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http://cranbrookcurlingcentre.com/leagues/ | Leagues League registration commences on the 24th of September same day as the AGM The Cranbrook Curling Centre offers the following leagues See information on specific leagues below Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Morning Afternoon Seniors League Junior League Seniors League Evening Monday League DropIn Beginner Mens League Ladies League Mixed Business League Monday nights starting at 700 pm Teams must have a minimum of one female Individual players are encouraged to sign up For more information please contact the league coordinator League Coordinator Jeff Langin jefflanginhotmailcom Shanda Fultcher Senior League Cranbrook has a very active senior curling league with well over 100 participants ranging in age from 50 Which is the minimum age up to around 90 Curling starts about mid October and runs until about mid March Each season we have 6 separate rounds from 5 to 7 games each We curl Tuesdays and Thursdays with two draws each day at 1200 and 200 PM At the completion of each round the teams are shuffled and everyone is curling with different persons Participants can be non curlers up to professional A lot of seniors travel during the winter so Seniors League Contacts Coordinator Joan Fiedler Joanandgregshawca Draw Coordinator Mike Riemann amriemashawca Mens League See Mens League Page Mens League contacts Coordinator Jeff Langin jefflangin10hotmailcom Junior League Ida van der Molen ivandermshawca Ladies League Coordinator Sue Trombley suetrombley53gmailcom Drop in Tuesdays New to curling havent played in years or just looking for a little extra practice You are in luck On Tuesdays at 600 pm come out curling For only 10 free if you are a member of one of the leagues mentioned above you can curl for the night If you are new to the game someone will be there that can show you and your friends how to curl Even better after curling you can enjoy drinks in our lounge | [
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http://crapemyrtletrails.org/planting/ | Planting Susan Folkert Horticulturist , Member Horticulture Committee The Crape Myrtle Trails of McKinney Basic Care Crape myrtles require full , or nearly full , sunlight to grow and bloom to maximum potential . Site Selection : Crape myrtles must be in full sun ( at least 6 hours daily ) to bloom to their maximum potential . Allow ample space for the mature height and spread of the selected crape myrtle variety : a few feet for miniatures and as much as 25 feet for the larger varieties such as Natchez or Muskogee . Pay particular attention to the distance from the house or other structures , which should be no less than half the mature width of the crape myrtle , preferably greater . Transporting Your Crape Myrtles Home : Gardeners buy most of their crape myrtles in summer , while the plants are in full bloom . That ’ s a good way of ensuring variety purity and getting exactly the shades that you want . However , it also requires that you protect their foliage and flowers from highway winds on the way home from the nursery . Wrap them in old sheets , used nursery shade fabric , burlap or some other protective covering . There is absolutely no way you can drive home slowly enough to prevent serious damage to Planting Hole Dig the hole two to three times as wide , but no deeper than the height of , the root ball ( not the container depth ) . In heavy clay soils where drainage can be a problem , it is helpful to dig the hole 1 to 2 inches shallower than the root ball so that the planted tree will end up slightly above the surrounding grade . Be sure the sides and the bottom of the hole are not “ glazed , ” that is , smoothed and compacted from the digging . Glazing forms a barrier that Setting the Tree Always handle trees by their root balls , never by their trunks . Handling them by their trunks can break the roots away from the trunks , which means almost certain death . Lay a large container crape myrtle on its side and slide the pot away from the moist root ball rather than pulling the tree from the container by its trunk . Small container trees can then be set into their planting holes . If they are too heavy to be lifted safely they can be rolled into their planting holes . Set balled - and - burlapped ( Check the position of the tree before you start filling the hole and straighten your new crape myrtle as necessary . Replace some of the soil removed from the planting hole ( backfill ) to steady a B&B tree and then cut away the wire and / or twine and burlap . Be especially careful to remove all twine wrapped around the base of a tree - form crape myrtle ( the neck of the burlapped ball ) , as it will eventually girdle and kill the tree if left in place . If the burlap on the root ball Backfill : Soil amendments are not recommended when planting tree - form crape myrtles . Trees should be planted in the soil in which they must grow , so only the soil dug from the planting hole should go back into the hole . Backfill the planting hole to the original grade , breaking up any clods and gently tamping the soil as the hole is filled . Do n ’ t compact the soil . On the other hand , do n ’ t fill it so loosely that the root ball is not supported . When the planting is complete Mulching is the last step in planting crape myrtles . Bark mulch retards weed growth and helps retain moisture in soil . Dwarf types of crape myrtles are usually planted into landscape beds , so some degree of soil amendment will probably be done . If you do for these small varieties the same things you would do for a bed of another type of low shrub or groundcover , your crape myrtles should be well satisfied . Water : After planting , water your new crape myrtle thoroughly to settle the soil around the root ball . Fill the basin created by the berm , let it settle and repeat two or three times . The size of the plant and the type of soil will dictate how much water is needed , just as it affects long - term water needs . Large plants will obviously need more water than small ones , although small plants will probably need water more often as their root systems are smaller . Likewise , balled - and - burlapped root balls Mulch : Fill the berm with mulch ( shredded bark , compost , pine needles , etc . ) which will help with moisture retention and reduce competition from weeds . The mulch layer should be 2 to 4 inches deep . Do not place mulch directly against the trunk . Keep it about a finger ’ s width away . Crape myrtle showing extensive injury from careless use of line trimmer Maintenance Allow the berm surrounding the root ball to erode over the next season or two . It is not necessary to maintain it once the tree is established . Continue to maintain a 2 - to 4 - inch layer of mulch over the root zone , particularly if you have a tree - form crape myrtle that is located in a lawn area . Not only will the mulch moderate root - zone temperatures , retain moisture longer and reduce weeds , but it will also eliminate the need to mow or use string trimmers near the trunk . | [
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http://crazywomanglass.com/HowTo.html | A quickie explanation on how to make a bead What I use to make glass beads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Torch Oxygen / Propane Kiln for annealing the beads Mandrels ( stainless steel ) coated with bead release Glass rods - Moretti ( soft glass ) - Imported from Italy or borosilicate ( hard glass ) Didymium glasses ( for soft glass only ) to protect my eyes and see in the flame Miscellaneous shaping items Don your ' dorky ' didymium glasses and get ready to light the torch . These are necessary to be able to see behind the colors of the flame as well as for safety . Start heating up the kiln in which you will anneal beads . Beads are annealed to relieve the internal stress created when glass is taken from a solid to a semi - solid . The constant temperature should be very near 960 ° Farenheight . A torch using an oxygen - propane mixture is used to melt the glass to form the beads . The torch I use is a Minor Bench Burner . While your kiln is heating it ' s a good time to pull stringers - spaghetti thin sticks of glass - and twisties and latticino - several colors of glass twisted together . These will be used later to decorate your beads . You are now ready to make a bead . Pick up a mandrel that has previously been coated with bead release ( so the glass will not stick to them ) in one hand . In the other hand a rod of glass . Slowly introduce the glass rod into the flame . If the rod gets too hot too quick , it will thermal shock and send pieces of hot glass everywere . When the glass is hot and starting to move , wind on a preheated mandrel . Touch the glass lightly to the bead release while turning the mandrel to smoothly apply the glass and start forming the bead . When you have applied the amount of glass you want , use gravity to round out the bead . At this point you can use twisties , latticino , various metals , enamels , etc . to decorate the bead . When the bead is ' finished ' it is placed into the kiln When you are finished with making beads for the day , the beads need to ' soak ' at approximately 960 ° F for 30 minutes or longer depending on the size of the beads . The kiln is then slowly ramped down to room temperature . This process is called annealing . After the kiln reaches room temperature the beads may be removed from the kiln and soaked in water to help soften the bead release and make the beads slip off the mandrels . To complete the process and make the beads ready to design with , you must remove the residual bead release from the hole in the bead . I use a diamond bit bead reamer for this . | [
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http://crdl.usg.edu/events/mlk_assassination/ | Home Events » Dr . King ' s Assassination Dr . King ' s Assassination Background : On April 4 , 1968 , Martin Luther King , Jr . was assassinated by a sniper ' s bullet while standing on the second - floor balcony of his room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis , Tennessee . As news of King ' s death spread , violent riots broke out in African American neighborhoods in over one hundred cities across the United States . King , who was the nation ' s foremost civil rights leader , had returned to Memphis to lead a nonviolent march in support of the city ' s striking sanitation workers . Expand all | Collapse all | Results view Archival Collections and Reference Resources African - American Life in Memphis , Tenn . ( Memphis Public Library ' s Memphis and Shelby County Room ) Albert Gore Sr . Senate Collection ( Albert Gore Research Center ( Middle Tennessee State University ) ) Civil Rights Oral History Interviews ( Washington State University ' s Manuscripts , Archives , and Special Collections ) Dr . Martin Luther King , Jr . Assassination Investigation ( Shelby County Register of Deeds ) FBI Freedom of Information Act Collection ( Federal Bureau of Investigation ) Frank Holloman collection ( Memphis Public Library ' s Memphis and Shelby County Room ) March on Milwaukee : Civil Rights History Project ( Golda Meir Library ( University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee Libraries ) ) Moncrief photograph collection ( Mississippi Department of Archives and History ) Voices of Civil Rights ( Library of Congress ) | [
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http://creation.com/age-of-the-earth | Age of the earth 101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe by Don Batten There are many categories of evidence for the age of the earth and the cosmos that indicate they are much younger than is generally asserted today . Can science prove the age of the earth ? The widely accepted age of the universe is currently 13.77 billion years and for the solar system ( including Earth ) it is 4.543 billion years . However , no scientific method can prove the age of the earth and the universe , and that includes the ones we have listed here that strongly suggest that these accepted ages are in serious error . Although age indicators are called ‘ clocks ’ they are n ’ t , because all ages result from calculations that necessarily involve making assumptions about the past . The starting time of the ‘ clock ’ has always to be assumed as well as the way in which the speed of the clock has varied over time . Further , it has to be assumed that the clock was There is no independent natural clock against which those assumptions can be tested . For example , the amount of cratering on the moon , based on currently observed cratering rates , would suggest that the moon is quite old . However , to draw this conclusion we have to assume that the rate of cratering has been the same in the past as it is now . And there are now good reasons for thinking that it might have been quite intense in the past , in which case the craters do not indicate an old age at all No scientific method can prove the age of the earth or the universe , and that includes the ones we have listed here . Ages of millions of years are all calculated by assuming the rates of change of processes in the past were the same as we observe today — called the principle of uniformitarianism . If the age calculated from such assumptions disagrees with what they think the age should be , they conclude that their assumptions did not apply in this case , and adjust them accordingly . If the calculated result gives an acceptable age , the investigators publish it . Examples of young ages listed here are also obtained by applying the same principle of uniformitarianism . Long - age proponents will dismiss this sort of evidence for a young age of the earth by arguing that the assumptions about the past do not apply in these cases . In other words , age is not really a matter of scientific observation but an argument about our assumptions about the unobserved past . The assumptions behind the evidences presented here can not be proved , but the fact that such a wide range of different phenomena all suggest much younger ages than are currently generally accepted , provides a strong case for questioning the accepted ages . Also , a number of the evidences , rather than giving any estimate of age , challenge the assumption of slow - and - gradual uniformitarianism , upon which all deep - time dating methods depend . When the evolutionists throw up some new challenge to the Bible ’ s timeline , do n ’ t fret over it . Sooner or later that supposed evidence will be turned on its head and will even be added to this list of evidences for a young age of the earth . Many of these indicators for younger ages were discovered when creationist scientists started researching things that were supposed to ‘ prove ’ long ages . The lesson here is clear : when the evolutionists throw up some new challenge to the Bible ’ s timeline , do n ’ t fret over it . Sooner or later that supposed evidence will be turned on its head and will even be added to this list of evidences for a younger age of the earth . On the other hand , some of the evidences listed here might turn out to be “ It ’ s not science ” ) . Science is based on observation , and the only reliable means of telling the age of anything is by the testimony of a reliable witness who observed the events . The Bible claims to be the communication of the only One who witnessed the events of Creation : the Creator himself . As such , the Bible is the only reliable means of knowing the age of the earth and the cosmos . See The Universe ’ s Birth Certificate and Biblical chronogenealogies ( technical ) . In the end we believe that the Bible will stand vindicated and those who deny its testimony will be confounded . Biological evidence for a young age of the earth Image : Dr Mary Schweitzer The finding of pliable blood vessels , blood cells and proteins in dinosaur bone is consistent with an age of thousands of years for the fossils , not the 65 + million years claimed by the paleontologists . DNA in ‘ ancient ’ fossils . DNA extracted from bacteria that are supposed to be 425 million years old brings into question that age , because DNA could not last more than thousands of years . Lazarus bacteria — bacteria revived from salt inclusions supposedly 250 million years old , suggest the salt is not millions of years old . See also Salty saga . The decay in the human genome due to multiple slightly harmful mutations each generation is consistent with an origin several thousand years ago . Sanford , J . , Genetic entropy and the mystery of the genome , Ivan Press , 2005 ; see review of the book and the interview with the author in Creation 30 ( 4 ) : 45 – 47 , September 2008 . This has been confirmed by realistic modelling of population genetics , which shows that genomes are young , in the order of thousands of years . See Sanford , J . , Baumgardner , J . , Brewer , W . , Gibson , P . and Remine , W . , Mendel ’ s Accountant : A biologically realistic forward - time population genetics program , SCPE 8 ( 2 ) : 147 – 165 , 2007 . The data for ‘ mitochondrial Eve ’ are consistent with a common origin of all humans several thousand years ago . Very limited variation in the DNA sequence on the human Y - chromosome around the world is consistent with a recent origin of mankind , thousands not millions of years . Many fossil bones ‘ dated ’ at many millions of years old are hardly mineralized , if at all . This contradicts the widely believed old age of the earth . See , for example , Dinosaur bones just how old are they really ? Tubes of marine worms , ‘ dated ’ at 550 million years old , that are soft and flexible and apparently composed of the original organic compounds hold the record ( original paper ) . Dinosaur blood cells , blood vessels proteins hemoglobin osteocalcin collagen histones ) and DNA are not consistent with their supposed more than 65 - million - year age , but make more sense if the remains are thousands of years old ( at most ) . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Lack of 50 : 50 racemization of amino acids in fossils ‘ dated ’ at millions of years old , whereas complete racemization would occur in thousands of years . Living fossils — jellyfish , graptolites , coelacanth , stromatolites , Wollemi pine and hundreds more . That many hundreds of species could remain so unchanged , for even up to billions of years in the case of stromatolites , speaks against the millions and billions of years being real . Discontinuous fossil sequences . E.g . Coelacanth Wollemi pine and various ‘ index ’ fossils , which are present in supposedly ancient strata , missing in strata representing many millions of years since , but still living today . Such discontinuities speak against the interpretation of the rock formations as vast geological ages — how could Coelacanths have avoided being fossilized for 65 million years , for example ? See The ‘ Lazarus effect ’ : rodent ‘ resurrection ’ ! The ages of the world ’ s oldest living organisms , trees , are consistent with an age of the earth of thousands of years . Geological evidence for a young age of the earth Photo by Don Batten Radical folding at Eastern Beach , near Auckland in New Zealand , indicates that the sediments were soft and pliable when folded , inconsistent with a long time for their formation . Such folding can be seen world - wide and is consistent with a young age of the earth . Scarcity of plant fossils in many formations containing abundant animal / herbivore fossils . E.g. , the Morrison Formation ( Jurassic ) in Montana . See Origins 21 ( 1 ) : 51 – 56 , 1994 . Also the Coconino sandstone in the Grand Canyon has many track - ways ( animals ) , but is almost devoid of plants . Implication : these rocks are not ecosystems of an ‘ era ’ buried in situ over eons of time as evolutionists claim . The evidence is more consistent with catastrophic transport then burial during the massive global Flood of Noah ’ s day . This eliminates supposed evidence for millions of years . Thick , tightly bent strata without sign of melting or fracturing . E.g. the Kaibab upwarp in Grand Canyon indicates rapid folding before the sediments had time to solidify ( the sand grains were not elongated under stress as would be expected if the rock had hardened ) . This wipes out hundreds of millions of years of time and is consistent with extremely rapid formation during the biblical Flood . See Warped earth ( written by a geophysicist ) . Polystrate fossils — tree trunks in coal ( Araucaria spp . king billy pines , celery top pines , in southern hemisphere coal ) . There are also polystrate tree trunks in the Yellowstone fossilized forests and Joggins , Nova Scotia and in many other places . Polystrate fossilized lycopod trunks occur in northern hemisphere coal , again indicating rapid burial / formation of the organic material that became coal . Experiments show that with conditions mimicking natural forces , coal forms quickly ; in weeks for brown coal to months for black coal . It does not need millions of years . Furthermore , long time periods could be an impediment to coal formation because of the increased likelihood of the permineralization of the wood , which would hinder coalification . Experiments show that with conditions mimicking natural forces , oil forms quickly ; it does not need millions of years , consistent with an age of thousands of years . opals form quickly , in a matter of weeks , not millions of years , as had been claimed . Evidence for rapid , catastrophic formation of coal beds speaks against the hundreds of millions of years normally claimed for this , including Z - shaped seams that point to a single depositional event producing these layers . Evidence for rapid petrifaction of wood speaks against the need for long periods of time and is consistent with an age of thousands of years . Clastic dykes and pipes ( intrusion of sediment through overlying sedimentary rock ) show that the overlying rock strata were still soft when they formed . This drastically compresses the time scale for the deposition of the penetrated rock strata . See , Walker , T . , Fluidisation pipes : Evidence of large - scale watery catastrophe Journal of Creation ( TJ ) 14 ( 3 ) : 8 – 9 , 2000 . Para ( pseudo ) conformities — where one rock stratum sits on top of another rock stratum but with supposedly millions of years of geological time missing , yet the contact plane lacks any significant erosion ; that is , it is a ‘ flat gap ’ . E.g. Coconino sandstone / Hermit shale in the Grand Canyon ( supposedly a 10 million year gap in time ) . The thick Schnebly Hill Formation ( sandstone ) lies between the Coconino and Hermit in central Arizona . See Austin , S.A. , Grand Canyon , monument to catastrophe , ICR , Santee , CA , USA , 1994 and Snelling , A . , The case of the ‘ missing ’ geologic time Creation 14 ( 3 ) : 31 – 35 , 1992 . The presence of ephemeral markings ( raindrop marks , ripple marks , animal tracks ) at the boundaries of paraconformities show that the upper rock layer has been deposited immediately after the lower one , eliminating many millions of years of ‘ gap ’ time . See references in Para ( pseudo ) conformities Inter - tonguing of adjacent strata that are supposedly separated by millions of years also eliminates many millions of years of supposed geologic time . The case of the ‘ missing ’ geologic time ; Mississippian and Cambrian strata interbedding : 200 million years hiatus in question , CRSQ 23 ( 4 ) : 160 – 167 . The lack of bioturbation ( worm holes , root growth ) at paraconformities ( flat gaps ) reinforces the lack of time involved where evolutionary geologists insert many millions of years to force the rocks to conform with the ‘ given ’ timescale of billions of years . The almost complete lack of clearly recognizable soil layers anywhere in the geologic column . Geologists do claim to have found lots of ‘ fossil ’ soils ( paleosols ) , but these are quite different to soils today , lacking the features that characterize soil horizons ; features that are used in classifying different soils . Every one that has been investigated thoroughly proves to lack the characteristics of proper soil . If ‘ deep time ’ were correct , with hundreds of millions of years of abundant life on the earth , there should have been ample opportunities CRSQ 39 : 252 – 68 ; 40 : 99 – 116 , 2003 ; Walker , T . , Paleosols : digging deeper buries ‘ challenge ’ to Flood geology Journal of Creation 17 ( 3 ) : 28 – 34 , 2003 . Limited extent of unconformities ( unconformity : a surface of erosion that separates younger strata from older rocks ) . Surfaces erode quickly ( e.g. Badlands , South Dakota ) , but there are very limited unconformities . There is the ‘ great unconformity ’ at the base of the Grand Canyon , but otherwise there are supposedly ~ 300 million years of strata deposited on top without any significant unconformity . This is again consistent with a much shorter time of deposition of these strata . See Para ( pseudo ) conformities The Arches National Park ( USA ) has over 2,000 rock arches . If 43 have collapsed since 1970 and the linked article was written in 2015 , that ’ s 45 years , giving a rate of collapse of ~ 1 per year , which means that all would be gone in ~ 2,000 years . This is thoroughly consistent with the biblical timeframe but not the evolutionary one of millions of years ( 5 million ? ) . Historical records of the ‘ 12 Apostles ’ in southern Australia should allow a similar ‘ clock ’ to be A dangerous view The discovery that underwater landslides ( ‘ turbidity currents ’ ) travelling at some 50 km / h can create huge areas of sediment in a matter of hours ( Press , F . , and Siever , R . , Earth , 4 th ed . , Freeman & Co . , NY , USA , 1986 ) . Sediments thought to have formed slowly over eons of time are now becoming recognized as having formed extremely rapidly . See for example , A classic tillite reclassified as a submarine debris flow ( Technical ) . Flume tank research with sediment of different particle sizes show that layered rock strata that were thought to have formed over huge periods of time in lake beds actually formed very quickly . Even the precise layer thicknesses of rocks were duplicated after they were ground into their sedimentary particles and run through the flume . See Experiments in stratification of heterogeneous sand mixtures Sedimentation Experiments : Nature finally catches up ! Sandy Stripes Do many layers mean many years ? Observed examples of rapid canyon formation ; for example , Providence Canyon in southwest Georgia , Burlingame Canyon near Walla Walla , Washington , and Lower Loowit Canyon near Mount St Helens . The rapidity of the formation of these canyons , which look similar to other canyons that supposedly took many millions of years to form , brings into question the supposed age of the canyons that no one saw form . Observed examples of rapid island formation and maturation , such as Surtsey , which confound the notion that such islands take long periods of time to form . See also , Tuluman — A Test of Time Rate of erosion of coastlines , horizontally . E.g. Beachy Head , UK , loses a metre of coast to the sea every six years . Rate of erosion of continents vertically is not consistent with the assumed old age of the earth . See Creation 22 ( 2 ) : 18 – 21 . Existence of significant flat plateaux that are ‘ dated ’ at many millions of years old ( ‘ elevated paleoplains ’ ) . An example is Kangaroo Island ( Australia ) . C.R. Twidale , a famous Australian physical geographer wrote : “ the survival of these paleoforms is in some degree an embarrassment to all the commonly accepted models of landscape development . ” Twidale , C.R. On the survival of paleoforms , American Journal of Science 5 ( 276 ) : 77 – 95 , 1976 ( quote on p . 81 ) . See Austin , S.A. , Did landscapes evolve ? Impact 118 , April 1983 . The recent and almost simultaneous origin of all the high mountain ranges around the world — including the Himalayas , the Alps , the Andes , and the Rockies — which have undergone most of the uplift to their present elevations beginning ‘ five million ’ years ago , whereas mountain building processes have supposedly been around for up to billions of years . See Baumgardner , J . , Recent uplift of today ’ s mountains Impact 381 , March 2005 . Water gaps . These are gorges cut through mountain ranges where rivers run . They occur worldwide and are part of what evolutionary geologists call ‘ discordant drainage systems ’ . They are ‘ discordant ’ because they do n ’ t fit the deep time belief system . The evidence fits them forming rapidly in a much younger age framework where the gorges were cut in the recessive stage / dispersive phase of the global Flood of Noah ’ s day . See Oard , M . , Do rivers erode through mountains ? Water gaps are strong evidence for the Genesis Flood , Creation 29 ( 3 ) : 18 – 23 , 2007 . Erosion rates at places like Niagara Falls are consistent with a time frame of several thousand years since Noah ’ s Flood . Erosion at Niagara Falls and other such places is consistent with just a few thousand years since the biblical Flood . However , much of the Niagara Gorge likely formed very rapidly with the catastrophic drainage of glacial Lake Agassiz ; see : Climate change , Niagara and catastrophe River delta growth rate is consistent with thousands of years since the biblical Flood , not vast periods of time . The argument goes back to Mark Twain . E.g. 1 . Mississippi — Creation Research Quarterly ( CRSQ ) 9 : 96 – 114 , 1992 ; : 77 ; 25 : 121 – 123 . E.g. 2 Tigris – Euphrates : : 87 , 1977 . Underfit streams . River valleys are too large for the streams they contain . Dury speaks of the “ continent - wide distribution of underfit streams ” . Using channel meander characteristics , Dury concluded that past streams frequently had 20 – 60 times their current discharge . This means that the river valleys would have been carved very quickly , not slowly over eons of time . See Austin , S.A. , Did landscapes evolve ? 118 , 1983 . Amount of salt in the sea . Even ignoring the effect of the biblical Flood and assuming zero starting salinity and all rates of input and removal so as to maximize the time taken to accumulate all the salt , the maximum age of the oceans , 62 million years , is less than 1 / 50 of the age evolutionists claim for the oceans . This suggests that the age of the earth is radically less also . amount of sediment on the sea floors at current rates of land erosion would accumulate in just 12 million years ; a blink of the eye compared to the supposed age of much of the ocean floor of up to 3 billion years . Furthermore , long - age geologists reckon that higher erosion rates applied in the past , which shortens the time frame . From a biblical point of view , at the end of Noah ’ s Flood lots of sediment would have been added to the sea with the water coming off the unconsolidated land , making the amount of sediment perfectly consistent with a history of thousands of years . Iron - manganese nodules ( IMN ) on the sea floors . The measured rates of growth of these nodules indicates an age of only thousands of years . Lalomov , A.V. , 2006 . Mineral deposits as an example of geological rates . 44 ( 1 ) : 64 – 66 . The age of placer deposits ( concentrations of heavy metals such as tin in modern sediments and consolidated sedimentary rocks ) . The measured rates of deposition indicate an age of thousands of years , not the assumed millions . See Lalomov , A.V. , and Tabolitch , S.E. , 2000 . Age determination of coastal submarine placer , Val ’ cumey , northern Siberia Journal of Creation ( TJ ) ( 3 ) : 83 – 90 . Pressure in oil / gas wells indicate the recent origin of the oil and gas . If they were many millions of years old we would expect the pressures to equilibrate , even in low permeability rocks . “ Experts in petroleum prospecting note the impossibility of creating an effective model given long and slow oil generation over millions of years ( Petukhov , 2004 ) . In their opinion , if models demand the standard multimillion - years geochronological scale , the best exploration strategy is to drill wells on a random grid . ” — Lalomov , A.V . 44 ( 1 ) : 64 – 66 . Direct evidence that oil is forming today in the Guaymas Basin and in Bass Strait is consistent with a young earth ( although not necessary for a young earth ) . Rapid reversals in paleomagnetism undermine use of paleomagnetism in long ages dating of rocks and speak of rapid processes , compressing the long - age time scale enormously . The pattern of magnetization in the magnetic stripes where magma is welling up at the mid - ocean trenches argues against the belief that reversals take many thousands of years and rather indicates rapid sea - floor spreading as well as rapid magnetic reversals , consistent with a young earth ( Humphreys , D.R. , Has the Earth ’ s magnetic field ever flipped ? Creation Research Quarterly 25 ( 3 ) : 130 – 137 , 1988 ) . Along the mid - ocean ridges , the detailed pattern of magnetic polarisation , with islands of differing polarity , speaks of rapid changes in direction of Earth ’ s magnetic field because of the rate of cooling of the lava . This is consistent with a young Earth . Measured rates of stalactite and stalagmite growth in limestone caves are consistent with a young age of several thousand years . See also articles on limestone cave formation decay of the earth ’ s magnetic field . Exponential decay , with fluctuations especially during and after the Flood , is evident from historical measurements and is consistent with the hypothesis of free decay since creation , suggesting an age of the earth of only thousands of years . For further evidence that it follows exponential decay with a time constant of 1611 years ( ± 10 ) see : Humphreys , R . , Earth ’ s magnetic field is decaying steadily — with a little rhythm 47 ( 3 ) : 193 – 201 ; 2011 . Excess heat flow from the earth is consistent with a young age rather than billions of years , even taking into account heat from radioactive decay . See Woodmorappe , J . , 1999 . Lord Kelvin revisited on the young age of the earth 13 ( 1 ) : 14 , 1999 . Radiometric dating and the age of the earth Carbon - 14 in coal suggests ages of thousands of years and clearly contradict ages of millions of years . Carbon - 14 in oil again suggests ages of thousands , not millions , of years . fossil wood also indicates ages of thousands , not millions , of years . diamonds suggests ages of thousands , not billions , of years . Note that attempts to explain away carbon - 14 in diamonds , coal , etc . , such as by neutrons from uranium decay converting nitrogen to C - 14 do not work . See : Objections Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Incongruent radioisotope dates using the same technique argue against trusting the dating methods that give millions of years . Incongruent radioisotope dates using different techniques argue against trusting the dating methods that give millions of years ( or billions of years for the age of the earth ) . Demonstrably non - radiogenic ‘ isochrons ’ of radioactive and non - radioactive elements undermine the assumptions behind isochron ‘ dating ’ that gives billions of years . ‘ False ’ isochrons are common . Different faces of the same zircon crystal and different zircons from the same rock giving different ‘ ages ’ undermine all ‘ dates ’ obtained from zircons . Evidence of a period of rapid radioactive decay in the recent past ( lead and helium concentrations and diffusion rates in zircons ) point to a young earth explanation . The amount of helium , a product of alpha - decay of radioactive elements , retained in zircons in granite is consistent with an age of 6,000 ± 2000 years , not the supposed billions of years . See : Humphreys , D.R. , Young helium diffusion age of zircons supports accelerated nuclear decay , Chapter 2 ( pages 25 – 100 ) in : Vardiman , Snelling , and Chaffin ( eds . ) , Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth : Results of a Young Earth Creationist Research Initiative , Volume II , Institute for Creation Research and Creation Research Society , 2005 . Lead in zircons from deep drill cores vs . shallow ones . They are similar , but there should be less in the deep ones due to the higher heat causing higher diffusion rates over the usual long ages supposed . If the ages are thousands of years , there would not be expected to be much difference , which is the case ( Gentry , R . , et al . , Differential lead retention in zircons : Implications for nuclear waste containment , Science 216 ( 4543 ) : 296 – 298 , 1982 ; DOI : 10.1126 / science . 216 . 4543 . 296 ) . Pleochroic halos produced in granite by concentrated specks of short half - life elements such as polonium suggest a period of rapid nuclear decay of the long half - life parent isotopes during the formation of the rocks and rapid formation of the rocks , both of which speak against the usual ideas of geological deep time and a vast age of the earth . See , Radiohalos : Startling evidence of catastrophic geologic processes 28 ( 2 ) : 46 – 50 , 2006 . Squashed pleochroic halos ( radiohalos ) formed from decay of polonium , a very short half - life element , in coalified wood from several geological eras suggest rapid formation of all the layers about the same time , in the same process , consistent with the biblical ‘ young ’ earth model rather than the millions of y ears claimed for these events . Australia ’ s ‘ Burning Mountain ’ speaks against radiometric dating and the millions of years belief system ( according to radiometric dating of the lava intrusion that set the coal alight , the coal in the burning mountain has been burning for ~ 40 million years , but clearly this is not feasible ) . Astronomical evidence for a young ( er ) age of the earth and the universe Photo by NASA Saturn ’ s rings are increasingly recognized as being relatively short - lived rather than essentially changeless over millions of years . Evidence of recent volcanic activity on Earth ’ s moon is inconsistent with its supposed vast age because it should have long since cooled if it were billions of years old . See : Transient lunar phenomena : a permanent problem for evolutionary models of Moon formation and Walker , T . , and Catchpoole , D . , Lunar volcanoes rock long - age timeframe 31 ( 3 ) : 18 , 2009 . See further corroboration : “ At Long Last , Moon ’ s Core ‘ Seen ’ ” ; http : / / news . sciencemag . org / sciencenow / 2011 / 01 / at - long - last - moons - core - seen . html Recession of the moon from the earth . Tidal friction causes the moon to recede from the earth at 4 cm per year . It would have been greater in the past when the moon and earth were closer together . The moon and earth would have been in catastrophic proximity ( Roche limit ) at less than a quarter of their supposed age . The moon ’ s former magnetic field . Rocks sampled from the moon ’ s crust have residual magnetism that indicates that the moon once had a magnetic field much stronger than earth ’ s magnetic field today . No plausible ‘ dynamo ’ hypothesis could account for even a weak magnetic field , let alone a strong one that could leave such residual magnetism in a billions - of - years time - frame . The evidence is much more consistent with a recent creation of the moon and its magnetic field and free decay of the magnetic field The moon ’ s former magnetic field — still a huge problem for evolutionists Journal of Creation 26 ( 1 ) : 5 – 6 , 2012 . Ghost craters on the moon ’ s maria ( singular mare : dark ‘ seas ’ formed from massive lava flows ) are a problem for the assumed long ages . Enormous impacts evidently caused the large craters and lava flows within those craters , and this lava partly buried other , smaller impact craters within the larger craters , leaving ‘ ghosts ’ . But this means that the smaller impacts ca n ’ t have been too long after the huge ones , otherwise the lava would have flowed into the larger craters before the smaller impacts . This suggests a very narrow time frame for all this cratering Ghost craters in the sky Creation Matters 4 ( 1 ) : 6 , 1999 ; A biblically based cratering theory ( Faulkner ) ; Lunar volcanoes rock long - age timeframe The presence of a significant magnetic field around Mercury is not consistent with its supposed age of billions of years . A planet so small should have cooled down enough so any liquid core would solidify , preventing the evolutionists ’ ‘ dynamo ’ mechanism . See also , Humphreys , D.R. , Mercury ’ s magnetic field is young ! 22 ( 3 ) : 8 – 9 , 2008 . The outer planets Uranus and Neptune have magnetic fields , but they should be long ‘ dead ’ if they are as old as claimed according to evolutionary long - age beliefs . Assuming a solar system age of thousands of years , physicist Russell Humphreys successfully predicted the strengths of the magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune Jupiter ’ s larger moons , Ganymede , Io , and Europa , have magnetic fields , which they should not have if they were billions of years old , because they have solid cores and so no dynamo could generate the magnetic fields . This is consistent with creationist Humphreys ’ predictions . See also , Spencer , W . , Ganymede : the surprisingly magnetic moon 23 ( 1 ) : 8 – 9 , 2009 . Volcanically active moons of Jupiter ( Io ) are consistent with youthfulness ( Galileo mission recorded 80 active volcanoes ) . If Io had been erupting over 4.5 billion years at even 10 % of its current rate , it would have erupted its entire mass 40 times . Io looks like a young moon and does not fit with the supposed billions of year ’ s age for the solar system . Gravitational tugging from Jupiter and other moons accounts for only some of the excess heat produced . The surface of Jupiter ’ s moon Europa . Studies of the few craters indicated that up to 95 % of small craters , and many medium - sized ones , are formed from debris thrown up by larger impacts . This means that there have been far fewer impacts than had been thought in the solar system and the age of other objects in the solar system , derived from cratering levels , have to be reduced drastically ( see Psarris , Spike , What you are n ’ t being told about astronomy , volume 1 : Our created solar system DVD , available from CMI Methane on Titan ( Saturn ’ s largest moon ) — the methane should all be gone because of UV - induced breakdown . The products of photolysis should also have produced a huge sea of heavier hydrocarbons such as ethane . An Astrobiology item titled “ The missing methane ” cited one of the Cassini researchers , Jonathan Lunine , as saying , “ If the chemistry on Titan has gone on in steady - state over the age of the solar system , then we would predict that a layer of ethane 300 to 600 meters thick should be deposited on the surface . ” No such sea is seen , which is consistent with Titan being a tiny fraction of the claimed age of the solar system ( needless to say , Lunine does not accept the obvious young age implications of The rate of change / disappearance of Saturn ’ s rings is inconsistent with their supposed vast age ; they speak of youthfulness . Enceladus , a moon of Saturn , looks young . Astronomers working in the ‘ billions of years ’ mindset thought that this moon would be cold and dead , but it is a very active moon , spewing massive jets of water vapour and icy particles into space at supersonic speeds , consistent with a much younger age . Calculations show that the interior would have frozen solid after 30 million years ( less than 1 % of its supposed age ) ; tidal friction from Saturn does not explain its youthful activity ( Psarris , Spike , What you are n ’ t being told about astronomy , volume 1 : Our created solar system DVD ; Walker , T . , Enceladus : Saturn ’ s sprightly moon looks young 31 ( 3 ) : 54 – 55 , 2009 ) . Miranda , a small moon of Uranus , should have been long since dead , if billions of years old , but its extreme surface features suggest otherwise . See Revelations in the solar system Neptune should be long since ‘ cold ’ , lacking strong wind movement if it were billions of years old , yet Voyager II in 1989 found it to be otherwise — it has the fastest winds in the entire solar system . This observation is consistent with a young age , not billions of years . See Neptune : monument to creation Neptune ’ s rings have thick regions and thin regions . This unevenness means they can not be billions of years old , since collisions of the ring objects would eventually make the ring very uniform . Revelations in the solar system Young surface age of Neptune ’ s moon , Triton — less than 10 million years , even with evolutionary assumptions on rates of impacts ( see Schenk , P.M. , and Zahnle , K . On the Negligible Surface Age of Triton Icarus 192 ( 1 ) : 135 – 149 , 2007 . < doi : 10.1016 / j . icarus . 2007 . 07 . 004 > . Uranus and Neptune both have magnetic fields significantly off - axis , which is an unstable situation . When this was discovered with Uranus , it was assumed by evolutionary astronomers that Uranus must have just happened to be going through a magnetic field reversal . However , when a similar thing was found with Neptune , this AD hoc explanation was upset . These observations are consistent with ages of thousands of years rather than billions . The orbit of Pluto is chaotic on a 20 million year time scale and affects the rest of the solar system , which would also become unstable on that time scale , suggesting that it must be much younger . ( See : Rothman , T . , God takes a nap , Scientific American 259 ( 4 ) : 20 , 1988 ) . The existence of short - period comets ( orbital period less than 200 years ) , e.g. Halley , which have a life of less than 20,000 years , is consistent with an age of the solar system of less than 10,000 years . ad hoc hypotheses have to be invented to circumvent this evidence ( see Kuiper Belt ) . See Comets and the age of the solar system “ Near - infrared spectra of the Kuiper Belt Object , Quaoar and the suspected Kuiper Belt Object , Charon , indicate both contain crystalline water ice and ammonia hydrate . This watery material can not be much older than 10 million years , which is consistent with a young solar system , not one that is 5 billion years old . ” See : The ‘ waters above ’ Lifetime of long - period comets ( orbital period greater than 200 years ) that are sun - grazing comets or others like Hyakutake or Hale – Bopp means they could not have originated with the solar system 4.5 billion years ago . However , their existence is consistent with a young age for the solar system . Again an ad hoc Oort Cloud was invented to try to account for these comets still being present after billions of years . See , Comets and the age of the solar system The maximum expected lifetime of near - earth asteroids is of the order of one million years , after which they collide with the sun . And the Yarkovsky effect moves main belt asteroids into near - earth orbits faster than had been thought . This brings into question the origin of asteroids with the formation of the solar system ( the usual scenario ) , or the solar system is much younger than the 4.5 billion years claimed . Henry , J . , The asteroid belt : indications of its youth Creation Matters 11 ( 2 ) : 2 , 2006 . The lifetime of binary asteroids — where a tiny asteroid ‘ moon ’ orbits a larger asteroid — in the main belt ( they represent about 15 – 17 % of the total ) : tidal effects limit the life of such binary systems to about 100,000 years . The difficulties in conceiving of any scenario for getting binaries to form in such numbers to keep up the population , led some astronomers to doubt their existence , but space probes confirmed it ( Henry , J . , The asteroid belt : indications of its youth 11 ( 2 ) : 2 , 2006 ) . The observed rapid rate of change in stars contradicts the vast ages assigned to stellar evolution . For example , Sakurai ’ s Object in Sagittarius : in 1994 , this star was most likely a white dwarf in the centre of a planetary nebula ; by 1997 it had grown to a bright yellow giant , about 80 times wider than the sun ( Astronomy & Astrophysics 321 : L17 , 1997 ) . In 1998 , it had expanded even further , to a red supergiant 150 times wider than the sun . But then it shrank just as quickly ; by 2002 the star itself was invisible even to the most powerful optical telescopes , although it is detectable in the infrared , which shines through the dust ( Muir , H . , 2003 , Back from the dead , New Scientist 177 ( 2384 ) : 28 – 31 ) . The faint young sun paradox . According to stellar evolution theory , as the sun ’ s core transforms from hydrogen to helium by means of nuclear fusion , the mean molecular weight increases , which would compress the sun ’ s core increasing fusion rate . The upshot is that over several billion years , the sun ought to have brightened 40 % since its formation and 25 % since the appearance of life on earth . For the latter , this translates into a 16 – 18 ºC temperature increase on the earth . The current average temperature The young faint Sun paradox and the age of the solar system 15 ( 2 ) : 3 – 4 , 2001 . As of 2010 , the faint young sun remains a problem : Kasting , J.F. , Early Earth : Faint young Sun redux , Nature 464 : 687 – 689 , 1 April 2010 ; doi : 10.1038 / 464687a ; www . nature . com / nature / journal / v464 / n7289 / full / 464687a . html Evidence of ( very ) recent geological activity ( tectonic movements ) on the moon is inconsistent with its supposed age of billions of years and its hot origin . Watters , T.R. , et al . , Evidence of Recent Thrust Faulting on the Moon Revealed by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera , Science 329 ( 5994 ) : 936 – 940 , 20 August 2010 ; DOI : 10.1126 / science . 1189590 ( “ This detection , coupled with the very young apparent age of the faults , suggests global late - stage contraction of the Moon . ” ) NASA pictures support biblical origin for Moon The giant gas planets Jupiter and Saturn radiate more energy than they receive from the sun , suggesting a recent origin . Jupiter radiates almost twice as much energy as it receives from the sun , indicating that it may be less than 1 % of the presumed 4.5 billion years old solar system . Saturn radiates nearly twice as much energy per unit mass as Jupiter . See The age of the Jovian planets Speedy stars are consistent with a young age for the universe . For example , many stars in the dwarf galaxies in the Local Group are moving away from each other at speeds estimated at to 10 – 12 km / s . At these speeds , the stars should have dispersed in 100 Ma , which , compared with the supposed 14,000 Ma age of the universe , is a short time . See Fast stars challenge big bang origin for dwarf galaxies The ageing of spiral galaxies ( much less than 200 million years ) is not consistent with their supposed age of many billions of years . The discovery of extremely ‘ young ’ spiral galaxies highlights the problem of this evidence for the evolutionary ages assumed . The number of type I supernova remnants ( SNRs ) observable in our galaxy is consistent with an age of thousands of years , not millions or billions . See Davies , K . , Proc . 3p rd ICC , pp . 175 – 184 , 1994 . The rate of expansion and size of supernovas indicates that all studied are young ( less than 10,000 years ) . See supernova remnants Human history is consistent with a young age of the earth Human population growth . Less than 0.5 % p.a. growth from six people 4,500 years ago would produce today ’ s population . Where are all the people ? if we have been here much longer ? ‘ Stone age ’ human skeletons and artefacts . There are not enough for 100,000 years of a human population of just one million , let alone more people ( 10 million ? ) . See Where are all the people ? Length of recorded history . Origin of various civilizations , writing , etc . , all about the same time several thousand years ago . See Evidence for a young world Languages . Similarities in languages claimed to be separated by many tens of thousands of years speaks against the supposed ages ( e.g. compare some aboriginal languages in Australia with languages in south - eastern India and Sri Lanka ) . See The Tower of Babel account affirmed by linguistics Common cultural ‘ myths ’ speak of recent separation of peoples around the world . An example of this is the frequency of stories of an earth - destroying flood Origin of agriculture . Secular dating puts it at about 10,000 years and yet that same chronology says that modern man has supposedly been around for at least 200,000 years . Surely someone would have worked out much sooner how to sow seeds of plants to produce food . See : Evidence for a young world Published : 4 June 2009 , last amended 28 March 2019 . | [
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http://creation.com/famous-evangelical-apologist-changes-his-mind-rc-sproul | Famous evangelical apologist changes his mind RC Sproul says he is now a six - day , young - earth creationist by Tas Walker Published : 21 May 2008 ( GMT+ 10 ) Published : 21 May 2008 ( GMT+ 10 ) Updated : 28 August 2012 ( GMT+ 10 ) Photo stock . xchng For many years RC Sproul publicly advocated a non - literal reading of the opening chapters of Genesis . But not any more . RC Sproul is a well - known evangelical scholar who has authored some 60 books and produced an enormous selection of other resources such as audio tapes and videos . According to Ligonier Ministries , founded by Dr Sproul , he has degrees from Westminster College , Pennsylvania , Pittsburgh Theological Seminary , and the Free University of Amsterdam . Further , he has an extensive teaching career at seminaries and colleges , including Reformed Theological Seminary in Orlando and Jackson , Mississippi , and Knox Theological Seminary in Ft . Lauderdale . Recently RC Sproul published a three - volume layman ’ s guide to the Westminster Confession of Faith entitled Truths We Confess . 1 His treatment of creation within the first volume especially caught my attention because he says he has changed his position from what he held for most of his teaching career . He says that he is now a six - day , young - earth creationist . Creation is vital Creation is foundational for the Christian church with every major Christian doctrine coming out of the events recorded in the first chapters of Genesis . Among these are : 1 ) the nature of God , including his power and goodness , 2 ) the nature of man , created in the image of God but fallen because of his sin , 3 ) the nature and consequences of sin , 4 ) the nature of marriage , 5 ) the origin of death as a penalty for sin , and an enemy , 6 ) the need for a This is why the doctrine of creation is vital , but unfortunately this doctrine is denied today , both outside and inside the church . Dominant scientific view denies creation Sproul is clear about the reason for this . He says that evangelical academics have denied six - day creation , as Genesis describes , because of ‘ science ’ : In our time a considerable number of theories have arisen denying that the creation , as we know it , took place in six twenty - four - hour days . Common to these theories is the acceptance of the dominant scientific view that the earth and life on it are very old . Many consider the biblical account to be primitive , mythological , and untenable in light of modern scientific knowledge . ( p . 120 ) I like his term ‘ dominant scientific view ’ . I also like his graphic use of the word ‘ denying ’ . Sproul discusses the four main approaches that evangelical academics have taken concerning Genesis : 1 ) the gap theory , 2 ) the day - age theory , 3 ) the framework hypothesis , and 4 ) six - day creation . ( p . 122 ) Creation compromises Concerning the gap theory Sproul says : However , Scripture nowhere explicitly teaches that the original creation was marred and then after many years , reconstituted . The broader context of the whole of Scripture militates against the gap theory . ( p . 123 ) Neither does it solve the conflict with ‘ science ’ . He also dismisses the day - age theory : However , the day - age theory , like the gap theory , ignores the immediate context , as well as the larger biblical context . … From a literary , exegetical , and linguistic perspective , the day - age theory is weak . As a Christian apologist , I would not want to defend it . ( p . 123 ) The day - age theory does not resolve the conflict with ‘ science ’ either . Regarding the framework hypothesis , Sproul says : [ T ] he framework hypothesis allows one to step into a Big Bang cosmology while maintaining the credibility and inspiration of Genesis 1 – 2 . This is not history , but drama . The days are simply artistic literary devices to create a framework for a lengthy period of development . ( p . 127 ) ‘ For most of my teaching career , I considered the framework hypothesis to be a possibility . But I have now changed my mind . I now hold to a literal six - day creation , the fourth alternative and the traditional one . ’ — R.C. Sproul , Truths We Confess , 2006 . 1 It ’ s an attractive idea for those who think Genesis is untenable in the light of modern scientific knowledge . It avoids the issue . But Sproul concludes : For most of my teaching career , I considered the framework hypothesis to be a possibility . But I have now changed my mind . I now hold to a literal six - day creation , the fourth alternative and the traditional one . Genesis says that God created the universe and everything in it in six twenty - four – hour periods . According to the Reformation hermeneutic , the first option is to follow the plain sense of the text . One must do a great deal of hermeneutical gymnastics to escape the plain meaning of Genesis 1 – 2 . The confession makes it a point of faith that God created the world in the space of six days . [ emphasis in original , indicating these words are part of the Confession ] ( pp . 127 – 128 ) Note his use of the words ‘ traditional ’ and ‘ escape ’ . Why try to escape the plain meaning of Scripture as traditionally accepted ? As Sproul previously indicated , it is to avoid conflict with the dominant scientific view of evolution over millions of years , which is mistakenly regarded as fact . Significantly , Sproul includes some important scientific evidence for a young earth to dispel this misconception . Return to orthodoxy It is very encouraging to learn that Sproul has accepted creation in six days as written . As well as the days of creation , he discusses the age of the earth and again he clearly identifies science as the problem : We have a problem not only with a six - day creation , but also with the age of the earth . Is the earth a few thousand years old or billions of years old ( as scientists today insist ) ? ( p . 121 ) On a preliminary reading RC Sproul would appear to be non - committal about the age of the earth . Although the Bible clearly says that the world was created in six days , it gives no date for the beginning of the work . It would be a mistake to become embroiled in too much controversy about the date of creation . ( p . 121 ) However , he goes on to make it plain that he rejects the view that the earth is billions of years old . If we take the genealogies that go back to Adam , however , and if we make allowances for certain gaps in them ( which could certainly be there ) , it remains a big stretch from 4004 BC to 4.6 billion years ago . ( pp . 121 – 122 ) ‘ A big stretch ’ ! Yes , it would be a big stretch to take the genealogies back just 10,000 years , let alone one puny million . Even then we would be nowhere near 4.6 billion years . RC Sproul makes it clear from this statement that he believes in a young earth . ( And there is a good biblical case that the genealogies are complete and without gaps . 2 Biblical authority in the church With the development of naturalistic science in the west and the acceptance of evolution and millions of years , evangelical scholars have generally stopped defending the historicity of the early chapters of Genesis . They have tended to distance themselves from six - ordinary - day young - earth creationists , perhaps not wanting their academic standing to be tainted . Within the church it is rare to find an evangelical academic commentary that will take a stand on a six - day , recent creation . 3 Many Bible timelines produced by biblical academics will avoid earth history prior to Abraham . 4 We have seen the disastrous effect of such timidity and compromise as the church has lost much support in the west . Why should people listen when they think the church has no answers in this scientific age ? So it is particularly encouraging to see a scholar of the stature of RC Sproul prepared to take a stand on the Word of God as written — and defend it . I was especially impressed that he could admit he no longer believed what he had taught for most of his teaching career . He has set a courageous example of integrity , scholarship and commitment to biblical authority . May RC Sproul ’ s example embolden more evangelical academics to seriously consider this controversial issue , examine the scientific evidence and refuse to be intimidated by the dominant , anti - biblical , scientific view within our culture that opposes the Gospel . May our Bible colleges , seminaries and Christian universities be encouraged to declare together ‘ In six days ’ — and give a reason for the foundation of our Christian faith . Update 28 August 2012 Recently , Dr R.C. Sproul affirmed his stand on six - day creation but distanced himself from the young - earth position . Tim Challies on his blog on 23 July 2012 reported an interview with Dr Sproul [ Tim Challies ] Have you ever had second thoughts about the stand that you took in favor of a six - day creation and a young earth , especially in view of all the new material on the subject that has come out since 2006 ? [ Dr Sproul ] Well , that ’ s kind of a complex question because when I took the stand , I took the stand on a six - day creation . I did n ’ t take a stand on a young earth . I do n ’ t know how old the earth is . I did n ’ t know then . I still do n ’ t . And what do we mean by “ young earth ” ? If you ’ re thinking six thousand years , I doubt that . If you ’ re thinking 12 billion years , I doubt that , too . All I was speaking about was the understanding of what the Scriptures teach regarding the six days of creation . And I ’ m not even sure it ’ s correct to say that I took a stand . I said that ’ s what my view was . When you say you have a view , it ’ s one thing to say , “ I think that this is the way it is . ” It ’ s another thing to take a stand where you say : “ Here I stand . I ’ m going to die on this mountain . ” I could be wrong in my understanding of Genesis . It ’ s a very difficult to deal with the literary genre in the opening verses of the beginning chapters of Genesis . I think there has to be some room for some How a six - day creation would work out on an earth that is 4,600 million ( even one million ) years old is an interesting question now to be considered . Where would one place all those years into the biblical account ? References Sproul , R.C. , Truths We Confess : A layman ’ s guide to the Westminster Confession of Faith , Volume I : The Triune God ( Chapters 1 – 8 of the Confession ) , P&R Publishing , Phillipsburg , NJ , 2006 . Return to text See Sarfati , J . , Biblical chronogenealogies Journal of Creation 17 ( 3 ) : 14 – 18 , 2003 . This makes the case for an earth of about 6,000 years , as Archbishop Ussher calculated , very strong . Return to text For example , the New Bible Commentary by InterVarsity Press ( 1994 edition ) advocates the framework view and recommends avoiding issues of science . Previous editions of the IVP Bible Commentary in the 1950s advocated the gap theory and the day - age theory , but scholars now recognize these as untenable , as Sproul says . Arnold , B.T. , in his book Encountering the Book of Genesis ( Baker Books , 1998 ) recommends the day - age theory and also of avoiding questions of science . Return to text For example , the chart of Old Testament scholar Payne , D . , formerly of London Bible College , in his Bible Timeline ( Candle Books , 2002 edition ) begins at 2100 BC ( about the time of Abraham ) and shows nothing earlier . It ’ s almost as if it has been guillotined . Return to text | [
"evangelical apologist"
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http://creativepro.com/typetalk-italic-vs-oblique/ | Home Features TypeTalk : Italic vs . Oblique TypeTalk : Italic vs . Oblique by Ilene Strizver 5 Comments Most designers and related creative professionals are familiar with the terms Italic and Oblique , yet confusion does exists on the part of many regarding the differences between the two . While each refers to a slanted , or angled design , there are important distinctions between both terms , which in turn can influence their potential usage . Two typical examples of italic and oblique designs with their companion romans . Italics are an angled typeface that has different design characteristics from its upright , roman companion . They are most often a separate yet complementary design , with unique features and frequently different character widths . Many italics have a somewhat calligraphic appearance , especially those that are designed for a serif typeface . Italics designed for a sans serif typestyle are often quite similar to their upright companion with the exception of a few ( or more ) differing characters , such as the lowercase a , g , and / or the f Many italics are completely different designs from their companion roman , as illustrated by Adobe Garamond ( upper ) ; other italics are similar designs that contain a number of varying characters , such as the italics belonging to Enclave ( middle ) as well as Harmonia Sans ( lower ) . Note the character width differences ( as noted in the line lengths ) between each pair . Obliques , on the other hand , are simply slanted versions of their roman companion with no major design differences , other than their angle . They are most often found in sans serif typeface families , although not all sans serifs have obliques as opposed to italics , as noted above . ( An important point to note is that although this is a broadly accepted naming convention , there are exceptions to this unofficial , yet commonly applied rule . For instance , different versions of Helvetica can be found with the same slanted design named both italic and Obliques are a slanted , albeit optically - corrected , version of their corresponding roman , and thus have similar line lengths . Set in ITC Fenice , Glypha , and Avenir . Professional - quality , “ true - drawn ” obliques and italics are not just computer - generated slanted versions of their roman companions , often referred to as “ fake ” italics or obliques , but are either hand - drawn or skillfully modified to optically correct the distortion that results from this action . In his blog post entitled Fake vs . True Italics , Mark Simonson describes the work that went into designing the italics for his Proxima Nova family , effectively illustrating the differences between the two . So remember : if professional typography is your goal , stay away from any fake , or computer - generated obliques or italics ( including those that are commonly created in word - processing programs , ) as they will degrade your typography and thus , the overall design . Computer - generated slanting ( shown in red ) results in distorted letterforms and inconsistent stroke thicknesses , akin to a fun house mirror effect . True - drawn obliques ( upper right ) , on the other hand , are proportionally balanced with correct stroke weights . Set in ITC Avant Garde Gothic . So now that you know the difference between italics and obliques , how do you decide which to use ? Both are commonly used for emphasis , as well as stand - alone usage . Most italics , especially the calligraphic variety , have a stronger contrast when used with their companion roman , compared to an oblique , which can be used in much the same way as italics , but has a softer “ voice , ” if you will . Therefore , when doing your font exploration , consider how much contrast is required for the project The ITC Legacy Serif Italic used in the setting on the left creates a stronger , more noticeable emphasis than the Avenir Oblique used on the right . Excerpt from Gulliver ’ s Travels , by Jonathan Swift . Categories : Features Type Type Design Typography Tags Posted on : July 23 , 2014 Ilene Strizver Ilene Strizver , founder of The Type Studio , is a typographic consultant , designer , writer and educator specializing in all aspects of visual communication , from the aesthetic to the technical . Her book , Type Rules ! The designer ’ s guide to professional typography , 4th edition , has received numerous accolades from the type and design community . ← Previous article Next article → 2 Comments on TypeTalk : Italic vs . Oblique تجهیزات آشپزخانه صنعتی March 17 , 2017 at 10 : 56 am thanks very fantastic article Reply Wim Cossement October 29 , 2018 at 11 : 47 am Good explanation for CSS newbies like me ! Reply 3 Trackbacks & Pingbacks | [
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http://creativeskillset.org/job_roles/272_radio_producer | Investing in skills driving the success of UK film , TV , VFX , animation and games ScreenSkills opens new funding round for skills training Interested training providers can apply for funding until noon on Friday 3 May Join our new Mentoring Network The pan - UK network supports new and established professionals Brexit biggest factor for screen New survey names leaving EU as most important factor for the industry The ScreenSkills Game of Thrones story How ScreenSkills and HBO worked together on skills and training 2019 calendar for Open Doors events Our careers events are a great first step into the industry Industry Find out about ScreenSkills ' work with the screen industries : animation , film , high - end TV , games , television , VFX and immersive tech . Discover the importance of paying into the skills funds and where they are used . Find out more Give back to the screen industries by becoming a mentor One of the best ways you can support the future talent of the screen industries is by giving your time and expertise as a mentor . The ScreenSkills Mentoring Network can help by matching you with the right mentee for you and providing guidance and resources for both you and your mentee . Young people to benefit from new Creative Careers Programme Two million young people will be able to discover creative jobs and career paths . Film & TV Helpline : 0800 054 0000 24 / 7 support line for anyone who may benefit from a listening ear HETV Trainee Finder 2019 kicks off 116 people attended induction weekend in Manchester Diversity in Action Around 75 screen professionals attended ScreenSkills ' diversity conference Education & training ScreenSkills invests in training and education for the screen industry at every career stage . From Trainee Finder to the Tick quality mark for degree courses to a variety of schemes for career progression . Find out more What ' s the right job for you ? Read our job profiles to learn about the jobs behind your favourite films , shows or games , and get insight into how creative and logistical departments fit together , and how to get started within them . Resources for parents and educators Download handouts and career maps Get a bursary for a Skills Passport course All ScreenSkills Skills Passport quality - marked courses are eligible for bursaries of up to £ 1,000 Freelance Toolkit Tips and resources for setting up as a freelancer Browse courses Whether starting out or upskilling , find the right course to take your career to the next stage Opportunities This is where to find people and money : vacancies , competitions , events , networking and work opportunities , including information on bursaries for training . Sign up to Hiive , our free creative community , for updates . Find out more Get advice from an industry mentor ScreenSkills can match you with an experienced industry mentor . Currently , we are particularly seeking mentees from under - represented black , Asian and minority ethnic ( BAME ) backgrounds in order to support and lift up diverse voices in our industry . Transfer your skills to find work in film Your skills could take you onto film sets £ 10,000 for children ' s TV production Make a Move funds on - the - job training to upskill professionals Join ScreenSkills Register for a ScreenSkills account to apply for our courses and events and vacancies Writers bursary Apply for £ 15k for your TV production to trial a new writer | [
"ScreenSkills",
"Screen industries"
] |
http://creativesoulphoto.com/child-models-how-can-i-get-my-child-into-modeling/ | Child Models How can I get my child into modeling in Child Modeling Tips Resources Featured This is probably the 1 most asked question we receive on a daily basis We certainly dont claim to be experts in the modeling industry but we can give our 2 cents on some basic info on becoming a child model First thing to know is that there is no standard pathway into child modeling There are many different ways that children become models Im going to discuss a few ways below but be aware that everyone will have their own individual journey The Agency Route The first thing you should do is think about what your ultimate goal will be Are you looking to eventually book the bigger gigs like Gap Old Navy J Crew or are you okay with your child modeling for smaller boutiques and gigs If your ultimate goal is to have your child model for some of the larger companies then the agency route is the way to go I know that several companies are starting to do their own casting calls and contests but agencies are still the leading way to get your child opportunities with the larger companies These companies work with talent agencies to pull the best talent based on their criteria Oftentimes these shoots are larger productions with large investments so they want to know that they are getting kids that have been agency tested and recommended so that the shoot can go as smoothly as possible Also please keep in mind that your location will also dictate which gigs your child is able to So how do you get into an agency Again theres no one route but simply visiting an agencys website will generally give you the agencys guidelines for model submission Most of them request a few clear photos headshotfull body as well as some basic information about your child If they are interested they will typically contact you and ask for an in person interview with you and your child Weve heard several horror stories of parents getting caught up in agency schemes so we always recommend doing your research and only submitting to the well knownreputable agencies You should never have to pay to join an agency If accepted most agencies will ask that you get professional headshotsportfolio shots Some of the larger agencies may have preferred photographers that they recommend while some others may provide a recommended list but leave it up to you to decide who you use Most agencies will tell you that professional photos are not required for model submission but Im a firm believer that a good headshot can always make a difference over a cell phone snap The DIY Route Lets say youre not pressed to book the larger gigs and are totally okay with booking smaller gigs and boutiques Several moms are now going the DIY route when it comes to child modeling What exactly does that mean Well it means that they are bypassing the agency route and are essentially serving as their own agency for their child They reach out to boutiques small businesses and photographers submit to casting calls contests etc with the hopes of being chosen for a particular gig This method can certainly have its pitfalls but it is becoming more and more common There are several advantages to this route as it sometimes allows your child to get some experience that will prepare them for larger gigs should they eventually work with an agency It also gives kids an opportunity who may not have the traditional look that agencies look for On the downside these gigs are typically lower budget productions so they may only offer photos for your childs portfolio products or clothing in exchange for a models time This method also requires a lot of time and effort from the parent to get their child noticed When getting started with DIY route a social media presence will be extremely helpful There are several photographers boutiques stylists and designers that post their own casting calls on their social media accounts You should always have your childs photos headshotfull body measurements sizes digital comp card ready to go for casting calls Castings can sometimes be quick and its best that your child stand out amongst the other submissions I always prefer to see great photos along with any experience the child may have Also I like seeing some variety in the photos to get an idea for the After your child has started to build their portfolio you may want to set up your childs own social media account or website so that you have an easy way to showcase their portfolio online If you decide to go this route I encourage you to read submission guidelines very carefully and try not to annoy the company youre submitting your photos to Your child will sell themselves so theres no need to continuously reach out to the same companies over and over again Theres so much more that I could write about on this topic but I will save those for future posts For now I will leave you with a few agencies that we recommend in various states tg_button hrefhttpwwwcreativesoulphotocomkidsheadshots color bg_color7a0276 text_colorffffffView Child Headshot Examplestg_button tg_button hrefhttpwwwcreativesoulphotocomcontact color bg_color7a0276 text_colorffffffContact Us to Book A Sessiontg_button Recommended Agencies Child Modeling Agencies in Atlanta JPervis httpwwwjpervistalentcom The People Store httpwwwpeoplestorenet Houghton httpwwwhoughtontalentcom Atlanta Models and Talent httpamtagencycom Child Modeling Agencies in New York Zuri Models Talent httpwwwzurimodelandtalentcom Generation Model Management httpgenerationmmcom Wilhemena Models httpwwwwilhelminacom Product Model Management httpwwwproductmodelmgmtcom New York Model Management httpwwwnewyorkmodelscom Child Modeling Agencies in Miami World of Kids httpwwwworldofkidsagencycom Green Agency httpwwwgreenagencycom Mega Models Miami httpwwwmpmegamiamicomdmodelsdept91 Cathy Company httpcandacecelmersquarespacecom Child Talent Agencies in Los Angeles Osbrink Agency httpwwwosbrinkagencycom Zuri Models Talent httpwwwzurimodelandtalentcom Paloma Models Talent httpspalomamodelandtalentcom Ford Models Child Models Division httpmodelsfordmodelscom Ohlsson Model Talent httpwwwohlssonagencycom Next post Child Modeling Top 5 Tips for Beginners Previous post World Tour Cuba | [
"Child Models",
"individual journey",
"larger productions"
] |
http://credit.about.com/od/creditcardbasics/qt/how-to-avoid-finance-charge.htm | Credit Card Basics Finance Charges How to Avoid Credit Card Finance Charges • • • By LaToya Irby Updated January 18 , 2019 Credit cards give you the ability to make purchases today and pay for them later . If it takes you longer than a month to pay off your balance you ' ll pay a fee in the form of a finance charge . Paying finance charges increases the cost you pay for having a credit card , even moreso if you never fully pay off your balance . You can avoid finance charges on almost all credit cards , but it ' s all about the timing and amount of your credit card payment . How to Avoid a Finance Charge Since finance charges are the credit card issuer ' s way of charging you for carrying a balance , the simple way to avoid finance charges is to not carry a balance . Paying your credit card balance in full every month will prevent your credit card issuer from adding a finance charge to your balance . Here ' s how it works . Your credit card has a grace period , which is typically between 21 and 25 days after your billing cycle ends . You can typically find the length of your grace period on the front or back of your billing statement . The grace period is your chance to pay your full credit card balance and dodge finance charges . Your statement may even include a disclosure that states the date you have to pay off your balance to avoid finance charges . Pay the full balance listed on your credit card statement to avoid seeing a finance charge on your next statement . If you pay just part of your balance , your next billing statement will have a finance charge calculated based on the unpaid balance and any new purchases you make . How Promotional Rates Affect Finance Charges Some credit cards offer a zero percent introductory interest rate to entice new customers who want to avoid interest . During the promotional period , you generally wo n ' t receive a finance charge even if you do n ' t pay your balance in full . However , once the promotional period ends , any remaining balance will start accruing finance charges at the regular APR . During the promotional period , you can also be assessed a finance charge on balances that are n ' t subject to the promotional rate . For example , if the promotional rate applies only to balance transfers , then purchases you make will be charged a finance charge . Deferred interest promotional offers are often promoted similar to zero percent balance transfers , but they ' re a little different . A deferred interest offer will backdate interest on your balance - assess the full finance charge from the start of the promotional period - if you do n ' t pay the balance by the time the promotional period ends . Always read the terms of your promotional offers to know whether you need to pay off the full balance before the end of the promotional period to avoid paying finance charges on the balance . You do n ' t want to be caught off guard with several months of finance charges added to your balance . Finance Charges You Ca n ' t Avoid You ' ll typically only get a grace period when your previous balance was paid in full and you started the billing cycle with a zero balance . If you had a balance at the beginning of the billing cycle , you may not be able to avoid a finance charge . You will have to bring your balance to $ 0 before the grace period applies again . Unfortunately , you may not be able to avoid finance charges on all types of balances . Balance transfers and cash advances do n ' t have a grace period , so finance charges start accruing as soon as the balance hits your card . When it comes to these types of balances , the best way to avoid a finance charge is to stay away from those transactions completely . The exception is when your credit card has a zero percent interest rate promotion , but these rarely apply to cash advances . Continue Reading + | [
"Credit Card",
"Finance Charges"
] |
http://credit.about.com/od/creditrepair/tp/credit-repair-foreclosure.htm | Credit & Debt Credit Repair Post - Foreclosure Credit Repair By LaToya Irby Updated February 26 , 2019 For many homeowners , foreclosure is a reality , but it ’ s not the end of the world or the end of your credit . A foreclosure will remain on your credit report for seven years and will impact your credit the most in the first few years . As the foreclosure gets older and you add more positive history to your credit report , your credit will improve . There ' s no magic formula to repairing your credit after a foreclosure . The more you make good decisions about using your credit , the better your credit will be . 01 Evaluate the Cause of the Foreclosure Solving a problem is easier when you know the cause of the problem . You ' ll have an easier time repairing your credit post - foreclosure if you understand what caused you to foreclose . What could you have done something differently ? Perhaps chosen a different mortgage ? Managed your money better ? Understanding why the foreclosure happened can help you prevent it from happening again . 02 Adjust Your Spending Habits If you have n ’ t been budgeting your income , start now . Having a budget is n ’ t the chore many people think it is . When done right , a budget helps relieve financial stress because it helps you make decisions about spending your money . If you had a budget before the foreclosure but did n ’ t stick to it , you can start over again . Do n ’ t forget to add your “ actual spending ” to your budget at the end of the month . This way you can see How to Set Up a Budget 03 Continue Paying All Your Other Bills on Time Make sure to pay credit accounts that regularly are reported to the bureaus . This positive payment history will help “ pad ” your credit score , keeping a foreclosure from completely devastating your credit . Not only that , a creditor or lender who manually reviews your credit report will see that the mortgage was the only thing hurting your credit and could be more lenient with your application . Do n ' t neglect other expenses , because they could end up on your credit report as collection accounts if you leave them unpaid . 5 Principles of Making Credit Card Payments What Happens When You Miss Payments 04 Work on Paying Off Debt Having a high debt load will hurt your credit score , even if you ’ re paying your bills on time . Work on reducing your credit card balances to 30 % of the credit limit or less . That means a $ 300 balance on a credit card with a limit of $ 3,000 . Reducing your debt level will also decrease your debt - to - income ratio . If you get a mortgage in the future , a lower debt load will help you better handle your payments . Make a Get Out of Debt Plan 66 Ways to Get Money For Your Debt 5 Stupid Ways to Pay Off Your Debt 05 Get Help If You Need It If you ' re having trouble making a budget and putting together a debt management plan , you can get professional help . A consumer credit counselor can work with you to figure out how to make the most of your income . They will also negotiate lower interest rates and monthly payments with your creditors so you can work on getting out of debt . Choose a credit counselor wisely . Beware of unscrupulous debt settlement companies who can do further damage to your credit . How to Choose a Credit Counselor Debt Management Watch - Outs 06 Get and Use a Credit Card If you do n ' t already have a credit card , apply for one , but only after you ’ ve evaluated and adjusted your spending habits . Resist the urge to get a credit card just to buy things you ca n ’ t afford . Instead , use a credit card to make small purchases then pay off the balance in full every month . This shows that you can properly manage credit – borrowing only what you can afford and paying it back in a timely manner . How to Rebuild Your Credit Do ' s and Don ' ts of Using Credit | [
"Post-Foreclosure Credit",
"homeowners",
"foreclosure"
] |
http://creditcardcharge.org/unknown/?charge=*99bill*Jinhuisheng+Shenzhen+CHN+CNY+645.71* | Lookup unknown charges Description as it appears on debit credit card statement Charges on your credit card statement does not always clearly indicate where they were from Lookup charges that you do not recognize to determine if it was legitimate or not Charge from 99billJinhuisheng Shenzhen CHN CNY 64571 Merchant details if available Merchant name Unknown Address City State Zip code Country US Unknown charges Can you help identify the following charges below Your charges are highlighted in GREEN 63651001tronicylytrade PK7742 EPLLUISDAZEN QUANZHOUSHI CN Z30R46SJYXT BUSINESS SERVICE AipGzncmy Ta Co Beijing Newwaystylescom Mt183313180000010000009 Trading Passions LTD Internet Ca Aip gzncmy ta co Beijing Dec 27 2018 EINT 0570050033 Aip 3320 retail store shaping panty CN CHONGQING YJFwallynosac Yjspablowiniciucom abasese ONLINE ML MT 113129429443 00000001 Next page Comments Comments on 99billJinhuisheng Shenzhen CHN CNY 64571 Comment from NAVEED GULZAR Posted Nov 08 2018 I have been charged in statement 99BILLJINHUISHENG SHENZHEN CN CNY 69620 can some help me to get return of this amount Comment from NAZAKAT ALI Posted Nov 08 2018 I ave been charged 700 CNY by this merchant with out any purchase 99BILLJINHUISHENG SHENZHEN CHN Comment from Anonymous Posted Nov 04 2018 yes I purchased from dogsuppliesshopcom too but was told my payment was declinednow I have a charge for 14016 from 99billJinhuisheng Shenzhen CHNbig time scam90 off all stock seemed too good to be true and unfortunately I should have listened to my instinct Comment from PAUL Posted Nov 04 2018 Money was taken out from my account too over 120 dollers The name of the online link is Tainggobuycom Plavoid this link Scam Comment from LISA Posted Nov 04 2018 I purchased from dogsuppliesshopcom via Facebook What should have been a 3 item turned out to be charged 7810 by 99bill juinshein Disputed with my bank but because the company didnt send me confirmation of order there is nothing they can do Not happy at all Proper fraudsters Comment from JOHN Posted Nov 03 2018 I ordered nothing and westpac picked the 13257 I was charged by 99BILLJINHUISHENG SHENZHEN CHN FRGN AMT 65117 YUAN RENMINBI up as a dodgy transaction and blocked it before I even knew about it Theyve refunded the money in less than a week and have already issued a new credit card I havent got a facebook account and have no idea how this mob even got my credit card details let alone what I supposedly bought Comment from MAHI Posted Nov 03 2018 I saw a website fancstorecom on Facebook I ordered kitchen set of 8 worth but next day it was posted 100 For 99BILLjinhuisheng shenzhen chn we all have same prob I guess Comment from DIDON Posted Nov 03 2018 I have cancelled my order supplies through facebook advertised site they charged me 9912 and 9876 Bank statement show Jinhuisheng Shenzhen CN i have disputed the charges with the Bank Comment from RIZ Posted Nov 03 2018 Ye I ordered 802 kitchen supplies through a Facebook advertised site They charged me 9884 Bank statement shows Jinhuisheng Shenzhen charged me I have disputed the charges with the Bank Still waiting for the response Comment from Anonymous Posted Nov 02 2018 I saw this site via facebook ordered for 8 euro to try it out they took 90 euro out of my account Sounds like we all have the same problem 3 sites doggysuppliescom and dogsuppliesshopscom doggyhobbyshopcom and maybe many more Comment from Anonymous Posted Nov 02 2018 I saw this site via facebook ordered for 8 euro to try it out they took 90 euro out of my account Sounds like we all have the same problem 3 sites doggysuppliescom and dogsuppliesshopscom doggyhobbyshopcom and maybe many more Comment from HEATHER Posted Nov 02 2018 77 from me too on dog beds advertised for 11SCAM bank doing nothing for15 days dogsuppliesshopscom FRAUDSTERSNOT VETTED ON FB BEFORE ADVERTISING Comment from HEATHER Posted Nov 02 2018 Me tooordered 2 dog beds totalling 11 charged 77from dogsuppliesshopscom SCAM Bank not doing anything for 15 days FB MUST ensure theadersers are not fraudulent NOT HAPPY Comment from Anonymous Posted Nov 02 2018 Yes just had ridiculous amount debited from my account 77 odd HSBC have stopped my card and are looking into itsurely they will be stopped soon looking at all these comments Comment from Anonymous Posted Nov 02 2018 99BILLJINHUISHENG SHENZHEN CHN I originally contacted this company from an add on facebookdo they vet their traders before allowing them to advertise on the webpage Comment from Anonymous Posted Nov 02 2018 99BILLJINHUISHENG SHENZHEN CHN Has anyone had money taken without authority from the above trader Comment from Anonymous Posted Oct 31 2018 This merchant advertised in FB as wwwdogsuppliesshopscom is a scam Order was AUD 40 but was charged AUD 139 Contacted the bank to stop payment and cancel the card AVOID this scammer Comment from Anonymous Posted Oct 31 2018 Bought 2 dog beds for 1170they tried to take 13961 httpswwwdogsuppliesshopscom Advertising on Facebook Total scam Comment from Anonymous Posted Oct 31 2018 I purchase a dog bed a gate and dog bowl and a Training collar it was 25 dollars they took 98 dollars out my account very annoyed Comment from Anonymous Posted Oct 30 2018 bought a toy on FB for an incredible deal said my card was declined now have a charge for 100 total scam Comment from Anonymous Posted Oct 30 2018 Today purchased electric massage table for 100 but 135 taken off card Way too good to be true As other customer no email was sent to confirm order and reported to bank also to cancell my credit card so no more transactions can be made Comment from MICHELLE Posted Oct 30 2018 Ive just been ripped off too Purchased two dog beds for less than 300 each and today find a credit card transaction of 14195 No receipt or email confirmation once the purchase was made I should have known better Wish I looked them up beforehand Now I am going through a dispute resolution process with the bank No one can afford to be ripped off Such a shame Comment from Anonymous Posted Oct 30 2018 Fraudulent Ordered 30 products from httpswwwdogsuppliesshopscom and charged 14085 Promo was advertised on httpswwwfacebookcomPublicesales AVOID SCAMMERS Comment from PAMELA Posted Oct 30 2018 Purchased dog beds for 4857 AUD and was charged 14088 Can only dispute with my bank once the payment has been cleared and I will be following this all the way to being reimbursed Disclaimer The information found on this website is provided freely and anonymously by our users at their own discretion We do not verify or guarantee any of the information to be accurate in any way Please be prudent when using this information to make any financial decisions | [
"Jinhuisheng Shenzhen"
] |
http://creepypasta.wikia.com/wiki/The_Girl_in_the_Blue_Dress | in : Ghosts Dreams / Sleep Dismemberment The Girl in the Blue Dress Edit Comments ( 6 ) Share Hello there . For those of you that are in Australia , good evening to you . For those that are n ' t , good whatever time of day it is . I should be sleeping right now , since I have work at 6 : 00am tomorrow , but I have n ' t been sleeping anyway so I thought I might as well share the hell I ' ve been going through with you lovely people . As with many individuals , and myself especially , I am a fan of all the creepypasta that circulates on As I said before , I live in Australia , western Australia in fact . I live in a mining town called Karratha , and if you ' re aware of the current mining boom in western Australia you could imagine that there would be a ton of work here , high paying work at that . As for me , I started working at Karratha airport as a bag chucker for Qantas at the beginning of this year . With $ 1400 after tax a week , I ' m pretty much set to start uni next year ( I started working with Phil two weeks after I first started , and we had a ton of things in common : we both were smokers , we both listen to heavy metal and we were both massive stoners back in the day ( ' back in the day ' refers to ' when we did n ’ t have to get drug tested to work ' ) just to name a few . Since I was a local , I had my own friends which I had made over the years and that I usually hung out with , About ten weeks ago , me and Phil organised for a week annual leave holiday , and cheap tickets to Busselton via Perth ( sometimes it ' s good working for Qantas ) . Since Phil moved from Busselton originally ( Busselton is another town in western Australia , down south near Perth ) , he knew the people and the place well . His sister Sam owned a house there close to the beach , and every night was a piss up where we hit the bars and clubs , and joined in the illegal bonfires that are always Since it was Wednesday we were still fairly sober , but were in a mood enough to talk about scary shit . now I will say this now , I am a very cynical person , or perhaps was a cynical person . I have never had a paranormal experience in my life , am close to being an atheist , and I enjoy lurking / x / because imagination is an virtue that I find very respectable in a person . Phil decided to let slip to me a special quality about him . that he was in - tune with the paranormal . I told him he was a homo and people who believe in that shit are attention seekers . He was n ’ t offended at this , but instead he smiled and let out a small chuckle as he looked towards the moon . " Would you like me to prove it to you ? " he asked me . I told him he could try if he really wanted to , but he was going to have to try hard . And that is the first time I heard about the girl in the blue dress . Sounds a bit cliché , does n ’ t it ? After telling him so , he told me to look at why it was indeed so cliché . The innocence of a child is a sacred thing , and paranormal experiences involving children are definitely more distressing , I would imagine . The story of the girl in the blue dress takes place when Phil was fourteen , and him , Sam and his single mother moved into a house selling relatively cheap on the market . of course , the house was so cheap because a man murdered his wife and daughter in their beds in that house , unknown to his family at the time . He told me the first night he slept there , he saw a girl with a blue dress standing at the end of his bed . Being his first paranormal experience , he thought The next two years of his life were prominent with sightings of the girl with the blue dress , usually with Phil catching sight of her on the edges of his vision . when he was seventeen , he rode from a friend ' s house home at around 10 : 00pm . Ditching a smoke behind him , and while instinctively looking back to see if it had not caught on his hoodie , he saw her standing behind him , completely visible in the dark night . He fought the urge to look away , intent on keeping He quickly got up to catch her again , but she was gone . Then he felt an icy hand on his shoulder , and he turned to find her face inches away from his , somehow illuminated in the night to the point he could not see anything but her . He held her gaze , and asked her what she wanted from him . " It ' s okay , " she said . " What is ? " " It ' s okay . I do n ’ t remember it . Thank you . " Then she vanished , and all he could see was darkness . After recounting his experience to me , he could see I was n ’ t convinced . " I ' ll tell you what , " he said , " Sam has a Ouija board we used to fuck around with at a mates house . You wanna try it ? " I told him that as soon as we get to Sam ’ s , we should break it out . Bad idea . Sam ’ s boyfriend , who I wo n ' t name for my own reasons ( more on that later ) , wanted to try it too . He was a non - believer , as much as I was , and was n ’ t keen to talk to the dead as much as he had nothing else really to do , as Sam was at a friends house for the night . Phil brought out the board and set it up . I ' ve got to be honest , I was a little nervous because I " Is there any spirits in which we can talk to , that would be willing to talk with us ? " the planchette made its way over to " yes . " " Can we speak to Gilles de Rais ? " the planchette did n ’ t move . " Who the fuck is Gilles de Rais ? " I asked him . " Why do n ’ t you ask him ? " he smiled at me . " Ok , who are you , Mister Gilles de Rais ? " the planchette , slowly and surely , started to move , and it spelt out " B - A - R - O - N " , then " R - A - P - I - S - T " , and finally " M - U - R - D - E - R - E - R " . " This is fucking stupid dude , " said Sam ’ s boyfriend , " you obviously know who he is so you ' re moving the thing . " " Ok then , " said Phil , " ask him something that me and Gavin ( I ’ m Gavin ) could not possibly know . " He sat there for a second then said aloud , " What was my great - great grandmother ' s first name ? " The planchette slowly made out the letters " A - L - I - C - " when it hit the ' C ' he jumped backwards from the table and screamed the most real , terrified scream I have ever heard , and his face turned as white as fucking powder . " How the fuck did you know my fucking grandmother was named fucking Alice ! ? " " I did n ’ t man , I told you this shit works — what are you doing . . . ? " Phil now had fear in his eyes , as his sister ' s boyfriend had just gotten a fucking meat cleaver out from the kitchen and was coming towards us with it . " Chill the fuck out man ! " I pleaded with him . " I ’ m gonna ask you again , " he said slowly , " how did you know ? " Phil said carefully , " Sam told me - " " Sam does n ’ t even fucking know that you cunt ! what the fuck is this shit ? ! " He threw the cleaver at the board and missed , then he got his keys and left in his car . I looked at Phil , and I asked him if we could talk to the girl in the blue dress . Me and Phil sat on opposite sides of the board , and I was shitting myself , but also so exited , and nervous . " There was a little girl that I used to know , but I do n ’ t see her much anymore . She used to wear a blue dress , and had blonde hair . Would it be possible to speak to her ? " The planchette moved immediately to no , almost too fast . Since I was sitting across from yes and no , Phil looked at me and told me if I did n ’ t want to speak to her we can stop . I told him I did n ’ t move it . he shrugged his shoulders , and without saying anything the planchette moved rapidly across the board , spelling out , " F - R - I - E - N - D . " Phil looked confused . " Who are we speaking to ? " " A - M - A - N - D - A . " " Hello Amanda , who were you in life ? " " D - R - E - S - S . " " Are you the girl in the blue dress ? " It moved to " yes " on the board . " Why do you not want to talk to us ? " " F - R - I - E - N - D . " He looked at me . I was absorbed in the absolute enormity of the situation . I asked out loud if she did not want to talk to me . It moved to " yes . " " Why do you not want to talk to me ? " " H - A - T - E M - E . " I did n ’ t know whether to feel foolish or not . She thought I would not like her ? " Your friend Phil tells me you are very likeable , why do you think I ’ ll hate you ? " " H - A - U - N - T Y - O - U . " I stared at the board , completely frozen . The only thing that moved was my arm as the planchette spelled out : " D - I - E . " Phil slapped my hand off the thing at that instant and shoved the whole board back into its packaging . A sense of dread washed over me as I think I knew the answer to my next question . " What the fuck does that mean ? " He told me not to worry about it , and that we should go back to the pub . For the rest of the night , the way he looked at me was if he knew he had done something very , very fucking bad to me . Our trip ended in Busselton ended , we went back to Karratha , and we did n ’ t speak about what happened that night . That changed a week later , when one day at work Phil called in sick . Then he asked our boss if he could speak to me . When I picked up the phone , it he was breathing heavily into his receiver . My manager turned to me and told me to tell him to go to the hospital , because he would n ’ t listen to her when she said it " She is back , and she is fucking pissed off . " I wanted to tell him to fuck off , to stop messing with my fucking head . I asked him what the hell he was talking about , even though I already knew . He said she came to him in his dreams last night , and told him he should not have told me about her , and that she was mad as hell . " It was only supposed to be me and her dude . . . that ’ s what she said to me . I do n ’ t know what she is going to do . " That night I woke up to find her standing at the end of my bed . Blue dress illuminating the darkness . My hand flung to my lamp and she disappeared with the light . I did n ’ t sleep for the rest of that night . The next night , I slept with my lamp on . She came in my dreams and screamed at me . She called me unnatural , said that I was not supposed to know of her existence . I woke up to find that the only light was coming from my tv The only way I could avoid her was staying awake . One night I dozed off at my computer , and woke to find notepad up . There was five words that had been written there : " I DIED IN MY SLEEP " . Roughly two weeks ago , I told my parents what was going on , not giving a shit what they would think . It was at the point where I needed help to handle my situation . They told me that I ’ m still growing up , and that I was going to experience some weird things when I ’ m growing up . I told them I ’ m fucking eighteen , that I ’ m not imagining shit . They said we would do something about it the next day . I went to work four hours late that day . It was the first time I had been to work for a week , and the first time I saw Phil since he had talked to me on the phone . I saw him in the staff car park , where he was getting something from his car . I went up to him and slugged him in the face , then kicked him while he was on the ground . I was arrested for assault by the police on the scene but Phil dropped the charges . Later that I travelled to Perth to see a psychiatrist . He gave me these pills that make me giddy and sleepy . That night in my dreams , she tore her dress off , stood naked in front of me and told me to fuck her . I said no . I woke up with my dick burning , red as a fucking tomato . It was the worst pain I felt in my entire life . I saw her in the mirror behind me after I had a shower one day . Her jaw was missing from where her father The pills made me sleep , and while I slept she would taunt me with her demonic voice , somehow conveying her words with her flapping tongue that slapped against her throat and upper jaw . She told me I was not made to see her . Five days ago , I smashed my head into my mirror , because she was staring back at me . Two days later , I woke up in a hospital to see her standing next to me . I fought back the scream , and I asked her what I could do to She told me to die . I woke the whole ward up with my mangled screaming , and doctors found me with a dislocated jaw . I was released from hospital yesterday . I plan to see someone that specializes in the paranormal department . It ' s getting too much for me to handle . Phil ca n ' t help me , his demon is now mine . My intention of telling my story now is to let people know of the dangers of fucking around with stuff that you should not ever be fucking around with . And it is especially hard to do so , when I sit at my laptop , unable to speak or scream , while she stands next to me and laughs her disgusting laugh , and all I can hear is the slap of her tongue to her throat . She told me to tell you guys that . Categories Ghosts Dreams / Sleep Dismemberment | [
"The Girl in the Blue Dress",
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http://crescenttowing.com/ | ABOUT CRESCENT TOWING Since 1942 Crescent Towing has had one overriding goal in mind complete customer satisfaction by doing the best job possible with READ MORE CAREERS AT CRESCENT TOWING Crescent Towing has no greater asset than its people Crescent Towing employees come to the Company from all over the READ MORE 247 EMERGENCY RESPONSE Mississippi River 504 3661521 Mobile 251 4332580 Savannah 912 6513830 Operations Crescent Towing is the industry leader on the Mississippi River and in the ports of Mobile Alabama and Savannah Georgia For more information about our operations Fleet List Crescent Towing operates a stateoftheart fleet featuring the most advanced zdrive tugboats in the industry For a list of our modern fleet click here Recent News | [
"Crescent Towing",
"Operations",
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http://crestwoodcremationfuneral.com/funeral-cremation-products-merchandise/burial-vaults/ | Burial Vaults High Quality Burial Vaults for Peace of Mind … Crestwood features Wilbert Burial Vaults which is the burial vault recommended by leading funeral directors across the nation , and selected by more families than any other brand . The value of a Wilbert brand burial vault can be measured by the peace of mind that a structurally sound , finely crafted burial vault offers the family . The following is intended to give you the information needed in making your vault selection . Wilbert burial vaults are divided into four categories : Basic Burial Vaults Basic Burial Vaults Our Basic Burial Vaults offer strength , durability , simple styling and affordability . See Our Basic Burial Vaults Standard Burial Vaults Standard Burial Vaults Our Standard Burial Vaults combine graceful beauty with higher quality , more durable materials at a moderate price . See our Standard Burial Vaults Premium Burial Vaults Premium Burial Vaults Our Premium Burial Vaults provide the best in design and durability . See our Premium Burial Vaults Veteran ’ s Burial Vaults Veteran ’ s Burial Vaults Our line of Veteran ’ s vaults are designed to honor the life of those who have served our country in the armed services . See our Veteran ’ s Burial Vaults | [
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"structurally sound"
] |
http://crew-center.com/miami-florida-cruise-ship-schedule-july-september-2018 | You are here Miami Florida cruise ship schedule July September 2018 Submitted by kgnadmin on 16 October 2017 0804 Miami Florida cruise ship calendar provides the opportunity to search arrival and departure schedules of cruise ships arriving in port from July to September 2018 The timetable displays dates and times of the cruise ships visiting this US portofcall based is on the major cruise lines itineraries All cruise ships are linked to their complete current itinerary In order to view the next port of call just click on a specific vessel Please note the information presented below is based on schedules provided by the cruise lines and as such is subject to change by the cruise operators Here you can download cruise ship Itineraries classified by cruise lines Date Cruise Ship Cruise Line Arrival Depart Miami 1Jul2018 Norwegian Getaway NCL 08001600 Miami 1Jul2018 Oceania Insignia Oceania Cruises 0800 Miami 2Jul2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 2Jul2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 2Jul2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 2Jul2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 2Jul2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 6Jul2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 6Jul2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 6Jul2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 7Jul2018 Carnival Glory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 7Jul2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 7Jul2018 Celebrity Equinox Celebrity Cruises 07001530 Miami 7Jul2018 MSC Seaside MSC Cruises 07001900 Miami 7Jul2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 8Jul2018 Carnival Vista Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 8Jul2018 Norwegian Getaway NCL 08001600 Miami 9Jul2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 9Jul2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 9Jul2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 12Jul2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 12Jul2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 13Jul2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 13Jul2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 13Jul2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 14Jul2018 Carnival Glory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 14Jul2018 Carnival Vista Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 14Jul2018 Celebrity Equinox Celebrity Cruises 07001530 Miami 14Jul2018 MSC Seaside MSC Cruises 07001900 Miami 15Jul2018 Norwegian Getaway NCL 08001600 Miami 16Jul2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 16Jul2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 16Jul2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 16Jul2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 16Jul2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 20Jul2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 20Jul2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 20Jul2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 21Jul2018 Carnival Glory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 21Jul2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 21Jul2018 Celebrity Equinox Celebrity Cruises 07001530 Miami 21Jul2018 MSC Seaside MSC Cruises 07001900 Miami 21Jul2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 22Jul2018 Carnival Vista Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 22Jul2018 Norwegian Getaway NCL 08001600 Miami 23Jul2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 23Jul2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 23Jul2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 26Jul2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 26Jul2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 27Jul2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 27Jul2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 27Jul2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 28Jul2018 Carnival Glory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 28Jul2018 Carnival Vista Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 28Jul2018 Celebrity Equinox Celebrity Cruises 07001530 Miami 28Jul2018 MSC Seaside MSC Cruises 07001900 Miami 29Jul2018 Norwegian Getaway NCL 08001600 Miami 30Jul2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 30Jul2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 30Jul2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 30Jul2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 30Jul2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 3Aug2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 3Aug2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 3Aug2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 4Aug2018 Carnival Glory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 4Aug2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 4Aug2018 Celebrity Equinox Celebrity Cruises 07001530 Miami 4Aug2018 MSC Seaside MSC Cruises 07001900 Miami 4Aug2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 5Aug2018 Carnival Vista Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 5Aug2018 Norwegian Getaway NCL 08001600 Miami 6Aug2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 6Aug2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 6Aug2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 9Aug2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 9Aug2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 10Aug2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 10Aug2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 10Aug2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 11Aug2018 Carnival Glory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 11Aug2018 Carnival Vista Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 11Aug2018 Celebrity Equinox Celebrity Cruises 07001530 Miami 11Aug2018 MSC Seaside MSC Cruises 07001900 Miami 12Aug2018 Norwegian Getaway NCL 08001600 Miami 13Aug2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 13Aug2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 13Aug2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 13Aug2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 13Aug2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 17Aug2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 17Aug2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 17Aug2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 18Aug2018 Carnival Glory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 18Aug2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 18Aug2018 Celebrity Equinox Celebrity Cruises 07001530 Miami 18Aug2018 MSC Seaside MSC Cruises 07001900 Miami 18Aug2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 19Aug2018 Carnival Vista Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 19Aug2018 Norwegian Getaway NCL 08001600 Miami 19Aug2018 Sea Princess Princess Cruises 0900 2300 Miami 20Aug2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 20Aug2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 20Aug2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 23Aug2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 23Aug2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 24Aug2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 24Aug2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 24Aug2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 25Aug2018 Carnival Glory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 25Aug2018 Carnival Vista Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 25Aug2018 Celebrity Equinox Celebrity Cruises 07001530 Miami 25Aug2018 MSC Seaside MSC Cruises 07001900 Miami 26Aug2018 Norwegian Getaway NCL 08001600 Miami 27Aug2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 27Aug2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 27Aug2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 27Aug2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 27Aug2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 31Aug2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 31Aug2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 1Sep2018 Carnival Glory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 1Sep2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 1Sep2018 MSC Seaside MSC Cruises 07001900 Miami 1Sep2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 2Sep2018 Carnival Vista Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 2Sep2018 Norwegian Getaway NCL 08001600 Miami 3Sep2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 3Sep2018 Celebrity Equinox Celebrity Cruises 07001530 Miami 3Sep2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 3Sep2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 6Sep2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 6Sep2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 7Sep2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 7Sep2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 7Sep2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 8Sep2018 Carnival Glory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 8Sep2018 Carnival Vista Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 8Sep2018 MSC Seaside MSC Cruises 07001900 Miami 9Sep2018 Norwegian Getaway NCL 08001600 Miami 10Sep2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 10Sep2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 10Sep2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 10Sep2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 10Sep2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 14Sep2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 14Sep2018 Celebrity Equinox Celebrity Cruises 07001530 Miami 14Sep2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 14Sep2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 15Sep2018 Carnival Glory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 15Sep2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 15Sep2018 MSC Seaside MSC Cruises 07001900 Miami 15Sep2018 Oceania Sirena Oceania Cruises na Miami 15Sep2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 16Sep2018 Carnival Vista Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 16Sep2018 Norwegian Getaway NCL 08001600 Miami 17Sep2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 17Sep2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 17Sep2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 20Sep2018 Carnival Horizon Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 20Sep2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 20Sep2018 Carnival Vista Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 21Sep2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 21Sep2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 21Sep2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 22Sep2018 Carnival Glory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 22Sep2018 Carnival Horizon Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 22Sep2018 MSC Seaside MSC Cruises 07001900 Miami 23Sep2018 AIDAluna AIDA Cruises 06001800 Miami 23Sep2018 Norwegian Getaway NCL 08001600 Miami 23Sep2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 24Sep2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 24Sep2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 24Sep2018 Celebrity Equinox Celebrity Cruises 07001530 Miami 24Sep2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 24Sep2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 25Sep2018 Oceania Sirena Oceania Cruises na Miami 28Sep2018 Carnival Victory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 28Sep2018 Norwegian Sky NCL 07001700 Miami 28Sep2018 Mariner Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001700 Miami 29Sep2018 Carnival Glory Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 29Sep2018 Carnival Sensation Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 29Sep2018 MSC Seaside MSC Cruises 07001900 Miami 29Sep2018 Empress Of The Seas Royal Caribbean 07001600 Miami 30Sep2018 Carnival Horizon Carnival Cruise Line 08001600 Miami 30Sep2018 Carnival Magic Carnival Cruise Line na Miami 30Sep2018 Norwegian Getaway NCL 08001600 Back to the US cruise ports schedules 2018 Back to cruise ports schedules 2018 main page Категорија Crew news Articles that might interest you | [
"Miami",
"Florida cruise ship schedule"
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http://crewfamily.com/ | Crew / Neuenschwander / Demaline / Dailey / Campbell Genealogy Page This Page is years of collecting , verifying , and researching . I have tried to verify everyone at least 2 to 3 times if not more . Some people are very sketchy , so if you see any mistakes , misplacements or misspellings , please Email me with your changes . Most of the Crew / Demaline have been well documented in Quaker or church records . The Campbell Clan is well documented as it was one of the largest Clans in Ireland / Scotland There are many families and Surnames , as I have over 6000 and counting names here . Entire Names List Contact Me Other Names Researching : McLaughlin / MacLachlan , Dusseau / Dussault , Raoul / Reau , Stine , Danzer , Wafler / Waefler And of Course any variants thereof Surnames * Denotes My Family Names Fulton County Tombstone Transcriptions Transferred from the FC Historical Society books circa 1984 A CD is available with Swanton and Dutch Ridge Updated since 2005 If interested in purchasing a CD for $ 20 please Email Nancy at fcogs @ comcast . net Fulton County Ohio DAR Applications ( Partial List ) ( Adobe Acrobat Reader Required ) DAR Applicant - Year of Application - Ancestor in Revolutionary War Links to Genealogy Pages | [
"Crew",
"largest Clans",
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http://cricket-rules.com/ | Cricket Rules Welcome to the greatest game of all – Cricket . This site will help explain to an absolute beginner some of the basic rules of cricket . Although there are many more rules in cricket than in many other sports , it is well worth your time learning them as it is a most rewarding sport . Whether you are looking to play in the backyard with a mate or join a club Cricket - Rules will help you learn the basics and begin to enjoy one of the most popular sports in the world . The game is ever popular , with many fans attending to watch their local and national teams , the craze is always growing . With a number of big tournaments like The Ashes , IPL League and the granddaddy of them all , the ICC World Cup Cricket 2019 ! The game of cricket is highly popular , and the number of cricket betting fans who place bets on their national and local teams is also growing . A typical cricket field Cricket is a game played with a bat and ball on a large field , known as a ground , between two teams of 11 players each . The object of the game is to score runs when at bat and to put out , or dismiss , the opposing batsmen when in the field . The cricket rules displayed on this page here are for the traditional form of cricket which is called “ Test Cricket ” . However there are other formats of the game eg . 50 over matches , Twenty20 Cricket etc where the rules differ slightly . Player : Official Cricket Rules Cricket is a game played between two teams made up of eleven players each . There is also a reserve player called a “ twelfth man ” who is used should a player be injured during play . The twelfth man is not allowed to bowl , bat , wicket keep or captain the team . His sole duty is to act as a substitute fielder . The original player is free to return to the game as soon as they have recovered from their injury . To apply the law and make sure the cricket rules are upheld throughout the game there are two umpires in place during games . Umpires are responsible for making decisions and notifying the scorers of these decisions . Two umpires are in place on the playing field while there is also a third umpire off the field who is in charge of video decisions . This is where the call is too close for the on field umpires and they refer it to the third umpire who reviews slow motion video replays to make a decision . Game Structure Fielding positions in cricket for a right - handed batsman Test cricket is a game that spans over two innings . This means that one team needs to bowl the other team out twice and score more runs then them to win the match . Another key difference between test cricket and other forms of cricket is the length of the innings . In test cricket there is no limit to the innings length . Whereas in one day cricket & Twenty20 cricket there are a certain amount of overs per innings . The only limits in test cricket is a 5 day length . Before the game begins an Once the first team has been bowled out the second team would then go into bat . Once the second team is then bowled out it would normally return to the first team batting again . However there is an exception to this in the cricket rules , it is called the follow - on . The follow - on is when the first team makes at least 200 runs more than the second team made ( in a 5 day test match ) . This then gives the first team the option to make the second team bat again Ways to score runs The aim of the batsmen is to score runs . One of the main cricket rules is that for batsmen to score runs they must run to each other ’ s end of the pitch ( from one end to the other ) . In doing this one run is scored . Cricket rules state they may run multiple runs per shot . As well as running they can also score runs by hitting boundaries . A boundary scores the batsmen either 4 or 6 runs . A four is scored by hitting the ball past the boundary after hitting Other ways runs can be scored according to the cricket rules include no balls , wide balls , byes & leg byes . Cricket rules state that all runs scored by these methods are awarded to the batting team but not the individual batters . A “ No Ball ” can be declared for many reasons : If the bowler bowls the ball from the wrong place , the ball is declared dangerous ( often happens when bowled at the batsmen ’ s body on the full ) , bounces more than twice or rolls before reaching the batsman or if fielders are standing in illegal positions . The batsman can hit a no ball and score runs off it but can not be out from a no ball except if they are ran out , hit the ball twice , handle the ball or obstruct the field . A “ Wide Ball ” will be declared if the umpire thinks the batsman did not have a reasonable opportunity to score off the delivery . However if the delivery is bowled over the batsmen ’ s head it will not be declared a wide but a no ball . Umpires are much stricter on wide deliveries in the shorter format of the game while being much more relaxed in test cricket . A wide delivery will add one run to the batting team and any runs scored by the batsman . The batsman is not able to get out off a wide delivery Bye ” is where a ball that is n ’ t a no ball or wide passes the striking batsman and runs are scored without the batsman hitting the ball . Leg Bye ” is where runs are scored by hitting the batsman , but not the bat and the ball is not a no ball or wide . However no runs can be scored if the striking batsman did n ’ t attempt to play a shot or if he was avoiding the ball . Ways Batsmen can be given out according to cricket rules There are a number of different ways a batsman can be given out in the game of cricket . When a bowler gets a batsman out it is said that the bowler gets a “ wicket ” . Following are the different ways a batsman can be given out according to the rules of cricket : Bowled – Cricket rules state that if the ball is bowled and hits the striking batsman ’ s wickets the batsman is given out ( as long as at least one bail is removed by the ball ) . It does not matter whether the ball has touched the batsman ’ s bat , gloves , body or any other part of the batsman . However the ball is not allowed to have touched another player or umpire before hitting the wickets . Caught – Cricket rules state that if a batsman hits the ball or touches the ball at all with his bat or hand / glove holding the bat then the batsman can be caught out . This is done by the fielders , wicket keeper or bowler catching the ball on the full ( before it bounces ) . If this is done then cricket rules state the batsman is out . Leg Before Wicket ( LBW ) – If the ball is bowled and it hits the batsman first without the bat hitting it then an LBW decision is possible . However for the umpire to give this out he must first look at some of the factors stated in the cricket rules . The first thing the umpire need to decide is would the ball have hit the wickets if the batsman was not there . If his answer to this is yes and the ball was not pitched on the leg side of the wicket he can safely give the batsman out . However if Stumped – A batsman can be given out according to cricket rules when the wicketkeeper puts down his wicket while he is out of his crease and not attempting a run ( if he is attempting a run it would be a runout ) . Run Out – Cricket rules state that a batsman is out if no part of his bat or body is grounded behind the popping crease while the ball is in play and the wicket is fairly put down by the fielding side . Hit Wicket – Cricket rules specify that if a batsman hits his wicket down with his bat or body after the bowler has entered his delivery stried and the ball is in play then he is out . The striking batsman is also out if he hits his wicket down while setting off for his first run . Handled The Ball – Cricket rules allow the batsman to be given out if he willingly handles the ball with the hand that is not touching the bat without the consent of the opposition . Timed Out – An incoming batsman must be ready to face a ball or be at the non strikers end with his partner within three minutes of the outgoing batsman being dismissed . If this is not done the incoming batsman can be given out . Hit The Ball Twice – Cricket rules state that if a batsman hits a ball twice other than for the purpose of protecting his wicket or with consent from the opposition he is out . Obstructing The Field – A batsman is out if he willingly obstructs the opposition by word or action There are many other cricket rules . However these are most of the basics and will get you well on your way to playing the game . Many of the more advanced rules & laws can be learned along the way and are not vital to general play . | [
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http://cricviz.com/ | DEMONSTRATING THE NEXT LEVEL OF CRICKET ANALYSIS WinViz probabilities are generated by CricVizs unique computer model of Test cricket This utilises a database of the last 500 Test matches played using past and current data to estimate the probability of future events The model uses the current state of the match each players career history and characteristics of the venue and host country to simulate the remainder of the match The simulations are run thousands of times with the number of results that produce each match outcome converted into probabilities if 4000 out of 10000 iterations result in a team winning then that team has a 40 probability of winning The PredictViz function outlines the most likely course the match will follow from its current position The unique CricViz model of past and current data simulates the remainder of the game thousands of times with the average predicted outcome for each team plotted across the games remaining timeline The likeliest score and end point of each innings is predicted using the current state of the match each players career history and characteristics of the venue and host country PlayViz breaks down each teams performance into its three basic aspects batting bowling and fielding Each of those areas is given a positive or negative score in runs measuring the performance of that team against that of an average Test team in the conditions present at that time Batting bowling Team performances are compared to those of an average Test team with adjustments taken into account for the pitch and opposition strength The comprehensive historical database predicts the average performance of batsmen and bowlers in the position and role they are playing in The PlayViz function measures performance relative to averages that take into account extra variables Fielding Each teams fielding performance is measured on the direct impact it has had on the score Runs saved and missed are totalled for each player with a dropped catch measured at the value of the wicket that was missed according to the model of projected scores Fielding scores are adjusted by a system that rates the difficulty of a piece of fielding BatViz gives a measure of how difficult batting has been in the last 30 minutes of play It shows how hard it is for the batsmen to survive and score The ball tracking data from every ball bowled in the match is compared to a database of over 300000 Test deliveries The balls in this database that are the most similar to the delivery being measured are evaluated in terms of wickets taken and runs conceded with a game aggregate built to provide a metric of current batting difficulty at that time | [
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http://criminal-law.freeadvice.com/criminal-law/drunk_driving/dui-lawyer.htm | FreeAdvice : Law Select a Legal Topic Ask a Lawyer Legal News Free Case Evaluation FreeAdvice : Law ► FreeAdvice : Insurance ► FreeAdvice : Community Home Law Advice Criminal Law Drunk Driving ARTICLE Should You Hire a DUI / DWI Lawyer ? by FreeAdvice staff You should definitely consider hiring a DUI / DWI attorney if you already have more than one DUI / DWI in the past , if the charge occurred as the result of an accident , if anyone was either seriously injured or killed , if you drive for a living and rely on keeping your license in order to make a living , and / or if you are facing jail time or a hefty fine . Even if none of these situations applies to you , a DUI / DWI lawyer can help you understand the laws in your Drunk driving is a serious crime in every state , however , the DUI laws do n ' t require that you be drunk or intoxicated to be found guilty of DUI charges . Instead , laws measure your ability to operate a vehicle by determining whether you are impaired based on whether your blood alcohol level exceeds the state limit . The blood alcohol limit is now .08 % in all states . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . The consequences of a DUI differ drastically from state to state and are influenced by your age , blood alcohol content ( BAC ) , whether you have been arrested for DUI in the past , and whether you caused injury or death during the DUI . Deciding whether or not to hire an attorney is a personal choice . Here ’ s what you should consider before doing so . What a DUI Lawyer Does In general , a DUI lawyer looks at the range of possible consequences for each client and determines how to minimize the damage to the lives and livelihoods of those clients . Very often , a lawyer will assess a clients situation and determine that it is likely that the client may be offered probation or may be facing very minor penalties . In those situations , a person facing DUI charges may decide the potential penalties are minor enough to represent themselves or to quickly take a plea bargain with the prosecutor . However , every DUI charge is A DUI Lawyer Will Assess Your Case Due to the different circumstances in every DUI case , and to the varying laws in different states , the possible conseqeuences of a DUI are dependent on many different factors . An experienced lawyer can help you understand the potential fines or jail time that may be a consequence in your state should your case go to trial . Many DUI lawyers only deal with DUI matters and know the process inside and out , including hidden options that a public defender may not tell you . In addition , many offer a free consultation – which may be The consequences of a DUI vary greatly from state to state and a DUI lawyer will be able to explain how those consequences apply to you . For example , there are harsher punishments for those arrested with BAC limits over .08 % . In addition , there are special laws for underage drivers arrested for DUI . A DUI attorney will also tell you whether you may be eligible for possible community service or plea bargaining , will understand the overlapping jurisdiction of courts and the state ’ s motor vehicle licensing department to suspend or revoke your license A Lawyer Will Make the Process Manageable Dealing with a state ’ s motor vehicle department can be frustrating and time consuming . A lawyer can manage the process for you by completing the required forms , making phone calls , scheduling and / or representing you at a motor vehicle department suspension hearing , and making other necessary arrangements . In addition , an experienced DUI lawyer knows the ins and outs of the courtroom and may be able to obtain a lesser sentence for you if your situation and state laws allow for it . Attorneys who are DUI specialists often know the prosecutors and How to Know Whether You Need a DUI Attorney The answer to this depends on your personal and financial situation , the state in which you live and your ability to represent yourself and handle the process on your own . However , most DUI lawyers offer free consultations , simplifying the initial process of speaking with an attorney . Here are some general guidelines : Definitely - Definitely hire a DUI lawyer if you have already have several DUI ’ s and receive another , if your DUI arrest was the result of an accident , or if anyone was injured killed . Also , definitely hire a lawyer if you are a professional driver whose livelihood depends on keeping your license . If you are facing jail time , or a hefty fine , handling your case on your own does not make sense . Seriously Consider - Seriously consider hiring a DUI lawyer if you ’ ve been arrested for a second DUI ( in the same or another state ) or were arrested with a BAC limit over double your state ’ s legal limit as harsher penalties may apply . Good Idea - You should most likely hire a DUI lawyer if you do n ’ t understand your rights or your state ’ s DUI laws , or if you are uneasy about the outcome , what you need to do , or the impact of the consequences you face . You also might want legal representation if you are in a profession ( or plan to be ) that requires bonding or in which any criminal conviction might prevent you from getting or keeping a professional license . If you do n ’ t know the requirements , then you need If this is your first DUI , it was n ' t the cause of an accident , and you had a low BAC and you are n ' t concerned about a misdemeanor conviction and the effect it would have on your record , you may decide to represent yourself . However , since most DUI attorneys do not charge anything for an initial consultation to discuss your case , it makes sense to contact one and find out whether your case is one in which representing yourself might be a reasonable option . Free Legal Advice – Get Informed Drunk Driving Overview Drunk Driving Laws DUI Checkpoints & Roadside Stops DUI Testing Drunk Driving Arrests DUI Punishments & Penalties Drunk Driving Defenses DUI & Your Future Hiring a DUI Attorney © 1995 - 2019 Advice Company , All Rights Reserved . FreeAdvice . com Law Advice Insurance Advice Legal Community / Forums Site Map Advertise With Us Company Media Contact Us Editorial Staff About Us Our Partners Law Advice Ask a Lawyer All Legal Topics State Laws Legal Community / Forums FreeAdvice ® has been providing millions of consumers with outstanding advice , free , since 1995 . While not a substitute for personal advice from a licensed professional , it is available AS IS , subject to our Disclaimer and Terms & Conditions Of Use Privacy Policy Use for marketing or solicitation is prohibited . AttorneyPages ® , ExpertPages ® and FreeAdvice ® are trademarks and units of Advice Company or its affiliate AdviceCo Ventures Company . | [
"DUI / DWI Lawyer"
] |
http://criminal-law.freeadvice.com/criminal-law/drunk_driving/stopped-for-drunk-driving.htm | FreeAdvice : Law Select a Legal Topic Ask a Lawyer Legal News Free Case Evaluation FreeAdvice : Law ► FreeAdvice : Insurance ► FreeAdvice : Community Home Law Advice Criminal Law Drunk Driving ARTICLE What happens if you get a DUI ? by FreeAdvice staff Getting stopped for drunk driving ( commonly referred to as “ DWI ” – driving while intoxicated or “ DUI ” – driving under the influence ) is a serious offense and can have different consequences depending upon where you live . All 50 states have “ per se ” laws defining it a crime to drive with a blood alcohol content ( BAC ) level at or above the prescribed threshold . At this time , every state has set this maximum BAC level at 0.08 percent . However , some states have enacted zero tolerance laws that lower that level for underage drivers and high BAC laws that impose harsher penalties for those caught with levels of 0.16 to 0.20 . Getting Stopped for Drunk Driving Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . When you ’ re stopped for drunk driving ( or for something else and a police officer has reason to believe you ’ ve been drinking ) , you will generally be required to take a sobriety test ( blood , breath or urine ) to determine your BAC level . Most states have implied consent laws which means that you must comply with a test or face fines and / or license suspension – sometimes right on the spot - for refusing to take the test . Some states have abandoned the urine test due to reliability issues . The driver usually gets his choice of the available tests . Which test should you choose ? That depends . A breath testing machine may be easier to fault for accuracy than a blood test , but a breath testing machine can not test under the influence of drugs . " What Happens After a DUI Arrest ? If you refuse the test or are found to have a BAC over the state limit , chances are you ’ ll be taken into custody and brought to a police station where you ’ ll be held until someone can pick you up , or until next morning when you have sobered up . In addition , your license may be temporarily suspended and your vehicle may be impounded for a period of time after the incident . However , these penalties seldom apply to refusing to perform FST ’ s ( field sobriety tests ) , which are the physical coordination tests an officer has you perform . Going to Court for a Drunk Driving Charge Aside from a possible administrative hearing that reviews the circumstances surrounding your arrest to see if your license should be administratively suspended ( as opposed to suspended by the Court ) , you must generally go to court where a jury or judge will decide your fate . In any criminal case , including DWI ’ s , you have the right to a jury trial , but once convicted , it is up to the judge what punishment you will receive . In many states there are mandatory punishments and consequences that deny the judge any discretion as to punishment if your BA is of a certain level , or if you have refused to take a mandatory test . Generally , for each prior conviction of DWI within the previous 5 - 10 years , the punishment will become progressively severe , and these may also be mandatory minimum sentences . If you ’ re found guilty , most courts will : impose fines ( and some add on an additional driver responsibility tax ) suspend or revoke your license ( Motor Vehicle Departments may do so even if a court does not ) require participation in a drunk driver education program add points to your license ( and your insurance will most likely increase ) sentence you to jail or require community service work as an alternative put you on parole ( called “ probation ” in some states ) impose various statutory fees intended to offset the state ’ s budget expenses on DUI / DWI cases In addition , some judges and some states may require you to participate in alcohol or drug treatment programs as part of a parole program or have an ignition interlock device installed on your vehicle . You may also receive as a condition of parole ( probation ) that you not drink any alcoholic beverage while on parole , or not even enter a tavern . Getting Your Drivers License Back Some states allow for provisional , conditional , hardship or temporary licenses . This varies greatly by state , judge and circumstances and is often granted only with participation in an education program or by showing a family hardship . You may also have to show proof of liability insurance to get your license back . Getting Help Make sure you know your state ' s DUI law and consider hiring a DUI lawyer to assist you through the process . Many lawyers limit their practice to drunk driving , know the system and may provide a free consultation . Find a DUI attorney in your area . Free Legal Advice – Get Informed Drunk Driving Overview Drunk Driving Laws DUI Checkpoints & Roadside Stops DUI Testing Drunk Driving Arrests DUI Punishments & Penalties Drunk Driving Defenses DUI & Your Future Hiring a DUI Attorney © 1995 - 2019 Advice Company , All Rights Reserved . FreeAdvice . com Law Advice Insurance Advice Legal Community / Forums Site Map Advertise With Us Company Media Contact Us Editorial Staff About Us Our Partners Law Advice Ask a Lawyer All Legal Topics State Laws Legal Community / Forums FreeAdvice ® has been providing millions of consumers with outstanding advice , free , since 1995 . While not a substitute for personal advice from a licensed professional , it is available AS IS , subject to our Disclaimer and Terms & Conditions Of Use Privacy Policy Use for marketing or solicitation is prohibited . AttorneyPages ® , ExpertPages ® and FreeAdvice ® are trademarks and units of Advice Company or its affiliate AdviceCo Ventures Company . | [
"DUI",
"Drunk Driving"
] |
http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-charges/aiding-and-abetting-accessory.html | Aiding and Abetting / Accessory By submitting this form , you agree to Findlaw . com ' s terms . We respect your privacy . A criminal charge of " aiding and abetting " or accessory can usually be brought against anyone who helps in the commission of a crime , though legal distinctions vary by state . A person charged with these accomplice crimes is usually not present when the crime itself is committed , but he or she has knowledge of the crime before or after the fact , and may assist in its commission through advice , actions , or financial support . Depending on the degree of involvement , the offender ' s participation in the crime may rise to the level of conspiracy For example , Andy draws a floor plan of a bank , knowing of Dan ' s intention to rob it . After Dan commits the robbery , Alice agrees to let him store the stolen money at her house . Both Andy and Alice can be charged with aiding and abetting , or acting as accessories to the robbery . How Are Aiding , Abetting , and Accessory Defined ? As with all crimes , the specific elements depend on the state where the crime takes place . In general , aiding refers to differing degrees of support and abetting involves encouragement . Accessory usually involves actions taken to protect the perpetrator after the crime is committed . If you were to serve on a jury in a federal court , you would be instructed that the crime of aiding and abetting requires the prosecution to prove , beyond a reasonable doubt , that : A crime was committed ; The accused aided , counseled , commanded , induced or procured the person committing the crime ; The accused acted with the intent to facilitate the crime ; and The accused acted before the crime was completed . Similarly , you would be instructed that the crime of accessory after the fact requires proving that : The accused knew that a person committed a crime ; and The accused assisted that person with the specific purpose or design to hinder or prevent that person ' s apprehension , trial or punishment . A failure to sufficiently prove any of these elements , or those that may apply under state law , means that you can not be convicted for these crimes . Is There A Way Out ? Even if you ' ve aided and abetted someone before they commit a crime , your state may allow for a withdrawal defense . In essence , this means that you have ceased your support and encouragement for the crime before it has become unstoppable . However , this can be difficult to prove unless there is some clear evidence of repudiation ( such as a communication to the perpetrator or a warning to the potential victim ) . Some jurisdictions may require an attempt to stop the crime from taking place by , for example , notifying law enforcement . Even if your actions do n ' t clearly constitute withdrawal , efforts to remove yourself from a crime before it takes place can help to mitigate the punishments you might face . Depending on the situation , these efforts could even lead the government to use prosecutorial discretion and not charge you with a crime . This could happen where , for example , you ' re facing threats to your safety by coming forward to report a pending crime . Do n ' t Go It Alone : Get Professional Help With Your Criminal Case The fact that you were n ' t there when the crime was committed wo n ' t protect you from prosecution for aiding and abetting . These accomplice crimes can be tricky and usually boil down to what you knew and when you knew it . If you have some knowledge of a crime before or after the fact , you should reach out to a criminal defense attorney who can advise you and help protect your interests . | [
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http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-charges/drug-possession-defenses.html | FindLaw Learn About The Law Criminal Law Criminal Charges Drug Possession Defenses Drug Possession Defenses If you ' re charged with possession of drugs , either for personal use or with intent to sell , a criminal defense attorney can determine which defenses might apply to your case . Some defenses challenge the stated facts , testimony or evidence in the case ; others target procedural errors , and some defendants challenge drug possession charges on the basis of an affirmative defense . This article discusses drug possession defenses , ranging from the rare defenses , to the more common and familiar ones . Unlawful Search and Seizure The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right to due process of law , including lawful search and seizure procedures prior to an arrest . Search and seizure issues are common territory for drug possession defenses . Illicit drugs found in " plain view , " such as a car ' s dashboard after a legal traffic stop , may be seized and used as evidence . But drugs found in the trunk of a car after prying it open with a crowbar , ( assuming the suspect did n ' t give permission ) ca n ' t be entered into evidence . If the defendant ' s Fourth Amendment rights were violated , then the drugs ca n ' t be used at trial and the charges typically are dismissed . Drugs Belong to Someone Else A common defense to any crime charge is to simply say you did n ' t do it . The drug possession equivalent is to claim the drugs are n ' t yours or that you had no idea they were in your apartment . For instance , a skilled defense attorney will pressure prosecutors to prove that the joint found in the car belonged to their client and not one of the other passengers . Crime Lab Analysis Just because it looks like cocaine or LSD does n ' t mean it necessarily is . The prosecution must prove that a seized substance is indeed the illicit drug it claims it is by sending the evidence to a crime lab for analysis . The crime lab analyst then must testify at trial in order for the prosecution to make its case . Missing Drugs Another drug possession defense is that the drugs are missing . Similar to the need for crime lab analysis , prosecutors who lose or otherwise lack the actual drugs risk having their case dismissed . Seized drugs often get transferred several times before ending up in the evidence locker , so it should never be assumed that the evidence still exists during trial . Drugs were Planted This may be difficult to prove , since a police officer ' s sworn testimony carries a lot of weight in the courtroom ; other officers may be reluctant to blow the whistle on a fellow officer . But your attorney can file a motion that , if approved by the judge , requires the department to release the complaint file of the given officer . This file contains the names and contact of information of those who made the complaints , who can then be interviewed by your attorney or a private investigator . Entrapment While law enforcement officials are free to set up sting operations , entrapment occurs when officers or informants induce a suspect to commit a crime he or she otherwise may not have committed . If an informant pressures a suspect into passing drugs to a third party , for example , then this may be considered entrapment . As a rule of thumb , entrapment occurs where the state provides the drugs in question . Medical Marijuana Exception The medical use of marijuana is never a defense for federal drug possession court but may be in states where medical marijuana has been legalized . States with such exceptions to marijuana laws typically require a doctor ' s signed recommendation . But some of those states also provide for an affirmative defense by those arrested on marijuana possession charges who are able to show clear and convincing evidence of medical necessity . Need Help with Drug Possession Defenses ? Contact an Attorney If you ' re facing drug possession charges , you may have defenses available to you that are n ' t immediately apparent . Whether the police collected testimony without reading your rights , or whether the prosecutors have failed to preserve incriminating evidence , a criminal defense attorney will often reveal the hole in the prosecutor ' s case . If you ' re dealing with a criminal matter , it ' s in your best interest to contact an experienced , local criminal defense attorney as soon as possible . | [
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http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-charges/embezzlement.html | Embezzlement By submitting this form , you agree to Findlaw . com ' s terms . We respect your privacy . The crime of embezzlement was created to fill a loophole in the theft / larceny statutes of English law . In old English law theft / larceny required a trespass , but there is no trespass with embezzlement . The person who embezzles is in lawful possession of the money or property , they just do n ' t give it back to the owner or use it for unauthorized purposes . Continue reading to learn about embezzlement law and when it applies as well as some examples of high profile embezzlement crimes in history . Definition of Embezzlement The crime of embezzlement is where a person : has lawful possession of the property of another ; converts or takes that property for their own use ; and has no intention of giving it back . For instance , an office worker may have every right to handle the petty cash for a business , but the moment they use the petty cash to buy themselves new shoes without authorization , they have embezzled . An important point about conversion , or the taking of the property , is that it has to be done with a serious intent of depriving the owner of their rights . Acts of embezzlement can include the following with respect to the funds / property of another : using them up ; selling them ; giving them away ; inflicting serious damage on them ; and withholding them permanently from the owner . It ' s important to note that merely moving property a short distance , or inflicting slight damage , or minimal use of the property may not be enough to constitute embezzlement . Who Commits Embezzlement ? This type of crime is most common in the employment and corporate fields . Generally , the person who commits embezzlement is a trusted employee who has been given access to someone else ’ s property or money for the purposes of managing , monitoring , and / or using the assets for the owner ’ s best interests , but then covertly misappropriates the assets for his / her own personal gain and use . These people are typically an employee , a business partner , or a contract worker . Common examples are bank tellers , store clerks , office managers , accountants , financial managers , or Embezzlement Can Apply to Any Type of Property Some embezzlers simply take large amounts of money at once , while others misappropriate small amounts over a long period of time . The methods used to embezzle can vary greatly and are often surprisingly creative . They can include fraudulent billing , payroll checks to fabricated employees , records falsification , “ Ponzi ” financial schemes , and more . The crime of embezzlement does not have to be about money . The conversion of company property such as a laptop computers or company vehicles is also considered embezzlement . Sometimes state embezzlement statutes even include the taking of real property in addition to personal property . Elements of the Crime of Embezzlement The elements to prove the crime of embezzlement differ in the various state laws , but generally four factors must be present : There must be a fiduciary relationship between the two parties ; that is , there must be a reliance by one party on the other ; The defendant must have acquired the property through the relationship ( rather than in some other manner ) ; The defendant must have taken ownership of the property or transferred the property to someone else ; and The defendant ' s actions must have been intentional . Embezzlement Can Also be a Federal Crime In addition to the corporate setting , embezzlement can also take place of public funds or property owned by the government . Several federal statutes prohibit embezzling public funds , tools for counterfeiting , records , or anything of value . Famous Embezzlement Cases One of the most famous embezzlement cases in modern times is the Bernie Madoff case . Madoff used a Ponzi scheme to bilk his investment clients out of millions of dollars . Clients entrusted him with their life savings that he then used to fund his lavish life style - - a classic case of embezzlement . Certainly , there are the big splashy embezzlement cases , but there is no shortage of small time players as well . The Girl Scouts regularly report cases of embezzlement of Girl Scout Cookie funds with stolen dollar amounts less than $ 50,000 . Charged with Embezzlement ? Protect Your Interests and Call an Attorney As you can see , the common elements to prove a charge of embezzlement leave a lot of room open for your defense . The government has the burden to prove all the elements of this crime under the laws of your state . However , it does n ' t hurt to have a proactive defense that establishes facts disproving the elements . The key is having a strong and trusted advocate by your side , namely a criminal defense attorney | [
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http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-charges/voluntary-manslaughter-penalties-and-sentencing.html | FindLaw Learn About The Law Criminal Law Criminal Charges Voluntary Manslaughter Sentencing and Penalties Voluntary Manslaughter Sentencing and Penalties Once a jury has convicted a defendant of voluntary manslaughter , the court will hand down the punishment that the state or federal government will impose upon the defendant . The exact punishment depends on a number of factors . The most important factor is the actual language of the law that governs the punishment for manslaughter in the jurisdiction . Statutes will generally contain a single punishment or a range of punishments that courts can choose from when setting a penalty for a conviction . But the inquiry does n ' t end there . Judges can also consider aggravating and mitigating factors when handing down sentences . Aggravating factors will usually add to a sentence , while mitigating factors generally reduce the severity of a punishment . It ' s important to note , though , that the judges should only consider factors that have been tried before a jury , or else risk running afoul of the right to counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment . The following is an overview of voluntary manslaughter sentencing , including the impact of aggravating and mitigating factors and sentencing procedures . The Statutory Language The actual laws that prohibit voluntary manslaughter will often contain specific sentences , but it is more likely that they will list a range of potential penalties for the crime . These laws often leave the exact punishment up to the judge in the case . For instance , the federal law against voluntary manslaughter states that defendants should receive fines , a prison sentence of not more than ten years or both . California ' s manslaughter law , on the other hand , gets a little more specific and states that anyone found guilty of manslaughter should receive a prison sentence of between three and 11 years . In both instances , judges have some leeway to determine the specific sentence that they will give a particular defendant . This is where aggravating and mitigating factors come into play . Aggravating and Mitigating Factors In order to settle on an exact voluntary manslaughter penalty , courts will examine the circumstances surrounding the crime in order to determine the appropriate penalty . These circumstances fall into two categories : aggravating factors and mitigating factors . Aggravating factors are those facts about the crime , the defendant or the victim that tend to make the crime more serious , and thus more deserving of a harsher sentence . Courts typically consider such aggravating factors as the brutality of the crime , the defendants criminal history and the vulnerability of the victim , among others . The more aggravating factors there are , the more likely it is that the defendant will receive a tough sentence . Mitigating factors , on the other hand , tend to reduce sentences . Mitigating factors show that the defendant poses less risk to society than they would otherwise , so a lengthy sentence is unnecessary . Typical mitigating factors include the lack of a criminal history and the defendants acceptance of responsibility for the crime . Voluntary Manslaughter Sentencing : Procedures The exact procedure will depend on the rules of the jurisdiction that is holding the trial , but there will generally be a hearing to allow the prosecution and defense to present aggravating and mitigating factors . After that , the judge will consider all the factors present in the case then determine the sentence and announce it in court . Facing Manslaughter Charges ? Call a Defense Attorney Today Voluntary manslaughter is a serious crime that carries serious consequences . When it comes down to the sentencing phase of a trial , you ' ll want a strong advocate on your side who can point out all the mitigating factors to the judge . You can begin the process by finding a skilled criminal defense attorney in your area today , who can explain voluntary manslaughter sentencing and help you make the right choices . | [
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http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-law-basics/classifications-of-crimes.html | FindLaw Learn About The Law Criminal Law Criminal Law Basics Classifications of Crimes Classifications of Crimes Crimes receive different classifications according to their severity . The mildest crimes are known as infractions , more serious crimes are known as misdemeanors , and the most serious crimes are known as felonies . The classification of a crime influences both the substance and procedure of a criminal charge , so it ' s important to understand the differences between the classifications . This section describes each classification and examines how they differ from one another . More Learn About Classifications of Crimes Infractions Explanation of the term " infraction " and how they are treated by thecourts . Misdemeanors How a court defines " misdemeanor " and its various implications in criminal cases . Felonies The meaning of " felony , " and how the classification impacts sentencing . Difference Between Criminal and Civil Cases How criminal and civil case differ from one another in procedures and outcomes . | [
"Crimes",
"infractions",
"misdemeanors"
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http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-rights/charged-twice-in-different-states.html | Can I Be Charged Twice for the Same Crime in Different States ? By submitting this form , you agree to Findlaw . com ' s terms . We respect your privacy . While you ca n ' t be charged twice in one state for a crime that you were acquitted or convicted of , you may be charged twice in different states for the same crime . For instance , your conduct can be treated as two ( or more ) separate criminal acts if that conduct violated the laws of more than one state . Furthermore , if that conduct was a federal offense , you may be tried and convicted in both a state and federal court . This is known as the " dual sovereignty doctrine , " Double Jeopardy The constitutional protection against double jeopardy - - being charged twice for the same criminal act - prevents prosecutors from repeatedly bringing charges against a defendant in hopes of eventually getting a guilty verdict . While double jeopardy is a common law concept dating back to Ancient Greece , it is guaranteed in the U.S. by the Fifth Amendment . But if a single act violates the law of two states , the law treats the act as separate offenses and thus not in conflict with the Double Jeopardy Clause . A second state with a case against a defendant may decide that a conviction in the first state is sufficient , so it does n ' t necessarily mean more than one state will bring charges . Therefore , it ' s up to the discretion of the particular prosecutor , as with other criminal cases . Dual Sovereignty Doctrine : Background Although it was n ' t the first case to address the dual sovereignty doctrine , a 1985 U.S. Supreme Court decision ( Heath v . Alabama ) added some clarity . In this case , two men hired by the defendant to murder his wife kidnapped the victim in Alabama , but her body was later found in Georgia . The defendant pleaded guilty in Georgia in exchange for life in prison , but he was then convicted of murder , connected to the kidnapping , and sentenced to death in Alabama . The defendant claimed double jeopardy in defense to the Alabama charges , which was rejected by the lower courts . The Supreme Court held that the defendant ' s protection against double jeopardy had not been violated , thus invoking the dual sovereignty doctrine : " The dual sovereignty doctrine provides that when a defendant in a single act violates the ' peace and dignity ' of two sovereigns by breaking the laws of each , he has committed two distinct ' offenses ' for double jeopardy purposes . " Sentencing Conflicts Since two or more jurisdictions may convict a defendant for a single criminal act , sentencing conflicts sometimes arise . For example , the defendant in Heath was executed in Alabama in 1992 , although he was first sentenced to life in prison by a Georgia court . Even though Georgia took physical custody of the defendant first , granting it primary jurisdiction and sentencing priority , it likely ceded its primary jurisdiction to Alabama . Sentences from different jurisdictions for the same crime may run either concurrently or consecutively in accordance with federal law ( 18 U.S.C. Section 3584 ) , at the discretion of the courts . Facing Criminal Charges in More Than One State ? Get Legal Help Legal issues that cross state lines can be very difficult to defend . If you find yourself fighting a war on two fronts , it may be time to get some feedback from a legal professional . Get started today and contact an experienced and local criminal defense attorney who can review the facts and suggest the best strategies for your defense . | [
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http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-rights/miranda-warnings-and-police-questioning.html | Miranda Warnings and Police Questioning By submitting this form , you agree to Findlaw . com ' s terms . We respect your privacy . Through pop culture , TV and movies , most Americans know that in some cases the police are obligated to " read you your rights . " Most of us can recall at least the beginning of a typical Miranda warning as easily as recalling the pledge of allegiance . What most Americans do n ' t know , however , is exactly what their Miranda rights are and when they apply . In 2010 , the U.S. Supreme Court issued a series of decisions that modified the rules surrounding Miranda rights . These decisions have significantly affected the circumstances under which Miranda protections apply , so it ' s a good idea to reexamine the rules for Miranda warnings . Your Miranda Rights The Miranda warnings originated in a U.S. Supreme Court ruling , Miranda v . Arizona , 384 U.S. 436 , which set forth the following warning and accompanying rights : You have the right to remain silent Anything you say can be used against you in a court of law ; You have the right to consult with a lawyer and have that lawyer present during the interrogation ; If you can not afford a lawyer , one will be appointed to represent you ; You can invoke your right to be silent before or during an interrogation , and if you do so , the interrogation must stop . You can invoke your right to have an attorney present , and until your attorney is present , the interrogation must stop . Variations on Traditional Miranda Warnings You might notice that the last two points from above are often omitted in pop culture references . In fact , many states have their own particular variation of Miranda requirements that their police officers must use , so the language differs slightly from one police department to another . The most common addition to these core Miranda rights has been to end the traditional warning with a question along the lines of " do you understand these rights as they have been read to you " ? A suspect must affirmatively respond that they understand these rights before police questioning may begin - courts will not interpret silence as a sufficient acknowledgment of the Miranda warning . The U.S. Supreme Court firmly established this principle in a 2010 decision . In that case , a murder suspect refused to sign an acknowledgment of his Miranda rights , then later made statements during police questioning that were used against him in his conviction for the crime . The Court ruled that the burden was on the suspect to invoke his Miranda rights , and his failure to sign the acknowledgment essentially amounted to a waiver of those rights . Miranda Warnings Do n ' t Always Apply There are two very basic prerequisites before the police are require to issue a Miranda warning to a suspect : The suspect must be in police custody ; and The suspect must be under interrogation . It ' s crucial to understand these prerequisites of custodial interrogation because if you are n ' t formally in police custody , and you are n ' t being interrogated , the police do n ' t have to give you a Miranda warning . This , in turn , means that the police can use anything you say until those two requirements are fulfilled as evidence against you . Police Custody " Police custody " is generally defined as anytime the police deprive you of your freedom of action in a significant way . Realistically though , it refers to an arrest . Some jurisdictions treat detentions differently than arrests , though , and a Miranda warning is n ' t required in such a situation . Generally speaking , an actual arrest must take place before the police need to give you a Miranda warning . This means that simple things such as traffic stops or a police officer walking up to you and asking you questions are not considered police custody . When in doubt , just stay silent ( except for the exception about identification discussed below ) . Police Interrogation Finally it ' s worth noting that the warning must come before you ' re being interrogated . So until the interrogation has begun , you are n ' t necessarily owed a Miranda warning . A request for identification is generally not considered an interrogation , nor have the police placed you into custody simply by asking about your identity . In general , you must always give a police officer identification . Once police officers begin asking questions that may implicate involvement in a crime , however , an interrogation has begun . In another 2010 case , the U.S. Supreme Court refined the rules for police interrogations . In that case , the Court ruled that police officers could initiate a second interrogation of a suspect who had previously invoked his Miranda right to remain silent once two weeks had elapsed from the date of the original interrogation . The police did not have to give the suspect another Miranda warning , according to the Supreme Court . The Court decided that the Miranda warning from the previous interrogation remained in effect , thus the statements the suspect gave during the second interrogation constituted a waiver of his right to silence . Failing to Provide a Miranda Warning If the police fail to make you aware of your Miranda rights , nothing said in response to police questioning during a custodial interrogation can be used against you in court . In addition , any evidence that is derived from that improper custodial interrogation is also inadmissible For instance , if the police fail to make you aware of your Miranda rights and questioning you leads them to a murder weapon , that weapon and the contents of that interrogation are both inadmissible unless they can show that they would have found the weapon without your statements . Physical and Psychological Intimidation Information that you voluntarily offer to a police officer after receiving a proper Miranda warning is generally admissible in court . However , police officers are n ' t allowed to use physical or psychological intimidation to get you to make a statement . Forcing suspects to spend hours under a bright light or using sleep deprivation tactics on them can render any subsequent statement they make involuntary , and therefore not admissible in court . What to Say and Not Say If You ' re Arrested People often blurt out admissions in the heat of the moment or let the police bait them into admissions . The best advice if you ' re arrested is quite simple : Be cooperative , be polite , provide identification , but say nothing other than to request a lawyer Discuss Your Questions About Miranda Warnings and Police Questioning with an Attorney When police say " you have the right to remain silent , " you ' re usually best off taking that advice . Custodial interrogation and testimonial issues are best handled by an expert criminal defense attorney . If you ' ve given a potentially incriminating statement or are wondering how to handle a police interview , you should contact a local criminal defense attorney right away . | [
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http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-rights/when-the-fourth-amendment-applies.html | When the Fourth Amendment Applies By submitting this form , you agree to Findlaw . com ' s terms . We respect your privacy . It ' s important to be aware that not every search and seizure scrutinized in state and federal court raises a Fourth Amendment issue . The Fourth Amendment only protects against searches and seizures conducted by the government or pursuant to governmental direction . Surveillance and investigatory actions taken by strictly private persons , such as private investigators , suspicious spouses , or nosey neighbors , are n ' t governed by the Fourth Amendment . However , Fourth Amendment concerns do arise when those same actions are taken by a law enforcement official or a private person working in conjunction with law enforcement . When the Fourth Amendment Applies : Background Like the rest of the Bill of Rights , the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution originally only applied in federal court . However , in Wolf v . Colorado , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the rights guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment ( except the exclusionary rule , which was extended in a separate case ) apply equally in state courts through the Fourteenth Amendment , which guarantees to the citizen of every state the right to due process and equal protection of the laws . The process by which the U.S. Supreme Court has made certain fundamental liberties protected by the Bill of Rights applicable to the states is known as the doctrine of incorporation . When Is There a Reasonable Expectation of Privacy ? The Fourth Amendment does n ' t apply against governmental action unless defendants first establish that they had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the place to be searched or the thing to be seized . The U.S. Supreme Court has explained that what " a person knowingly exposes to the public , even in his own home or office , is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection . . . " But what he seeks to preserve as private , even in an area accessible to the public , may be constitutionally protected . Applying this principle , the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that individuals generally maintain a reasonable expectation of privacy in their bodies , clothing , and personal belongings . Homeowners possess a privacy interest that extends inside their homes and in the curtilage immediately surrounding the outside of their homes , but not in the " open fields " and " wooded areas " extending beyond the curtilage . While people have a reasonable expectation of privacy in cars , the expectation of privacy is less than a homeowner ' s privacy interest in their home . A business owner ' s expectation of privacy in commercial property is less than the privacy interest afforded to a private homeowner and is particularly attenuated in commercial property used in " closely regulated " industries ( i.e. , airports , railroads , restaurants , and liquor establishments ) , where business premises may be subject to regular administrative searches by state or federal agencies for the purpose of determining compliance with health , safety , or security regulations . When Is n ' t There a Reasonable Expectation of Privacy ? No expectation of privacy is maintained for property and personal effects held open to the public . Things visible in " plain view " for a person of ordinary and unenhanced vision are entitled to no expectation of privacy and thus no Fourth Amendment protection . Items lying in someone ' s backseat , growing in someone ' s outdoor garden , or discarded in someone ' s curb - side garbage all fall within this category . However , items seen only through enhanced surveillance , such as high - powered or telescopic lenses , may be subject to Fourth Amendment requirements . Public records , published phone numbers , and other matters readily accessible to the general public enjoy no expectation Similarly , the U.S. Supreme Court has said that individuals do not possess an expectation of privacy in their personal characteristics . Thus , the police may require individuals to give handwriting and voice exemplars , as well as hair , blood , DNA , and fingerprint samples , without complying with the Fourth Amendment ' s requirements . Standing and the Fourth Amendment To raise a Fourth Amendment objection to a particular search or seizure , a person must have " standing " to do so . Standing in this context means that the rights guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment are personal and may not be asserted on behalf of others . For example , a passenger may not generally object to a police search of the owner ' s car and a houseguest may not generally object to a search of the homeowner ' s premises . These rules can become murky , however , when a houseguest is actually living with the homeowner or owns things stored on the owner ' s premises . Have Specific Questions About When the Fourth Amendment Applies ? Ask an Attorney The scope of an individual ' s Fourth Amendment search and seizure rights seems to have been shrinking in recent years . Whether you ' ve mistakenly consented to a search or the officer says evidence was in plain view , you ' re at the mercy of law enforcement bias without a good criminal defense attorney . So , if you ' re being investigated or you ' ve already been charged with a crime , you should contact a local criminal defense attorney to discuss your situation . | [
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http://criminal.findlaw.com/juvenile-justice/police-questioning-of-minors.html | Police Questioning of Minors Everyone knows the iconic phrase " you have the right to remain silent . " It ' s usually the first thing that police tell someone when taking them into custody , and it makes up one of the several rights - commonly known as " Miranda rights " - that people have when in police custody . Police must notify a person of their Miranda rights before taking them into custody or interrogating them . The same is true of the police questioning of minors , but with additional precautions and requirements for the Miranda warnings . If they do n ' t follow this requirements , they risk having a judge throw out any statements or admissions that the minor in custody might make . Determining Custody Determining the exact point when officers have taken someone into custody can be difficult . Obviously , an arrest constitutes police custody , but other situations can amount to custody even without a formal arrest . To determine whether law enforcement have placed a person in custody , courts examine the facts of a case based on a " reasonable person " standard . If a reasonable person would feel unrestricted in the scenario , then they have n ' t been subjected to custody . If a reasonable person would not feel free to leave , then the police have placed the individual in custody and must notify them of their Miranda rights . The same rules apply to the situation when police question minors . However , the Supreme Court expanded on the rules for minors when it decided that the police must take a person ' s age into account when determining whether the circumstances of a case merit a Miranda notification . Facts of the Case The case the Court ruled upon involved a 13 year - old boy possibly linked to two burglaries . A police officer went to his school , removed him from class and placed him in a conference room with the door closed and two school administrators present . The officer did n ' t give the boy a Miranda warning or inform him that he could leave the room at any time prior to the questioning . After the boy admitted to participation in the burglaries , the officer told the young man that he could refuse to answer questions and leave whenever he wanted ; the boy stayed and provided further detail about the crimes . The Court ' s Ruling The Supreme Court held that it was improper to deny the request to throw out the boy ' s statements to the police because he did n ' t receive proper Miranda warnings . The Court reasoned that because of their relative immaturity and lack of experience , children " can not be viewed simply as miniature adults . " Since minors ' comprehension of their situation differs from that of adults , their understanding of when a questioning constitutes a custody will also differ . Minors may experience more compliance to authority , and therefore may require Miranda notifications in situations that would n ' t trigger the Miranda requirement for adults . The Court did n ' t decide that the trial court should grant the boy ' s request , but only stated that the court improperly denied the request when it failed to consider the boy ' s age . The Court ordered the trial judge to reconsider the question , using the boy ' s age and surroundings as factors in the decision . Results of the Case The case results in requiring more care during the police questioning of minors . Since the Supreme Court has determined that courts must consider a person ' s age when deciding whether or not that person was in police custody , police officers will need to employ methods that balance an interview subject ' s age against the other circumstances of the case , such as where the interview takes place and who else is present in the room . The decision does n ' t require a Miranda notification for every police questioning of a minor , but it does indicate that courts will scrutinize police interviews of juveniles more carefully in the future . Concerns About Police Questioning of Minors ? Contact an Attorney If you or someone you love has been arrested for a juvenile justice offense , you ' ll want to understand if the laws regarding Miranda warnings for minors was followed . A good first step in the process is to speak with a criminal defense attorney who can review the facts of the case and be a legal advocate . | [
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http://criminal.laws.com/rights-of-the-accused | Rights of the Accused Rights of the Accused Share Understand the Rights of the Accused The Rights of the Accused is a group of political and civil rights that applies to an individual who is accused of a crime . The Rights of the Accused start when he or she is first arrested and charged to when the individual is either acquitted or convicted . The Rights of the accused are usually based on the idea of " innocent until proven guilty " and are a part of due process . In the United States , the Rights of the Accused are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights in the Constitution . More specifically , these rights are seen in the 4th , 5th , 6th , and 8th Amendments . When a person is arrested and charged with a crime , the individual is guaranteed rights aimed at insuring that the proceedings which follow are fair . The Writ of Habeas Corpus In all criminal cases , the burden of proof to prove a case is on the government to justify an arrest and detention of a criminal suspect . Article I , Section 9 of the United States Constitution guarantees the opportunity of a writ of habeas corpus . This is a directive from a court that requires the government to justify the citizen ’ s imprisonment . Because this guarantee , the person can not be held for more than a limited period of time without being charged formerly with a crime . Trial by Jury One of the most important rights in the Rights of the Accused of a person formally charged with a crime is the right to a trial by jury . This right of the accused is guaranteed in Article III of the United States Constitution as well as the Sixth Amendment . A person who is accused of a crime has the right to have their innocence or guilt determined by a panel made up of fellow - citizens . In a federal case , formal charges against the individual can not even be filed unless a grand jury has first Self - Incrimination The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution states that no individual shall be forced in a criminal case to be a witness against himself in the case . However , this does not mean that they can avoid testifying just to avoid embarrassment or a conviction . Instead , they must have a valid concern that a testimony will contribute to a conviction . Individuals accused of crimes as well as witnesses involved in legal proceedings will often use this right by claiming their Fifth Amendment rights or pleading the fifth . Out of the different Rights of the Accused , this one is extremely fundamental to the system of constitutional rule . In many situations , an investigator or prosecutor will listen to an individual in exchange for immunity rather than trying to prosecute them based on a testimony . Prosecutors often grant immunity to individuals suspected of committing lesser crimes if the person ’ s testimony can help convict a more notable suspect of an even more serious crime . Double Jeopardy Under the Rights of the Accused , an individual accused of a crime is also protected from double jeopardy . This comes from the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution which states that no individual shall put on trial or charged for the same offense twice . For example , if the result of a trial by jury is an acquittal , no further legal action can be taken against the defendant for that specific crime . The exception to this occurs when a defendant challenges the guilty conviction and is then granted a new trial , but this is usually Another exception to the double jeopardy rule is that it is possible for an individual to be tried in criminal court for a certain crime and then be later sued in civil court for the damages caused by the same criminal act in question . The rules and laws that are applicable to the two legal systems are different enough that they are considered distinct in regards to the Fifth Amendment . Furthermore , an individual can also be tried for different crimes that were committed in the course of a specific action or set of actions . Because they No Cruel or Unusual or Excess Punishments or Fines Under the Eighth Amendment , the government is forbidden from imposing excessive fines , bail , or punishments which are " cruel and unusual " . Under the limitations created by the Constitution , punishments for crimes can include fines or incarceration , but can not include physically harmful or excessively painful penalties like whippings or branding . The Supreme Court has also interpreted the Eighth Amendment to forbid imprisonment in inhumane or unsanitary conditions . One of the most important and necessary standards the Supreme Court has created and applied in determining if a fine or punishment violates the Eighth Amendment is by using a test of proportionality . The Supreme Court has ruled that depending on the circumstances , the death penalty can be thought of as cruel and unusual punishment , but only in circumstances death not proportionate to the crime in question . Search Warrants The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution forbids the search or seizure of the private property of an individual without a warrant . This means that a government agent or police officer can not simply enter a home in order to search it or seize evidence unless the proper authority of a judge has been received . When law enforcement is investigating a crime , the person must assemble enough substantial evidence to fully convince a judge that the violation of a person ’ s privacy and property is necessary and warranted . The standard for showing the need for a comments No related posts . Share | [
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http://criminal.lawyers.com/criminal-law-basics/criminal-charges-what-do-they-mean.html | Criminal Law Criminal Charges : What Do They Mean ? By Micah Schwartzbach Attorney From arrest to the charging decision and beyond , criminal cases involve a series of critical stages . An arrest usually signals the beginning of complex and sometimes drawn - out experience with the criminal justice system . Though procedures might differ from state to state and even within a state , there are some common , critical stages to a criminal prosecution . Arrest Most criminal cases start with an arrest . Prosecutors and grand juries sometimes decide to investigate and charge someone beforehand , but most cases begin with a warrantless arrest soon after a report of a crime . After an arrest , officers regularly ask the suspect questions . They often give the Miranda warning , but not always . A common misperception is that officers must read arrestees their rights . Really , though , they ’ re required to only when a suspect is both in custody and subject to interrogation . If they do n ’ t give the warning when they ’ re supposed to , the case usually continues on . The Miranda violation simply limits the evidence the prosecution can use against the defendant at trial . The initial charges filed against the suspect are subject to change , and even dismissal in the right circumstances . Bail When officers make an arrest and keep someone in custody , they usually set bail in an amount designated by the bail schedule . A bail schedule lists crimes and their corresponding bail amounts . Judges can later increase or reduce bail . ( For a variety of information on bail and booking — and even “ own recognizance ” release — see Going into and Getting out of Jail . ) Charging Decision In a typical case , the police file a report after an arrest . Sometimes several officers , each of whom was somehow involved in bringing the suspect in , will file arrest reports . An arrest report contains information about the circumstances of the crime , including the officer ’ s perceptions and statements from witnesses . Prosecuting offices often have designated lawyers whose job it is to review police reports and decide whether to file charges . These kinds of prosecutors determine which , if any , charges to file against a suspect . The initial charges filed against the suspect are subject to change , and even dismissal in the right circumstances . A prosecutor might , for example , drop charges after learning about evidence that suggests the defendant ’ s innocence . Plea or Trial and Sentencing After getting discovery ( including the police report ) from the prosecution and beginning any necessary investigation , a defense lawyer can begin to evaluate the strength of the government ’ s case . The overwhelming majority of criminal cases end by plea bargain , whereby the defendant typically pleads guilty or “ no contest ” in exchange for a conviction on a less - serious charge , a reduced sentence , or both . Defense attorneys can sometimes get cases dismissed . Ways to get this result include winning a pretrial motion ( like a motion to suppress the prosecution ’ s evidence ) or a preliminary hearing After a guilty plea or a guilty verdict comes sentencing . Unless they agree on the appropriate punishment , the prosecution and defense argue over the sentence the defendant deserves . The judge , of course , decides on the penalty . Cleaning Up the Criminal Record An oft - overlooked aspect of a criminal prosecution is the sealing or expunging of records related to the case . Sealing and expungement are frequently limited in that some entities can still access the records and the conviction can still be used to increase the punishment for a subsequent offense . Though records can sometimes be dealt with as soon as the case ends — for example , if the prosecution does n ’ t file charges and the defendant gets the records of arrest sealed or destroyed — oftentimes there ’ s a delay . For example , a defendant might have to wait until completing probation to have a felony conviction reduced to a misdemeanor and then dismissed . Former defendants often are n ’ t in touch with their attorneys at the point they ’ re eligible to clean up their records . For that reason , and because there are usually time limits to this kind of relief , they can miss out on the opportunity . Talk to a Lawyer If you ’ ve been arrested , make sure to consult an experienced criminal defense attorney . A lawyer can tell you about differences in the law in your jurisdiction , analyze your case and any available defenses , and guide you through the process . An attorney , for example , can advise you of all the options for cleaning up your record . And a lawyer can inform you about other important processes , like the appeal . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Share : Read more : Criminal Law The Criminal Law Process Steps in a Criminal Case Criminal Charges | [
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http://criminal.lawyers.com/criminal-law-basics/defendants-right-to-a-speedy-trial.html | Criminal Law A Criminal Defendant ’ s Right to a Speedy Trial By Micah Schwartzbach Attorney The Constitution — and other laws — are supposed to prevent delays that hurt the defense . The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution says that all criminal defendants “ shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial . ” State constitutions also guarantee speedy trials , as do statutes . Of course , what qualifies as “ speedy ” in the legal world might seem slow in day - to - day life . In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury . . . , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . U.S. Const . Amend . VI Constitutional Right In a 1972 case — Barker v . Wingo , 407 U.S. 514 — the U.S. Supreme Court held that a delay of over five years between arrest and trial did n ’ t violate the defendant ’ s Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial . In that case , a murder prosecution , the Court found that the defense ’ s case did n ’ t suffer because of the delay and that the defendant did n ’ t even want a speedy trial . The Barker case established a “ balancing test ” — rather than some kind of clear timeline — for determining whether a delay is too long . The balancing test involves the following factors . Length of the delay . How long is reasonable depends in part on how serious the charge is . As the Supreme Court put it , more delay can be tolerated for a “ serious , complex conspiracy charge ” than for “ an ordinary street crime . ” Reason for the delay . Again , specifics matter . A judge will be much more likely to find a violation of the Sixth Amendment speedy - trial right if the government has stalled in order to hurt the defense ’ s case rather than to search for a critical witness . Asserting the right . The defense will have a better chance at winning a speedy - trial challenge if it asserted the right early and repeatedly , as the case was dragging on . “ Prejudice ” to the defense . Whether the defense can show that it suffered some kind of harm because of a delay is critical . For example , a defendant who can show that the wait has led to the loss of evidence may well have a strong argument . Helpful witnesses having forgotten critical information over the span of time could constitute a significant evidence loss . Statutory Right The federal government and a number of state legislatures have decided not to leave speedy - trial issues to potentially murky balancing tests . Instead , they have enacted laws that set explicit time frames . In federal court , the Speedy Trial Act ( STA ) establishes deadlines . In most instances , the STA requires that the government file an indictment or information within 30 days of the defendant ’ s arrest . And trial must normally begin within 70 days of the filing of charges or the defendant ’ s appearance before a judicial officer in the relevant court , whichever is later . ( 18 U.S.C. § 3161 ( 2016 ) . ) Even statutes , though , are n ’ t always straightforward . For instance , in determining the time within which charges must be filed or a trial must start , the STA excludes delays resulting from various factors , like : pretrial motions an essential witness being unavailable , and in many instances , charges being dismissed and refiled . ( 18 U.S.C. § 3161 ( 2016 ) . ) Violation of the STA ’ s time limits can lead to dismissal of charges . Whether the prosecution is allowed to re - charge the defendant depends on the judge ’ s evaluation of considerations that include : the “ seriousness of the offense ” the circumstances leading to the dismissal , and the “ administration of justice . ” ( 18 U.S.C. § 3162 ( 2016 ) . ) Questions for Your Attorney An experienced attorney should be the one to explain the law that applies to your situation and advise you about your course of action . Among the questions that might be relevant are the following . Can you forfeit the right to a speedy trial , including by clearly waiving it or by failing to bring a particular kind of motion ? Can you argue that a delay violates the federal constitution , the state constitution , and statutory law ? Is it in my best interest for the case to move quickly ? Slowly ? At a typical pace ? Share : Read more : Criminal Law The Criminal Law Process | [
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http://criminaljusticeclasses.org/how-to-abbreviate-associates-degree-in-criminal-justice/ | How To Abbreviate Associates Degree In Criminal Justice How To Properly Notate A Bachelor Of Science | EHow How to Sign Your Name When You Have a Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice . How to Abbreviate Degree Titles . Difference Between Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science Degrees . What Is OFAC Check ? Featured . Baby Shower DIY : Decorations on a Budget . … Read More What Is The Accepted Abbreviation For Doctorian In Law Degree … How to Abbreviate a Name & Degree . Bachelor of Law | Law Degrees | Law Careers What courses do you have to have to get an associates degree Law . With a degree in Criminal Justice Degree Abbreviations ? Going to Earn an Online Associate Degree Today … Read More Masters Degree in Criminal Justice From A Community College ? Can I receive a Masters degree in Criminal Justice from a Community College ( CC ) ? This last piece of advice also applies to those that got their associates degree , or have course credits , Online Associates Degree In Hospitality & Travel – University … University of Phoenix offers an Associate of Arts degree with a range of concentrations in business , criminal justice , education , health and hum Associates > Bachelors > Masters > Doctoral > How To Put An Associate ' s Degree On A Resume | EHow How to Put an Associate ' s Degree on a Resume . If possible , try to have several associates proof your resume . When potential employers consider job applicants , How to List an Honorary How to Cite a Degree . How to Cite a Degree . How Do I List An associate ' s degree On A Resume ? | Answerbag How do I list an associate ' s degree on a resume ? Abbreviate " associate ' s degree " as " AA " or " A.A. " Mention your course of study , the school you attended and when your degree was awarded . You may also include your grade point average , Law Abbreviations Arizona Attorneys for Criminal Justice : AADC : Arizona Association Of Defense Counsel : AADCP : Arizona Association Of Drug Court Professionals : AAF : Aggravation And Frustration : AAI : All Appropriate Inquiry : AAL : Attorney At Law : AALA : RA / SA degrees I received two Bachelors degrees from an RA college and three Associates degrees from Also , I received an MBA from a SA university . There have been some limitations in my career due to the SA degree . However , the We could always agree to abbreviate South Africa as ZA . Not Zuidish Healthcare Administration Associate Degree Related Articles . Top Schools for Healthcare Administration Degrees in Charlotte , NC Find schools in Charlotte , NC , that offer healthcare administration degree programs and courses . Associate ’ s Degree In Social Work – SociologyDegreePrograms . org How to earn an associate ’ s degree in social work employment in this field usually requires that candidates pass intense background and criminal record checks . Typical courses in ( http : / / www . rasmussen . edu / degrees / justice - studies / human - services / ) . Students also may learn How To List associates degree On Resume By the laws of how to list associates degree on resume land and the Constitution of the country as expounded by the . Mand and which it . Individuals who have recently completed associates degree criminal justice , and computer information science . Selected Degree Abbreviations | Infoplease . com Selected Degree Abbreviations . A.B. Bachelor of Arts ; AeEng . Aeronautical Engineer ; A.M.T. Master of Arts in Teaching ; B.A. Bachelor of Arts ; B.A.E. Bachelor of Arts in Education , or Bachelor of Art Education , Aeronautical Engineering , Agricultural Engineering , or Architectural Engineering ; Criminal Justice Department | New Mexico State University Founded in 1962 , the Department of Criminal Justice at New Mexico State University is one of the oldest Criminal Justice programs in the nation . It is the largest academic department in the College of Arts and Sciences with over 900 Bachelor of Criminal Justice students and Associate Degree In Nursing – What Does ADN Stand For ? Associate Degree in Nursing : ADN : Application Delivery Network : ADN : Yemen ( international vehicle registration ) ADN : Ácido Desoxirribonucleico : ADN : Associate Degree in Criminal Justice . Associate Degree in Nursing . Associate Degree Nursing Program Careers With An Arts And Sciences Degree – CollegeSurfing Compute your future with a general arts and sciences degree Criminal Justice & Security Degrees & Programs ; Education ; Education & Training Degrees & Programs ; Featured Articles ; Financial Aid ; From Laid Off to Learning ; Gen Y ; General Degree Programs ; Read How Paralegal Degree And Certifications Vary Find everything you ' ll need to understand how paralegal degree programs vary , All Criminal Justice Schools . Main Navigation . Home ; School Listings ; Articles & Resources ; Back to top ; Read How Paralegal Degree Programs and Certificates Vary . | [
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http://criminaljusticeclasses.org/texas-department-of-criminal-justice-phone-number/ | Texas Department Of Criminal Justice Phone Number Lockhart In Huntsville , Texas – Texas Department of Criminal … Lockhart is a part of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice and is located at 1400 Industrial Boulevard , Lockhart , Texas 78644 . The contact number for this facility , court docket , visitation , inmate phone service , commissary , inmate accounts and inmate mail . What You Might Find With An … Read More Texas Dept Of Criminal Justice In Edinburg , TX – 956 - 316 - 2400 Send Texas Dept Of Criminal Justice ' s details to phone . Your number ; Message . Texas Dept Of Criminal Justice 956 - 316 - 2400 1201 E El Cibolo Rd Edinburg , TX Close . Print ; Download ; Specialties Dentists Phone Number 956 - 316 - 2400 ; Address 1201 E El Cibolo Rd Edinburg , TX 78542 - 9914 … Read More Texas Department of Criminal Justice Form will be used as a cover sheet for shipping surplus or salvage data processing equipment to the Texas Department of Criminal Justice ( TDCJ ) according to Texas Government Code , Phone Number Alternate Number Fax Number Texas Department of Criminal Justice Author : Manager Last Texas Offender Telephone Friends And Family – FAQ What if my phone number changes ? If your phone number changes , you will need to call us at 866 806 7804 , Texas Department of Criminal Justice Information Technology Division Offender Telephone System Contract Manager P.O. Box 4016 Huntsville , Johnston Unit ( JT ) – Texas SAFPF – Prison Handbook Do you know someone in Johnston Unit ( JT ) – Texas SAFPF ? Johnston Unit ( JT ) – Texas SAFPF is a state prison in the Texas state prison system Texas Department of Criminal Justice : Security Level : Substance Abuse Offenders : Warden Phone Number and Fax Number . Phone : ( 903 ) 342 Texas Department Of Criminal Justice In Huntsville , TX 77340 - 3517 Texas Department Of Criminal Justice is a correctional institution located in Huntsville , Texas . View phone number , website , employees , products , revenue , and more . Dallas Police : Alleged Pizza Delivery Man Robber Foiled By … New special at Pizza Hut and the Dallas Police Department : Police tracked back the phone number used in the order for a “ Jorge Flores . ” Criminal justice reporters , Wynn Unit In Huntsville , Texas – Texas Department of Criminal … Which is part of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice in Wynn Unit is a part of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice and is located at 810 FM 2821 West , Huntsville , Texas 77349 . The Contact this or the main phone number for rules and restrictions about visiting or Texas Department of Criminal Justice – Prison Names And Phone … Office Phone : ( 210 ) 375 - 7526 Texas Department of Criminal Justice Prison Names and Phone Numbers Courses Available at No Charge – Unit Interview Advice for Your Loved One – Texas Department of Criminal Justice Prison Names and Telephone Numbers – Texas Texas Dept Of Criminal Justice In Fort Worth , Texas With … Find 4 listings related to Texas Dept Of Criminal Justice in Fort Worth on YP . com . See reviews , This business has an incorrect address or phone number ; Texas Juvenile Justice Department McFadden Ranch . 3505 Haynes Rd Roanoke , TX 76262 ( 817 ) How To Check Parole Status In Texas | EHow Information from the Texas parole system is accessible via phone and e - mail . The Texas Department of Criminal Justice is the state agency responsible for administering the prison system and paroles . TDCJ number or State Identification Number . Texas Department of Criminal Justice – Prisonary . Com How to contact someone at the Texas Department of Criminal Justice . Texas Department of Inmate Trust Fund P.O. Box 60 Huntsville Inmate Trust Fund Code City : TDCJ Code State : TX Sender ' s Account Number : Offender TDCJ Number , Offender Last Name Attention : Offender Last Texas Offender Telephone Friends And Family – About Us For more information about Texas Department of Criminal Justice , please refer to their website . Texas Department of Criminal Justice © 2014 CenturyLink , Inc . All rights reserved . | [
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http://criminalminds.wikia.com/wiki/Ted_Bundy | in : Real People Real World Criminals Real Life Killers and 21 more Ted Bundy Edit Comments Share REAL CRIMINAL Name Theodore Robert Bundy Alias Theodore Robert Cowell ( birth name ) Ted Bundy The Campus Killer Richard Burton Chris Hagen Officer Roseland Rolf Miller Kenneth Misner Numerous others Gender Male Birth Date November 24 , 1946 Place of Birth Burlington , Vermont Date of Death January 24 , 1989 ( aged 42 ) Place of Death Florida State Prison at Starke Occupation Grocery clerk Stocker Rockefeller campaign manager Numerous others Pathology Serial Killer Serial Rapist Necrophiliac Hebephile Ephebophile Abductor Signature Luring victims by feigning injury Modus Operandi Abduction and rape Strangulation and / or bludgeoning Drowning ( once ) Type Organized lust No . of Victims 21 - 32 + killed 5 - 6 attempted Span of crimes January 4 , 1974 - February 9 , 1978 ( confirmed ) August 31 , 1961 - February 9 , 1978 ( possible ) Criminal Charges Aggravated kidnapping Attempted murder Burglary Murder Sentence Two death sentences Apprehended August 6 , 1975 ( first arrest ) June 13 , 1977 ( second arrest ) February 15 , 1978 ( third arrest ) Status Deceased ( executed by electric chair ) So what ' s one less ? What ' s one less person on the face of the planet ? Bundy Theodore Robert " Ted " Bundy ( born Theodore Robert Cowell ) was a prolific hebephilic ephebophilic , and necrophilic American serial killer rapist , and abductor who was active in several states in the 1970s . He ' s considered one of the most infamous serial killers in U.S. history . Contents show Background Bundy at the age of seven . Bundy was born in Burlington , Vermont to Eleanor Louise Cowell . His father ' s identity remains unknown . For most of his life , Bundy was raised to believe that his grandparents , Samuel and Eleanor , were his actual parents and that Louise was his older sister . He did n ' t find out that " Louise " was his mother until his college years . This was done to avoid any social stigma placed on Louise for being an unwed mother . He lived with Louise in a house in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . There psychopathy . He stated once that , " I did n ' t know what made things tick . I did n ' t know what made people want to be friends . I did n ' t know what made people attractive to one another . I did n ' t know what underlay social interactions . " It was during this time that Bundy developed a compulsion for thievery and shoplifting . He typically stole skiing equipment and forged ski lift tickets to support his interest in the sport . In college , Bundy studied Psychology and Asian studies . He worked at various jobs ( never longer than a few months at a time ) , such as bagging groceries , stocking shelves , and working at a suicide hotline . During this time , he met writer Ann Rule , with whom he became friends . Ann would later write a defensive biography of Bundy entitled , " The Stranger Beside Me " and also wrote more true crime books , one of which was about the Green River Killer case . After a breakup with a fellow student , who cited immaturity and lack of ambition as her reasons , Bundy became depressed and dropped out of school . He returned to Burlington and , by doing a search of public records , discovered his true parentage . After this , he became more focused and dominant . Returning to Washington , Bundy became Campaign Manager for Nelson Rockefeller ' s campaign for Presidency . He enrolled in the University of Washington as a psychology major and became an honor student who was well - liked by professors and students alike . Bundy ' s personality underwent a major paradigm shift ; from shy and introverted , to confident and social . Killings , Conviction , and Execution Shortly after midnight on January 4 , 1974 , Bundy first attempted murder . He broke into the basement bedroom of a female student at the University of Washington , bludgeoned her in her sleep and sexually assaulted her . She survived but suffered permanent brain damage . Over the following four months , he killed three students ; another from the University of Washington on January 31 , one from Evergreen State College on March 12 and one from Central Washington State College on April 17 . After more abductions and murders , the authorities became aware that the Bundy in custody . On August 16 , he was pulled over when he would n ' t stop for a police officer . Inside his car , the officer found balaclavas , gloves , a crowbar , handcuffs , and other items he suspected to be burglary tools . On March 1 , 1976 , he was sentenced to 15 years in prison for the kidnapping of Carol DaRonch , who he had tried to abduct in Utah in 1974 by pretending to be a police officer . In 1977 , investigators had found enough evidence to charge Bundy with the January 1975 Bundy ' s FBI Wanted Poster He was placed in a jail in Glenwood Springs , from which he escaped on December 30 , 1977 , by somehow getting his hands on a hacksaw and $ 500 and getting out through a crawlspace . By the time the jail staff realized that he was missing , he had already made his way to Chicago . After then spending some time at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and in Atlanta , he settled at Tallahassee , Florida on January 8 , where he supported himself through shoplifting and purse snatching . On January 15 , Bundy during his trial . On February 9 , 1978 , Bundy committed his last known murder . He abducted 12 - year - old Kimberly Leach outside her school , raped and killed her and tried to hide the body in an abandoned hog shed . On the morning of February 15 , he was arrested for driving a stolen vehicle and was quickly linked to the sorority murders . In the end , Bundy received two death sentences ; one for the sorority murders and one for the murder of Kimberly Leach . Two pieces of evidence proved crucial : a set of FBI profiler Robert Ressler , who found him uncooperative , and married Carole Ann Boone , a former co - worker , and had a daughter , Tina , with her in October 1982 . When Bundy talked about the murders , he always did so in third - person and speaking hypothetically . As the execution date came closer , Bundy confessed to more murders for which he had n ' t previously been conclusively linked to . In October 1984 , Bundy contacted the Green River Task Force and offered personal insights on the case , which had n ' t been solved at the time . At 7 : 06 a.m. on January 24 , 1989 , Bundy was executed by electric chair . His last words were " I ' d like you to give my love to my family and friends . " In May of 2012 , John Henry Browne , who defended Bundy during his final trial , claimed in a memoir describing his conversations with Bundy that he claimed to have killed over 100 people and that his first victim had been Modus Operandi Bundy targeted brunette , petite Caucasian women aged 12 to 26 years old . All of the victims were either in college or had a middle - class background . While looking for his victims , he would consume large quantities of alcohol . His method of obtaining the victims varied ; sometimes he would burglarize their homes and bludgeon them in their sleep , sometimes he would use an elaborate ruse , and sometimes he merely relied on his looks alone . The latter method was successful for Bundy because of the fact that women considered him to be His initial attacks involved him raping them ( either with incidental objects found in the victim ' s bedroom or ones he brought with him ) and then fatally bludgeoning them with a crowbar . Before raping his victims , he would have them remove their clothing ( and later burn it after killing them , or in the case of Julie Cunningham , deposit it in a Goodwill Industries collection bin ) or take off his own clothing to prevent the authorities from finding any trace evidence . He would later kill his victims by strangulation and would sometimes Bundy would often visit his victims , whom he dumped at a site in Taylor Mountain . He admitted to applying makeup to the corpses , having sex with them , and would lie with them for hours afterward . He also dressed them in clothes that they never wore and apply nail polish that their families had never seen them use . Bundy also kept a collection of photos of his victims that he took with a Polaroid camera as a way of remembering the crimes . Profile " You feel the last bit of breath leaving their body . You ' re looking into their eyes . A person in that situation is God ! " Dorothy Otnow Lewis , a psychologist who interviewed Bundy for seven hours , diagnosed him as a manic - depressive . She concluded that he committed his murders during depressive episodes . His pathology may have been due to his relationship with his grandfather , Samuel Cowell , a church deacon , who was described as a " tyrannical bully " . Samuel was a known bigot , who hated African - Americans , Hispanics , Italians , Catholics , and Jews . Bundy stated that Samuel also tortured small animals , including neighborhood dogs and cats , and kept an extensive collection of " odd " pornography in his greenhouse . It would later be revealed that the pornography Known Victims Some of Bundy ' s confirmed victims . Ann Marie Burr . Rita Curran . Rita Lorraine Jolly . Katherine Merry Devine . Brenda Joy Baker . Melanie Suzanne Cooley . The locations denote where the victims were abducted or attacked . Known 1974 : January 4 , Seattle , Washington : Karen Sparks , 18 ( bludgeoned in her bed with a crowbar and sexually assaulted with a speculum ; survived ) February 1 , Seattle , Washington : Lynda Ann Healy , 21 ( bludgeoned while asleep , abducted from her house , and decapitated and dismembered post - mortem ; her skull and mandible were found on March 3 , 1975 ) March 12 , Olympia , Washington : Donna Gail Manson , 19 ( abducted and killed ; body was never found ) April 17 , Ellensburg , Washington : Susan Elaine Rancourt , 18 ( abducted and killed ; her skull and mandible were found on March 3 , 1975 ) May 6 , Corvallis , Oregon : Roberta Kathleen " Kathy " Parks , 22 ( abducted and killed ; her skull and mandible were found on March 3 , 1975 ) June 1 , Burien , Washington : Brenda Carol Ball , 22 ( abducted and killed ; her skull and mandible were found on March 1 , 1975 ) June 11 , Seattle , Washington : Georgeann Hawkins , 18 ( abducted and strangled ; body never found ) July 14 , Issaquah , Washington ( both abducted and killed four hours apart in the same location ; their skeletal remains were found on September 6 , 1974 ) Janice Ann Ott , 23 Denise Marie Naslund , 19 September 2 , unspecified location in Idaho : An unidentified teenage hitchhiker ( confessed to killing ; her body was never found ) October 2 , Holladay , Utah : Nancy Wilcox , 16 ( assaulted and strangled ; her body was never found ) October 18 , Midvale , Utah : Melissa Anne Smith , 17 ( abducted , raped , sodomized , and strangled ; her body was found nine days later ) October 31 , Lehi , Utah : Laura Ann Aime , 17 ( abducted , raped , strangled , and bludgeoned with a crowbar ; her body was found by hikers four weeks later ) November 8 : Murray , Utah : Carol DaRonch , 18 ( abducted and intended to kill ; she escaped by jumping out of his car ) Bountiful , Utah : Debra Jean " Debby " Kent , 17 ( abducted and killed ; minimal skeletal remains not positively identified to hers were found ) 1975 : January 12 , Snowmass , Colorado : Caryn Campbell , 23 ( abducted , raped and bludgeoned ; her body was found on February 15 , 1975 ) March 15 , Vail , Colorado : Julie Cunningham , 26 ( abducted and killed ; her body was never found ) April 6 , Grand Junction , Colorado : Denise Oliverson , 25 ( body was never found ) May 6 , Pocatello , Idaho : Lynette Culver , 13 ( abducted , raped and drowned in a bathtub ; her body was never found ) June 28 , Provo , Utah : Susan Curtis , 15 ( abducted and killed ; her body was never found ) 1978 : January 15 , Tallahassee , Florida : Two killed and two injured in the Chi Omega killings ( all of the following were bludgeoned with a log as they slept ) Margaret Bowman , 21 ( also raped and strangled with a pair of pantyhose ) Lisa Levy , 20 ( also raped , bitten and strangled ) Karen Chandler , 21 ( survived ) Kathy Kleiner , 21 ( survived ) Cheryl Thomas , 21 ( bludgeoned in her bed just a few blocks away from the above killings ; survived ) February 9 , Lake City , Florida : Kimberly Diane Leach , 12 ( abducted , raped and killed ; her skeletal remains were found ) Possible August 31 , 1961 , Tacoma , Washington : Ann Marie Burr , 8 ( disappeared ; was never found ) June 23 , 1966 , Seattle , Washington ( both were bludgeoned with a log as they slept ) Lisa E . Wick , 20 Lonnie Trumbull , 20 ( killed ) May 30 , 1969 , near Somers Point , New Jersey ( both were stabbed to death ; their bodies were found in the nearby woods three days later ) Susan Davis , 19 Elizabeth Perry , 19 July 19 , 1971 , Burlington , Vermont : Rita Curran , 24 ( raped , beaten , strangled and bludgeoned ) 1973 : June 29 , West Linn , Oregon : Rita Lorraine Jolly , 17 ( disappeared ; was never found ) August 20 , Eugene , Oregon : Vicki Lynn Hollar , 24 November 24 , near Olympia , Washington : Katherine Merry Devine , 14 ( disappeared ; her body was found ; the murder was later attributed to one William E . Cosden in 2002 ) 1974 : May 27 , near Puyallup , Washington : Brenda Joy Baker , 14 ( disappeared ; her body was found a month later ) July 1 , Salt Lake City , Utah : Sandra Jean Weaver , 19 ( disappeared ; her body was found near Grand Junction , Colorado ) August 2 , near Vancouver , Washington : Carol L . Valenzuela , 20 ( disappeared ; her body was found two months later along with Martha Morrison ) September 1974 , near Vancouver , Washington : Martha Morrison , 17 ( her body was found alongside that of Carol L . Valenzuela ; remained unidentified for 41 years ) 1975 : April 15 , Nederland , Colorado : Melanie Suzanne " Suzy " Cooley , 18 ( abducted , bludgeoned and strangled ; her body was found eight days later ) July 1 , Golden , Colorado : Shelly / Shelley Kay Robertson , 24 ( disappeared ; her body was found a month later ) July 4 , Farmington , Utah : Nancy Perry Baird , 23 February 1976 , Salt Lake City , Utah : Debbie Smith , 17 ( disappeared ; her body was found two months later ) Notes : Minutes before his execution , Bundy was questioned about unsolved murders in New Jersey , Illinois , Texas , and Miami , Florida . Though he denied involvement in any of the cases , Bundy previously stated that he did n ' t want to talk about certain murders he committed , leaving the cases still open . After his capture , Bundy was suspected of committing the so - called Santa Rosa Hitchhiker Murders , in which at least seven female hitchhikers were all murdered in Sonoma County and Santa Rosa in 1972 and 1973 . Bundy had spent some time in neighboring Marin County , but was ruled out by a Sonoma County detective . In addition , it was proven that he was Washington on the dates of some of the victims ' disappearances . Before his execution Bundy claimed to his lawyer that he killed 100 + victims and that his first was actually a man . On Criminal Minds Bundy , as depicted in a flashback sequence in " Unfinished Business " . Intro : Bundy ' s mugshot is among the mugshots shown during the show ' s intro . Season One Extreme Aggressor " - While giving a lecture on the Footpath Killer Gideon claims that he is obviously a disorganized killer since there was no indication at any of the crime scenes that he made any attempt to charm or trick his victims as Bundy did . He also appears to have been an inspiration for the episode ' s main unsub , Tim Vogel - Both were serial killers , rapists , and abductors who had three - syllable names that began with " T " and were known by a shortened one ( " Tim " and " Ted " ) , primarily targeted ( though Bundy also killed teenagers ) , strangled them ( though this was only one of Bundy ' s methods ) , operated in Seattle ( Bundy only briefly ) , killed monthly ( Bundy briefly ) , were given nicknames for their crimes , lured them with ruses , and abducted them in cars . Also the Plain Sight " - While trying to talk down Franklin Graney , who has a woman at gunpoint , Gideon tells him that if he surrenders peacefully he will be immortalized by the media , and join the ranks of other infamous killers , like Bundy and Dahmer Unfinished Business " - Reid brings up Bundy as an example of a devolving killer , mentioning his sloppy attack on the Chi Omega Sorority House at the Florida University , and his excessively brutal murder of twelve - year - old Kimberly Leach . The reference is accompanied by a flashback of Bundy ( portrayed by an uncredited actor ) in a van , manic and splattered in blood after having just murdered Leach . Charm and Harm " - Bundy is depicted again in a flashback ( this time portrayed by Robert Lee ) and appears to have been an inspiration for the episode ' s unsub , Mark Gregory - Both were rapists ( Bundy serial and Gregory statutory ) , serial killers , and abductors who targeted women , drowned them ( once in Bundy ' s case ) , were highly charming and masters of disguises used to lure victims , operated in multiple states ( including Florida ) , and became sloppy during their last murders . Season Two The Boogeyman " - While discussing how some serial killers enact revenge fantasies on their victims with Morgan , Reid brings up the theory that Bundy targeted women who reminded him of Stephanie Brooks , the girlfriend who rejected him . The Last Word " - When the Mill Creek Killer ' s necrophilia is discovered , Bundy ' s penchant for it is brought up . Bundy may have also been an inspiration for him - Both were necrophilic serial killers who targeted young brunette women , lured them with ruses , then killed them through manual means ( the Mill Creek Killer punched his victims to death , while Bundy strangled and bludgeoned his , and even drowned one ) , and later returned to the crime scenes in the woods to groom and have sex with the corpses of their victims until the decomposition became too severe . No Way Out " - While not directly mentioned or referenced in this episode ( or its other half ) , Bundy appears to have been an inspiration for its unsub , Frank Breitkopf - Both were prolific , psychopathic , organized serial killers who committed murders over a span of decades with the possibility of many more victims and cases that were unsolved . Both were also sadists who took pleasure in seeing their victims ' fear moments before death , mutilated them and kept trophies of their murders as to relive them ( Breitkopf kept the victims ' rib bones , while Bundy kept their skulls ) . After being captured , Bundy attracted a following of female fans , seemingly echoing Jane Hanratty ' s captivation towards Breitkopf . In addition , both Bundy and Breitkopf evaded capture once from the authorities after being held in their custody . Lastly , both presented themselves as good - looking , charming , and non - threatening due to their physical appearance and way of dressing , which allowed them to evade suspicion . The Big Game " - Reid mentions how , when recounting his murders in interviews , Bundy never spoke about himself in the first - person , usually just saying " the killer " . Season Three Doubt " - While not directly mentioned or referenced in this episode , Bundy appears to have been an inspiration for the episode ' s unsub , Nathan Tubbs - Both were killers with the same media - given nickname ( " Campus Killer " ) , targeted women who resembled the women who rejected them , shared the same victimology ( brunette , Caucasian , female college students ) , and kept trophies ( Tubbs kept newspaper articles that mentioned his murders , while Bundy kept his victims ' skulls ) . Tubbs also used his job as a college security guard to get close to his victims , similar to how Bundy would dress up as a police officer so that he could get his victims to Penelope " - While going over the details of Garcia ' s near - fatal shooting , Rossi brings Bundy , Edmund Kemper , and Robert Anderson up as examples of killers who appeared to gain sadistic satisfaction out of gaining the trust of their victims and out of lulling them into a false sense of security before killing them . Limelight " - Rossi mentions that he interviewed Bundy and that he fed him the story about pornography contributing to his violent impulses , stating , " If you want to stop people from becoming like me , do n ' t burn Catcher in the Rye , burn Hustler . " Season Four Cold Comfort " - While not directly mentioned or referenced in this episode , Bundy appears to have been an inspiration for the episode ' s unsub , Roderick Gless - Both were necrophilic serial killers and abductors who had a similar victimology ( Caucasian woman in their twenties ) , targeted victims who were surrogates for women in their lives ( Gless targeted women who resembled his deceased babysitter , while Bundy targeted women who resembled his ex - girlfriend ) , killed their victims in Washington ( although this was only one of the states Bundy killed in ) , and engaged in sexual acts with their victims post - mortem . Omnivore " - While holding George Foyet at gunpoint , Hotch tells him that he would n ' t want to die because he wanted to know of all of the media coverage that would result in his arrest , adding that it was " going to be like Bundy " . Foyet then proclaims that he is going to be " bigger than Bundy " . Bundy may have also been an inspiration for Foyet - Both were prolific , psychopathic , and hebephilic serial killers who primarily targeted women out of hatred , killed through various means , and used ruses to get their victims to lower their guards Season Five Outfoxed " - Neuroscientist James Fallon mentions Bundy was one of five violent psychopaths ( the others being John Wayne Gacy Richard Ramirez Dennis Rader Charles Manson ) whose brain patterns he has studied . The Slave of Duty " - While theorizing the killer they are currently investigating may be targeting women who remind him of someone from his past , Reid mentions the theory that Bundy killed women who reminded him of Stephanie Brooks . The Uncanny Valley Samantha Malcolm - Both were serial killers and abductors who targeted young women , lured them with ruses ( one of which included pretending to need help in lifting an object into her car and then incapacitating the victim immediately afterward ) before abducting them and taking them to another location to be killed . Parasite " - While not directly mentioned or referenced in the episode , Bundy appears to have been an inspiration for the episode ' s unsub , Bill Hodges - Both were charismatic killers and abductors who devolved , used multiple aliases , committed their crimes in multiple states ( including Florida , the same state where their last crimes occurred and where they died ) , and killed their victims by strangulation or bludgeoning . Season Six Remembrance of Things Past " - While trying to convince Hotch that the slew of recent murders being committed in Bristol are connected to the Butcher , Rossi mentions that just because the murders lack the Butcher ' s signature , that does not mean he is not involved ; to prove his point , Rossi states some of Bundy and Dahmer ' s murders lacked the signature ( s ) the others had . The Stranger Greg Phinney - Both were psychopathic , organized rapists and serial killers who devolved , had near - identical victimologies ( Caucasian brunette female college students in their twenties ) , targeted women who resembled the women they fell in love with and had M.O.s that involved breaking into their victims ' homes at night and killing them . Season Seven Proof " - While investigating a crime scene , Reid suggests that the unsub might be feigning an injury to lure his victims , just like Bundy did . Season Nine The Inspiration " - While not directly mentioned or referenced in this episode ( or its other half ) , Bundy appears to have been an inspiration for it ' s unsub , Wallace Hines - Both were serial killers , rapists , and abductors who devolved , were rejected by an ex - girlfriend and targeting women who resembled them ( though Hines also killed men ) , would abduct them from various locations and raped them , decapitated them ( though Hines only did this with his first victim , while Bundy eventually stopped ) , and performed ritualistic acts with their bodies ( Hines posed his victims , while Bundy would groom and dress his before engaging in necrophilia until the body was too badly decomposed ) . Angels " - A mugshot of Bundy was seen alongside one of Richard Ramirez on a board kept by Sheriff Peter Coleman for the current investigation Season Eleven A Badge and a Gun " - Bundy was compared to Andrew Meeks by the BAU and appears to have been based on him - Both were killers who targeted women , usually killed their victims by asphyxiation , were antisocial but managed to develop skills to charm their victims , had claustrophobia , and posed as a law enforcement officer to gain the trust of victims . Tribute " - Bundy ' s mugshot was seen on the cover of the book America ' s Deadliest Killers , which was read by the episode ' s unsub , Michael Lee Peterson , who may have also been based on him - Both were serial killers and rapists ( budding serial at least ) , primarily targeted women ( though Peterson also killed men , and Bundy claimed to have ) , had a varying M.O. ( including strangulation ) , were highly charming , operated in multiple states , and were originally organized and later devolved as their killings came to a close , with their last attacks being in a sorority dormitory . Also the fact that Peterson ' s first victim was a little girl may be an allusion Inner Beauty " - Bundy was mentioned by Rossi and JJ alongside Gary Ridgway as an example of serial killers who dispose the bodies of their victims in the same spot . His tendencies to commit necrophilia on some of his victims was also brought up in the same scene . Season Twelve Taboo Stuart Barker - Both were serial killers who have unidentified fathers , were raised believing their mothers were their sisters , targeted women , killed them by drowning them ( though in different solutions : water in Bundy ' s case , concrete in Barker ' s ) , and also bludgeoned women with incidental objects ( though Barker did this once , and only as a way to incapacitate ) . Assistance Is Futile " - Bundy ' s social skills and ability to lure victims in by charming them was mentioned by Rossi while he and Alvez were discussing the case at hand Season Thirteen To A Better Place " - Bundy was mentioned several times throughout the episode . The BAU compared Bundy ’ s feigning of injury to the unsub ’ s . Lucky Strikes " - While not directly mentioned or referenced in this episode , Bundy appears to have been an inspiration for the episode ' s main unsub , Marcus Manning - Both were serial killers ( budding at least ) and abductors who targeted women , abducted them by striking them over the head and took them to a secluded location to kill them ( sometimes in Bundy ' s case ) , bit them , and committed crimes prior to their murders . The Dance of Love " - Bundy was referenced again . Novels Killer Profile - Former profiler Max Ryan is revealed to have written about Bundy in a book titled Serial Killers and Mass Murderers : Profiling Why They Kill Daniel Dryden ( who used the book as a point of reference ) also copied Bundy , luring a pair of young women who matched his victim type from a beach , strangling them and leaving several of their bones in a wooded area afterward . Note : In addition to these mentions and references , Bundy is said to have been a source of inspiration for a majority of the unsubs in the show , according to the CBS website . Notes According to his FBI wanted poster , Bundy worked as a bellboy , busboy , cook ' s helper , dishwasher , janitor , law school student , office worker , political campaign worker , psychiatric social worker , salesman , and a security guard . References ↑ She is usually not identified by this name , instead being referred to by the pseudonym of Joni Lenz ↑ Sources are conflicted on the spelling How realistic are those bad guys ? Categories Real People Real World Criminals Real Life Killers Real Abductors Real Ephebophiles Real Hebephiles Real Life Narcissists Real Life Rapists Real Necrophiliacs Real Serial Killers Incarcerated Real World Criminals Executed Real World Criminals Deceased Real World Criminals Real Criminals Referenced in Season One Real Criminals Referenced in Season Two Real Criminals Referenced in Season Three Real Criminals Referenced in Season Four Real Criminals Referenced in Season Five Real Criminals Referenced in Season Six Real Criminals Referenced in Season Seven Real Criminals Referenced in Season Nine Real Criminals Referenced in Season Eleven Real Criminals Referenced in Season Twelve Real Criminals Referenced in Season Thirteen | [
"Ted Bundy",
"serial killer",
"U.S. history"
] |
http://criminalminds.wikia.com/wiki/William_LaMontagne,_Jr. | in : Criminal Minds Characters Recurring Characters Police Officers Abduction Victims William LaMontagne , Jr . RECURRING CHARACTER Name William LaMontagne , Jr . Alias Will Bill Billy Gender Male Family William LaMontagne , Sr . ( father ; deceased ) Jennifer Jareau ( wife ) Henry LaMontagne ( son ) Unborn child ( deceased ) Michael LaMontagne ( son ) Sandy Jareau ( mother - in - law ) Roslyn Jareau ( sister - in - law ; deceased ) Unnamed aunt - in - law Unnamed niece - in - law Unnamed father - in - law ( deceased ) Unnamed grandparents - in - law Occupation New Orleans Police Department detective ( former ) D.C. Metropolitan Police Department detective ( current ) Status Alive Portrayed By Josh Stewart First Appearance Jones You ' re a hero , Jennifer Jareau . You ' re my hero and your boys ' , and your team ' s , and all those other people that you saved . Do n ' t you ever forget that . Will in Sick Day William " Will " LaMontagne , Jr . is a recurring character who appears in Criminal Minds . He is currently married to SSA Contents show Background Little is known about Will ' s early life , other than his father , also named William , was a police detective for the New Orleans Police Department . His father died during Hurricane Katrina , which he refused to evacuate from while investigating a serial killer he was obsessed with . As an adult , Will followed in his father ' s footsteps and also became a detective . Season Two Will is first seen in " Jones " investigating the serial killer case that initially belongs to his father . The killer is believed to have suffered the same fate , but when evidence to the contrary arises , Will takes over the case using the work his father had done ( and a single word carved on the wall of his father ' s home ) . Will eventually calls in the BAU to assist him and they are ultimately successful in capturing the murderer . During the case , he and JJ are seen to develop an attraction towards each other . Season Three Will reappears in " In Heat " , where it is revealed that he has been romantically involved with JJ for over a year . In " The Crossing " , it is discovered that JJ is pregnant with their child . In the season finale " Lo - Fi " Will tells JJ that he is willing to give up his job in New Orleans to have the baby with her . He also asks her to marry him , which she declines but considers it . Season Four In " Memoriam " , he is present at his son ' s birth and tells Reid along with JJ that he would like him to be Henry ' s godfather , and also tells Garcia along with JJ , that he would like her to be Henry ' s godmother . Season Five As the BAU attempt to track down George Foyet in " 100 " , Will and JJ take Henry to a pharmacy , where JJ finds out an important clue in the case . The clue helps the BAU find Foyet ' s address in Washington , D.C. , but they find him gone . After Hotch ' s ex - wife , Haley is killed by Foyet , Will is one of those attending her funeral in " The Slave of Duty " , where he offers Hotch his condolences . Season Seven There ' s No Place Like Home " , Will and JJ are taking care of a sick Henry when she gets called into work . Will becomes unhappy with JJ ' s job and wishes she still worked at the Pentagon so she could have nights and weekends off . She offers to stay home but he tells her to go . While presenting the profile of a killer who strikes during tornadoes , Will calls and sends her text messages about an emergency concerning Henry . When she calls him back , Will tells her that he is at the hospital because Henry had a seizure . She makes plans to leave immediately but the weather has grounded all flights . She finishes the case and the episode ends with Will putting her on speaker phone so the two of them can read Henry a story at bedtime . Will plays a major role in the two - part season finale " Hit " and " Run " ( where it is revealed that he is still a police detective , but now works with the D.C. Metropolitan Police Department ) . He shoots and mortally wounds Oliver Stratton after his partner is killed by Oliver , earning him the hatred of Oliver ' s brother Chris . During the subsequent hostage situation at the Colonial Liberty Bank , in which three more people are killed , Chris asks for Will to enter the building . Feeling he is responsible for the deaths at the bank , Will accepts the call despite the protests of JJ and the rest of the BAU and calmly walks inside the bank , confronting Chris , who asks him his name . When Will states his name , Chris promptly shoots him twice . While a bulletproof vest protected him from one of the bullets , Will is hit in the Izzy Rogers was secretly planning behind his back . To convince him otherwise , Chris takes him to the gas lines , where they find Izzy setting a bomb . The bomb detonates , killing several hostages and allowing Chris and Izzy to flee with Will as a new hostage . Chris and Izzy later force a medic at gunpoint to mend Will ' s wound before the latter kills the medic , and eventually Chris . Izzy then picks up Matthew Downs , a former Marine who happened to be one of the hostages treating Will ' s wound at the bank . They go to Will and JJ ' s house , where they find Henry under the watch of a neighbor . Will , being forced to be compliant , convinces the neighbor that Izzy is his cousin and that she will be babysitting Henry before leaving with Matthew , who takes him to Union Station . All the while , Downs rants on about how disconnected from the world he felt after serving several tours as a U.S. Marine Prentiss and she successfully defuses the bomb , while Matthew is shot and killed and Izzy is arrested before she can do any harm to Henry . At her request , Will proposes to JJ again and the two are married by the end of the episode at Rossi ' s place . Season Eight Will reappears in " Nanny Dearest " , where he is once again left with Henry when JJ leaves to investigate a case . When JJ returns home after closing the case , she greets him with a passionate kiss that surprises him . The two take a look at a sleeping Henry before JJ closes the door to his bedroom . Season Nine Will briefly reappears in " 200 " , where he informs the BAU about the connection between JJ and the FBI Section Chief Director Mateo Cruz when they both go missing . When they are both rescued , Will is seen with JJ at a bar with the rest of the BAU , and the two end the episode by kissing . Season Eleven Will briefly reappears in " The Storm " , where he and the rest of the family enter the BAU ' s office following the sudden arrest of Hotch . He spends the rest of the episode watching over his sons , as well as Hotch ' s son Jack Season Twelve Sick Day " , where he is taking care of his younger son Michael after he falls ill . Later , JJ comes home after a traumatizing child abduction case , and Will notices that she was disturbed by it . To help her vent , he allows her to recount the whole story while he listens . Season Thirteen Wheels Up " after JJ and the team is in a car crash caused by Peter Lewis Season Fourteen The Tall Man " and is later seen at Rossi and Krystall ' s wedding . Notes According to Erica Messer , an early draft of Run ' s script involved Will being killed at Union Station , but the idea was dropped due to the drama of Paget Brewster ' s simultaneous departure from the show as a main character . Appearances Season Two Season Three In Heat Lo - Fi Season Four Memoriam Season Five 100 The Slave of Duty Season Seven There ' s No Place Like Home Hit Season Eight Nanny Dearest Season Nine 200 Season Eleven The Storm Season Twelve Season Thirteen Wheels Up Miasma ( mentioned ) Season Fourteen The Tall Man Truth or Dare References ↑ http : / / cmsetreport . blogspot . com . es / 2012 / 05 / cmsetreport - chat - transcript - with - season . html ↑ Verified by Josh Stewart ' s offical Twitter account Categories Criminal Minds Characters Recurring Characters Police Officers Abduction Victims | [
"William LaMontagne , Jr"
] |
http://criminology.wikia.com/wiki/Life-Course_Theory | LifeCourse Theory The life course perspective is a broad approach that can be used in a variety of subject matters such as psychology biology history and criminology As a theory the denotation establishes the connection between a pattern of life events and the actions that humans perform s In the criminology field the lifecourse theory is used as a backbone or a starting branch for an assortment of other theories that are less broad and more specific The history of the theory partially stems from the 1920s theorist Karl Mannheim who wrote the groundbreaking dissertation The Sociological Problem of Generations Although Mannheim does not explicitly generate a fullfledged theory he demonstrates the findings of how the human experiences specifically undergone in childhood shape their ultimate outcome He later goes on to note these outcomes will be passed down from generation to generation concluding that past generations form the further generations For a criminological stance the aspect of Mannheims discovery on the importance of influence is the primary focus Although Mannheims research helped expand the lifecourse approach generally in the social sciences field WI Thomas and F Znaniecki are the two sociologists credited to having ignited the broad theory They analyzed The Polish Peasant in Europe and America Ronald Sellers 2009 Put plainly is the theory simply too broad The consensus deciding that the lifecourse model expands on the general criminological theories including learning strain control and rational choice As a result of this conclusion the term theoretical integration is often used when discussing lifecourse theory The main study to test the validity of the lifecourse theory was conducted by Laub and Sampson who extraordinarily were able to follow the participants for an extremely leong eriod of time which is a difficult task to accomplish in the social science field Laub and Sampson were able to used the research brought forth by criminologist Eleanor Gluecks study on the criminal life style in young adults into their investigation Their goal was to prove that in life essential turning points or as they called them trajectories are hugely influential in determining ones risk of succumbing to crime The When putting the theory into practice key assumptions should be acknowledge An assumption made continually by lifecourse theory supporters regards human behavior as being affected by nurture rather than nature The theory recognizes that not one human is identical but instead establishes that there are typical life phrases that are experienced in typical patterns Within these patterns there are social passages that one goes through and thus must adhere to the implied social contract established in society So through these assumptions implications can be made that social institutions such as families and schools are vital for development throughout ones life Bouffard L A Piquero N L 2010 Defiance theory and life course explanations of persistent offending Crime Delinquency 562 227252 DePadilla L Elifson K W Perkins M M Sterk C E 2012 Adult criminal involvement A crosssection inquiry into correlates and mechanisms over the life course Criminal Justice Review 371 110126 Kok J 2007 Principles and prospects of the life course paradigm ANNALES DE DÉMOGRAPHIE HISTORIQUE Retrieved from httpvirtualknowledgestudionldocuments09kokpdf Sampson R L Laub J H 2005 A lifecourse view of the development of crime Annals of the american academy of political and social science 602 1245 Yeager M nd A partial test of lifecourse theory on a prison release cohort Masters thesisRetrieved from httpwwwcjcjorgfilesyeagerpdf Categories | [
"denotation",
"psychology"
] |
http://crm.walkme.com/5-crm-kpis-must-track/ | 5 CRM KPIs You Must Track Posted by Michael Taylor on October 23 , 2014 Posted in CRM Customer relationship management key performance indicators ( CRM KPIs ) evaluate the success of an organization or of a specific activity in which the organization engages . They are also defined as tools which can be used by an establishment to track its progress and success in accomplishing its mission . Customer relationship management key performance indicators consist of a number of predetermined measurable goals for a company and can include any feature of the organization which is deemed vital to its success . In order to build effective key performance indicators which are also known as “ Performance Metrics ” , an establishment should have a mission with realistic and clearly defined goals together with clear objectives . Ambiguous goals , for instance to be the best in the industry will not work as they are too extensive . Members of an organization need to agree upon the organization ’ s goals and express them in measurable terms . Upon establishing realistic overall goals for instance growth , managers need to analyze a number of business categories to determine the best key performance indicators . These include financial , process as well as client - oriented measurements . Even though all other performance metrics are vital , CRM KPIs are more important as they are at the front end and serve as early warning signs that business is off track which denotes a high possibility of jeopardy in accomplishment . 5 CRM KPIs You Must Track Help Desk Key Performance Indicators Great client support has the potential to lift your product or service from “ average ” to “ best ” because customers are the most important part of the business equation . Your help desk employees should understand this and strive to provide the topmost quality of support possible . Help desk metrics such as ticket queue , agent performance as well as ticket analysis can all help to diagnose problems so your customers can enjoy great customer support and in turn elevate you to a market player . Actions per Engagement Performance Indicators Business owners who are trying to maintain contacts with prospects should analyze how often their potential customers respond . Once they learn the response pattern , they will know how many times they have to reach out to them before the clients will make a purchase . The actions per engagement metric enables a seller to know when their target audience stops replying to their messages , unsubscribes from their newsletters , blocks them or simply stops to respond . They can use these patterns to boost their systems ’ efficiency . If a prospect ceases to respond after 5 Response Time Performance Indicators If you have integrated your CRM with a lead - generation form or something of that sort , how fast do you reach out to clients and other prospects for sales ? Depending on your industry , your conversion rate may decline considerably after a short period of time . For instance , in real estate , that period of time could be as short as half an hour . Conversion Rate Key Performance Indicators Are you able to determine how frequent customers respond to your efforts with a purchase or action ? Conversion rate CRM metric helps you to track how often your outreach attempts yield a measurable action . This enables you to determine whether or not these efforts are effective . If your goal is to generate sales for a new creation and you are only getting many page views , it is necessary that you re - evaluate the page , product or any other factor . However , without this indicator , it will not be possible to determine whether Relationship Freshness Metrics Are you current with all your clients ? Have they been reached out to in a provable way in the past few days ? It can be quite tricky to maintain a relationship with your customer because there are so many matters you need to take care of as a businessman / woman . But with an effective customer relationship management key performance indicator , you can be able to track your last interaction with every client . Funnel Drop - Off Rate Key Performance Indicators This is one of the most effective CRM KPIs that enables an entrepreneur to know how often their prospects unsubscribe from the newsletters they send out , how many read the emails they send as well as those that end up making a purchase . By knowing when and how frequent potential buyers ignore your funnel to a sale can help you identify the problems that are preventing you from generating sales and address them . Seeing the efficiency of your sales funnel improve is a great way to feel accomplished . Customer relationship management is very important for every business because customers are the blood which runs through the veins of any existing corporation . Due to this , much focus needs to be put on it in order to achieve a good reputation out there . This is why most serious companies today take their time to develop the above CRM KPIs which help them to attract new customers and retain the existing ones . While CRM KPIs guarantee better customer loyalty , failure to analyze the results appropriately or focusing on the wrong information can be quite disastrous . Some companies spend much of their time reviewing the wrong data that can not lead to the timeliest progress in regards to customer relationship management . The main challenges are to identify which data sets deliver the greatest impact , determine the most accurate metrics and display them in a manner that makes the information instantly actionable . Conclusion Customer relationship management key performance indicators provide a good opportunity for organizations to establish a good reputation to achieve maximum results . Many financial institutions make data on these indicators for instance quick response time and loan approval available to clients to help them achieve customer loyalty thereby leading to maximum profits . When a potential customer learns that an institution offers instant loan approval , he or she will want to try out their services to see how effective they are . With all these pieces of information , entrepreneurs who wish to capture new customers and retain the Michael Taylor Michael is the Lead Author & Editor of CRMSimplified Blog . Michael established the CRM blog to create a source for news and discussion about some of the issues , challenges , news , and ideas relating to CRM . | [
"Customer relationship management",
"key performance indicators",
"Performance Metrics"
] |
http://crmbook.powerobjects.com/system-administration/data-migration-and-integration/create-a-data-mapping-document/ | Create a Data Mapping Document The data mapping document will be an integral piece to the success of your data migration or integration . It ’ s with the data mapping document that you are able to mitigate your risk factors . The data mapping process will determine what data needs to be transferred over to the new system . This includes : Which entities ( a.k.a. tables ) will be moved over along with the specific fields . The format of the data after it is transferred . The frequency of the transfer ( for integrations ) . What will trigger the transfer ( manual or automatic ) . In order to figure out how the data needs to be formatted , or mapped , it is essential to build a data mapping document . The data mapping document must include specifically the source and target data mappings . It must also include the primary key of all tables in source system . The following is an example of data mapping document . Below is an example of mapping a field named E - mail to a field named E - mail . You ’ ll see that in this particular example , they are the same name in both systems , but this is not always the case . When mapping fields , even though the Label is useful , the Field ( which is the schema name ) is required . This will be the unique name for the field , while the Label ( often times referred to as the display name ) may not be unique . The type is also required ( number , text , etc . ) , and when dealing with the type of a picklist the list values are also required ( ex . yes , no , maybe ) . The more specific this document is , the easier it will be to perform both the migration and integration . Examples of transformations include : Telephone format : format all telephone numbers to the destination system using the format ( xxx ) xxx – xxxx A text field in the current system needs to be moved to a date format of # # / # # / # # # # Two entities should be combined into one based off of the Contact on those entities Next up , we ’ ll discuss creating the migration integration scripts « Previous Next » | [
"Data Mapping",
"integration"
] |
http://crms.svvsd.org/ | Incoming 6th Grade Bootcamp ! Frederick High starts P - TECH program in biomedical sciences Educator Highlight : Ben Kalb High School Registration Attend . Aspire . Achieve . CRMS Parent Connections CRMS Weekly Newsletter Middle School Math - Digits Curriculum Previous Next Featured Content Welcome to Coal Ridge MS Here at Coal Ridge , we offer Traditional Core Classes that are rich in vigor and follow our district ’ s curriculum guide . In addition to our Traditional Classes , we offer high - level Advanced Core Classes in two core areas : Math and Language Arts . Learn more about what makes Coal Ridge a great learning community > > Tweets by @ CoalRidgeMS Meet the Principal Liza Nybo 303 - 833 - 4176 X35301 Email : nybo_liza @ svvsd . org Quick Links News February Family Connections Newsletter February 22 , 2019 , 11 : 42am In this month ' s issue of the Read More A Day of Excellence : An Inside View of Education in Our Community | February 23 February 19 , 2019 , 10 : 12am A Day of Excellence : An Inside View of Education in Our Community Share Your Voice and Celeb Read More Superintendent Update - The Future of America February 3 , 2019 , 11 : 04am Across the district , we have been championing a new motivational motto that is uniting our shared vision for excellence in learning and student advancement : We are taking public education by # StVrainStorm ! Every day , I observe countless examples of students , teachers , staff , and community partners exemplifying the highest levels of achievement and drive that represent the very best of our public schools . Our graduation rates are at their highest level – over 90 percent at our traditional schools – and St . Vrain was also one of only four districts in Colorado 2019 Tribute to Teachers to Honor Outstanding St . Vrain Valley Teachers and Educators January 29 , 2019 , 8 : 17am Each spring , the Education Foundation for the St . January Family Connections Newsletter January 17 , 2019 , 3 : 58pm In this month ' s issue of the Learning Technology Plan See All News | [
"Coal Ridge MS"
] |
http://crocodilian.com/crocfaq/faq-1.html | FAQ CONTENTS 0 . CREDITS 1 . CONTENTS 2 . INTRODUCTION 3 . SPECIES 4 . PURCHASING 5 . HOUSING 6 . FEEDING 7 . HANDLING 8 . HEALTH CARE 9 . MISCELLANEOUS 10 . APPENDICES 2 . INTRODUCTION 2.0 What is the aim of this FAQ ? 2.1.0 What is a crocodilian ? 2.1.2 How many species of crocodilian are there ? 2.1.3 Where do crocodilians live in the wild ? 2.2.1 How large do crocodilians get ? 2.2.2 How fast do crocodilians grow ? 2.2.3 How long do crocodilians live ? 2.0 What is the aim of this FAQ ? This is a document about crocodilians - alligators , caimans , crocodiles and gharials - and their care in captivity . It has two main goals . First , and perhaps most importantly , its goal is to persuade the majority of readers that crocodilians do not make good pets . Once you ' ve read the whole thing , you might be inclined to agree . In the words of John Levell " Hopefully you ' re reading this document before possibly making the biggest mistake of your life . " The second goal is to get essential information Through the pet trade , various crocodilian species have become more widely available in several countries , yet there is virtually no information available on the Internet or in published books on how to look after them properly in captivity - nor whether they even make good captives at all . Spectacled and dwarf caimans are the most commonly kept crocodilian species - they are the most widely available , and are promoted by pet stores as growing to small adult sizes . However , crocodilians including caimans are definitely not for beginners . They may be small and cute The main audience for this document is serious and dedicated owners , and potential owners . You ' ll find hints on purchasing animals , setting up their environment , feeding them , handling them and more . An entire book could easily be written on some sections of this FAQ alone , so instead of pretending to be some kind of ultimate guide to crocodilians in captivity , this resource should be taken for what it is - a detailed source of information to get you on the right track . The narrative of this document does not refer to any one species in particular . This was done intentionally , as all 23 crocodilian species have fundamentally similar basic requirements . Virtually all the information you ' ll find in here applies equally to any species . However , some differences do exist ( eg . in social behaviour , growth rates , breeding etc ) , and these are pointed out in the appropriate section . There is also a short description of the most commonly kept species . The art of keeping crocodilians in captivity is a relatively 2.1.1 What is a crocodilian ? Juvenile American alligator Alligator mississippiensis Juvenile Cuvier ' s dwarf caiman Paleosuchus palpebrosus Adult male saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus Adult Indian gharial Gavialis gangeticus A crocodilian is any one of 23 species of large , carnivorous , semi - aquatic reptiles that live primarily in tropical and semi - tropical environments . Although the taxonomy varies , there are three families of crocodilians : alligatoridae ( alligators and caimans ) , crocodylidae ( " true crocodiles " ) and gavialidae ( gharial ) . Alligators and caimans ( Alligatorids ) possess a characteristically broad snout and upper jaws that normally overlap their lower jaws , hence hiding their lower teeth which fit into depressions in the upper jaw . Crocodylids have a more V - shaped snout in general , with both upper ( maxillary ) and lower ( mandibular ) teeth interdigitating outside the jaw ( ie . in full view ) . Gavialids have the most slender ( or longirostrine ) jaw of any species , specially adapted to sweeping through water to catch fish . All crocodilians possess " integumentary sense organs " , which appear as dark spots , across the scales of their upper and lower jaws . This gives many species a somewhat " unshaven " appearance when viewed up close , and lends them an unprecedented ability to detect small vibrations and movement through water and across the ground . However , while these spots are present all over the body scales of crocodylids and gavialids , they are absent from the bodies of alligatorids . All crocodilians are powerful reptiles with a keen bite and often a mean disposition . It is often said that alligators and Juvenile Australian freshwater crocodile Crocodylus johnstoni ) with integumentary sense organs visible on scales . 2.1.2 How many species of crocodilians are there ? Overall there are 23 species of crocodilians : two alligators , six caimans , 14 crocodiles and 1 species of gharial . The two alligators include the American alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis ) and the Chinese alligator ( Alligator sinensis ) . Of these , the American alligator is available in the pet trade in certain US states , and may be available in other countries typically as captive bred individuals . Chinese alligators are not available in the US pet trade , although limited numbers have made it to Europe and Asia from China ' s captive breeding program . Of the six caimans , the most common species in the pet trade has traditionally been the spectacled caiman ( Caiman crocodilus ) , which some dealers mistakenly call the " speckled caiman " . The spectacled caiman gets its name from the prominent bony ridge that connects each eye orbit , giving it a bespectacled appearance . Of the three subspecies , the one best represented in the pet trade is the brown caiman ( Caiman crocodilus fuscus ) . There are several other caiman species : the broad - snouted caiman ( Caiman latirostris ) , the Yacare or Jacaré caiman ( Caiman yacare ) , the black caiman ( Melanosuchus niger ) , Cuvier ' s ( or the smooth - fronted ) dwarf caiman ( Paleosuchus palpebrosus ) and Schneider ' s dwarf caiman ( Paleosuchus trigonatus ) . These two dwarf caimans , particularly P . palpebrosus , are fast becoming the most popular crocodilian species in captivity because of their modest size and improved temperament over the boisterous C . crocodilus . Import and interstate travel of C . crocodilus has now been largely curtailed in the US through new licensing laws , and hence it has declined in popularity . The other caiman species are difficult or impossible to obtain in the US pet trade due to their CITES trade status and US laws , although captive bred specimens are available in limited numbers in Europe and Asia . Of the 14 species of crocodiles , very few are available in the US pet trade , but again limited numbers are represented in Europe by captive bred stock . These species include the American crocodile ( Crocodylus acutus ) , the African slender - snouted crocodile ( Crocodylus cataphractus ) , the Orinoco crocodile ( Crocodylus intermedius ) from South America , the Australian freshwater crocodile ( Crocodylus johnstoni ) , the critically endangered Philippine crocodile ( Crocodylus mindorensis ) , Morelet ' s crocodile ( Crocodylus moreletii ) , the infamous Nile crocodile ( Crocodylus niloticus ) , the New Guinea crocodile ( Crocodylus novaeguineae ) , the mugger or marsh crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris ) , the Australian saltwater crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus ) , the Cuban crocodile ( Crocodylus rhombifer ) , the critically threatened Siamese crocodile ( Crocodylus siamensis ) , the relatively small African dwarf crocodile ( Osteolaemus tetraspis ) , and the false gharial or Tomistoma ( Tomistoma schlegelii ) . Finally , the Indian gharial ( Gavialis gangeticus ) with its characteristic needle - like snout represents the sole member of the family Gavialidae . More information on the different species is available on the Internet and various books ( section 9.5 ) . 2.1.3 Where do crocodilians live in the wild ? Crocodilians are found mainly in tropical and sub - tropical regions of the world , being unable to survive and reproduce successfully in cold climates . However , the American alligator and Chinese alligator are the most cold - tolerant and are found in the highest latitudes of any species . Both breed and feed successfully during warmer months , but have adapted to survive relatively cold conditions each winter - usually hibernating in specially - constructed burrows . Alligators and caimans are found almost exclusively in North , Central and South America , with the sole exception being the Chinese alligator restricted to eastern China . A handful of crocodiles are found in the Americas , but the majority are found throughout Africa , India and Asia . The gharial is found in India and adjacent countries . Click on the map to learn more about the distribution of crocodilians around the world . Most species have a relatively wide distribution , and typically occupy a variety of habitat types from swampy wetlands and isolated pools to major river systems and tributaries . Most species prefer freshwater , although some are more tolerant of saline conditions , and this affects their distribution accordingly . Crocodilians are tenacious survivors , and several species thrive outside their natural range in suitable environments , or in habitats modified by humans . Spectacled caimans are the best example of this , with several feral populations already established in countries like the USA and Cuba . Many feral populations 2.2.1 How large do crocodilians get ? There is a lot of confusion and misinformation about the maximum size of various crocodilian species , and there are many " big fish " stories that owe more to imagination than actual measurements . Conversely , less reputable or informed pet stores do the opposite , providing figures that greatly underestimate the size potential of a particular species in order to make it a more attractive purchase . After all , a 3 foot long caiman sounds far more manageable than a 7 foot caiman , does n ' t it ? The fact is , growth rates and maximum size vary quite a lot in a particular species , and there are often big differences between males and females . Australian saltwater crocodiles , for example , grow relatively quickly and males reach an average size of around 15 to 17 feet ( 4.6 to 5.2 metres ) , but some males never get larger than 14 feet ( 4.3 metres ) , and some rare individuals reach 18 , 19 and even over 20 feet ( over 6.1 metres ) in length . Females , however , typically reach only Here is a selection of realistic size ranges for a handful of species . Like any species , there may be very rare exceptions outside these ranges : Species Adult size ( male ) Adult size ( female ) 4.2 - 5.2 ft 1.3 - 1.6 m 3.5 - 4 ft 1.1 - 1.2 m Paleosuchus trigonatus 5.5 - 7.5 ft 1.7 - 2.3 m 4 - 4.5 ft 1.2 - 1.4 m Caiman crocodilus 6 - 8.5 ft 1.8 - 2.6 m 4.5 - 5.5 ft 1.4 - 1.7 m 12 - 14.5 ft 3.7 - 4.4 m 7 - 10 ft 2.1 - 3.0 m Crocodylus niloticus 13 - 16 ft 4.0 - 4.9 m 12 - 14 ft 3.7 - 4.3 14 - 17 ft 4.3 - 5.2 m 8.5 - 10.5 ft 2.6 - 3.2 m Growth rates ( and hence maximum sizes ) in all species are influenced by environmental variables such as temperature and food intake . This has unfortunately spawned the irresponsible myth that crocodilians will only grow to the size of their enclosure , or that their growth can be stunted by keeping them in sub - standard conditions . Such thinking will kill a crocodilian , and is discussed in more detail here . Show the above table to anyone who tells you that a spectacled caiman or Nile crocodile only grows to 2 or 3 feet in length . Where would you keep Gomek , 17.9 ft of Do not buy a crocodilian unless you are capable of housing it comfortably when it reaches its maximum size . Where are you going to keep your hatchling Nile crocodile when it reaches 15 feet in length ? Certainly not the 4 foot glass aquarium it starts off in . Thinking about the future of the animal , rather than your own short - term satisfaction , is what separates a serious and responsible crocodilian keeper from the irresponsible and thoughtless . Large species like Nile crocodiles and saltwater crocodiles are highly unsuited to captivity outside of professional zoological establishments 2.2.2 How fast do crocodilians grow ? Compared with many other animals , crocodilians grow rapidly . Many species increase in length at least 20 to 30 times from hatchlings , and increase in weight by at least 1,000 times within 10 to 20 years . However , growth rate varies significantly between species , and also between individuals of each species . Key factors including temperature , frequency of feeding , quality of food and even social factors can result in major differences in growth rates and hence maximum size . Poor growth rates can often indicate problems with husbandry , but it is not so Despite this variation , all crocodilians show a fairly typical growth pattern : initial growth rates are rapid , often for several years , but slowly begin to decline as the animal matures . It takes many years for growth to cease entirely and many larger crocodilians appear to grow continuously over their lives , albeit very slowly in later life . Larger species such as American alligators or saltwater crocodiles can initially grow at least a foot a year , and a few individuals can achieve sizes of nearly 4 feet after only 12 months . Smaller species usually grow more slowly . The following table is a very rough guide to growth rate in the spectacled caiman , , assuming it is kept under normal conditions . Variation from these figures is not unusual . Spectacled Caiman ( Age Total length ( cm ) Total length ( inches ) Hatchling 18 - 21 7 - 8 1 year 40 - 45 16 - 18 2 years 65 - 75 26 - 30 3 years 90 - 105 35 - 41 4 years 110 - 125 43 - 49 5 years 135 - 150 53 - 59 6 years 155 - 170 61 - 67 10 years 175 - 195 69 - 77 For comparison , the following table shows growth rates for a male saltwater crocodile , , kept under optimal conditions in captivity . This results in a very fast - growing individual . Wild saltwater crocodiles normally grow far less quickly due to their lower overall food intake ( e.g. only 200 cm / 79 inches at 10 years ) . Saltwater crocodile ( Age Total length ( cm ) Total length ( inches ) Hatchling 27 - 32 11 - 13 1 year 70 - 100 28 - 39 2 years 140 - 190 55 - 75 3 years 180 - 220 71 - 87 4 years 210 - 260 83 - 102 5 years 250 - 280 98 - 110 10 years 320 - 360 126 - 142 2.3 How long do crocodilians live ? This is a very difficult question to answer ! There is virtually no information on maximum age of different species in the wild , and nobody really knows whether animals in captivity live normal lifespans or die prematurely . The main problem is that crocodilians live long lives , often outliving their caretakers and those scientists who study them ! Marked individuals in the wild can be studied by different generations , but no studies have been ongoing for enough time to provide any conclusive answers . Old animals can be aged by looking at growth rings laid down in From the information we have , it appears that smaller species live around 30 to 50 years , and larger species live at least 50 to 70 years . There is enough reliable information from long - term captive saltwater crocodiles to conclude that some individuals can reach at least 70 years of age . One zoo in Russia claims to have held a crocodile ( species unknown ) that was 115 years old when it died - they obtained the animal as a young adult in the 1890s . This would have made it at least 100 years old The point here is that all crocodilians are long - lived animals . If you buy a dwarf caiman when you ' re 30 years old , expect it to be alive and healthy when you ' re pushing 70 ! That ' s a serious long - term commitment . Many people purchase crocodilians expecting to give them away once they get too large , but this is a misguided philosophy ! Not everyone wants a 6 foot long , foul - tempered crocodilian with a propensity to bite the hand that feeds it , and do n ' this section if you need further convincing of this . | [
"crocodilians",
"semi-aquatic reptiles",
"alligatoridae"
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http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Earthworm_circulation.html | Earthworm - Circulatory System Above : a model showing the anterior end of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris , with part of the wall cut away to show the main blood vessels and some of the other principle organs . The gut is shown in yellow , the nerve cord with its ganglia in green and the blood vessels in red . The intersegmental septa are shown in grey , let us remove these septa for clarity : Below is a labelled version of the above diagram . Note the dorsal vessel , a single structure , running along the back ( top ) of the worm , above the gut and the single ventral vessel below the gut and the single subneural vessel below the nerve cord . Smaller blood vessels ( not shown ) supply the body wall and the gut . Note the pseudohearts ( hearts ) in segments 7 to 11 ( there are five pairs in total , one pair per segment ) that connect the dorsal to the ventral vessel and the parietal vessels which connect the dorsal vesel to the subneural vessel in each segment posterior to segment 11 ( there was one pair of these parietal vessels per segment ) . The route of the main circulation is as follows : Blood flows anterior ( forwards ) along the dorsal vessel ( dv ) , then downwards in the pseudohearts to the ventral vessel ( vv ) , both anterior and posterior , away from the pseudohearts , in the ventral vessel . The detailed circulation is shown in the diagram below , which is a cross - section through the worm through a typical segment posterior to the pseudohearts , e.g. segment 12 , and is looking along the axis of the worm and superimposes all the vessels in that segment onto the plane of the page . The central U - shaped structure is the intestine , as seen in cross - section . The arrows indicate direction of blood flow . The ventral vessel gives off smaller branches to supply the body wall ( bw ) and internal organs ( nephridia ( nph ) which are ' little kidneys ' and gut / intestinal wall ( ivp ) ) . Blood vessels return blood from the body wall and nephridia to the parietal vessels ( p , also called commissural vessels ) and hence to the dorsal vessel . Blood vessels also convey blood back from the body wall to the lateral neural vessels ( ln ) , a pair of medium - sized blood vessels that run either side of the backwards ( posteriorly ) in the subneural vessel . Blood is conveyed by vessels from the ventral vessel to a network of vessels supplying the intestine wall ( ivp ) . The typhlosole sinus is a blood filled space ( a blood sinus is like a blood vessel but without a definite cellular lining ) that collects blood from the intestine wall ( ivp ) carries blood along the typhlosole , which is a pendulous projection or ridge along the roof of the intestine . Blood flows from the typhlosole sinus back to the dorsal heart through the dorso - typhlosolar vessel ( dt ) . Additionally paired dorso - intestinal vessels carry blood from the intestine wall ( ivp ) back to the dorsal heart . Essentially this pattern repeats itself in each of the 150 or so segments of the worm , except right at the front and back ends where it is modified . The various ascending and descending vessels , such as the parietals , repeat in each segment . However , the longitudinal vessels , such as the dorsal , ventral and subneural run along the whole length of the worm , so the circulatory system is not entirely divided into segments . Indeed , despite the segmental nature of some of the vessels , the circulatory system functions as a single whole , as blood is carried forwards along the dorsal vessel and backwards along the ventral and subneural vessels - there is a proper single systemic circulation . This system has a series of pumps . The five pairs of pseudohearts ( sometimes called hearts ) function like hearts as they contract rhythmically , pumping blood down from the dorsal vessel to the ventral vessel . Valves close should blood attempt to flow the wrong way ( as when the pressure drops when the vessel relaxes ) . Some authours call the pseudohearts ' hearts ' , however , the large dorsal vessel is also contractile , pumping blood forwards and this corresponds to the ' heart ' of insects . Thus , if any part be called the heart , then perhaps it should be the dorsal vessel . On the other hand , in vertebrates , such as humans , the dorsal vessel ( the dorsal aorta ) is contractile but the anterior heart is clearly the main pump , so by comparison with vertebrates the pseduohearts become the hearts . Perhaps this illustrates the problems with using the names for vertebrate organs for those of invertebrates . Personally , I prefer the term pseudoheart as this implies only a loose resemblence to the vertebrate heart . The structure of part of the dorsal vessel ( in longitudinal section ) as spanning one segment plus a bit is shown below . Note that this too has valves to prevent the back - flow of blood . The lower part is thinner as this part is contracting ( notice how the valves to the side vessels that supply the dorsal vessel are shut tight in this region , to prevent blood flowing out of the dorsal heart along the dorso - intestinal vessels . The diagram below illustrates a cross - section through a pair of pseudohearts , notice the valves and the direction of blood flow ( as indicated by the arrow in the left pseudoheart ) . Blood flows into the head of the worm along the dorsal vessel in front of the pseudohearts and then passes back along a pair of vessels , one on either side of the foregut ( oesophagus ) called lateral oesophageal vessels and in the subneural vessel which carry the blood back behind the hearts and back to the dorsal vessel along the parietals of segment 12 and later segments . Note that , as in humans , the circulatory system of earthworms is a closed system - blood can complete a whole circuit whilst remaining confined within blood vessels . This contrasts with the open circulation of insects , in which blood leaves the main vessels and baths the fluid in large blood - filled spaces or sinuses ( the haemocoel ) . In reality each system mixes these two types - insects do have blood vessels to convey blood to the antennae , but the blood still leaves the ends of these vessels . In mammals , some organs have an open blood circulation , such as the sinuses of the liver where blood directly bathes the tissue . Earthworms , like vertebrates , possess tiny blood vessels called capillaries which connect the larger vessels carrying blood towards and away from the tissue . In the body wall , these capillaries form loops which absorb oxygen which diffuses in across the skin from the outside air . The blood of earthworms carries oxygen , nutrients and waste products around the worm ' s body . The blood contains only white blood cells - amoeboid cells ( phagocytes ) that engulf and destroy cell debris , foreign organisms and waste products , and so help protect and maintain the worm . There are no red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) , as in vertebrates , instead the red oxygen - carrying pigment haemoglobin is carried in solution as erythrocruorins - giant extracellular respiratory complexes of 144 haemoglobin protein chains arranged around a central scaffold of 36 protein subunits . They are arranged around the scaffold in 12 groups of 12 chains , and in each group the chains are arranged in three groups of four . The chains are held together by linker proteins . Earthworms frequently encounter low oxygen levels in soil and there haemoglobin is adapted to scavenge oxygen for which it has a much higher affinity than human haemoglobin . In Lumbricus , the haemoglobin is 50 % saturated with oxygen at an oxygen pressure below 10 mm Hg compared to above about 20 mm Hg for a human . However , if soils become water - logged then the earthworm is in danger of drowning and will abandon its burrow and come to the surface . References The diagrams of the dorsal vessel and the plan of segmental circulation were redrawn ( and simplified ) from : J . B . JOHNSTON . On the blood vessels , their valves and the course of the blood in Lumbricus Biol . Bull . , 1903 , 5 : 74 - 84 . ( Available online as a PDF ) . Structure of the body wall and respiration Movement , support and locomotion Circulatory system Nervous and sensory systems Nutrition Reproduction and development Ecology | [
"Earthworm",
"Circulatory System",
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http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Earthworm_locomotion.html | Earthworms - Locomotion Above : an earthworm undergoing locomotion and moving toward the top of the page . Each frame represents a one second time interval from left to right . Before we can analyse this pattern of locomotion we need to understand how contraction of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the body wall affect the shape of the worm . Circular muscle fibres run in circles concentric to the circumference of the worm whilst longitudinal muscles run parallel to the long axis from one end of a segment to another . These muscles operate upon the liquid - filled body cavity or coelom , which acts as a pressurisable hydrostatic skeleton . Contraction of the circular muscles makes the worm thinner , but because liquid is essentially incompressible ( and so maintains a constant volume ) and the increase in pressure forces the liquid outwards , stretching the worm , so the worm becomes longer and thinner . Contraction of the longitudinal fibres shortens the worm , former the coelomic liquid out to the sides and making the worm fatter . Can you look at the four diagrams above and see which muscle system is contracting ? Top : at rest , ( and longitudinals relax ) making the worm longer and thinner . Third down : longitudinals contract ( and circulars relax ) making the worm shorter and thicker . Bottom : longitudinal muscles contract in the left half of the worm and circular muscles contract in the right half of the worm . Annelid worms , such as ragworms , lugworms and earthworms have one important additional feature that enables them to gain fine control over their hydrostatic skeletons - intersegmental septa . Indeed , it is these septa which make these worms segmented . Each septa is a circular muscular membrane that separates adjacent segments like a wall . The detailed structure of a septum is shown below : Above : an intersegmental septum in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris . The lines indicate the orientation of the various muscle fibres that make up this membrane . Holes in the membrane allow the dorsal vessel , gut and nerve cord and associated vessels to cross the septum . The hole around the definite foramen ( anatomical hole ) that does not fit tightly around the nerve cord - the neural foramen . The septa mechanically isolate each segment , keeping the coelomic fluid contained within each segment . To do this they must be able to stop fluid crossing . To accomplish this , the neural foramen is surrounded by circular muscle fibres that form a sphincter . Contraction of these muscle fibres makes the foramen smaller , closing the seal , whilst relaxing the sphincter opens the foramen and allows coelomic fluid to pass from one segment to the next . When closed , the seal of the foramen is very tight and the septum will rupture under high pressure before the seal breaks . The septa isolate segments , allowing one segment to contract its longitudinal muscles and shorten and thicken , whilst the adjacent segment can contract its circular muscles and become thinner and longer . Without these dividing walls , the fluid would simply squirt from one part of the animal to another and equilibrate the pressure inside the hydrostatic skeleton , making such fine - tuned movements impossible . The septa do not completely isolate adjacent segments , however , since they are stretchable and buckle slightly under pressure . The muscle fibres in the septum can minimise this by contracting to keep the septum taught and fairly flat . However , the septa do damp down pressure changes in the hydrostatic fluid of one segment over a few adjacent segments . In this way segments can operate more or less independently without interfering with one another . Some worms , such as marine sipunculids , have fluid - filled pressurised hydrostatic skeletons but lack septa and are not particularly segmented . However , they have a proboscis which assists them in locomotion , so they do not need the fine - tuning characteristic of earthworms . The septa enable the particular mode of locomotion and burrowing used by earthworms and give the body flexibility in its movements . This appears to be one of the main advantages of segmentation - to facilitate movement . Vertebrates inherited their segmentation from some worm - like ancestor . Fish trunks are divided up into segments of muscle separated by septa that serve as tendons for muscle attachment . This arrangement makes possible the fast and efficient swimming movements of fish . Humans have similarly inherited this type of segmentation - the septa become ribs in the thorax and sheets of tissue separate the abdominal muscles into segmented six - packs ! Humans are essentially worms with arms and legs ! Many other types of worms do not have fluid - filled coeloms to act as hydrostatic skeletons , but possess either spongy meshlike tissue filled with fluid under pressure ( nematodes ) , or pressurised cells packed together ( as in flatworms ) which act as hydrostatic skeletons with different mechanical properties . So , the segments of an earthworm can act more or less independently of one - another , thanks to the septa . This makes possible such movements as shown in simplified diagrammatic form below Above : the middle segment of this nine - segmented model worm has contracted its longitudinal muscles , making it short and thick . If the worm is in its burrow then this might anchor it against the side - walls . Chaetae assist by protruding from the thickened segment and stick into the side - walls of the burrow , since they point backwards , they prevent the worm slipping backwards or being pulled from its burrow . On the surface , chaetae will anchor such a segment against the ground . Behind this temporary anchor , the longitudinal muscles contract , shortening the segments which are not anchored , pulling them forwards ( to the top of the page ) . At the front end , contraction of the circular muscles elongate the segments , pushing them forwards against the anchored segment . The worm has moved forwards a little . Now , to keep progressing in this way , the anchor has to move backwards - that is the anchored segment has to detach and become thinner whilst the segment behind it widens and becomes the next anchor , until the last segment is anchored and the other segments stretch forwards . Next , the anchor returns to the front of the worm as the rear segments are pulled up . In this way the temporary anchor continues to move fore to aft along each segment in turn and the worm crawls forwards . In reality , several adjacent segments will anchor at once . Also , there may be more than one anchor point moving back along the worm at the same time . This explains the pattern of movement shown at the top of this page . The waves of muscular contraction that pass from front to back as each segment alternately shortens and widens and then elongates , are called peristaltic waves and the worm is said to move by peristalsis . Mucus secreted by the worm probably assists in locomotion over surfaces by reducing or increasing friction when necessary ( mucus has the odd property of being able to alter from a sticky fluid to anchor things to a watery lubricant allowing things to slide over one another ) . Burrowing When burrowing , the worm is able to press against the soil with considerable pressure - the septa allow a high pressure to be built up within a segment by muscle contraction , thus allowing the segment to thicken or elongate with force and push against the soil . Worms burrow in this way , by pushing the soil aside , unless the soil is too compacted , in which case they will eat their way through ! The high pressure also allows the all important chaetae to dig in with considerable force . If one end of the worm is disturbed whilst it is within its burrow , then it will contract , shortening and thickening and press its chaetae in against the walls of its burrows to try and stop a bird or other animal pulling it out . After all , if it loses its tail it grows another one , and if it loses its head , then it has a fair chance of growing another one of those too ! Some earthworms may burrow several metres down into the soil , whilst others live always in the top few inches or remain among the leaf litter . Deep burrowing forms tend to be larger ( like the giant megascolecids of Australia and the giant microchaetids of South Africa . Some species seldom , if ever , come to the surface and these may have chaetae dispersed evenly all the way around the circumference of their bodies , allowing them to grip their burrows well . Lumbricus terrestris is quite a large earthworm ( up to 20 to 30 cm long ) and can burrow quite deep ( down to one metre ) but returns to the surface at night to mate and to find leafs or other rotting organic matter to pull down into its burrow to feed on during the day ( hence the English name of nightcrawler ) . Climbing On slippery surfaces the chaetae may not grip well and peristaltic locomotion would see the worm slipping backwards and not moving very far ! To overcome this , earthworms can arch their bodies and form their anterior ends into suckers which they use to pull themselves along . In this way they are quite capable of climbing out of glass beakers ! Other earthworms besides Lumbricus Although all segmented earthworms use a similar system of locomotion , there are differences in the structures involved . The septum of the Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma may contain as many as 68 perforations ( 68 foramina , compared to one foramen in Lumbricus terrestris ) each regulated by its own sphincter muscle . It would be interesting to know if there are any mechanical reasons behind such differences . Click a link below to learn more about earthworm biology : Structure of the body wall and respiration Movement , support and locomotion Circulatory system Nervous and sensory systems Nutrition Reproduction and development Ecology | [
"Earthworms",
"Locomotion",
"coelomic liquid"
] |
http://cropnutrient.ruralliquidfertilisers.com/ | Crop Nutrients Learn about the 12 essential plant nutrients and their roles in plant health . All crops must have an adequate supply of each of these 12 nutrients to produce optimum yields . In accordance with The Law of the Minimum , if one or more nutrients are lacking in the soil , crop yields will be reduced , even though an adequate amount of other elements is available . Crop Yields may be limited by the element that is in shortest supply , so it helps to understand the key nutrients that are needed to make your crop thrive . Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Sulphur Calcium Boron Manganese Iron Copper Zinc Molybdenum QUICK FACTS MORE DETAILS RLF PRODUCTS NITROGEN Nitrogen ( N ) is essential for plant growth and is part of every living cell . It plays many roles in plants and is necessary for chlorophyll synthesis . Plants take up most of their N as the ammonium ( NH4 + ) or nitrate ( No3 - ) ion . Some direct absorption of urea can occur through the leaves , and small amounts of N are obtained from materials such as water - soluble amino acids . Click image for larger view NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY GUIDES Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium Sulphur Boron Chloride Copper Iron Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Zinc | [
"Crop Nutrients",
"plant health",
"Crop Yields"
] |
http://cropwatch.unl.edu/wheat/water | Nebraska IANR Nebraska Extension CropWatch Irrigation , Water for Winter Wheat Irrigation , Water for Winter Wheat Since 2003 , Nebraska producers have grown approximately 1.75 million acres of winter wheat per year . Of this total , approximately 12 % or 209,000 acres were irrigated . Statewide irrigated wheat yields have averaged 63 bushels / acre , but yields of 120 bushels / acre are not uncommon , particularly in western Nebraska . Producing Irrigated Winter Wheat ( EC731 ) Provides production guidelines specific to growing irrigated winter wheat , from preparing the seedbed through harvest of the crop . Weekly water use from planting to harvest for irrigated winter wheat . Agricultural water users can optimize water use efficiency and protect the quality of water resources by applying basic information about irrigation systems , crop water use and management practices . Agricultural Irrigation Resources on Water . unl . edu Resources on Irrigation Operations & Management Resources for Center Pivot Irrigation Systems Resources on Furrow Irrigation Resources for Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems Resources on Water Quality Agricultural Water Management Demonstration Network ( NAWMDN ) | [
"Irrigation",
"Winter Wheat",
"Nebraska producers"
] |
http://crossatlanta.com/ | PLAN A VISIT Player error The player is having trouble Well have it back up and running as soon as possible FIND LIFE Hi and welcome to our site Thanks for taking a moment to find out more about our Cross Church family Our passion is to help you FIND LIFE as you CROSS from your past or your pain into your Godgiven purpose Wed love to meet you and hear about your story Hope to see you soon LEARN MORE We Love Kids As parents you can breathe easy knowing your kids are safe and secure while having fun meeting new friends and discovering more about Gods Word Your child will have a blast in Cross Kids and it will be the best hour of his or her week SPANISH INTERPRETATION AVAILABLE DURING OUR 1100AM SERVICE GET DIRECTIONS SUNDAYS 900AM 1100AM FACEBOOKCOMCROSSATLANTA WATCH LIVE CHECK OUT AND REGISTER FOR WHATS HAPPENING NEXT AT CROSS LEARN MORE LEARN MORE COMMUNITY WE LOVE CROSS BECAUSE Player error The player is having trouble Well have it back up and running as soon as possible Player error The player is having trouble Well have it back up and running as soon as possible YOU DONT HAVE TO SAY GOODBYE ANYMORE Download the Cross Church app for instant inspiration Who We Are Leadership Values and Beliefs Worship MINISTRIES Cross Kids Students Next Steps Life Groups Outreach MEDIA Message Annual Report Building Campaign Messages Plan a Visit Events Contact 2850 Old Atlanta Rd Cumming GA 30041 404 5486329 Cross Church Copyright 2018 Photo Cred Craig Obrist Photography | [
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] |
http://crossculturalendocrinology.blogspot.com/2011/02/how-far-can-flea-jump-should-medical.html | International Medicine Thursday , 10 February 2011 How far can a Flea Jump . Should a Medical Doctor Know the answer ? Fleas can jump two hundred times the length of their own bodies , which is roughly about thirteen inches . If a grown man could jump 200 times the length of their own bodies , they could jump about 900 feet ! Thirteen inches works out to be about 33 cm . let us say 35 cm . Why is a doctor interested in this spectacular feat of a Flea ? Go back a few years , this medical student from Australia assigned to the Cardiology team at Brompton Hospital in London , listening carefully to the Consultant Cardiologist . Among the many things , he learned , was that one has to be able to guess correctly within a point the Hemoglobin level , i.e. whether the patient is anemic or not . The secondly , one of the conferences at the hospital , famous for its wit , forced subdued nature and erudite professors hard of hearing ( Dr Simon , the radiologist was a show in himself ! History Early stethoscopes . The stethoscope was invented in France in 1816 by René Laennec at the Necker - Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris . It consisted of a wooden tube and was monaural . His device was similar to the common ear trumpet , a historical form of hearing aid ; indeed , his invention was almost indistinguishable in structure and function from the trumpet , which was commonly called a " microphone " . In 1851 , Arthur Leared invented a binaural stethoscope , and in 1852 George Cammann perfected the design of the instrument for commercial production , which has become Rappaport and Sprague designed a new stethoscope in the 1940s , which became the standard by which other stethoscopes are measured , consisting of two sides , one of which is used for the respiratory system , the other is used for the cardiovascular system . The Rappaport - Sprague was later made by Hewlett - Packard . HP ' s medical products division was spun off as part of Agilent Technologies , Inc . , where it became Agilent Healthcare . Agilent Healthcare was purchased by Philips which became Philips Medical Systems , before the walnut - boxed , Several other minor refinements were made to stethoscopes , until in the early 1960s Dr . David Littmann , a Harvard Medical School professor , created a new stethoscope that was lighter than previous models and had improved acoustics . In the late 1970s , 3M - Littmann introduced the tunable diaphragm : a very hard ( G - 10 ) glass - epoxy resin diaphragm member with an overmolded silicone flexible acoustic surround which permitted increased excursion of the diaphragm member in a " z " - axis with respect to the plane of the sound collecting area . In 1999 , Richard Deslauriers patented the first external noise reducing stethoscope , the DRG Puretone . It featured two parallel lumens containing two steel coils which dissipated infiltrating noise as inaudible heat energy . The steel coil " insulation " added .30 lb to each stethoscope . In 2005 , DRG ' s diagnostics division was acquired by TRIMLINE Medical Products . As you can see from the photograph , I have my own version of the Noise Reduction technology : the ancient form of beading , this one done by a member of the Hocank Tribe of Indians of Nebraska ! ( For lovers of History of Medicine , what other Medical phenomena are associated with the illustrious dr Laennec associated with ? ) I still treasure the headpiece of my first ever stethoscope , which was a Sprague Rappaport Original . Nowadays you can find Chinese knockouts of the SR model but you can tell their fake origins by the long tubes , much longer than the flight of a flea ! Cambridge University scientists have solved the mystery of how fleas jump so far and so fast . It was known that the energy to catapult a flea over a distance up to 200 times its body length lay in a spring - like structure in its body . But scientists did not understand how they transferred this energy to the ground in order to jump . High - speed footage now reveals that the secret lies in the way fleas use their hind legs as multi - jointed levers . This " lever - effect " allows fleas to drive their feet onto the ground , and the sudden release of the " coiled spring " hurls the insect forwards and upwards , scientists report in the Journal of Experimental Biology . Jumping controversy Half a century ago two groups of researchers first discovered that the energy for the insects ' jumping ability was contained in an internal spring , rather than in the fleas ' miniature muscles . Spines on the back of the flea ' s hind leg grip the ground for " take - off " Thus the Cambridge University scientists have added to the ontology of our medical knowledge ! Thank you … I am grateful . This piece is dedicated to two future Jewish professionals , whose name in Hebrew mean : 1 . Requested of God 2 . Delicate Newer Post Older Post Home | [
"INTERNATIONAL MEDICINE",
"Fleas",
"Hemoglobin level"
] |
http://crossesenglishclass.blogspot.com/2015/05/ol-higue-by-mark-mcwatt.html | English Sunday 3 May 2015 Ol Higue by Mark McWatt Ol Higue by Mark McWatt Ol Higue is a poem in the form of a dramatic monologue which is the type of poem that contains features of both lyric dramatic poetry Lyric single speakerpersona who comments on personal feeling and experiences in first person Dramatic poem persona in dramatic situation interacting with someone who does NOT speak The speaker is a mythical creature who is addressing the readers including mothers There are 3 sections 1 Written in free verse pleading for sympathy because all of the indignity and suffering the Ol Higue goes through Example lines 15 You think I like this stupidness gallivanting all night without my skin burning myself out like a canefire to frighten the foolish And for what a few drops of baby blood 2 She complains that she is victim of her own impulses and fears Example lines 1217 If only babies didnt smell so nice And if I could only stop hearing the soft soft call of that pure blood running in new veins singing the sweet song of life tempting an old dryup woman 3 She argues that she serves as a scapegoat taking blame for infant tragedies Example lines 2025 Then again if I didnt fly and come to that fresh pulse in the middle of the night how would you mother name your ancient dread And who to blame for the murder inside your head Title A superstition in Guyana Caribbean that an old woman called Ol Higue or Soucoyant in Trinidad strips off her skin late at night turns herself into a terrifying ball of fire and flies into houses with babies and sucks their blood The only way to kill her is by rubbing salt into her skin which pains or kills her scattering rice grains at windows or doors forces her to remain their counting the grains until sun rise catches her without her skin Interpretation The poem takes the reader into the world of supernatural presenting Ol Higue as a realistic complaining old woman It is not until the final section that the poet has her arguing the case that mythical creatures such as Ol Higue are necessary to help people deal with terrible misfortunes Lines 2425 who to hold responsible A In the mothers mind for the death of a baby and also perhaps B For the deadly grief suffered by a stricken babys mother Line 26 this particularly short line introduces the crucial last 2 lines has 10 syllables with iambic rhythm and contrasting end words It suggests that even if we dont believe all mythical information in the last two sections the last section is credible Line 27 there are one of just a few dialect expressions used in the poem this particular example is found chiefly in Guyana and the Southern Caribbean Line 28 The Ol Higue feels that she deserves pity given that what shes supposedly enduring the temptation she can not supposedly resist but mainly in reality because people will always need someone to blame for the misfortune of babies All information below is from httppaynterliteratureweeblycomolhiguehtml LITERARY DEVICES SIMILE Canefire has a very distinct quality It burns very quickly and its presence is felt through its pungent smell Therefore when the Ol Higue compares herself to cane fire in her fireball state it implies that she uses a lot of energy quickly and is very visible RHETORICAL QUESTION Stanza 1line 4 This rhetorical question highlights the scant regard that the Higue has for the average person She is thoroughly annoyed that she has to literally waste her energy on them Stanza 1 line 5 This highlights the fact that again she is annoyed that she has to expend so much energy to obtain a few drops of baby blood Stanza 1 lines 68 The Ol Higue is emphasizing the fact that regular people ingest blood too just in a more palatable manner She would not mind if she could ingest it in the same manner as well Stanza 3 lines 2223 At this point the Ol Higue is making excuses for her presence claiming that she serves an actual purpose in the scheme of life If a child dies of unknown causes she can be scapegoated for it Stanza 3 lines 2425 The murder inside your head refers to the moments when out of pure frustration and tiredness a mother might wish ill on her child The Ol Higue is implying that again she can be used as a scapegoat if something unfortunate happens to the child The mother is relieved of bearing the burden of guilt REPETITION The repetition of the word soft emphasizes the fact that the call of the childs blood has captured and beguiled the Ol Higue She implies that she can not resist that call ALLITERATION This device emphasizes the Ol Higues dependence even addiction to the sweet blood of the baby IMPORTANT WORDS PHRASES 5 stupidness This is a distinctly Caribbean phrase that highlights frustration or scorn Therefore it highlights the Ol Higues frustration with her lack of self control 6 gallivanting This term refers to some one playing around having fun The Ol Higue is being sarcastic at this point She is expressing displeasure at having to fly around to seek prey 7 pure blood running in new veins Babies are often associated with purity this is what is emphasized here The Ol Higue simply can not resist the lure of new and pure blood 8 holding her final note for years and years afraid of the dying hum This tells us that the OlHigue has been living this desperate existence for a long time It also implies that she will keep hanging on despite her frustration The final line confirms this point As long as it have women giving birth a poor Ol Higue like me can never dead MOOD ATMOSPHERE The mood of the poem is reflective TONE The tone o f the poem is slightly bitter and resigned She accepts that the cycle of her life can not change Posted by janna lue at 1224 Email This BlogThis 27 comments Shatta Angel said VERY GREAT THIS IS A GREAT HELP TO MY SBA 15 October 2015 at 1826 ken ken OG said this is very helpful and clear applause 17 November 2015 at 1554 Anonymous said This is really great It helps my daughter 29 November 2015 at 1014 Dj Lowe said Why does the ol higue continue to do what she does 21 January 2016 at 1431 Unknown said Because shes afraid to die 24 January 2016 at 1821 Nessa said Very helpful for my homework 21 February 2016 at 0444 Anzel said this really helped me to do my Power Point thanks 29 February 2016 at 1914 Tanisha Jaipaul said This helps a lot 20 April 2016 at 1350 Reanika Anodized said Thank you this was really helpful I appreciate it 2 June 2016 at 0646 Tryc Lord said Because she needs to survive 11 September 2016 at 2106 Tryc Lord said Because she needs to survive 11 September 2016 at 2106 Tryc Lord said Because she needs to survive 11 September 2016 at 2106 Anonymous said Commendable analysis great job 14 September 2016 at 0537 Raneil Taylor said Thanks so much 25 September 2016 at 1511 Raneil Taylor said Thanks so much 25 September 2016 at 1513 shania said so helpful 19 January 2017 at 1349 Anonymous said tanx 4 dis i relle lyk it n et rellle hellp mi in my powapoyint tanc god 4 dis wibsyte but y she doh dye 7 May 2017 at 1032 Unknown said What is the choice of speaker is effective in expressing the tone and mood of the poem 24 May 2017 at 1427 Solange Charles said Choice of speaker shows the reader her challenges from her own point of view The reader can sympathize what she is going through and comprehend her battle with temptation This is why choice of speaker is effective 28 June 2017 at 0337 Anonymous said For true Me too 13 September 2017 at 2141 Anonymous said What does grammar adds to the tone of the poem 13 September 2017 at 2142 Anonymous said Ask yuh modda 9 May 2018 at 1428 Anonymous said So this poem doess show resistance rightebecause i was given a CXC question which said to select 2 poems which gives the idea of resistance 15 May 2018 at 0917 Rachana Moonsammy said This comment has been removed by the author 15 May 2018 at 0918 Jordana said This has helped me soooo much with my homework Really really great work 31 May 2018 at 1746 Unknown said Thanks very much this is so clear that it can not go much clearer than thisoh what type of relationship is portrayed in this poem 28 August 2018 at 1624 Unknown said Thanks much I think this will help me a lot in class 30 September 2018 at 2013 Older Post Subscribe to Post Comments Atom CXC Literature help janna lue View my complete profile Blog Archive | [
"Mark McWatt",
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] |
http://crossfitimpulse.com/rhabdo-and-crossfit/ | Rhabdo and CrossFit Why Should I Care About Rhabdo ? Because it can kill you . Rhabdomyolysis ( rhabdo ) is a rare but serious health condition sometimes caused by working out at very high intensity . CrossFit workouts , just like all high intensity workouts , have the potential to cause rhabdo under the right circumstances . Rhabdo is very , very rare . You ’ re more likely to spot a Bigfoot playing cards with Elvis than to ever cross paths with rhabdo . But even though it ’ s very rare , it ’ s also very serious . So reading this article is an important step towards keeping you safe while still experiencing all the great If you feel terrible after a workout , then the next day extreme swelling and soreness starts , and then you start peeing brown urine — you have rhabdo . Go to the ER immediately . This is no joke . It can be fatal if not treated . Rhabdo happens when your muscles break down to the point that muscle tissue enters your bloodstream . Your kidneys ca n ’ t handle this . They freak out and eventually shut down . This is how rhabdo can be fatal — kidney failure . The most important thing you can If you experience dark urine after a grueling workout , then go to the ER immediately . Brown Urine is a Symptom of Rhabdo What are the Symptoms of Rhabdo ? extreme muscle pain and soreness swelling difficulty moving the affected muscles weakness in the affected muscles dark urine ( brown , cola - colored ) Dude , I get extreme soreness and muscle pain after every workout … I understand , believe me . Some muscle soreness is simply a part of exercise . But if you have rhabdo , the soreness will reach a whole new level . You ’ ll be almost unable to move the affected area , and you ’ ll feel like you got hit by a truck . But yes , we ’ re all a little sore after most workouts . That ’ s not rhabdo . Be on the lookout for dark urine . That ’ s the tell - tale sign you actually have rhabdo , and not the What type of workouts cause rhabdo ? Using light loads for many , many repetitions in a long workout is the usual culprit . Performing many reps of one movement in a row without changing movements or resting can also be a factor . However , heavy lifting generally does not cause rhabdo . Lifting heavy loads forces you to stop before severe muscle breakdown occurs . For example : performing 5 sets of 5 squats at a heavy load is not a workout that carries a rhabdo risk . However , performing 1 set of 100 squats as quickly as possible with a light load would carry a rhabdo risk . Who generally gets rhabdo ? Not many people at all . Rhabdo is very rare . It ’ s like the opposite of winning the lottery . It ’ s highly unlikely , but if it does happen , the consequences are severe . Classic literature often tells us that men have higher risk of rhabdo than women . While this is historically true , I think this may be rooted in past social norms , and not biology . As CrossFit continues to build strong , determined women , they too need to be cognizant of rhabdo . Next , rhabdo usually strikes someone What movements cause rhabdo ? Well , there ’ s no magic movement that always causes rhabdo . But some movements are higher risk than others when performed by new athletes or when performed to excess repetition . These are usually movements with a demanding eccentric motion . Stay with me . This really is n ’ t too complicated . Most movements have two parts : an eccentric part and a concentric part . Eccentric means that muscles are stretched under load . As you lower into the bottom of a squat , you are performing the eccentric portion of the squat . Your hamstrings are lengthening under load . Concentric means that muscles contract under load . As you drive out of the bottom of the squat you are performing the concentric portion . After being stretched , your hamstrings are now contracting and driving the load upwards . Eccentric motion is very demanding on muscles . Stretching muscles under a load with lots of repetition can cause the muscle breakdown Below is a case study that can help us learn about rhabdo . In January 2011 the University of Iowa football team returned to training from a three week winter break . On Thursday about 85 players performed a workout that involved 100 back squats at 50 % of 1 - rep max followed by a series of sled pushes , all done as quickly as possible . This same workout had been performed by the team in previous years with no ill - effects – once during late spring training and once during the fall after a one - week break . Later Thursday evening many of the players felt extreme soreness Warning Sign : Athletic , strong , mentally - determined men who just took three weeks off from training Warning Sign : Light load performed for high repetitions ( 100 squats at 50 % 1RM ) : Team atmosphere where each player would push himself to his limits Let ’ s also look at some of the details of how the situation unfolded : Delayed onset : Players experienced extreme soreness the same night of the workout , but many did not realize hospitalization was necessary until four days later . You can have rhabdo and still workout : Many players performed more workouts between the rhabdo - inducing workout on Thursday and hospitalization on Monday . Stretching and calisthenics were the last straw : Rhabdo often is not fully realized until immediate swelling subsides and myoglobin from the affected muscles begins to flood the blood stream . Stretching can make this release of myoglobin even worse . Many of the players were not hospitalized until after the light workout on Monday that involved stretching . How do my coaches at CrossFit Impulse help me prevent rhabdo ? First , they provide you a program that limits the risk of rhabdo . Every workout we perform has been evaluated for rhabdo risk . Next , they know how to identify at - risk athletes and prevent rhabdo before the workout begins . Scaling workouts to your ability level is also important in preventing rhabdo . Your coaches will provide you several suggested scaled versions of the workout and help you select one that is right for you . Your coaches may modify the workout on the fly or simply tell you to stop working if your movement patterns What should I do to prevent rhabdo ? Gradually build up volume and intensity in your workouts , especially after a long break from exercise . Your first workout after a break in training should get your heart rate up and allow you to do some work , but it should n ’ t be crushing . You should leave the gym feeling better than when you arrived . Note that there is a time and a place for workouts that push your limits . Your first day back after a cruise to the Bahamas is not that time and place . Even if you have been exercising regularly , jumping to a much higher intensity too suddenly can be dangerous . This does n ’ t mean that you should not work out at high intensity . This means that you should ramp up your intensity slowly , over several weeks or even months . Do n ’ t fear putting weight on the bar . Lifting heavy weight forces you to stop and prevents rhabdo . Rhabdo comes from performing way too many reps at a light to medium load . Listen to your coach . Your coach is your co - pilot for training . When you press the gas pedal to the floor with reckless abandon , your coach is there to prevent a catastrophic crash . He ca n ’ t ultimately control the vehicle . You ’ re the pilot . But he will exert as much influence as you will allow , so trust him and allow him to guide you . Give your coach information . Your coach does n ’ t live in your shirt pocket . He does n ’ t know that you drank a thimble of water over the past two days and ran a half - marathon for fun after yesterday ’ s deadlifts . Be honest with your coach about how you feel that day . You ’ ll get thoughtful concern in return — not scolding — I promise . Hydrate before , during , and after your workout . Does that mean you should visit the water fountain during short metcons ? Sometimes . If you hydrate adequately before your workout , then you probably do n ’ t have to visit the water fountain during a 10 - minute effort . If you did n ’ t hydrate well prior to beginning your workout , then you should indeed visit the water fountain as much as needed . But this is n ’ t always necessary if you drink water throughout the day . For a 20 - minute workout or more , get some water during strategic rest breaks . And after the workout is over , drink copious amounts of Even if you and your coach does everything right , sometimes the perfect storm of circumstances can conspire against you . That ’ s why it ’ s important that you know the warning signs , symptoms , and what to do if you think you have rhabdo . What should I do if I think I have rhabdo ? Start drinking water and go to an emergency room – immediately . Rhabdo can be fatal . This is very simple : If you have dark urine then go to the ER , because if you do n ’ t then you could die . I ’ m not trying to be dramatic . I ’ m just being blunt . I have rhabdo . What now ? The fact you ’ re able to ask that question is a good sign . It means you ’ ve identified your condition , and presumably have sought help from a hospital . The good news is that almost all rhabdo victims that seek treatment make a 100 % recovery . You ’ ll be in the hospital a few days sucking down fluids while your kidneys flush the toxins . After that you ’ ll get released and take a little break from working out . After your doctor clears you , then you can start working out again Well now I ’ m scared of stepping into the gym and doing anything … Is it possible for us to be part of a horrible car accident that puts us in the hospital ? Absolutely . Every day we drive , we take that risk . But we all drive . Because we know that if we do our part to keep ourselves safe , and we work with others who have our safety in mind , then we can avoid most catastrophic crashes . So we drive and we usually avoid calamity . Such is the case with exercise and rhabdo . Rhabdo is extremely rare . Yes , if we get behind Monday 18 February Tuesday 19 February | [
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http://crossfitkaiju.com/ | Call Today 980 9990235 What is Crossfit Anyone can do it What is CrossFit all about how it works and what to expect in a typical class Learn the truth about some common myths New ReBoot Class ease back into fitness Nervous about CrossFit being for you but want to get back in shape ReBoot is you answer to ease into fitness worryfree Call Today For A Free Introductory Class See what CrossFit is all about checkout our facility try a workout and start the process of reaching your fitness goals Workout of the Day WOD 05 JAN Saturday January 5 2019 Posted by Allen Watts CrossFit 04 JAN Friday January 4 2019 Posted by Allen Watts CrossFit 03 JAN Thursday January 3 2019 Posted by Allen Watts CrossFit Testimonials CrossFit Kaiju is a great gym with new top of the line equipment and great programming from the coaches It has a very friendly environment that was welcoming to a new face After doing CrossFit for the past 4 years I love the fact that I can find a gym that has solid programming that is still getting me stronger I would highly recommend this gym to anyone searching in the CharlotteMatthews area Zach S CrossFit Kaiju who we are What can you expect from one of the newest CrossFit gyms in the CrossFit Charlotte and CrossFit Matthews communities A stateoftheart 6000 sq ft facility All new equipment Brand new spacious restrooms with showers and lockers An experienced and knowledgeable coaching staff with the proven ability to challenge motivate and work well with others A program balanced in mobility stamina and strength to effectively get you in the shape you want Wed love to hear from you Shoot us an email give us a call or even better drop by and see us Youll be glad you did Coachs Blog Nutrition 101 Where to start December 18 2018 September 19th September 19 2018 | [
"CrossFit Kaiju"
] |
http://crossingcolorado.com/2015/12/14/can-you-lose-weight-eating-nothing-but-progresso-soup/ | Glorious Food Can You Lose Weight Eating Nothing But Progresso Soup ? December 14 , 2015 Michael Brockbank 1 Comment eating habits health benefits healthy eating losing weight progresso soups sodium Anyone who knows me understands my attraction for Progresso soup . Eating a can of this per day last year helped me curb my eating habits and avoid fast - food and other questionable materials . However , there is a dark side to the can - of - wonder . It could be harmful if you eat nothing but Progresso soups day in and day out – unless you closely monitor your intake . Let me show you what I mean . Health Benefits Galore for Progresso Soup Even though it ’ s more expensive per can as opposed to Chef Boyardee , Progresso soups do have a significant amount of health benefits . For starters , it ’ s usually half of the calorie intake as those other canned pastas . This breaks my heart a bit because I love Chef Boyardee . But , the health benefits just are n ’ t there unless I eat a single serving from the can of something like Ravioli . However , a half can of Chef Boyardee is often the calories equivalent as a whole can of Progresso with fewer vitamins . Calorie Count Progresso often has fewer calories than many competitors . Thanks to a blend of herbs and seasonings , the company manages to make virtually anything taste good – at least in my opinion . For example , an entire can of Creamy Tomato with Penne is only 170 per serving . When you take into consideration the noodles and “ creamy ” parts are what increase the calorie load , 340 for the entire can is n ’ t all that bad . This is one of the more rich soups I eat . Others such as Traditional Chicken Noodle have as little as 100 per serving , or 200 per can . You can also pick up the “ light ” versions of the Progresso soup , which usually has half the calories . These are n ’ t too bad in terms of taste , but they are mostly water in many cases . Vitamins and Minerals While it depends on which can you eat , Progresso can contribute a great deal to your overall health in terms of vitamins and minerals . Most flavors are pretty decent about including things that boost vitamin A , calcium and iron . The Traditional Beef and Vegetable soup provides a decent serving of proteins as well as iron . As long as you ’ re not adverse to vegetables , you can get quite a bit of what you need with every lunch . Low Fat Many styles of Progresso soup provide a low - fat diet . With the exception of things such as the Creamy Tomato with Penne and other pastas , the fat content of these soups is relatively low . Again , this all depends on the flavors you choose to eat . I have an affinity for pastas and tomatoes , so I tend to eat more fats and calories than what the other flavors have . The Dark Side of Progresso Soup Progresso soups do have a dark side . Although there is an abundance of health benefits , there is also an abundance of sodium . Many of the cans have more than 600mg per serving . Now , this does n ’ t sound all that bad considering that people should consume less than 2500mg per day . If I eat the whole can of Creamy Tomato with Penne soup , I will raise my daily level by 1380mg in a single meal ! That does n ’ t include breakfast , dinner or any snacks I might want throughout the day . Keep in mind that salt is not the only thing that can increase your sodium level . What Does Sodium Do to You ? Sodium is one of those components you need but can be dangerous in excess . By holding onto the water you consume , it helps regulate the volume of blood in your body . This is why too much sodium can be bad . More blood equals greater pressure . Greater pressure can feed into heart disease and other cardiovascular problems . Sodium levels can play a role in hyper - tension as well . There are several ways you can reduce the sodium use within the body without medications . The easiest is to closely monitor what you eat . This is n ’ t some “ old people ” problem as high - blood pressure has been discovered in obese children and poorly nourished teenagers . Using Progresso to Promote a Healthy Lifestyle I was able to lose weight eating Progresso soup because of how I approached my eating habits . Yes , I did consume a large amount of sodium during lunch . However , that was offset by eating logical breakfasts and dinners . For example , the sodium content of a properly prepared chicken salad with spinach has a considerable less amount of sodium content than one of my favorite brands of soup . Another aspect to eating soup to lose weight is the amount of time it stays in the system . Foods that are more based in water content take less time to digest and are quicker to absorb . It also means it will help keep your bowel movements regulated . It is possible to lose weight and remain healthy by eating Progresso soup at lunch and dinner . However , you ’ ll need to pay close attention to what you consume the rest of the day . Here are some of the ways I balanced out my intake when I was losing 15 pounds per month : Balanced the sodium intake by eating more salads Bought a few Progresso “ Low sodium ” brands of soup Bought some Progresso “ Light ” brands of soup – although they ’ re mostly water , they ’ re still tasty Added more fruits throughout the day to fill me up Drank more water to fill me up Do n ’ t get me wrong , I ’ m not saying that Progresso soups are bad by any means . In fact , it ’ s the exact opposite . As long as you can maintain your sodium levels , these can be one of those perfect lunchtime meals . Just remember to mix up your day with more foods that are lower in sodium . Losing Weight with Progresso I ’ ve lost a considerable amount of weight simply by altering my eating habits and sticking to logical portion sizes . Eating a single can of Progresso helped me steer clear of the incredible amount of calories and fats I was consuming from places like Taco Bell . If you ’ re going to focus on a Progresso diet , just makes sure you watch yourself the rest of the day . It does n ’ t do any good to eat a can of Beef Barley for lunch only to finish off a package of cupcakes for dinner . Sources : http : / / www . fda . gov / Food / ResourcesForYou / Consumers / ucm315393 . htm http : / / www . webmd . com / hypertension - high - blood - pressure / guide / hypertension - in - children ( Visited 8,844 times , 3 visits today ) Like this : Loading . . . Share the knowledge ! Tweet Share Share 3 Total Shares | [
"Progresso Soup",
"Lose Weight",
"boost vitamin A"
] |
http://crosstownfitness.com/ | Personal Training 1 on 1 Our elite team of personal trainers provide personalized sessions for those who prefer a oneoneone training option Each trainer focuses on proper form movement and programming customized to each clients current level and goals to ensure real longlasting results weekly group classes Train in an energizing motivating environment with our team of experienced trainers who lead 50minute highintensity interval training classes that target the whole body Each workout is scalable to all fitness levels setting everyone up for success and helping all feel comfortable Join Us Today Our community of elite trainers encouraging staff and motivated members create an inspiring and energetic fitness environment Start today for an unparalleled membership experience We have three separate gyms in Chicago for your convenience 3 Chicago Land Locations Cardio Mobility Strength Over 500000 Workouts Completed Over 2500000 Calories Burned GYMS in chicago chicagos Largest offering of Group Fitness Classes Personal Training Each class has been strategically designed by some of the top trainers in the industry At CrossTown Fitness we are continually developing the best workouts that bring results through advanced research and experience Our resultsdriven trainers create body and mind plans impeccably designed to help you attain your goals We work in unity with each member to deliver an approach that empowers you to maintain your optimum fitness level and lifestyle CrossTown Fitness is where qualified personal trainers and innovative classes come together with inspired design and our gyms in Chicago have cuttingedge amenities to ensure an encouraging environment for our members regardless of their fitness level Experience our ultimate HIIT workouts that are challenging intense and proven to torch fat while ramping up your metabolism and energy level What our members are saying about us Great staff on a holiday weekend I really liked the hip mobility class too 1219 by SR Locations Northside 3600 N Halsted St Chicago IL 60613 3125509923 Hours MOTH 5AM 1PM 4PM830PM FR 5AM 1PM 4PM 630PM SASU 800AM 100PM Roscoe Village 3406 N Lincoln Ave Chicago IL 60657 7736616953 Hours MOTH 5AM 1PM 4PM830PM FR 5AM 1PM 4PM 630PM SASU 800AM 100PM West Loop 1031 West Madison St Chicago IL 60607 3125501063 Hours MOTH 5AM 1PM 4PM830PM FR 5AM 1PM 4PM 630PM SASU 800AM 100PM | [
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http://crosswordheaven.com/clues/peter-pan-dog | Home Clue Search Word Search Submit New Clue Support the Site Links Contact Clue : " Peter Pan " dog We have 4 answers for the clue " Peter Pan " dog . See the results below . Possible Answers : NANA NANA Related Clues : Zola novel Zola courtesan Grandmother , affectionately Baby caretaker 1880 literary heroine Grandmother Zola heroine Zola ' s streetwalker Grandma , affectionately Dog in " Peter Pan " Last Seen In : USA Today - April 02 , 2019 New York Times - February 06 , 2019 New York Times - October 17 , 2018 Netword - August 05 , 2018 King Syndicate - Eugene Sheffer - February 03 , 2018 King Syndicate - Eugene Sheffer - October 07 , 2017 King Syndicate - Eugene Sheffer - April 03 , 2017 Universal - January 10 , 2017 King Syndicate - Eugene Sheffer - December 26 , 2016 USA Today - December 09 , 2016 USA Today - November 10 , 2016 LA Times Sunday - March 15 , 2015 Washington Post - December 12 , 2014 New York Times - September 30 , 2014 USA Today - August 22 , 2014 New York Times - February 18 , 2014 King Syndicate - Eugene Sheffer - December 31 , 2012 King Syndicate - Eugene Sheffer - September 26 , 2012 Netword - July 19 , 2012 Netword - May 16 , 2012 Washington Post - November 22 , 2011 USA Today - February 25 , 2011 Netword - August 22 , 2010 Netword - April 29 , 2010 Universal - February 20 , 2010 Washington Post - December 25 , 2009 New York Times - November 25 , 2009 New York Times - June 23 , 2008 Netword - May 25 , 2008 LA Times - April 16 , 2008 New York Times - August 28 , 2007 Netword - August 16 , 2007 Universal - March 29 , 2007 USA Today - August 04 , 2006 New York Times - July 31 , 2006 Found an answer for the clue " Peter Pan " dog that we do n ' t have ? Then please submit it to us so we can make the clue database even better ! | [
"Peter Pan \" dog",
"Clue"
] |
http://crosswordheaven.com/clues/pueblo-people | Home Clue Search Word Search Submit New Clue Support the Site Links Contact Clue : Pueblo people We have 5 answers for the clue Pueblo people . See the results below . Possible Answers : HOPI ZUNI ZUNIS HOPIS TAOS Related Clues : Arizona native Mesa dweller Southwest Indian Pueblo dweller Pueblo dwellers Kachina doll carver Arizona Indian Pueblo Indian Kachina doll makers Shoshonean language Last Seen In : LA Times - July 16 , 2017 King Syndicate - Thomas Joseph - July 06 , 2017 USA Today - August 07 , 2014 King Syndicate - Premier Sunday - February 23 , 2014 New York Times - March 14 , 2013 Washington Post - July 16 , 2012 LA Times - March 30 , 2012 Netword - August 28 , 2011 LA Times - June 05 , 2011 Washington Post - April 29 , 2011 Wall Street Journal - October 15 , 2010 LA Times Sunday - October 25 , 2009 Universal - October 10 , 2009 Netword - June 14 , 2009 LA Times Sunday - November 30 , 2008 LA Times Sunday - September 14 , 2008 King Syndicate - Thomas Joseph - January 02 , 2006 King Syndicate - Thomas Joseph - March 03 , 2005 King Syndicate - Thomas Joseph - December 03 , 2004 Found an answer for the clue Pueblo people that we do n ' t have ? Then please submit it to us so we can make the clue database even better ! | [
"Pueblo people",
"Clue",
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] |
http://crosswordheaven.com/clues/send-to-the-canvas | Home Clue Search Word Search Submit New Clue Support the Site Links Contact Clue : Send to the canvas We have 2 answers for the clue Send to the canvas . See the results below . Possible Answers : KAYO DECK Related Clues : Lay flat Huge hit Big belt Wallop in the boxing ring Bout - ending slug Drop for the count Drop for a ten - count Put on the canvas Boxing win It ' s a bout done Last Seen In : Universal - April 09 , 2016 Universal - March 21 , 2015 LA Times - February 11 , 2015 Washington Post - October 16 , 2012 New York Times - June 26 , 2012 New York Times - May 24 , 2012 USA Today - February 25 , 2011 LA Times - March 12 , 2009 Universal - February 14 , 2007 LA Times - August 14 , 2006 New York Times - December 04 , 2000 New York Times - March 19 , 1998 Found an answer for the clue Send to the canvas that we do n ' t have ? Then please submit it to us so we can make the clue database even better ! | [
"Crossword",
"canvas",
"Clue"
] |
http://crosswordnexus.com/word/ATROPHY | Crossword Nexus ATROPHY Atrophy Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body . Causes of atrophy include mutations , poor nourishment , poor circulation , loss of hormonal support , loss of nerve supply to the target organ , excessive amount of apoptosis of cells , and disuse or lack of exercise or disease intrinsic to the tissue itself . Hormonal and nerve inputs that maintain an organ or body part are referred to as trophic 1 in medical practice . Trophic describes the trophic condition of tissue . A diminished muscular trophic is designated as atrophy The above text is a snippet from Wikipedia : Atrophy and as such is available under the Creative Commons Attribution / Share - Alike License atrophy Noun A reduction in the functionality of an organ caused by disease injury or lack of use Verb To wither or waste away To cause to waste away or become abortive ; to starve or weaken . The above text is a snippet from Wiktionary : atrophy and as such is available under the Creative Commons Attribution / Share - Alike License Need help with a clue ? Try your search in the crossword dictionary ! Book of the month Francis Heaney and Brendan Emmett Quigley , two of the best in the biz , have teamed up for Drunk Crosswords . Grab yourself a copy today ! Store Crosswords LA 2018 puzzles ! NEW ! Get a whole bunch of puzzles , pay what you want , and help charity . Mobile App We ' ve got an app , with versions for iPhone , iPod and ( finally ! ) Android . Snap a picture of the QR code above , or simply follow this link for more info . It ' s free , and the quickest way to get help for your crosswords on the go . Enjoy ! | [
"Atrophy",
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http://crosswordquizanswers.com/debussy-composition-crossword-clue/ | Debussy composition crossword clue Here you may find the possible answers for Debussy composition crossword clue This clue was last seen on Thomas Joseph Crossword October 26 2018 Answers Please take into consideration that similar crossword clues can have different answers so we highly recommend you to search our database of crossword clues as we have over 1 million clues Debussy composition POSSIBLE ANSWER LAMER Done with Debussy composition crossword clue Go back and see the other crossword clues for Thomas Crossword October 26 2018 Answers Post navigation Water whirls crossword clue Assess crossword clue | [
"Debussy composition crossword"
] |
http://crosswordquizanswers.com/printer-insert/ | Printer insert Below is the solution for Printer insert crossword clue This clue was last seen on Oct 28 2018 in the Newsday crossword puzzle While searching our database we found 1 possible solution matching the query Printer insert Please check the answer provided below and if its not what you are looking for then head over to the main post and use the search function You can always go back at Newsday Crossword Puzzles crossword puzzle and find the other solutions for todays crossword clues Printer insert crossword clue POSSIBLE ANSWER TRAY Post navigation Legal assistant informally And dont forget | [
"Crossword",
"Printer insert"
] |
http://crosswordtracker.com/clue/cantina-chip/ | Clue : Cantina chip Cantina chip is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 3 times . There are related clues ( shown below ) . Referring crossword puzzle answers NACHO Likely related crossword puzzle clues Sort A - Z Mexican snack Cheese type Tex - Mex snack Type of cheese Spanish snack Kind of cheese ___ cheese Mexican munchie Acapulco appetizer Chip choice Recent usage in crossword puzzles : Newsday - July 26 , 2015 New York Times - March 4 , 2013 Universal Crossword - Nov . 24 , 2007 | [
"Cantina chip",
"crossword puzzle"
] |
http://crosswordtracker.com/clue/fine-violin/ | Clue Fine violin Fine violin is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 13 times There are related clues shown below Referring crossword puzzle answers AMATI STRAD CREMONA Likely related crossword puzzle clues Italian city Valuable violin Fine fiddle Stradivaris teacher Instrument crafter of note City on the Po City in Italy Maker of precious violins Cremona craftsman Fiddle Recent usage in crossword puzzles Premier Sunday May 22 2016 Premier Sunday March 29 2009 New York Times Jan 21 1997 New York Times Oct 2 1995 New York Times March 12 1985 New York Times Feb 22 1985 New York Times April 9 1983 New York Times Oct 14 1981 New York Times April 15 1978 New York Times Sept 11 1977 New York Times Nov 8 1975 New York Times March 29 1975 New York Times Feb 17 1975 | [
"crossword puzzle",
"Fine violin"
] |
http://crosswordtracker.com/clue/land-on-lake-victoria/ | Clue : Land on Lake Victoria Land on Lake Victoria is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 10 times . There are related clues ( shown below ) . Referring crossword puzzle answers UGANDA Likely related crossword puzzle clues Sort A - Z African republic African nation African country Tanzania neighbor Landlocked African nation Neighbor of Sudan Sudan neighbor Landlocked African country Kenya neighbor African land Recent usage in crossword puzzles : Pat Sajak Code Letter - June 14 , 2017 Pat Sajak Code Letter - June 23 , 2016 USA Today - Dec . 29 , 2015 Pat Sajak Code Letter - Nov . 23 , 2015 USA Today - Dec . 25 , 2014 Universal Crossword - Nov . 26 , 2014 USA Today - May 26 , 2014 Newsday - June 16 , 2007 New York Times - Dec . 14 , 2006 New York Times - Dec . 1 , 1999 | [
"Land",
"Lake Victoria",
"puzzle"
] |
http://crosswordtracker.com/clue/nabob/ | Clue Nabob Nabob is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 12 times There are related clues shown below Referring crossword puzzle answers VIP MOGUL FATCAT BIGCHEESE BIGWIG BIGSHOT Likely related crossword puzzle clues Celebrity Cheese Head honcho Big shot Luminary Bigwig Top dog Big cheese Business bigwig VIP Recent usage in crossword puzzles Sheffer May 11 2017 Sheffer Nov 8 2013 New York Times March 10 2013 Pat Sajak Code Letter July 13 2012 New York Times Jan 10 2012 USA Today July 3 2010 Universal Crossword Feb 13 2006 Universal Crossword Dec 26 2000 New York Times July 10 1999 USA Today Archive Oct 3 1997 New York Times Sept 14 1987 New York Times Dec 15 1975 | [
"crossword puzzle"
] |
http://crosswordtracker.com/clue/nile-delta-city/ | Clue : Nile delta city Nile delta city is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 7 times . There are related clues ( shown below ) . Referring crossword puzzle answers Sort A - Z CAIRO ROSETTA TANTA ZAGAZIG Likely related crossword puzzle clues Sort A - Z Illinois city African capital Mideast capital Egypt ' s capital North African capital City on the Nile Capital on the Nile Nile city Where " Aida " premiered Africa ' s largest city Recent usage in crossword puzzles : Joseph - Sept . 22 , 2017 WSJ Daily - Aug . 19 , 2017 Joseph - Feb . 26 , 2015 Joseph - Aug . 13 , 2011 Universal Crossword - Oct . 15 , 2000 New York Times - April 8 , 1995 New York Times - Nov . 18 , 1990 | [
"Nile delta city"
] |
http://crosswordtracker.com/clue/shems-eldest-son/ | Clue Shems eldest son Shems eldest son is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 2 times There are related clues shown below Referring crossword puzzle answers ELAM Likely related crossword puzzle clues Biblical land Biblical kingdom Ancient kingdom Biblical country Oater actor Jack Actor Jack Jack of Rio Lobo Jack of old Westerns Jack of Westerns Jason who kicked a 63yard field goal with the Denver Broncos Recent usage in crossword puzzles New York Times March 7 2013 New York Times Jan 30 1997 | [
"ELAM"
] |
http://crosswordtracker.com/clue/spike-tvs-former-name/ | Clue : Spike TV ' s former name Spike TV ' s former name is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 4 times . There are related clues ( shown below ) . Referring crossword puzzle answers TNN Likely related crossword puzzle clues Sort A - Z Slew Basic cable channel Spike TV , formerly Cable network Cable inits . Spike TV , once Old cable inits . Old Opry network Spike , once Former Opry network Recent usage in crossword puzzles : New York Times - Dec . 4 , 2016 Washington Post - Aug . 31 , 2013 Washington Post - June 7 , 2008 New York Times - Feb . 27 , 2007 | [
"Spike TV 's former name",
"crossword puzzle",
"clue"
] |
http://crosswordtracker.com/clue/tokyos-former-name/ | Clue : Tokyo ' s former name Tokyo ' s former name is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted over 20 times . There are related clues ( shown below ) . Referring crossword puzzle answers EDO Likely related crossword puzzle clues Sort A - Z Tokyo , once Tokyo , formerly Tokyo ' s old name Nigerian native Old Tokyo Former name of Tokyo Japanese capital Nigerian people Old name for Tokyo Tokyo , long ago Recent usage in crossword puzzles : LA Times - Jan . 28 , 2019 LA Times - May 15 , 2018 Pat Sajak Code Letter - Oct . 4 , 2015 Pat Sajak Code Letter - June 1 , 2015 Pat Sajak Code Letter - June 3 , 2014 New York Times - April 16 , 2014 USA Today - April 5 , 2014 USA Today - Nov . 30 , 2013 LA Times - Feb . 4 , 2013 USA Today - Oct . 6 , 2012 Pat Sajak Code Letter - Sept . 23 , 2009 LA Times - Dec . 8 , 2008 Universal Crossword - March 7 , 2008 Universal Crossword - Nov . 13 , 2007 Newsday - Sept . 26 , 2007 Universal Crossword - Jan . 14 , 2007 USA Today - Aug . 3 , 2006 Universal Crossword - March 17 , 2006 Universal Crossword - Feb . 15 , 2006 Universal Crossword - Nov . 30 , 2005 View All | [
"Tokyo 's former name",
"crossword puzzle"
] |
http://crosswordtracker.com/clue/what-flows-in-greek-gods-veins/ | Clue : What flows in Greek gods ' veins What flows in Greek gods ' veins is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 3 times . There are related clues ( shown below ) . Referring crossword puzzle answers ICHOR Likely related crossword puzzle clues Sort A - Z Blood of the gods Mythical blood of the gods Blood of the gods , in Greek myth Greek god ' s blood Blood of the Greek gods Mythological blood Body fluid Venus ' s venous fluid Athena ' s blood Ethereal fluid Recent usage in crossword puzzles : Pat Sajak Code Letter - July 22 , 2015 USA Today - Jan . 21 , 2014 LA Times - Nov . 7 , 2007 | [
"ICHOR",
"crossword puzzle"
] |
http://crosswordtracker.com/clue/year-in-augustus-reign/ | Clue : Year in Augustus ' reign Year in Augustus ' reign is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 5 times . There are related clues ( shown below ) . Referring crossword puzzle answers ONEBC NINEBC Likely related crossword puzzle clues Sort A - Z End of an era ? Final non - A.D. year Last non - A.D. year Last year before the first century A.D . Millennium - ending year When Ovid ' s " Ars Amatoria " was written Year before A.D. began Prelude to a historic turning point When Ovid wrote " Ars Amatoria " Year in Augustus Caesar ' s reign Recent usage in crossword puzzles : Newsday - Sept . 27 , 2013 LA Times - Oct . 26 , 2012 LA Times - April 25 , 2010 LA Times - July 26 , 2009 LA Times - June 14 , 2009 | [
"crossword",
"puzzle clues"
] |
http://crowdexpert.com/crowdfunding-industry-statistics/ | Crowdfunding Industry Statistics 2015 2016 Whenever we come across some good investment crowdfunding industry statistics well add them to this page for easy reference Massolution Crowdfunding Industry 2015 Report Total Global Crowdfunding Industry estimated fundraising volume in 2015 34 Billion Breakdown P2P Lending 25B Reward and Donation Crowdfunding 55B Equity Crowdfunding 25B By RegionNorth America 172B Asia 1054B Europe 648B Oceania 686M South America 8574M Africa 2416M Note Including P2PMarketplace Lending as a form of crowdfunding really inflates these statistics as it consists of 71 of the total and most companies in the P2PMarketplace Lending space would not call themselves crowdfunding Though even without P2P included 10Billion is still an impressive figure Source MassolutionCrowdsourcingorg 2015CF Crowdfunding Industry Report URL httpreportscrowdsourcingorgindexphprouteproductproductproduct_id54 Date March 31 2015 Massolution Real Estate Crowdfunding Industry 2015 Report Real Estate Crowdfunding Set to Be 25 Billion Industry in 2015 Real estate crowdfunding grew 156 percent in 2014 just breaking the 1 billion mark with campaigns ranging in size from less than 100000 to over 25 million In 2014 North America stood as the largest region by funding volume at 56 percent market share compared with Europe at 42 percent By 2015 Massolution forecasts that North America will retain its lead reaching 14 billion in funding volume but Europe will have just broken the 1 billion threshold Overall real estate crowdfunding is expected to increase by 150 percent equaling 257 billion in 2015 making it one of the fastestgrowing industry segments of crowd capitalism This year US commercial and industrial property crowdfunding expects to see a 250 percent increase Growing investor interest in crowdfunding platforms is proving crowdfunding to be a legitimate source of funds as compared to traditional banking Source MassolutionCrowdsourcingorg 2015CF Real Estate Crowdfunding Industry Report URL httpreportscrowdsourcingorgrouteproductproductproduct_id52 Date March 03 2015 CrowdExpertcom Investment Crowdfunding Industry Size Estimate Investment Crowdfunding like any industry has a tendency to parade around exaggerated statistics Everyone likes a big number The two most popular Ive been seeing lately are an estimate from a Massolution study that pegs crowdfunding volume at 35 Billion globaly in 2015 and a World Bank commissioned study that hypothesizes that global crowdfunding could grow to 96 Billion by 2020The Massolution number includes PeertoPeerMarketplace lending in their aggregate figures which account for 25 billion of the 35 billion and the world bank number is a bestcasescenario argument showing what could happen if countries were to implement recommended policies We CrowdExpertcom CrowdExpertcom which maintains a database tracking activity across the top 35 investment crowdfunding platforms estimates US Investment Crowdfunding in startups volume at approximately 12 Billion in 2015 This only includes primary offerings non realestate or personal lending facilitated by online investment portals which use the new JOBS Act online fundraising rules CrowdExpertcom tracked an additional 900 Million in 2015 US Real Estate Crowdfunding activity These figures combine to a 21 Billion Estimated Total US Investment Crowdfunding Volume for 2015 We track US industry wide crowdfunding data by adding together all the offerings we see across major platforms in our index We saw about 2 Billion in US investment crowdfunding activity in 2015 approximately half of which was real estate and half of which was startups The vast majority of these investments are only available to accredited investors We dont include P2P Marketplace lending in our crowdfunding figures Were expecting 75100 growth in US equity crowdfunding volume of capital raised in 2016 approximately 35 to 4 billion The vast majority of that will still be from regulation D Rule 506 offerings only available to accredited investors but with a small but growing share coming from Regulation A offerings as several platforms scale up their process for bringing those offerings online Title III Regulation Crowdfunding will get a lot of press as interesting projects come online using the new rules but wont raise a large volume of capital in 2016 due to the 1 Million issuance limit David Pricco Editor CrowdExpertcom Source CrowdExpertcom 2015 Industry Statistics URL httpcrowdexpertcomcrowdfundingindustrystatistics Date February 29th 2016 PENSCO Crowdfunding Report 2015 Many IRA holders do not realize that in addition to traditional exchangetraded assets like stocks bonds and mutual funds they can also invest in assets that traditional financial institutions dont offer such as limited partnerships private equity and real estate The total assets in individual retirement accounts IRAs reached 73 trillion in 201416 and investments can be made from selfdirected IRAs through crowdfunding portals with alternative asset custodians Rule 506c offerings represent less than 10 of all 506 fundraising campaigns The observed median investment size of Rule 506c offerings is about 1000 Accredited investors benefit from Regulation D Reg D by the Securities and Exchange Commission SEC This establishes rules for entrepreneurs who want to raise capital without having to register with the SEC It saves considerable money and red tape and a portion of the Regulation Rule 506 allows for an unlimited amount of capital to be raised from accredited investors The combination of these benefits has made Rule 506 of Reg D the vehicle for the vast majority of private offerings in the United States American angels invested an estimated 248 billion in 2013 under this rule As of late 2013 Cambridge Associates data18 show outperformance for the US Private Equity Index over public equities in 1yr 5yr 10yr and 20yr periods Private equity investing represents a 426 billion market in the US The data show average gross company returns above 18 IRR in both Private Equity and Venture Capital investments for companies receiving investments in the last three years Major Trends in Crowdfunding Online platforms for accredited investors are fueling the continued growth in angel investing according to the Angel Capital Association Increased transparency by issuing companies should spur more equity offerings under Title II of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups JOBS Act according to Equity Round Crowdfunding is helping to fill the huge gap in funding for local businesses according to report participant Breakaway Funding Companies can use crowdfunding to access more investors with less administrative burden according to OneVest Sector Opportunities Small brands healthy snacks and ethnic foods are three key rising opportunities in the consumer and retail sectors for private equity investors according to CircleUp Real estate will continue to be a popular sector in 2015 for equity crowdfunding but the types of deals and investment vehicles will also expand rapidly according to Early Shares Deal quality is becoming increasingly important in the sports and entertainment sector as Internet platforms compete to build networks of investors says Alchemy Global Equity crowdfunding is bringing institutionalgrade transparency and broad access to real estate deals that historically were reserved for ultrahighnetworth investors according to Silver Portal Capital Tips for Investors Syndicators are driving interest in crowdfunding and offer investors lower minimums and a level of oversight but investors need to look beyond the funding velocity popularity contest to find quality healthcare deals according to HealthiosXchange When considering an equity stake in film and television projects investors should look for project slates verified investments lower minimums and metrics according to Indie CrowdFundercom Equity crowdfunding is one answer to the lessons of the global financial crisis which showed that most investors need a wider range of assets to hedge against market shocks according to SEEDCHANGE In real estate the market outlook remains solid and crowdfunding is increasing the use ofproject portfolios that allow accredited investors to test investment ideas and spread risk across multiple investments according to LendZoan By 2017 it is estimated that there will be more than 95 million highnetworth investors in the United States an increase of 68 from 2012 with the total wealth of this group increasing by 83 to just under 40 trillion Similarly the number of ultrahighnetworth investors those with net assets of 30 million or more is projected to increase by 677 to 396 trillion by 2017 Source 2015 PENSCO Crowdfunding Report URL httpinfopenscocom2015crowdfundingreport httpcdn2hubspotnethub343005file2612198431pdf2015Whitepaper_filesRetailPENSCO_2015CrowdfundingReport_0315pdf Date Mar 20 2015 Crowdnetic Investment Crowdfunding Industry Report Sept 2015 Crowdnetic has tracked 6063 Investment Crowdfunding private offerings which the JOBS Act Title II 506c rules which have combined recorded capital commitments RCC of approximately 8700 million in the two years between September 23rd 2013 when Title II rules went into effect and September 23 2015 the date of the report Source Crowdnetic Quarterly Industry Reports URL httpswwwcrowdwatchcohostedwwwdownloadreportreport_monthoct_2015 Date Sept 23rd 2015 SEC Study Unregistered Securities Capital Raising in the US 20092014 In 2014 there were 33429 Regulation D offerings reported on Form D filings accounting for more than 13 trillion raised Issuers in nonfinancial industries3 reported raising 133 billion during 2014 Among financial issuers hedge funds reported raising 388 billion and private equity funds 316 billion while financial issuers that are not pooled investment funds reported 375 billion Foreign issuers accounted for 20 of the total amount reported sold during 2014 Most foreign issuers are firms from Canada Cayman Islands and Israel Rule 506 accounts for 99 of the amounts reported sold through Regulation D including 97 of capital raised below the Rule 504 or Rule 505 offering limit thresholds suggesting that issuers continue to value the preemption of state securities laws provided for offerings conducted pursuant to Rule 506 Since the effectiveness of Rule 506c on September 23 2013 that eliminated the ban on general solicitation only a small proportion 2 33 billion of the capital raised in Regulation D offerings was raised in offerings conducted pursuant to Rule 506c Capital raised through Regulation D offerings continues to be positively correlated with public market performance suggesting that capital formation in the unregistered market is procyclical ie the strength of the unregistered market is closely tied to the health of the public market Consistent with the original intent of Regulation D to target the capital formation needs of small business the median offer size of nonfinancial issuers is less than 2 million Approximately 301000 investors participated in Regulation D offerings during 2014 A large majority of these investors participated in offerings by nonfinancial issuers Nonaccredited investors were present in only 10 Source Capital Raising in the US An Analysis of the Market for Unregistered Securities Offerings 20092014 URL httpswwwsecgovderastaffpaperswhitepapersunregisteredoffering102015pdf Date October 2015 SEC Study Capital Raising Through Regulation D through 2014 Total Amount raised via 506c Initial Offerings 20132014 152 Billion Total Amount raised via 506c Followon Offerings 20132014 84 Billion Total Amount raised via 506c combined 20132014 336 Billion Total Amount raised via 506b Initial Offerings 20132014 465 Billion Source Capital Raising Through Regulation D URL httpswwwsecgovinfosmallbussbforum112014ivanovpdf Date Aug 9 2015 Goldman Sachs Future of Finance Study 2015 Demographics impact on equity crowdfunding Studies show that Millennials are less invested in stocks compared to prior generations Millennials hold approximately 52 of their assets in cash and only 28 in stocks compared to nonMillennials who hold approximately 23 of their assets in cash and 46 in stocks However Millennials are more likely to participate in crowdfunding 47 of Millennial respondents have backed or are likely to back a crowdfunding campaign compared to 30 of GenXers 13 of Boomers and 4 of Matures On Demographic Preferences in Investing The nature of equity crowdfunding platforms could also appeal to Millennials who have a disproportionate desire for their investment decisions to reflect their social political and environment values According to a survey by US Trust Millennials are more likely to accept a lower return or a higher risk related to an investment if its in a company that has a positive impact on society and the environment while less likely to invest in a company that has a negative impact on society and the environment despite potentially large monetary returns Many crowdfunding platforms reflect various On Viral Growth Crowdfunding is inherently one of the most social categories of alternative financing with the benefit of viral growth for specific campaigns Groups of fans such as those that funded the Veronica Mars movie on Kickstarter with 57mn or early adopters such as those that funded Oculus Rifts first virtual reality headset with 24mn have an incentive to share the campaign across their social networks and encourage their friends to join the campaign Many campaigns can be easily shared owing to the nature of the campaigns story and to show the altruism of existing supporters Word of mouth On Network Effects Crowdfunding platforms benefit from strong network effects whereby the value of the platform is enhanced as both campaigns and funders grow The availability of campaigns drives potential funders to the platform seeking projects to back Funding a campaign in turn incentivizes backers to leverage their social networks to help projects meet their goal improving campaign success rate The more projects funded draw more entrepreneurs and other creators to start campaigns on the platform creating a virtuous cycle of growth on both sides of the marketplace Source Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research URL wwwplanetfintechcomfile167061 Date Mar 13 2015 Morgan Stanley Peer to Peer Marketplace Lending Report These days marketplace lending is a more fitting term for this evolving business The fastest growing marketplace platforms are not really peertopeer but institutional investors partnering with tech platforms to cherrypick borrowers often with offline marketing says Smittipon Srethapramote who covers the North American payments industry at Morgan Stanley In the US marketplace loan origination has doubled every year since 2010 to 12 billion in 2014 Meanwhile the trend is playing out globally notably in Australia China and the UK Alltold such lending could command 150 billion to 490 billion globally by 2020 So far marketplace lenders have focused on unsecured consumer credit with roughly 80 of loans used to consolidate debt and small business loanswith an estimated 100 billion in unmet demand solely in the US But dont be surprised to see these lenders make a play for the 12 trillion student loan market auto loans and even mortgages Its still more theoretical than proven says Srethapramote of a marketplace for mortgages but the value proposition makes sense to us Source Morgan Stanley Research Blue Paper Global Marketplace Lending Disruptive Innovation in Financials May 19 2015 URL httpwwwmorganstanleycomideasp2pmarketplacelending Date June 17 2015 Deal Index Democratizing Finance Report 2014 Total Equity Crowdfunding Volume North America 7875 million Europe 1775 million DealIndex counts over 1250 crowdfunding platforms worldwide Crowdfunding a 164Bn industry in 2014 Total Angel of Investors in the US 268000 Total of VC Investors in the US 522 Total of Angel Investment Deals in the US Annually 67000 Total of VC Deals in the US Annually 37000 Total of Angel Capital Deployed in the US Annually 23 Billion Total of VC Capital Deployed in the US Annually 27 Billion Total of Accredited Investors in US 9 Million Total of UnAccredited Investors in US 100 Million Source Deal Index Democratizing Finance Report URL httpsdealindexcoresearchhtml httpswwwdealindexcodemocratising_finance_dealindex_research_july_2015pdf Date July 2015 InfoDev Report Crowdfundings Potential for the Developing World 2013 Crowdfunding estimates at a 5Billion industry in 2013 according to study commissioned by the World Bank Organizations such as the World Bank governments venture funds and NGOs are watching crowdfunding closely to see whether it has the potential to solve the last mile funding problem faced by many startup companies Preliminary modeling estimates that the possible market potential for crowdfunding in developing countries could reach up to 96 billion a year over the next 25 years given the right answers to current regulatory infrastructure and cultural challenges Source InfoDev Report Crowdfundings Potential for the Developing World URL httpwwwinfodevorgcrowdfunding httpwwwinfodevorginfodevfilesinfodev_crowdfunding_study_0pdf Date 24 October 2013 CrowdFunder Industry Trends 2015 Crowdfunding surpassed Angel Investing in 2015 on trend to surpass Venture Capital in 2016 Note Seems to rely on the Massolution report numbers above which include P2PMarketplace lending as a part of Crowdfunding Source Chance Barnett CEO of Crowdfundercom in a piece on Forbescom URL httpwwwforbescomsiteschancebarnett20150609trendsshowcrowdfundingtosurpassvcin20163 Date June 19th 2015 CFX Alternative Investing Crowdfunding Statistics In 2015 equity crowdfunding portals will raise 344 billion This is over 12 times the amount raised in 2012 The crowdfunding industry is projected to grow to over 300 billion by 2025 Title III and Regulation A the SECs new crowdfunding rules will drastically expand the number of investors eligible to participate in equity crowdfunding offerings The pool of eligible investors will expand from the roughly 85 million accredited investors in the United States to the entire US population of 230 million While the pool of eligible investors will expand the average mean 401k balance in the United States is only 101650 making liquidity crucial for retail investors The total size of the US commercial real estate market is 7 trillion Crowdfunding makes up only 25 billion of this market indicating much room for growth 62 of selfdirected IRA investors report that they either plan to or already have increased their allocation of nontraded alternatives in response to market volatility Alternative assets are projected to account for over 26 of total institutional portfolios by the end of 2016 Between 1980 and 2000 an average of 311 firms went public every year From 2001 to 2011 this number fell to an average of 99 IPOs per year In the developing world an estimated 344 million households using savings would be able to deploy 96 billion each year by 2025 in small crowdfunded investments in community businesses Investors in technology startups currently have to hold their position in any one investment for an average of seven years Source CFX Alternative Investing Crowdfunding Statistics URL httpscfxinvestingcomblog10equitycrowdfundingstatisticsthatshouldhaveyourattentioninfographic Date January 12th 2016 | [
"Massolution"
] |
http://crowncypress.com/ | Assisted Living 24hour care including room all meals activities At Home We come to you Let us help you in the comfort of your home FaceBook Check out our Facebook page for current activities About Us Profiles of our key staff members Careers Would you like to work with us Contact Us Click for maps phone and email contact information Rates ALF Our Assisted Living Rates Rates At Home Here we explain our At Home Rates Gallery Photos Financial Help Do you qualify for help Sponsorship Would you like to help someone needing assistance FaceBook Our Facebook page where we are most active Crown Cypress Assisted Living and At Home Care are dedicated to helping those who need assistance with their daily activities We provide assistance both in the home and at our location at 2424 East Stone Drive Kingsport TN At Crown Cypress Assisted Living you will find a warm community where people can lead active lives and where family and friends feel secure that their loved ones are protected and fulfilled Located in beautiful Kingsport Tennessee the community is built on one level and designed to enhance every aspect of assisted living As a locallybased homecare leader Crown Cypress At Home provides a wide range of nonmedical inhome support services in the TriCities area Our qualified and trained staff is dedicated to helping you remain independent providing just the right amount of support you need to live life to the fullest Rely on Crown Cypress At Home for compassionate care delivered in the comfort of your own home Check our out activities page for a list of the many things our Assisted Living residents enjoy such as trips to the Bristol Speedway the zoo picnics or bingo And be sure to visit the gallery where you can find a good sample of the many things our Assisted Living residents are doing Both our Crown Cypress Assisted Living and At Home Care help with bathing grooming housekeeping transportation companionship medication reminders laundry and many of the other things that are unique to each individual Many people prefer to stay at home rather than move to someplace new and different Crown Cypress At Home can help those that need home health care services we provide nonmedical care Or we can provide care at our location Its your choice and we will do all we can to provide care as you need and want where you choose Please explore our site via the menu items or via the large circles you can find on our home page Please ask to receive our Newsletter and let us know if you would like to receive updates about special promotions or activities Give us a call or drop us an email _________________ You can change the size of the text on the page by holding down the Ctrl and then clicking the or key Apple users use the command key instead of the Ctrl _________________ Archives July 2015 May 2015 April 2015 | [
"Crown Cypress Assisted Living"
] |
http://crownstiarasandcoronets.blogspot.com/2016/06/princess-viktoria-of-prussia.html | Crowns , Tiaras , & Coronets Princess Viktoria of Prussia was the fifth child and second daughter of Victoria , Princess Royal and Prince Frederick of Prussia . She came from two great lineages , as her father was from the House of Hohenzollern , a royal house that had reigned over Prussia for almost two centuries . Her mother was the oldest child of the famous Queen Victoria of Great Britain and her husband , Albert , Prince Consort . She was born Friederike Amalia Wilhelmine Viktoria on April 12 , 1866 at the New Palace in Prussia . Viktoria , who was known as “ Young Vicky ” or “ Moretta ” by her family , was close to both her mother and her grandmother , unlike the rest of her siblings . She was her parents ’ favorite child and had a much easier upbringing than her three surviving older siblings , as the unexpected deaths of two of her brothers at a young age softened the once demanding and strict Princess Victoria . While the Princess Royal had been a highly critical and unpleasant mother to her three eldest children , she was much more easy Sophie and Margaret . This change in parenting style brought Viktoria and her younger sisters closer to their mother while the older children – Wilhelm , Charlotte , and Henry – became estranged from their mother and never had a good relationship with her . Princess Viktoria ( 1880 ' s ) One thing that the Princess Royal did not alter in how she raised her children was her integration of English culture into their lives , which Viktoria and all her siblings embraced . Viktoria was especially fond of her mother ’ s native land and lifestyle and even took after her in many ways , including her appearance ( unfortunately , according to contemporaries , Viktoria ’ s mother was not an attractive woman ) . She was said to be an impulsive , amiable , and unconventional lady who , in her youth , was hard to command due Viktoria ’ s mother favored her so heavily that she played a major role in finding a suitable spouse for her beloved daughter , as she wanted nothing more than for Viktoria to be as happy as she was with Frederick . Thus , in 1881 , the Princess Royal invited Prince Alexander of Battenberg , the sovereign Prince of Bulgaria , to the Prussian court . Both the Princess Royal and Queen Victoria urged Viktoria to marry Alexander and their efforts worked , as she soon fell in love with the very handsome and dashing prince , who was Princess Viktoria and Prince Adolf ( 1890 ) Instead , the heartbroken Princess was pushed into a hasty marriage with Prince Adolf of Schaumburg - Lippe , a younger son of Adolf I , Prince of Schaumburg - Lippe . She was still not over her love for Alexander at the time and had become severely depressed , even going as far as to starve herself to the point of sickliness . Wilhelm had been the one who arranged the match and although Viktoria latter admitted that there had been a degree of mutual attraction between her and Prince Adolf , it never matched the love she had Viktoria married Adolf on November 19 , 1890 when she was twenty - six ( an old age for a bride at the time ) and he was thirty - three . The couple settled down in Bonn where Adolf could carry out his military duties . Because of these obligations , Adolf was almost always gone , leaving Viktoria constantly alone . Viktoria was not upset over this , however , as she respected how devoted her husband was to his career . But , she was n ’ t faithful to Adolf , as she never really loved When World War I broke out in 1914 , Viktoria was very sympathetic to the British cause , despite her German roots . Princess Viktoria ( 1885 ) This was undoubtedly the result of her mother ’ s pro - English upbringing , for Viktoria took to her mother ’ s native culture more so than any of her other siblings , as stated previously . Viktoria ’ s husband died during the war on July 9 , 1916 at the age of fifty - six , making the fifty year - old Viktoria a widow . Now a free woman , Viktoria promised herself that she would change her life for the better by seeking out true happiness . She did so in 1927 , when she Zoubkoff , or “ Sasha ” , as she nicknamed him , was a law student at the University of Bonn and was a scandalous thirty - five years Viktoria ’ s junior . When the couple became engaged , Viktoria ’ s entire family was outraged , as Zoubkoff was a lowly Russian commoner ( also , it did n ’ t help that Russia had fought against Germany in WWI ) . But Viktoria did n ’ t care what anyone else thought and married Zoubkoff at a Greek Orthodox ceremony on November 19 , 1927 when she Princess Viktoria and her second husband , Alexander Zoubkoff ( 1927 ) Sadly for Viktoria , her hope for a new , happy life with her young second husband would not be as she imagined . Zoubkoff never loved his elderly spouse and had only married her for her money . He quickly wasted what little fortune she had on his own personal indulgences and was almost never home . Zoubkoff was not a well behaved when it came to the law , as he was deported from Germany twice and was even expelled from France and Belgium . At first , Viktoria put up with her horrible spouse and supported him Only a few days after she revealed her plans for a divorce , Viktoria was found by an astonished servant in her former gardens in a dazed and emotional state clinging to a tree . Her exile from her family and her tragic marriage to the useless Zoubkoff , as well as her finanical ruin , brought about her mental and physical demise . Viktoria was taken to a hospital after a doctor found she was suffering from pneumonia . She tried to contact her siblings during her last days but her efforts were in vain . Poverty - stricken | [
"Princess Viktoria",
"Prussia",
"New Palace"
] |
http://crows.net/life.html | Crows . net For the latest crow news , click here . Featured Reports Life History Although we are in the process of compiling life history information , portions of which you can access below , it will be some time before this process will be completed . We have begun to add links to pages containing information on specific parts of the crow life history . Click on thelinks below for the specific subject in which you are interested . DESCRIPTION GENERAL APPEARANCE The American crow is a fairly large bird , 17 to 21 inches from bill to tail ( 43 - 53 cm ) , with the mean weight for males 458 grams and for females , 438 grams . Its plumage appears black at a casual look , though it contains various other colors as described below . Bill , legs , and feet are black , though very young birds may have yellow areas on the bill . Eyes in adults are dark brown , while young birds have blue eyes . In flight the crow has what is Click on the link below to view " American Crow " , a detail from Plate 27 : North American Crows , from " Crows and Jays " by Steve Madge , and Hilary Burn . ( Original Plate in the crows . net collection ) View : " American Crow " by Hilary Burn . PLUMAGE " In color , the Common ( American ) Crow is rather distinctive when it comes to a comparison with other North American and Caribbean species . The occiput and crown is lightly flecked with violet blue on a background of black , this area contrasting fairly sharply with the nape , which is a uniform dull black . This flecking on the head is more apparent on some specimens than on others . The upper back , scapular , central and lower back feathers are metalic violet and show the scale - like appearance alluded to by several authors Of all the above characteristics , the scale - like appearance of the feathers on the upper back are the most obvious and distinctive . Similar Species Fish Crow In costal areas on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States , the fish crow , Corvus ossifragus , may be confused with the American crow , since they share the same habitat and sometimes appear in mixed groups . In general they are smaller than the American crow ( 17 inches ) and largely lack the scale - like appearance of the feathers on their upper back . Their voice is said to be distinctive from the American crow , but as vocalizations of both species can vary widely , this characteristic can only be relied upon by persons familiar with local populations . Generally , the fish crow is found by salt water or large rivers near Northwestern Crow The Northwestern Crow , Corvus caurinus is nearly indistinguishable visually from the American crow , although it is somewhat smaller , ranging from 33 to 41 cm . It inhabits the coastal areas from southern Alaska south to Washington , overlapping the range of the American crow in British Columbia and Washington . Common Raven The Common raven , Corvus corax , is a larger and heavier bird than the crow , but one may be easily mistaken for the other at a distance when there is no frame of reference for size . It has a stockier body , a larger and heavier bill , and a wedge shaped tail , as mentioned above . Ravens tend to be solitary birds of the wilderness and seldom occur near intensely developed areas . Crows on the other hand are highly social and seem to thrive in association waith humans . DISTRIBUTION The American crow , Corvus brachyrhynchos , occurs almost everywhere in the United States . The only areas in which they have not been reported recently are parts of eastern New Mexico and western Texas , and the southern tip of California . Its range extends northwards into Canada roughly to the lower portions of the Yukon and Northwest Territories , Hudson Bay , and the southern portion of Quebec . There is some variation between winter and summer ranges , with breeding not being reported in the northernmost areas . Note that the maps which you will find by following the links show a distribution which [ Winter Distribution Map ] . . [ Summer Distribution Map ] NESTS : One of the more common misconceptions about birds is that they actually live in nests like humans live in houses or , at the very least , sleep in them at night . In reality , birds use nests only to incubate eggs and to hold the young birds until they are ready , or almost read to fly ( fledge ) . After the young have fledged , the nest is generally abandoned , either permanently or until the next breeding period . Click here to view a typical crows nest . Crows nests are quite large , measuring up to two feet or more in diameter and nine or more inches high . The outer portion of the nest , which comprises the major portion of the structure , is composed primarily of dead branches , although many other materials may be used if sufficient branches of the proper size are not available . Within this large outer structure is an interior “ cup ” composed of softer materials in which the eggs are laid and incubated and the young reared . This interior cup is much smaller than the outer Both male and female crows work in constructing the nest sometimes aided by one or more “ helpers ” , generally their offspring from previous years . When possible , nests are located well hidden in crotches high up in tall trees . If no suitable trees are available , crows may nest in shrubs , man - made structures , and rarely on the ground . Crows tend to build new nests each year , seldom reusing a nest from a previous year . The new nests , however , will generally be located close to the old nests EGGS : Crows generally lay from 3 to 7 eggs , with 4 or 5 being the most common number . The coloration and pigment pattern of the eggs can vary widely even within a single clutch with eggs being bluish - green to pale olive and variously marked with brown and gray and can vary from almost unmarked sky blue to very heavily blotched or spotted dark green . In size they average about 1.15 inches ( 29.13 mm ) by 1.6 inches ( 41.40 mm ) and about .0 .6 ounce ( 17.0 g ) . Click here to view American crow eggs . Eggs may be laid as soon as the nest is finished but some crows may wait two weeks or more between completion of the nest and laying of the first egg . Eggs are usually laid one a day , generally in the late morning , with occasionally a day or two skipped between eggs . The female will generally begin incubation of the eggs before all of them have been laid , usually beginning to sit continuously after the laying of the third egg . This results in an interval between the hatching of the first and last bird NESTLINGS : When crows hatch they are blind and helpless covered with a small amount of down , and weigh a bit over an half ounce ( 15.5 g ) . The mother will brood the young birds more or less continuously for up to two weeks , with rare breaks to collect food . After two weeks the breaks become more frequent and of longer duration until , somewhere between 30 and 40 days after hatching the young are ready to leave the nest . While the female is brooding the young the male , and frequently one or more helper FLEDGLINGS : When young crows leave the nest , their flight feathers are not fully developed and they may not be capable of taking to the air for at least several more days . Ideally they will hop about in the nest tree while they gain the full ability to fly , but sometimes they fall to the earth where they may spend several days on the ground or in low vegetation . Even when they are on the ground , the parent birds will look after them and feed them if possible and as long as they are not taken by Young crows will be completely dependent upon their parents for food for a couple of weeks after leaving the nest and it may be three or four months before they are completely able to obtain all of their food themselves . Click here to view a fledgling American crow . The fledgling in the photo shows the characteristics that distinguish these young birds from adult crows and from other species . The fledgling differs from an adult crow in that it has yellow coloration on its bill , eyes that appear gray or blue rather than dark brown , and poorly developed tail feathers . Its large size , along with its black legs and feet , distinguish it from any species other than the raven or other varieties of crow . ( This section will be added to on a continuing basis . Your comments and suggestions are welcomed . Other parts of the site are also under construction . This site will continually expand as the Crows . net Project grows . ) Return to Top of Page Return to Site Contents of the Crows . net Project . | [
"Crow",
"History"
] |
http://crrh.org/news/Oregon-marijuana-edibles-market-growing | Oregon : Marijuana Edibles Market Growing Tue , 06 / 28 / 2016 - 22 : 21 - derrickstanley recreational marijuana | Oregon Legislative Revenue Office | Oregon Mazen Malik Legalization edibles Cannabis 2016 By Derrick Stanley Hemp News Following the rollout of edible marijuana products to Oregon ' s recreational cannabis market on June 2 , manufacturers of pot - infused chocolate bars and gummy bears are stepping up their production . The Oregon Legislative Revenue office expects a 10 to 15 percent increase in collected taxes for June recreational sales as a result . The trend is expected to continue for the next few months , at least . The estimate is based on preliminary reports from the industry , and trends seen in Washington and Colorado , following their introduction of cannabis - infused products . “ It is a new range of products , a new market , and not necessarily the same market that marijuana leaves have been in for a long time , ” said Mazen Malik , the senior economist at the Oregon Legislative Revenue Office . “ Sales should be toward the higher end ( of a 10 to 15 percent boost ) in the beginning of the month , and then come down . People want to see how this works . ” Oregon recreational pot taxes in 2016 had reached $ 14.9 million total by May 30 , according to the Oregon Department of Revenue . The Legislative Revenue Office anticipates gross tax revenue should average $ 3.7 million per month . The number and variety of products has grown since sales were expanded from a medical marijuana - only market . The cannabis - infused products available range from hard candy , ice cream and chocolates to lotions , cooking oil and ointments . Malik said economists expect the edibles market to continue to increase marijuana sales in Oregon , compared to sales in the " black market " industry of pre - legalization . " The illegal and illicit market did n ' t offer too many of these products , " Malik said . " In the past , you did n ' t have candy - infused products being sold by the guy around the corner , with gummy bears in his pocket . " derrickstanley ' s blog | [
"Marijuana Edibles",
"recreational cannabis",
"Oregon Legislative Revenue office"
] |
http://cruiseadvice.org/DestinationGuide/CruiseShipArrivalLocation.aspx?PortName=Singapore | Send Save Feedback Question Phone FOR CRUISE RESERVATIONS CALL TOLL FREE : 1 - 800 - 961 - 4635 Other Countries & Hours You are here : Destination Guide Cruise Ship Arrival Location > > Find Cruises to Singapore Cruise Ship Arrival Location in Singapore Singapore Tour Singapore Overview > > Singapore Cruise Terminal Singapore Shore Excursions Singapore Self - Guided Tour Map of Singapore Internet & Cell Phone Access Singapore Restaurant Guide Singapore Shopping Advice Getting Around Singapore Safety and Emergency Contacts Singapore Cruise Calendar | [
"CRUISE SHIP ARRIVAL",
"SINGAPORE"
] |
http://cruises.about.com/od/cruisehealthandsafety/a/seasickness.htm | Cruises Planning How to Avoid and Treat Seasickness By Linda Garrison Updated 01 / 10 / 19 Jekaterina Nikitina / Getty Images Seasickness — just thinking of it is enough to make you feel squeamish . Fear of getting this type of motion sickness is probably the number one reason many vacationers who love to travel do not cruise . Seasickness ( also called mal de mer ) is the reaction of your body ' s inner ear balance system to the unfamiliar motion of the ship . The movement of the ship causes stress on the balancing portion of the brain . Your brain sees things on the ship such as walls and furniture and instinctively knows from past experience that they are supposed to be still . However , since these items are actually moving with the sea and the ship , the inner ear gets stressed and confused and nausea sets in . Seasickness often disappears within a few days , even without treatment . The brain finally adjusts to this new environment , and the sufferer gets his or her " sea legs . " One unfortunate aspect of long trans - ocean voyages is that it may take a while for you to adjust to being on land again . How horrible to think that about the time you recover from seasickness that " land sickness " sets in ! © TripSavvy Who Gets Seasick Seasickness and motion sickness can affect anyone . Ninety percent of all people suffer from some type of motion sickness during their lifetimes . Even experienced cruisers who have sailed dozens of times can get seasick . They do n ' t stop cruising , they just take precautions to lessen or prevent the seasickness . Seasickness is especially bad when no one else seems to be afflicted , and it certainly is not limited to only wimps . Knowing that about half the astronauts take motion sickness medication when in space should make you feel a little better . People who are prone to motion sickness in cars , airplanes , or carnival rides may also be more susceptible to seasickness . However , the motion on different ships affects people differently . Just because you get seasick in a small boat does not mean you will have problems on a large cruise ship Factors That Make Seasickness Worse You ca n ' t catch seasickness . It is not a virus , although sometimes if people around you are sick , it makes you feel that way too ! There are three main seasickness triggers that should be avoided during your first few hours on the cruise ship . Do not go below deck for extended time periods . Try to find a window or porthole and keep your eyes gazing ( but not fixed ) on the horizon . Do not look through binoculars for long periods of time . Do not stare at objects your brain will interpret as stable . Anything that involves staring at one point such as reading a book , doing detailed needlework , or even staring at a compass might bring on a bout of seasickness . How to Avoid Seasickness Staying busy and keeping your mind occupied are the best ways to avoid seasickness . Try to stay on deck in the fresh air and focus on anything other than the moving ship . Take deep breaths and drink plenty of water . When on deck , facing forward ( rather than to the side ) seems to help most people . Remember that you need to let your brain adjust to this new unstable environment by allowing the horizon to act as the true point of reference . Although drinking plenty of water is important , you also need to keep something in your stomach ( although spicy or fatty food is not recommended ) . Lying down in a deck chair in the fresh air often helps many people ; it ' s almost like you can sleep it off . Most modern cruise ships are equipped with stabilizers that eliminate much of the motion that causes seasickness . This is one time when bigger might be better — the larger the ship , the less it will rock . If you know you are prone to Cruising in relatively calm waters may also help those prone to seasickness . The Caribbean ( except during hurricane season ) is usually calm , as is the Inside Passage to Alaska . River cruises are also a good choice . Best Seasickness Remedies Seasickness is often easier to avoid than to cure . Most remedies need to be taken a couple of hours before your cruise ship sails . Different treatments work better for different people , and you may need to try a few to determine which is best for you . Remember to check with your doctor to make sure that any remedy does not conflict with medication you are currently taking — prescription or over - the - counter . Best Medications for Seasickness Scopolamine patches , worn behind the ear like a tiny band - aid , are the most common prescription drugs for seasickness . Scopolamine also comes in pill form . The patches last up to three days , provide time - release doses of the drug , and are usually very effective for preventing nausea . | [
"Treat Seasickness"
] |
http://crusaderkings-two.wikia.com/wiki/Paganism | in : Game Mechanics Religion Paganism Edit Comments ( 3 ) Share Paganism is a broad term typically pertaining to indigenous and historical polytheistic and non - theistic religious traditions . In a wider sense , it has been used as a label for any non - Abrahamic folk / ethnic religion Main Branches Edit In Crusader Kings II Paganism is nearly gone in Europe by the 1066 start date , and only hangs on at the edges of the map . With The Old Gods DLC the start date is pushed back to 867 and the Pagan religions have a much greater influence . Pagan characters require The Old Gods DLC to play . In addition , Aztec Pagan characters require Sunset Invasion DLC to play . Generic Pagan Head - None Holy sites - Rome , Skara , Mecca , Jerusalem , Silla Since the dawn of history , both Europe and the Middle East has been been home to countless Pagan religions and cults unrelated to the Abrahamic faiths . Defining features in - game : Rulers are limited to Gavelkind Succession . Rulers can not declare Holy Wars . Inferior at conversion and vulnerable to non - pagan missionaries . Norse Head - Fylkir Holy sites - Tholen , Paderborn , Uppsala , Hleiðra , Mære Norse heathenry is the last surviving branch of the ancient Germanic belief system . A pantheon of gods under the wise warrior god Odin [ strike ] rules all the branches of the worldtree , Yggdrasil . The other two main gods are Thor , friend to mankind , and Frey , god of fertility [ / strike ] . Defining features in - game : Can perform coastal raids anywhere . Fleets can navigate major rivers . ( Until roughly year 1100 when the rivers begin to close ) Rulers can Prepare Invasions . Low - tech non - pagans have very low Supply Limit in Pagan counties . Can declare Subjugation Wars against all other Pagans . Rulers are limited to Gavelkind Succession . Rulers can not declare Holy Wars . Inferior at conversion and vulnerable to non - pagan missionaries . Rulers lose Prestige if at peace for too long . The Norse Pagan faith can be Reformed . Tengri Head - High Priest Holy sites - Saqsin , Isilkul , Aqmescit , Kyzylorda , Vác Tengrism is the religion of the steppe peoples of Eurasia , especially Turkish and Mongol nomads . The chief god is Tengri , the creator god who rules the skies . Shamanism and animism also feature prominently in the religion . Defining features in - game : Can raid neighbours for loot . Can declare Subjugation Wars against all other Pagans . Rulers lose Prestige if at peace for too long . The Tengri Pagan faith can be Reformed . Romuva Head - High Priest Holy sites - Arkona , Briesen , Sejny , Riga , Pochep Baltic paganism is polytheistic , with a pantheon of gods led by Dievs , god of the sky . Other main gods include Perkunas , god of thunder and lightning , very similar to the Germanic god Thor and the Slavic Perun . Other important deities include Saule , goddess of the sun and fertility , Daugava and Meness . Defining features in - game : Can raid neighbours for loot . Low - tech non - pagans have very low Supply Limit in Pagan counties . Defensive bonuses in Baltic Pagan counties . The Baltic Pagan faith can be Reformed . Suomenusko Holy sites - Raviola , Hiiumaa , Tikhvin , Solotcha , Perm Finnic paganism is diverse , varying a lot between tribes and religions . It is shamanistic and animist , revering a multitude of gods , including Ukko / Perkele , Kun and , in the east , Mastor - Ava , goddess of the Earth . Defining features in - game : Defensive bonuses in Finnish Pagan counties . The Finnish Pagan faith can be Reformed . Aztec Holy sites - Rome , St Denis , Cordoba , Sidi , St Pauls The Aztec religion features a creation myth centred on sacrifice - even gods were sacrificed to keep the sun moving . This is reflected in the many festivals and rituals of the religion , which feature human sacrifice on a massive scale . The chief gods are Huitzilopochtli , god of war and human sacrifice , Tlaloc , god of thunder and rain , Xiuhteccuhtli , god of fire , Xipe Totec , ' our Lord the Flayed One ' and Quetzalcoatl , god of wisom . Defining features in - game : The Azec faith can be Reformed . Slavic Holy sites - Pruszkow , Arkona , Tikhvin , Yuriev , Husi Slavic heathenry is polytheistic , the chief god being Perun , god of thunder and lightning , quite similiar to the Germanic god Thor . Other important deities include Veles , god of the underworld , Svarog , Jarilo and Svantevit . In addition , many tribes revere local gods . Defining features in - game : Defensive bonuses in Slavic Pagan counties . The Slavic Pagan faith can be Reformed . West African Holy sites - Sidi , Bordj , Siliana , Salam , Bamako West African religion is a blanket term for the diverse pagan beliefs of the tribes of Sub - Saharan West Africa . Ancestor worship , animism and totemistic shamanism dominate , but there are also various pantheons of gods . Defining features in - game : Defensive bonuses in West African Pagan counties . The West African Pagan faith can be Reformed . Hellenic Head - None Holy sites - Lampsako , Edessa , Piraeaus , Rome , Alexandria The Hellenistic religion is polytheistic , with a pantheon of twelve major gods including Jupiter , Mars , Mercury , Venus , Minerva and Vesta . It originated in ancient Greece and with the conquests of Alexander the Great and the Roman Empire , it would go on to become the dominant religion in the Mediterranean world until the rise of Christendom . Defining features in - game : Unique Features Concubines - Pagan rulers can have up to three concubines in addition to their wife . Concubines are not truly married , but will bear their liege ' s legitimate children . Pagan rulers can ask other rulers to take a woman from their court to be their concubine , but only other Pagans will accept . A woman who is the prisoner of a Pagan ruler can be forced to become his concubine , even if she is already married . Children of concubines suffer a minor diplomacy penalty . Religious Reformation - Pagan rulers can reform their faith , turning it into an organized religion with a religious head . This requires either a ) control of 3 of the religion ' s holy sites and 50 % moral authority , or b ) all 5 holy sites . A significant amount of piety is also required in either case . Rulers who follow a Reformed Pagan faith can use the Holy War Casus Belli , gain access to most succession laws , no longer suffer Prestige loss while at peace , and will have less trouble with independent minded vassals Prepared Invasion - Prestigious Norse Pagans can , once in their lifetime , prepare invasions before they declare war . During the next two years , many adventurers and opportunists will flock to their banner , especially against a powerful target . However , if the prepared invasion fails to launch within in two years the massed armies will disband and the caller of the invasion will lose prestige . Raiding - Pagan rulers can toggle stacks of troops to be looters . While in neighbouring ( or coastal , for Norse ) non - Pagan territory looters will deplete the county ' s loot bar , accumulating gold . A certain percentage of that county ' s loot will be protected behind defenses , and the capital holding must be taken to gain all of the county ' s loot . Declaring war is not necessary for looting , but rulers will raise troops to see off raiders in their territory . External Links Paganism Norse religion Tengrism Baltic mythology Finnish Native Religion Aztec religion Slavic mythology Traditional African religion Religion in ancient Greece Religion Christianity Catholicism Catharism Fraticellism Waldensianism Lollardy Orthodoxy Bogomilism Monothelitism Iconoclasm Paulicianism Miaphysitism Monophysitism Nestorianism Messalianism Islam Sunni Islam Zikri Islam Yazidism Ibadism Shia Islam Druzism Hurufism Generic Paganism Norse Paganism Tengrism Romuva Suomenusko Aztec Paganism Slavic Paganism West African Paganism Hellenic Paganism Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism Mazdakism Manichaeism Judaism Judaism Karaism Samaritanism Indian Hinduism Jainism Buddhism Categories Game Mechanics Add category | [
"Paganism",
"Unique Features"
] |
http://crusadersquest.wikia.com/wiki/The_Void | in : Ancient Dungeon The Void English Edit Comments ( 12 ) Share The Void All open Contents show Introduction is a new 20 - level - depth Ancient Dungeon of the Tower of Manacar dungeon series . The final bosses are Roland and Rochefort , which can be recruited at the final stage of the dungeon . All class is open to enter . Story Celine : I ' ll tap into the memories of the past here . B1F ( Celine tapped into the past ) ( Roland entered the scene ) Roland : Black Sister . . . How dare you . No wonder you betrayed the Goddesses . Fine , let ' s finish this and go back to Saintess Maria . ( Rochefort appeared ) Rochefort : Hmm ? What is this place ? It ' s amazing ! ( Rochefort looked at a statue ) Rochefort : Wow , look at this place Roland . These ruins are priceless ! I do n ' t know who this beauty is . . . ( Roland got annoyed ) Roland : Do not besmirch this sacred place with your lewdness ! ( Rochefort is confused ) Rochefort : What ' s wrong with admiring beauty ? Or perhaps your mind is elsewhere . . . ( Roland is shocked ) Roland : Wh - what are you talking about ! I ' m a faithful paladin ! And why do you keep following me ! I lost the Black Sister because of you ! Why do you keep disturbing me ? ( Rochefort is confused again ) Rochefort : Because I am certain that the Black Sister is not guilty ! Roland : Arghh ! ! Enough ! Rochefort : Hmm ? You asked . ( Roland got ashamed ) Roland : Phew , never mind . ( Roland left angrily , and Rochefort followed ) ( Back to the present ) Celine : Paladins . . . They seem to be chasing the Black Order . Hmm . The Paladins got lost in the ruins . Interesting . Let ' s go this way ! ( The team proceeds ) B10F Rochefort : This maze never ends . I wish I had some more charming company . Roland : Go back if you want . I am going to stop the Black Sister . This dark power is proof enough for me of her crimes . ( Rochefort thought for a while ) Rochefort : You had fought the Black Sister , right ? ( Roland got annoyed ) Roland : Yes , and I world be with Saintess Maria if it was n ' t for you . What about it ? Rochefort : Are you sure you had the right person ? She was different from ordinary priests but she did n ' t abuse her power , did she ? ( Roland got mad ) Roland : Do n ' t insult my intelligence . I will not waiver . Rochefort : You ' re so stubborn . No wonder you do n ' t have a girlfriend . So her name was Maria ? The lady you honor like a Goddess . ( Roland had enough and wielded his hammer , Rochefort drew his sword too ) Roland : Do n ' t insult m ' lady ! Rochefort : No , it ' s you insulting here . Do n ' t abandon the truth in the name of loyalty . Only fools make that mistake . ( Rochefort kept his sword and left Roland behind ) Roland : I . .I am just . . . ( Roland was speechless and followed Rochefort ) ( Back to the present ) Celine : That one - eyed man with a sword . . . He ' s Rochefort , the captain of the Tristan musketeers ! A Tristan admiral opposing a paladin to protect the Black Sister ? Interesting . . . ( The team thought for a while ) Celine : Hmm ? What ' s the matter ? Sera : Oh , nothing . Celine you ' re always working so hard . Celine : Good researcher are always busy . Let ' s go upstairs . ( The team proceeds ) B15F ( Celine tapped into the past ) ( Roland and Rochefort sensed something ) Roland : This dark power . . . ! It ' s not human . Goddess , is there really a devil here ? Rochefort : Sigh . . . This wo n ' t be fun at all . . . ( The scene flashed , a cloud of darkness appeared and started corrupting Roland and Rochefort ) Roland : We must gather together ! For the light of the Goddess ! Rochefort : Light of the Goddess , hmm . . . I have my own Goddess . . . ( Roland and Rochefort fainted , and became corrupted ! ) B20F ( Sera purifies the corrupted Roland and Rochefort , Roland wakes and gets up ) Roland : Maria . . . ? What . . . ? ( Roland gets shocked at the sight of Sera , Rochefort wakes and gets up too ) Roland : Goddess . . . ! ? Sera : Huh ? Uhn , I am . . . ( Sera gets awkward , Roland realises and bows in apology ) Roland : My mistake , I was a bit confused . Sera : No it ' s alright . . . ( Sera hides behind Celine ) Rochefort : Hmm ? Is that the sign of a new love ? The lady is cute but a bit too young . Roland : Oh please shut up . . Rochefort : Paladins must watch their tongues ! It would be my honor to hear from the lovely ladies here . . . Celine : I will explain ! We are here to investigate the ruins . We ' re not only investigating the ruins , we ' re tracking down those who have been lost in it ! Rochefort : I see , so are we the lost I suppose ? ( Rochefort sighs ) Roland : Thank you for saving us . We would still be wandering in the dark if it were n ' t for you . The dark power which attacked us . . . That was . . . Rochefort : . . . Definitely not the power of the Black Sister . Roland : . . . That ' s true . What ' s going on here . . . Rochefort : We ca n ' t trust anything until we see it with our own eyes . Will you join me in uncovering the truth ? Roland : I will , though it pains me to . Sera : How touching ! ( Roland gets embarrassed and Rochefort smiles ) Rochefort : Haha , lady . Roland : Thank you for your help . But this place is too dangerous , you must leave . Celine : Hmm ? I ca n ' t do that ! I ' m here to research the ruins ! ( Celine gets annoyed and Roland feels awkward ) Roland : I do n ' t mean to offend you but . . . Celine : Mind your own business ! We ' ll work by ourselves . Let ' s go ! ( Celine leaves ahead , Sera takes a bow and the team leaves Roland and Rochefort behind ) Rochefort : Haha , I guess you ' re left behind . Roland : I might have made a mistake . . But at least someone else is here with me . Let ' s go ! ( Both the heroes smile , and leave ) Stages & Rewards Floor Name Resource Cost Reward Repeat Reward B1F The Void - 1 2 3750 750 B2F The Void - 2 2 2 ~ 3 2 ~ 3 B3F The Void - 3 B4F The Void - 4 4500 900 B5F The Void - 5 1 40 B6F The Void - 6 3 6000 1200 B7F The Void - 7 3 2 ~ 4 2 ~ 4 B8F The Void - 8 B9F The Void - 9 6500 1300 B10F The Void - 10 1 60 B11F The Void - 11 4 8750 1750 B12F The Void - 12 4 B13F The Void - 13 B14F The Void - 14 9250 1850 B15F The Void - 15 80 B16F The Void - 16 5 12500 2500 B17F The Void - 17 5 2 ~ 5 2 ~ 5 B18F The Void - 18 B19F The Void - 19 13000 2600 B20F The Void - 20 2 Legend Hero : Rochefort or Hero : Roland Tips More than 30 SP can be risky . As the warning states , any hero in your team that has more than 30 SP will cause monsters in the dungeon to use stronger attacks capable of wiping out your whole team in seconds . It is therefore recommended to play slow and smart instead of sending out skill after skill . Wait for your skill blocks to fill up first before unleashing as many chain - 3 skills as you can , hopefully clearing out the current wave . After one wave of monsters , try your best to empty out your heroes ' SP and create their special skills . Repeat this process for the remaining waves . Skills that stun work favorably too . Do note that this does n ' t affect the final stage , so use your strongest team against the Legendary Heroes . Recommended Heroes Recommended Parties Recommended for B20F Bella Categories Ancient Dungeon Add category Languages : 中文 | [
"The Void",
"dungeon series",
"Legendary Heroes"
] |
http://crushbarexam.com/best-bar-review-course/ | Best Bar Review Courses Updated : April 14 , 2019 Bryce Welker Bar Review Course Discounts Advertiser Disclosure Choosing the right Bar Review course is the single most important decision you will make on your journey to become a lawyer . You will be spending hundreds of hours studying with it , so it ’ s crucial to find the one that best fits your learning style and background . So here ’ s the good news – We have personally reviewed every major Bar exam prep course on the market so you do n ’ t have to ! The comparison chart below will help you figure out which online course best fit your needs . 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The calendar suggests a more reasonable study plan of 15 - 25 hours per week for 12 weeks . This efficiency is unparalleled . Additionally , since BarMax is the only bar review course to offer instant and lifetime access , it is an amazing option for students who would like to get started with bar prep sooner — a great idea if you are working full - time or are an 0 % Financing : BarMax also offers 0 % financing , which allows you to get immediate access to any BarMax course and split the purchase into budget friendly 3 , 6 or 12 monthly payments . BarMax also offers a public interest discount for students pursuing careers in public interest law . Bottom Line : BarMax is such an appealing choice for students due to its reasonable price and flexible coursework . Students can take advantage of their generous payment program and offline - compatible study materials TAKE ME TO BARMAX Kaplan Bar Review ( Rank : # 2 ) OVERALL RATING : Fully Comprehensive : Kaplan ’ s Complete Bar Review Course contains a large amount of resources and is available in just about every state . With this course students have access to unlimited essay grading , live lectures ( in - person , or live - online , and on - demand ) , full - length simulated exams with review , a final countdown study plan , and 4,000 exam - like MBE questions . Structured Program : Their course has a clear outline and helps students stay on track . The overall structure of their program includes approximately 7 days of MBE prep , up to 36 days of comprehensive subject review ( varies by state ) , 4 to 5 days of simulated exam preparation for each part of that state ’ s exam , and about 2 weeks ( varies by student ) for a final countdown study plan with highly tailored assignments . Flexibility : Kaplan not only provides their complete course in most states , but students have the option to attend course lectures either in - person or live online from the comfort of wherever . In addition all students will have access to their 24 / 7 Online lecture Library where they can review the course lectures on - demand . They also have a mobile app and through it users can access some of their bar review course materials on the go . Price : This is going to be one of the more expensive options depending on which state you plan on studying for , but as you can see it comes with a ton of material . Prices for the Complete Bar Review Course range anywhere from the more affordable $ 1,895 in some states , up to around $ 3,600 in others . Bottom Line : No one offers an educational package with the same level of quality as Kaplan . Their live courses are widely available and exhaustively comprehensive , although students will need to pay up for enrollment . TAKE ME TO KAPLAN BAR REVIEW AdaptiBar ( Rank : # 3 ) Authentic Study Materials : All of AdaptiBar ’ s practice questions are licensed questions that have been released from past bar exams . By practicing with authentic MBE questions ( instead of simulated questions written by test prep companies ) you ’ ll be better prepared for the questions you will see on the actual MBE exam . AdaptiBar offers more than 1,700 MBE practice questions , giving students a lot of first - rate practice material at an affordable price . Technology Adapts to You : AdaptiBar ’ s software automatically adapts questions to your ability level based on your performance . In the Practice Questions mode , students are presented with certain types of questions until they consistently perform well on that particular type . The Past Performance Table tracks how many questions have been answered and calculates the accuracy of your answers , so you ’ ll be able to target and improve on your weaker areas . Restricted to MBE Exam : Students looking for a comprehensive review course to help them cover all the material on the bar exam will be disappointed , as AdaptiBar focuses exclusively on the MBE portion of the exam . As a result , AdaptiBar is most effective when used as a supplement to a more thorough review course . Adaptibar offers an enticing study package with powerful adaptive learning technology and real questions from the exam . Unfortunately , they only offer a study course for one section of the BAR TAKE ME TO ADAPTIBAR Themis Bar Review ( Rank : # 4 ) Price : Themis Bar Review provides a comprehensive program at a very reasonable price of $ 1,695 for all states . Included with the price students get video lectures and quizzes for each subject on the exam , simulated exams , flashcards , over 3,000 MBE practice questions , unlimited essay grading , and 24 / 7 customer support . Efficient Learning Modules : Their video lecture library is made up of shorter , more manageable 15 - 20 minute video segments . This can help students stay more engaged with their lessons and increase retention of study material . Themis allows students to learn at their own pace and in a very manageable format . Availability : Themis ’ s course is currently available in 44 jurisdictions , so some student ’ s wo n ’ t be able to take full advantage of the course . That being said , for the states that they do offer a review for , students will receive a fully comprehensive course tailored to their state bar . Themis has done a great job breaking down their educational modules into shorter lengths of time , making it easy to squeeze in a quick study session . It ’ s too bad they have limited physical availability . LEARN MORE ABOUT THEMIS Barbri ( Rank : # 5 ) Comprehensive : Barbri has been a big name in bar exam preparation for close to 50 years . They offer an in - depth review that includes live - online or in - person lectures , multiple outlines , online study materials with progress tracking , a mobile app , simulated exams , multiple workbooks , and essay feedback . Available in All States : Something unique about Barbri is that they provide a full bar review course for every state . This is useful for students who would like to dive into a program that covers everything that they need to know , including the more state - specific material . Barbri may have the most experience with bar exam preparation , but they definitely make their students pay for it . No matter which state your studying for , Barbri is going to be one of the most expensive options . Their prices range from $ 1,400 up to $ 3,895 depending on which state you are preparing for . If students are willing to shell out the premium cost for BarBri , they will be rewarded with an extremely comprehensive BAR review course with full availability in all 50 states . LEARN MORE ABOUT BARBRI Bar Exam Review Course Information Top Bar Review Courses Strengths Practice Questions BarMax Best Overall 1,580 Real MBE Questions Kaplan Bar Review Comprehensive Bar Exam Prep 4,000 exam - like MBE Questions Themis Bar Review Efficient Learning Modules 2,500 MBE Questions BarBri Available In All States 2,000 MBE Questions AdaptiBar Technology That Adapts To You 1,730 Summary Reviewer Crush The Bar Exam Review Date 2019 - 04 - 01 Reviewed Item Bar Review Courses Author Rating | [
"BARMAX",
"Bar Review Courses"
] |
http://crushthedatexam.com/what-you-should-know-besfore-you-become-a-dentist/ | What You Should Know Before You Become A Dentist Updated : April 17 , 2019 Kip Nielsen Best DAT Review Courses Being a dentist is a challenging , but rewarding profession . Every profession has its positives and negatives and like any other profession , you should consider both when deciding if a career in dentistry is right for you . The negatives of being a dentist are often overshadowed by the positives so that pre - dental students sometimes have a misconstrued notion of what it is like to be a dentist . I know when I decided to become a dentist the only negative thing I heard about dentistry was that dental school is expensive , but everyone always told me I will be able to pay off my debt quickly and it was nothing to worry about . Times have changed though since those days and those that told me that did n ’ t face the hardships of dentistry that I am facing in this time period . Tuition has increased drastically and dentists are not paying off their debt as easily or nearly as quickly as they once did It is challenging being a dentist and there are many more challenging tasks that a dentist faces these days besides paying off debt . I ’ ll go over both the pros and cons as well as share more information related to the field of dentistry to try and paint a more realistic picture of what being a dentist entails to help you make the right decision in regards to becoming a dentist or not . Table of Contents Pros Respected Profession : Dentistry is a highly respected profession . A dentist is a community figure that is highly respected and trusted by the community in which he / she works . Dental patients rely on and trust their dentist to provide them with the best possible healthcare . Ability to Help People : Dentistry is a service oriented profession . You will spend all of your time helping other people which is extremely rewarding to you as a dentist . You can make significant improvements in people ’ s lives by restoring their smile , teeth , self - confidence , self - image , and ability to eat and speak properly . There is instant gratification for you as a dentist when you are able to relieve the pain from a toothache or place a beautiful crown which enhances the esthetics and function of the patient ’ s teeth . Stability : Dentistry is an extremely stable career with one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country . Oral healthcare is always necessary and always in demand , but as the baby boomer era of dentists ’ retires , the want for cosmetic dentistry increases , and as people live longer the demand for dentists will only increase in the future resulting in more jobs available and a very stable profession . Income : Dentistry provides a healthy income with a median salary of $ 146,340 in 2013 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics . As a dentist you are able to help dictate how much you make by how much you work and your business model . If you own your own private practice then you can work as much or as little as you ’ d like and run your practice however you ’ d like which will influence how much income you make . Balanced Lifestyle : A career in dentistry can provide you with a balanced lifestyle between your work , family , and social life . If you own your own practice then you can choose how much you work in a week . Most dentists work full - time , but some will work only 3 days a week or some will work more than full - time by working evenings and even weekends . Self - Employment : Dentistry allows you to be your own boss if you choose to do so by owning your own practice . You can determine how you want your career in dentistry to be . You have much more freedom and can essentially make all the decisions with very little managed care in dentistry which is not common in the other healthcare professions . Cons Education : In order to become a dentist , you will spend at least 7 - 8 years in school following high school . It is not a requirement at every dental school to have a Bachelor ’ s degree to enter dental school , but it is highly recommended and nowadays schools do not typically accept students without one . So you will spend your first 4 years of study at a university earning a Bachelor ’ s degree in whatever major you choose . There is no specific major for dental school , however , most pre - dental students click here Following graduation from a university , you will enroll at a dental school after taking the DAT , interviewing , and getting accepted . Dental school is a 4 year doctorate program ( 3 years if you go to University of the Pacific ) . It is a very stressful and demanding program . Upon graduation , you ’ ll receive your DDS or DMD degree , depending upon which degree your school awards . There is no difference between the two and they ’ re both earned with the same education criteria . After dental school you will be a dentist . You have the option of going on to post - graduate programs such as a 1 year General Practice Residency or Advanced Education in General Dentistry programs to gain more experience and enhance your clinical skills as a general dentist . You can also elect to specialize in one of the fields of dentistry which these post - graduate programs range from an additional 2 - 6 years , depending upon the specialty , of schooling in order to complete . Time : Besides spending at least 7 - 8 years of your life in school in order to become a dentist you will spend many hours doing demanding and exhausting work on your patients throughout your career . Most dentists work full - time and some will even work evening and weekends . The nice thing about dentistry is the flexibility in your schedule you can have if you own your own practice . You could work less than full - time and not work evenings or on the weekends , but most dentists do due to debt , expenses , etc Debt : No one understands what a lot of debt is better than a dentist . It is almost comical to hear people going through undergraduate studies or other graduate programs complain about their debt , because dental school is one of if not the most expensive graduate programs . An average dental student will graduate with around $ 250,000 in debt from dental school . The most expensive dental schools will put you at around $ 500,000 in debt upon graduating from them . Tack on an average person ’ s debt from their undergraduate studies , a car , a house , etc . and your debt quickly rises . Now if you want to own your own practice you can either buy an existing practice or build your own . Prices of a practice vary , but you can probably plan on dropping around $ 500,000 for a practice . Are you getting overwhelmed ? It ’ s very burdensome and stressful to have that much debt so make sure dentistry is something you love before jumping into it . Stress : You are probably already a little stressed after reading that last point . Debt is a major factor of stress in dentistry . There are also plenty of other factors such as managing patients and staff , running a business , dealing with managed care , competing with other dentists ’ , and not having many benefits of your own , such as personal time off , due to the high costs of maintaining a practice . When treating patients there are many variables that contribute to the stress of being a dentist . You spend your entire day working and focusing in a small confined area . The work you do is very tedious and precise . Some patients have a limited capacity to open their mouths , some have tongues the size of car hoods , some salivate or bleed like fire hoses , some wince in pain at the sound of a drill , some gag at the sight of a mouth mirror , some pass out , and some will throw up on You have to keep up with your schedule , which is very precise as well , and one patient that shows up late or an unexpected occurrence during treatment can cause serious delays and kinks in your schedule and much unwanted stress . There are plenty of factors that cause stress in the life of a dentist . You need to be able to handle and cope with the high levels of stress and still manage the stress that you face outside of dentistry . Physically Demanding : Dentistry is very physically demanding , although many people would probably not think so . Doing precise and tedious work in a tiny area with your hands and having your eyes focused on a small area through loupes for long periods of time are reasons why dentistry is demanding physically . It is tough on your back , hands and shoulders . If you have poor ergonomics in dentistry you will feel and see the results of that in a short amount of time . Carpal tunnel syndrome , chronic back problems , and hypertension abound with dentists . You Costs of a Dental Practice : Just like the expenses of dental school are extremely expensive , maintaining a dental practice is also very expensive . Dentists do have a good income and have stable careers , but they are n ’ t making as much as patients or people often perceive . Patients will complain about paying $ 1000 for a beautiful crown , but they have no clue that most dental practices have an overhead between 50 - 70 % with most of them between 60 - 70 % and sometimes even higher than 70 % . Most of the money coming in never ends up in the pockets of the dentist . It goes to pay for supplies , staff salaries , taxes , maintenance , insurance coverage , CE courses , new equipment , etc . Dental equipment is extremely expensive ; that in house milling machine the dentist just used to make your crown costs over $ 100,000 . Every instrument , piece of equipment , even materials can be very expensive to purchase . Companies are continuously releasing new dental materials , instruments , and equipment and you ’ re always feeling the Competition : The competition for acceptance into dental school is increasing by the year . It is difficult and very competitive to get into dental school , because more and more students are applying each year . Dentistry remains as pretty much the only area in healthcare that has n ’ t been fully taken over by managed care . More and more students each year are wanting to get into dentistry , because it offers them more freedom and flexibility to do what they want for their career as a dentist . You are expected to go to a good university Once you ’ re out of dental school you have to compete with fellow dentists for patients . Everyone wants to live in urban areas so nearly every major metropolitan area is well beyond its optimal dentist to people ratio . You ’ ll have to make sure to allocate a decent amount of money into marketing in order to maintain a practice that is successful . Managed Care : Dentistry is one of the only areas in healthcare that has n ’ t been tampered by managed care . Managed care meaning when organizations like the government or an insurance company manage health care . Just like Obamacare and insurance companies have been ruining the healthcare system this could happen with dentistry in the not so distant future . As of now there are still quite a bit of liberties with managing your own practice , but insurance companies already dictate a lot of the treatment that your patients will receive and government or insurance companies could be taking Vulnerability to Infectious Diseases : As a dentist you are susceptible to illnesses and infectious diseases every day as you treat patients . Patients will show up with a cold or a contagious illness and you ’ ll be prone to getting it as well . Dentists also work with many sharp instruments such as : needles , scalpel blades , burs , explorers or scalers to name a few . If you accidentally have a needlestick or poke yourself with a sharp instrument then there is always the risk of contracting a blood borne disease such as HIV or Hepatitis C if the patient Emotionally Demanding : Dentistry is not only physically demanding , but emotionally as well . You ’ ll have a patient show up almost daily and tell you they do n ’ t like the dentist . Patients are n ’ t usually happy , have anxiety , or express discomfort while getting dental treatment . People hate waiting and if your schedule gets thrown off by a patient that showed up late then the rest of your patients will take it out on you . People do n ’ t like being in pain and will be rude and disrespectful to you There is no guaranteed perfect treatment in healthcare , there are plenty of variables that are beyond the control of a dentist , yet the dentist will pay the price for it emotionally and financially at times when something does go wrong . All of these things create a significant emotional demand on you as the provider . As a dentist you want things to be perfect and you do your best for every patient , but sometimes you ca n ’ t make patients happy or some things are beyond your control , so it is straining and challenging Business Management : Running a business is difficult for anyone , especially for a dentist . Imagine spending 4 years in your undergraduate focused on a science major and then 4 years of dental school focused on dentistry and then you graduate and are expected to know how to run a dental practice without any knowledge of how to run a business . Dental school will spend about 1 / 50 of your time in dental school talking about practice management . You wo n ’ t really get anything out of this and it is essentially up to you to figure it You also have to manage your staff . Knowing when to hire and fire staff , how to keep them happy financially , provide them with benefits , and dealing with attitudes is frustrating , stressful , and demanding . It can be very difficult dealing with all different types of people and personalities while trying to keep everyone happy and productive . You will have to be able to balance multiple roles as a dentist . Lack of Benefits : It is not very feasible to take long vacations while working as a dentist , because you still have to pay for the expenses of a practice even when you are n ’ t there . There are daily expenses that have to be paid whether or not the practice is even open , so taking time off not only prevents you from making money , but it also costs you money which makes your vacation much more costly . Most dentists ca n ’ t take more than two weeks off in a row without working which even that You do n ’ t receive designated benefits from an employer . The only benefits you get are the benefits that you give yourself . If you do n ’ t invest and save wisely over the years , you could end up working much longer than you ’ d want just to have something to retire on . Miscellaneous Facts There are various random facts about dentistry and here are examples of the good and bad ones associated with it . Top 10 Careers : A dentist is consistently ranked as one of the top 10 careers in the country due to its comfortable income , low unemployment rate , and good work - life balance . Suicide : A not so great statistic about dentistry is that dentists consistently have one of the highest rates of suicide among any profession . Dentists are under extreme amounts of stress from working long hours , complaints from patients , and debt . Researchers have suggested that : stress , physical and emotional demands , patient complaints , perfectionism , debt , ease of access to various drugs , and higher rates of mental illness due to stress are all factors that attribute to a higher suicide rate among dentists . Overview of Dentistry A dentist is a healthcare professional that holds the title of doctor , Doctor of Dental Surgery ( DDS ) or Doctor of Dental Medicine ( DMD ) – both degrees mean the same thing and are earned by the same education . It is up to the dental school to decide which degree they will award at their school . Following dental school , a new dentist has multiple options to choose from . They can continue their education and pursue a post - doctorate program or residency for advanced training in general dentistry or one of the 9 dental specialities . The specialty areas of dentistry are : Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery , Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology , Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology , Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics , Endodontics , Periodontics , Prosthodontics , Pediatric Dentistry , and Dental Public Health . These programs and residencies range from an additional 1 - 6 years of advanced training following dental If a dentist does not wish to do any advanced training then they may begin working in a variety of different areas as a general dentist . These areas include : academics , research , military , public health , corporate dentistry , private practice , group practice , international health care , or hospital care . There are many options to choose from and you can decide your own path in dentistry and what type of patients or area you want to treat and work in . Dentistry is a great profession and a very rewarding one as well . I know I have weighed heavily on the negatives of the profession , but in my opinion the positives outweigh the negatives . It is important though , like any career choice , to understand the profession and what it entails so that you make sure you are committed to it and , therefore , committed to your patients as you are responsible for their care and well - being . It is a great responsibility to have and although it can be extremely burdensome at times If you are ready to start preparing for the DAT exam , check my guide on how to best prepare . You ’ ll also want to check out the best DAT study materials to make sure you ’ re prepared as possible . Also , here are some links from the American Dental Association ( ADA ) as well as the American Student Dental Association ( ASDA ) that will provide you with additional insight and information related to a career in dentistry . What can a career in Dentistry offer you ? – ADA Careers in the Dental Profession – ADA Life of a Dentist – ASDA | [
"Dentist",
"rewarding profession"
] |
http://crypto.stanford.edu/pbc/notes/group/normal.html | Normal Subgroups Two elements a b in a group G are said to be conjugate if t − 1 a t = b for some ∈ G . The elements is called a transforming element . Note conjugacy is an equivalence relation . Also note that conjugate elements have the same order . The set of all elements conjugate to is called the class of Theorem : The elements of that commute with a given element form a subgroup N , called the normalizer of . Given a decomposition of into cosets N g 1 g h , where h = | | , the elements of the class of can be written − Proof : That the normalizer is indeed a subgroup is easily verified . If we take any n i ∈ i where n then we have Also , if we have j j then also commutes with , thus also belongs to , implying that Note an element forms a class by itself if and only if commutes with all of . Such an element is called an invariant or self - conjugate element of . In every group , the identity is invariant . In an abelian group every element is invariant . Classes of conjugates are disjoint , for if then x x for any , implying that every element in the class of also belongs to the class of . Thus we may decompose into disjoint classes of conjugates , and if there are k classes , we have + + k where is the size of the th class . Note each divides and if and only if is self - conjugate . Theorem : If a group has order p m for some prime p , then the number of self - conjugate elements is a positive multiple of Proof : Consider the decomposition of . Using the above notation , each must be some nonnegative power of . Then suppose z of the are equal to one ( so z is the number of self - conjugates ) . Then we have m 2 where 0 < ≤ 2 ≤ . We see must be a multiple of , but since ≥ because is always invariant , must be a positive multiple of We may generalize some of these concepts as follows : If K is a subset of some group then any subset of the form K is said to be conjugate with . The elements of which commute with form a group which is the normalizer of . In a similar manner to above we can show : The number of sets conjugate to is the index of its normalizer A set H that commutes with every element of is called invariant or self - conjugate . In particular , if H is some subgroup of , then we call a normal or or subgroup . In general , if A is some subgroup of then groups of the form A are called the conjugate subgroups . Write ◃ to express that is a normal subgroup of . Note that the intersection of normal subgroups is also a normal subgroup , and that subgroups generated by invariant sets are normal subgroups . A subgroup of index 2 is always normal . Suppose is a subgroup of of index 2 . Then there are only two cosets of relative to . Let s ∖ . Then can be decomposed into the cosets s or , implying commutes with . Since for any we see that commutes with every element of and hence is normal . Example : In the dihedral group D c c the cyclic subgroup is normal . Example : The alternating group is normal in S Note if is an element of a normal subgroup of a group , then the class of is contained in , so that a normal subgroup can be viewed as the union of classes of , and conversely , any union of classes of satisfying the group axioms form a normal subgroup of The classes of S 4 are 0 3 4 3 It can be verified that V ∪ forms a subgroup thus is normal . | [
"Geometry",
"Normal Subgroups"
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http://crystalblueomaha.com/ | Time to call in Crystal Blue moblie detailing services 4027147954 Tired of waiting in line forever only for an okay car wash Always run out of quarters at the DIY wash with only half the car washed Or just dont have the time in your busy life to keep the car clean Time to call in Crystal Blue moblie detailing services 4027147954 Tired of waiting in line forever only for an okay car wash | [
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] |
http://crystalresumes.com/resspell.html | On the Spelling of “ Resumé ” The question of how to spell the name of that document involves complications that only a few such issues do . They ’ re all discussed in detail here : why “ resume ” is okay in e - mails but makes you look bad in fields that value language skills ; and the advantage of using only the last accent . Other discussions on the Web miss most of the relevant points . ( That includes the Web pages that have obviously copied from this page over the last ten years . My thanks to those who have linked to this page . ) By the way : for what you need to know about the terms “ resumé ” and “ CV , ” click here . You ’ ve reached an uncommon source for information about resumés . This page is just one example of how deeply I ’ ve gotten into every aspect of resumés . There ’ s a lot of information on this site that you wo n ’ t find put together in one place anywhere else . Some of that information will change the way you think about resumés — and make your job search a lot more successful and a lot less worrisome . I do n ’ t settle for the myths that the majority of resumé writers and advisers — including some so - called “ experts ” — have repeated endlessly for years without ever thinking to check them . Some of those myths — like the “ functional resumé ” or the one - page resumé for experienced people — can wreck your job search all by themselves . Read more about these “ Killer Myths ” on the Tips Myths page . You ’ ll find the # 1 Resumé Tip on that page especially helpful , too . The FAQ page takes you right to answers to some commonly asked questions . Look through the Resumé Encyclopedia , with definitions and in - depth information about resumé terminology and technology . Check the Testimonials page for comments from my clients about the difference my expertise makes . And then take a look at the home page to start finding out how I work . This expertise means that I can give exceptional value for your money , even compared to other resumé services in the same price range . And the payback to you for that extra quality can be immense . Summary Do n ’ t Use the Accent In Plain Text How to Type the Accent The Whole Thing in Full Detail Résumé en français pour les editeurs et typographes en proie au curiosité morbide SUMMARY All factors considered , I think “ resumé ” ( one accent ) , though it has no historical basis , is the best spelling for this word when used as an English word to refer to a summary of someone ’ s qualifications for employment . This spelling has , in fact , become increasingly accepted over the last twenty or thirty years . “ Resumé ” in this sense is an English word , not a French one . It ’ s not pronounced like the French word . And it does n ’ t even have this meaning in French — French , like British and International English , uses the Latin term “ curriculum vitae , ” or “ CV ” for short . ( Both terms have a narrower sense in the U.S . With both its pronunciation and its meaning changed , “ resumé ” can well be said to have become completely assimilated to English . Many other French words went the same route centuries ago . In most such cases , the accents have been dropped without any awkward consequences . But in this particular word , the accent over the final - e is still necessary , to indicate pronunciation and to distinguish “ resumé ” from the verb “ resume . ” ( In addition , the spelling with two accents is awkward in English because , in the This is not a question the average job - seeker needs to sweat over . “ Resumé ” and “ résumé ” are always acceptable . “ Resume ” is very widely accepted too , though it should be avoided in fields where language skills are valued ( except in the case of e - mails — see below ) . Whichever spelling you prefer , make sure you use it consistently . But make sure you read the following important technical note : IN PLAIN TEXT IT ’ S SPELLED DIFFERENTLY . . . At least in the U.S. , accented characters — like the “ é ” in resumé — should never be used in plain - text documents , such as e - mails and Web forms . Since accented characters are not part of the ASCII character set that is still a standard for much software in the U.S. , they sometimes get converted to other characters or combinations of characters , and show up as nonsense characters on the recipient ’ s end . In these documents , “ resume , ” without accents , is safest . You should also avoid using accented characters in filenames — especially if you ’ re sending the files to someone else . HOW TO TYPE THE ACCENT In Windows : In Word , you can type Ctl - ' ( that is , hold down the Control and apostrophe keys at the same time ) and then press the ‘ e ’ key . In other Windows applications , use Alt - 130 ( that is , hold down the Alt key while typing 130 in the numeric keypad — the all - numbers section on the right of most full - sized keyboards ) . On a Mac : Press Option - e and then press the ‘ e ’ key . Unix systems are less standardized in this respect . Try Compose - e - ' . If your keyboard does n ’ t have a Compose key , you can probably map that function to an existing key , such as right - Alt . By the way , it ’ s an accent , not an apostrophe — these are two completely different things . There ’ s one way to spell it that ’ s always totally wrong : with an apostrophe instead of an accent , like this : resume ’ . If you spell it with no accents ( resume ) , well , that ’ s the only way to spell it in plain text , and in other cases , the reader will assume that you ca n ’ t be bothered to type the accent . They may or may not downgrade you on that score . But if you spell it with an apostrophe instead of an accent You do n ’ t have to sweat over the spelling of “ resumé . ” But as a professional resumé writer I have to make a considered decision about which spelling to use , and want to choose the best if one is even a little better than the others . When you start looking closely at the question of how to spell the name of that vital piece of paper , it gets rather more complicated than most spelling questions are , because there are an unusual number of factors involved . In this case , sorting out those THE WHOLE THING The spelling with two accents follows the French spelling , but in the case of “ résumé , ” that spelling is problematic when used by English - speakers , for reasons given below . Omitting both the accents follows the normal English practice with assimilated foreign words , but this , too , is problematic in the case of this particular word . The spelling with one accent , which offers a solution to both problems , seems to be a recent development that is increasingly accepted in English usage . Good English dictionaries in the past generally gave Random House Dictionary ( unabridged , 1966 ) or the full Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . , 1989 ) . More recent editions of authoritative dictionaries ( Random House Dictionary , 2nd ed . , 1987 ; American Heritage Dictionary , 3rd ed . , 1992 ; and the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary , 5th ed . , 2002 ) also recognize “ resumé . ” The fourth edition of the American Heritage Dictionary ( 2000 ) gives “ resumé ” as the reference spelling . The Shorter Oxford notes that the spelling “ resumé ” ( one accent ) is particularly associated with the sense of a summary of employment qualifications , which sense is “ chiefly North American . ” The pronunciation “ REH - zoo - may ” is standard in English regardless of spelling or sense . ( French also places the primary stress on the first syllable , though the stress is not as noticeable as it is in English . ) Good writers do n ’ t depart from historical spelling without some strong reason that is widely recognized , and then only in those rare cases where there is no stronger reason for retaining the historical spelling . The development of a consensus about such changes takes time , even when the questions are simple enough to be decided by the accumulation of decisions made on the fly by knowledgeable writers . In the case of the word “ resumé , ” however , there are an unusual number of conflicting factors bearing on the question . This complicates and slows down the evolutionary process . Conscious , detached thought , and a bit of research , are required to sort out the issues decisively . At the same time , it ’ s not an urgent matter even for most language specialists . So it ’ s likely that few qualified people have ever sat down and tried to weigh all the factors and find the best resolution to the conflicts Wiktionary article on “ résumé ” is a good discussion . The postings I ’ ve seen on Web discussion forums only demonstrate the inadequacy of casual opinions on this particular question — whether they come from laymen or , worse , from the second - rate professionals who are the source of most of the writings on language and grammar seen by the public . This includes some books that pass for style guides in some offices . ) In the case of “ resumé , ” there is a strong reason for making a change from the historical spelling . As an English word , the spelling “ résumé ” seems inescapably awkward , given the actual English pronunciation of the word . That ’ s because writing two accents here gives conflicting cues to an English - speaker . With the English pronunciation , if the word is spelled with two accents , the same sign represents two different sounds in the same word — in the first syllable , ‘ é ’ is pronounced like the short ‘ e ’ in bet , in the third Furthermore , there is no strong reason for retaining the first accent in the English word . Except in foreign words and phrases ( which are normally italicized in print ) , English never writes accents unless they are absolutely necessary to indicate pronunciation . ( For instance , on your restaurant sign , when your restaurant is a cafe . ) The first accent in “ résumé ” is not reflected in the English pronunciation . If it were , we ’ d say “ ray - zoo - may , ” not “ reh - zoo - may Therefore , when “ resumé ” is used as a fully assimilated English word , with a meaning it does n ’ t have in French , we should feel free to dispense with the first accent . The second accent , however , is still highly desirable for the purpose of distinguishing “ resumé ” from the verb “ resume , ” and more generally for the purpose of indicating that , unlike most words in English with a final - e , the final syllable is pronounced . Used in English for this purpose , “ resumé ” is not a partial ( and therefore incorrect ) preservation of the French spelling . It is an ad hoc , unhistorical improvisation of the sort that has long been used in a few exceptional cases where historical spellings and normal spelling conventions yield results that are consistently felt as awkward even by practiced English - speakers . Another instance of such unhistorical improvisation that is sometimes seen is the spelling “ uncoördinated ” ( with a diaeresis over the second ‘ o ’ ) . Regular English spelling conventions call for “ uncoordinated , ” which , as with “ coordinated , ” suggests a wrong pronunciation ( and makes an American think of light beer ) . The usual device of a hyphen ( as in “ co - ordinated ” ) yields “ unco - ordinated . ” This looks even worse than “ uncoordinated ” since , especially if one is being historically conscious two prefixes . But since combinations of two prefixes are somewhat unusual , and their separation from the main word by hyphens quite rare , “ unco - , ” when first seen , prompts the mind to try to interpret it as a single prefix , which leads to a dead end . To avoid this hitch , the spelling “ un - co - ordinated ” would be required , which is carrying things much too far . So the diaeresis is brought in instead , to signify that both the first and second ‘ o ’ are pronounced Lest I carry this treatise unco far , I will stop , and place further discussions in the following appendix , if anyone wants to go farther . Miscellaneous matters It could be argued that , because English does put the primary stress on the first syllable — in contradistinction to the verb “ resume ” — the first accent therefore has some use for indicating this pronunciation . I believe , however , that there is no real necessity for this . Subject to correction by specialists in English phonology , it seems to me that it ’ s natural for someone starting to read the word “ resumé ” to put the primary stress on the first syllable . That ’ s because in English , a three English - speakers ( or at least , American - speakers ) only rarely use the borrowed French word in its original , general sense , to mean “ a brief summary ” of whatever is being spoken of . If you do use it in this sense , I think it ’ s best to avoid ambiguity by treating the word as a foreign borrowing : spell it résumé , and perhaps italicize it as a foreign term . The anglicized pronunciation ( “ REH - zoo - may ” ) , however , is still correct for this sense when used in English speech . Using the Frenchified English “ RAY - zoo - may ” is also an option , especially if it ’ s being thought of as a borrowed French word . Like most English “ French , ” it ’ s really a half measure . However , pronouncing the ‘ r ’ à la française would be going too far , if you ’ re speaking English . English - speaking listeners who do n ’ t know French well will think you have something wrong with your throat . Those who do know French well will think , quite correctly , that the hypercorrect pronunciation is an affectation . RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS Faut bien préciser ( en parlant ou en écrivant anglais ) qu ’ il s ’ agit de l ’ histoire professionelle de quelqu ’ un , et non de la reprise de quelque chose . ( En écrivant , il y a aussi une troisième possibilité — un précis de quelques faits quelconques . ) Mais , en cherchant d ’ emploi aux États - Unis on parle anglais , n ’ est - ce - pas , non français . L ’ exactitude linguistic est un valeur a préserver à très peu près toujours , mais ça peut Taper les accents ne vient pas sans trouble aux doigts anglophones , les claviers anglais n ’ ayant pas ces clès . Il faut les taper néanmoins , en générale . Mais dans le cas du mot ‘ résumé ’ , je crois , il ne vaut pas la peine de trébucher sur deux accents dans le même mot , ce qui multiplie l ’ ennuie et la distraction , puisqu ’ on sait ( surtout si on est vrai puriste , non affecté ) que l ’ aigu premier ne signifie , en la prononciation anglais , ce qu En plus , le mot , dans le sens de ‘ histoire professionel ’ , n ’ est presque plus senti , en usage commun , comme emprunt étranger , et le fait historique de l ’ emprunt n ’ a plus d ’ importance , côté signification , même pour la nuance . En fait , dans l ’ usage commun , la signification du mot est changé depuis son emprunt : il n ’ a plus le sens général du ‘ précis ’ , mais un signification beaucoup plus restreint , qui ne répond à aucune sens du Le fait que le mot a été emprunté du francais n ’ est important que pour la prononciation , et , en parlant anglais , où on dit ‘ reh - zoo - may ’ , la prononciation française concèrne seulement l ’ ultime . L ’ aigu sur l ’ ultime est donc nécessaire ( un ‘ e ’ final n ’ étant pas prononcé en anglais ) pour distinguer entre le nom et le verbe ‘ resume ’ ( ‘ reprendre ’ , en français ) , et suffisant pour indiquer qu ’ l s ’ agit du On pourrait bien , en puriste , souhaiter une indication explicite du tonique , et peut - être on pourrait imaginer des cas où il faudrait mieux garder deux aigus dans un mot emprunté du français . Mais dans le cas présent , puisque la seul signe disponible pour indiquer un accent tonique est utilisée immédiatement après , sous nécessité plus pressant , dans un autre sens , le puriste intelligent mettra fin à ses peines , en disant , ‘ Ça suffit ’ . ( Ce n ’ est pas un puriste qui revendiquerait la prononciation franglais ‘ ray Si on veut utiliser le mot , comme on fait parfois en l ’ anglais plus ou moins érudit , dans le sens générale qu ’ il a en français , on peut bien , en ce cas assez rare , mettre les deux accents , et peut - être méme mettre le mot en italique ou le prononcer , de façon franglais , ‘ ray - zoo - may ’ ( mais pas ‘ chray - zoo - may ’ ) , pour éviter des échos du sens plus commun . TOP HOME SERVICES THE DETAILS ABOUT RESUMÉS TESTIMONIALS CONTACT Site Map Privacy Confidentiality Policy E - mail : info @ crystalresumes . com Telephone : 763 - 559 - 7345 OFFICE HOURS : Monday – Friday , noon – 6 Central Time Eastern M – F 1 – 7 Mountain M – F 11 – 5 Pacific M – F 10 – 4 Interviews can be scheduled evenings . Weekends subject to availability . Outside office hours , leave message : I ’ ll respond ASAP . Never go to sea with two chronometers . Take one or three . — nautical proverb top | [
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http://cs.baylor.edu/~donahoo/classes/sonnet.html | ANALYZING THE SONNET Form A fourteen - line iambic pentameter poem with words at the end of each line rhyming in a particular pattern is called a sonnet � To decide if a poem is a sonnet and also what type of sonnet it is , note the way those words rhyme . � Mark the word at the end of the first line a � If the last word of line two rhymes with the last word of the line marked a , mark that line also ; otherwise mark it b . Now check the last word of line three . If it rhymes with a , mark it a . � If it rhymes with b , mark it b If it rhymes with neither , mark it c , and so on throughout the poem . For example , note the first four lines of Shakespeare � s Sonnet XVIII . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Shall I compare thee to a summer � s day ? � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Thou art more lovely and more temperate : b Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May , � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � And summer � s lease hath all too short a date b If the marks form a sequence of ababcdcdefefgg , as they do in the sonnet above , you have an English ( or Elizabethan ) sonnet . The first four lines are called a quatrain , as are the second and third sets of four lines . The English sonnet ends with two lines rhyming with each other ( These are called a couplet ) Sonnet XVIII ends as follows : � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � So long as men can breathe or eyes can see g � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � So long lives this and this gives life to thee . g In some sonnets , the rhyme pattern will be different . For example , another common form of sonnet is the Italian ( or Petrarchan ) sonnet . The words at the ends of its lines rhyme to form a pattern of abbacddc or occasionally , abbaabba These first eight lines are called an octave . The last six lines , which may rhyme is a variety of ways , are called a sestet . Knowing whether you are analyzing an English or Italian sonnet is important because the knowledge may affect your understanding of the contents of the poem . In the English sonnet , each quatrain tends to present a separate image and the concluding couplet provides a comment on or a summary of the meaning of the preceding images . With an Italian sonnet , the octave tends to present a problem or ask a question , and the sestet provides a solution or an answer . Occasionally , the English sonnet will lend itself to the Italian pattern with question or problem in the first two quatrains and answer in the last quatrain and the couplet . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Note also the statement in paragraph one that sonnets are written in iambic pentameter . The iamb is a metrical pattern in which the first syllable of a line of poetry is not accented and the second syllable is accented . The pattern continues throughout the line . If there are five recurrences of the pattern in the line , the line is said to be iambic pentameter In general , accents occur on key words and where words are normally stressed , though reversals commonly occur at the beginning of a poem . Consider again the lines of Sonnet XVIII . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Shall I compare thee to a summer � s day ? � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Thou art more lovely and more temperate : While some tension is nearly inevitable between the demands of the poem and how you would normally stress the words , note that by the middle of line one the metrical pattern of iambic pentameter is established . Language Before you interpret a poem , make certain you understand the vocabulary in the poem . Because language constantly changes , you can easily lose the meaning of a poem by not understanding the meaning of a particular word in the century in which the poem was written , so you may need to consult a good desk dictionary in order to write the interpretation . Also , consider any special allusions in the poem . Many poems are made richer by allusions to religion , history , other works of literature , and even events in the life of the poet . Although special dictionaries such as Brewer � s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable may occasionally be needed to interpret an allusion , often the same desk dictionary will provide sufficient information . Consider also the special language in the poem , including images ( word pictures appealing to the senses ) ; symbols ( images that mean more than what the literal words convey , such as a cross for religion or a red rose for love ) ; and figures of speech such as the use of � eye of heaven � for � sun � or the personification of � Death � as a figure who brags in Sonnet XVIII . Finally , poets are wordsmiths and may choose words for connotation ( emotional associations ) as well as denotation ( dictionary meaning ) and even for the sounds of words as they are uttered or as they work together in a poem . Interpretation When you interpret a poem , you will want to comment on the poem � s form and language . You may also be asked to convey what the poet literally said in the poem , an exercise in summary or paraphrase . Most important , though , you will need to identify the theme of the poem . The theme is the statement the poem makes on the meaning of life , emotions , relationships , nature , country , deity , etc . If the statement is universal it captures what other people in different places and times of history have thought or felt ; and the poet , in sense , becomes the spokesperson for those people . For example , in reading Sonnet XVIII , consider how frequently people desire to capture visually � a Kodak moment � when the subject is at its peak of beauty and freshness . That is what Shakespeare hoped to do with his words � .to give permanence to what was evanescent by preserving the beauty with his sonnet . Sonnet XVIII is only one of the hundred and fifty - four sonnets that form the sequence ( collection ) Sonnets in which Shakespeare wrote about his feelings and about his relationships with two individuals who were significant to him . | [
"THE SONNET",
"iambic pentameter poem",
"ANALYZING"
] |
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http://cs.trains.com/mrr/f/11/t/220732.aspx | Home Model Railroader Forums Layouts and layout building Fold down layout Fold down layout 4379 views 12 replies Order Ascending Kyle Member since September 2013 918 posts Fold down layout Posted by Kyle on Monday September 16 2013 522 AM I dont have anywhere for a layout to sit full time is it possible to have a layout that folds up against a wall Also my dads in the military so we are moving in the next few years is there an easy way to build a layout that would be easy to move jeffreywimberly Member since June 2004 From Orig Tyler Texas Lived in seven countries now live in Sundown Louisiana 25640 posts Posted by jeffreywimberly on Monday September 16 2013 747 AM An along the wall shelf type layout built in modules Running Bear Sundown Louisiana Joined June 2004 Dr Frankendiesel aka Scott Running Bear Space Mouse for president 15 year veteran fire fighter Collector of Apple es Running Bear Enterprises History Channel Club life member beatus homo qui invenit sapientiam BroadwayLion Member since July 2006 From North Dakota 7831 posts Posted by BroadwayLion on Monday September 16 2013 931 AM Yup Fold down modules are a good idea but Id make them no wider than 16 Since you already KNOW that they must be moved frequently enough you must make them with this in mind I would probably make them to fit on book cases rather than as fold down this way you will not have to attach anything to the walls or get gigged for damages to the walls when you move out you do not get a loop this way but you an do interesting things LIONS are fond of passenger terminals but you may prefer freight or maybe an industry You could do a dock yard where you can park your aircraft carrier or submarine Of course you could do a 4x8 that can be transported flat Put it on five foot tall legs and then your bed will fit under it My cousins did have a 4x8 fold up but then they owned the house and so damage to the wall was not a concern Finally if you are like me you might take everything apart and build something new after each move I have not moved now in 30 years but I am on layout 33 Third layout third major revision ROAR The Route of the Broadway Lion The Largest Subway Layout in North Dakota Here there be cats LIONS with CAMERAS Phoebe Vet Member since September 2007 From Charlotte NC 6089 posts Posted by Phoebe Vet on Monday September 16 2013 1017 AM Attend a train show or other event where a local club has a working layout on display The people operating it will be happy to show you how they make the layout portable They might even invite you to join their club and satisfy your MRR urges by constructing a module for their layout Dave Lackawanna Route of the Phoebe Snow Anonymous Member since April 2003 302135 posts Posted by Anonymous on Monday September 16 2013 1020 AM There are quite a few different approaches to model railroading in tight spaces one of them you can find here Confessions of a Mediocre Model Railroader rrebell Member since July 2006 From west coast 4431 posts Posted by rrebell on Monday September 16 2013 126 PM Foam modules that you can hang on a wall very light weight You could have them on a 1x4 frame or someone has built the frame out of foam also gregc Member since July 2009 From somerset nj 2263 posts Posted by gregc on Monday September 16 2013 342 PM you may find Bootcamp and Small Layouts Clinic helpful There is some discussion of making these type of layouts more portable greg Philadelphia Reading Reading jmbjmb Member since October 2001 From US 963 posts Posted by jmbjmb on Monday September 16 2013 635 PM There are quite a few options on making a layout fold up andor portable There were many articles in older MRs on just that topic though they seem to be fewer to day in the era of large basements The Jan 72 issue has an article on a fold up layout as does the Nov 91 that are designed to fold into a bookcase which could be a transportable piece of furniture I use transportable since the overall size is like a china cabinet which can be moved but not something you pick up and put in the back of There was an article in May 87 on tilt top benchwork One method I used while in the AF was to build n scale 1x4 bookshelf modules using the concept of Bob Lutz in the JanFeb 77 MRs Each was in a self contained box with top ends and backdrop I installed lighting in the top using Christmas tree bulbs today could use LEDs Then whenever I got where I was going Installed them on a quick and easy L girder frame and connected the sections by temporary scenery Under the frame I used prefabed bookcases so the space wasnt wasted but easy to move The overall set up changed at Soo Line fan Member since October 2005 From Detroit Michigan 2202 posts Posted by Soo Line fan on Monday September 16 2013 710 PM Kyle I dont have anywhere for a layout to sit full time is it possible to have a layout that folds up against a wall John Armstrong in a book titled Creative Model Railroad Designs created a layout called the Murphy Bed and Credenza This layout took advantage of using the full height of the ceiling and still hinged away from the wall It used a unique style of hinges which attached near the middle of the layout instead of the bottom A small yard attached to the wall so rolling stock could be parked there instead of being removed when the layout is folded up The book is out of print but can be found online Jim DSchmitt Member since September 2003 From California moved to North Carolina 2018 4209 posts Posted by DSchmitt on Monday September 16 2013 833 PM I designed but have not built a 40 x 76 N scale layout to fit on the top bunk of a bunk bed It is a modification of a HO 4x8 plan A slightly smaller layout would fit under a twin bed when not in use I tried to sell my two cents worth but no one would give me a plug nickel for it I dont have a leg to stand on hornblower Member since October 2007 From Fullerton California 915 posts Posted by hornblower on Tuesday September 17 2013 747 PM The biggest problem with foldup or folddown layouts is the need to remove EVERYTHING not permanently secured to the layout prior to folding the layout up or down You might no longer think such a layout is a good idea when you forget and dump that superdetailed loco you just spent six months preparing on the floor I would go with the small sectional shelf layout idea as it would be unobtrusive and easily transportable when the time comes Hornblower PLineSoo Member since May 2016 15 posts Posted by PLineSoo on Friday May 20 2016 136 PM A long time ago probably in about 1969 or 1970 either Popular Mechanics or Popular Science or something similar had a big article with plans to build a 4x8 N Gauge layout that was hinged on a bookcase folded up and attached to the wall with short legs and eye hooks the underside was made to be a bulletin board My dad built this for us for our first layout Yes you did have to clean everything up before folding the unit up but its not like we folded it up every day It was in the spare bedroom so when we had guests wed fold it up Learning to put things away when youre done with them has advantages that balance out the disadvantages of folding up the unit You dont have crap laying all over your layout making it unpresentable for instance And having it folded up its a lot easier to keep clean and dust free We never lost a car or locothose went in the boxes FIRST PLineSoo Member since May 2016 15 posts Posted by PLineSoo on Friday May 20 2016 220 PM Update to my previous post The folddown layout plans my father used were in the January and February 1970 issues of Popular Mechanics available free in Google Books online Subscriber Member Login Login or register today to interact in our online community comment on articles receive our newsletter manage your account online and more Users Online ATLANTIC CENTRAL Redvdub1 Search the Community Model Railroader Newsletter Sign up for our FREE enewsletter and get model 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http://cs.trains.com/mrr/f/744/t/265497.aspx | Home Model Railroader Forums Electronics and DCC New Dcc system What one to buy New Dcc system What one to buy 9782 views 43 replies Order Ascending 1 2 JohnWPowell Member since February 2003 From US 82 posts New Dcc system What one to buy Posted by JohnWPowell on Friday October 06 2017 1017 PM Looking to buy a new Dcc system Been looking at nce What would you buy rrinker Member since February 2002 From Reading PA 25266 posts Posted by rrinker on Friday October 06 2017 1031 PM If I did it all over again Id still buy my Digitrax Randy Modeling the Reading Railroad in the 1950s Visit my web site at wwwreadingeastpenncom for construction updates DCC Info and more tstage Moderator Member since June 2003 From Northeast OH 14399 posts Posted by tstage on Friday October 06 2017 1115 PM Been using the NCE Power Cab for nearly 12 years now and have been very happy with it Ive also used Digitrax but still prefer NCE for intuitiveness Either company would be a good choice and both have their pluses Tom httpwwwnewyorkcentralmodelingcom TimeIt marches onwithout ever turning around to see if anyone is even keeping in step RR_Mel Member since January 2009 3231 posts Posted by RR_Mel on Saturday October 07 2017 1206 AM This will be the ChevyFordDodge thing Theyre all good and everyone has their preferences mine happens to be MRC Prodigy My Prodigy has run perfectly since 2006 As for decoders I have bought 5 different manufacturers decoders and all work great Mel Modeling the early to mid 1950s SP in HO scale since 1951 My Model Railroad httpmelvineperryblogspotcom Bakersfield California Im beginning to realize that aging is not for wimps hon30critter Member since July 2006 From Bradford Ontario 9092 posts Posted by hon30critter on Saturday October 07 2017 1250 AM Hi John My personal preference is NCE I have used both Digitrax and NCE and I find The NCE system to be far more intuitive to use Some Digitrax throttles have screens that are hard to read NCE is easy to read Digitrax has a whole bunch of buttons that look exactly the same NCE has differentiated the more commonly used buttons Programming with NCE is a breeze The system tells you exactly what you are doing I havent attempted to program with a Digitrax system An added advantage is that the NCE system will program any and all decoders Digitrax requires a booster to program some decoders Digitrax does have the Loconet system that provides feedback from various sources Some people who are using systems other than Digitrax will use the Loconet system to control certain functions on their layouts I have heard of many clubs that have switched from Digitrax to NCE and have been happy with the move I have never heard of a club that has switched from NCE to Digitrax Bottom line is that both systems work pretty well The smart thing to do would be to find somewhere where you can operate both systems Maybe your local hobby store or club You will figure out pretty quickly which one you prefer Somebody mentioned MRC MRC offers a workable but limited system The biggest limitation has to do with programming restrictions If you really want to get in to DCC stick with NCE or Digitrax Dave carl425 Member since August 2013 From Richmond VA 1551 posts Posted by carl425 on Saturday October 07 2017 736 AM hon30critter An added advantage is that the NCE system will program any and all decoders Digitrax requires a booster to program some decoders The new DCS240 has fixed this issue rrinker If I did it all over again Id still buy my Digitrax Me too I have the right to remain silent By posting here I have given up that right and accept that anything I say can and will be used as evidence to critique me selector Member since February 2005 From Vancouver Island BC 21516 posts Posted by selector on Saturday October 07 2017 837 AM A lot of people post here over the past 1214 years saying Digitrax confuses them They hate it dont like the manual and dont like the throttles They quite rightly moved on and became happier Thats what a reasonably wellmotivated person should do and not just with train throttles I didnt know any better My local hobby shop only offered the EZCommand from Bachmann but he would order Digitrax components if I wanted what he used himself So long story short and with some perseverance and several reads of the manual I find myself loving my very reliable and capable Digitrax Super Empire Builder I purchased a second DT400 throttle which allows four trains to run at the same time with two operators two encoder knobs per throttle so each one can run two trains simultaneously I havent met a decoder that my DB150 cant programme or reset if I would urge you to get to know well and to enjoy whichever system meets your power and control needs If you were to pick Toms NCE youd be off to the races and fully contented maybe after some fiddling and learning Same for MRCpick the right fit for your operating requirements play with it for a few hours to get familiar with it and then enjoy what it allows you to do Digitrax has been no different for me and Im the furthest thing from a techiegeekelectronics guruengineerprogrammer that you could find The people who brought us the Loconet CGW121 Member since April 2011 From About 20 minutes from IRM 367 posts Posted by CGW121 on Saturday October 07 2017 842 AM As to throttles its like a tv remote at first a new one is confusing but after using it for a while you get used to it ATLANTIC CENTRAL Member since January 2009 From Maryland 7426 posts Posted by ATLANTIC CENTRAL on Saturday October 07 2017 856 AM JohnWPowell Looking to buy a new Dcc system Been looking at nce What would you buy I dont use DCC but having used a number of systems I would choose this if I ever wanted DCC httpwwwcvpusacomeasydcc_systemphp Sheldon Srwill2 Member since January 2016 From Billings MT 42 posts Posted by Srwill2 on Saturday October 07 2017 921 AM I have MRC and really really like it Easy to use gdelmoro Member since January 2014 From Cresskill NJ USA 1001 posts Posted by gdelmoro on Saturday October 07 2017 1049 AM I have the wireless NCE PHPro system and like it very much Maybe because Im used to it now the other systems look confusing but I must say I have never tried them Here is a system comparison httpstonystrainscomcomparisondccsystems The best advice so far in this thread is Try them yourself Gary rrinker Member since February 2002 From Reading PA 25266 posts Posted by rrinker on Saturday October 07 2017 1156 AM NCE PowerCab may not need a program track booster Neither does the Digitrax Zephyr byt the PowerPro does just like the same vintage Digitrax systems The DB150 has never needed a booster but it also doesnt read back Need is also not really the right word it all depends on what decoders you are using Ive actually never had to use the extra power blast mode available on my Zephyr which uses higher power like adding a program track booster for anything but I only have one QSI decoder and only ever had one Tsunami since traded away Ive absolutely Randy Modeling the Reading Railroad in the 1950s Visit my web site at wwwreadingeastpenncom for construction updates DCC Info and more peahrens Member since January 2010 2170 posts Posted by peahrens on Saturday October 07 2017 1204 PM Ive been watching since around 2011 and consistently find that Digitrax and NCE are the top two preferred with others also worth considering no complaints but chosen by fewer Decide what amperage you might need initially and later and ensure you understand the expansion differences how done additional cost for your choices I narrowed it down to Digitrax or NCE initially because of the extent these tended to be preferred as the top brands I wanted 5A capability from the outset so I did not need to consider expansion details I liked the fact that Digitrax had lots of supplemental to the main command station throttle components such as downstream reversers but discovered that was not a deal breaker as compatibility standards allow choices of different brand supplemental components So I chose the NCE 5A PowerPro mainly because I like the throttle I didnt like the style of the Digitrax buttons I did not do the adviseable hands on test as I recall Perhaps find a shop that can demo both Select and run a loco change its address ask how to change the volume CV ando create a consist to give you a feel I found discussing with someone in my case Tonys trains who sells several systems helpful with my final decision as well as choosing the supplemental components you may want to install Paul Modeling HO with a transition era UP bent graymatter Member since April 2017 121 posts Posted by graymatter on Saturday October 07 2017 1213 PM Another way to look at it what are you going to control Locomotives switches lighting on the layout or even sensors that feed back where locomotives are on the layout The decoders for locomotives are getting smaller and able to fit in older and newer DCC ready locomotives Like computers some decoders have a mother board and builtin keep alive or no stall capacitors as well as SOUND I am new at this and went with NCE I have punished my NCE decoders with rookie mistakes The decoders still work fine I talked to an guy who has been model railroading for ever and he was very convincing that digitrak was the way to go He likes the customer service and has helped a couple clubs go digitrak If you are new to DCC see if you can find someone that already is fluent in DCC It takes alot of the frustration and mistakes out of the process Thomas Tophias Member since March 2011 230 posts Posted by Tophias on Saturday October 07 2017 736 PM I was a club member for a year that had a NCE system Pretty intuitive But the throttle seemed top heavy in my hand felt like a cast iron skille to me But thats me My home layout utilizes a Digitrax Super Chief To me after a few hours of using and familiarizing myself with the Digitrax I found it very easy to use and negotiate I much prefer the Digitrax thottle hands down no pun Stevert Member since December 2001 1868 posts Posted by Stevert on Saturday October 07 2017 1003 PM gdelmoro I have the wireless NCE PHPro system and like it very much Maybe because Im used to it now the other systems look confusing but I must say I have never tried them Here is a system comparison httpstonystrainscomcomparisondccsystems The best advice so far in this thread is Try them yourself Wow you mean Tonys who at one time apparently had a manufacturingmarketing agreement with NCE is still pushing that outdated old chart The one that talks about the DT100 which was discontinued in 2000 but doesnt bother to even mention the DT402 now also retired or the DT500 And thats missing the DCS240 comand station and the DCS210based Evolution starter sets and the DB210DB220 line of boosters And the WiFi throttle ability without JMRI that the LNWI provides Sorry but IMHO that comparison is either absurdly out of date or intentionally misleading rrinker Member since February 2002 From Reading PA 25266 posts Posted by rrinker on Saturday October 07 2017 1016 PM You mean maybe the Lenz representatives Or maybe at different times theyve been both Anyway even ignoring the outdated part of that chart there are errors for more than just the Digitrax items Also items with no context like the Recall Stack Not all DCC systems work the same way there IS a selectable recall stack with Digitrax however it does not have the same meaning as the recall stack in NCE Randy Modeling the Reading Railroad in the 1950s Visit my web site at wwwreadingeastpenncom for construction updates DCC Info and more Daywhitemtns Member since July 2013 From Northern New Jersey 81 posts Posted by Daywhitemtns on Saturday October 07 2017 1029 PM I use the Lenz DCC system I tried it I liked it and I stuck by it restorator Member since May 2017 78 posts Posted by restorator on Sunday October 08 2017 844 AM It seems that the main reason people choose NCE over Digitrax is all in the throttles even to the extent of passing on the loconet functionality Is there a reason Digitrax or a third party does not offer a better designed throttle From what I read they would win the DCC wars if only that Carolina Northern Member since December 2009 25 posts Posted by Carolina Northern on Sunday October 08 2017 926 AM With a career of working on user interfaces a couple of weeks with Digitrax had me going back to DC Its that bad The guys from the NC Sippin and Switchin group suggested I try NCE I did and theres no going back See if you can find some locals to let you try the different systems I know a lot of people that are happy with Digitrax but its not for me Don SBX Member since March 2008 From Ipswich UK 97 posts Posted by SBX on Sunday October 08 2017 1114 AM I used to sell DCC systems so have tried most of them My choices for my own layout came down to NCE and Digitrax I bought NCE because it was cheaper However I am not too mobile so use an office chair or a wheelchair to get around even my small railroad This was a problem with the NCE controller as I had this long lead dangling everywhere and getting caught up When Digitrax announced their Evolution system I bought one and have been very happy ever since I find the wireless handheld very good to useI love the fact that I can control two locos easily My main like however is being able to change quickly to switching mode and change any one of my 17 switches just by keying in the number and selecting c or t not 0 and 1 If I want to use a loco function a couple of taps and I am back in loco mode Much easier than the NCE setUP for controlling accessories Long Haired David AKA David Pennington main man on the Sunset and North Eastern RR from the UK rrinker Member since February 2002 From Reading PA 25266 posts Posted by rrinker on Sunday October 08 2017 1202 PM There are other options like smrtphonebased throttles using WiThorttle for iOS and Engine Driver for Android These can work with any system via JMRI Digitrax has a direct wifi interface unit that can plug in I still have an idea to make a Bluetooth add on that you can clip to your phoone to give a real knob for these applications The touch screen is fine for activating functions but the throttle needs a knob of some sorts It shouldnt be too technically dificult to make such a thing and if its BT then its universally compatible with pretty much any smartphone Randy Modeling the Reading Railroad in the 1950s Visit my web site at wwwreadingeastpenncom for construction updates DCC Info and more Stevert Member since December 2001 1868 posts Posted by Stevert on Sunday October 08 2017 500 PM rrinker You mean maybe the Lenz representatives Or maybe at different times theyve been both snip Randy I was actually thinking of the rebadged NCE decoders they sold a few years back It completely slipped my mind that after Debbie Ames retired Tonys is now the Lenz agency here in the US Stevert Member since December 2001 1868 posts Posted by Stevert on Sunday October 08 2017 508 PM restorator It seems that the main reason people choose NCE over Digitrax is all in the throttles even to the extent of passing on the loconet functionality Is there a reason Digitrax or a third party does not offer a better designed throttle From what I read they would win the DCC wars if only that The problem is that everyone has their own idea of the ideal throttle Personally I think the hammerhead style is way too big for what it does Even though I have somewhat large hands I prefer the smaller Digitrax DTxxx throttles Other folks have other preferences JohnWPowell Member since February 2003 From US 82 posts Posted by JohnWPowell on Sunday October 08 2017 550 PM Ok thanks everyone SouthPenn Member since March 2015 1285 posts Posted by SouthPenn on Sunday October 08 2017 602 PM I replaced a Digitrax system Chief with an NCE system I wish I had heard of RailPro You can find a lot of information on the RailPro Forum All new engines now get RailPro RailPro works fine with my NCE system South Penn ATLANTIC CENTRAL Member since January 2009 From Maryland 7426 posts Posted by ATLANTIC CENTRAL on Sunday October 08 2017 620 PM Stevert restorator It seems that the main reason people choose NCE over Digitrax is all in the throttles even to the extent of passing on the loconet functionality Is there a reason Digitrax or a third party does not offer a better designed throttle From what I read they would win the DCC wars if only that The problem is that everyone has their own idea of the ideal throttle Personally I think the hammerhead style is way too big for what it does Even though I have somewhat large hands I prefer the smaller Digitrax DTxxx throttles Other folks have other preferences The Digitrax throttle Too many buttons too close together too smallmy fat fingers and old eyes cant zero in on them Encoder wheel knobs display too small to read without my glasses uses funny little pictures that make no sense And best of all no onoff switch Every other electrical gagget on the planet has an onoff switch But what do I know my trains still run on DC despite my extensive experiance with DCC And remember if I did choose DCC it would not be Digitrax or NCEI would pick EasyDCC from CVP Sheldon BATMAN Member since July 2006 From 4610 Metres North of the Fortyninth on the left coast of Canada 5414 posts Posted by BATMAN on Sunday October 08 2017 640 PM I was at a train show yesterday and for the first time ever I saw someone running a train with their cell phone and then I noticed a couple more I bought an NCE wireless many moons ago and have loved it The design of the controller has me controlling most things without having to be constantly looking at it much like learning to play a musical instrument when all of a sudden you are not looking at your fingers anymore I got a lot of opinions when looking for my first DCC system I have two techies in the family one of which designed and built the first nationwide cell network in the country They looked at the systems and had some comments most of which went straight over my head In the end I made a choice Both had pros and cons and if you pinned me down I would say it was the controller that made me decide I figured by the time I really got educated on the ins and outs of DCC it would be time for an upgrade anyway Brent Its not the age honey its the mileage httpswwwyoutubecomuserBATTRAIN1 gmpullman Member since August 2003 From Collinwood Ohio USA 6983 posts Posted by gmpullman on Sunday October 08 2017 819 PM Stevert The problem is that everyone has their own idea of the ideal throttle I agree I am really looking forward to getting my hands on one of these httpmodelrailroadhobbyistcomnode25866 I had started a thread some time ago with the Microsoft Train Simulator Rail Driver console in mind asking for input on throttle control stand ideas httpcstrainscommrrf744p2545242846858aspx I really didnt choose a DCC system it chose me A friend was leaving the hobby and had a Digitrax Super Chief that he was parting with at a very reasonable cost At the time I only had a Broadway Limited GG1 and NYC Hudson but they were some of the very first dual DC DCC sound locomotives available I agree that there are some things that should be upgraded on some of the Digitrax throttles They use an offtheshelf housing and the LCD display is definitely in need of an upgrade Still as previously mentioned Im used to it and Im very comfortable with it When I have visitors or if Im running several trains Ill use one of the Android Kindle tablets I have with Engine Driver loaded on it This allows me to instantly call up any locomotive from my JMRI roster and control everything with a finger tip or the stylus thingy All the active addresses are right on the screen and just a tap away The functions are spelled out too so I dont have to remember the function assignments either Still Im pretty impressed with the architecture of the Digitrax Loconet I recently upgraded the firmware on throttles and other devices and it was as simple as a few quick downloads and plugging the Loconet cable into the USB port through the PR3 Theres times when I simply want to switch a few cars or hostle a few locomotives around so Ill grab one of the simple UT throttles sometimes not even bothering with the battery I charge and swap the 9V batteries so often that it becomes a quick reflexive exercise that takes all of about ten seconds never needed an onoff switch so far Good Luck to all Regards Ed Stevert Member since December 2001 1868 posts Posted by Stevert on Sunday October 08 2017 912 PM ATLANTIC CENTRAL Stevert restorator It seems that the main reason people choose NCE over Digitrax is all in the throttles even to the extent of passing on the loconet functionality Is there a reason Digitrax or a third party does not offer a better designed throttle From what I read they would win the DCC wars if only that The problem is that everyone has their own idea of the ideal throttle Personally I think the hammerhead style is way too big for what it does Even though I have somewhat large hands I prefer the smaller Digitrax DTxxx throttles Other folks have other preferences The Digitrax throttle Too many buttons snip Sheldon I have to laugh every time I hear that complaint about Digitrax throttles vs NCE or whoever Have you ever actually counted the number of buttonsknobs on a ProCab vs a DTxxx The DTxxx which BTW will control two locos or consists simultaneously Not by going back and forth through the recall stack but simultaneously actually has one LESS buttonknob than the ProCab Not a big difference to be sure but enough to blow that Too many buttons argument out of the water 1 2 Subscriber Member Login Login or register today to interact in our online community comment on articles receive our newsletter manage your account online and more Users Online BNSF UP and others modeler 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http://csafarmersmarket.locallygrown.net/ | PLEASE GO TO OUR NEW CSAFarmersMarketnet Providing LOCAL ORGANIC GMO FREE FOOD to East Michigan Contact Us We Deliver to the following Counties Lapeer Oakland Genesee Tuscola Macomb OFFICE CSA Farmers Market 2933 Burnside Rd North Branch MI 48461 Call 8106887442 email us Text us 8104173465 A New Account so you can place an order with us You will need to scroll to Dont Yet Have an Account Pickup Locations Times Pickup Locations Pickup Times Map of Pickup locations Distribution Dates US Organic Growers that Deliver to a location near you CSA Farmers Market is a group of small family owned and operated growers and producers from Southeast Michigan who work together to provide easier access for customers to receive localorganicfood Most of us are CertifiedOrganic some Certified Naturally Grown all of us use organic practices and all of us are GMO free We harvest fresh and deliver orders to many locations located in Lapeer Genesee Tuscola Oakland Macomb County To shop simply Create an account and if the market is open for ordering you can start shopping immediately The Market opens Thursday at 3 pm and closes Monday night Farmers harvest or prepare foods Tuesday Wednesday and they pack orders on Thursday and deliver orders ThursdaySaturday If you would like a distribution location nearer to you and fill out the form If you hold our values and are interested in being a grower or producer in the group Click Here | [
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http://csapedia.wikia.com/wiki/FLAGS_OF_THE_CSA_AND_THE_STATES | in : EMBLEMS & SYMBOLS FLAGS OF THE CSA AND THE STATES View source Share The Official and Unofficial National Flags of the Confederate States The first official national flag of the Confederacy , called the " Stars and Bars , " ( left ) , was first flown on March 4 , 1861 . Inspired by Austria ' s national flag , it was designed by Prussian artist Nicola Marschall in Marion , Alabama . The Stars and Bars flag was adopted March 4 , 1861 in Montgomery , Alabama and raised over the dome of that first Confederate Capitol . Marschall also designed the Confederate Army uniform . One of the first acts of the Provisional Confederate Congress was to create the Committee on the Flag and Seal , chaired by William Porcher Miles of South Carolina . The committee asked the public to submit thoughts and ideas on the topic and was , as historian John M . Coski puts it , " overwhelmed by requests not to abandon the ' old flag ' of the United States . " Miles had already designed a flag that would later become the Confederate battle flag , and he favored his flag over the " Stars and Bars " Eventually , a total of 13 stars would be shown on the flag , reflecting the Confederacy ' s recognition that Kentucky and Missouri seceded from the Old Republic and joined the Confederacy . The first public appearance of the 13 - star flag was outside the Ben Johnson House in Bardstown , Kentucky ; the 13 - star design was also in use as the Confederate Navy ' s battle ensign . This flag was temporarily replaced by a Second and Third National Flags . After the War ' s conclusion the Confederate Congress voted to return to using the Stars and Bars as the Official National Flag with more Stars being added later . Today the Stars and Bars has 17 Stars . Above ( center and right ) are the Commemorative Flags approved in 1961 by the CS Congress to celebrate the 100th Anniversary of the Independence of the Confederate States from the Old Republic . These flags combine the Stars and Bars with the CS Army ' s Battle Flag . During the solicitation for the second national flag , there were many different types of designs that were proposed , nearly all making use of the battle flag , which had become well - known and popular . The new design was specified by the Confederate Congress to be a white field " with the union ( now used as the battle flag ) to be a square of two - thirds the width of the flag , having the ground red ; thereupon a broad saltire of blue , bordered with white , and emblazoned with mullets or five The flag is also known as " the Stainless Banner " ( shown above left ) . The nickname " stainless " referred to the pure white field . The Flag Act of 186 ? did not state what the white symbolized and advocates offered various interpretations . The Confederate Congress debated whether the white field should have a blue stripe and whether it should be bordered in red . William Miles delivered a speech for the simple white design that was eventually approved . He argued that the battle flag must be used , but for a national flag The flags actually made by the Richmond Clothing Depot used the 1.5 : 1 ratio adopted for the Confederate Navy ' s battle ensign , rather than the official 2 : 1 ratio . Initial reaction to the second national flag was favorable , but over time it became criticized for being " too white " . The Columbia Daily South Carolinian observed that it was essentially a battle flag upon a flag of truce and might send a mixed message . Military officers voiced complaints about the flag being too white , for various reasons , including the danger of being mistaken for a flag of truce , especially on naval ships , and that it was too easily soiled . The third national flag , also called " the Blood Stained Banner " , ( above center and right ) was adopted March 4 , 186 ? . The red vertical bar was proposed by Major Arthur L . Rogers , who argued that the pure white field of the Second National flag could be mistaken as a flag of truce : when hanging limp in no wind , the flag ' s Southern Cross canton could accidentally stay hidden , so the flag could mistakenly appear all white . Rogers lobbied successfully to have this alteration introduced in the Confederate Senate . He defended his redesign as having " as little as possible of the Yankee blue " , and described it as symbolizing the primary origins of the people of the South , with the cross of England and the red bar from the flag of France . The Flag Act of 186 ? describes the flag in the following language : The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact , That the flag of the Confederate States shall be as follows : The width two - thirds of its length , with the union ( now used as the battle flag ) to be in width three - fifths of the width of the flag , and so proportioned as to leave the length of the field on the side of the union twice the width of the field below it ; to have the ground red and a broad blue saltier thereon , bordered with white and emblazoned Despite the passage of the Flag Act of 186 ? , very few third national flags were actually manufactured and used in the field . Moreover , the ones made by the Richmond Clothing Depot used the square canton of the second national flag rather than the slightly rectangular one specified by the law . After the War the Confederate Congress was assailed by requests to either return to the Stars and Bars as the Official National Flag or to incorporate the Battle Flag in the design of the Stars and Bars , since the Battle Flag became a popular banner during the War with considerable public use as a symbol of Patriotism . While Congress ultimately voted to re - establish the Stars and Bars it would be nearly a hundred years later before the Battle Flag would be incorporated in a Commemorative Flag approved by Congress in 1961 . The Bonnie Blue Flag ( above ) was an unofficial banner of the Confederate States of America at the start of the War during the secession movement and then during the early days of the Confederate States . The flag consists of a single , five - pointed white star on a blue field . It closely resembles the flag of the short - lived Republic of West Florida of 1810 . After independence was won Congress altered the appearance and established guidelines for its use in an unofficial capacity . When the state of Mississippi seceded from the Union in January 1861 , a flag bearing a single white star on a blue field was flown from the capitol dome . Harry Macarthy helped popularize this flag as a symbol of the Confederacy by composing the popular song " The Bonnie Blue Flag " early in 1861 . Some seceding southern states incorporated the motif of a white star on a blue field into new state flags . Although the name " Bonnie Blue " dates only from 1861 , several authors have claimed that the flag is identical with the banner of the Republic of West Florida , which broke away from Spanish West Florida in September 1810 and was annexed by the 90 days later . In 2006 the State of Louisiana formally linked the name " Bonnie Blue " to the West Florida banner by passing a resolution designating the Bonnie Blue Flag as " the official flag of the Republic of West Florida Historic Region " . The Flags of the Armed Forces of the Confederate States The flag above on the left was used as the First Naval Jack ; while the flag on the right is the current official Flag of the Confederate States Navy and receives considerable popular use as an unofficial National Flag . The Battle Flag ( left ) is the Official Flag of the Eastern Department of the Confederate States Army , while the Richard Taylor Flag ( right ) is the Official Flag of the Western Department of the Confederate States Army . The Flags of the States Note : Years shown indicate either the date the flag was first adopted or was last altered . Alabama ( 1895 ) Arizona ( 1917 ) Arkansas ( 1924 ) Florida ( 1900 ) Georgia ( 1956 ) Kentucky ( 1918 ) Louisiana ( 1912 ) Maryland ( 1904 ) Mississippi ( 1894 ) Missouri ( 1913 ) New Mexico ( 1920 ) North Carolina ( 1861 ) Oklahoma ( 1925 ) South Carolina ( 1861 ) Tennessee ( 1905 ) Texas ( 1839 ) Virginia Categories EMBLEMS & SYMBOLS | [
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"THE STATES"
] |
http://cscs.academicblogs.co.uk/slaves-and-slaveowners-in-eighteenth-century-scotland/ | Slaves and Slaveowners in EighteenthCentury Scotland Published on November 20 2012 Author CSCS 1 Comment On 20 November 2012 the Centre in collaboration with the Andrew Hook Centre was pleased to welcome Professor John Cairns who provided an enlightening and harrowing lecture on Slaves and Slaveowners in EighteenthCentury Scotland Below is this listeners brief summary of the lecture Slaves were a significant presence in 18th century Scotland particularly from the 1740s onwards Professor Cairns has identified between 90100 individuals who can be definitively confirmed as slaves The majority came from subSaharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent exceptions being one female Indonesian and one male Native American It is likely there were many many more but due to a lack of sources it is difficult to come by accurate statistics But between 174070 the number of slaves in Scotland appears to double by decade Newspapers were a key source and accounted for around half of the confirmed individuals There were frequent advertisements for the sale of slaves or the promotion of runaway slaves with associated rewards The vast majority of runaways were adolescent males with only one confirmed female runaway These newspapers would often contain descriptions of the slaves skills along with details of their owner As such they are extremely valuable sources Other sources include kirk session records legal records and private correspondence Identification of slaves can be ambiguous and difficult due to the contemporary terminology that was utilised A pejorative term such as negro could describe either an Indian or an African though exact identification of the latter could be made through the description of the hair on their head as wool Prof Cairns claimed that negro was virtually synonymous with slave although other terminology included negro slave Virginiaborn slave and Property of Some portraits of landed families included depictions of slave servants one features a young slave with a silver collar Collars brands and tattoos were wellknown methods of denoting ownership Slaves would be found virtually everywhere in Scotland from Glasgow and Edinburgh to as farflung as Rosshire A Native American named Bob was found in Glasgow and regularly ran away In newspaper descriptions he is said to have no English but a little French Later when he ran away again he is attested as having some English suggesting a marginal integration with Scottish society Slaves were often brought over as gifts for landed elites or professionals sometimes solicited from relatives in colonies across the globe Others were bought from merchants such as James Watt who was based in Glasgow A At the time there was a moral question about whether one could legally own a slave in Scotland Prof Cairns intimated that there was nothing explicitly prevented slavery in legal tracts and the church was generally more concerned with repressing sin through baptism than overturning slavery as an institution Prominent philosophers like Adam Smith covered the slavery question in his writings but never directly referenced the contemporary situation in Scotland Leading from this the relationship between master and slave does seem relatively contingent on individual experience One possibly more positive experience as far as that can be said was a slave called Scipio Kennedy was a trusted retainer to the Kennedys of Cailean and lived into his eighties More negatively Hector Munros cook Caesar from Bengal was based in Rosshire and he ran away in 17723 when he was 26 He was clearly not a teenage runaway but even more clearly he was not at all happy A quote from William McDowall provides an insight into the mentality of the After the talk an audience member enquired about the value placed on slaves Prof Cairns noted that he has found a range between 2560 depending on the skillstrade of the slave Summary by Ross Crawford PhD Researcher Next Tuesday 27th November the Centre seminar series continues with Matthew Hammonds lecture on The origins of earldom of Lennox Again this will take place in Room 202 of 3 Uni Gardens at 530pm O n Monday 3rd December we have the Seventh Annual Angus Matheson lecture for which we welcome Prof Joseph Falaky Nagy of UCLA speaking on Some N otable Troublemakers in Medieval Celtic Literature at 530pm in the Lecture Theatre Sir Alexander Stone Building 16 University Gardens Categories Weekly Seminar Series Tags andrew hook centre centre for scottish and celtic studies cscs eighteenthcentury scotland highlands professor john cairns scotland slaveowners slaves university of glasgow Post navigation Vox Populi Elections voting and representation in early modern Scotland The origins of the earldom of Lennox One Response to Slaves and Slaveowners in EighteenthCentury Scotland Were there any people of color in Scotland The Urban Outlander February 1 2016 at 0517 a significant presenceparticularly from the 1740s onwards according to Professor John Cairns at the University of Edinburgh Yes 1740s And this includes the Highlands Who knew Most of these slaves came from sub Saharan | [
"Slaves and Slaveowners"
] |
http://cseligman.com/text/planets/mercuryrot.htm | Page last updated Dec 2 , 2015 The rotation of Mercury is very strange . For hundreds of years it was thought to rotate synchronously , so that it always kept one face to the Sun , just as the Moon always keeps one face to the Earth . Its actual rotation , however , causes it to turn exactly one and a half times each time it goes around the Sun , so that it turns one side toward the Sun in one orbit , and the other side toward the Sun in the next orbit , making the day on Mercury twice as long as How The Sun Moves In Mercury ' s Sky Mercury rotates once every 58.647 days , which is exactly 2 / 3 of its orbital period of 87.970 days , so it turns on its axis exactly 1 1 / 2 times during one of its years , causing the stars to move 1 1 / 2 times around the sky each year . During that time it moves once around the Sun , causing the Sun to appear to move backwards relative to the stars one full turn . As a result it has only half a day during one year ( 1 1 / 2 forward rotations Rotation Period and Day Length for a detailed discussion of how rotation periods are related to day length ) . The reason that Mercury rotates this way is related to its orbital motion . On the average , Mercury moves four degrees around the Sun each ( Earth ) day , while rotating six degrees . The westward motion of the stars due to its rotation is opposite the eastward motion of the Sun caused by its orbital motion , so the Sun ' s net westward motion is only two degrees per ( Earth ) day , which is three times slower than the star ' s six degrees per ( Earth ) day ; therefore , the day If the orbit of Mercury was nearly circular , this is all we ' d need to say about its rotation ; but since its orbit is quite eccentric , things work very differently at different times of the year . At aphelion Mercury is over 20 % further from the Sun than normal , and as a result moves about 17 % slower than normal in its orbit around the Sun ; and being 20 % further away than usual , even if it were moving at the same speed as usual it would LOOK like it was moving slower ( that is , it would move at a slower angular velocity ) , as seen from the Sun . The net result is that the average orbital motion of four degrees per day slows to only 2 / 3 The ROTATIONAL speed of Mercury on its axis , however , does NOT change . Rotational motions can change over very long periods of time as a result of tidal forces , but such changes are very slow , and in Mercury ' s case nonexistent , as its rotation is locked to its orbital period ( as explained below ) . So at aphelion the westward motion of the stars is still six degrees per day , and the Sun ' s motion , which is that six degrees minus the apparent orbital motion , is a little over At perihelion , on the other hand , Mercury is over 20 % closer to the Sun than normal , and as a result moves about 25 % faster than normal in its orbit ; and being 20 % closer than usual , even if it were moving at the same speed as usual it would look like it was moving faster ( the exact opposite of the situation described for aphelion ) , at least in terms of its angular velocity around the Sun . These two factors result in an increase of the orbital motion to six degrees As at aphelion the rotational velocity is unchanged , so the stars still move westward at six degrees per day , and subtracting the orbital motion , which makes the Sun move eastward at six degrees per day , we are left with - - NOTHING ! In other words , at perihelion , Mercury ' s orbital motion around the Sun is so fast that the Sun completely stops its westward motion . In fact , if the calculations are done very accurately instead of in the approximate way just described , it turns out that at perihelion the orbital motion actually EXCEEDS the rotational motion , so that the Sun slows , stops moving to the west , and starts slowly moving to the east . This eastward motion only lasts for a few days , but during that time the Sun moves a little more than one diameter ( which , since it is three times closer to Mercury than to the Earth , is about a degree and a half ) . Then , as the planet moves past perihelion , and moving away from the Sun starts to experience a slowing of its orbital motion , the Sun stops its eastward movement and starts slowly moving to the west again . To summarize , during one of Mercury ' s years the AVERAGE motion of the Sun is two degrees per day to the west , or one - third of the stars ' motion of six degrees per day , making the day three times longer than the rotation period ; but at various times of the year , the motion can be very different . Near aphelion the orbital motion is slower and the net westward motion of the Sun is more than half again its normal angular velocity , or more than three degrees per day ; but ( Note : At the same time that the Sun is moving slower and then faster , it gets larger and then smaller , because its apparent size depends upon how far away it is . ) A Very Strange Day Now let ' s suppose we were at a place on Mercury , such as the Caloris Basin or its antipodes , where the Sun is overhead at perihelion . At such a place , as shown in the animation below , we would see the Sun rise in the east as a ball a little over one degree in diameter ( twice the size as seen from the Earth because the distance from the Sun to Mercury at aphelion is half our average distance ) , at a rate of more than three degrees per day , or a The " image " below is a Flash animation of the apparent motion of the Sun in Mercury ' s sky . Unfortunately , Android devices have not used Flash for years , and NASA has not chosen to release a non - Flash version of the animation , so until I can create my own animation it will not be viewable on Android devices . The animation above shows the apparent motion of the Sun across the Mercurian sky at a location where the Sun is on the meridian ( halfway between rising and setting ) at perihelion . It is set for 45 degrees north latitude , so it does not correspond exactly to the Caloris Basin or its antipodes , which are on the Mercurian Equator , and have the Sun overhead at perihelion . Unfortunately , there are several problems with the animation , such as ( 1 ) it does not bother to show the constant westward motion of the stars Now let ' s imagine moving a quarter of the way around the planet , until we are at a longitude where the Sun is overhead at aphelion , instead of at perihelion . Then we would see a sight unlike anything seen anywhere else in the solar system ; for as the Sun rises on the eastern horizon Mercury would be at perihelion , and the degree and a half diameter disc of the Sun would take several days to slowly rise , then just as slowly set again as it stopped its westward motion , turned to the east , then just as slowly rise again as the Sun stopped its eastward motion and turned westward again . After this " double dawn " the Sun would rise in the sky , gradually shrinking as it rose , moving upward faster and faster until it passed the meridian with a motion of more than three degrees per day . Then it would sink in the west , gradually growing larger as it moved lower and lower , slower and slower , as Mercury approached perihelion . Finally , as it neared perihelion the Sun would very slowly set in the west , then rise again , as it turned to the east at perihelion , before finally setting for good ( or at least until the next day , two Mercurian years later ) . Why Does Mercury Rotate This Way ? The Sun ' s back - and - forth dance in Mercury ' s sky is unique , as well as amazing ; but the reason for it is quite common - - the tidal forces which act between any two bodies which have significant size compared to the distance between them . These forces cause not only the tides that we are familiar with , but also precession , the synchronous rotation of the Moon ( and many other moons ) , the tidal slowing of the Earth and other planets , and the synchronous rotation of Pluto relative At this point I ran out of time for a detailed discussion . Once I ' ve figured out how to show the animation ( or a better one ) of the Sun ' s apparent motion across Mercury ' s sky , I ' ll add a discussion of how the Sun ' s tidal force on Mercury tries to force Mercury to always keep one face to the Sun , and how , save for an interaction between its varying orbital velocity , the eccentricity of its orbit , and its rotation rate , it would have ended The key to Mercury ' s strange rotation is that the tidal force of the Sun on Mercury is so much stronger at perihelion than at aphelion that the rotation of the planet does not have to be synchronous to be stable . It just has to be a half - whole multiple of the orbital revolution , and the orbital angular velocity at perihelion has to be close to the same half - whole multiple of the average orbital angular velocity , so that the planet has a nearly fixed orientation relative to the Sun at the time when Finally , it turns out that the rotation period of the planet also happens to match the time required for Mercury to move from one side of the Sun to the other as seen from the Earth ( a number related to the so - called " synodic period " of the planet ' s orbital motion ) . As a result , every time that Mercury is seen from the Earth on one side of the Sun , the same side of Mercury is facing the Sun , and every time it is seen from the Earth on the | [
"Mercury",
"Moon",
"Earth"
] |
http://cses.org/ | Comparative Study of Electoral Systems CSES QUICK LINKS Frequently Asked Questions FAQ Election Study Table Variable Table Other Comparative Projects CSES Secretariat Staff 2017 Planning Committee Meeting in Mannheim Germany 2016 Plenary Session in Philadelphia United States The CSES is a collaborative program of research among election study teams from around the world Participating countries and provinces include a common module of survey questions in their postelection studies The resulting data are deposited along with voting demographic district and macroelectoral system variables The studies are then merged into a single free public dataset for use in comparative study and crosslevel analysis The research agenda questionnaires and study design are developed by an international committee of leading scholars of electoral politics political science and survey research The design is then implemented in each country and province by their foremost social scientists Tweets by csestweets | [
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http://csfinfo.org/education/physician-information/syringomyelia/ | Patient Information CM & SM Handbook Asymptomatic Chiari What is Chiari Malformation ( CM ) ? What is Syringomyelia ( SM ) ? What is Ehlers - Danlos Syndrome ( EDS ) ? Parent Connection Surgery Helpful Items for Pain Patient Rights Find a Physician CSF Brochure - Updated 4 / 2019 ( PDF ) Clinician Information Basic Clinical Topics Chiari I * Chiari II * Syringomyelia * Congenital tethered cord ( spina biÿda occulta ) * CM and SM Handbook Types of operations on Chiari I Novel , Rare , or Controversial Topics Pseudotumor cerebri * Fusion with Chiari surgery * Chiari zero * Review of controversial topics / literature ( PDF ) Research Topics CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid Study from an Engineering Perspective * Pain management review Genetics research * Radiology research * Current clinical research questions and efforts * Syringomyelia , Chiari Malformation and the Brain * Clinical Problems Orthopedic issues ( scoliosis ) * Consider Chiari Canine Information Syringomyelia : Definition , Causes & Treatment Approaches Definition Fluid - filled cavity within the spinal cord . Other nomenclature : hydromyelia , syringohydromyelia , spinal cord cyst . Signs and Symptoms of Syringomyelia Dissociated sensory loss - pain and temperature are disrupted whereas light touch , proprioception , and vibratory sensation are often unaffected . Sensory disturbance is almost always asymmetric in a cape - like over the shoulders and back . Pain is frequently felt in the neck and shoulders . Central Cord Syndrome : Centrally located syrinx , that injures the fibers located centrally ( cervical ) before the fibers located laterally ( thoracic , lumbar , and sacral , in this order ) in the spinal cord . A cervical syrinx often results in early symptoms ( sensory loss and motor weakness ) of the more distal muscles of the fingers and hands followed by late signs in the proximal muscles of the shoulders , trunk , and later the legs . A thoracic syrinx may cause motor weakness and sensory disturbance of the trunks followed by the legs . Brainstem symptoms and signs : When the syrinx extends into the brainstem ( syringobulbia ) , symptoms are common early on in the process . These usually consist of dysfunction of the lower cranial nerves with coughing , aspiration , and dysphagia . Scoliosis : May result from unequal weakness of the spinal muscles . Young age , atypical curve , rapid curve progression , and back pain associated with scoliosis should alert one to the possible role of syringomyelia . 9 Chronic pain : is associated with a variety of chronic pain syndromes , particularly in posttraumatic syringomyelia , in which there is an initial traumatic injury followed by later spinal cord injury secondary to syrinx distention ; however , while it is nearly impossible to determine if the pain is caused by the syrinx or the primary pathology , it appears that treatment of the syrinx rarely results in resolution of the pain , which suggests that the pain may be related to the initial spinal cord injury . Diagnostic Studies on Syringomyelia Spinal MRI shows a dilated cavity with the same intensity of CSF on T2 - weighted imaging . A complete brain and spinal MRI with and without Gadolinium is needed to determine the primary pathology . Cine MRI may also help in diagnosing abnormal CSF flow patterns . So far , results have been conflicting . Rarely , myelography may help to sort some of the more difficult cases . Syringomyelia Treatment is Based on Etiology Asymptomatic syringomyelia patients with small syrinx cavities and no obvious etiology are best managed with watchful waiting and serial imaging exams . The management of symptomatic or large syringomyelia is focused on identifying and treating the associated condition , which is the underlying cause of the syrinx . 1 - 4 These etiologies include : Chiari I malformation ; congenital tethered cord ( spina bifida occulta ) ; acquired tethered cord from previous surgery ( such as myelomeningocele repair ) ; spinal arachnoiditis ( old viral or bacterial meningitis , etc . ) ; spinal trauma ; spinal cord tumor ; VP shunt malfunction or Chiari II in spina bifida ; idiopathic ( unknown cause ) . Chiari I malformation : Diagnosis made on MRI . Syrinx associated with Chiari I malformation is usually treated with posterior fossa decompression . If the syrinx does not resolve , one would consider ( re - explore the posterior fossa and expand the decompression ; consideration of subtle craniocervical instability ; consideration of benign intracranial hypertension ; consideration of shunting the syrinx directly ; others ) . Spina bifida : The syrinx may be the result of tethered spinal cord from the myelomenigocele repair , the Chiari II malformation , or ventricular shunt malfunction . The location of the syrinx within the spinal cord may help to dictate the treatment ( i.e. lumbar syrinx may respond to tethered cord release and cervical syrinx to VP shunt revision or Chiari II decompression ) . Most surgeons agree to check the shunt first ! Spina bifida occulta ( tethered cord ) : Diagnosis made on MRI . Patients with congenital tethered spinal cord should undergo exploration and tethered cord release in order to prevent future neurological and urological deficits . If the syrinx is large in cross - sectional diameter , it is often drained at the same surgery . 6 Arachnoiditis ( spinal inflammation ) : Diagnosis made on MRI . Spinal cord decompression with dissection of the arachnoid scar is performed . Reestablish normal CSF flow . If the arachnoiditis is so diffuse that it becomes impossible to achieve a good dissection , shunt the syrinx to the pleural or peritoneal cavities . Spinal trauma : Post - traumatic syrinx is difficult to treat successfully . The syrinx can be a result of arachnoiditis and blockage of flow causing expansion of the cord or may represent an atrophic change secondary to the long - term consequence of a cord contusion . 10 , 12 If a true syrinx is suspected , the treatment would consist of either arachnoidal dissection as above , or a syrinx shunt into the pleura or peritoneum . Spinal cord tumor : Diagnosis made on MRI . Syringomyelia associated with an intrinsic spinal cord tumor often have high protein content and may represent a secretory process from the tumor cells , or an obstructive process similar to other etiologies . Patients with tumor related cysts should be treated with tumor resection . 11 It is rare to have to shunt the syrinx in these situations . Idiopathic ( unknown cause ) : In a large percentage of patients , the syrinx has no identifiable cause . Those are difficult to treat . Most large and / or symptomatic syrinxes are treated with syrinx shunting . Rarely , a posterior fossa decompression is found to be successful in the absence of a Chiari malformation . Such patients who respond to decompression are thought to have a Chiari zero . It is so far impossible to predict which patient with idiopathic syringomyelia would respond to posterior fossa decompression . The strict definition of Chiari zero 5 is " idiopathic syringomyelia that responds to posterior fossa decompression . " Residual central canal : Many patients are referred for evaluation of a thin , fluid - filled structure within the spinal cord with no associated pathologies . This structure usually tapers at each end and likely represents a normal variant : a remnant of a central canal normally present in embryos . These are usually incidental findings on scans obtained for unrelated issues . The patients are usually neurologically normal . In patients with back pain , other causes of the pain should be investigated . Syringomyelia Prognosis and Outcomes It is generally accepted that if the causative pathology is identified and treated , the long - term improvement and resolution of the syrinx is good . 13 Prognosis is also largely dependent on the prognosis of the primary pathologic that resulted in the syrinx . The syrinx in Chiari I patients generally responds well over time to posterior fossa decompression . In spina bifida , the symptoms must be separated into those related to the syrinx , the tethered cord , shunt malfunction , or less commonly , the Chiari II malformation . The results are often good when the etiology is found 8 In spina bifida occulta , a large syrinx has best prognosis with drainage of the syrinx at the time of tethered cord release . A small cavity is likely to remain stable over time and may even regress obviating the need for any treatment other than tethered cord release . 6 The diagnosis of tethered spinal cord is made by MRI . In patients with spinal inflammation or arachnoiditis , stabilization of the syrinx can be achieved with decompression and arachnoid dissection in 83 % of patients with focal scarring but only 17 % of patients with scarring over multiple levels . 7 Syrinx shunting alone results in very high recurrence rates . In post - traumatic patients , outcome is largely dependent on the pathology . If pain is secondary to atrophy from chronic damage to the spinal cord , it is not surprising that it will not resolve with shunting of the cavity . Long - term recurrence rates with shunting alone have been in excess of 80 % . 7 When considering surgical treatment , it should be noted that patients who have undergone previous surgery and failed , may have even worse outcomes . Patients with tumor related syringomyelia generally have good outcomes with tumor resection , assuming the tumor itself is curable . It appears that preoperative neurologic status is the main factor determining neurological outcome . 11 References Batzdorf U . Chiari I malformation with syringomyelia . Evaluation of surgical therapy by magnetic resonance imaging . J Neurosurg 1988 ; 68 : 726 - 730 . Batzdorf U . Syringomyelia related to abnormalities of the Craniovertebral Junction . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins , 1991 . Batzdorf U . Syringomyelia , Chiari Malformations , and Hydromyelia , ed 4 . Philadelphia : WB Saunders , 1996 . Hida K , Iwasaki Y , Koyanagi I , Sawamura Y , Abe H . Surgical indication and results of foramen magnum decompression versus syringosubarachnoid shunting for syringomyelia associated with Chiari I malformation . Neurosurgery 1995 ; 37 : 673 - 678 ; discussion 678 - 679 . Iskandar BJ , Hedlund GL , Grabb PA , Oakes WJ . The resolution of syringohydromyelia without hindbrain herniation after posterior fossa decompression . J Neurosurg 1998 ; 89 : 212 - 216 . Iskandar BJ , Oakes WJ , McLaughlin C , Osumi AK , Tien RD . Terminal syringohydromyelia and occult spinal dysraphism . J Neurosurg 1994 ; 81 : 513 - 519 . Klekamp J , Batzdorf U , Samii M , Bothe HW . Treatment of syringomyelia associated with arachnoid scarring caused by arachnoiditis or trauma . J Neurosurg 1997 ; 86 : 233 - 240 . La Marca F , Herman M , Grant JA , McLone DG . Presentation and management of hydromyelia in children with Chiari type - II malformation . Pediatr Neurosurg 1997 ; 26 : 57 - 67 . Ono A , Ueyama K , Okada A , Echigoya N , Yokoyama T , Harata S . Adult scoliosis in syringomyelia associated with Chiari I malformation . Spine 2002 ; 27 : E23 - 28 . Potter K , Saifuddin A . Pictorial review : MRI of chronic spinal cord injury . Br J Radiol 2003 ; 76 : 347 - 352 . Samii M , Klekamp J . Surgical results of 100 intramedullary tumors in relation to accompanying syringomyelia . Neurosurgery 1994 ; 35 : 865 - 873 ; discussion 873 . Silberstein M , Tress BM , Hennessy O . Delayed neurologic deterioration in the patient with spinal trauma : role of MR imaging . Am J Neuroradiol 1992 ; 13 : 1373 - 1381 . Tubbs RS , McGirt MJ , Oakes WJ . Surgical experience in 130 pediatric patients with Chiari I malformations . J Neurosurg 2003 ; 99 : 291 - 296 . Revised 06 / 2009 | [
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http://csfs.colostate.edu/colorado-forests/forest-types/ | Forest Types With its diverse mix of coniferous and deciduous species , Colorado ’ s forested landscape is , perhaps , one of the most complex of any in the Intermountain West . Forest Types Overview Ecoregions in Colorado Forest Types Overview Forest type , or forest cover , refers to the dominant tree species in the overstory of a given site . The distribution of forest types across the landscape is determined by factors such as climate , soil , elevation , aspect and disturbance history ( Rogers , et al , 2001 ) 3 . A number of Colorado ’ s forests are characterized as disturbance driven . The life history of these forest types evolved with a cycle of natural disturbance such as wildfire , insect infestations , flooding , avalanches , windstorms or disease infections . These disturbances served to periodically rejuvenate forests , ensuring a variety of forest types , age classes and densities across the landscape . Due to lack of disturbance , the majority of Colorado ’ s forests are concentrated in older age classes , with virtually no significant forest in the zero to 20 - year age Forests and woodlands cover 24.4 * million acres in Colorado . Within these forested landscapes are several different tree species , the majority of which are coniferous or cone - bearing trees rather than deciduous trees that seasonally shed their leaves . Colorado ’ s primary forest species have been grouped into nine forest types based on the dominant overstory vegetation ( Helms 1998 ) 4 : aspen , piñon - juniper , spruce - fir , mixed - conifer , oak shrubland , ponderosa pine , lodgepole pine , montane riparian and plains riparian . Follow the links for brief descriptions of these forest types . Spruce - fir Lodgepole pine Aspen Mixed conifer Ponderosa pine Montane riparian Piñon - juniper Oak shrublands Plains riparian Plains working forests ( agroforestry ) * Acreage numbers have been adjusted due to additional data sources . Text Citations 1 Shinneman , D . , McClellan , R . , and Smith , R . 2000 . The state of the southern rockies ecoregion : A report by the southern rockies ecosystem project . Golden , CO : Colorado Mountain Club Press . 2 Bailey , R.G. 1995 . Descriptions of the ecoregions of the United States . ( 2nd ed . rev . and expanded ) . Misc . Publ . No . 1391 . Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Agriculture , Forest Service . 3 Rogers , P . , Atkins , D . , Frank , M . , and Parker , D . 2001 . Forest health monitoring in the Interior West . Gen . Tech . Rep . RMRS - GTR - 75 . Fort Collins , CO : U.S. Forest Service , Rocky Mountain Research Station . 4 Helms , J.A. 1998 . The dictionary of forestry . Bethesda , MD : Society of American Foresters , 210 p . | [
"Forest Types",
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http://csftl.org/urbini-sonti-review/ | Urbini Sonti Review Posted on May 11 , 2015 by CSFTL ( Last Updated On : March 26 , 2019 ) Urbini hit the ball out of the park with initial release of the Urbini Petal car seat and now have a new rear facing only car seat that has done the same , the Urbini Sonti . Urbini was gracious enough to allow us to review this new addition to their product line . Like the Petal before it , the Sonti does n ’ t disappoint ! Urbini Sonti CSFTL Quick Stats Weight range : 4 - 35 pounds Height range : up to 32 inches tall Lowest harness position : 4.5 inches Weight ( carrier only ) : 7.2 pounds Expiration : 6 years Handle position : Any locked position Features 3 position adjustable crotch strap ( 3.5 , 5 , and 6 inches from the back of the seat shell ) 3 position adjustable hip straps Extra grip lockoff on car seat base 4 position adjustable recline positions Multi - age recline indicator Push button lower anchor connectors Infant insert Measurements Shell height : 19.5 inches Unique Features Urbini Sonti crotch & hip positions Three position adjustable crotch strap ( 3.5 , 5 , and 6 inches from the back of the seat ) and three position adjustable hip straps makes the Sonti a very adjustable rear facing only seat that fits both little and big infants . Urbini Sonti lockoff Extra grip lockoff on the car seat base works helps installing with the vehicle seat belt by not having to worry about how your seat belt locks . Just push the black tab on the end of it out of the way and swing the arm up . Then buckle and pull all the slack out of the belt ( do n ’ t tighten as it makes the lock off near impossible to close and it is n ’ t necessary ) and push the arm down . Urbini Sonti recline knob and positions Four position adjustable recline positions allows the seat to be adjusted to a wide range of recline levels to fit a wide variety of vehicles and child sizes . The knob adjuster makes the adjusting the recline as easy as the turn of a knob as well . Urbini Sonti multi - age recline indicator Multi - age recline indicator allows larger infants to sit more upright . As infants get older / larger , they tend to like to sit more upright and this allows the parent / caregiver to adjust it for the child ’ s preference . Urbini Sonti push button lower anchor connectors Push button lower anchor connectors makes for an easier installation . You just push the lower anchors on and you ’ re set . Urbini Sonti infant insert Infant insert can be used at any weight . The Sonti does n ’ t come with a separate preemie insert , but the infant insert that comes with the seat does a great job of positioning even the 4 pound model we used . Installation Expiration : 6 years Handle position : Any locked position Lower anchor connectors may be used for spacing larger than 11 ″ ONLY if your vehicle manufacturer allows it . With the Base Urbini Sonti base installation Installation with the base is as easy as sitting the base on the vehicle seat , adjusting to the correct recline , flipping the lock off up , attaching either the lower anchors or seat belt , closing the lock off and you ’ re done . Truly one of the easiest installations I ’ ve had with all the rear facing only seats I ’ ve installed . One tip to remember is to not totally tighten the lower anchor connector strap or seat belt . It just needs to have the slack pulled out . If you tighten Without the Base Urbini Sonti baseless installation Installation without the base is just as simple . Follow the red line at the bottom of the car seat , stand behind the seat pressing your weight into the seat back , thread the lap belt portion of the seat belt through the belt guides , buckle and lock the belt . Check out our Lock it Up article to find out more about how seat belt lock . The Sonti does n ’ t allow Euro routing , so the shoulder belt needs to lay against the vehicle seat and the lap belt through the belt guides on the car seat . Euro routing is an additional installation method where the shoulder belt routes behind the car seat usually making the installation a bit tighter than without . The Urbini Petal allows this install method , whereas the Sonti does not . Fit to Child Weight range : 4 - 35 pounds Height range : up to 32 inches tall or when the child ’ s head is 1 ″ from the top of the head to the top of the shell Adjustable hip and crotch strap information Urbini Sonti hip and crotch strap positions Due to the variety of hip and crotch strap positions , there is a wide variation of when to move each strap . There is no required age / size to move either piece , but the Sonti manual does a great job of explaining which position each strap should be in . Preemie Doll Urbini Sonti Preemie , 4 pounds , 17 ″ Our preemie Huggable Images doll weighs 4 pounds and is 17 inches long . The Sonti fit her very well . Her shoulders were just barely above the lowest harness slot . Since she ’ s under 8 pounds , the infant insert was used and the crotch and hip straps were in the smallest positions . Newborn Urbini Sonti Newborn doll , 7 pounds , 17 inches long Our newborn Huggable Images doll weighs 7 pounds and is 17 inches long . She had a great fit as well on the smallest harness positions with the infant insert . Her shoulders were also just barely above the bottom harness slot . Toddler Urbini Sonti : 13 months old , 23 pounds , 30 inches tall This model is close to the height limit of the Sonti . He has about an inch before the top of his head is 1 ″ from the top of the seat ’ s shell . It would be outgrown at that point . With how much his growth has slowed down though , this could be several more months . I love how tall the Sonti is and this little guy has a great fit with the harness in the second to top harness slot . He has n ’ t had any complaints about this seat . Important Information : Where to Find Date of Manufacture and Expiration can be found on the underside of the car seat and on the inside of the base , along with on page 11 of the owner ’ s manual . The FAA approval label is on the back of the carrier portion of the seat . The carrier portion of the seat is approved for use on airplanes . It ’ s also listed and on page 12 of the owner ’ s manual . Urbini Car Seat Comparisons Urbini car seat comparison Urbini carries both the Petal rear facing only car seat and the Sonti . The Petal can be purchased on its own for about $ 100 from Walmart . The Sonti can only be purchased with the Emi travel system for around $ 250 also from Walmart . Both are a great deal for a great car seat . Check out some of their differences below . Sonti Petal Specifications Lowest Harness Position 4.5 " 5.5 " Shell Height 19.5 " 19.5 " Crotch Strap Positions 3 ( 3.5 " , 5 " , 6 " ) 2 ( 4.5 " , 6.5 " ) Hip Strap Positions 3 2 Recline Settings 4 2 Carrier Weight 7.2 lbs . 7.8 lbs . Features Car Seat Release Placement on the car seat on the base Extra Harness Loops 1 harness loop ( no adjusting for child size ) 2 harness loops with velcro for the excess Euro Routing Baseless Installation Seat Belt Lock Off Accessories Infant Insert Preemie Pillow Harness Cover Pads Crotch Pad Overall Impressions I have really been impressed with the Sonti . It ’ s one of the last rear facing only seats that still fits my 13 month old , yet also fits little newborns and preemies well . It is a decently tall seat , so it does take up a fair amount of front to back room . It ’ s a nice inexpensive long - lasting rear facing only seat though . If you ’ re in the market for a travel system , it ’ s definitely a great way to go . Interested in the Sonti for yourself ? Since it can only be purchased in the Emi travel system , Urbini is allowing us to give away the complete travel system ( stroller + car seat ) to one lucky reader . To find out more about the stroller , check Walmart . com . To enter , follow the directions on the Rafflecopter widget at the end of the review . The Urbini Sonti is sold as part of a travel system online at Walmart . com Urbini generously provided this seat for review , but CSFTL was not compensated for this review , opinions are all our own . Originally written by Angela Tastad . Edits maintained by CSFTL . Related Leaving the Hospital with a Convertible Car Seat State Law Update : New Jersey | [
"Urbini Sonti"
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http://csis.pace.edu/grendel/projf982e/charact.htm | Character Analysis Sir Gawain : A Man of Virtue Nobility , honesty , valiance and chivalry are the values instilled in Sir Gawain . He is a respected knight due to these characteristics . Both Sir Gawain and The Green Knight and in " The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell " present these qualities of Sir Gawain . In both tales , he proves these traits through many events . Sir Gawain and The Green Knight proves Sir Gawain ’ s nobility and honesty while " The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell " provides proof of his chivalry and virtue . The author of Sir Gawain and The Green Knight describes Sir Gawain as " the good knight " ( Norton 204 ) within the first few verses of the story . He is said to be the " most courteous knight " ( Norton 215 ) of Arthur ’ s court as well . When Sir Gawain stays in the castle with the host and his wife , he is faced with many tests . Although Sir Gawain does not know it at this point , the host is actually the Green Knight . The host , Bercilak de Hautdesert , tells his wife to seduce Sir Gawain as a test of his nobility . The wife , Lady Bercilak , listens to her husband and begins her attempts of seduction of the noble knight . Sir Gawain does not give in even though 239 ) . This proves that Sir Gawain is filled with chivalry and virtue because although he could have taken full advantage of the situation , he does not . Sir Gawain has many chances to take advantage of Lady Bercilak , but does not yield to his temptations . He simply receives kisses from the lady , which he returns to the Green Knight in accordance with their agreement . The knight known as Sir Gawain is one of the most honest and noble . This is presented by Sands in the anonymous work of literature , " The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell . " His loyalty and nobility to his king heighten his stature as a knight of the royal kingdom . He displays his knowledge of his rank in the comitatus when he speaks to King Arthur : Is this alle ? I shalle wed her and wed her again , Thoughe she were a fend , Thoughe she were as foulle as Belsabub , Her shalle I wed , by the rood , Or elles were not I your frende ; For ye ar my king with honour And have worshipt me in many a stoure . ( Sands 334 ) The noble knight , Sir Gawain , is responding to the story that King Arthur recites to him . The king is describing the proposition made to him by the hag . The knight , instead of rejecting marriage to the hag , accepts her right away . Even though he knows that she is an ugly hag , he feels it is his duty to his king to marry this woman . The unknown poet of Sir Gawain and The Green Knight commends Sir Gawain ’ s honor and dignity in much the same way as the anonymous author of " The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell . " When Sir Gawain confronts the Green Knight upon concealing the belt given to him by the lady , he says : I confess , knight , in this place , Most dire is my misdeed ; Let me gain back your good grace , And thereafter I shall take heed . ( 251 ) He admits his faults and wishes to take his leave . This instance proves that he is a great knight . The lady , the wife of Bercilak de Hautdesert , says that Sir Gawain is the " noblest knight alive " ( 239 ) . Even though the lady makes advances towards him , he does not give in . This is shown in the text in lines 1237 - 1240 : My body is here at hand , Your each wish to fulfill ; Your servant to command I am , and shall be still ( Norton 228 ) . The lady is evidently trying to seduce Sir Gawain . She is stating that he has her body before him to do what he wishes with it . Also , Lady Bercilak mentions that she will be his servant to command . Clearly this is an attempt to the lure the noble knight into a preplanned scheme her husband , Bercilak de Hautdesert , has arranged . Still , the virtuous knight proves that he is a man of integrity and therefore does not succumb to the lady ’ s propositions . Sir Gawain is the one who steps up to face the stranger , the Green Knight , when the challenge is presented to the Round Table . He accepts the challenge on behalf of his king , Arthur , when nobody else will . He does not want the king ’ s life in danger , so he takes the challenge upon himself . He then proceeds to behead the Green Knight . This instance proves that Gawain is a valiant and courageous knight . These are the characteristics that make up the great knight , Sir Gawain . Sir Gawain ’ s shows that he is a man of virtue in both the tales . He confirms that he is worthy of being known as the " noblest knight alive " ( 239 ) . Both pieces of literature provide , in their texts , proof of Sir Gawain ’ s honesty , valor , and chivalry . | [
"Character Analysis",
"Sir Gawain",
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http://csls-text3.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/active/04_05.html | 4.5 Specificity of Enzymes and the Reaction Mechanism 4.5.1 Specificity of Enzymes and the Reaction Mechanism 4.5.2 Enzyme Kinetics All metabolic reactions within a cell occur through the catalytic actions enzymes . A “ catalyst ” is any substance that increases the reaction rate without itself being converted before or after reaction . However , it can not accelerate reaction without being completely involved in the reaction . In fact , catalyst binds to the reactants ( called substrate ) , accelerates reaction , and then repeatedly separates from the reaction products ; thus , it continuously accelerates a specific reaction . Therefore , enzymes can only promote specific biochemical reaction involving specific substances to which they can bind . At the beginning of the 20th century , enzymes were recognized as important substances that held key to the miracle of life . To better understand and their types , considerable efforts have been made to repeatedly purify and obtain in their highly active forms . Because are highly active even in trace amounts , almost nothing is left by the time they have been sufficiently purified . Highly sensitive techniques are currently available for analyzing enzymes , but at the beginning of the 20th century , purification was extremely difficult . In 1926 , urease was crystallized and found to be composed proteins ( see Column bottom ) . However , at that time , proteins were neither clearly defined nor was their structure clearly understood . Research over the past few centuries has found macromolecular substances generally comprising proteins . Proteins complexes amino acids bound together by peptide bonds . Proteins will be described in greater detail after Chapter 6 . An enzyme may sometimes contain components that are not proteins , and these are grouped under the term prosthetic groups . ” Representative prosthetic groups include heme , present in hemoglobin , cytochrome , coenzymes such as NAD . Some bind to metal ions such as iron or magnesium . These mainly related to substrate - binding and redox reactions . Because many coenzymes can not be synthesized in the body , they must be ingested as vitamins . Crystallization Column Fig . 4 - 1 Microscopic Photograph of a Protein Crystal Crystal of the cytochrome b6f complex obtained from thermophilic cyanobacteria . It is a major protein complex acts as an electron transfer component delivery of an electron from photosystem II photosystem I . Its crystal structure was identified by the current Osaka University professor Genji Kurisu . Refer Chapter 16 for details on photosynthesis . Currently , it is well known proteins , but at the they were often not believed to be proteins . In 1926 , James Sumner showed He first crystallized urease , which hydrolyzes urea produce ammonia carbon dioxide , Canavalia beans clarify its properties as a substance . Thereafter , many different have been crystallized . Furthermore , X - ray crystallography helped establishing arrangement atoms crystals . In 1958 – 1959 , John Kendrew and Max Perutz described crystal structures myoglobin hemoglobin . have a high molecular weight , determination of their crystal structures required collection data from many diffraction points and a powerful computer processing these data . Another critical problem was the fact X - rays damage Recently , data collected multiple diffraction points using short - exposure X - ray irradiation electron density distribution calculated . Using these methods , efforts made explain of many discovered by genome analysis . 4.5.1 act on catalyze specific reactions . This indicates that an enzyme has two types specificity — a substrate specificity and a reaction specificity . An displays its catalytic activity identifying binding to its substrate . The catalytic is also predetermined . For example , called amylase acts starch ( glucose polymer ) produces maltose ( a disaccharide consisting two glucose molecules ) , but it isolate glucose molecules . When considering acids ( hydrogen ions ) examples inorganic catalysts , glucose polymers of varied length produced severing saccharide chains starch at random . In other words , acids is low . Moreover , act other than macromolecular substances , thus , they do not have high substrate specificity . Fig . 4 - 5 Triple Catalysts composing Active Center Chymotrypsin The hydrogen atom nucleus ( proton ) of the hydroxyl group ( OH group ) serine residue 195 is strongly attracted to the lone electron of N of histidine residue 57 . Hence , O of the serine residue has a negative charge attacks carbonyl carbon ( slight positive charge ) of the substrate ’ s peptide bond . This is the initial stage peptide bond hydrolysis . The red arrows indicate electron transfer . The high specificity has been supported by their steric structures . active center is shaped such that they bind particularly well with substrates , amino acid side chains arranged such that binding with a functional group substrate occur . Proteinaceous effectively catalysts because special amino acid residues at the active centers , which impart special reactivity as a result of their interactions with other amino acid residues . For example , triad chymotrypsin 4 - 5 ) . The figure indicates that of the amino acids comprising enzyme , serine containing hydroxyl group attacks peptide bond as the active center . Hydrogen ions extracted aspartic acid histidine , which are sterically associated amino acids . Thus , serine side chain achieves an ionized state such as - CH 2 - O − . To maintain characteristics and this steric structure , generally have a pH that is most suitable for their activity . Although reaction rate increases temperature , structure destroyed at high temperatures denaturation . Thus , function appropriately only at an optimal temperature . A more detailed explanation structures will provided 6 4.5.2 Enzyme Kinetics mechanism enzymatic reactions has been studied since long time by analyzing protein composition and their structures . At the German scientists Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten , who were studying an called invertase , later proposed method describing kinetics based on following experimental facts . 4 - 6 The Relationship between Enzymatic Reaction Rate Substrate Concentration In an enzymatic reaction , initial V is increased increasing concentration [ S ] of the substrate S . cases where the amount added system fixed , no matter how much you increase [ S ] , V increase over a certain limit 4 - 6 ) . This extrapolated value V max In other words , V is saturated regard to [ S ] . The phenomenon saturation characteristic reactions and is explained as the of a . The phenomenon saturation observed because even if there is an abundance molecules , number substrate binding sites available for the limited . This is shown by a mathematical formula , study rate of an enzymatic reaction kinetics . A simple enzymatic reaction considered below . Invertase is an hydrolyzes sucrose produce fructose . Although large quantity water involved in this reaction , it does not have an effect on the reaction rate , hence , sucrose ( represented by [ S ] ) is considered to be the substrate . molecule represented by E . there are two types products formed , they are both represented by P . The concentration reaction products in a range that does not affect reaction rate . Important assumptions here include assumption that the reversibly and that a portion bonded yield products through primary k 1 k 2 E + S ↔ ES → E + P k − 1 At this point , following general equations established . These are the Michaelis – Menten equations . Here V max refers maximum initial reaction rate , and K m refers Michaelis constant . K m represents [ S ] that gives an of ½ V . This equation essentially hyperbolic function demonstrating saturation . equation derived on the basis certain assumptions ( Refer Page 55 for the derivation ) that in reality do not always hold true for all enzymatic reactions . in practice , holds true for many enzymatic reactions , and K used as an index showing affinity between ( smaller the K , greater the affinity ) . One application of this formula is the classification inhibitors enzymatic reactions . inhibitors are classified according to their effect on K and V , among those , competitive inhibitors discussed here . When a substance with a similar to that of a binds substrate binding site but does not participate in an enzymatic reaction , interferes with the original and is competitive inhibitor succinate dehydrogenase , citric acid cycle ( see 4 - 3 16 - 3 of 16 ) , is inhibited malonic acid ( HOOC - CH - COOH ) , analogous succinic acid ( HOO - CH - CH - COOH ) . observed K increases , but V does not change , in the presence inhibitor . In addition , allosteric regulation another factor exerts enzymatic activity . Allosteric regulation commonly composed multimers . During this regulation , constituent components change cooperatively when a regulator molecule to a site ( the allosteric site ) than the active center . This causes multimer alternately switch the high and low activity states depending large changes conformational state due to allosteric regulator . Derivation of the Michaelis − Menten Equation In 1925 , George Briggs and John Haldane derived currently used Michaelis – Menten equation . In the simple mentioned in this textbook , dependence considered . If the total set as E 0 , then E 0 = [ E ] + [ ES ] - - - - - - - - - - ( 1 ) At stable conditions assumed , no change intermediate ES , which be rewritten as follows : [ S ] [ E ] − K [ ES ] = 0 - - - - - - - - - - - ( 2 ) > > [ ES ] , the separated overall If [ E ] is removed from ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , then - - - - - - ( 3 ) By substituting ( 3 ) in the for the V , the result obtained as follows : This gives V = k E Note that the E and the S are in rapid equilibrium , and if k 1 k − 1 > > k , then k give a dissociation constant | [
"Enzymes",
"Reaction Mechanism",
"catalyst"
] |
http://csn.cancer.org/node/140636 | CSN Home Discussion boards Cancer specific Lung Cancer Artifact on chest x - ray SCmom Posts : 46 Joined : Jun 2003 Jun 28 , 2003 - 6 : 58 pm Does anyone know what it means when they tell you there is an " Artifact " on your lung ? I had a chest x - ray done a week ago because of an ongoing cough . I have just recently been diagnosed with breast cancer in one breast and possibly in the other , still doing tests . I had two chest x - rays come back with " Artifact . " So far , noone has really been able to explain it . My surgeon is out of town . Obviously , i ' m concerned this too Log in or register to post comments jkeen Posts : 33 Joined : Nov 2002 Jun 29 , 2003 - 2 : 04 pm Re : Artifact on chest x - ray Hello , I am Jackie I have stage 3b lung cancer , I would definatly find out what is on your lung before I had surgery . I had a cough and that is how I found my cancer . It could be nothing but would fine out and make sure it has not spread to your lung or surrounding nodes . Jackie Log in or register to post comments schuyler Posts : 32 Joined : Nov 2002 Jul 02 , 2003 - 10 : 43 pm Re : Artifact on chest x - ray You should be getting CAT scans and PET scans to determine if you have cancer in your lungs and if so , if it is the same cancer that is in your breasts . If that is the case you have cancer that is spreading and surgery on your breasts would n ' t do you much good . You would need treatment that attacks the cancer whereever it is in your body . Chemotherapy is designed to do this . I know this very scary , but remember your talking to survivors who have " been there " . | [
"chest x-ray",
"Lung Cancer"
] |
http://csn.cancer.org/node/234407 | CSN Home Discussion boards Cancer specific Uterine Cancer DOES CHEMO DESTROY OUR TEETH ? RoseyR Posts : 471 Joined : Feb 2011 Jan 21 , 2012 - 4 : 57 pm Saw dentist two months before start of sandwich treatment but not since . It ' s been about a year and know I should go in for cleaning and checkup . But am afraid to face likely need for major work as a result of chemo ; have heard that chemo can wreak havoc on our mouths . Can any of you report what kind of dental problems you had after chemo , if any ? Am broke enough from the holiday season without facing major dental bills . ( Am lucky to have great med insurance , but dental is mediocre at best . ) Thanks , Rosey Log in or register to post comments jazzy1 Posts : 1385 Joined : Mar 2010 Jan 21 , 2012 - 5 : 36 pm Rosey I was in middle of some major dental treatments prior to chemo - - - implants . When hit with diagnosis , continuing dental work was put on the back burner . I stuck with every 6 month dental checkup the whole time in treatments and nothing new was found . Today 2.5 years post treatments I ' ve had a long - time filling ( 20 yrs old ) needed to be redone , but nothing else outside of routine checkup . . . .yeah ! What you ' ll find each of us has different dental issues , do n ' t think just because you have chemo your teeth expenditures will increase . Best to keep on routine checkups and catch things going wrong early . Good friend of mine is a dental hygienist , below is part of her email info - - How Does Chemotherapy Affect the Mouth ? Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to treat cancer . These drugs kill cancer cells , but they may also harm normal cells , including cells in the mouth . Side effects include problems with your teeth and gums ; the soft , moist lining of your mouth ; and the glands that make saliva ( spit ) . It ' s important to know that side effects in the mouth can be serious . * The side effects can hurt and make it hard to eat , talk , and swallow . * You are more likely to get an infection , which can be dangerous when you are receiving cancer treatment . * If the side effects are bad , you may not be able to keep up with your cancer treatment . Your doctor may need to cut back on your cancer treatment or may even stop it . What Mouth Problems Does Chemotherapy Cause ? You may have certain side effects in your mouth from chemotherapy . Another person may have different problems . The problems depend on the chemotherapy drugs and how your body reacts to them . You may have these problems only during treatment or for a short time after treatment ends . * Painful mouth and gums . * Dry mouth . * Burning , peeling , or swelling tongue . * Infection . * Change in taste . Log in or register to post comments daisy366 Posts : 1493 Joined : Mar 2009 Jan 21 , 2012 - 8 : 38 pm Rosey I kept up with regular checkups and cleanings and had no unusual problems . Hope the same for you . Mary Ann imackie48 Posts : 96 Joined : Nov 2011 Jan 26 , 2012 - 8 : 15 am Pain in gums I too started having problems with my teeth , which were well kept up , my gums hurt so bad had to take a viciden , throbbing so bad . I try not to eat food that requires too much chewing . Today is day 14 post chemo hiair is falling out , blah . Very emotional . . txtrisha55 Posts : 676 Joined : Apr 2011 Jan 26 , 2012 - 10 : 58 am Hair coming out , sorry you are blah feeling . Imackie48 , Sorry to hear about your hair failing out . This is about when mine came out . I had already cut my hair short and so did my family before starting chemo , so we could donate the hair . When it started coming out by the handful , I had my own party by myself . My sister and daughter did not know what I was doing in my room . I sat on the bed with a plastic bag and pulled the hair out . After I had pulled all the lose hair out , I got the imackie48 Posts : 96 Joined : Nov 2011 Jan 27 , 2012 - 5 : 27 pm Hair Trish , I can not force myself to shave my head , let it fall , out by itself , I did cut it to about 1 / 2 inch . Many of my friends said they did the same ? I ' m cold all the time I ' ll just be wearing hats through the winter . txtrisha55 Posts : 676 Joined : Apr 2011 Jan 27 , 2012 - 7 : 01 pm I can understand that as a I can understand that as a lot of ladies can not . I tried wearing hats and scarves but here in Texas but it was already hitting 100 in May . If it had been winter I would have worn hats and scarves . I guess I was luck as I did not get col but I sure did get hot a lot and nothing would cool me down . oh well it could be the region and the weather . Keep warm , wrap in a blanket and wear a wool hat . I will be keep you in Ro10 Posts : 1579 Joined : Jan 2009 Jan 26 , 2012 - 2 : 30 pm Irene so sorry you are having such a hard time Sorry to hear about your pain . Glad you have something to help it . It does take time to adjust to losing your hair . We all know how hard it was for us . I will soon lose mine for the fourth time . I have my supply of hats to wear . I never got the knack of tying scarves . I only wore my wig to church or special events . I miss my eyelashes the most . They have never grown back since losing my hair the first time . I am thinking of checking out permanent eye make up , but have not done it yet . Hope you have a good day soon . . . . . .then unfortunately it is time for another chemo ! In peace and caring . Jan 26 , 2012 - 3 : 13 pm Thanks Ro Ro , thank you for understanding I wish you were here to talk to , I feel so isolated , my white count is down , so I ' m afraid of going in public of getting sick . And few people come to visit . It ' s me and the computer and TV . I ' ve really bonded with my board friends . Thanks , Irene Jan 28 , 2012 - 2 : 44 pm Abscess Just came from dentist , he says I have an abscess in my tool canal I had done 15 yrs . ago , chemo did n ' t help , put me on strong antibiotic and going to call my oncologist , says it needs to be pulled . I was scheduled for chemo 2 / 1 / 12 I new I was dragging for a reason . Ro10 Posts : 1579 Joined : Jan 2009 Jan 28 , 2012 - 7 : 18 pm Irene an abscess is no fun I can speak from experience . I was not on chemo at the time though . I did have an abdominal abscess though while on chemo . They think it was an infected lymph node 6 months after my hysterectomy . My chemo was only delayed a week , but I did not have the problems with my WBC like you do . Hope the antibiotics help your pain . Hang in there . One of these days you will have a good day . In peace and caring . kkstef Posts : 706 Joined : May 2008 Jan 21 , 2012 - 8 : 42 pm No issues here Rosey , I do n ' t have the BEST teeth but I have not had ANY issues regarding my teeth since I completed treatment in Dec . 2008 . I just go for my every 6 months cleaning and check - up so so far . . . . NO ISSUES . . .lucky to say ! Hoping for the best for you too ! Karen JoAnnDK Posts : 275 Joined : Jun 2011 Jan 21 , 2012 - 9 : 12 pm dental work I was told to have no dental work , including cleaning , during chemo , so went 8 months between dental visits . My gyn one ' s husband is a dentist and she told me he will not see patients during chemo , then I found out that mine would not either ( not that I wanted to take that risk ) . I had just had a tooth pulled for an implant , so suffered with a hole in my mouth for over a year . I have bad teeth . Always have . Chemo has not made them any worse . Rosey , do n ' t you work at Penn ? You can go to the dental school there for dental work . It is well - supervised . RoseyR Posts : 471 Joined : Feb 2011 Jan 24 , 2012 - 12 : 49 am Thanks , JoAnn No , I do n ' t work at Penn ; am just being treated there . Like you , I too have always had bad teeth : lots of cavities , three root canals - - and right before chemo , FOUR extractions ( two wisdom teeth , which need no replacement , but two upper molars , which probably do . ) So I too have gone nearly a year with two missing upper molars Yet have curiously had no problem chewing . Also curious : for two days after my extractions ( all done within an hour ! ) . I felt better than I had in a year : lighter , with more energy . Two of those molars had had root canals , I ' m nearly certain . So I ca n ' t help wondering if it ' s mere lore that root canals can " poison " the body , leading to much inflammation . In fact , Jo Ann , since the two missing molars are not a cosmetic problem , am even wondering if it ' s safe to go another year or more without replacing them . ( What in the heck is an implant made out of ? Wonder how safe it is in the end . ) Thanks for yur message - - and hope you ' re feeling well . Rosey JoAnnDK Posts : 275 Joined : Jun 2011 Jan 26 , 2012 - 10 : 54 am Penn You can go to the Penn Dental School even if you do not work there . . . .I just thought you did . Anyone can go . I had a hole in my mouth from an extraction for 18 months since I could not have it worked on during treatment . If it had been the furthest - back molar I probably would not have had the implant done , but it was an annoying hole . With an implant , a device is first screwed into the place where the tooth used to be . That is left in place for a few months to be sure your body will tolerate it and to allow it to fuse with the bone . After that , an impression is done and a " false " tooth is made , and it is then attached to the screwed - in device . Titianium is used for the screw . One of the reasons for waiting after the extraction is because the dentist needs to see if your bone is strong enough to support the implant . If not , they can do a bone graft to strengthen the bone . I am pretty sure that I had one and that they used bone dust instead of actual bone . . . . Jan 27 , 2012 - 10 : 25 am Dentist visit Going to dentist sat to have it checked out maybe my crown has something stuck in there causing the problems , my oncologist said never to wait . Check things out as soon as it occurs . Kaleena Posts : 1878 Joined : Nov 2009 Jan 27 , 2012 - 1 : 41 pm Hi Rosey : Sorry about your Hi Rosey : Sorry about your dental problems . After I read your post , one of my front teeth chipped and I just had to have it fixed . So while I was there , I did ask him if chemo has any effect on the teeth and 2 ) what about long - term effects of radiation . This is what he said to me : 1 . Chemo really has no bearing on damage to teeth . However , if you do not have saliva or constant dry mouth , that is prone to cause more decay to your teeth . Your mouth has to stay moist to help eliminate the cavity causing germs . 2 . With regard to radiation , unless it is given around your head and neck , it usually is n ' t seen as a problem for teeth . If you are having head and neck radiation though , it can cause variations in the saliva or salivary glands and cause the dry mouth , etc . , which can cause decay . Also , there could be problems with getting root canals or implants if you have had head and neck radiation , and some other problems . So for me , I guess I just have bad teeth . Also , for each time I was pregnant , I had a root canal . I have also had molars pulled . Also , I do not have dental insurance and those darn root canals can be very expensive . My best to you , Rosey , and I hope your dental problems are simple fixes . Kathy P.S. On a side note , since you are on chemo or between chemo , you may want to have your teeth fixed because you do not want to get an infection from your teeth . They may also put you on an antibiotic too to prevent any infection . Posts : 471 Joined : Feb 2011 Jan 31 , 2012 - 12 : 16 pm Thanks Kaleena - - and the Root Canal Controversy Very useful information . Thanks so much . It would be interesting to know how many of us who were diagnosed with uterine cancers have had root canal work - - and how many of them . ( I do know some adults even their fifties and sixties who have never had one ! ) As you probably know , there ' s lots of speculation in alternative medicine on the potentially harmful impact they have on us systemically , causing inflammation and slow release of toxins in our bodies . Many advocate having all root canals removed ( teeth pulled ) but it ' s hard to know whether they are merely fanatics or on to something . I do know I felt remarkably better when I had two teeth with prior root canals pulled . Much more energy nearly within a day . And I do n ' t think it was psychological , for I was exepcting to feel horrid for a week or so . Best , Rosey Jan 31 , 2012 - 12 : 16 pm Thanks Kaleena - - and the Root Canal Controversy Very useful information . Thanks so much . It would be interesting to know how many of us who were diagnosed with uterine cancers have had root canal work - - and how many of them . ( I do know some adults even their fifties and sixties who have never had one ! ) As you probably know , there ' s lots of speculation in alternative medicine on the potentially harmful impact they have on us systemically , causing inflammation and slow release of toxins in our bodies . Many advocate having all root canals removed ( teeth pulled ) but it ' s hard to know whether they are merely fanatics or on to something . I do know I felt remarkably better when I had two teeth with prior root canals pulled . Much more energy nearly within a day . And I do n ' t think it was psychological , for I was exepcting to feel horrid for a week or so . Best , Kaleena Posts : 1878 Joined : Nov 2009 Jan 31 , 2012 - 1 : 43 pm Rosey : I did n ' t realize Rosey : I did n ' t realize there was a controversy about root canals . Very interesting . In fact , one of my root canals years later became really abscessed . I kept saying my face hurt and I felt a lump on the roof of my mouth . Could n ' t find anything and at the time was suggesting that I might have a tumor on the roof of my mouth . A week later , I went in for more x - rays and found out I had a severe infection and that I had deep roots Come to think about it , it was about 3 or 4 years later that I was diagnosed with cancer . I still have about 4 teeth that have root canals . Is there any controversy about implants ? Thanks for the info . Hope you are having a good day today . Kathy Feb 01 , 2012 - 1 : 46 am my holistic dentist , , , uses a lot of alternative and complimentary therapies and he snorted with derision when I asked him this root canal question , about them poisoning us . Then he said something I will not repeat here about fanatics . JoAnn jazzy1 Posts : 1385 Joined : Mar 2010 Feb 01 , 2012 - 10 : 03 am JoAnn Holistic dentist ? Had no clue they were out there . When I asked my dentist about the fillings and what ' s in them , he tells me about the dental association and how all the ingredients are okay for us . . .no real findings with health issues . Yeah sure doc . . . .I should really believe you ? ? ? ? In the end , we must be our own advocates as ca n ' t rely and trust what many docs tell us . Jan Feb 01 , 2012 - 9 : 58 am I ' ve had root canals and 2 implants . . .all prior to my cancer diagnosis . With the root canals what I ' ve found , they can leave some of the root without knowing it , which possibly cause infection and other issues . Docs are suggesting to have that tooth pulled vs . root canal procedure and then get a bridge if in middle of teeth lineup . Makes sense , but when they do a bridge even when removing one tooth , file down the tooth in front and back ( either side of extracted Another area to watch , materials they use in fillings . . .watch the mercury and BPA ( plastic ) . More controversy ! ! The bridge that went bad with the tooth I mentioned , I decided to do 2 implants . They are wonderful and oh so expensive ( tune of $ 2200 , plus crown at $ 800 ) . I really need one more on the other side , but after researching I ' m not having it done . Apparently the stems they use to drill in our bones are " titanium " which has been found to leak into our internal system and causing other health issues . Oh my gosh ! ! So today I ' m missing Not only do n ' t we get thru cancer and treatments , now must watch everything we do to our bodies and any consequences to our health . Never ends does it ? ? ? Best to all , Jan Feb 01 , 2012 - 11 : 59 am Tooth pulled Had my root canal pulled yesterday , it did n ' t go easy , theI tooth broke into pieces and had to have stitches . Percent would n ' t even take the pain away . Now I ca n ' t eat again , just when I was eating , now this . I just ca n ' t get a break . Irene Feb 01 , 2012 - 5 : 43 pm I guess I am " screwed " . . . .because I have titanium hardware in a leg that I broke 15 years ago ! Not about to get that stuff taken out . I suppose the one titanium screw in my mouth is nothing compared to what is in my leg ! Double Whammy Posts : 2821 Joined : Jun 2010 Feb 01 , 2012 - 7 : 49 pm This , too , will pass , Irene So sorry to hear that you ' re having such a tough time . Chemo sucks . About 9 months after chemo , I had a root canal absess . I do n ' t know if it was related to the chemo or not - I saw the dentist , the endodontist , and finally the oral surgeon and none of them said anything , but it still makes you wonder , does n ' t it ? I also wonder if another contributing factor for me is lack of estrogen and its effect on bone density . Being post menopausal , then having BSO along with hysterectomy , and finally being on Arimidex makes me highly suspicious . About your bald head - have you looked at Titillating Turbans ? Honestly , they are my favorites , even if Laurie and I are friends . I wore them all through chemo and still wear them . They ' re very versatile , lots of different looks and so easy to wear . You do n ' t have to do anything except put them on and tie the tie however you want . My second favorite was BeauBeaus . Again , so comfortable and pretty . Ro - I got really good at false eyelashes . Mine came back but are really puny - just like the hair on the remainder of my body , including my head . Chemo sucks . Hugs to you both , Suzanne Feb 02 , 2012 - 8 : 00 am Suzanne Did you finally have it repaired or pulled . Irene Double Whammy Posts : 2821 Joined : Jun 2010 Feb 03 , 2012 - 10 : 02 pm Pulled It could n ' t be repaired . Have n ' t decided on an implant or not . It does n ' t show , it ' s a little awkward , tho . I just do n ' t want to spend the bucks on an implant . Suzanne Feb 01 , 2012 - 10 : 30 pm My hubbie has an artificial hip and knee . . . .stems are all titanium , too . We can all relate . The things we do to stay healthy and then realize after much research , it ' s unhealthy . . . .gee ! ! Hang in there ! Jan Feb 02 , 2012 - 7 : 35 am Ports are titanium too . My Ports are titanium too . My port was titanium and I had it in for over 5 years ( only used it for six months but had it flushed monthly ) . They just took it out and I really felt better once it was removed . Gloria C Posts : 23 Joined : Jun 2009 Feb 04 , 2012 - 4 : 15 am bleeeding gums I ' ve made it through chemo . . . . .now have bleeding gums . . . . .terified of dentists ( makes no sense after what I ' ve just gone through ) . . . . . .just dont want more pain to deal with . . . . .constant pain already . . . . .and add teeth / mouth issues ? ? ? ? is there no end ? ? ? ? ? any ideas as to getting the courage for yet more torture ? Feb 04 , 2012 - 8 : 53 am I agree Gloria , I ' m with you , all I know is pain in one way or another , had this tooth pulled , extreme pain , chemo has been delayed 2 weeks , more pain , every time I eat I have to suffer , with throbbing pain , I ' ve always took care of my teeth , now these chemicals are destroying them . Hang in there , Hugs to you , Irene Feb 08 , 2012 - 11 : 24 pm Dental phobia Prior to cancer when gyn exams were infrequent , I used to say I ' d rather have a Pap smear than my teeth cleaned . I ' ve changed my tune . . . | [
"Chemotherapy"
] |
http://cspf.co.uk/tides | Tides Traditionally pilots have only booked swimmers onto neap tides . It has now become common practice to head out on a spring tide if the conditions are propitious . Spring tides are on the days inbetween the sets of neap tides . Dover tidal heights are : Neaps tides - approximately 5.3 - 6.1 metres HW Spring tides - approximately 6.1 - 6.8 metres HW 2019 Dates Tide 10th to 14th June Neap 15th to 21st June Spring 22nd to 30th June Neap 1st to 9th July Spring 10th to 16th July 17th to 21st July 22nd to 30th July 31st July to 7th August 8th to 14th August 15th to 21st August 22nd to 28th August 29th August to 5th September 6th to 12th September 13th to 20th September 21st to 25th September 26th to 1st October 2020 Dates Tide 11th to 19th June 20th to 27th June 28th June to 2nd July 3rd to 9th July 10th to 19th July 20th to 26th July 27th July to 2nd August 3rd to 9th August 10th to 17th August 18th to 25th August 26th August to 1st September 2nd to 7th September 8th to 15th September 16th to 23rd September 24th to 30th September 1st to 7th October 2021 Dates 1st to 9th June 10th to 14th June 15th to 21st June 22nd to 29th June 30th June to 10th July 11th to 16th July 17th to 21st July 22nd to 29th July 30th July to 7th August 8th to 15th August 16th to 20th August 21st to 27th August 28th August to 5th September 6th to 13th September 14th to 18th September 19th to 26th September 27th September to 3rd October 4th to 12th October 13th to 17th October 18th to 25th October 26th to 31st October Back to top | [
"TIDES"
] |
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