determine Room CFM Mar 24 , 2016 Subcooling and Superheat : Superheroes of System Charging Aug 24 , 2016 Appolo Heating Begins Proprietary Training Program Apr 03 , 2019 Bradford White Mourns the Loss of Chairman A . Robert Carnevale Apr 02 , 2019 Highlights One - Stop Shop for All HVAC&R Professionals : ATMOsphere America Conference Mar 18 , 2019 Future - proofing your business made easy ! ATMOsphere America is North America ’ s leading event for all HVAC&R stakeholders to learn the . . . Sponsored Content FAQ : The Sporlan Interchangeable Cartridge Style Valves Are Invaluable to Contractors Mar 14 , 2019 Do you often find yourself on a job without the right valve ? Learn how to overcome this problem easily and in . . . HVACR Product Gallery : Week of March 11 - 15 Mar 11 , 2019 This week , we focus on these HVACR products : an adiabatic condenser series that includes models up to 215 . . . eBook : HVACR Hiring & Recruiting Tips It should come as no surprise to anyone in the HVACR market that this industry is suffering from a labor shortage . The articles in this e - book offer some great advice on how to address these key challenges . Download Now Refrigeration Roundtable Sponsor ' s Corner : Honeywell and the Industry ' s ' Cool New Future ' Mar 08 , 2019 This year we are providing a forum for each sponsor of our 2018 Refrigeration Roundtable . This month , we feature a message from Honeywell . Career Challenges Continue to Vex Refrigeration Pros Mar 07 , 2019 This problem is not going away anytime soon . It continues to grow , as more and more older technicians retire . HVACR Calendar : Training , Conventions and Trade Shows Mar 05 , 2019 Here is a list of upcoming industry education and training events ( updated for March 2019 ) . Danfoss to Showcase Role as Complete System Provider at 2019 IIAR Natural Refrigeration Expo Feb 22 , 2019 Highlights to include Intelligent Purger System , expanded system control capabilities and digital gas detectors and sensors . Sponsored Content Meet ZoomLock : Flame - Free Refrigerant Fittings Feb 20 , 2019 ZoomLock can help take your business to the next level by changing the way air conditioning / refrigeration contractors operate . Emerson AHR Contractor Panel Discusses Changes in HVAC Refrigerants , Technology Feb 13 , 2019 Featured HVACR contractors at Emerson ' s 2019 AHR breakfast provided opinions on the benefits , challenges , and frustration of . . . New Chemours Facility Triples Production of Opteon ™ YF Refrigerant Feb 12 , 2019 The world ' s largest HFO - 1234yf production facility is now located in Corpus Christi , Tex . HVACR Product Gallery : Week of Feb . 4 - 8 Feb 08 , 2019 This week , we highlight these HVACR products : a refrigerant recovery unit ; a field management mobile app ; a sound attenuator for air - handling units ; a 60 - volt mixer - drill ; service area listings on Google My Business ; PEX opposing - port tees for . . . LENNOX to Sell Kysor Warren Feb 05 , 2019 Announced during fourth quarter results conference call . The move follows last year ’ s divestment of its refrigeration businesses in Australia , Asia and South America . HVACR Product Gallery : Week of Jan . 7 - 11 Jan 12 , 2019 This week ' s gallery focuses on these HVACR products : a commercial rooftop air - conditioning unit ; a smart refrigerant charger ; a combination VRF / ERV unit ventilator system ; a wireless temperature / pressure gauge set ; automatic balancing dampers ; a . . . | [
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http://contractorsinsurance.biz/general-liability-renewal-checklist.html | General Liability Renewal Checklist Articles - General Liability Insurance READ THIS BEFORE YOU RENEW YOUR LIABILITY When you sit down with your contractors insurance agent , make sure you have an accurate description of the work you do . You may be licensed as a general contractor with the CCB , but you perform mostly framing , or dry wall work . If this is the case make sure you tell your agent . This little know fact can save you thousands of dollars in insurance premiums a year . Give accurate payroll and subcontractor cost to your insurance agent . The cost of your contractors general liability insurance is based on your payroll . Do not under report this figure . Under reporting your payroll can result in an audit premium at the end of the year . Basically you will have to pay the difference . Make sure you get up to date certificate of insurance from each of your subcontractor . Many insurance companies are doing an audit on the cash you payout to your subcontractors . If you do not have current certificates for them , the cost of your subcontractors will be added to your contractors general liability policy as payroll . The cost of your insurance will increase significantly . * All certificates of insurance from your subcontractors need to have you named as an additional insured . Also regardless what liability limits the CCB states that subs need make sure the subs you hire carry the same limits of liability as you do . If your subcontractor hands you a certificate without these two criteria hand it back and tell him he does not have the job until he brings his insurance up to your standards . Advise your contractors insurance agent of any potential claims you may know about . It will cost you a great deal less money if you take care of any problems up front . Advise your contractors insurance agent ahead of time if there are any special insurance requirement or contract language required by your customer . Most additional contract language must be approved by the insurance company before it become part of your policy . NOTE : More customers are hiring lawyers to review construction contracts . However many lawyers are adding contract clauses that requires the contractor to become responsible for things outside of your control . Some lawyers are asking you to waive your right to counter sue your customer if a problem was caused by your customer such as incorrect maintenance of an appliance or heating unit that may have caused damage to the property . Do not sign the contract with changes put in by your customer ' s attorney without taking it to your own attorney . If your attorney signs off Ask your contractors insurance agent about the exclusions or limitations in your insurance policy . Every policy has language that tells you they will not cover you if you intentionally damage the property insured . Many contractors ' policies have added an absolute roofing exclusion . Therefore , if you put a roof on a customer ' s home you would not be covered if something went wrong . Does your current contractors insurance agent return your calls within 24 hours ? If not look for a new agent . Does your current contractors insurance agent get copies of your certificates of insurance out to your customers , vendors , or other contractors who request them within 24 hours . If not look for a new agent . Make sure your work truck is insured on a business auto policy . Do Not Insure Your Work Truck on Your Personal Auto Policy . If you have employees make sure you carry workers compensation insurance policy . If your subcontractors have employees ask them for a certificate of insurance for their workers compensation policy . If your subs do not have a workers compensation policy you will be responsible for that employee if he is hurt while working on your site . Make sure you pay your insurance premium on time . Do not let your current contractors insurance policy cancel for non - payment of premium . Currently in the contractors insurance market place many companies are refusing to renew customers who have had a history of slow payment or several cancellation due to non - payment of their premium . You may end up paying an increase premium 50 to 150 percent higher than your old premium . The company may require you pay the entire premium up front . < Prev Browse By Tag additional agent building business california claim claims companies company construction contractor contractors coverage date deadly endorsement example exclusion exclusions extended form general insurance insured know liability look period policies policy prior problem rating reporting state subcontractor time work year years Call Toll FREE ( 866 ) 376 - 2510 | [
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http://contractorsupply.com/ | Home Products Catalog Vendors Repairs Rentals New Account Employment Contact Us Toll Free : 800 - 825 - 7431 The Right Stuff . . . to get the job done . . . Local : 405 - 525 - 7431 sales @ contractorsupply . com Service After The Sale - Always ! The products you need , when you need them Contractors Supply Co . is a locally , family - owned business serving the State of Oklahoma since 1956 . We are the leader in supplying commercial construction supplies , tools , equipment and building materials in our industry . Being a locally owned business , you can rest assured that the money you spend with us stays here in Oklahoma . One of Oklahoma ' s premier suppliers of concrete related tools , equipment and materials for under , in , and above slab . Vapor barrier Perimeter insulation Pier spacing Rebar supports Rebar / wire mesh Paving dowels & baskets Plate dowels Tapered dowels Expansion joint Concrete curing compounds and cure covers . We are quickly becoming the place to buy all of your commercial masonry materials , tools and equipment . Reinforcing wire Anchors and ties Rebar positioners Flashing Drip edge Termination bar Control joint Mortar stop Block grout screen Weep vents Block Flash Total wall Metal Lathe Lime Portland Handtools Mortar mixers Masonry saws Mortar tubs Grout pumps A large selection of tools , equipment and consumable products for most commercial trades . Electrical tools , equipment and accessories HVAC , Plumbing and mechanical tools and equipment Building envelope products Layout and survey accessories Optical instruments Laser levels Sealants Caulking Water proofing | [
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"Oklahoma",
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http://controlmind.info/human-brain/the-difference-between-brain-and-mind | Home Human Brain Brain and Mind The Difference Between Brain and Mind A computer required hardware to perform its function And the hardware need software to make it run Without software hardware would be useless and without hardware software can not be used Brain is like the hardware and mind is like the software But in reality the difference between brain mind are more complicated than software and hardware In our culture we sometimes use the words brain and mind interchangeably even though they really do refer to separate although often overlapping concepts The brain is an organ but the mind isnt The brain is the physical place where the mind resides It is a vessel in which the electronic impulses that create thought are contained With the brain you coordinate your moves your organism your activities and transmit impulses But you use the mind to think You can muse at what happened what is scheduled and what maybe will happen The mind is the manifestations of thought perception emotion determination memory and imagination that takes place within the brain Mind is often used to refer especially to the thought processes of reason The mind is the awareness of consciousness we know the ability to control what we do and know what we are doing and why It is the ability to understand Animal are able to interpret their environments but not understand them whereas human are able to understand what happens around them even if not the scientific reasoning for it and therefore adapt The mind made humans capable to solve complex logical problem which differentiates us than other living beings Logic makes us understand that things are not as what they seem Our ability to analyze situations makes it possible to develop solutions to problems and lead us toward practical solutions We may not be able to see in the ultraviolet range but we may design instruments to do so We may not be able to see atoms but we can design experiments that enable us to know their properties Each stage of scientific advancement has usually been made by trying to reach back to top Recent Post How To Make A Psi Wheel A Complete Guide How To Make Psi Ball A Complete Guide Brain Training 8 Shake Things Up Brain Training 7 Spice Up Your Meal Brain Training 6 Upside Down Brain Training 5 The Scent Of Music Brain Training 4 Windows of Opportunity Brain Training 3 Sensory Shower Brain Training 2 Start A New Hobby Brain Training 1 Brushing Roulette | [
"Brain",
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http://controversyandhyperbole.blogspot.com/2012/02/what-fuck-or-how-sushi-went-global.html | The Latest Victims of Innovation Tuesday , February 21 , 2012 What the Fuck ? Or ; How Sushi Went Global This article discusses the recent transformation of the sushi industry over the last few decades and how it has gone from a traditional element of Japanese custom and cuisine to a far - reaching status cuisine . Due to advances in technology and increasing efficiency within transatlantic trade in respect to food , sushi has become a dietary staple in most parts of the Western world . This transition has had a dramatic effect on the fishing industries of other nations , including our own , as sushi has increased in demand . In fact , the success of sushi fishing has Posted by Geezer at 11 : 15 PM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest 1 comment : Anonymous June 25 , 2013 at 4 : 04 PM thanks men : ) studying the article in my hotel school Reply Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) | [
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http://convert-to.com/conversion/water-weight-volume/convert-us-gal-of-water-volume-to-kilogram-kg-of-water-weight.html | 1 US gallon of water ( gal ) = 3.79 kilograms of water ( kg wt . ) Filed under : Main menu water volume vs . weight menu US gallons of water conversion Specific US gallon of water to kilogram of water Conversion Results Enter a New US gallon of water Amount to Convert From * Whole number , decimal or fraction ie : 6 , 5.33 , 17 3 / 8 * Precision is how many digits after decimal point 1 - 9 Enter Amount : Decimal Precision : Convert US gallon of water ( gal ) versus kilograms of water ( kg wt . ) in swapped opposite direction from kilograms of water to US gallons of water Or use utilized converter page with the volume units converter conversion result for two water volume vs . weight units : From unit Symbol Equals Result To unit Symbol 1 US gallon of water gal = 3.79 kilograms of water kg wt . water volume vs . weight converter What is the international acronym for each of these two water volume vs . weight units ? Prefix or symbol for US gallon of water is : gal Prefix or symbol for kilogram of water is : kg wt . Technical units conversion tool for water volume vs . weight measures . Exchange reading in US gallons of water unit gal into kilograms of water unit kg wt . as in an equivalent measurement result ( two different units but the same identical physical total value , which is also equal to their proportional parts when divided or multiplied ) . One US gallon of water converted into kilogram of water equals = 3.79 kg wt . 1 gal = 3.79 kg wt . Find pages on convert to with online Google Custom Search Converters & calculators Angles Area – surface area Computing storage & Electronics Density Energy Flow Force Length – distance Metric system units Power Pressure – stress Speed – velocity Time – Date converter Torque – moment of force Volume – capacity Volume – dry Weight – Mass Pages About convert - to . com Home page one - way converters Miscellaneous Battery charging time Automotive Santa ' s performance Web & computers data transfer rate Gmail email storage Pixels to em How many kilograms of water are contained in one US gallon of water ? To link to this water volume vs . weight - US gallon of water to kilograms of water units converter , only cut and paste the following code into your html . The link will appear on your page as : on the web units converter from US gallon of water ( gal ) to kilograms of water ( kg wt . ) < a href = " http : / / convert - to . com / conversion / water - weight - volume / convert - us - gal - of - water - volume - to - kilogram - kg - of - water - weight . html " > online units converter from US gallon of water ( gal ) to kilograms of water ( kg wt . ) < / a > Online US gallons of water to kilograms of water conversion calculator | convert - to . com units converters © 2019 | Privacy Policy | [
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http://convert.syzygy.in/what-is-500-crores-in-millions-and-billions | Home What is 500 crores in millions and billions Lakhs and crores are units of the Indian numbering system commonly used throughout the Indian subcontinent Crores are equivalent to hundreds of lakhs and are grouped accordingly when represented numerically For example 2 crores would be represented as 200 lakhs or 20000000 It can also be abbreviated to 2 cr 1 crore or 100 lakhs is equivalent to 10 million Hence 100 crores is the same as 1000 million or 1 billion 500 crores or 50000 lakhs is equal to 5000 million 5 billion Convert crores to millionsbillions Currency converter from Indian rupees 5000000000 INR is equal to 71150000 USD 7027 Indian rupees to 1 US dollar 5000000000 INR is equal to 62550000 EUR 7994 Indian rupees to 1 Euro 5000000000 INR is equal to 56350000 GBP 8873 Indian rupees to 1 British pound 5000000000 INR is equal to 96950000 CAD 5157 Indian rupees to 1 Canadian dollar 5000000000 INR is equal to 101100000 AUD 4946 Indian rupees to 1 Australian dollar Currency converter to Indian rupees 5000000000 USD is equal to 351370344343 INR 7027 Indian rupees to 1 US dollar 5000000000 EUR is equal to 399680255795 INR 7994 Indian rupees to 1 Euro 5000000000 GBP is equal to 443655723159 INR 8873 Indian rupees to 1 British pound 5000000000 CAD is equal to 257864878804 INR 5157 Indian rupees to 1 Canadian dollar 5000000000 AUD is equal to 247279920870 INR 4946 Indian rupees to 1 Australian dollar Etymology of crore Crore 100 lakhs or ten million comes from the Sanskrit koti कट and Prakrit krodi It is also pronounced karor karod koti kodi etc in various Indian languages The word or a variant has also spread to Arabic Persian and Pashto The spread of Buddhism has also introduced it to Thai Japanese Chinese Tagalog and other East Asian languages | [
"Currency converter"
] |
http://convertvalues.com/Weight/convert-ounces-to-tons.html | Convert Ounces To Tons In order to Convert Ounces To Tons , please , enter ounces value in the upper box and get the result in tons in the lower box , and vice - versa . The result of the conversion appears immediately . ounces equal to tons This measurement conversion is based on a simple rule : 1 oz = 3.0E - 5 t The ounce is a unit of mass with several definitions , the most commonly used of which are equal to approximately 28 grams . The ounce is used in a number of different systems , including various systems of mass that form part of the imperial and United States customary systems . The Ton is a unit of measure . It has a long history and has acquired a number of meanings and uses over the years . It is used principally as a unit of weight , and as a unit of volume . It can also be used as a measure of energy , for truck classification , or as a colloquial term . | [
"Measurement Conversion",
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http://cookchildrens.org/urology | Pediatric UrologyGenitourinary Cook Childrens has opened the doors to a stateoftheart pediatric urology center dedicated to treating the children of North Texas and beyond Our Pediatric Urology department is led by a team of worldrenowned medical professionals with expertise in both common and rare genitourinary conditions Have a question Call 6823030376 Referral information Loading Pediatric Urology locations | [
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"genitourinary conditions"
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http://cookeatshare.com/popular/how-long-does-rotisserie-chicken-keep-in-the-refrigerator | How long does rotisserie chicken keep in the refrigerator Recipes How long does rotisserie chicken keep in the refrigerator ( 1000 + ) How much does Invisible braces cost in Bangalore ? 68 views does a ceramic braces cost in India ? , , There are multiple factors involved in the Thai Lettuce Wraps 584 views rotisserie chicken , cut off the Beef Tapa with Atchara 543 views a bowl and mix well . Keep refrigerator Join CookEatShare — it ' s free ! Get new recipes from top Professionals ! Share recipes and reviews with friends ! Save and organize all you recipes ! over 2 million users ! Sign Up Now Clean Eating Dorm Room Grocery List 498 views rotisserie chicken ( pre - cooked , read Football Friday Dried Beef and Cream Cheese Log 1040 views plastic wrap and refrigerate for at least 2 hours Mixture will keep refrigerator Homemade Chicken Ham [ Served in 3 Ways ] 191 views water . Remove from pot , pat dry with kitchen towel then keep Rotisserie Chicken Noodle Soup 4203 views idea how long Rotisserie ' s , I would not store Buffalo Chicken Rolls 267 views table if you wish , or Easy Chocolate Mousse 13 views than they have to be . How long does Chocolate Mousse ? At my house Candied Kumquats 434 views a sterile jar refrigerator . Keeps more recipes Groups / How long does rotisserie chicken keep in the refrigerator ( 0 ) Mom Said This is the Way Grandma Made It ! 1853 members Mom Said This is Way Grandma Made It ! , How many Regions World , Traditions Biscotti and Other Twice Baked Cookies 19 members morning or any time at all . Biscotti is one of Mi Amore . . .Mi Amor . . .Mon Amour 33 members In Great Lakes region and parts of The cookinggood 4 members secrects . taste is everything at cookinggood hood . , main ingredient : Potatoes , cook The Best Gadgets Ca n ' t Live Without 3 members love cooking but what are best gadgets that you use kitchen that saves so much Themes / How long does rotisserie chicken keep in the refrigerator ( 0 ) slowcooking High protein Beef eating Californian in the Fall Californian Fall , slowcooking High protein Beef eating Californian Fall Afternoon Tea Party fun too . ; ) , You can make your food night before . Just make sure you How To and Hints , Tips & Tricks , . . . . . is not place for recipes even if they have " To " title . For example " to FOOD DESIGN best cuisine , Brunch Time ! It ' s a luxury to be able to eat late morning , when your mind is fresh and you have Trusted Results with Making Chicken Stock - Allrecipes A step - by - step tutorial for making stock . . . . If i do n ' t freeze my stock and just refridgerate it , how it fridge ? Amanda_H . Jan . 10 , 2010 7 : 10 am . . . Turkey Tips : Deep - Fried Turkey - Allrecipes Ever wonder how to deep fry a turkey ? We ' ve got answers . Should I it cold or put it in the freezer after it cools down ? Does anyone know of a site I can go to Gyro Meat with Tzatziki Sauce Recipe : Alton Brown : Food Network Food Network invites you to try this Gyro Meat with Tzatziki Sauce recipe from Alton Brown . Store for at least 2 hours or up to overnight , to allow the Blissful Rosemary Chicken - All Recipes An elegant and intensely flavorful way to prepare breasts : roll with prosciutto and cheese , skewer with rosemary sprigs , and marinate ( or not ) Curried Honey Mustard - All Recipes Dijon mustard teams with honey and curry powder in this easy , piquant marinade . Remove dish from and bake , covered , in the preheated oven for 10 minutes . The Epi - Log on Epicurious . com : Foods to Eat Before They I ' ve always liked Jane and Michael Stern because they are driven by the kind of passionate , unapologetic appetite that is n ' t easily sated . That ' s why they * DanaMarie * Recipe Reviewed - Community - Allrecipes I let them marinate in the pesto for 3 hours . I cooked them in a pan I bought a and just used that instead . I also substituted cherry | [
"rotisserie chicken"
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http://cookeatshare.com/popular/how-long-to-roast-a-6-lb-chicken | How long to roast a 6 lb chicken Recipes How long to roast a 6 lb chicken ( 1000 + ) How to Roast a Chicken on the Grill 1710 views has been my go - to recipe this summer . How to Roast a Chicken on the Grill While you can Grilled Steak Sandwich with Melted Cheese & Basil Aioli Recipe & Get Grillin ’ Entrees 443 views roasted red bell peppers , cut in half ( see How to Roast a How to Roast a Chicken ( step - by - step ! ) 1132 views Chicken ( step - by - step ! ) Learn how roast chicken long Join CookEatShare — it ' s free ! Get new recipes from top Professionals ! Share recipes and reviews with friends ! Save and organize all you recipes ! over 2 million users ! Sign Up Now Lemon Oregano Chicken with Roasted Vegetables 529 views with Roasted Vegetables Here ' s what I used : 1 6 lb chicken Dijon Crusted Roast Beef 161 views 6 lb boneless top sirloin roast Bake the Perfect Chicken , Turkey or Pernil ( Ham ) 1863 views long Brine : Whole ( 4 Dry Brine Roasted Turkey . . . Via Kathy Vegas 1445 views my recipe from Kathy . chart that showed how cook Herbed Lemon Roasted Chicken 379 views Thanksgiving ! Turkey tips ( how long to cook a turkey ) , No bake cream cheese pie recipe and Regional baking traditions 4107 views Thanksgiving ! Turkey tips ( cook turkey ) , No bake cream cheese pie recipe and In which I may have found a winner … 385 views I roasted lot of chickens last year and I thought I would do some kind of project more recipes Filipino Recipes Quiche Groups / How long to roast a 6 lb chicken ( 0 ) Jelly making mama ' s / papa ' s 2 members mutual love making homemade jams and jellies . Would like hear people learned Trying Our Best to Eat Local 6 members Local , Anyone make the commitment being localvore ? Anyone having difficulties doing Bay Area Moms Favorite Recipes 55 members favorite recipes . You do n ' t have be Mom or in the Bay Area join , but please do n ' t Emerald Estates Cookbook 5 members our neighbors in Emerald Estates . Feel free add new recipe or share an old standard Enjoying Multi cuisines 30 members Mediterranean , American , Italian , Mexican name few ! ! ! I want share my recipes with Themes / How long to roast a 6 lb chicken ( 0 ) The No - Shop Challenge I ' m pretty sure I have enough food feed family of eight at any given time . Join me Mother ' s Day ! that you do n ' t have slave all morning make feel . And remember , kids cook and Dad does Afternoon Tea Party Party , Great idea when you want invite few friends over catch - up on life " gossip July 4th Recipes - All American Food ! or bringing side dish potluck , these recipes are sure satisfy crowd . Enjoy Bastille Day Recipes and Ideas ! festivities . These French inspired recipes are sure be hit anytime . , cuisine : French Trusted Results with Roasting - Allrecipes Find out whole juicy perfection . Related Recipe . . . The first time was a 4lb bird , for Christmas two guys and they were . . . Whole - Allrecipes Find out how to cook a whole perfection . More About Roasting can someone please tell me i would 7 + at 250 ? Sticky - Rotisserie Style - All Recipes you can ! These chickens are rubbed with a spice mixture , and slow roasted in the . . . find 5 hours to spare : I take 5 or breasts with bone , I Savory Roasted - All Recipes When you want an impressive centerpiece for Sunday dinner or a special - occasion meal , you ca n ' t go wrong with this golden from our Test Kitchen . The moist , Six - Hour Pork Recipe : : Food Network Food Network invites you to try this Six - Hour Pork recipe from Sara ' s Secrets . Lemon and Garlic Recipe : Review : Ina Garten This is a no - fail recipe for but I think it ' s so much My only caution is that I used a 5.5 bird and when I went to take the bacon off at an Bacon Roasted - All Recipes and moist and is a perfect Sunday dinner . The bacon helps to ' baste ' the while it cooks . Recipe can be adjusted to any size whole | [
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http://cookeatshare.com/popular/how-long-will-homemade-chicken-soup-keep-in-the-fridge | How long will homemade chicken soup keep in the fridge Recipes How long will homemade chicken soup keep in the fridge ( 1000 + ) Spicy ( Rotisserie ) Chicken Soup 865 views the breasts . The rest of the chicken can sit in fridge and used for chicken Sweet and Savory Bacon Jam , Fromage Fort , and Toasted Walnuts and Raisins 445 views keeps in fridge an air tight container , Stacey says you can double or triple Homemade Salted Salmon With Fried Rice And Rice Noodle Soup 443 views oven and then mash it up , put it t bottle and keep Join CookEatShare — it ' s free ! Get new recipes from top Professionals ! Share recipes and reviews with friends ! Save and organize all you recipes ! over 2 million users ! Sign Up Now Passion Fruit Mille - Feuille / Napoleon / Custard Slice for Daring Bakers ’ 878 views The puff pastry dough will keep Mexican Inspired Chicken Soup with Corn and Heirloom Beans 359 views into bite sized pieces and put a sealed container Brown Sugar - Kissed Scones with Plum Preserves 386 views and homemade will need to stir more frequently at end of cooking . Keeps Ginger Dressing Heist 476 views You can make this a day advance , , and then blend it again just Homemade Chicken Ham [ Served in 3 Ways ] 191 views breast meat individually , then wrap each roll with plastic wrap . Keep Chicken Divan - An Old Favorite 1135 views one I usually end up using ) : 1 can cream of soup Wet Garlic and Preserved Lemon Risotto with Slow Roasted Tomatoes 309 views a long time more recipes Filipino Recipes Quiche Groups / How long will homemade chicken soup keep in the fridge ( 0 ) Biscotti and Other Twice Baked Cookies 19 members recipe exists or I have to figure out how So . Cal Foodie Home Chefs 10 members an interactive experience , where you socialize with others and I pair us up Hard to find ingredients 2 members here Bay Area , but sometimes we either just ca n ' t find it , or are n ' t willing to Mom Said This is the Way Grandma Made It ! 1853 members Mom Said This is Way Grandma Made It ! , How many Regions World , Traditions I ' ve made this so many times , who needs a recipe 28 members recipe . A collection of go - to recipes , your special family requests , or one you Themes / How long will homemade chicken soup keep in the fridge ( 0 ) slowcooking High protein Beef eating Californian in the Fall Californian Fall , slowcooking High protein Beef eating Californian Fall How To and Hints , Tips & Tricks , . . . . . is not place for recipes even if they have " How To " title . For example " to Afternoon Tea Party join fun too . ; ) , You can make your food night before . Just make sure you FOOD DESIGN best cuisine , Football Snacks Recipes small enough to eat one bite . Shred finely and cut steak into bite - size Trusted Results with Making Chicken Stock - Allrecipes A step - by - step tutorial for making stock . . . . If i do n ' t freeze my stock and just refridgerate it , how long does it ? Amanda_H . Jan . 10 , 2010 7 : 10 am . . . Cream of Chicken with Wild Rice Soup - All Recipes A creamy soup of , wild rice , sliced mushrooms and white wine in a freshly made stock . Cooks . com - Recipes - Homemade Baileys Whiskey THE GREATEST BUFFALO CHICKEN WING SAUCE . SHEPHERDS PIE ( BRITISH ) Tess Mallos shows how to produce delectable meals from the Mediterranean islands , The Epi - Log on Epicurious . com : Fast , Healthy , Tasty Soup Dieter ' s Diary As I admitted in my last post , I ' ve been finding it difficult to stay on track . The weather ' s been foul , I ' ve had an on - and - off miserable cold , and I Cooks . com - Technique - Using Leftover Bread Remove the crusts from any slices of stale , close - textured bread , and cut in and let stand covered where they hot for fifteen minutes . Mexican Recipe : Review : Ina Garten : Food Network Then added ( cause it had been all day ) and out and it low carb , as packs so much , vegetables , and Noodle with Dill Recipe : Review : EatingWell This recipe for " grandma ' s penicillin " has a lineage . Passed from mother to daughter , friend to friend , on to EatingWell recipe tester Deidre | [
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http://cookieandkate.com/ | Cookie and Kate Our cookbook Love Real Food is here Love Real Food is On Sale More LastMinute Gift Ideas December 12 2018 5 Comments Exciting news I just found out that my cookbook Love Real Food is included in Amazons book promotion right now Love Real Food is the perfect gift for the healthy home cooks vegetarians and vegans and dog lovers in your life How to save Use promo code GIFTBOOK18 to save 5 when you spend 20 or more on books sold by Amazoncom Amazon is already offering the book at a great price and now you can save even more Buy Love Real Food on Amazon here Ive been thrilled to hear that the book makes moms sisters friends neighbors and book clubs happy The book has sold nearly 100000 copies thanks to your incredible support Thank you More GiftWorthy Cookbooks Books Buy two copies of Love Real Food to reach Amazons minimum for the promotion or add one of these other awesome books to your cart These links are affiliate links Looking for more gift ideas Find the perfect gift in our 2018 Gift Guide which has ideas for home cooks bakers fancy ladies plus extracozy and memorymaking gifts Happy Holidays from Cookie and Kate The Very Best Granola December 11 2018 631 Comments Do you love granola Me too Today Im sharing my basic granola recipe which is also the best granola recipe Granted Im partial but it really is the best and I use that term sparingly Over two hundred fivestar reviews agree In fact I love this recipe so much that I shared it in my cookbook Love Real Food This granola makes a wonderful snack or breakfast add your milk of choice and maybe some fresh fruit It also stores beautifully so it makes a great homemade gift Once you try homemade granola you wont go back to storebought granola Its so much better This granola recipe is also a far more healthy granola option since its made with whole grains unrefined oil and naturally sweetened You just cant beat freshly baked granola packed with delicious and goodforyou ingredients Plus homemade granola is super easy to make Youll only need one bowl and some basic pantry ingredients Ready to make some Continue to the recipe Fluffy Cranberry Orange Muffins December 9 2018 59 Comments These fluffy cranberry orange muffins will make your house smell like the holidays I hope they become your new favorite holiday muffin recipe It took me eight tries to get these muffins just right but they were absolutely worth the effort These muffins are bursting with fresh cranberry and orange flavor Theyre fluffy and moist and deliciouseverything I want a muffin to be Plus theyre made with wholesome ingredients like whole wheat flour and Greek yogurt and theyre naturally sweetened with honey or maple syrup You can keep those details to yourself thoughno one will guess that these muffins are healthier than most Did I mention that you can easily mix these together by hand No mixer required Serve them for breakfast or brunch or bring them to your holiday parties this year Continue to the recipe Easy Chocolate Bark December 6 2018 11 Comments If youre looking for a lastminute holiday recipe to bring to a party Ive got you covered No need to make a batch of cookies when you can whip up some chocolate bark This chocolate bark recipe is so easy to make and I bet you have all of the ingredients in your pantry already Today Im sharing my favorite chocolate bark recipe plus tips on how to change it up The chocolate bark you see here features dark chocolate you can even use good chocolate chips topped with toasted chopped nuts and seeds and dried cranberries I sprinkled it lightly with flaky sea salt which basically makes it taste like sweetandsalty trail mix chocolate bark You could call it gourmet and healthy in moderation like everything else Lets make some Continue to the recipe Pomegranate Pear Green Salad with Ginger Dressing December 4 2018 I cant take my eyes off this salad The concept came to me as I was improvising a big green salad for Friendsgiving this year Salads are often overlooked at the holidays so I set out to make a festive redandgreen showstopper I knew I wanted to incorporate rubyred pomegranate arils and fresh pear since theyre both so delicious this time of year I added Honeycrisp apple goat cheese and pecans for good measure To make the dressing taste festive and cut through the sweetness of the fruit I added fresh ginger to my basic apple cider vinaigrette Believe me this salad tastes as good as it looks This salad might look fancy but its simple to put together Youll want to pay extra attention to how you prepare the ingredients so Ive typed up some tips below If youre craving some greens to get you through the holidays or already working on your holiday menu this salad is for you Continue to the recipe What to Cook This December December 1 2018 61 Comments December already I cant believe it I hope your holidays are merry and bright but I know this can be a tough time of year Cookie and I are so thankful for you Were sneaking away to New Orleans for Christmas My birthday is on Christmas Day and I get to do what I want for once Please let me know in the comments if you have any recommendationswould love your suggestions on where to eat especially if I need to make reservations and what to do Links lately 2018 holiday gift guide Recent dog food recalls What 18 years of journaling has taught me Why organic soap Palm oil was supposed to help save the planet See 4 Love this fourpart Netflix cooking series Apples Simple GlutenFree Apple Crisp Gluten free and easily vegan see recipe notes Ive made this twice now with a mixture of apples from a coWorkers apple orchard Super delicious What made it most fun was my 3 year old grandson stealing apple slices from the cutting board as I sliced the apples cant wait to try some of your other recipes Thanks Louise More apple recipes Show me more fruit and vegetables older Next Page Hello I cook fresh vegetarian recipes My dog Cookie catches the crumbs About CK Contact New Here Shop Amazon Barnes Noble POPULAR RECIPES Sunshine Salad Dressing Classic Minestrone Soup BLOGGER RESOURCES How to Start a Food Blog Food Photography Tips 20 Tips for Food Bloggers How to Start Any Blog | [
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http://cookierun.wikia.com/wiki/Cookie_Run_Wiki | Home HEAR HEAR We are currently in the progress of merging the CR and CROB Wiki All updated info is now provided in this wiki The CookieRunner has made a comeback Visit our site 2276 articles since its creation on February 24 2014 Welcome Cookie Run Wiki is a collaborative wiki dedicated to the Cookie Run universe a franchise developed by Devsisters Youll find information on cookies pets treasures episodes and more The wiki is dedicated to collecting all information related to the game About Forums Rules and Policies Blogs Recent Activity Categories Guidelines Help Random Page Crystal Calculator App 20 beta LINE and Kakao Cookie Run Portals Cookies Pets Treasures Episodes Cookie Run OvenBreak Portals Cookies Pets Treasures Trophy Race Island of Memories Breakout Mode Cookie Trials Friendly Run Friends Featured Article Lemon Cookie is an Sgrade Cookie released in 10 July 2015 together with the accompanying pet Electro Lemon He creates an Electro Shield which acts like a strong magnetic aura that can collect Dark Moon Jellies as well Previously Featured Sea Fairy Cookie General Jujube Cookie Soda Cookie Game News 12 Farewell to LINE Cookie Run March 15 2018 by Kevsuc Hello Its been almost 2 years since I virtually out of this Wikia The real life after college has really hit me hard Today I come back with a sad n 1 The Year 2016 in Cookie Run A Summary January 2 2017 by PeppermintSoda A CookieRunner Extra The CookieRunner is back in business However it will only be in the form of these blog posts which are snippets of supposed issu 1 December Treasure Draw Season December 16 2016 by Clubdcfdtl Today Devsisters has been annouced that the next Treasure Draw Season will begin in December 22 2016 at 11AM GMT9 So according to the notices Community News 0 On the Subject of Comments December 22 2018 by PeppermintSoda Hello everyone and good afternoon At least over here that is Over the past few weeks Ive noticed the amount of comments posted on many of the art 3 Changes to listing of a few nonbinary Cookies November 22 2018 by PassionatePubli Hello Today the wiki has had to make a few hard decisions regarding the categorizing on a few Cookie pages The following Cookies have been affected 0 Proposal for Cookie Run Wikia logo May 17 2018 by Kevsuc Hello As promised I am releasing my new version of Cookie Run Wikia logo The logo is specifically made without excessive special effects for visib More Game News More Community News About Cookie Run Cookie Runs current time is Sun 6 Jan 2019 939 GMT9 What is Cookie Run Cookie Run is a franchise of a sidescrolling running game by Devsisters for iOS and Android It may look like a piece of cake but this is one tough cookie to crack Help the cute cookies escape a fate worse than bad bakery First established in January 23 2014 players guide cookies to run and score as much as they can More Ongoing Events Update See All Events Download Cookie Run OvenBreak Helping Out To create a new article type in the title of the article you wanted to create Our Guidelines will help you create a good article Be sure to check it out Admins on this Wiki are always helpful If you need some help or assistance try to contact one of these admins and they will be very glad to respond Active Admins PeppermintSoda PassionatePubli Most Active Users TristianJ Fyscl Entertainmates Inactive Admins Kevsuc busy Tricoro busy Did you know Add a fact that Wizard Cookie is considered to be a child cookie that Strawberry Cookie and Fairy Cookie both have the same jumping and sliding sound effect that Lovely Ladys Lost Shoe were once named as Hermes Shoes that throughout the history of Cookie Run there were three different versions of the background found in the seventh stage of Escape from the Oven that Strawberry Cookie Cheesecake Cookie Pilot Cookie and Dark Choco Cookie are the only Cookies in OvenBreak from the initial release that have still not been given a costume that Cherry Cookie and Mint Choco Cookie are the only cookies who have three running phases and restart if they collide Cookie Run Wiki Poll Previous poll results This wiki is not affiliated with nor endorsed by Devsisters Licensed material used on this site qualifies under fair use All trademarks go to their respective owners This wiki is a result of a collaborative work made by several contributors and information inside this wiki does not represent the wikis point of view and can subject to change without notice This wiki mainly focuses currently on the OvenBreak version of Cookie Run Cookie Wars updates will come given appropriate release times and scheduling Retrieved from httpcookierunwikiacomwikiCookie_Run_Wikioldid102804 Categories Notice Miscellaneous | [
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http://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/14551/extra-firm-tofu-past-expiration-date-safe-but-for-how-long | Extra Firm Tofu past expiration date : safe , but for how long ? up vote 1 down vote favorite How long past the expiration date is pre - packaged extra - firm tofu safe , tasty and wholesome . Generally , expiration dates are for sissies , but something about the tofu made me think twice . I ' ve seen the fresh tofu expiration question already posted : how long is tofu good for ? , but thought there may be a difference with the tofu from the grocery produce section . food - safety storage - lifetime tofu share improve this question edited Apr 13 ' 17 at 12 : 33 Community ♦ 1 asked May 6 ' 11 at 22 : 17 Ray Mitchell 273 5 13 add a comment 1 Answer active oldest votes up vote 3 down vote accepted Tofu is high in protein , with a neutral PH . And it ( normally ) does n ' t contain any preservatives like salt , sugar or nitrates . Bacteria love foods like that . If it ' s past the date , chuck it out . share improve this answer answered May 6 ' 11 at 22 : 24 Mike Baranczak 814 5 + 1 Tofu is cheap and it smells TERRIBLE when it goes bad . Sobachatina May 7 ' 11 at 2 : 44 add a comment Your Answer By clicking " Post Your Answer " , you acknowledge that you have read our updated terms of service privacy policy and cookie policy , and that your continued use of the website is subject to these policies . Not the answer you ' re looking for ? Browse other questions tagged food - safety storage - lifetime tofu or ask your own question | [
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http://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/40852/can-you-freeze-egg-noodle-pasta | Can you freeze egg noodle pasta ? up vote 1 down vote favorite I recently made fresh egg noodle pasta . I made too much ! Can I freeze it ? I have tried freezing other kinds of pasta but am skeptical of freezing egg noodle pasta . What should I do ? freezing pasta food - preservation share improve this question edited Jan 5 ' 14 at 6 : 04 Preston 2,746 3 19 39 asked Jan 4 ' 14 at 22 : 02 Brady 6 1 2 But when you freeze it for too long it may get freeze burns and that ' s bad . user3528438 Dec 20 ' 17 at 16 : 21 add a comment 4 Answers active oldest votes up vote 4 down vote Yes , you can freeze it . Per Eat By Date , it should last 6 - 8 months when frozen . The eggs do n ' t really change the ability to freeze it . For example , you can also freeze raw cookie dough containing eggs . share improve this answer answered Jan 4 ' 14 at 22 : 10 SAJ14SAJ 67.2k 12 127 201 2 You might want to divide whatever is leftover into individual portions prior to freezing so that you do n ' t have to thaw the whole thing unless you want to . Didgeridrew Jan 5 ' 14 at 7 : 47 add a comment I ' d like to add one more point . Yes , you can freeze homemade egg pasta and it does very well . Furthermore , you can add the still frozen pasta to boiling water to cook it . It does so beautifully that way that there is no discernible difference between " just made " pasta and pasta that has been frozen . No need to defrost , just add the frozen pasta to the boiling water . improve this answer answered Jan 5 ' 14 at 12 : 46 Jolenealaska ♦ 50.4k 18 156 280 I suggest that you freeze uncooked noodles because cooked noodles are nasty when you try to thaw and cook again . You can also freeze balls of the dough and then take it out and thaw about an hour before using it to make " fresh " noodles as needed ! Feb 1 ' 15 at 18 : 11 SabbyKat 21 0 I cut them as thin as I can . I use a straight edge . Cut them as narrow as you want . Then lay the pasta out on a large cutting board . Use big floor fan that turns back and forth . In about an hour , vacuum seal them . I just dump them in boiling broth frozen , they fall right apart in about ten minutes . edited Dec 20 ' 17 at 18 : 35 Stephie ♦ 36.1k 5 99 134 Dec 20 ' 17 at 14 : 58 DOC Your Answer By clicking " Post Your Answer " , you acknowledge that you have read our updated terms of service privacy policy and cookie policy , and that your continued use of the website is subject to these policies . Not the answer you ' re looking for ? Browse other questions tagged freezing pasta food - preservation or ask your own question | [
"egg noodle pasta",
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http://cookit.e2bn.org/historycookbook/22-112-Edwardians-and-WW1-Food-facts.html | History Cookbook ‹ Back Edwardians and WW1 Homepage Life Food Facts Health Facts Edwardian and WW1 Picture Gallery Food 1 In Edwardian times food became very important socially . However there was a huge difference between what rich and poor people ate . The rich spent a lot of money on food and its preparation . The poor , however , had barely enough food for one decent meal a day . More 2 Meals were served by servants who were expected to be faultlessly clean , polite and competent . Mealtimes included breakfast , lunch , afternoon tea and dinner and there were a lot of dishes to choose from . More 3 Dinner parties were very showy and expensive . There were not quite as many dishes as there had been in the nineteenth century . There were usually no more than eight to ten courses , but they were far more elaborate . Dinner parties were so important to the reputation of wealthy Edwardian families that the chef could earn far more than the butler . 4 French cuisine became fasionable King Edward VII admired French cooking and the upper classes soon followed his lead . 5 Grand hotels , like the Savoy , were amazingly fashionable places in which to dine . The extravagance could be quite shocking . For one party , the Ritz put in an illuminated garden fountain that gushed champagne . The restaurant owners would keep a record of the food preferences of their richer guests . 6 Afternoon Tea became the fashion for the rich . All well brought up young English women knew how to present Afternoon Tea . 7 The tea shops , which had grown up in the Victorian era , were now meeting places for young people . Lyon ' s Corner Houses were to be found in every city centre , with their light , glamorous interiors . 8 Dinner , however , was a meal with strict etiquette ( ways of behaving ) . This covered everything from the way the table was laid out and the meal served , to the food that was eaten . Courses were served in order , with the correct cutlery and china , which meant very hard work for the servants . 9 The very height of fashion was to travel and dine on an ocean liner . First class passengers on the Titanic , for example , sat down to 11 courses , in the most glamorous surroundings . 10 For the families of poor labourers , there was only one good meal a day , if that . Often the diet was still based on tea , bread and jam or dripping , potatoes and bacon . 11 Cookbooks were still very popular . Books with advice about home - making , cooking and entertaining were still very important , such as Mrs Humphrey ' s ' The Book of the Home ' ( 1909 ) . 12 Fish and chips and pie shops were now very common . These had started in the Victorian period and catered for poorer people . They were particuarly common in London . 13 Picnics , started by the Victorians , were very popular with the Edwardians . The new motor cars made carrying the food and equipment much easier . Special recipes were created especially for the picnic 14 There were more branded and processed foods available . Some processed foods , including Fry ' s cocoa , were now found in larders , and products such as baking powder and gelatine were used in most homes . 15 Most people still cooked on closed ranges but gas cookers were becoming more common . By the start of the Edwardian period , over a quarter of the families who lived in towns and cities had a gas cooker and many had a simple refrigerator with two compartments : in one side was a block of ice , and in the other side , the food . Most large countryside houses still used a range . 16 In the early days of WW1 , panic buying and hording caused food shortages at home . Some shops sold out of food in days . Then things settled down , however , the German Navy attempted to prevent imports to Britain by introducing unrestricted submarine warfare . By the end of 1916 , U - German boats were sinking many ships carrying food ( on average around 300,000 tons of shipping a month was lost ) . 17 Food rationing was introduced in 1918 . As 1917 drew to a close people began to fear that food would run out . Panic buying caused shortages and when malnutrition was found in many poor people , the Ministry of Food introduced rationing . In January 1918 , sugar was rationed , then later butchers ' meat . More foods were added to the list as the year went on . 18 By the end of the war , Britain had an extra three million acres of farming land . The ' Defence Of the Realm Act ' ( DORA ) let the government take over land when it needed to . Rationing food and other measures taken were successful and ( according to official sources ) most people obtained the food they needed . 19 Getting food to the font line was often a problem . The British Army employed 300,000 field workers to cook and supply the food . When troops were away from the front , the food they ate was probably better than many of them got at home , especially if they came from poorer families . When at the front , however , it was a very challenging task to get food to the soldiers in good condition . 20 The soldier ' s food was often supplied in cans and was very monotonous . Most of the diet in the trenches was bully - beef ( canned corned beef ) , bread and biscuits or Maconochie stew . By 1916 , flour was in such short supply that bread was being made with dried , ground turnips . 21 The battalion ' s kitchen staff used large vats in which everything was prepared . Mobile field cookers were brought as far forward as safety allowed , to allow cooks to provide ( theoretically ' hot ' ) food for troops in the firing line . Despite the use of insulated containers , this food was usually cold when it reached the trenches . 22 During battles , there were particular problems in getting food down the lines . Getting hot food from the field kitchen to the front lines was impossible when a battle was raging . Catering staff put food in old cans and jars and carried it along the trenches in straw - lined boxes . It was always cold when it arrived . 23 Special iron rations were carried when advancing into enemy territory . The two - part sealed tin ( Emergency Ration ) , which could only be consumed by express permission of an officer , contained cocoa paste and beef paste ( which could be spooned onto hard tack biscuits or mixed with boiled water and drunk - as hot cocoa or bovril ) . | [
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http://cool-smileys.com/text-emoticons | List of Text Emoticons The Ultimate Resource This list is our attempt to create a resource of all the text smileys and emoticons in the world This should be quite useful People currently use ASCII Emoticons in chat rooms Emails and cellular phones SMS Messages Often times I also get questions about this or that unique smiley What does this text emoticon mean and finally here is my complete answer How to use this list Browsing the complete file can be a very daunting task My recommendation is to use your browsers find function usually CTRLF on a PC or CMDF on a Mac and find the text emoticon that expresses your current feeling or mood If you are trying to find out the meaning of an unknown smiley you can search for it in the same manner As this site also functions as a graphic smiley database when you click on a smiley expression you will be taken to our search interface to find the graphical representation of the text emoticon that you have 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http://coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/science/global_warming2.php | Global Warming - Facts - An Overview Global warming is the warming up of the planet above the temperature it is expected to be from recent experience . It is such a concern at the moment as it seems that the temperature is rising at a rate far faster than ever before and it is thought that it may be the activities of the human population over the last 150 years or so that is causing it . What is global warming ? Mean temperatures over the whole planet have risen by about 0.8 ° C ( 1.4 ° F ) in the last 100 years . More than half of this increase has happened in the last 25 years . The temperature records used to calculate this are extensive , they have been assembled from thousands of observation sites on land and sea covering a large , representative portion of the Earth ' s surface . Checks and allowances have been made for any bias that may have arisen from the weather stations or instrument changes . This is a worry because while the planet can cope with changes in temperature which are known to have happened over periods of tens and hundreds of thousands of years in the past and certainly over millions of years , we do n ' t know how it will cope with relatively rapid changes in temperature . The current rate of change is much faster than at any other time in the last 1,300 years as far as we are aware and this is a real problem as while animals and plants can adapt to slow changes by migration for instance , a rapid change will inevitably lead to large extinctions of many species . The human population of the earth is also dependent on a stable climate for established agriculture and also cities , millions if not billions of people stand to suffer from the consequences of global warming mainly the most vulnerable people in the undeveloped nations . Climate changes in the past over Geological time periods ( hundreds of thousands of years upwards ) have been very drastic . During cold periods , much of the planet , even thousands of miles from both poles have been ice - covered by huge glaciers . During warm periods , the same regions may have been sub - tropical or even tropical . Accompanying this have been large changes in sea - level so that some areas of land have either become flooded completely or left high and dry . It is potentially an enormous problem as if the global temperature rises to a level where it is affecting the Antarctic ice - caps , they may begin to melt and cause sea - level rises globally measured in meters . There are a great many cities around the world that are on the coast and they would be flooded and possibly have to be abandoned . There are also a great many countries , especially poorer countries where a large part of the population live in coastal regions . In this case the farm - land would be flooded and the people left homeless and without the ability to feed themselves . In some cases entire island nations ( albeit small ones ) There are two questions about Global Warming that the world has at the moment and neither of them has a clear answer , there is much scientific debate and an awful lot of political argument too . 1 / If Global Warming is the result of man ' s activities : How do we stop it ? Whose responsibility is it to stop it ? Can we stop it ? 2 / As Global Warming is taking place , regardless of the cause : How do we deal with it ' s effects ? How do we know that global warming has taken place ? We know that global warming has taken place because millions of temperature measurements have been taken over many decades from all points on the earth . The measurement of global warming is of a wide variety of statistics over a period of time and therefore can be quite difficult to explain and understand . The global average air temperature shows a linear trend of 0.74 [ 0.56 to 0.92 ] ° C for the 100 - years from 1906 - 2005 This sounds like a small increase and is easily misinterpreted . For example some would say that when 2006 is described as being " the hottest in Britain since 1659 " ( when temperatures began to be recorded in central England ) it simply means that it was as warm in 2006 as it was in 1659 and there was n ' t any worry about global warming then , so why is there now ? Hottest since 1659 means that was when temperatures started to be recorded - not that 1659 was the 2nd hottest year ever . So it is the hottest year since at least 1659 - possibly longer . Past record years have come pretty much at random and certainly not in groups . The fourth hottest year in Britain since 1659 was 1949 , 8 of the 10 hottest years since 1860 have all occurred in the last decade . Daily variations in temperature can commonly be from 5 ° C to 10 ° C which makes the average 0.74 ° C rise difficult to spot by the individual in the shorter term . Some parts of the world are showing the effects of warming more than others . The Northern hemisphere for instance appears to be warming more than the Southern hemisphere , possibly because there is more land in the north and more sea in the south How does global warming affect our lives now ? It is difficult to say specifically what the current effects of global warming are as the weather over much of the globe is subject to large natural variations . We can not say categorically that a particular storm or event such as hurricane , tornado , flood etc . is a result of global warming because these things have always happened and there have always historically been years when there have been more or less of them than the average . These are some of the effects that have been observed in recent years : Studies suggest that the ranges of plant and animal species are shifting towards the poles at around six kilometres a decade . Sea levels rising around the world by around 200mm ( 8 inches ) in 150 years as a result of increased meltwater from ice - caps but mainly from the thermal expansion of sea water . - Threats to low - lying areas from storms and flooding . The frequency of heavy precipitation events ( rainfall ) has increased over most land areas - consistent with warming and increases of atmospheric water vapour . Greater prevalence of floods . Drying in the Sahel , the Mediterranean , southern Africa and parts of southern Asia . Crop failures and increased regional conflict . More intense and longer droughts observed since the 1970s , particularly in the tropics and subtropics . Crop failures . Annual average Arctic sea ice extent shrunk by 2.4 % per decade , decreases in summer of 7.4 % Effects on wildlife , particularly polar bears at first . Significantly increased precipitation in eastern parts of North and South America , northern Europe and northern and central Asia . Greater prevalence of floods . Melting permafrost . Temperatures at the top of permafrost layer have generally increased since the 1980s by up to 3 ° C Buildings and roads subside and ecosystems are altered across the arctic from Alaska to Canada and Russia . Cold days , cold nights and frost less frequent . Hot days , hot nights , and heat waves more frequent . Observational evidence for an increase of intense tropical cyclone activity in the North Atlantic since about 1970 , correlated with increases of tropical sea surface temperatures . Retreat of glaciers and snow pack in mountainous regions - Such areas act as slow - release reservoirs for water supply in many parts of the world - can lead to water shortages and droughts . Glacier retreat since 1960 These aspects of climate have not been observed to change so far : Increased incidence of Tornadoes Increased incidence of Dust - storms Increased incidence of Hail Increased incidence of Lightning Melting Antarctic sea ice How will global warming affect our future ? The predicted effects of global warming will mean that more of what would have been " normal " storms become more destructive , heavy rainfall becomes very heavy rainfall , short droughts become longer droughts etc . More extreme weather events will become more common . The worst potential effects of global warming are probably a result of melting of icecaps so causing global sea - levels to rise and flood many low - lying areas of the world including major cities and agricultural areas . The extent to which this might happen is dependent on how much the temperature may rise and this is the most difficult to forecast . One of the currently most regarded estimates for this future warming is 1.8 ° C - this is in addition to warming that has already happened . IPCC There is however the possibility that this could be anywhere from a possible 1.1 ° C to as high as 6.4 ° C . This warming effect is expected to be greater in the Northern than the Southern hemisphere and to become more pronounced at higher northern latitudes . These are some of the predicted effects for the future . Widespread increases in thaw depth most permafrost regions . Sea ice is projected to shrink in both the Arctic and Antarctic . In some projections , Arctic late - summer sea ice disappears almost entirely by the latter part of the 21st century . Very likely that hot extremes , heat waves , and heavy precipitation events will continue to become more frequent . Likely that future tropical cyclones will become more intense , with larger peak wind speeds and more heavy precipitation . Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries due to the timescales associated with climate processes and feedbacks , even if greenhouse gas concentrations were to be stabilized . Temperatures in excess of 1.9 to 4.6 ° C warmer than pre - industrial sustained for millennia - � eventual melt of the Greenland ice sheet . Would raise sea level by 7m . Comparable to 125,000 years ago . Snow cover is projected to contract . How can we help reduce the effects of global warming ? It ' s about cutting power use and consumption generally - not so simple in a world where consumption is often admired and sometimes envied and where power use can make life more convenient or more interesting . As a rule of thumb though anything you can do to use less energy and buy locally produced items of quality rather than cheap and cheerful in quantity will help . There are many guides as to what to do , some very effective , others less so , the most effective are : Get a less polluting car and use it less often . Get more efficient refrigeration - fridges and freezers are on 24 / 7 / 365 and as a result use the most energy of any domestic appliance . Reduce the amount of heating your house or office needs , use insulation , stop draughts , turn the thermostat down 1 degree . Reduce water heating requirements , takes showers not baths , take normal showers , not power - showers , get a more efficient washing machine . Get low energy light bulbs and turn them off when not needed . Fly less or not at all . More details here How does global warming lead to worse storms ? The earth ' s weather is the result of the effect of heat energy coming from the sun combined with the atmosphere and oceans and the fact that the earth is rotating about its axis and around the sun . Different parts of the earth heat up and cool down at different times of the day and year depending on incoming radiation , this causes air and water to move as winds and currents . In other words , the energy from the sun stirs up the earths atmosphere and oceans and causes what we call " weather " . The greater the amount of heat that arrives or is retained means that the weather becomes more energetic . Global warming means more energy is retained by the earth to power the weather , so we are likely to get more frequent and more extreme weather conditions as various kinds of storms as this energy dissipates within the atmosphere . Picture credits , copyright pictures used by permission : Petermann Glacier - NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , used under Creative Commons 2.0 license / Graphs used courtesy NASA / Hailstones - Matthias Binder , Skywarn Austria | [
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http://coolconversion.com/weight/kg-to-stones-pounds/Convert_104_kg_to_st_and_lbs_ | Feedback Convert 104 kg to st and lbs Kilograms to Stones and Pounds Calculator kilograms ( kg ) grams ( g ) stones ( st ) pounds ( lb ) or = + 104kg = 104000g = 16st and 5.28lb Value in pounds only : 229.28 Value in stones only : 16.38 Change to ' stones and pounds to kg ' Try our new Currency Converter Weight conversion chart Pounds Unit Stone kg 1 1 pound 1 ⁄ 14 0.4536 14 1 stone 6.350 28 1 quarter 2 12.70 112 1 hundredweight 8 50.80 2240 1 ( long ) ton 160 1016 Values around 104 Kilograms Kilograms Pounds 103.5 228.18 103.6 228.4 103.7 228.62 103.8 228.84 103.9 229.06 104 229.28 104.1 229.5 104.2 229.72 104.3 229.94 104.4 230.16 104.5 230.38 Note : some values may be rounded . Sample kilogram / kg in stone and pounds conversions 109.8 kg to stones and lbs 26.9 kg to stones and lbs 165.3 kg to stones and lbs 97.9 kg to stones and pounds 57.1 kg to stones and lbs 226.2 kg to stones and lbs 268.9 kg to stones and lbs 166.5 kg to stones and lbs 17.3 kg to stones and pounds 279.3 kg to stones and lbs 108.6 kg to stones and pounds 291.3 kg to stones and lbs 93.7 kg to stones and lbs 78 kg to stones and lbs 216.3 kg to stones and lbs Disclaimer While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information provided on this website , we offer no warranties in relation to these informations . | [
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http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/122-How-long-does-it-take-Saturn-to-go-around-the-Sun- | How long does it take Saturn to go around the Sun ? Saturn revolves or orbits around the Sun once every 29.4 Earth years , or once every 10,755.7 Earth days . Saturn travels at an average speed of 21,637 miles per hour or 34,821 kilometers per hour in its orbit around the Sun . | [
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http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/146--When-was-Neptune-discovered- | When was Neptune discovered ? Neptune was the first planet to be discovered by using mathematics . After the discovery of Uranus in 1781 , astronomers noticed that the planet was being pulled slightly out of its normal orbit . John Couch Adams of Britain and Urbain Jean Joseph Leverrier of France , used mathematics to predict that the gravity from another planet beyond Uranus was affecting the orbit of Uranus . They figured out not only where the planet was , but also how much mass it had . A young astronomer , Johann Gottfried Galle , decided to search for the predicted planet | [
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http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/182-What-is-the-size-of-a-comet | What is the size of a comet ? Most comets have a nucleus ( the center of a comet ) that is less than about 6 miles ( 10 km ) wide . The size of a comet changes depending on how close it is to the sun . As a comet gets closer to the sun , the ices on the surface of its nucleus vaporize and form a cloud called a coma around the nucleus that can expand out to 50,000 miles ( 80,000 km ) . A tail also forms on a comet as it approaches the sun . Comet tails can be over 600,000 | [
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http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/192-What-is-the-solar-system- | What is the solar system The solar system is the sun and everything that orbits around it It includes the planets and their moons as well as numerous asteroids and comets These objects are all held in orbit around the sun by the suns strong gravity | [
"solar system"
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http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/198-Are-moons-always-smaller-than-planets- | Are moons always smaller than planets ? Moons are always smaller than the planet that they orbit ( move around ) . A smaller body always orbits around a larger body rather than the other way around because the larger body has more gravity . However , not all of the moons are smaller than all of the planets . There are seven moons in our Solar System , including our own Moon , that are larger than Pluto . Jupiter ' s moon Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System , and Ganymede as well as Saturn ' s moon Titan are both larger | [
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http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/22-How-fast-does-Mercury-orbit-the-Sun- | How fast does Mercury orbit the Sun ? Mercury circles the Sun in only 88 days , compared to 365 days for Earth , at at an average speed of 105,947 miles ( 170,505 kilometers ) per hour . This is faster than any other planet in the Solar System . | [
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http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/irwindows.html | IR Atmospheric Windows The Universe sends us light at all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum . However , most of this light does not reach us at ground level here on Earth . Why ? Because we have an atmosphere which blocks out many types of radiation while letting other types through . Fortunately for life on Earth , our atmosphere blocks out harmful , high energy radiation like X - rays , gamma rays and most of the ultraviolet rays . It also block out most infrared radiation , as well as very low energy radio waves . On the other hand , our atmosphere lets visible light , most radio waves , and Most of the infrared light coming to us from the Universe is absorbed by water vapor and carbon dioxide in the Earth ' s atmosphere . Only in a few narrow wavelength ranges , can infrared light make it through ( at least partially ) to a ground based infrared telescope . The Earth ' s atmosphere causes another problem for infrared astronomers . The atmosphere itself radiates strongly in the infrared , often putting out more infrared light than the object in space being observed . This atmospheric infrared emission peaks at a wavelength of about 10 microns ( micron is short for a micrometer or one millionth of a meter ) . So the best view of the infrared universe , from ground based telescopes , are at infrared wavelengths which can pass through the Earth ' s atmosphere and at which the atmosphere is dim in the infrared . Ground based infrared observatories are usually placed near the summit of high , dry mountains to get above as much of the atmosphere as possible . Even so , most infrared wavelengths are completely absorbed by the atmosphere and never make it to the ground . From the table below , you can see that only a few of the infrared " windows " have both high sky transparency and low sky emission . These infrared windows are mainly at infrared wavelengths below 4 microns . Infrared Windows in the Atmosphere Wavelength Range Band Sky Transparency Sky Brightness 1.1 - 1.4 microns J high low at night 1.5 - 1.8 microns H high very low 2.0 - 2.4 microns K high very low 3.0 - 4.0 microns L 3.0 - 3.5 microns : fair 3.5 - 4.0 microns : high low 4.6 - 5.0 microns M low high 7.5 - 14.5 microns N 8 - 9 microns and 10 - 12 microns : fair others : low very high 17 - 40 microns 17 - 25 microns : Q 28 - 40 microns : Z very low very high 330 - 370 microns very low low Basically , everything we have learned about the Universe comes from studying the light or electromagnetic radiation emitted by objects in space . To get a complete picture of the Universe , we need to see it in all of its light , at all wavelengths . This is why it is so important to send observatories into space , to get above our atmosphere which prevents so much of this valuable information from reaching us . Since most infrared light is blocked by our atmosphere , infrared astronomers have placed instruments onboard , rockets , balloons , aircraft and space telescopes to view regions of the infrared which are not detectable from the ground . As a result , amazing discoveries about our Universe have been made and hundreds of thousands of new astronomical sources have been detected for the first time . Due to the rapid development of better infrared detectors and the ability to place telescopes in space , the future is extremely bright for infrared astronomy . Ground based infrared observatories , using advanced techniques such as Adaptive Optics are providing fascinating views of the infrared Universe viewed through our atmosphere ' s infrared windows . Mauna Kea Observatories Although these observatories can not view at other infrared wavelengths , they can observe the near - infrared sky almost anytime the weather permits , providing valuable long term studies of objects in space . New missions are being planned to get above the atmosphere to observe the infrared Universe with better resolution than ever before . SOFIA , an airborne observatory , is schedule to start operations in 2004 . The Spitzer Space Telescope , launched in August 2003 , is NASA ' s next great observatory in space . In the next decade , you will probably hear much news about discoveries being made in infrared astronomy , as we now can see beyond our atmosphere ' s infrared windows ! Infrared Astronomy HOME PAGE | Discovery of Infrared | What is Infrared ? Infrared Astronomy Overview Atmospheric Windows Near , Mid & Far Infrared The Infrared Universe Spectroscopy Timeline Background Future Missions News & Discoveries Images & Videos Activities Infrared Links Educational Links Getting into Astronomy | [
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http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/page/jupiter_saturn | Jupiter & Saturn Jupiter and Saturn are the biggest planets in our Solar System . Infrared observations of these gas giants have mapped weather patterns , observed asteroids and comets crashing through their atmospheres , and discovered a huge new ring around Saturn . Jupiter Jupiter , the King of the Planets , is a gas giant , which means that it ' s made mostly of gases like hydrogen and helium , and that it does n ' t have a solid surface in the way that rocky planets like Earth do . With a temperature of 130 K ( - 140 C , - 230 F ) , it ' s so cold that it gives off most of its energy in the infrared . In fact , Jupiter gives off almost twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun . Jupiter ' s Atmosphere Heat from the interior of Jupiter causes circulation patterns in the atmosphere , with warm gas rising and cooling , before sinking back into the depths of the planet . This process is called convection , and it causes the different colored bands in Jupiter ' s atmosphere . The light colored bands , called " zones , " are the rising areas , while the dark colored regions , or " belts , " are the sinking gas . The different colors come from their different chemical compositions ; astronomers think that the darker colored belts contain hydrocarbons - Atmosphere in the Infrared If we look in the infrared , we can see that the ammonia ice clouds that shine so brightly in visible light look darker in the infrared , showing that they are cooler . The clouds do n ' t just block our view of the lower layers , they also block the heat that ' s being generated from deeper in the planet , making those areas look colder than the belts . The sinking gas in the belts , on the other hand , forms no cloud cover , and so we see deep into Jupiter ' s atmosphere where it is far warmer than at the tops of the clouds . The belts glow brightly in the infrared , as they pump the heat from the planet ' s interior out into the Universe . Infrared observations can also tell us a lot about the composition of the clouds . Methane , one of the main components of Jupiter ' s atmosphere , heavily absorbs some wavelengths of infrared light . If we look in those specific wavelengths , we find that areas containing a lot of methane look very dark compared to the surrounding areas . This method can be used by astronomers to map the location and movement of different gases that make up the atmosphere . Great Red Spot One of the most famous features on Jupiter ' s surface is its Great Red Spot , a storm that ’ s been raging on the planet for over 400 years . It ' s so wide that about three Earths could fit within its boundaries . It ' s not the only storm , though - - two smaller ones nicknamed Oval BA and Little Red Spot have been churning alongside the Great Red Spot for many years . Infrared observations show complex swirls of warmer and cooler areas within the storms , and allow astronomers to track the Cosmic Collisions Jupiter has a rather violent history of getting hit by various celestial visitors . In 1994 , a large comet called Shoemaker - Levy 9 crashed into the planet , leaving massive dark scars across the planet that lasted for several months . Then , in July 2009 , another collision by an object about the size of the Titanic crashed into the planet causing an ocean - size scar . Infrared telescopes picked up this collision as a bright spot that gradually stretched out into a bright line as the hot lower layers of the planet were thrown up Searing temperatures and the presence of blistering hot ammonia flooding up from deep within Jupiter ' s atmosphere revealed that the debris from the 2009 impact was heavier than the debris from comet Shoemaker - Levy 9 , leading astronomers to conclude that the 2009 “ impactor ” was a rocky asteroid rather than an icy comet . We ' ve learned a lot by studying impacts like these . As a matter of fact , we now think that Jupiter is vital to the very survival of life here on Earth . Thanks to its location and its enormous gravitational pull , the King of the Planets acts as a gatekeeper , sweeping up comets and asteroids that might otherwise crash into Earth ! Saturn The beauty of Saturn , the Lord of the Rings , has fascinated everyone who has ever seen it through even a small telescope . Like Jupiter , Saturn is a gas giant , which means it ' s mostly made of gases like hydrogen and helium , and it does n ’ t have a solid surface in the way that rocky planets like Earth do . Saturn is mainly made of hydrogen and helium gas . Its density is so low that it would float in water . Also like Jupiter , Saturn gives off almost twice as much energy as it receives from the Sun , because it has its own internal heat source , powered by the slow gravitational collapse that started when the planet first formed . But even with this internal heat , Saturn is colder than Jupiter because it ’ s farther away from the Sun . With the extremely cold temperatures in the Saturnian system , ranging from about 55 K to 110 K ( - 220 C to - 160 C , - 360 F to - 260 F ) , Saturn , its rings ( which are made out of particles of ice and dust ) , and its moons give off most of their energy at infrared wavelengths . Saturn ' s Atmosphere The night side of Saturn and its north polar region are dominated by infrared energy that wells up from deep within the planet ' s atmosphere . Varying amounts of upper atmospheric clouds block the infrared light , causing a banded and speckled appearance that constantly shifts due to Saturn ' s strong winds . Lit from below by Saturn ' s internal infrared glow , bright areas show where the cloud cover is thinnest , allowing the heat from the planet ' s interior to blaze through . The northern hemisphere is almost twice as bright as the southern hemisphere . Scientists think this is because there are fewer high - level fine particles in the northern hemisphere to block Saturn ' s glow . A new ring for Saturn In 2011 , astronomers using Spitzer ' s infrared detectors made a startling discovery around Saturn : a new supersized ring that had lain previously undiscovered . The ring is made of diffuse ice and dust particles that are dark in color , and so invisible to regular telescopes . By looking in the infrared using Spitzer , astronomers were able to spot the heat signature of these particles , and map out the band of material . Moon Mystery Solved ? The discovery of Saturn ' s new ring may have solved an age - old mystery of one of Saturn ' s moons , Iapetus . Iapetus has a curious appearance - it ' s an icy moon , and so should reflect sunlight brightly from the whole surface , but its leading side is very dark , with a reflectivity similar to coal . This pattern of light and dark baffled astronomers for decades , but the existence of a new ring near Iapetus ' orbit gave them a possible explanation . Astronomers now think that Iapetus slams into the material from the new ring as it travels in its orbit around Saturn , splattering the dark dust over the moon ' s surface like bugs on a windshield , covering the bright ice on one half of the moon with a dingy layer of grime . Published : 12 August , 2013 | [
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http://coolfunclub.blogspot.com/2012/02/worlds-top-10-tallest-female-models.html | World ' s Top 10 Tallest Female Models The 10 tallest model in the world 10 . Rianne Ten Haken ( 5ft 11 in ) 1 , 8 m Rianne is a Dutch and she was born in 7 May 1986 . Her professional modeling career began as soon as she won Elite Model Look 2001 when she was 15 . Read more after the break . . . . . . . . . 9 . Michelle Buswell ( 1 , 80 m or 5 ft and 11 in ) Michelle is American born August 3 , 1982 . She entered professional modeling in 2002 after she was invited to follow modeling casting while she was staying on a hotel near Disney World . 8 . Julia Stegner ( 1 , 80 m or 5 ft 11 inch ) Julia is a German born November 2 , 1984 in Munich . Before in modeling , she was a basket athlete in her high school . Her professional modeling career began after Louisa Von Minchwitz of Louisa Models found her while she was 15 . 7 . Jade Parfitt ( 1.85 m or 6 ft 1 in ) Jade is a British born 1 June 1978 in Kingston , London . She is a blond hair - blue eye model who enter modeling when she was 15 after she won “ this Morning ” UK TV modeling competition . 6 . Erin O ’ Connor ( 1.83m or 6 ft ) Erin is a British born February 9 , 1978 . Her modeling career runs since 1996 . So far , she has worked with DIOR , Donna Karan , Prada , John Galliano and Versace . 5 . Janeta Samp ( 6 , 05 feet ) Janete is a Polish born 1987 in Gdynia . She debut her professional career with Viva Paris while she was 18 4 . Hana Soukupová ( 1.83 m or 6 ft ) Hana is a professional model . Same as most girls on the list , she began her career when she was 15 . Her first professional modeling deal was with Carolina Herrera Chic perfume 3 . Oluchi Onweagba ( 6 ’ 1 feet 185cm ) Oluchi is a beautiful black model who was born in August 1 1982 . She entered professional modeling in 16th year old after she champion Face Of Africa Contest 13 years ago . 2 . Tiiu Kuik ( 6 ft 1 in or 1.85 meter ) Tiiu Kuik is Estonian born March 16 1987 . She is now active as professional model for dozens fashion designers and 4 big modeling agencies . Two of them are Marilyn Model and D management . 1 . Caroline Welz ( 6 ft 9 inches or 2.05 meters ) Caroline is German born July 6 1986 in Cologne . She is a professional Model , fashion designer and she is one of top 10 tallest living women in the world according to Guinness . On that list , she is the only tallest model . Labels : Model Top Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Love to see your comments ! Newer Post Older Post Home | [
"Tallest Female Models",
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http://coolinterestingstuff.com/the-lost-city-of-atlantis-the-facts | Home Strange Places THE LOST CITY OF ATLANTIS – The Facts UNEXPLAINED MYSTERIES THE LOST CITY OF ATLANTIS – The Facts September 6 , 2012 | A Strange Mystery | Strange Places The mystery of the lost city of Atlantis still captures the imagination of millions . Was it real or just myth . Here are the basic facts . Solon ( 638 BC – 558 BC ) was a famous Athenian statesman , lawmaker , and Lyric poet who allegedly heard the story of Atlantis from Egyptian priests that he was visiting that claimed that the Athenians had forgotten their true history because from time - to - time their civilization had been largely destroyed by catastrophes . Has Christos found Atlantis ? Atlantis was first described by the Greek philosopher Plato more than 2,000 years ago . While many believe the story is a myth created by Plato to illustrate his theories about politics , others insist it is based on a real historical disaster . According to Plato ’ s account , written around 360BC , Atlantis was a major sea power located in the Atlantic . It was larger than ancient Libya and Asia Minor ( modern Turkey ) put together , and was ‘ the way to the other islands , and from these you might pass to the whole of the opposite continent ’ . His account included detailed descriptions of the island – with mountains in the north and along the coast , and a plain in the south . Its kings were descended from Poseidon – the god of sea – but their divine lineage became diluted as they mixed with mortals . By around 9600BC the island had conquered much of Western Europe and Africa and enslaved its enemies . This date would make the city nearly as old as the end of the last ice age and pre - dates the earliest recorded city states , found in what is now Iraq , so seems rather unlikely . After a failed attempt to invade Athens , the entire island sank into the sea ‘ in a single day and night of misfortune ’ . Over the centuries , scholars have attempted to locate the real Atlantis – believing the account was based on a real ancient superpower . One of the most plausible theories is that Plato was describing the Minoan civilisation on Crete and the neighbouring island of Santorini which was devastated by a massive volcanic eruption around 1600BC . Some believe the Atlantis myth was inspired by the Black Sea floods of around 5000BC – an event that may have also generated the flood stories which appeared in the Old Testament . The Facts ! The Egyptian priests referred to the “ Declamation of Heavenly Bodies ” , meaning meteorites , which cause devastation on the planet . — – The Egyptian priests understood that from time - to - time there were serious natural catastrophes that involved fire and water ( from which they had been largely immune ) . They attributed these to the actions of the Gods A war once took place between the Athenians and the Atlanteans The Athenians apparently came from Athens . The Atlanteans apparently came from an island beyond the pillars of Hercules ( Straights of Gibraltar ) The war took place 9,000 years before the time of writing which was approximately 2,500 years before today – so in effect 11,500 years ago . Atlantis was allegedly an island greater in size than Libya and Asia combined . Atlantis was eventually destroyed by an earthquake . The Athenian Gods were at peace with each other . The story had been forgotten by the Athenians because of a great deluge whereby only the illiterate people of the mountains had survived . Solon inferred that the event took place before the time of Theseus . At the time the Athenians ruled a land from the Isthmus ( of Corinth ) to the heights of the Cithaeron ( a mountain range in what is today central Greece ) and Parnes . Oropus was the boundary on the right and the river Asopus the boundary on the left . The Athenian land was fertile and able to support a great army . Many floods had taken place during the 9,000 years prior to the recording of the story . Many of the cliffs surrounding this ( Athenian ) land had been eroded and fallen into the sea . Many of the woods that once existed have disappeared . The land was less eroded and less rainfall was swept into the sea . The climate was more temperate . The Acropolis was larger and surrounded by soil and not the outcrop of rock it is now . They had Gymnasia . There were once more springs that disappeared after an earthquake . The Athenians were healthy , beautiful people that were well prepared for war . Poseidon was patron and God of Atlantis . ( God of the sea and earthquakes ) Atlantis was an Island with a small mountain at its centre with fertile plains surrounding it . The central mountain had rings of water surrounding it . Water flowed from underground – some hot , some cold . Crops flourished in the fertile soil . Poseidon ’ s first child ( born on Atlantis ) was named Atlas and the ocean around the Island was named Atlantic . From beyond the Pillars of Hercules the lost city of Atlantis controlled islands and lands as far as Egypt . They had extensive trade with other countries . Orichalcum ( an unknown red coloured metal or alloy possible a mixture of copper and gold ) was common on the Island . The Island was well forested . There were a great number of elephants on the Island . The Island had chestnut trees . The City / island existed long enough for many rulers / kings to develop it . The lost city of Atlantis had a canal from the sea to an inner lagoon . Three kinds of stone , one red , one black and one white were quarried on the Island of Atlantis . They used brass to cover their dwellings and brass , tin and orichalcum to cover the outer walls of their cities . Poseidon ’ s temple at the centre had a barbaric appearance and the roof ( interior ) was made of Ivory . In the temple there was a statue of the god in a chariot . The lost city of Atlantis made use of private and public baths and then saved the water for use on their fields . The later docks had Triremes and many naval supplies . The Island had cliffs on most sides but was otherwise a plateau with a small mountain at its centre and mountains to the North . The North of the Island had high and beautiful mountains . The plain featured a circular ditch ( canyon ) of such size ( a 100 ft in depth ) that it could not have been manmade . The military had war chariots . They benefited from winter rains . Their shields were small . The land was divided into ten kingdoms each with its own city . No King was to ever make war on another Atlantean King . This rule lasted for a great time but in the end the Kings became victim to mortal desires and sins Has the real lost city of Atlantis finally been found Over 11,000 years ago there existed an island nation located in the middle of the Atlantic ocean populated by a noble and powerful race . The people of this land possessed great wealth thanks to the natural resources found throughout their island . The island was a center for trade and commerce . The rulers of this land held sway over the people and land of their own island and well into Europe and Africa . This was the island of Atlantis . Atlantis was the domain of Poseidon , god of the sea . When Poseidon fell in love with a mortal woman , Cleito , he created a dwelling at the top of a hill near the middle of the island and surrounded the dwelling with rings of water and land to protect her . Cleito gave birth to five sets of twin boys who became the first rulers of Atlantis . The island was divided among the brothers with the eldest , Atlas , first King of Atlantis , being given control over the central hill and surrounding areas . At the top of the central hill , a temple was built to honor Poseidon which housed a giant gold statue of Poseidon riding a chariot pulled by winged horses . It was here that the rulers of Atlantis would come to discuss laws , pass judgments , and pay tribute to Poseidon . . To facilitate travel and trade , a water canal was cut through of the rings of land and water running south for 5.5 miles ( ~ 9 km ) to the sea . The city of Atlantis sat just outside the outer ring of water and spread across the plain covering a circle of 11 miles ( 1.7 km ) . This was a densely populated area where the majority of the population lived . Beyond the city lay a fertile plain 330 miles ( 530 km ) long and 110 miles ( 190 km ) wide surrounded by another canal used to collect water from the rivers and streams of the mountains . The climate was such that two harvests were possible each year . One in the winter fed by the rains and one in the summer fed by irrigation from the canal . Surrounding the plain to the north were mountains which soared to the skies . Villages , lakes , rivers , and meadows dotted the mountains . Besides the harvests , the island provided all kinds of herbs , fruits , and nuts . An abundance of animals , including elephants , roamed the island . For generations the Atlanteans lived simple , virtuous lives . But slowly they began to change . Greed and power began to corrupt them . When Zeus saw the immorality of the Atlanteans he gathered the other gods to determine a suitable punishment . Soon , in one violent surge it was gone . The island of Atlantis , its people , and its memory were swallowed by the sea . More Mysteries Comments MORE : OTHER TOPICS : Atlantis strange places 28 6 | [
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"THE LOST CITY OF ATLANTIS",
"meteorites"
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http://coolmob.org/ | We are working with the community to shape a sustainable future in the NT Join Us Now Our Campaigns and Projects Energy Efficiency Project Ewaste Education Project Sustainable House Day Sustainable living is about little things that can make a big difference Get Involved Volunteer with us If youve got a few spare hours and a passion for sustainable living wed love for you to join us Partner with us If your organisation or group has ideas to collaborate with us to create positive change wed love to hear from you Make a Donation Join the growing number of Territorians giving a voice to protecting the Territorys environment Become a member or make a donation Stay in the loop Like and follow us on Facebook and Instagram to see what were up to and stay connected Save Energy and Money this Wet Season Were almost in November and the build up season has well and truly arrived We know this at COOLmob because Read more BLUE Free Screening The Keep Top End Coasts Healthy team is organising a free screening of the Australian feature film BLUE This event Read more Registration now open Sustainable House Day is happening on the 16th of September in Darwin and rural surrounds as part of the nationwide Read more Positions Available Oops We cant seem to find the page youre looking for Return to homepage Read more | [
"COOLmob",
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http://coolweather.net/staterainfall/newyork.htm | New York city precipitation totals City Avg Annual Precip Avg Annual Snow Avg . # days of Precip Avg # thunderstorm days Avg # hail days Avg # severe thunderstorm watches per year Avg # tornado watches per year # of tornadoes reported in county , 1960 - 2010 Albany 38.60 63.8 135 24 1 1 11 7 Binghamton 38.65 84.9 162 29 11 8 Buffalo 40.54 93.7 169 30 5 17 Islip 46.52 25.7 116 26 0 0 5 19 New York City ( JFK ) 42.46 23.9 118 23 7 Rochester 33.98 92.6 159 27 6 3 Syracuse 40.05 117.5 171 27 9 8 New York Annual Precipitation Average - 41.90 " , 25th wettest state in the U.S . New York Tornado Average - 5.6 per year - 30th most in the U.S . Largest reported Tornado in New York from 1950 - 2011 , 5 / 31 / 1998 - 1,500 yards / .85 miles wide Date with highest number of reported Tornadoes in New York from 1950 - 2011 , May 31st - 22 tornadoes Average time of occurrence of reported Tornadoes in New York from 1950 - 2011 - 3 : 18 pm New York Annual Lightning Density - 6.1 flashes per square mile - 26th highest in U.S . Record Driest year in New York from 1895 - 2012 - 1941 , avg precipitation 30.75 inches Record Wettest year in from 1895 - 2012 - 2011 , avg precipitation 54.16 inches New York Precipitation Records Driest location ranked by lowest annual average precipitation : Chazy , northeastern New York , 30.25 " Wettest location ranked by highest annual average precipitation : Slide Mountain , southern New York , 63.61 " Snowiest location ranked by highest annual average snowfall : Old Forge , central New York , 226.7 " State precipitation record for 24 hours - Brewster , southeastern New York , 9 / 16 / 1999 , 13.70 " State precipitation record for 1 year - Slide Mountain , southern New York , 1996 , 90.97 " State snowfall record for 24 hours - Adams , northern New York , 1 / 9 / 1976 , 68.0 " State snow record for 1 season - Hooker , north - central New York , 1976 - 1977 , 466.9 " On 1 / 26 / 1972 , Oswego in north - central New York received the current U.S. record snowfall of 9.1 " in just one hour and 27.0 " in only 3.5 hours The average for winter season snowfall in New York is over 40 inches On January 21 , 1985 , three days of snow squalls at Buffalo , New York finally came to an end . The squalls , induced by relatively warm water in Lake Erie , produced 34 inches of snow at the International Airport , with up to 47 inches reported in the suburbs of Buffalo . The New York " Blizzard of 85 " left many counties disaster areas temperature averages and extremes , New York City climate records , precipitation / temperature data for all U.S. states and interesting Top 10 U.S. climate extremes Data sources : National Climatic Data Center , Severe thunderstorm / tornado watch data period is 1999 - 2008 , NOAA Storm Prediction Center , Tornado climate data - NOAA Storm Prediction Center State lightning flash density average - 1997 - 2011 , Vaisala | [
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http://coolweather.net/statetemperature/maine_temperature.htm | Maine ' s Temperature Records Hottest temperature ever recorded 105 F , N . Bridgton , southern Maine , 7 / 10 / 1911 Coldest temperature ever recorded : - 48 F , Van Buren , northern Maine , 1 / 19 / 1925 Hottest location ranked by highest average annual temperature : Lewiston , southern Maine , 45.9 F Coldest location ranked by lowest average annual temperature : Clayton Lake , northern Maine , 37.5 F The range in average summertime temperatures in Maine is only about five degrees from north to south . This difference increases to seven or eight degrees during the transition seasons of spring and fall and to over 10 degrees during the winter . Daily average temperatures during the summer are usually cool relative to most of the rest of the nation . Highest daily averages barely exceed 70 ° F , as is found in the central parts of Maine around Augusta and Lewiston . Average summer temperature statewide is 64 ° F . Average winter temperature is 17 . Spring and fall average temperatures are 39 and 45 ° F , respectively . In the Northern Division , temperatures greater than 90 ° F rarely occur in any one year . During the wintertime , however , minimum temperatures drop subzero around the State almost every winter at one time or another . As expected , the greatest number of days with a minimum temperature of 0 ° F or less occurs in the Northern Division with around 40 to 50 days . The Southern Interior averages about 20 days a year below 0 ° F , whereas the moderating effect of the ocean only allows about 10 such days along the coast . The number of days between the first and last frost results in a growing season of 90 to 120 days in the Northern Division and 120 to 180 in both the Southern Interior and Coastal Divisions . The higher parts of that range are found closer to the coast . | [
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http://coolweather.net/statetemperature/virginia_temperature.htm | Annual Temperatures and Extremes Virginia ' s Temperature Records Hottest temperature ever recorded 110 F , Balcony Falls , west - central Virginia , 7 / 15 / 1954 Coldest temperature ever recorded : - 30 F , Mountain Lake , western Virginia , 1 / 22 / 1985 Hottest location ranked by highest average annual temperature : Hopewell , eastern Virginia , , 60.3 F Coldest location ranked by lowest average annual temperature : Mill Gap , northern Virginia , 48.5 F Few states have a more diverse climate than that of Virginia . The state has five different climate regions : the Tidewater , Piedmont , Northern Virginia , Western Mountain , and Southwestern Mountain regions . Some localities - - Charlottesville , Lynchburg , and Warrenton , for example - - have climate amenities such as long growing seasons and infrequent subzero temperature minimums , while winters on the northern Blue Ridge frequently produce bitterly cold temperatures like those of Chicago A mild , humid coastal climate is characteristic of Virginia . Temperatures , most equable in the Tidewater , become increasingly cooler with the rising altitudes as one moves westward . The frost - free growing season ranges from about 140 days in the mountains of the extreme west to over 250 in the Norfolk area . July is the hottest month of the year in with an average temperature of 75.2 and January is the coldest with an average of 35.9 degrees . | [
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http://coopercpapc.com/ | Jump start your business using our business service offerings 1 2 3 4 About Company Our clients rely on our expertise and guidance in the areas of tax accounting business consulting and financial services We invite you to take a look at the information on our site get to know us and determine how you will benefit from a more valuable CPA relationship Current Specializations Whether your financial concerns include a business or simply relate to ensuring your familys longterm security you want to have confidence that youre making the right choices Our comprehensive range of financial services can help you get the upper hand and when you have to react quickly to an unexpected event do so from a position of strength Take a look at our service menu to get an idea of all the ways we can help you Income Tax Services Individuals Businesses Estates Trusts NonProfits Deferred Compensation Business Services Audits Reviews Compilations Writeup Bookkeepings QuickBooks Installation Integrations Information Technology Services RESOURCES Financial Calculators Deadlines Strategies | [
"RESOURCES"
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http://cooperstownny.org/ | Welcome to Cooperstown What is Cooperstown ? It ’ s a hard place to pigeonhole . To some , Cooperstown is nearly mythical as the “ Birthplace of Baseball , ” the site of Doubleday Field , and home to The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . To others , it is a treasured historic site , where James Fenimore Cooper , America ’ s first true novelist and author of The Last of the Mohicans , grew up and set many of his classic works ( in and around the Village his father founded ) . Otsego Lake , which lends the Village such Cooperstown depicted in 1890 Still , there ’ s more . Cooperstown is the home to a top - quality hospital , Bassett Healthcare , and , on our border , two more world - class museums , The Farmer ’ s Museum and The Fenimore Art Museum . And then there ’ s our historic Main Street , with its diverse shops and vast choice of restaurants . Even that is n ’ t all that there is . What is Cooperstown ? To the nearly 2000 residents who live here year - round it is all those things and more . It is a magical place to live , a wonderful place to raise a family and the perfect setting to start a business away from the hectic lifestyle of huge cities and traffic - filled suburbs . | [
"Cooperstown"
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http://coordinatedhealth.com/news/expect-total-knee-replacement-physical-therapy/ | What to Expect From My Total Knee Replacement Physical Therapy ? The decision to have a knee replacement performed is not an easy one . Many times people are shocked to find out that their knee needs to be replaced . Your doctor will let you know when your is ready to be replaced and likewise , you will let him know when you are ready to have your replaced based on your degree of pain and the limitations that pain is placing on your lifestyle . Physical therapy will be a very important part of your recovery from a replacement beginning the day after surgery at the inpatient level . A therapist will come to your room the first day after surgery and help you get out of bed and start to put some weight through the affected leg . You will then work up to walking with a walker or crutches as well as learn how to use the stairs and be given some exercises to start getting the muscles in your legs working . Once out of the hospital you will begin outpatient physical therapy . On the first day you will be evaluated by a physical therapist . The evaluation will consist of a review of your medical history , changing the dressing that is covering your incision , as well as assessment of the range of motion in your . You will then be instructed with some exercises which will become a part of your home exercise program . You will perform these exercises several times a day at home as well as when you come in for follow up therapy sessions . Your therapy appointments will typically be three times per week for an hour to an hour and a half at a time . Total rehabilitation time following surgery ranges greatly but is typically 3 - 5 months . Your therapy team will work to accomplish a few goals during your therapy including improving range of motion to a functional level for both bending and straightening . You will also work with them to improve your walking and progress from your walker or crutches to a cane and eventually progress to walking without an assistive device if able . Your goals may also include returning to work or to a specific sport or activity that you enjoyed prior to your surgery . Be sure to mention any of these goals to your therapist . Remember , we work for The following are some of the things that you may find helpful as you consider surgery . You will not be able to drive for a while after your surgery . Your surgeon will ultimately be the one to release you to return to driving . The amount of time will depend on which leg you have surgery on as well as what medications you are taking for your pain . The doctor will also take into consideration the available motion and strength in your and how easily you are able to move your leg . Many people are curious about sleeping positions following a replacement . In the beginning you will most likely be sleeping on your back and may be more comfortable with pillows under your feet and lower legs . If you want to use pillows for elevation be sure to avoid putting pillows under the back of your to encourage your to stay bent . You should try to rest , whether sleeping or just sitting throughout the day , with your straight as much as possible . You will be able to try sleeping on your side shortly after surgery . It will help to have a pillow between your knees because the inside of your may be tender when it touches your other leg . Your therapist and your doctor will help you determine when you are ready to try sleeping on your side . You will have staples in your incision for about two weeks after surgery . You will be instructed in the hospital on how to care for your incision and your therapist will change your dressing during your sessions until your staples have been removed . You will also have compression stockings on both legs as soon as you wake up from surgery . These are to assist with circulation in your legs following surgery because you will not be as active as normal . These will help to keep the swelling down as well as help in preventing blood clots Many patients report noticing clicking in their following surgery . This is very common and can be for a number of reasons . You will have a moderate amount of swelling in your following surgery and this can cause the structures in your joint including your cap to move differently and sometimes this will produce a clicking sound . You may continue to feel a click in your with movement even well after recovery as a result of the artificial components in your articulating with each other . The click should not be painful and will likely become less noticeable over time . Ultimately , please remember during the course of your surgery , from deciding when you are ready to proceed with surgery to your hospital stay to your rehabilitation , we would like you to feel comfortable with asking any questions you have as well as sharing with us any concerns that you have about your symptoms or your care at any time throughout this process . Coordinated Health provides a comprehensive approach to your care . We are a team who have been arranged with the purpose of making your experience the best possible and you are the leader of | [
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http://copperdrinkingmugs.com/ | Grab a Set of Copper Moscow Mule Mugs Today ! This page is all about the traditional Moscow Mule and the copper drinking cups they are served in . Traditionally this cocktail was served in a solid copper mug but these days the mug is usually nickle lined for safety . Copper mugs can be used for many other drinks including basic drinks like water ! They make everything taste just a bit colder and they sure do have a lot of character . We sell all different kinds of copper drinking glasses , mugs , tumblers , and cups but we specialize in mugs for the Moscow Mule cocktail . An Exciting Announcement ! CDM , working with our parent company Hot Java Mugs , now makes our own small line of budget friendly Mule Mugs and here is our first mug available for sale . The Altamont 14 Ounce Moscow Mule Mug It is lower in cost than almost all copper mugs because it is made of aluminum and plated in copper . This keeps it ’ s weight and materials cost low so that we can offer it to you for less . If you want to pick up an Altamont Mule Mug during our launch discount event please use the one time use coupon code 2CFAY4P5 on the Amazon checkout page . This coupon code is valid through the end of the day April 20 , 2016 PST . Make sure to check out our first Amazon review here and be sure to let others know if it is helpful or not with the provided buttons . We Sell Only The Best Moscow Mule Mugs Not only do we like our own mugs but we know that there are some great mugs made by some of our competitors . Below are a selection of those we like and recommend to our customers . Copper Mugs – 16 oz . Moscow Mule Cups – 100 % Copper Enhances Taste While Keeping Your Drink Ice Cold – Sturdy Riveted Handle – No Inside Liner – 1 Year Guarantee Stout Moscow Mule Mug , 16oz – Nickel Lined Interior , Solid Copper with Brass Accent Copper Barrel Mug for Moscow Mules – 16 oz – 100 % Pure Hammered Copper – Heavy Gauge – No lining Nikolay Copper 13.5 oz Moscow Mule Mug with No Inner Linings Inspired Basics Solid Copper Moscow Mule No Lining Mug Hammered Type Copper Mug 16 Oz Capacity Old Dutch International , Purveyors of the ORIGINAL MOSCOW MULE MUG , 16 - Ounce Solid Copper Hammered Moscow Mule Mug Home Wet Bar Basic Moscow Mule Copper Mug , 20 - Ounce Hammered Copper Mugs – 16 Ounce Moscow Mule Cups – 100 % Solid Copper – Riveted Handle – No Inside Lining Set of 2 Copper Mug for Moscow Mules – with stainless steel lining You can also see more copper beer mugs here and more copper tumblers here If you are not actively shopping then please see the following featured pages for informational purposes . How To Make A Moscow Mule – This is the basic recipe for making a Russian Standard Mule . It ’ s simple and refreshing and just about anyone can make one on a whim once they know the basic recipe . Make a few and then start experimenting to find your favorite mix . Why A Moscow Mule Is Served In A Copper Mug – Ever wonder why the Moscow Mule is served in a copper cup ? It has to do with a bit of marketing a couple of generations back and the bite that cold citrus has on your lips as it ’ s coming off a copper rim . The copper just makes the drink taste different . Moscow Mule Recipe Variations – Got the basic recipe down ? Here are a few common variations to the recipe that you ay want to try . They ’ re all still fairly simple but make a big difference in flavor . How To Clean Copper Cups Properly – Do n ’ t just throw your mug into the dishwasher ! There ’ s a method that you should follow . Copper can and will tarnish so care for your cups during washing so they look good years from now . Are Copper Mugs Safe To Drink From ? – Super important in every home these days is kitchen and food safety . Even in a home bar safety is important and a common concern is the safety of drinking from copper mugs . Generally speaking even a pure copper tumbler can slowly deposit heavy metals into your system but you would have to drink out of them very frequently – all the time really to have much risk . Even still most copper mugs are now lined in nickle to further improve their safety . Why Copper Mugs Are Lined With Nickel – See above . Nickle provides a safe barrier between a heavy metal and a consumable . Is it nessesarly ? Maybe not but that ’ s why the lining is in place . Copper Mugs Keep Drinks Cold : Here ’ s Why – Does copper really keep things cold ? Kind of . It does transfer heat ( or lack thereof ) easily and quickly but in most cases it just feels like drinks are colder inside of them . It ’ s kind of a twist on changing food texture ( baked potato vs mashed ) . Are Copper Mugs & Glasses Dishwasher Safe – Most copper mugs should be handwashed only . Dishwashers can chip nickle lining over time damaging your cups . They also wo n ’ t do as good a job at keep your mugs looking clean . How To Keep Copper Mugs From Tarnishing – Handwashing is the only way to really keep copper from tarnishing . Use care when cleaning and storing your copper drinking mugs and they ’ ll look great for a really long time . We are also looking into setting up a page where we sell high quality copper cleaners for mugs , cups , pots , pans , and other types of kitchenware . Please check back for that page to go live in the near future . Lastly I wanted to give our readers a preview of coming additions tot he site . We are working on a few information pieces that should compliment our product offerings . You may have wondered any of the following questions – well , we ’ re working on answering those questions for you . Are Moscow Mules Always Served In Copper Cups ? – The cocktail really should be served in a copper cup if it ’ s going to taste right . Much like drinking coffee out of a plastic cup changes the way it tastes so too does drinking a mule out of glass . Even still you can experiment and you may find some bars still serve it out of regular cocktail glasses to keep costs down . Why Is It Called A Moscow Mule : The History Of The Drink – The story of how the Moscow Mule came to be is quite unique . It was actually a marketing gimmick created by a vodka sales person and a copper maker . As luck would have it the marketing worked well because the gimmick actually made a difference in the taste of the drink . How To Mix A Moscow Mule – As trivial as this question may seem mixing a mule is actually important because it often times contains carbonated mixers which all but take shaking off the table . Do You Need A Copper Mug For A Moscow Mule ? – If you do n ’ t have a set of copper mugs nor want to buy a set you can still make the drink but it will be virtually impossible to recreate the feel of the drink on the tongue . Similar to how various cooking techniques can change the texture of foods the presentation of this drink makes a big difference in sensation and enjoyment . Making A Moscow Mule With Gin Instead Of Vodka Does Ginger Beer Have Alcohol In It ? – Ginger beer vs ginger ale , one sounds alcoholic and the other does n ’ t . In most cases they are both non - alcoholic but not always . Is A Moscow Mule Gluten Free ? – Gluten intolerance is a big issue in the lives of many people . There are ways to make Moscow Mule ’ s so that they are gluten free . Know how so that you know what you are getting when you order in a bar . The Best Ginger Beer For A Moscow Mule – There are a lot of great ginger beers out there . Which one is best for this cocktail has to do with quality but relies largely on personal preference . The Typical Alcohol Content Of A Moscow Mule – A standard vodka has about 40 % alcohol by volume . How much you pour however makes this drink more or less potent as does the alcohol content of the brew you use . Check back again later to see the posts when they go live or see this page for the full list of questions addressed here on this site . | [
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http://copperharbor.org/things-to-do/scenic-drives/ | Brockway Mountain Drive - is the highest paved road between the Rockies and the Alleghenies . The drive is 10 miles long and has many pull - offs enabling visitors to stop and take in the scenery . There are two nature preserves along the drive that are worth visiting too . At the top , 735 feet above Copper Harbor , you will find a breathtaking 360 ° view of Lake Superior , the surrounding woodlands and inland lakes . On a clear day you can see Isle Royale about 50 miles away ! This is a MUST do while in Copper See more about Brockway Mountain In any direction from Copper Harbor , you ’ ll find the perfect scenic auto tours . If you are more adventurous , the rustic roads that lead to more remote areas will reveal a diversity of landscapes . There are numerous pullouts and parks where you can enjoy the view and a pit stop . While Copper Harbor and surrounding environs are definitely remote country ( do n ’ t expect to see any fast food signs or 7 - 11 ’ s in this neck of the woods ) , you will find places to fuel up both travelers and vehicles as you journey through the Keweenaw . Please note , Brockway Mountain Drive is seasonal . It becomes part of the snowmobile trail system in the winter . The date it opens depends on the snowfall and the time road restrictions come off . The BMD Facebook page is updated when the road opens for the season . Copper Harbor Circle Tours – There are two routes leading to and from Copper Harbor . The Lake Superior shoreline along Michigan Highway 26 is an absolutely amazing alternate route to the peninsula ’ s main thoroughfare , US Highway 41 . You will want to travel both these roadways as you explore the Keweenaw . Highway M - 26 between Copper Harbor and Eagle River is also known as Lakeshore Drive . Lake Superior reigns as the prime attraction here . The drive is part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour and has been voted some of the best scenery of the tour . US Highway 41 – A Michigan Scenic Heritage Route – US - 41 ’ s northernmost eleven miles offers a drive through a tunnel of trees . Beautiful in any season – breathtaking in the fall . As you travel north on US - 41 into Keweenaw County , you will see why this stretch has been designated a National Scenic Byway . It is the northernmost section of US - 41 , which stretches the length of the nation , from Florida to Copper Harbor . Seasonal & Back Roads – For those of you who like to get off the “ Beaten Path ” , the area offers miles of dirt roads and seasonal roads . The seasonal roads are generally fine for any vehicle , although there are a few that are pretty rough . It is advisable to ask directions , get a map or both when venturing out into the woods . | [
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http://copperskybeagles.com/ | Copper Sky Beagles Khalida Hendricks Columbus Ohio funwithgravitygmailcom 9105788666 Puppies My Beagles Adult Beagles Available All About Beagles Dog Resources Contact Me Friends Copper Sky Beagles Welcome to Copper Sky Beagles We participate in American Kennel Club AKC United Kennel Club UKC Canadian Kennel Club CKC and International AllBreed Canine Association IABCA conformation showing as well as performance disciplines such as RallyObedience Formal Obedience Barn Hunt Coursing Ability Agility Scentwork and Pack Hikes My girls currently have over 120 different titles in conformation and performance and dozens of nontitling awards and achievements between the four adults They have also been trained to do their traditional breed job of sniffing out rabbits and have competed in a few field trials Although I primarily consider myself to be a dedicated ownerhandler I occasionally breed puppies for show performance and companionship Every single litter I breed is with the intent of producing a champion and companion for myself so every single litter I breed is carefully planned and gets the absolute best in pre and postnatal care Please check out the Puppies page for up to date info on puppy availability Please read my Breeding Philosophy to get an idea of my goals as a breeder and what my priorities are as I strive to preserve promote and progress this wonderful breed Information about each of my beagles can be found on the My Beagles page If you want to know a little bit about me I would rather be training my beagles than updating websites so I apologize for any broken links old information or unfinished pages you may find here Nonetheless I hope you will enjoy the interesting information on beagles and dogs in general that I have tried to gather here | [
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http://copublications.greenfacts.org/en/hearing-loss-personal-music-player-mp3/l-3/2-sound-measurement-decibel.htm | Home Personal Music Players & Hearing Level 3 » Question 2 Personal Music Players & Hearing Previous Question Level 3 Questions Next Question Level 1 : Summary Level 2 : Details Level 3 : Source 2 . How is sound measured ? 2.1 What are the units for measuring sound 2.2 What are the methods for measuring sound 2.1 What are the units for measuring sound The SCENIHR opinion states : 3 . 3 . 3 . Units of noise exposure 3 . 3 . 3 . 1 . Sound pressure level and dB SPL One parameter of the acoustic ( sound wave which is generally used to assess sound exposure to humans is the sound pressure level expressed in μPa or Pa . Human ear ’ audible sound pressure levels range from 20 μPa ( hearing threshold ) till 20 Pa ( pain threshold ) , resulting in the scale 1 : 10,000,000 . Since using such a large scale is not practical , a logarithmic scale in decibels dB ) was introduced which is also in agreement with physiological and psychological hearing sensations . dB of sound pressure level dB SPL ) is defined as : 20 log 10 p1 / p0 where p1 is actually measured sound pressure level of a given sound , and p0 is a reference value of 20μPa , which corresponds to the lowest hearing threshold of the young , healthy ear . In the logarithmic scale the range of human ear ’ s audible sounds is from 0 dB SPL ( hearing threshold ) to 120 - 140 dB SPL ( pain threshold ) ( see table 1 below ) . Table 1 : Typical sound pressure levels for daily life sounds 3 . 3 . 3 . 2 . Loudness level and filter A [ dB ( A ) ] The human ear is not equally sensitive to sounds ( tones ) of the same sound pressure levels but different frequencies . This subjective or perceived magnitude of a sound by an individual is called its loudness . The loudness of a sound is not equal with its and differs for different frequencies . In order to assess loudness of a sound the isophonic curves are explored . Isophonic curves relate the characteristic of a given tone expressed in to its subjective loudness level expressed in phones ( see figure 1 below ) . As it could be seen in the figure below , the frequencies 3 - 4 kHz are the most sensitive within sound frequency range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz that can be heard by human ear . For frequencies lower than 3 - 4 kHz and higher sound frequencies , the ear becomes less sensitive . Normal equal - loudness - level contours for pure tones While pressure measurements should give a reading of the sound pressure in , in the context of human hearing it is more practical to provide also a value which corresponds more closely to the hearing sensation or loudness in phones . The A , B , and C filters used currently in sound - level meters were aimed at mimicking isoloudness curves over frequency under different conditions of sound intensities , i.e. for sounds of low , medium , and high loudness levels , respectively ( IEC 651 , 1979 ) . The “ A ” network modifies the frequency response to follow approximately the equal loudness curve of 40 phons , while the “ C ” network approximately follows the equal loudness curve of 100 phons . A “ B ” network is also mentioned in some texts but it is no longer used in noise evaluations . The popularity of the A network has grown in the course of time . In current practice , the A - weighting curve filter is used to weight sound pressure levels as a function of frequency , approximately in accordance with the frequency response characteristics of the human auditory system for pure tones . This means that energy at low and high frequencies is de - emphasized in relation to energy in the mid - frequency range . Correlation between effect hearing loss and exposure levels measured in A , B , or C weightings would not be very different . B ( or even C ) weightings provide a better correspondence between loudness and moderate ( or high ) acoustic levels , however A weighting differs only from B and C as underweighting below about 500 Hz . Since the human is much more resistant to noise - induced hearing loss ( NIHL ) at and by low frequencies A weighting is more in correspondence with NIHL risk . It should be noted that the A - filter has been adopted so generally that sound pressure levels frequently quoted in audiology literature simply in are in fact A - weighted levels . Many older general purpose sound level meters are restricted solely to A - weighted measurements . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . Decibel measures in audiometry Different decibel measures are used in audiometry ( evaluation of hearing sensitivity ) than in pressure measurement . They depend on the reference value . Pure - tone audiometric thresholds are expressed in HL ( hearing level ) and are referred to hearing thresholds of normal hearing young individuals . The differences between dB HL and arise from isophonic curves . Their corresponding values are given in the table below . Table 2 : Audiometric hearing thresholds of normal ears Similarly to HL , the dB nHL ( normal hearing level ) values are referred to hearing thresholds of normal hearing individuals but they regard non - tonal stimuli ( e.g. clicks ) . Source & © SCENIHR Potential health risks of exposure to noise from personal music players and mobile phones including a music playing function ( 2008 ) , Section 3 . 3 . 3 . Units of noise exposure Level 1 : Summary Level 2 : Details Level 3 : Source 2.2 What are the methods for measuring sound The SCENIHR opinion states : 3 . 3 . 4 . Methodology of measurement Sounds are usually identified by their frequency spectrum , which is also relevant to human perception because the analyses sounds in the cochlea by a spectral analysis . The elemental component of a spectrum is a sine wave or sinusoid with a specific frequency . All sound waves can be described as a linear superposition of sinusoids . Each sinusoid can be characterized by its frequency , its amplitude and the phase in relation to the zero - time mark . Sinusoids with the same frequency and amplitude superimpose either constructively by adding up to a sinusoid with double amplitude if the phase difference is zero and destructively by cancelling out if the phase difference is 180 degrees ( or antiphase ) resulting in no of that characteristic frequency at a given point . Sound originating from speech and music can similarly be described by their spectrum . In general terms signals can be divided in signals with a tonal character and with a noisy character . Signals with a tonal character exhibit a spectrum made up of a basic component ( f0 ) with harmonics ( components that have a frequency which is an integer multiple of the basis frequency ( n * f0 ) and a related phase . Signals with a noisy character exhibit a spectrum which is more complex than a linear superposition of basic and their harmonics . Sound measurements are done by determining the amplitude of the spectral components or by detecting the sound pressure through a physical device , e.g. a microphone . The total sound level of a signal is a root - sums - of - squares of the amplitude of all the spectral components . Signal levels , including noisy signals and music , are measured by placing a calibrated meter ( SPL meter ) at the centre head location of a potential listener . This method is generally used to determine the risk for hearing loss in working conditions . The method distinguishes between various possible measures : The averaged level , which is the average level of all components over a certain time period The level measurement can be recorded by filtering according to the A , B or C filter ; ( A ) The peak level indicating the highest level recorded either of the total ( weighted ) signal or of specific components The 8 - hour equivalent level ( L equ , 8h ) which is a measure for the risk on hearing damage based on certain criteria The method can also be used to determine the level of music in the open field . Due to the dependence of sound waves on the exact listening situation , as detailed in 3.2 , it is clear that this type of measurement is not suitable to head phone use where only a small space between the head phones and the inner ear is exposed to sound waves . Sound levels of signals presented through headphones are usually measured by artificial ears . Most common are two types , the occluded simulator ( OES ) and the 2 cc coupler . In audiometry and hearing aid specifications all measurements are measured using one of these two couplers . The design of the couplers is based on the resonance properties of the ear canal and the impedance of the tympanic membrane . In the link of transfer from the open field to the , there is another transfer characteristic to be included and that is the baffle effect of head and torso . The head effects are usually determined by using a manikin or as they are also called HATS , head and torso simulator . It consists of a torso and head in which artificial ears are included . The sound pressure is measure at the eardrum . If compared with the free field , this gives the head - related transfer function ( HRTF ) . It is obvious that HATS and the couplers are based on measurements , averaged over many torsos and ears of both genders taking a multitude of anatomic features into account . Sound levels in individual ears will always differ somewhat from these values . These have to do with the following features : Shape of the torso and clothing Hair style and head shape Shape and volume of the outer ear and ear canal Impedance of the tympanic membrane Distortion of the field caused by other listeners or objects in the room For the purpose of estimating the risk of the use of individual music players we assume that the calculated sound levels based on the use of artificial heads and ears are good estimates of the real levels . The risk for hearing damage depends on or level and exposure time . Criteria were originally developed using working conditions as a reference which are typically measured in the open field . If we want to assess the risk of PMPs we have to compare the levels produced by earplugs or headphones with the measurements done in free field . This implies we have to determine the HRTFs for the different PMPs . The output level of a PMP is determined by using an artificial . It measures the actual pressure at the eardrum . To calculate the risk for hearing damage , the free field level has to be calculated by using the inverse HRTF . Source & © SCENIHR Potential health risks of exposure to noise from personal music players and mobile phones including a music playing function ( 2008 ) , Section 3.3.4 . Methodology of noise measurement Previous Question Level 3 Questions Next Question | [
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http://copycaps.com/ | Copy Caps is Temporarily Closed Returning Customers can reorder caps with designs on file Click Here to inquire about reorders LET YOUR CREATIVITY GO TO YOUR HEAD Easily customize your own baseball cap Choose the cap style color size fonts graphics and more for your personalized look Whatever the occasion or association count on Copy Caps for the highest quality custom embroidered caps Create your vision Well handle the rest | [
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http://copylandia.com/product/develop-ineo-165-2/ | Product Overview Develop Monochrome MultiFunction Copiers Develop Ineo 165 Konica Minolta Develop RISO ComColor KIP Horizon GBC EBA Evolis HSM MAX Dokmee Develop Ineo 165 The ineo 165 is a fully equipped and compact ineosystem that meets the needs of small businesses as well as the environment It is a robust monochrome A3 copier which also allows the use to print and scan as a standard On top of that the system offers added value by superior environmental performance Especially designed to meet the requirements of small businesses like workshops or craft enterprises this multifunctional product focuses on the speed of copying and ease of usability all small offices needs to boost productivity FEATURE Userfriendly multifunctionality The easy to use operation panel with its familiar cursor key configuration and navigation makes using the ineo 165 effortlessly no problem even for infrequent users Add to that the copying speed of up to 16 ppm and the fast first copy out time of only 8 seconds waiting times at the system will surely be an issue of the past Furthermore the system allows a wide range of media to be handled The ability to print and copy A3 formats is a big advantage especially when it comes to printing time schedules and flow charts or copying construction plans High media flexibility formats up to A3 Compact design low height and small footprint Standard multifunctionality copy print scan Outstanding quality ineo HD toner with smaller smoother particles for clear text and images Professional printing GDI controller standard Userfriendly design LCD user interface Fast printing and copying up to 16 ppm Paper saving functionalities 2in1 4in1 and ID card function Environmental friendliness awarded with the Energy Star | [
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http://coraannedesigns.blogspot.com/2013/03/diy-pillow-sham.html | DIY Pillow Sham Tutorial I just recently made two pillow shams for Claire ' s new bedroom , and about halfway through it occurred to me that others could probably use these instructions to make some of their own . So I quickly started snapping a few pictures along the way with my cell phone ( sorry ! ) ~ If you do n ' t normally sew a whole lot , do n ' t be intimidated . . . if you can cut and sew a straight line , you can make these ! I made these using an envelope back , so each pillow sham is comprised of three pieces : Front : 29 inches x 22 inches Back : 20 inches x 22 inches ( 2 ) After pieces are cut , you will need to hem one side of each back piece , which is where the envelope will be . On one piece , begin with the left side , fold it over apx 1 / 2 inch and iron , and then fold it again and iron . Stitch the length of the hem to hold it . Repeat with the second back piece , this time hemming the right side . Lay your front piece down , right side facing up . Then , lay your two back pieces down over it , right sides facing down . The two back pieces will overlap several inches , creating your envelope . Pin the pieces , right sides together . Sew around your entire rectangle , using about a 1 / 2 inch allowance . ( Be sure your envelope pieces are pinned well so they do n ' t fold over as you sew ! ) Trim the corners , then turn your pillow right side out . Push out the corners . Iron all of your edges so they are nice and flat . You can re - pin the edges so they hold together well . Stitch the perimeter again , this time using an approximately 2 inch seam allowance . ~ That ' s it ! Go ahead and insert a standard size pillow , and you are done ! This is such a quick and easy way to spruce up a bedroom , let me know if you have any questions ! Interested in learning about essential oils ? I posted a bit about how my family got started with them here And you can visit my Cora Anne Essential Oils Facebook page for more practical tips + information . Labels : Sewing Tutorials Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Links to this post Create a Link Newer Post Older Post Home | [
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http://cordcuttersnews.com/how-many-streams-can-you-have-at-once-with-watchespn-hulu-netflix-amazon-instant-and-more/ | How Many Streams Can You Have At Once With WatchESPN , Hulu , Netflix , Amazon Instant , And More By Luke Bouma on March 2 , 2015 in Blog Every wonder how many streams you could have at once with your subscription ? We did some digging to find out how many streams you can run at once for many of the popular services out there today . Hulu – 1 Stream http : / / www . hulu . com / help / articles / 26164956 Amazon Instant – 2 Streams http : / / www . amazon . com / gp / help / customer / display . html ? nodeId = 201422770 Netflix – 1 , 2 , or 4 streams depending on your plan . https : / / www . netflix . com / ChangePlan Watch ESPN – 5 devices at once . Please note all we could find is how many devices you could attach at once . We are assuming that means 5 streams at once . ( We found this from Time Warner but find it holds true with other services like Comcast . ) http : / / 165 . 237 . 62 . 28 / midwest / site . faqs / digitalcab / Programmin / Sports / ESPN / WatchESPN / How - many - devices - can - I - authori Sling TV – 1 Stream ( Please note that one stream dose include WatchESPN . You can not use the WatchESPN app and Sling TV app at the same time with a Sling TV login . ) WatchDisney , WatchDisneyJunior , and other Disney Networks – They all seam to allow 5 devices but some times we get kicked at fewer . Disney also makes you resign in on their network apps every month . This information comes from our testing not any website . We will work on adding to this list as we find the limits of other services . Please follow us on Twitter or like us on our new Facebook page . | [
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http://cordellcordell.com/resources/kentucky/kentucky-divorce-questions/ | Client Login 1 - 866 - DADS - LAW Practice Areas Offices Attorneys News & Events Resources Español About Us Contact Us You are here : Home Resources Kentucky Resources Kentucky Divorce Questions Kentucky Divorce Questions Kentucky men ’ s divorce attorneys provide answers to frequently asked questions with regards to divorce in Kentucky . What are the grounds for divorce in Kentucky ? Kentucky is a “ no - fault ” state , which means that a party does not have to show the other party is at fault , such as adultery , to obtain a divorce . The court is required to make a finding that the marriage is irretrievably broken before the court can enter a decree . What is a divorce going to cost me ? Can I afford it ? Divorces are impossible for an attorney to price . Every case is different and will have different issues . Some of the cost of a divorce is attributable to how much the other party wants to fight . Every person needs to evaluate the cost of a divorce . However , the results of a bad judgment or bad settlement can stay with a person for a long time , and in worst - case scenarios for the rest of your life . Do I really need to hire an attorney ? The only person who can determine if you need an attorney is yourself . However , the outcome of a divorce , whether it is a judgment or settlement can have lasting effects that you may not have considered . An experienced professional can help you see those effects and can take steps necessary to try and prevent them . Does Kentucky grant divorces based on marital fault ? Kentucky does not grant a divorce based on fault . The court is only required to make a finding that the marriage is irretrievably broken . The court can not consider why the marriage is broken in its determination . Can I get maintenance or will I have to provide maintenance to my spouse ? In Kentucky , maintenance is an award that is solely at the discretion of the court . In order to award maintenance , the court must make a finding that the party seeking maintenance ( 1 ) lacks sufficient property to provide for their reasonable needs ; and ( 2 ) is unable to support themselves through reasonable employment . The court must find that both of these factors are met before it can order maintenance . Can I change my name at the time of divorce ? At the time the decree is entered , the court can restore your previous name . Can I get an annulment in Kentucky ? The court can annul a marriage in only limited circumstances . The court may not annul a marriage because the parties made a mistake . When can I file for divorce in Kentucky ? If you have resided in Kentucky for 180 days prior to the filing of the petition , then you would file the petition in the county in which you reside with the clerk of the court . When is my case going to be over ? Each case is different and will take different amounts of time to complete . Some Kentucky counties have specific filing requirements and disclosures that must be filed . In addition , if children are involved , your county may require you to attend a parent education class during the divorce . If these classes are not completed in a timely manner , this could delay the divorce process as well . Do I have to go to court ? Approximately 95 % of all cases settle before a trial . If your case falls into this 95 % then you may not ever step foot in a courtroom as it relates to your divorce . However , if your case does not settle and there needs to be a trial , you will have to go to court . If attempts to serve my spouse do not work , what is my next step ? There are several options available to a party if it is difficult to serve the other party . It is possible to use a sheriff or process server to serve the other party . If it is still difficult , then the court can appoint a warning order attorney to effectuate service of process . That attorney will use their best efforts to serve the other party and the court will deem the party served even if the warning order attorney is ultimately unsuccessful . At what point during the process can a spouse remarry or start dating ? Since Kentucky is a no - fault state a spouse can technically start dating at any point in the process . However , please be advised that if you are spending funds that are deemed marital on a new girlfriend or boyfriend an argument could be made that you are dissipating marital assets and you could be required to repay those funds to the marital estate . You may not remarry until the court has entered your decree . If you marry prior to the entry of the decree , then your new marriage is void . What if my spouse does not want the divorce ? Since Kentucky is a no - fault state it does not matter if one spouse does not want the divorce . The court is required to enter a decree if only one spouse desires the divorce . Do the other issues – child support , child custody , alimony , and property – have to be decided before the divorce is final ? Usually a court in Kentucky will not enter a decree until all issues have been decided . Only in special circumstances will the court enter a temporary decree pending the final issues . After I file for divorce , do I have to continue to live in Kentucky ? No , the only residency requirement is that a party resides in the state 180 days prior to the filing of the petition . What if I am in the military and out of state ? If Kentucky is your home state , then it may be possible to file a petition in the state of Kentucky for dissolution of marriage . However , if you have children that have never resided in the state of Kentucky , Kentucky may lack jurisdiction to decide custody and you may need to file in the state in which the children reside . What forms do I need to file for a divorce in Kentucky ? To begin the divorce process a party needs to file a Petition , Family Case Data Sheet , Civil Summons and a VS - 300 , which is a vital statistics form that is filed with the state . How and where is a divorce complaint filed ? The petition is filed with the county clerk in the county in which you or your spouse resides . How do I serve the divorce complaint on my spouse ? In Kentucky , many opposing parties are served through certified mail . If you are unable to obtain service through certified mail , then usually a sheriff will serve process . The timeframe to obtain a divorce is unpredictable . The minimum amount of time you have to wait is usually 60 days . How is a divorce granted ? Will I have to go to court ? Typically , once all the issues have been resolved by order of the court or agreement of the parties , the court will enter a Decree of Dissolution of Marriage , which will make the divorce final . It is possible that you may never have to go to court . What typically happens if I go to court to obtain my divorce myself ? A court can attempt to help you through the process , but a judge can not give out legal advice . There may be issues that need to be addressed by the court that could be left out without proper legal advice . How do I prove fault for divorce ? In Kentucky , neither party has to prove fault . At any time can a parent change a minor child ’ s last name without the other parent ’ s permission ? No . In order to change the name of a minor child , one party must petition the court to do so and must provide notice to the child ’ s biological parent . Can a couple become legally married by living together as man and wife under the state ’ s laws ( common law marriage ) ? Kentucky does not recognize common law marriage . | [
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http://cordysen.co.nz/Page/Cordyceps-Regulates-Blood-Sugar-Levels.html | Home Cordyceps Benefits Blood Sugar – Hypoglycaemic Effect Cordyceps & Blood Sugar Levels – Hypoglycaemic Effect Diabetes is usually classified into two groups : Type 1 usually begins early in life , when the immune systems attacks and destroys the insulin - producing cells of the pancreas . This type affects 10 % of people who have diabetes . In type 2 or adult onset diabetes , the consumption of too much sugar and refined carbohydrate over long periods of time leads to the development of cellular resistance to the action of insulin . The correlation between the overconsumption of these products and insulin sensitivity is still controversial . However , it is proven that overconsumption of sugar and refined carbohydrate leads to chronic hyperinsulinemia , which could be the reason for the loss of insulin sensitivity at the cellular level . A number of clinical trials ( in animals and humans ) have shown the potential of Cordyceps as a blood sugar regulation agent . In one study , a group treated with 3g rams per day of Cordyceps and another group treated by other more conventional methods demonstrated that 95 % of the patients treated with Cordyceps showed improvement in their blood sugar profiles , compared with results of 54 % improvement in the control group . ( Guo QC , Zhang C . ( 1995 ) Clinical Observations of Adjunctive Treatment of 20 Diabetic Patients with JinSHuiBao Capsule . J Administration Traditional Chinese Medicine 1995 : 5 ( suppl ) : 22 . ) Various animal trials showed that Cordyceps improves blood glucose metabolism , increases insulin sensitivity and increases the liver ’ s output of the glucose - regulating enzymes glucokinase and hexokinase . ( Zhao CS . et al . Cordyceps Cs - 4 improves glucose metabolism and increases insulin sensitivity in normal rats . J Altern Complement Med . 2002 Aug ; 8 ( 4 ) : 403 - 5 ; Kiho T . et al . Hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide ( CS - F30 ) from the cultural mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis and its effect on glucose metabolism in mouse liver . Phytother Res 2000 Dec ; 14 ( Diabetes – General Information Diabetes , or diabetes mellitus , is a metabolism disorder . It occurs when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin for the body . Without insulin , the cells can not use the sugar in the blood for energy . Although easily treatable now , this was not always the case . Diabetes tools and practices have come a long way in the last 30 years . There are two types of diabetes . Type 1 diabetes , also called juvenile onset diabetes , generally occurs before the age of 20 . It occurs when some autoantibodies destroy the pancreas and requires individuals to either use an insulin pump or inject insulin . It accounts for 10 – 15 % of the diabetes population nationwide . Type 2 diabetes is generally diagnosed after 35 and is characterised by insulin resistance . Put simply , there is plenty of insulin – it just does n ’ t work . The beginning stages are treated with diet and exercise , but it ’ s common History Diabetes is Greek for ‘ siphon . ’ In the early 2nd century AD , Aretus the Cappadocian first named the condition ‘ diabainein ’ meaning ‘ too much water . ’ The word eventually became the modern day ‘ diabetes ’ when the English adopted it from medieval Latin . The term ‘ mellitus ’ originated in 1675 from a man named Thomas Willis . Willis observed that people with diabetes smelled sweet like honey due to the high blood glucose levels , although he was far from the first . Ancient Chinese records speak of ‘ sweet urine disease , ’ where ants were observed to be attracted to certain people ’ s urine . Willis was , however , the first person to coin a term for it . He added ‘ mellitus ’ or ‘ mel , ’ the Latin word for honey . Thus , diabetes Anatomy , signs and symptoms Many people today live very normal lives with diabetes . The key is to make sure to catch it before it gets too serious . One of the most common signs for diabetes is frequent trips to the restroom . Your kidneys act as a filter , scooping up the remaining glucose before it exits your body and back into the bloodstream . Since being a diabetic means you have high blood glucose levels , your kidneys get overwhelmed and try to take in more water than usual to dilute the loss of glucose . Since you ’ re urinating often , you ’ ll also need lots of water . Many diabetics report feeling an unquenchable thirst and drink lots of water to counteract dehydration . When the body is working as it should , glucose is absorbed by your cells . Since your body is n ’ t equipped to handle glucose otherwise , this leads to more problems . Without insulin , your cells can not replenish their energy by absorbing the glucose , and eventually you feel exhausted . High blood sugar levels for prolonged periods of time also cause problems . Neuropathy occurs when the high blood glucose levels damage nerve endings in your extremities . This may take several years , but since diabetes can have a gradual onset , it ’ s not as uncommon as you may think . The good news is that gaining control of your blood sugar levels can improve the situation . Pathophysiology Carbohydrates enter the body as food and are relatively quickly converted into monosaccharide glucose . Insulin is then released from the pancreas after eating a meal . Insulin is the principal hormone responsible for the absorption of glucose into the blood cells . If the body works the way it should , these high insulin levels will increase cell growth and protein synthesis . It will also facilitate the conversion of glucose to glycogen to store for later use . If the body has low blood sugar levels , the pancreas will release less insulin and trigger a conversion of glycogen to glucose to help feed the body ’ s cells . The glucose makes its way into the bloodstream , and the cells use it for energy . In order for the cells to use this energy , the body provides insulin . This hormone makes it possible for cells to use the glucose . Causes There is significant evidence that both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are heavily hereditary . Type 1 diabetes appears to be triggered by mainly virus infections . Even in those who have inherited susceptibility , an environmental control is still needed to trigger onset . Type 2 diabetes has been more strongly connected to genes . Those with close relatives with type 2 have a much higher chance of developing type 2 diabetes . Risk or Contributing Factors Although avoiding diabetes is impossible , there are lifestyle choices you can take to greatly reduce your chances of developing diabetes . Diet and exercise are integral . Those who have high levels of physical activity , eat a healthy diet , avoid smoking and drink alcohol only in moderation have 82 % less chance of developing diabetes . If an individual has a healthy weight , this increases to 89 % . So staying healthy , exercising regularly and not smoking are things you should be doing already . This is just another reason to stay healthy . Prevalence Today , 25.8 million men , women and children have diabetes . It ’ s estimated that , of those , 7 million are undiagnosed , and almost 80 million exhibit signs of prediabetes . Diabetes is slightly more prevalent in men than women and drastically increases with age . More that 25 % of people over the age of 65 are diabetic . In 2007 , diabetes contributed to 231,404 deaths , many of which were complications . Not only is diabetes deadly , it ’ s expensive . At almost 350 billion dollars between diagnosing patients , direct medical costs and indirect medical costs , it ’ s a serious problem . Adjusting data based on age , sex and average medical expenditure reveals that medical expenditure for a diabetic is two to three times higher than a non - diabetic over their lifetimes . The reality is that diabetes is a serious problem , but there is hope at the end of the tunnel . Many groups are doing great work in the fight against this disorder , and your help is always welcome . Look around your local community and volunteer to help make the world a better place by continuing the fight against diabetes . | [
"Cordyceps",
"Blood Sugar",
"Hypoglycaemic Effect"
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http://corgiguide.com/ | Welsh Corgi Welsh Corgi is an energetic , playful and intelligent dog and it mostly comes in two types , the Pembroke Welsh Corgi and the Cardigan Welsh Corgi Cardigan Welsh Corgi The Cardigan Welsh Corgi is a long dog which is low to the ground . It has an almost flat skull with a head that is more proportional to the body rather than to its legs . The skull is rounded and pointed . The Cardigan Welsh Corgi has wide eyes and a dark rim at the edges that add depth to them . It has a black nose and a muzzle parallel to the skull . Almost all Cardigan Welsh Corgis have brown eyes with the only exception of the merle Corgi which could have eyes with shades of Pembroke Welsh Corgi Just like the Cardigan Welsh Corgi , the Pembroke Welsh Corgi is a long dog with short legs . The major difference is that the Pembroke Corgi is less heavily boned than its counterpart . It has a more fox like appearance and a much shorter tail . In fact they have been compared to foxes a lot due to their stocky frame , pointy long ears and the long muzzles . The Pembroke Welsh Corgi has no tail or in a few instances , a very short one . Some owners also tend to dock that short tail , Corgi Characteristics The Corgis are very intelligent dogs , able to take commands and always happy as well as ready to please their masters . They are loyal and loving dogs which is also a distinct characteristic of their personality and they are protective of their owners . They are able to interact well with kids and other animals but they will exhibit aggressiveness towards other dogs . > > – Check out the Complete Corgis Owner ’ s Manual – < < Due to their herding instinct , they tend to nip at the heels of people . However , his behavior could be discouraged when the dog is still young . Some Corgis develop small dog syndrome which can be problematic to their owners . Another characteristic , especially with Pembroke is that they bark a lot . Any slight change to their usual environment will make them bark and will only stop once you acknowledge the cause . This is also what makes them excellent watch dogs . Corgi Weight The average weight of Corgis is between 25 - 30 pounds for males and 11 - 14 pounds for females . These breeds have been observed to gain weight very easily . They are good feeders and thus their portions should be checked strictly in order to avoid potential obesity problems which could cause a myriad of other health problems for them . The Corgis should also remain very active , and particularly the Cardigan Welsh Corgi even more . You should bear in mind that these dogs used to be herding dogs that spent the whole day out in Corgi Height The height of an adult Corgi ranges between 10 - 13 inches for the males and the females too . Appearance The Corgis have a short or medium length , thick undercoat with a longer fluffy outer coat . The undercoat is water resistant . Both coats are longer in the neck , chest and shoulders . There are four main coat colors in the Cardigans which are summarized on the following : Sable - this is a unique coat of these dogs . It has some variations which range from light to dark . Corgis which have this coat color will have a black cast over the tail head , back and withers . They also have a black shadow that arches from the top of the eyes to the point between the eyes . It is commonly referred to as a windows peak . Black Headed Tri - these Corgis are fondly referred to as BHT . They have a black shadow on top of the head as the name suggests as well as the ears and around the eyes . The undercoat , underbelly and face may be tan but the outer coat is black . Red headed tri - the top of the head is predominantly red . Also parts of the body will be red as well . Red and white - this is the last coat color and as the name suggests , this Corgi comes in different shades of these colors . Some Corgis have longer coats than the others . These are known as the long haired Corgis or the fluffy Corgis . The Pembroke Welsh Corgis are born with tails , though some are docked when the dogs are still young . However , others have short tails carried over their backs . The Cardigan Welsh Corgi has a long tail . History The Welsh Corgi was brought to Wales from central Europe by the Celtic tribes . In fact this is one of the earliest breeds which came to the whole of Britain around 3000 years ago . The Corgi is descended from the Dachshund and the Basset Hound breeds . The Corgi was initially used as a herd dog by farmers in South Wales . During those times , land was undivided and cattle were strewn all over the land . That was the time that a need for a herding dog arose . The Corgi was perfectly suited for this Image Courtesy : Bigstock . com / CaptureLight Besides herding , the Corgis were on the lookout for any predators . The two different breeds of Corgis are thought to have this common ancestry which was distinct in the areas where they were developed . The Cardigan was developed in Cardigan South Wales and hence its name , while the Pembroke was developed in Pembroke South Wales . The Corgis were treasured by both farmers as well as by the rest of the population so much that laws were put into place in order to protect them . Anyone who caused any harm to the dogs or tries to steal them , there was a sentence of heavy punishment waiting for them . In earlier times , it was thought that the Cardigan Welsh Corgi and the Pembroke Welsh Corgi to be one and the same breed , but as soon as the Corgis started participating in dog shows , the judges decided that these were two distinct breeds due to their obvious differences . These differences were probably due to the crosses with other distinct breeds . It is thought that the Pembroke was cross breed with the Spitz - type dogs from the Vikings . As land was divided , the Corgis soon found their way into people ’ s backyards The Pembroke Welsh Corgi is the most popular breed between the two . This is partly because it was the favorite dog of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II . The particular pet breed was not only popular in Britain but also in other parts of the world . Common Welsh Corgi Health Problems In matters health , Corgis , just like any other dog breed have some diseases which normally affect them . This does n ’ t mean that your dog will eventually suffer any of these specific infections . It rather means that the chances might be higher for Corgis to get infected with these diseases than for any other breed . However , prevention is better and easier begin with than treatment . Therefore , it is highly recommended to keep your Corgi always vaccinated against the diseases they are exposed due to their genetic makeup as well as other Corgis have been known to be very susceptible to back and joint problems as they grow older . Hip dysplasia and ruptured discs are also reported amongst many Corgis . Studies show that these conditions are caused by the nature of their physical body structure . Due to their double coat , there is a possibility that Corgis may suffer from skin problems . Several triggers can lead to these problems including pests , parasites and food allergies . Obesity is a very common problem affecting the Corgis in these modern times . They have a large appetite and without strict control on their diet , they could easily gain excessive weight . They also require intense physical exercises each day . Obesity leads to many other complications including joint pain , arthritis and in rare cases , even sudden death . Monitor your Corgis ’ weight closely to determine when there is a problem and take early remedial measure . Other health problems which have been encountered are eye disorders , Von Williebrand disease and Degenerative myelopathy . These conditions can be avoided through careful breeding by a qualified person . Lifespan The average lifespan of a Corgi is 12 - 15 years . Exercise The Corgis are very active dogs from their nature . Taking their origins into consideration , they were herding dogs which used to spend their entire day in the field . Nowadays , that they no longer herd , they still require a lot of daily exercise . It is highly advised to take your Corgi for a long walk in daily basis . The walk should be no less than 25 minutes and whenever possible , it would be good to include couple of running sessions in the meantime . While walking your Corgi , always be ahead of it . It needs to follow you right behind your heel . It ’ s also advisable to get it a good training session at least once a week . Grooming Corgis are very easy to groom . Their double coats are well maintained . You only need to comb and brush it when need arises and usually once a week is more than enough . Use a firm bristle brush to do so . Bathe the dog only when necessary since frequent bathing when there ’ s no need , could strip them off their natural oils that help them against skin diseases . As far as concerned shedding , their undercoats tend to come off all year round and their overcoats twice a year . Females usually shed more than male Corgis . Couple of products which are highly recommended for deshedding and grooming are summarized as follows : > > – Best Seller from Deshedding Brushes – < < > > – You can also check this de - shedding shampoo – < < > > – De - shedding pills which is a mix of natural oils , minerals , antioxidants and vitamins – < < > > – Grizzly Salmon Oil All - Natural Dog Food Supplement – < < Welsh Corgi Videos A very informative video about Welsh Corgis has been published on Dogs 101 which gives you a very brief as well as informative idea about these very lovable dogs . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . | [
"Welsh Corgi",
"Cardigan Welsh Corgi",
"Pembroke Welsh Corgi"
] |
http://cormacconsulting.com.au/ | Cormac Consulting is a specialist consultancy providing a comprehensive range of management consulting services including Executive Search Head Hunting Market Mapping Analysis Strategic Human Resource Management and Workplace Investigations Servicing the Mining Resource sector our industry experienced consultants specialise in sourcing professional and technical staff for permanent and temporary staffing requirements Digging in for success mining companies leveraged the downturn to rethink retrench and reinvigorate their management of talent October 10 2014 Under Uncategorized Key changes in legislation New protections against unfair contract terms for independent contractors October 10 2014 Under Uncategorized Tightening of rules for 457 visas October 10 2014 Under Uncategorized | [
"Cormac",
"Consulting",
"specialist"
] |
http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Crops/Soybean/L004.aspx | Soybean Growth and Development Last updated on February 19 , 2015 Slide show ( requires PowerPoint XP or later version ) PDF of slides The following is derived from the website How A Soybean Plant Develops ( ISU Special Report No . 53 ) Identifying Stages of Development Vegetative Stages and Development Reproductive Stages and Development Growth , development , and yield of soybeans are all a result of a given variety ' s genetic potential interacting with its environment . In a field situation , nature provides the major portion of the environmental influence on soybean development and yield ; however , soybean producers can manipulate this environment with proven managerial practices . It is the producer ' s task to provide the best possible growth environment for the soybean plant by using such management practices as wise tillage and fertilization of the soil , selecting the most suitable varieties and plant densities , timely A producer needs to understand soybean growth and development . A producer who understands the soybean plant can use production practices more efficiently to obtain higher yields and profit . Soybean Maturity Groups Soybean varieties are classified for their morphological ( form and structure ) growth habit , and for their daylength and temperature requirement to initiate floral or reproductive development . The indeterminate growth habit is typical of most Corn Belt soybean varieties and is characterized by a continuation of vegetative growth after flowering begins . Determinate soybean varieties characteristically have finished most of their vegetative growth when flowering begins and are typically grown in the southern United States . The classification for maturity is based upon the adaptability of a soybean variety to effectively utilize the growing season in a given region . These regions of adaptability are long belts , east and west , and relatively short 100 - 150 miles distances north and south . Soybean varieties adapted to a particular region are given a group number from 00 for the northernmost region in northern Minnesota and North Dakota , to VIII for the southernmost region in the United States , which includes Florida and the southern parts of the Gulf Coast states . Most varieties in An early maturing variety may develop fewer leaves or progress through the different stages at a faster rate , especially when planted late . A late maturing variety may develop more leaves or progress more slowly . The rate of plant development for any variety is directly related to temperature , so the length of time between the different stages will vary as the temperature varies both between and within the growing season . Deficiencies of nutrients , moisture , or other stress conditions may lengthen the time between vegetative stages , but shorten the time between reproductive stages . Soybeans planted at high densities tend to grow taller and produce fewer branches , pods , and seeds per plant than those planted at low densities . High density soybeans also will set pods higher off the ground and have a greater tendency to lodge . Identifying Stages of Development The Iowa State University staging system divides plant development into vegetative ( V ) and reproductive ( R ) stages . Subdivisions of the V stages are designated numerically as V1 , V2 , V3 , through V ( n ) except the first two stages , which are designated as VE ( emergence ) and VC ( cotyledon stage ) . The last V stage is designated as V ( n ) , where ( n ) represents the number for the last node stage of the specific variety . The ( n ) will fluctuate with variety and Vegetative and reproductive stages of a soybean plant . Vegetative Stages Reproductive Stages VE Emergence R1 Beginning bloom VC Cotyledon R2 Full bloom V1 First - node R3 Beginning pod V2 Second - node R4 Full pod V3 Third - node R5 Beginning seed R6 Full seed R7 Beginning maturity V ( n ) nth - node R8 Full maturity The V3 stage is defined when the leaflets on the 1st ( unifoliolate ) through the 4th node leaf are unrolled . Similarly , the VC stage occurs when the unifoliolate leaves have unrolled . The unifoliolate leaf node is the first node or reference point from which to begin counting upward to identify upper leaf node numbers . This node is unique in that the unifoliolate ( simple ) leaves are produced from it on opposite sides of the stem and are borne on short petioles . All other true leaves formed by the plant are trifoliolate ( compound ) leaves borne on long petioles , and are produced singularly ( from different nodes ) and alternately ( from side to side ) on the stem . The cotyledons , which are considered modified leaf storage organs , also arise opposite on the stem just below the unifoliolate node . When the unifoliolate leaves are lost through injury or natural aging , the position of the unifoliolate node can still be determined by locating the two leaf scars on the lower stem that permanently mark where the unifoliolate leaves had grown . These unifoliolate leaf scars are located just above the two opposite scars which mark the cotyledonary node position . Any leaf scars above the opposite unifoliolate scars appear singularly and alternately on the stem , All plants in a given field will not be in the same stage at the same time . When staging a field of soybeans , each specific V or R stage is defined only when 50 percent or more of the plants in the field are in or beyond that stage . Vegetative Stages and Development Germination and Emergence The planted soybean seed begins germination by absorbing water in amounts equal to about 50 percent of its weight . The radical or primary root is first to grow from the swollen seed where it elongates downward and anchors itself in the soil . Shortly after initial primary root growth , the hypocotyl ( small section of the stem between the cotyledonary node and the primary root ) , begins elongation toward the soil surface pulling the cotyledons ( seed leaves ) with it . The anchored primary root and elongating hypocotyl provide leverage for pulling the cotyledons to the Under favorable conditions , the primary root and several major laterals grow rapidly and may reach a depth of 2.5 to 3.25 feet by V6 . During late vegetative and early flowering ( V6 to R2 ) , the root system is expanding at its fastest rate . Most of this growth occurs in the upper 12 inches of soil , if adequate soil moisture is available . Some roots surface . By R6 , under favorable conditions , soybean roots may have reached depths greater than 6 feet and have spread 10 to 20 inches laterally . Roots are Shortly after VE , the hook - shaped hypocotyl straightens out and discontinues growth as the cotyledons fold down . The unfolding of the cotyledons exposes the growing epicotyl ( young leaves , stem , and growing point located just above the cotyledonary node ) . The subsequent expansion and unfolding of the unifoliolate leaves marks initiation of the VC stage , which is followed by the numbered ( nodal ) V stages . Nutrients and food reserves in the cotyledons supply the needs of the young plant during emergence and for about 7 to 10 days after VE , or until about the V1 stage . During this time , the cotyledons lose 70 percent of their dry weight . Loss of one cotyledon has little effect on the young plant ' s growth rate , but loss of both cotyledons at or soon after VE will reduce yields 8 to 9 percent . After V1 , photosynthesis by the developing leaves is adequate for the plant to sustain itself . New V stages will appear about every 5 days from VC through V5 , and every 3 days from V5 to shortly after R5 when the maximum number of nodes is developed . Management Guidelines In most cases , soybeans should be planted at a depth of 1 to 1 1 / 2 inches and never deeper than 2 inches . The ability of the germinating soybean seedling to push through a crusted soil decreases with deeper planting . Some varieties are especially sensitive to deep planting . In addition , the cooler soil temperatures at greater depths cause slower growth and decreased nutrient availability . Small amounts of fertilizer placed in a band 1 to 2 inches to the side and slightly below the seed may stimulate early plant growth if soil temperatures are still cool . Roots are not attracted to this fertilizer band , so the fertilizer must be placed where the roots will be . Fertilizer placement too near or with the seed can injure the young plant . A portion of the nitrogen used by the soybean plant is made available by fixation of N from the air by Rhizobium japonicum bacteria in the root nodules . These bacteria infect the roots causing nodule production as early as the V1 stage , . Throughout the V stages , the number of nodules increases along with the rate of N fixation . At about R2 , the N - fixation rate increases dramatically , peaks at about R5 . 5 , and drops rapidly thereafter . Weeds compete with soybeans for moisture , nutrients , and sunlight . Tillage operations , herbicides , uniform stands , and crop rotations are useful methods for controlling weeds . The rotary hoe is an excellent tool for early weed control before and shortly after the soybeans have emerged . Seed inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum bacteria is generally not recommended unless the field has never grown soybeans , or has not grown soybeans for the past 5 or more years . V2 Stage ( second node ) At the V2 stage , the plants are 6 to 8 inches tall and three nodes have leaves with unfolded leaflets ( the unifoliolate node and the first two trifoliolate leaf nodes ) . Soybean roots normally become infected with bacteria , which cause formation of round or oval shaped root growths termed nodules . Millions of these bacteria are located within each nodule and provide much of the soybean plant ' s nitrogen supply through a process called nitrogen fixation . Through nitrogen - fixation , the bacteria change nonavailable N2 gas from the air into nitrogen products that the soybean plant can use . The plant in turn provides the bacteria ' s carbohydrate supply . A relationship such as this , where both the bacteria and plant profit from the other , is called a symbiotic relationship Under field conditions , nodule formation can be seen shortly after VE , but active nitrogen - fixation does not begin until about the V2 to V3 stages . After this , the number of nodules formed and the amount of nitrogen fixed increases with time until about R5 . 5 ( midway between R5 and R6 ) when it decreases sharply . Management Guidelines Nitrogen fertilization of soybeans is not recommended because it generally does not increase grain yields . The total number of root nodules that form decreases proportionately with increasing amounts of applied N . In addition , N fertilizer applied to a soybean plant with active nodules will render the nodules inactive or inefficient proportionately to the amount of N applied . Thus , the soybean plant can utilize both fixed N from bacteria and soil N ( both mineralized and fertilizer N ) , but soil N is utilized over fixed N if available in large amounts . At V2 , the lateral roots are proliferating rapidly into the top 6 inches of soil between the rows , and by V5 will completely reach across a 30 - inch row . Because these roots are growing close to the soil surface , cultivation to control weeds should be shallow . V3 and V5 Stages ( third and fifth nodes ) Plants at V3 are 7 to 9 inches tall and four nodes have leaves with unfolded leaflets . Plants at V5 are about 0 to 12 inches tall and six nodes have leaves with unfolded leaflets . The upper angle junction between the main stem and a leaf petiole is called an axil . In each axil is an axillary bud , which is similar in nature to the main stem growing point . This bud , however , may develop into a branch , develop into a flower cluster and finally pods , or it may remain dormant ( inactive ) . The number of branches that develop increases with wider row spacings and lower plant densities , depending on the variety grown . From zero to six branches typically develop under field conditions . Generally the largest branch is the lowest on the main stem and progressively smaller branches develop farther up . Each branch develops trifoliolate leaves , nodes , axils , axillary buds , flowers , and pods similar in nature to the main stem . The first branch beginning to develop can be seen in the axil of the first trifoliolate leaf node . A soybean plant grown without competition from other plants will branch profusely and develop into a large plant increasing the number of plants in a given area ( plant density ) increases plant height and lodging tendencies , reduces branching and pod number per plant , but allows more pods and beans per unit are up to an optimum plant density . The optimum plant density is different for different varieties and environments . At about two node stages ( one week ) from R1 , the axillary buds in the top stem axils appear bushy and are beginning to develop into flower clusters called racemes . A raceme is a short , stem - like structure that produces flowers and finally pods along its length . The total number of nodes that the plant may potentially produce is set at V5 . The potential total number of nodes that an indeterminate type soybean plant may produce is always higher than the actual number of nodes that fully develop . The axillary buds of the unifoliolate and trifoliolate leaves and of the cotyledons , allow a tremendous capacity for the soybean plant to recuperate from damage such as hail . The stem apex , or tip growing point , normally exhibits dominance over the axillary buds ( axillary growing points ) during vegetative growth of the plant . If the stem apex is severed or broken off along with part of the stem , however , the remaining axillary buds are released from this dominance and branches grow profusely . The plant , therefore , has the ability to produce Leaf and petiole loss begins at V4 to V5 on the lowest node leaves and petioles and progresses very slowly upward until shortly after R6 . At this time , leaf and petiole loss becomes rapid and continues until R8 when generally all leaves and petioles have fallen . V6 Stage ( sixth node ) Plants at V6 are 12 to 14 inches tall . Seven nodes have leaves with unfolded leaflets and both of the unifoliolate leaves and cotyledons may have senesced and fallen from the plant at this time . New V stages are now appearing every 3 days . Lateral roots are present completely across row spacings of 30 inches or less by this stage . Fifty percent leaf loss at V6 reduces yield approximately 3 percent . Reproductive Stages and Development The eight R ( reproductive ) stages are divided into four parts : R1 and R2 describe flowering ; R3 and R4 , pod development ; R5 and R6 , seed development ; and R7 and R8 , plant maturation . Vegetative growth and nodal production continue through some of the R stages , including the V stage ( total number of nodes fully developed ) . The R1 through R6 stages of reproductive development better describe plant development . R1 Stage ( beginning bloom ) Plants at R1 are 15 to 18 inches tall and are vegetatively in the V7 to V10 stage ( 7 to 10 nodes fully developed ) . Flowering begins on the third to sixth node of the main stem , depending on the V stage at the time of flowering , and progresses upward and downward from there . The branches begin flowering a few days later than the main stem . These first flowers generally appear at the base of a raceme . With time the raceme elongates while new flowers appear progressively toward the raceme tip . By the R5 stage , the plant has completed most of its flowering but a few newly opened flowers may be present on branches and upper main stem nodes . Almost all soybean flowers pollinate them selves at , or a little before , the time of flower opening . Three to 4 days after an individual flower opens , the flower petals are dried out and the pod ( fruit ) begins to elongate . By 2 to 2 1 / 2 weeks after this individual flower opens , a full length pod has formed . Pod growth on the whole plant is rapid between R4 and R5 , since only a few full length pods are present on the lowest nodes at R4 . Many pods have reached mature length at R5 , however , and by R6 almost all pods are mature length . Flowering on a raceme occurs from the base to the tip . Basal raceme pods are thus always more mature than pods from the raceme tip . Flowering and pod set mostly occur on primary racemes , but secondary racemes may develop to the side of the primary raceme in the same axil . The appearance of new flowers peaks between R2 . 5 and R3 , and is , almost complete by the R5 stage . At R1 , vertical root growth rates sharply increase and stay relatively high to the R4 to R5 stage . Proliferation of secondary roots and root hairs within the top 0 to 9 inches of soil is extensive during this period also but roots in this zone generally begin to degenerate thereafter . R2 Stage ( full bloom ) Plants at R2 are 17 to 22 inches tall and are in the V8 to V12 stage . At this stage , the plant has only accumulated about 25 percent of its total mature dry weight and nutrients , attained about 50 percent of its mature height , and has produced about 50 percent of its total mature node number . This stage marks the beginning of a period of rapid and constant daily dry matter and nutrient accumulation rates by the plant that will continue until shortly after the R6 stage . This rapid accumulation of dry weight and Roots are present completely across the inter - row space of 40 inch rows by R2 and growth of several major lateral roots has turned downward by this time . These major lateral roots along with the tap root continue to elongate deeply into the soil profile until shortly after the R6 . 5 stage . Fifty percent defoliation at this stage reduces yield about 6 percent . R3 Stage ( beginning pod ) Plants at R3 are 23 to 32 inches tall and are in the V11 to V17 stage . It is not uncommon to find developing pods , withering flowers , open flowers , and flower buds on the same plant at this time . Developing pods are located on the lower nodes where flowering first began . If plant densities are adequate , yield can be divided into three components : the total number of pods produced per plant , the number of beans produced per pod , and the weight per bean . Yield = average number of plants per hectare ( acre ) x average number of pods per plant x average number of beans per pod x average weight per bean . Yield increases or decreases may be described as increasing or decreasing one or more of these three components . Yield increases most generally result from increases in total number of pods per plant , especially large yield increases . The upper limits on number of beans per pod and seed size are genetically confined ; however , these two components can still fluctuate enough to produce sizable yield increases . Stressful conditions such as high temperature or moisture deficiency reduce yield due to reduction in one or more of the components . Reductions in one component , however , may be compensated by another component so yields are not significantly changed . Which yield component is reduced or increased depends on the R stage of the plant when the stress occurs . As the soybean plant ages from R1 through R5 . 5 , its ability to compensate after a stressful condition decreases , and the potential degree of yield reduction from stress increases . Management Guidelines R1 - R3 Under Corn Belt conditions , about 60 to 75 percent of all soybean flowers produced typically abort and never contribute to yield . About half of this abortion occurs before the flowers develop into young pods , and the other half is due to pod abortion . The over production of flowers and pods and the extended period of flowering ( from R1 to R5 ) seems desirable because it offers a degree of escape from short periods of stress . Stressful conditions ( which cause even higher abortion rates ) from R1 through R3 generally do not reduce yields Practices such as fertilization , narrow rows , proper planting rates , irrigation , and weed control are all attempts to reduce the amount of floral and pod abortion and thus increase yields . R4 Stage ( full pod ) At stage R4 a pod is 3 / 4 inch long at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf . Plants at R4 are 28 to 39 inches tall and are in the V13 to V20 stage . This period is characterized by rapid pod growth and by beginning seed development . The period from R4 to shortly after R5 . 5 is a period of rapid steady dry weight accumulation by the pods . Some individual pods on the lower nodes of the main stem are full size or close to full size now , but many pods will be full size by the R5 stage . Pods normally attain most of their length and width before the beans begin to develop rapidly . Thus , toward the end of this period , some beans within the lower node pods have begun rapid growth . Some of the last flowering to occur on the plant is at the main stem tip where a floral cluster appears . This cluster consists of axillary flowers bunched together from the tip nodes that have n ' t separated . Flowering at the upper nodes of the branches is also the last to occur on the plant . Management Guidelines The R4 stage marks the beginning of the most crucial period of plant development in terms of seed yield determination . Stress ( moisture , light , nutrient deficiencies , frost , lodging , or defoliation ) , occurring anytime from R4 to shortly after R6 , will reduce yields more than the same stress at any other period of development . The period from R4 . 5 ( late pod formation ) to about R5 . 5 is especially critical because flowering becomes complete and can not compensate , and because young pods and seeds are more prone to Where possible , irrigate to ensure adequate moisture during these crucial periods . R5 Stage ( beginning seed ) Plants at R5 are 30 to 43 inches tall and are in the V15 to V23 stage . This period is characterized by rapid seed growth or seed filling , and redistribution of dry weight and nutrients within the plant to the growing seeds . At initial R5 , reproductive development ranges from flowers just open to pods containing seeds 8 mm long . Midway between the R5 and R6 stages , several events occur close to the same time . At about R5 . 5 : ( 1 ) the plant attains its maximum height , node number , and leaf area ; ( 2 ) the high nitrogen fixation rates peak and begin to drop rapidly ; and ( 3 ) the seeds begin a period of rapid , steady , dry weight , and nutrient accumulation . Shortly after R5 . 5 Seed yields depend upon the rate of dry weight accumulation in the seeds and the length of time that dry weight accumulates in the seeds . There is often relatively little difference between adapted varieties in the rate of dry weight accumulation , but they do vary in the length of time that dry weight accumulates in the seeds . Stress may influence both the rate and length of time that dry weight accumulates in seeds . Management Guidelines Demand for water and nutrients is large throughout the rapid seed filling period . During this entire period , the beans acquire about half of their N , P , and K by redistribution from vegetative plant parts , and about half by soil uptake and nodule activity . This redistribution of nutrients from plant parts occurs regardless of the soil nutrient avail ability . Water deficiencies may reduce nutrient availability because roots can not take up nutrients or grow in upper soil areas where the soil dries . Thus , at least part of the P and K must One hundred percent leaf loss ( such as by hail ) anytime between R5 . 0 to R5 . 5 can reduce soybean yields by about 75 percent . Stress conditions occurring from the R5 . 5 to R6 period also may cause large yield reductions . Yield reductions during R5 . 5 to R6 occur mainly as fewer pods per plant and fewer beans per pod ; and to a lesser degree , as less weight per bean . R6 Stage ( full seed ) Plants at R6 are 31 to 47 inches tall and are in the V16 to V25 stage . Because plant height and node number maximized at about R5 . 5 , little increase in these factors is evident between R5 and R6 . The R6 bean or " green bean " is characterized by width equal to its pod cavity ; however , beans of all sizes , may be found on the plant at this time . Total plant pod weight maximizes at about R6 . Growth rate of the beans and whole plant at R6 is still very rapid . This rapid rate of dry weight and nutrient accumulation begins to slow in the whole plant shortly after R6 , and at shortly after R6 . 5 in the seeds . Dry weight and nutrient accumulation maximizes in the whole plant shortly after R6 . 5 and in the seeds at about R7 . Rapid leaf yellowing ( visual senescence ) over the plant begins shortly after R6 and continues rapidly to about R8 , or until all leaves have fallen . Leaf senescence and falling begins on the older lowest node leaves , and subsequently spreads upward to the younger leaves . Three to six trifoliolate leaves may have already fallen from the lowest nodes before rapid leaf yellowing begins . Root growth is essentially complete shortly after R6 . 5 . R7 Stage ( beginning maturity ) Physiological maturity of an individual soybean seed occurs when the accumulation of dry weight ceases . This first occurs when the seed ( and generally the pod ) turns or has completely lost all green color Although not all pods on the R7 plant have lost their green color the plant is essentially at physiological maturity because very little additional dry weight will be accumulated . The soybean seed at physiological maturity is about 60 percent moisture and contains all necessary plant parts to begin the next generation soybean plant . Management Guidelines R6 - R7 As pods and seeds mature , they become less prone to abort . As a result , the total number of pods per plant and number of beans per pod gradually become set with plant maturity . Although an older seed may not abort ( fall from the plant ) under stressful conditions , the length of the period of rapid seed dry weight accumulation may be shortened , which in turn causes smaller seed size and reduced yields . As the soybean plant matures past R6 , the potential degree of yield reduction by stress gradually declines . From R6 to R6 . 5 stress may cause large yield reductions mostly by reducing seed size , but also by reducing pods per plant and beans per pod . Yield reductions from stress occurring from R6 . 5 to R7 are much smaller because the seeds have already accumulated a sizable portion of their mature dry weight . Stress occurring at R7 or thereafter essentially has no effect on yield . Soybean redirects leaf growth toward the sun after a soybean plant partially lodges . The tendency for lodging increases as plants grow taller . High plant populations , irrigation , and high seasonal rainfall increase plant height and lodging . Lodging reduces yields by causing increased harvest losses and inefficient use of sunlight by the plant . R8 Stage ( full maturity ) Ninety - five percent of the pods have reached their mature pod color . Five to 10 days of drying weather are required after R8 before the soybeans have less than 15 percent moisture . The sequence of color and size changes the soybean pod and beans undergo from green R6 beans to the mature beans ready for harvest . Mature pod color does not always indicate harvestable readiness of the beans within . With favorable drying weather , soybeans will lose moisture quickly . Sub - optimum plant densities become readily apparent at harvest time . Above - optimum plant densities cause lodged plants that are difficult to harvest , thus leaving potential yield in the field . Below - optimum plant densities cause branching and low pod set . Heavily podded branches may break off easily and fall to the ground . Also , pods produced very close to the ground are difficult or sometimes impossible to harvest mechanically . Timeliness of harvest is very crucial for soybeans . Ideal bean moisture content at harvest and for storage 13 percent . Although harvest may begin at higher moisture percentages , some drying costs will be encountered for safe storage . In contrast , harvest delayed to less than 13 percent moisture causes increased pre - harvest shatter loss , sickle - bar shatter loss during harvest , increased number of split beans , and loss of weight to sell . To reduce harvest losses : drive at proper speed , and check concave clearance , cylinder speed , sieves , and air velocity . Be sure reel speed and ground travel are synchronized to minimize sickle - bar shatter loss . Leave a short stubble . A 3.5 inch stubble contains 5 percent of the crop ; a 6.5 inch stubble , 12 percent . The environment in which a soybean variety grows is extremely influential upon the plant ' s development and yield . Environmental stress occurring at any stage of soybean development will reduce yields . Stress such as nutrient deficiencies , inadequate moisture , frost damage , hail damage , insect damage , or lodging cause greatest yield reductions when occurring between the R4 to shortly after R6 stages . Within these stages , the R4 . 5 to R5 . 5 period is especially sensitive to stress . As the soybean plant matures past R6 , the potential amount of yield | [
"Corn Agronomy",
"Soybean Growth"
] |
http://cornellbigred.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=43072 | Social # 1 - FACEBOOK Social # 2 - TWITTER Social # 3 - SMS Social # 4 - RSS Social # 5 - YouTube Social # 6 - PHOTO GALLERY Wrestling Team Roster Head Coach Rob Koll Coaches Schedule Schedule & Results Downloadable ( iCal ) Stats 2018 - 19 Statistics Archived Statistics 50 - Win Club History History Page Record Book Archived Media Guides Archives Recruits Recruiting Questionnaire Camps Friedman Wrestling Center Fans Order NCAA Tickets NCAA Wrestling Ivy League Wrestling Buy Tickets Live Video Give to Wrestling Kyle Dake on NCAA On Campus Camps Friedman Wrestling Center Directions Wrestling Pin - Pool Visit Ithaca Ht . / Wt . 5 - 7 / 125 Class Fr . Hometown Jackson , N.J . High School Jackson Liberty HS Mike Russo 2016 - 17 Wrestling Roster Anderson , Jake Artigliere , Dillon Atiyeh , Dennis Baughman , Noah Bienstock , Eli Chavez , Jon Jay Congenie , Steven Dawkins , Milik Dean , Gabe Furnas , Jonathan Galasso , Joey Garcia , Andrew George , Jake Gillem , Trence Grey , Mark Higginbotham , Griffin Honis , Ben Incorvaia , Robert Koll , William Krajewski , Derek Lapresi , Connor Lehr , Jacob Macri , Dalton McNitt , Ian Overhiser , Jimmy Palacio , Dylan Pellumbi , Rami Realbuto , Brian Realbuto , Dylan Richards , McZiggy Russo , Matt Russo , Matthew Russo , Mike Schoenherr , Chris Scott , Craig Scott , Owen Simaz , Kyle Simaz , Taylor Sweany , Jeramy Walter , Ty Womack , Brandon Return to Roster | [
"Michael A . Russo",
"wrestling",
"Michael Jr ."
] |
http://cornerdrugsrx.com/content/what-progesterone-and-why-do-we-need-it | Page Not Found The page you are looking for could not be found . It could have been renamed or may no longer exist . You may try the following options : Re - check the URL in the address bar . Go to ( WFsites ) home page . Notify ( WFsites ) Support if you are convinced this is an error . | [
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